846:
states that it will be enacted through ratification, acceptance or approval, the parties must sign to indicate acceptance of the wording but there is no requirement on a state to later ratify the treaty, although they may still be subject to certain obligations. When signing or ratifying a treaty, a state can make a unilateral statement to negate or amend certain legal provisions which can have one of three effects: the reserving state is bound by the treaty but the effects of the relevant provisions are precluded or changes, the reserving state is bound by the treaty but not the relevant provisions, or the reserving state is not bound by the treaty. An interpretive declaration is a separate process, where a state issues a unilateral statement to specify or clarify a treaty provision. This can affect the interpretation of the treaty but it is generally not legally binding. A state is also able to issue a conditional declaration stating that it will consent to a given treaty only on the condition of a particular provision or interpretation.
679:
805:
554:
953:
legislation, although they will generally need to be approved by the legislature. Once approved, the content of the treaty is considered as a law that has a higher status than national laws. Examples of countries with a monism approach are France and the
Netherlands. The dualism approach considers that national and international law are two separate legal orders, so treaties are not granted a special status. The rules in a treaty can only be considered national law if the contents of the treaty have been enacted first. An example is the United Kingdom; after the country ratified the
1601:
1390:
2142:. There are 123 state parties to the ICC although a number of states have declared their opposition to the court; it has been criticised by African countries including The Gambia and Kenya for "imperialist" prosecutions. One particular aspect of the court that has received scrutiny is the principle of complementarity, whereby the ICC only has jurisdiction if the national courts of a state with jurisdiction are "unwilling or unable to prosecute" or where a state has investigated but chosen not to prosecute a case. The United States has a particularly
2119:
1204:
614:(1673–1743) in the Netherlands, argued that international law should derive from the actual practice of states rather than Christian or Greco-Roman sources. The study of international law shifted away from its core concern on the law of war and towards the domains such as the law of the sea and commercial treaties. The positivist school grew more popular as it reflected accepted views of state sovereignty and was consistent with the empiricist approach to philosophy that was then gaining acceptance in Europe.
1921:
1010:
208:, which was described in a 1969 paper as " relatively new word in the vocabulary of politics". Systems of supranational law arise when nations explicitly cede their right to make decisions to this system's judiciary and legislature, which then have the right to make laws that are directly effective in each member state. This has been described as "a level of international integration beyond mere intergovernmentalism yet still short of a federal system". The most common example of a
12885:
12873:
10444:
9960:
12861:
9974:
1049:
declaratory theory sees recognition as commenting on a current state of law which has been separately satisfied whereas the constitutive theory states that recognition by other states determines whether a state can be considered to have legal personality. States can be recognised explicitly through a released statement or tacitly through conducting official relations, although some countries have formally interacted without conferring recognition.
1363:
to hear a particular case. This aspect of private international law should first be resolved by reference to domestic law, which may incorporate international treaties or other supranational legal concepts, although there are consistent international norms. There are five forms of jurisdiction which are consistently recognised in international law; an individual or act can be subject to multiple forms of jurisdiction. The first is the
1371:, also known as the active personality principle, whereby a nation has jurisdiction over actions committed by its nationals regardless of where they occur. The third is the passive personality principle, which gives a country jurisdiction over any actions which harm its nationals. The fourth is the protective principle, where a nation has jurisdiction in relation to threats to its "fundamental national interests". The final form is
231:
197:, who originated the term "private international law", emphasised that it must be governed by the principles of public international law but other academics view them as separate bodies of law. Another term, transnational law, is sometimes used to refer to a body of both national and international rules that transcend the nation state, although some academics emphasise that it is distinct from either type of law. It was defined by
831:(VCLT) as "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation". The definition specifies that the parties must be states, however international organisations are also considered to have the capacity to enter treaties. Treaties are binding through the principle of
2316:
legal landscape, as conflicts over territorial claims and jurisdictional boundaries arise, challenging the principles of non-interference and peaceful resolution. Furthermore, the emergence of new global powers introduces additional layers of complexity, as these nations assert their interests and challenge established norms, necessitating a reevaluation of the global legal order to accommodate shifting power dynamics.
786:, general legal principles and judicial decisions and the teachings of prominent legal scholars as "a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law". It was originally considered that the arrangement of the sources sequentially would suggest an implicit hierarchy of sources; however, the statute does not provide for a hierarchy and other academics have argued that therefore the sources must be equivalent.
850:
provisions allowing for termination or withdrawal, such as the
Genocide Convention, it is prohibited unless the right was implied into the treaty or the parties had intended to allow for it. A treaty can also be held invalid, including where parties act ultra vires or negligently, where execution has been obtained through fraudulent, corrupt or forceful means, or where the treaty contradicts peremptory norms.
930:, or peremptory norms, which are "a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character". Where customary or treaty law conflicts with a peremptory norm, it will be considered invalid, but there is no agreed definition of
1703:
2299:
submit a dispute to an international tribunal, making laws unenforceable and voluntary. International law is also unpoliced, lacking agencies for enforcement. He cites a 1947 US opinion poll in which 75% of respondents wanted "an international police to maintain world peace", but only 13% wanted that force to exceed the US armed forces. Later surveys have produced similar contradictory results.
1731:(EEZ) following passage of the UNCLOS, which can stretch up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline and gives the sovereign state rights over natural resources. Some states have instead chosen to retain their exclusive fishery zones, which cover the same territory. There are specific rules in relation to the continental shelf, as this can extend further than 200 nautical miles. The
2284:, "so-called" international law, lacking a sovereign power and so unenforceable, was not really law at all, but "positive morality", consisting of "opinions and sentiments...more ethical than legal in nature." Since states are few in number, diverse and atypical in character, unindictable, lack a centralised sovereign power, and their agreements unpoliced and decentralised,
2185:
international norms in the absence of a coercive power that ensures compliance. Some scholars view compliance failure as a problem of enforcement whereby states can be incentivized to follow international law due to international inducements, reciprocity, concerns about reputation, or domestic political factors. Other scholars see compliance failure as rooted in a lack of
2019:. The use of nuclear weapons was determined to be in conflict with principles of IHL by the ICJ in 1995, although the court also held that it "cannot conclude definitively whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence." Multiple treaties have attempted to regulate the use of these weapons, including the
1351:. These treaties codified practice on the enforcement of international judgments, stating that a foreign judgment would be automatically recognised and enforceable where required in the jurisdiction where the party resides, unless the judgement was contrary to public order or conflicted with a local judgment between the same parties. On a global level, the
1061:, government actions; the restrictive theory of immunity said states were immune where they were acting in a governmental capacity but not a commercial one. The European Convention on State Immunity in 1972 and the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property attempt to restrict immunity in accordance with customary law.
2228:, that is, on the basis of the observance of commitments. On his part, de Vattel argued instead for the equality of states as articulated by 18th-century natural law and suggested that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other. During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or
51:, and non-state groups, which can make behavioral choices, whether lawful or unlawful. Rules are formal, often written expectations for behavior and norms are less formal, customary expectations about appropriate behavior that are frequently unwritten. It establishes norms for states across a broad range of domains, including
506:(1225–1274) to create the new discipline of the "law of nations", which unlike its eponymous Roman predecessor, applied natural law to relations between states. In Islam, a similar framework was developed wherein the law of nations was derived, in part, from the principles and rules set forth in treaties with non-Muslims.
790:
including the latter category has led to debate about potential cross-over with international customary law. The relationship of general principles to treaties or custom has generally been considered to be "fill the gaps" although there is still no conclusion about their exact relationship in the absence of a hierarchy.
6703:
1534:(ILO), a UN agency with the mission of protecting employment rights which was established in 1919. The ILO has a constitution setting out a number of aims, including regulating work hours and labour supply, protecting workers and children and recognising equal pay and the right to free association, as well as the
837:, which allows states to create legal obligations on themselves through consent. The treaty must be governed by international law; however it will likely be interpreted by national courts. The VCLT, which codifies several bedrock principles of treaty interpretation, holds that a treaty "shall be interpreted in
646:(1714–1767), both of whom sought a middle-ground approach. During the 18th century, the positivist tradition gained broader acceptance, although the concept of natural rights remained influential in international politics, particularly through the republican revolutions of the United States and France.
1150:
2298:
is what makes domestic law enforceable; but between nations, there are multiple competing sources of force. The confusion created by treaty laws, which resemble private contracts between persons, is mitigated only by the relatively small number of states. He asserted that no state may be compelled to
1726:
through these waters despite the sea being within the state's sovereignty. A state can have jurisdiction beyond its territorial waters where it claims a contiguous zone of up to 24 nautical miles from its baseline for the purpose of preventing the infringement of its "customs, fiscal, immigration and
874:
during the process of the custom being formed and special or local forms of customary law. The requirement for state practice relates to the practice, either through action or failure to act, of states in relation to other states or international organisations. There is no legal requirement for state
849:
Article 54 of the VCLT provides that either party may terminate or withdraw from a treaty in accordance with its terms or at any time with the consent of the other party, with 'termination' applying to a bilateral treaty and 'withdrawal' applying to a multilateral treaty. Where a treaty does not have
1549:
and recommendations. Member states then have the choice as to whether or not to ratify and implement these standards. The secretariat of the ILO is the
International Labour Office, which can be consulted by states to determine the meaning of a convention, which forms the ILO's case law. Although the
658:, and is noted for codifying rules and articles of war adhered to by nations across the world, including the United Kingdom, Prussia, Serbia and Argentina. In the years that followed, numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another, including the
2319:
Cybersecurity has also emerged as a critical concern, with international law striving to address the threats posed by cyber-attacks to national security, infrastructure, and individual privacy. Climate change demands unprecedented international cooperation, as evidenced by agreements like the Paris
2315:
Among the most pressing issues are enforcement difficulties, where the lack of a centralized global authority often leads to non-compliance with international norms, particularly evident in violations of
International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Sovereignty disputes further complicate the international
2307:
International law is currently navigating a complex array of challenges and controversies that have underscored the dynamic nature of international relations in the 21st century. Some of these challenges include enforcement difficulties, the impact of technological advancements, climate change, and
2184:
International legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. Some approaches center on the question of compliance: why states follow
1554:
does not provide an explicit right to strike, this has been interpreted into the treaty through case law. The UN does not specifically focus on international labour law, although some of its treaties cover the same topics. Many of the primary human rights conventions also form part of international
1362:
A state must prove that it has jurisdiction before it can exercise its legal authority. This concept can be divided between prescriptive jurisdiction, which is the authority of a legislature to enact legislation on a particular issue, and adjudicative jurisdiction, which is the authority of a court
997:
as a legal person with a permanent population, a defined territory, government and capacity to enter relations with other states. There is no requirement on population size, allowing micro-states such as San Marino and Monaco to be admitted to the UN, and no requirement of fully defined boundaries,
845:
A state must express its consent to be bound by a treaty through signature, exchange of instruments, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Accession refers to a state choosing to become party to a treaty that it is unable to sign, such as when establishing a regional body. Where a treaty
649:
Until the mid-19th century, relations between states were dictated mostly by treaties, agreements between states to behave in a certain way, unenforceable except by force, and nonbinding except as matters of honour and faithfulness. One of the first instruments of modern armed conflict law was the
598:
that the state of nature was one of war and conflict, arguing that the natural state of the world is actually peaceful but weak and uncertain without adherence to the law of nations. The actions of a state consist of nothing more than the sum of the individuals within that state, thereby requiring
1746:
as all parts of the sea that are not within a state's EEZ, territorial sea or internal waters. There are six freedoms of the high seas—navigation, overflight, laying submarine cables and pipelines, constructing artificial islands, fishing and scientific research—some of which are subject to legal
952:
There are generally two approaches to the relationship between international and national law, namely monism and dualism. Monism assumes that international and national law are part of the same legal order. Therefore, a treaty can directly become part of national law without the need for enacting
1144:
sets out a list of international organisations, which include the UN, the WTO, the World Bank and the IMF. Generally organisations consist of a plenary organ, where member states can be represented and heard; an executive organ, to decide matters within the competence of the organisation; and an
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over the last century, they have also been recognised as relevant parties. One definition of international organisations comes from the ILC's 2011 Draft
Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations which in Article 2(a) states that it is "an organization established by treaty or
968:
In practice, the division of countries between monism and dualism is often more complicated; countries following both approaches may accept peremptory norms as being automatically binding and they may approach treaties, particularly later amendments or clarifications, differently than they would
841:
in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose". This represents a compromise between three theories of interpretation: the textual approach which looks to the ordinary meaning of the text, the subjective
1854:, which provided for "an almost absolute prohibition on the use of force", with the only three exceptions. The first involves force authorised by the UNSC, as the entity is responsible in the first instance for responding to breaches or threats to the peace and acts of aggression, including the
1639:
in 1998 set obligations on states to provide information and allow public input on these issues. However few disputes under the regimes set out in environmental agreements are referred to the ICJ, as the agreements tend to specify their compliance procedures. These procedures generally focus on
1316:
theory has been used although the definition is unclear, sometimes referring to reciprocity and sometimes being used as a synonym for private international law. Story distinguished it from "any absolute paramount obligation, superseding all discretion on the subject". There are three aspects to
1048:
often plays a significant role in political conceptions. A country may recognise another nation as a state and, separately, it may recognise that nation's government as being legitimate and capable of representing the state on the international stage. There are two theories on recognition; the
789:
General principles of law have been defined in the
Statute as "general principles of law recognized by civilized nations" but there is no academic consensus about what is included within this scope. They are considered to be derived from both national and international legal systems, although
1693:
is the area of international law concerning the principles and rules by which states and other entities interact in maritime matters. It encompasses areas and issues such as navigational rights, sea mineral rights, and coastal waters jurisdiction. The law of the sea was primarily composed of
1145:
administrative organ, to execute the decisions of the other organs and handle secretarial duties. International organisations will typically provide for their privileges and immunity in relation to its member states in their constitutional documents or in multilateral agreements, such as the
1640:
encouraging the state to once again become compliant through recommendations but there is still uncertainty on how these procedures should operate and efforts have been made to regulate these processes although some worry that this will undercut the efficiency of the procedures themselves.
5789:
2149:
Hybrid courts are the most recent type of international criminal court; they aim to combine both national and international components, operating in the jurisdiction where the crimes in question occurred. International courts have been criticised for a lack of legitimacy, as they can seem
192:
over cases with a foreign element and the application of foreign judgments in domestic law, whereas public international law covers rules with an international origin. The difference between the two areas of law has been debated as scholars disagree about the nature of their relationship.
1123:
other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality". This definition functions as a starting point but does not recognise that organisations can have no separate personality but nevertheless function as an international organisation. The
1342:
The rules which are applied to conflict of laws will vary depending on the national system determining the question. There have been attempts to codify an international standard to unify the rules so differences in national law cannot lead to inconsistencies, such as through the
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the state to apply a fundamental law of reason, which is the basis of natural law. He was among the earliest scholars to expand international law beyond
European Christian nations, advocating for its application and recognition among all peoples on the basis of shared humanity.
2150:
disconnected from the crimes that have occurred, but the hybrid courts are able to provide the resources that may be lacking in countries facing the aftermath of serious conflict. There has been debate about what courts can be included within this definition, but generally the
1174:
of the UNSC. This can be followed up with economic sanctions, military action, and similar uses of force. The UNSC also has a wide discretion under
Article 24, which grants "primary responsibility" for issues of international peace and security. The UNGA, concerned during the
907:
that, "Not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it". A committee of the
973:
do not have explicit provision for international law in their domestic system and there has been an upswing in support for monism principles in relation to human rights and humanitarian law, as most principles governing these concepts can be found in international law.
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1281:
over all cases that are referred to it and all matters specifically referred to in the UN Charter or international treaties, although in practice there are no relevant matters in the UN Charter. The ICJ may also be asked by an international organisation to provide an
2260:
marked the formal recognition of the political and international legal system based on the conditions of Europe. Modern legal positivists consider international law as a unified system of rules that emanates from the states' will. International law, as it is, is an
1421:(UDHR), which established non-binding international human rights standards, for work, standards of living, housing and education, non-discrimination, a fair trial and prohibition of torture. Two further human rights treaties were adopted by the UN in 1966, the
1747:
restrictions. Ships in the high seas are deemed to have the nationality of the flag that they have the right to fly and no other state can exercise jurisdiction over them; the exception is ships used for piracy, which are subject to universal jurisdiction.
920:
can be proven by the states' failure to protest. Other academics believe that intention to create customary law can be shown by states including the principle in multiple bilateral and multilateral treaties, so that treaty law is necessary to form customs.
2064:
in Tokyo were established at the end of World War II to prosecute key actors in
Germany and Japan. The jurisdiction of the tribunals was limited to crimes against peace (based on the Kellogg–Briand Pact), war crimes (based on the Hague Conventions) and
12243:
2327:
These contemporary issues underscore the need for ongoing adaptation and cooperation within the framework of international law to address the multifaceted challenges of the modern world, ensuring a just, peaceful, and sustainable global order.
1862:. The second exception is where a state is acting in individual or collective self-defence. A state is allowed to act in self-defence in the case of an "armed attack" but the intention behind this exception has been challenged, particularly as
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395:
city-states, and kingdoms, most of which had overlapping and ever-changing jurisdictions. As in China and India, these divisions prompted the development of rules aimed at providing stable and predictable relations. Early examples include
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1272:
with a panel of fifteen permanent judges. It has jurisdiction to hear cases involving states but cannot get involved in disputes involving individuals or international organizations. The states that can bring cases must be party to the
2232:
school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the
European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
1135:(INGOs). All international organisations have members; generally this is restricted to states, although it can include other international organisations. Sometimes non-members will be allowed to participate in meetings as observers.
1052:
Throughout the 19th century and the majority of the 20th century, states were protected by absolute immunity, so they could not face criminal prosecution for any actions. However a number of countries began to distinguish between
737:
across the world resulted in the establishment of scores of newly independent states. As these former colonies became their own states, they adopted European views of international law. A flurry of institutions, ranging from the
8503:
755:
and on protecting human rights on the global scale, particularly when minorities or indigenous communities are involved, as concerns are raised that globalisation may be increasing inequality in the international legal system.
1529:
International labour law is generally defined as "the substantive rules of law established at the international level and the procedural rules relating to their adoption and implementation". It operates primarily through the
2146:; originally signing the treaty in 2000, the US stated in 2002 that it did not intend to become a party as it believed the ICC threatened its national sovereignty and the country does not recognise the court's jurisdiction.
12178:
1492:
1222:
There are more than one hundred international courts in the global community, although states have generally been reluctant to allow their sovereignty to be limited in this way. The first known international court was the
2192:
Other perspectives are policy oriented: they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them. Some of these approaches are based on domestic
1251:
can also be used to resolve disputes between states, leading in 1899 to the creation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration which facilitates the process by maintaining a list of arbitrators. This process was used in the
12263:
1069:
Historically individuals have not been seen as entities in international law, as the focus was on the relationship between states. As human rights have become more important on the global stage, being codified by the
750:
furthered the development of a multilateralist approach as states chose to compromise on sovereignty to benefit from international cooperation. Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing focus on the phenomenon of
634:, which have equal sovereignty regardless of their size and power, defined primarily by non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states, although historians have challenged this narrative. The idea of
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10139:
1456:
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although prior to 1990, it has only intervened once, in the case of Korea in 1950. This power can only be exercised, however, where a majority of member states vote for it, as well as receiving the support of the
891:
as varying "according to the nature of the case". The practice is not required to be followed universally by states, but there must be a "general recognition" by states "whose interests are specially affected".
5638:
10112:
2323:
The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the interconnectedness of the global community, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts to manage health crises, vaccine distribution, and economic recovery.
1698:
in 1930, the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea and the adoption of the UNCLOS in 1982. The UNCLOS was particularly notable for making international courts and tribunals responsible for the law of the sea.
5460:
12133:
12030:
2201:, and others have been developed expressly to analyse international law. Classical approaches to International legal theory are the natural law, the Eclectic and the legal positivism schools of thought.
336:
as being universal. However, in contrast to modern international law, the Roman law of nations applied to relations with and between foreign individuals rather than among political units such as states.
568:(1583–1645) is widely regarded as the father of international law, being one of the first scholars to articulate an international order that consists of a "society of states" governed not by force or
12143:
1467:
7842:
2212:, the Spanish authority in the Americas, and the rights of the Native American peoples. In 1625, Grotius argued that nations as well as persons ought to be governed by universal principle based on
1551:
864:
Customary international law requires two elements: a consistent practice of states and the conviction of those states that the consistent practice is required by a legal obligation, referred to as
1542:
further binds ILO member states to recognise fundamental labour rights including free association, collective bargaining and eliminating forced labour, child labour and employment discrimination.
1165:
The UNSC has the power under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to take decisive and binding actions against states committing "a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or an act of aggression" for
47:
and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey. In international relations, actors are simply the individuals and collective entities, such as states,
1957:
1620:
and responses to resulting environmental changes, was introduced in 1992 and came into force two years later. As of 2023, 198 states were a party. Separate protocols have been introduced through
1352:
368:, both of which held that the domestic and international legal spheres were closely interlinked, and sought to establish competing normative principles to guide foreign relations. Similarly, the
181:
defined it in his treatise as "a law between sovereign and equal states based on the common consent of these states" and this definition has been largely adopted by international legal scholars.
141:
require national law to conform to treaty provisions. National laws or constitutions may also provide for the implementation or integration of international legal obligations into domestic law.
2084:
Initially these crimes were intended to be prosecuted by national courts and subject to their domestic procedures. The Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Additional Protocols of 1977 and the 1984
1573:, with the general principles of international law instead being applied to these issues. Since the 1960s, a number of treaties focused on environmental protection were ratified, including the
2236:
The early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law. In the 16th-century, Gentili used historical examples to posit that positive law (
1739:, regardless of its distance from the baseline, but different rights apply to the continental shelf and the water column above it where it is further than 200 nautical miles from the coast.
1511:. International human rights has faced criticism for its Western focus, as many countries were subject to colonial rule at the time that the UDHR was drafted, although many countries in the
1574:
1344:
718:(UN) was established in 1945 to replace the League, with an aim of maintaining collective security. A more robust international legal order followed, buttressed by institutions such as the
387:
in the fifth century CE, Europe fragmented into numerous often-warring states for much of the next five centuries. Political power was dispersed across a range of entities, including the
10194:
2294:
believed international law to be the weakest and most primitive system of law enforcement; he likened its decentralised nature to the law that prevails in preliterate tribal societies.
582:
that bind all nations regardless of local custom or law. He inspired two nascent schools of international law, the naturalists and the positivists. In the former camp was German jurist
916:
where state practice is proven but it may be necessary if the practice suggests that the states did not believe it was creating a precedent. The test in these circumstances is whether
10242:
870:. Custom distinguishes itself from treaty law as it is binding on all states, regardless of whether they have participated in the practice, with the exception of states who have been
1146:
487:
and institutionalised limitations on military conduct, including guidelines for commencing war, distinguishing between civilians and combatants and caring for the sick and wounded.
344:
of the eighth century BCE, China was divided into numerous states that were often at war with each other. Rules for diplomacy and treaty-making emerged, including notions regarding
11992:
10129:
1935:(IHL) is an effort to "mitigate the human suffering caused by war" and it is often complementary to the law of armed conflict and international human rights law. The concept of
1437:
12253:
12193:
12056:
6229:
1426:
1006:, but now the requirement is for a stable political environment. The final requirement of being able to enter relations is commonly evidenced by independence and sovereignty.
1231:(PCIJ) was established. The PCIJ was replaced by the ICJ, which is the best known international court due to its universal scope in relation to geographical jurisdiction and
1777:
was proposed but failed to be instituted due to the refusal of the United States to ratify its charter. Three years later, Part IV of the statute was adopted to create the
2240:) was determined by general consent. van Bynkershoek asserted that the bases of international law were customs and treaties commonly consented to by various states, while
934:. Academics have debated what principles are considered peremptory norms but the mostly widely agreed is the principle of non-use of force. The next year, the ICJ defined
2244:
emphasized the importance of state practice in international law. The positivism school narrowed the range of international practice that might qualify as law, favouring
1321:. The first question relates to whether the domestic court or a foreign court is best placed to decide the case. When determining the national law that should apply, the
1593:
covering specific issues, there is no overarching policy on international environmental protection or one specific international organisation, with the exception of the
155:
6259:
10134:
2107:(ICTR), were established by the UNSC to address specific atrocities. The ICTY had authority to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide occurring in
177:. The definition of international law has been debated; Bentham referred specifically to relationships between states which has been criticised for its narrow scope.
10654:
10097:
8253:
2100:
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2000:, which were codified in 1977. Initially IHL conventions were only considered to apply to a conflict if all parties had ratified the relevant convention under the
1539:
1188:
1171:
842:
approach which considers factors such as the drafters' intention, and the teleological approach which interprets a treaty according to its objective and purpose.
12278:
11904:
10689:
10232:
1582:
1192:
638:
further solidified the concept and formation of nation-states. Elements of the naturalist and positivist schools were synthesised, notably by German philosopher
6704:"Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: with Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before the Vienna Diplomatic Conference"
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1766:
1613:
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1487:
743:
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12079:
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11894:
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1422:
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by Spain, invoked the law of nations as a basis for their innate dignity and rights, articulating an early version of sovereign equality between peoples.
2446:
1964:
The two Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 considered restrictions on the conduct of war and the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which were organised by the
1846:, which stated that conflicts should be settled through peaceful negotiations with the exception, through reservations drafted by some state parties, of
690:
Colonial expansion by European powers reached its peak in the late 19th century and its influence began to wane following the unprecedented bloodshed of
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5530:
11769:
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2143:
2020:
1448:, which requires each UN member state to review its human rights compliance every four years, and for special procedures, including the appointment of
1278:
12389:
12757:
12352:
10649:
2061:
7019:
250:, states have a long history of negotiating interstate agreements. An initial framework was conceptualised by the Ancient Romans and this idea of
12223:
12068:
11978:
10119:
1695:
1658:
which covers land and territorial sea, including the airspace above it and the subsoil below it, territory outside the sovereignty of any state,
12183:
11909:
10679:
8031:
2456:
2151:
1586:
1183:
of 3 November 1950, which allowed the organ to pass recommendations to authorize the use of force. This resolution also led to the practice of
1180:
1718:
were initially proposed to be three miles in the late 18th century. The UNCLOS instead defined it as being at most 12 nautical miles from the
1078:
in 1948, individuals have been given the power to defend their rights to judicial bodies. International law is largely silent on the issue of
12327:
11934:
10400:
10089:
1732:
1508:
1274:
1103:
775:
82:. States and non-state actors may choose to not abide by international law, and even to breach a treaty but such violations, particularly of
8411:
2088:
mandated that the national courts of the contracting countries must prosecute these offenses where the perpetrator is on their territory or
12337:
11279:
7476:
6709:
6220:
5790:"Has Global Health Law Risen to Meet the COVID-19 Challenge? Revisiting the International Health Regulations to Prepare for Future Threats"
2338:
1452:, independent experts and working groups. The treaty-based procedure allows individuals to rely on the nine primary human rights treaties:
1317:
conflict of laws – determining which domestic court has jurisdiction over a dispute, determining if a domestic court has jurisdiction and
887:. There has been legal debate on this topic with the only prominent view on the length of time necessary to establish custom explained by
12332:
12153:
7290:
7283:"When Was the Law of International Society Born – An Inquiry of the History of International Law from an Intercivilizational Perspective"
5847:
1132:
7056:
348:, the rights of neutral parties, and the consolidation and partition of states; these concepts were sometimes applied to relations with
12089:
12041:
10659:
2111:
and the ICTR had authority to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions during the
2104:
1153:
as a basis although it is not yet in force. They may also have the right to bring legal claims against states depending, as set out in
1124:
514:
The 15th century witnessed a confluence of factors that contributed to an accelerated development of international law. Italian jurist
125:
and international law is complex and variable. National law may become international law when treaties permit national jurisdiction to
899:
the belief of a party that a particular action is required by the law is referred to as the subjective element. The ICJ has stated in
12409:
12138:
12084:
11849:
10546:
10174:
8443:
7925:
6846:
6311:
6106:"The United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Its Establishment, Work and Impact on International Criminal Justice"
5942:
2085:
1851:
1472:
1414:
1943:. Its scope lasts from the initiation of conflict until a peaceful settlement is reached. There are two main principles in IHL; the
1585:
of 1985. States generally agreed to co-operate with each other in relation to environmental law, as codified by principle 24 of the
12752:
11123:
10474:
10026:
9941:
1965:
1621:
1597:. Instead, a general treaty setting out the framework for tackling an issue has then been supplemented by more specific protocols.
1244:
1228:
938:
obligations as those owed to "the international community as a whole", which included the illegality of genocide and human rights.
875:
practice to be uniform or for the practice to be long-running, although the ICJ has set a high bar for enforcement in the cases of
828:
809:
4721:
256:
has been used by various academics to establish the modern concept of international law. Among the earliest recorded examples are
12517:
12512:
12507:
12439:
10763:
5936:
2343:
2093:
1140:
1128:
947:
118:
7519:
The State Practice of India and the Development of International Law: Dynamic Interplay between Foreign Policy and Jurisprudence
12772:
12051:
12001:
11211:
1778:
1236:
1098:
allows individuals to petition the court where their rights have been violated and national courts have not intervened and the
109:, and general principles of law recognised by most national legal systems. Although international law may also be reflected in
1151:
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations
12382:
12163:
12035:
11789:
8763:
8677:
8649:
8624:
8508:
8485:
8457:
8425:
8397:
8376:
8306:
8172:
8125:
8104:
8013:
7985:
7900:
7848:
7758:
7728:
7700:
7659:
7531:
7405:
7380:
7353:
7328:
7156:
7131:
7073:
7042:
6983:
6967:
6909:
6825:
6674:
6649:
6603:
6576:
6548:
6429:
6402:
6375:
6350:
6210:
6177:
6158:
6093:
6068:
6047:
6020:
5988:
5972:
5924:
5899:
5767:
5550:
5472:
2807:
2487:
1590:
1477:
1418:
1398:
1075:
1367:, which states that a nation has jurisdiction over actions which occur within its territorial boundaries. The second is the
12777:
12767:
10124:
7809:
7547:
1880:
1594:
1504:
1099:
384:
8137:"Towards a global Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters"
6924:
2138:, is the first and only permanent international court to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the
1664:
which is not yet within territorial sovereignty but is territory that is legally capable of being acquired by a state and
494:, international law was concerned primarily with the purpose and legitimacy of war, seeking to determine what constituted
12762:
12615:
12605:
12270:
12238:
10467:
10169:
10102:
2265:" reality that needs to be distinguished from law "as it should be". Classic positivism demands rigorous tests for legal
1683:
1441:
954:
8759:
6498:"The Three Traditional Approaches to Treaty Interpretation: A Current Application to the European Court of Human Rights"
5747:
12532:
12522:
12347:
12248:
10516:
10295:
10062:
8555:
7634:
6304:"Inherent imperialism: understanding the legal roots of anti-imperialist criticism of the International Criminal Court"
2377:
2024:
1436:
Non-domestic human rights enforcement operates at both the international and regional levels. Established in 1993, the
1430:
663:
7471:"Dar al-Islam: The Evolution of Muslim Territoriality and Its Implications for Conflict Resolution in the Middle East"
534:(1552–1608) took a secular view to international law, authoring various books on issues in international law, notably
12828:
12782:
12459:
12074:
11954:
9367:
8925:
8824:
8242:
7213:
7103:
6939:
6744:
6502:
6244:
5983:
2477:
1855:
1847:
1531:
1449:
1224:
883:
273:
235:
8635:
12920:
12910:
12375:
11784:
11145:
10179:
9481:
9350:
2416:
1866:
have become more common, with many states relying instead on the customary right of self-defence as set out in the
1774:
1440:
supervises Charter-based and treaty-based procedures. The former are based on the UN Charter and operate under the
1318:
958:
2320:
Agreement, though disparities in responsibilities among nations pose significant challenges to collective action.
1879:, where the U.S. unsuccessfully argued that it had mined harbours in Nicaragua in pre-emption of an attack by the
12925:
12823:
12682:
11884:
11819:
10864:
10362:
9936:
9283:
9184:
8694:
8258:
6773:
6614:
6558:
6497:
2277:
1903:
1884:
1632:
which set the goal of keeping global warming at least below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels.
1564:
1071:
1036:
723:
456:
8565:"The Making of Neoliberal Globalization: Norm Substitution and the Politics of Clandestine Institutional Change"
6686:"Supranational Law: How the Move Toward Multilateral Solutions Is Changing the Character of "International" Law"
12744:
12499:
12310:
12229:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
12134:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
12121:
11075:
10720:
10664:
10395:
10189:
9443:
9077:
7183:
5390:
2159:
2069:, establishing new categories of international crime. Throughout the twentieth century, the separate crimes of
2028:
1932:
1915:
1500:
1384:
1216:
1095:
866:
719:
683:
659:
484:
480:
130:
71:
8732:
7670:
7571:"Between Cosmopolitan and American Democracy: Understanding US Opposition to the International Criminal Court"
1612:
Climate change has been one of the most important and heavily debated topics in recent environmental law. The
12288:
11228:
10536:
10237:
10222:
8796:
8713:
8569:
7688:
Human Rights and Islam: An Introduction to Key Debates between Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law
7365:
7313:
6588:
6533:
2016:
1555:
labour law, providing protection in employment and against discrimination on the grounds of gender and race.
1483:
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
909:
639:
365:
12444:
11839:
11824:
11719:
10684:
10669:
10498:
10410:
10265:
10260:
10045:
10019:
9603:
9082:
8164:
2179:
2163:
2131:
2123:
771:
765:
727:
579:
553:
455:, which governed foreign relations. This was based on the division of the world into three categories: the
225:
134:
113:—the practices adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutual recognition—such traditions are not
98:
6979:"The Effect of Jus Cogens Norms: Whoever Opened Pandora's Box, Did You Ever Think About the Consequences?"
1955:
must be treated differently and the principle of not causing disproportionate suffering to combatants. In
594:
and the secular world, asserting that it regulated only external acts of states. Pufendorf challenged the
572:
but by actual laws, mutual agreements, and customs. Grotius secularised international law; his 1625 work,
12625:
12264:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
11245:
10756:
10725:
10506:
10107:
9598:
7523:
6901:
6421:
6224:
2012:
1535:
1184:
859:
783:
739:
102:
8750:
1345:
Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters
804:
12905:
12851:
12833:
12642:
12419:
11116:
10839:
10562:
10490:
10184:
10149:
9573:
9072:
8616:
8417:
8322:
8005:
7977:
7720:
7423:
7205:
7065:
7026:
6959:
6931:
6666:
6367:
6039:
5916:
2155:
2049:
2044:
1875:
1786:
1671:
1482:
1119:
983:
498:". The Greco-Roman concept of natural law was combined with religious principles by Jewish philosopher
48:
5957:
2027:, but key states have failed to sign or have withdrawn. There have been similar debates on the use of
1722:(usually the coastal low-water mark) of a state; both military and civilian foreign ships are allowed
11764:
11724:
11165:
10715:
9656:
7626:
5465:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art
2396:
1499:
The regional human rights enforcement systems operate in Europe, Africa and the Americas through the
1445:
1248:
747:
611:
519:
7920:"The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Positivist View"
2052:
sets out the definition of international crimes and compels states to prosecute these crimes. While
1961:, the ICJ described these concepts as "intransgressible principles of international customary law".
1670:
which is territory that cannot be acquired by a state. There have historically been five methods of
706:
was founded to safeguard peace and security. International law began to incorporate notions such as
12635:
12289:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
11864:
11592:
11354:
11314:
11304:
11252:
10352:
10082:
10072:
9451:
9433:
7148:
6394:
2421:
2406:
2262:
1989:
1977:
1762:
1617:
1605:
1578:
1524:
1444:, where each global region is represented by elected member states. The Council is responsible for
1262:
341:
309:
9785:
1887:. The final exception is where the UNSC delegates its responsibility for collective security to a
1312:, determining which nation's laws should govern a particular legal circumstance. Historically the
550:(1548–1617) emphasised that international law was founded upon natural law and human positive law.
12808:
12620:
12398:
12258:
12046:
11642:
11550:
10849:
10844:
10573:
10418:
10332:
10077:
10012:
9826:
9613:
9102:
9087:
8495:
8298:
8254:"Imagining the Grotian Europe: Hugo Grotius's Vision of Europe and Ideas of European Integration"
8096:
7892:
7692:
7651:
7576:
7372:
7345:
7320:
7123:
7014:
6817:
6641:
6595:
6568:
6540:
6342:
6265:
6202:
6150:
6138:
6085:
5964:
2426:
2411:
2066:
1981:
1969:
1925:
1843:
1785:, which banded together to control global oil supply and prices, caused the previous reliance on
1756:
1728:
1277:, although in practice most states are UN members and would therefore be eligible. The court has
970:
655:
515:
6813:
The Development of the Law of the Sea Convention: The Role of International Courts and Tribunals
12169:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
11814:
11804:
11393:
11324:
11309:
10790:
10749:
10730:
10705:
10598:
9881:
9866:
8318:"Markets Everywhere: The Washington Consensus and the Sociology of Global Institutional Change"
7804:
2391:
1790:
1628:
which was introduced in 1997 to set specific targets for greenhouse gas reduction and the 2015
1372:
1115:
1045:
630:
is said to have established the current international legal order characterised by independent
573:
7686:
1375:, where a country has jurisdiction over certain acts based on the nature of the crime itself.
324:, which governed the status of foreigners living in Rome and relations between foreigners and
12095:
11924:
11899:
11829:
11512:
11240:
11013:
10971:
10941:
10337:
10284:
10199:
10165:
London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
9985:
9578:
9256:
9067:
8040:
7570:
7088:
6172:
6032:
1888:
1368:
1364:
1258:
1254:
994:
962:
357:
285:
6060:
The Intersection of International Law and Domestic Law: A Theoretical and Practical Analysis
5542:
2056:
were prosecuted throughout history, this has historically been done by national courts. The
1635:
Individuals and organisations have some rights under international environmental law as the
292:, concluded in 1279 BCE. Interstate pacts and agreements were negotiated and agreed upon by
12798:
12712:
12449:
12173:
12025:
11919:
11674:
11587:
11565:
11488:
11484:
11413:
11329:
11274:
11269:
11092:
10936:
10825:
10674:
10531:
10357:
10227:
9706:
9052:
8754:
7888:
International Law and Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, and Persuasion
6619:
2295:
2167:
1814:
1743:
1410:
1232:
1083:
583:
539:
438:
159:
to replace the older law of nations, a direct translation of the late medieval concepts of
7266:
2224:, established by the consent of the community of nations on the basis of the principle of
289:
8:
12915:
12722:
12717:
12580:
12322:
11970:
11944:
11809:
11679:
11469:
11398:
11155:
11128:
11111:
11099:
10921:
10877:
10631:
10578:
10541:
10387:
9861:
9001:
8918:
8669:
8641:
8435:
8407:
8060:
7774:
6168:
2139:
1515:
have led the development of human rights on the global stage in the intervening decades.
1166:
871:
833:
623:
586:(1632–1694), who stressed the supremacy of the law of nature over states. His 1672 work,
369:
126:
8708:
8659:
8227:
8157:
7619:
7168:
6978:
6739:
6634:
6303:
2189:
where a willing state is incapable of fully following international legal commitments.
1473:
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1413:
for their human rights violations. The UN Economic and Security Council established the
1327:
is the law that has been chosen to govern the case, which is generally foreign, and the
1179:
with the requirement that the USSR would have to authorise any UNSC action, adopted the
547:
12889:
12553:
12342:
11664:
11580:
11570:
11403:
11366:
11296:
11235:
11218:
11172:
11082:
10996:
10810:
10615:
10610:
10583:
10521:
10372:
10067:
9676:
9335:
9189:
9174:
9152:
8896:
8876:
8829:
8819:
8594:
8564:
8533:
8467:
8368:
8349:
8210:
8077:
7958:
7950:
7873:
7791:
7738:
7601:
7501:
7456:
7448:
7198:
6879:
6871:
6798:
6481:
6473:
6414:
6290:
6236:
6143:
6122:
5872:
2257:
2217:
1715:
1707:
1600:
1003:
707:
667:
627:
543:
377:
178:
138:
91:
86:, can be met with disapproval by others and in some cases coercive action ranging from
20:
12179:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
8336:
8317:
6387:
6195:
2011:
There have been various agreements to outlaw particular types of weapons, such as the
1493:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
415:
12687:
12652:
12595:
12563:
12480:
11794:
11684:
11669:
11649:
11560:
11507:
11479:
11461:
11264:
11140:
11133:
10946:
10894:
10872:
10800:
10526:
10327:
10322:
9661:
9583:
9421:
9159:
9112:
9037:
9031:
8789:
8673:
8645:
8620:
8606:
8598:
8586:
8537:
8525:
8481:
8453:
8421:
8393:
8372:
8353:
8341:
8302:
8238:
8202:
8168:
8121:
8100:
8009:
7981:
7962:
7942:
7896:
7877:
7865:
7828:
7769:
7754:
7724:
7696:
7655:
7644:
Rothwell, Donald; Oude Elferink, Alex G.; Scott, Karen Nadine; Stephens, Tim (2015).
7630:
7605:
7593:
7556:
7527:
7505:
7493:
7460:
7440:
7401:
7376:
7349:
7324:
7273:
7219:
7209:
7179:
7152:
7127:
7099:
7069:
7038:
7002:
6963:
6935:
6905:
6883:
6863:
6821:
6790:
6753:
6726:
6670:
6645:
6599:
6572:
6544:
6519:
6485:
6465:
6425:
6398:
6371:
6346:
6294:
6282:
6278:
6240:
6206:
6154:
6114:
6089:
6064:
6043:
6016:
5968:
5920:
5895:
5864:
5817:
5809:
5763:
5728:
5658:
5546:
5508:
5468:
2803:
2483:
2363:
2309:
2208:
truths. The 16th-century natural law writer de Vitoria examined the questions of the
2198:
1944:
1794:
1736:
1679:
1636:
1570:
1394:
1356:
1300:
999:
703:
695:
530:, creating an organised source of law that could be referenced by different nations.
523:
325:
297:
205:
12174:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
11939:
8521:
5488:
2118:
2008:
began to be implemented, providing that the law would generally be deemed to apply.
957:, the convention was only considered to have the force of law in national law after
778:, which is considered authoritative in this regard. These categories are, in order,
12838:
12707:
12630:
12284:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
11555:
11545:
11371:
11319:
11223:
11087:
10976:
10926:
10904:
10899:
10830:
10644:
10593:
10342:
10154:
9666:
9633:
9132:
8996:
8991:
8956:
8578:
8517:
8331:
8267:
8069:
7934:
7857:
7818:
7783:
7585:
7485:
7432:
7299:
7247:
7236:"'Hybrid courts': The hybrid category of a new type of international crimes courts"
7030:
6992:
6855:
6782:
6718:
6511:
6457:
6320:
6274:
6254:
5856:
5801:
5755:
5720:
5689:
5650:
5538:
5504:
5500:
2401:
2348:
2266:
2220:
while the relations among polities ought to be governed by the law of peoples, the
2112:
2057:
1770:
1723:
1305:
1286:
on a legal question, which are generally considered non-binding but authoritative.
1283:
888:
626:
in 1648, which is considered the seminal event in international law. The resulting
531:
465:, non-Islamic realms that concluded an armistice with a Muslim government; and the
423:
209:
185:
12144:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
6173:"A Community of Courts: Toward a System of International Criminal Law Enforcement"
1203:
1157:, where they have legal personality and the right to do so in their constitution.
526:(1327–1400), provided commentaries and compilations of Roman, ecclesiastical, and
201:
as "all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers".
12865:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12575:
12228:
11929:
11869:
11754:
11602:
11597:
11575:
11495:
11449:
11206:
11160:
11058:
11035:
11018:
10991:
10776:
10710:
10511:
10377:
10347:
10317:
10204:
10159:
9915:
9888:
9876:
9856:
9790:
9768:
9748:
9743:
9723:
9588:
9568:
9563:
9466:
9426:
9137:
9062:
8986:
8971:
8891:
8663:
8610:
8549:
8499:
8471:
8387:
8362:
8292:
8193:
8115:
8090:
7999:
7971:
7886:
7823:
7714:
7710:
7645:
7614:
7517:
7391:
7339:
7261:
7193:
7142:
7117:
7083:
6953:
6895:
6811:
6660:
6562:
6439:
6361:
6336:
6190:
6079:
6058:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5910:
5885:
5678:"The Re-Emergence of Conquest: International Law and the Legitimate Use of Force"
2382:
2291:
1985:
1735:
has specified that a state has sovereign rights over the resources of the entire
1629:
1457:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1353:
New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
1348:
1079:
1041:
926:
495:
388:
345:
247:
243:
114:
83:
79:
8044:
6685:
5759:
4811:
372:
was divided into various states, which over time developed rules of neutrality,
12464:
11959:
11879:
11834:
11774:
11739:
11531:
11444:
11349:
11257:
11048:
10882:
10805:
10367:
10113:
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas
10035:
9992:
9800:
9718:
9307:
9273:
9224:
9209:
8981:
8886:
8866:
8856:
8439:
7914:
7513:
7052:
6835:
6332:
5860:
5693:
2796:
Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby: Jurisdictions in the Law of the Sea
2387:
2186:
2005:
1973:
1863:
1719:
1690:
1649:
1625:
877:
734:
715:
643:
503:
419:
406:
305:
213:
174:
150:
44:
7861:
7589:
7542:
7489:
7436:
7303:
6722:
6461:
5654:
1920:
1017: UN member states that at least one other member state does not recognise
19:"Law of Nations" redirects here. For the 18th-century political treatise, see
12899:
12031:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
11914:
11799:
11714:
11659:
11519:
11439:
11334:
11184:
11177:
11070:
11023:
10916:
10772:
10459:
10431:
9846:
9805:
9691:
9671:
9643:
9593:
9558:
9532:
9527:
9520:
9471:
9411:
9251:
9241:
9199:
9122:
9117:
9047:
9006:
8930:
8590:
8529:
8345:
8271:
8234:
8206:
8182:
8136:
8025:
7995:
7946:
7869:
7832:
7750:
7597:
7560:
7497:
7444:
7113:
7034:
7006:
6867:
6794:
6757:
6730:
6523:
6469:
6286:
6118:
5868:
5813:
5805:
5732:
5677:
5662:
5512:
4994:
2794:
2108:
1952:
1899:
1867:
1838:
1810:
1798:
1331:
is the national law of the court making the determination. Some examples are
1309:
1091:
1009:
752:
607:
434:
427:
198:
122:
10741:
8744:
7223:
7119:
The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Rights and Responsibilities
6786:
5430:
5428:
2204:
The natural law approach argues that international norms should be based on
12727:
12647:
12600:
11949:
11749:
11654:
11500:
11474:
11383:
11065:
11053:
11001:
10961:
10956:
10820:
10815:
10551:
10144:
9978:
9728:
9696:
9651:
9389:
9384:
9355:
9268:
9246:
9214:
9147:
9127:
9021:
8961:
8951:
8903:
8861:
8839:
8782:
8222:
8055:"The Relationship of Private International Law to Public International Law"
7231:
7175:
6949:
6919:
6891:
6615:"Uncharted Waters: Non-innocent Passage of Warships in the Territorial Sea"
6134:
5821:
2368:
2285:
2194:
2135:
2032:
1859:
1806:
1666:
1655:
1512:
1406:
1208:
711:
699:
631:
565:
558:
538:, which provided comprehensive commentary on the laws of war and treaties.
411:
410:("merchant law"), which concerned trade and commerce; and various codes of
401:
392:
361:
317:
257:
194:
189:
166:
64:
12367:
6997:
6662:
Making the Law of the Sea: A Study in the Development of International Law
6324:
5724:
1781:, which operated between 1948 and 1994, when the WTO was established. The
1468:
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women
376:, and international conduct, and established both temporary and permanent
12813:
12692:
12672:
12585:
12570:
12485:
11889:
11637:
11632:
11624:
11609:
11434:
11339:
11150:
10986:
10951:
10931:
10911:
10889:
10854:
9900:
9841:
9831:
9628:
9623:
9461:
9362:
9278:
9237:
9204:
9169:
9092:
9016:
8966:
8881:
8727:
8545:
8504:"Political Science Research on International Law: The State of the Field"
8288:
7910:
6535:
Research Handbook on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as Human Rights
6515:
6493:
5959:
Islamic International Law: Historical Foundations and Al-Shaybani's Siyar
5425:
5386:
5313:
5054:
5042:
5018:
4931:
4460:
4169:
2441:
2245:
2229:
2089:
1997:
1660:
1389:
1308:, also known as private international law, was originally concerned with
1087:
691:
651:
635:
622:
The developments of the 17th century culminated at the conclusion of the
491:
476:
329:
281:
261:
252:
161:
40:
12860:
8214:
8187:
7743:
7543:"Hierarchy and the Sources of International Law: A Critical Perspective"
6477:
6444:
6126:
6105:
5618:
4528:
4526:
1029: Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states
445:
in the eighth century, which served as a fundamental reference work for
12877:
12697:
11420:
11408:
11378:
11344:
11284:
10966:
10448:
9964:
9893:
9773:
9711:
9456:
9377:
9372:
9330:
9312:
9300:
9261:
9107:
9097:
9057:
9042:
9026:
8976:
8913:
8908:
8665:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F
8081:
8054:
7954:
7919:
7795:
7452:
7417:
6875:
6840:
4574:
4538:
4036:
4034:
3632:
1993:
1968:, considered the protection of innocent parties in conflict zones. The
1831:
1802:
1569:
It has been claimed that there is no concept of discrete international
1240:
1149:. These organisations also have the power to enter treaties, using the
1118:
were the sole subjects of international law. With the proliferation of
838:
774:
applied by the community of nations are listed in Article 38(1) of the
733:
In the 1940s through the 1970s, the dissolution of the Soviet bloc and
730:(ILC) was established in 1947 to develop and codify international law.
603:
527:
499:
418:— aimed at regulating shipping in North-western Europe — and the later
6802:
6767:
6531:
Dugard, Jackie; Porter, Bruce; Ikawa, Daniela; Chenwi, Lilian (2020).
5876:
5841:
5708:
5078:
1545:
The ILO have also created labour standards which are set out in their
78:, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon
12803:
12558:
11854:
11691:
11426:
11388:
10981:
10795:
10620:
9871:
9836:
9778:
9753:
9618:
9515:
9503:
9488:
9476:
9404:
9322:
9295:
9179:
8449:
7397:
7341:
Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law
5891:
5459:
von Stein, Jana (2012), Dunoff, Jeffrey L.; Pollack, Mark A. (eds.),
4960:
4958:
4847:
4562:
4550:
4523:
4511:
4376:
4313:
3760:
3758:
2436:
2372:
2205:
2078:
2053:
1992:
covers civilians. These conventions were supplemented the additional
1948:
1575:
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
1429:(ICESCR). These two documents along with the UDHR are considered the
1269:
1212:
1023: Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state
595:
397:
353:
349:
301:
87:
56:
12872:
10443:
9959:
8073:
7938:
7787:
7252:
7235:
6859:
5984:"A Functional Approach to "General Principles of International Law""
4982:
4919:
4883:
4871:
4118:
4031:
3932:
3884:
3253:
3251:
1235:. There are additionally a number of regional courts, including the
12610:
12548:
12527:
12149:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
11844:
11540:
11361:
11189:
11104:
11043:
11006:
10588:
10195:
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
9920:
9905:
9608:
9493:
9290:
8834:
8582:
5788:
Gostin, Lawrence O.; Habibi, Roojin; Meier, Benjamin Mason (2020).
5395:
2451:
2431:
2249:
2213:
2209:
2070:
1323:
1176:
230:
106:
10243:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
7970:
Slagter, Tracy H.; van Doorn, John D.; Slomanson, William (2022).
7643:
5180:
4955:
4817:
4620:
4618:
4616:
3755:
3439:
3437:
2288:
argued that international society is better described as anarchy.
1980:
covers combatants at sea who are wounded, ill or shipwrecked, the
1268:
The ICJ operates as one of the six organs of the UN, based out of
238:, among the earliest extant examples of an international agreement
11759:
11614:
11526:
10004:
9810:
9758:
9738:
9686:
9498:
9416:
9232:
9194:
9142:
7805:"What We Talk about When We Talk about General Principles of Law"
7671:"The morality of the fallen man: Samuel Pufendorf on natural law"
6445:"China's Approach to International Law: A Historical Perspective"
5391:"Biden lifts sanctions on International Criminal Court officials"
5296:
5294:
4147:
4145:
3956:
3668:
3620:
3275:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3194:
3110:
2912:
2816:
2358:
2092:
them to any other interested state. It was in the 1990s that two
2074:
1675:
1147:
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
569:
320:
established an early conceptual framework for international law,
277:
188:; the latter is concerned with whether national courts can claim
75:
10130:
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
8001:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
7418:"Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth"
7367:
Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law
7315:
Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law
5006:
4970:
4907:
4835:
4787:
4775:
4489:
4487:
4436:
4424:
4330:
4328:
4130:
3968:
3920:
1928:(1864) is one of the earliest formulations of international law.
1131:(IGOs), which are created by inter-governmental agreements, and
590:
expanded on the theories of Grotius and grounded natural law to
12702:
12590:
11779:
10605:
9910:
9763:
9508:
9399:
9394:
9340:
9011:
8477:
8229:
Power Politics: The Definitive Study of International Relations
4654:
4613:
4352:
4070:
4058:
3997:
3995:
3434:
1359:, although it does not have jurisdiction over court judgments.
1313:
900:
799:
779:
591:
452:
373:
293:
265:
110:
12194:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
12057:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
10233:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936)
8159:
Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law
5606:
5291:
4943:
4678:
4142:
3809:
3062:
1654:
Legal territory can be divided into four categories. There is
1427:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1355:
was introduced in 1958 to internationalise the enforcement of
12677:
12434:
12013:
11744:
11734:
11729:
11201:
11196:
9851:
9795:
9701:
9542:
9345:
8844:
8738:
7095:
5415:
5413:
4484:
4472:
4448:
4325:
3743:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3449:
3323:
3146:
3050:
2876:
2740:
2738:
2253:
694:, which spurred the creation of international organisations.
471:
447:
313:
149:
The modern term "international law" was originally coined by
60:
10120:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)
8032:
George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics
5709:"New Great Powers and International Law in the 21st Century"
5120:
4763:
4739:
4702:
4642:
4586:
4412:
4265:
4193:
4007:
3992:
3680:
3584:
3490:
3488:
3011:
2999:
2496:
1702:
1094:, human rights are often tied to someone's nationality. The
924:
The adoption of the VCLT in 1969 established the concept of
12454:
11874:
9733:
9681:
9537:
8935:
8851:
6363:
An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure
5570:
5558:
5110:
5108:
5095:
5093:
4301:
3158:
3122:
3086:
3074:
2924:
2852:
2556:
2544:
1892:
1782:
1538:
of 1944, which re-defined the purpose of the ILO. The 1998
1002:. There was originally an intention that a state must have
269:
12000:
10135:
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
8768:
6360:
Cryer, Robert; Robinson, Darryl; Vasiliev, Sergey (2019).
5410:
4859:
4106:
4094:
3782:
3770:
3716:
3182:
3040:
3038:
2989:
2987:
2948:
2936:
2735:
2629:
2627:
654:
of 1863, which governed the conduct of warfare during the
12734:
10655:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
10098:
Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
8805:
7969:
5639:"The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century"
5582:
5367:
5343:
5243:
5209:
5207:
5060:
5048:
5024:
5000:
4603:
4601:
4499:
4466:
4175:
3644:
3548:
3536:
3485:
3461:
3424:
3422:
2972:
2900:
2699:
2675:
2353:
2101:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
1694:
customary law until the 20th century, beginning with the
52:
12063:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
8723:
7678:
Suomen Historiallinen Seura (Finnish Historical Society)
7090:
Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace
5144:
5132:
5105:
5090:
5030:
4751:
4690:
4666:
4400:
4388:
4277:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4181:
4157:
4046:
3980:
3944:
3908:
3848:
3821:
3799:
3797:
3512:
3395:
3371:
3335:
2762:
2580:
2568:
1836:
The law relating to the initiation of armed conflict is
1727:
sanitary regulations". States are also able to claim an
1674:, reflecting Roman property law: occupation, accretion,
1616:, intended to set out a framework for the mitigation of
1540:
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work
995:
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States
509:
156:
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
11859:
10690:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
8494:
7745:
International Institutional Law: Unity within Diversity
6768:"The New Oppenheim and Its Theory of International Law"
6530:
4630:
4580:
4568:
4556:
4544:
4532:
4517:
4082:
4019:
3896:
3872:
3860:
3838:
3836:
3608:
3596:
3407:
3359:
3287:
3134:
3035:
3023:
2984:
2840:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2624:
2614:
2612:
1850:. These fundamental principles were re-affirmed in the
1793:
in 1971. During this recession, British Prime Minister
1583:
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
242:
The origins of international law can be traced back to
8774:
7621:
Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions
5440:
5279:
5255:
5219:
5204:
5156:
4895:
4823:
4799:
4598:
4364:
3704:
3692:
3656:
3572:
3473:
3419:
3347:
3311:
3212:
2888:
2774:
2711:
2687:
2599:
2597:
2595:
617:
12849:
12159:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
12075:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
8188:"Punishment of War Crimes by International Tribunals"
6359:
6000:
5752:
Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace
5594:
5535:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
5434:
5267:
5231:
5192:
5168:
4382:
4340:
4319:
3794:
3500:
2723:
1767:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1614:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1488:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1319:
determining whether foreign judgments can be enforced
969:
approach customary law. Many countries with older or
912:
has argued that there is a general presumption of an
744:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
698:
was generally recognized as international law before
673:
542:(1486–1546), who was concerned with the treatment of
360:
saw the development of two major schools of thought,
12254:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
12189:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
12080:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
8747:
at the United Nations Library and Archives in Geneva
7200:
The League of Nations: its life and times, 1920-1946
6331:
5355:
5331:
5084:
5066:
4964:
4289:
3833:
3560:
2864:
2609:
1423:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
8760:
Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law
7716:
An Introduction to the International Criminal Court
7393:
Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law
6231:
Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws
3524:
3383:
3299:
3263:
3170:
3098:
2960:
2828:
2592:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2447:
Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL)
1438:
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
12308:
10645:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
8226:
8186:
8156:
8053:
8024:
7918:
7841:
7742:
7618:
7569:
7469:
7416:
7364:
7312:
7265:
7197:
7167:
7087:
7018:
6923:
6839:
6766:
6702:
6633:
6587:
6532:
6443:
6413:
6386:
6258:
6228:
6194:
6142:
6104:
6031:
5956:
5935:
5840:
2750:
2308:worldwide pandemics. The possible re-emergence of
2269:and it deems irrelevant all extralegal arguments.
10228:Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI (1919)
8726:, the United Nations' centralised website on the
8392:(in French) (10th ed.). Éditions A. Pedone.
6145:Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law
5787:
469:, non-Islamic lands which were contested through
316:and, occasionally, with neighbouring states. The
12897:
12353:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
10675:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
10650:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
8563:Kentikelenis, Alexander E.; Babb, Sarah (2019).
8562:
8315:
7737:
6133:
5746:Buchan, Russell; Navarrete, Iñaki (2021-12-14),
5467:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 477–501,
5012:
4988:
4976:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4889:
4877:
4853:
4841:
4793:
4781:
4136:
4124:
4076:
4064:
4040:
3974:
3938:
3926:
3890:
3674:
3626:
3455:
3443:
3329:
2502:
2168:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
2062:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1958:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
1939:(law in war) covers IHL, which is distinct from
1873:. The ICJ considered collective self-defence in
12069:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
10291:UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans
8434:
8026:"The Privatization of Public International Law"
5745:
2302:
2152:Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor
1898:On humanitarian grounds, the use of landmines (
759:
404:institutions and clergy throughout Europe; the
12440:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
12184:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
10489:
8633:
7389:
7362:
7337:
7310:
7025:. ASIL Studies in International Legal Theory.
6740:"Individuals as Subjects of International Law"
5564:
5300:
5186:
4949:
4684:
4493:
4478:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4151:
3764:
3638:
3281:
3257:
3242:
3230:
3200:
3152:
3116:
3056:
3017:
2882:
2822:
2457:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)
1405:Following World War II, the modern system for
1109:
12383:
12328:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
11986:
10771:
10757:
10475:
10401:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
10090:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
10020:
8790:
8316:Babb, Sarah; Kentikelenis, Alexander (2021).
7973:Fundamental Perspectives on International Law
6710:International & Comparative Law Quarterly
6585:
6219:
5754:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 231–252,
4660:
4648:
4624:
4592:
4358:
4334:
4307:
3962:
2173:
2038:
1733:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
1289:
776:Statute of the International Court of Justice
12338:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
12224:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
8466:
7668:
7612:
7477:International Journal of Middle East Studies
7467:
7170:Cheshire and North Private International Law
6338:Principles of International Humanitarian Law
6056:
3815:
3080:
3068:
2918:
2858:
2339:List of International Court of Justice cases
2058:International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg
1133:international non-governmental organisations
12397:
12333:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
12154:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
8634:Lawson, Edward; Bertucci, Mary Lou (1996).
7909:
7291:Journal of the History of International Law
6384:
6167:
5848:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
5576:
5349:
3749:
3737:
3686:
352:along China's western periphery beyond the
70:International law differs from state-based
12390:
12376:
12090:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
12042:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
11993:
11979:
10764:
10750:
10660:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
10482:
10468:
10027:
10013:
8797:
8783:
8022:
7843:"Normative Hierarchy in International Law"
7468:Parvin, Manoucher; Sommer, Maurie (1980).
7082:
7013:
6976:
6897:The Concept of Treaty in International Law
6389:The Concept of Custom in International Law
6253:
5937:"The Doctrine of Legal Equality of States"
5624:
5612:
5489:"Compliance with International Agreements"
4722:"Status of Ratification of the Convention"
4505:
3788:
3776:
2586:
2574:
2105:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1509:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
1104:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
1086:or where someone is claiming rights under
993:A state is defined under Article 1 of the
518:(1313–1357) was considered the founder of
184:There is a distinction between public and
105:(general state practice accepted as law),
12455:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
12015:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
10680:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
10175:International Plant Protection Convention
8658:
8605:
8335:
8251:
8154:
8120:. Springer Science & Business Media.
8051:
7926:The American Journal of International Law
7822:
7647:The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea
7251:
7192:
7058:Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook
7021:International Criminal Law and Philosophy
6996:
6847:The American Journal of International Law
6586:Finkin, Matthew W.; Mundlak, Guy (2015).
6312:Journal of International Criminal Justice
5981:
5943:The British Yearbook of International Law
5838:
5458:
3950:
3914:
3401:
3377:
3218:
3188:
3005:
2954:
2802:. Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press.
2768:
2562:
2550:
2475:
1906:) is prohibited under international law.
1883:government against another member of the
1825:
1696:League of Nations Codification Conference
1090:but as, argued by the political theorist
670:, the first of which was passed in 1864.
12244:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
9942:History of the American legal profession
8751:Public International Law, Research Guide
8739:Audiovisual Library of International Law
8134:
8113:
8088:
7414:
7260:
6948:
6918:
6890:
6834:
6658:
6631:
6029:
5675:
5314:"The States Parties to the Rome Statute"
5150:
5138:
5126:
5114:
5099:
5036:
4805:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4708:
4696:
4672:
4636:
4607:
4406:
4394:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4187:
4112:
4100:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3986:
3725:
3710:
3698:
3662:
3650:
3578:
3554:
3542:
3479:
3467:
3428:
3164:
3140:
3128:
3092:
3044:
2978:
2942:
2930:
2906:
2894:
2846:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2117:
2004:clause, but this posed concerns and the
1966:International Committee of the Red Cross
1919:
1750:
1701:
1643:
1599:
1388:
1245:Court of Justice of the Andean Community
1229:Permanent Court of International Justice
1202:
1114:Traditionally, sovereign states and the
1008:
829:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
827:A treaty is defined in Article 2 of the
810:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
803:
677:
552:
229:
12460:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
8406:
8385:
8360:
8294:Indigenous Peoples in International Law
7884:
7839:
7770:"The Legal Nature of International Law"
7709:
7268:A Concise History of the Law of Nations
7051:
6438:
6189:
6057:Björgvinsson, Davíd Thór (2015-11-27).
5748:"Cyber espionage and international law"
5486:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5213:
5198:
5174:
5162:
5061:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
5049:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
5025:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
5001:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
4467:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
4176:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
4088:
3878:
3866:
3803:
3353:
2792:
2744:
2344:List of international public law topics
1198:
1141:Yearbook of International Organizations
998:allowing Israel to be admitted despite
977:
948:Monism and dualism in international law
853:
12898:
12052:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
12002:International human rights instruments
8544:
8144:Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht
7230:
7112:
6809:
6700:
6612:
6492:
6450:Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting
6301:
6077:
5954:
5883:
5643:Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting
5524:
5522:
5446:
5419:
5361:
5337:
4901:
4865:
4829:
4295:
4052:
3506:
3494:
2834:
2280:asserted that due to the principle of
1779:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1773:) and the IMF. At the conference, the
1237:Court of Justice of the European Union
1187:, which has been notably been used in
12371:
12307:
12210:
12164:Convention on the Rights of the Child
12119:
12118:
12101:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
12036:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
12012:
11974:
10745:
10463:
10008:
8778:
8771:of the International Court of Justice
8764:American Society of International Law
8509:American Journal of International Law
8287:
8221:
7994:
7849:American Journal of International Law
7767:
7684:
7567:
7540:
7512:
7280:
7165:
6984:European Journal of International Law
6841:"Islam and the Modern Law of Nations"
6764:
6737:
6557:
6411:
6178:Michigan Journal of International Law
5989:Michigan Journal of International Law
5933:
5794:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
5713:European Journal of International Law
5676:Mulligan, Michael (October 1, 2020).
5636:
5600:
5588:
5543:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.55
5528:
5385:
5373:
5072:
4370:
4346:
3902:
3566:
3518:
3341:
3317:
3269:
3176:
2870:
2780:
2618:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2312:as international law is contentious.
2144:complicated relationship with the ICC
1820:
1591:multilateral environmental agreements
1478:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1419:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1399:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1076:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
941:
510:Emergence of modern international law
502:(1135–1204) and Christian theologian
10125:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
8181:
7810:Chinese Journal of International Law
7802:
7548:Houston Journal of International Law
7140:
6683:
6102:
5908:
5285:
5273:
4163:
3854:
3842:
3827:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3530:
3413:
3389:
3365:
3305:
3293:
3104:
3029:
2993:
2966:
2756:
2729:
2603:
2272:
1558:
1505:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
1100:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
385:collapse of the western Roman Empire
74:in that it operates largely through
12271:American Convention on Human Rights
10170:Ballast Water Management Convention
10103:Convention on the Continental Shelf
8361:Capaldo, Giuliana Ziccardi (2013).
5706:
5531:"Compliance With International Law"
5519:
5435:Cryer, Robinson & Vasiliev 2019
4383:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011
4320:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011
1909:
1842:. This was codified in 1928 in the
1706:Breakdown of the rules surrounding
1589:of 1972. Despite these, and other,
1294:
1261:and to resolve disputes during the
955:European Convention on Human Rights
618:Establishment of Westphalian system
461:, where Islamic law prevailed; the
296:across the world, from the eastern
13:
12533:International relations since 1989
12523:Diplomatic history of World War II
12445:International Criminal Court (ICC)
12249:European Convention on Nationality
10296:List of maritime boundary treaties
10063:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
10034:
8612:The Continent of International Law
8556:University of North Carolina Press
8280:
7390:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2022).
7363:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2020).
7338:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2015).
7311:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2011).
5493:Annual Review of Political Science
2378:Centre for International Law (CIL)
2025:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
1431:International Bill of Human Rights
674:20th and 21st century developments
14:
12937:
12829:International political sociology
12239:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
11955:Western European and Others Group
8926:Restitution and unjust enrichment
8688:
8337:10.1146/annurev-soc-090220-025543
7017:; Hoskins, Zachary, eds. (2009).
6745:Cornell International Law Journal
6503:Fordham International Law Journal
6335:; Weston-Scheuber, Kylie (2013).
5637:Jeria, Michelle Bachelet (2016).
1672:acquiring territorial sovereignty
1227:, prior to World War I, when the
1225:Central American Court of Justice
1160:
588:Of the Law of Nature and Nations,
12883:
12871:
12859:
12211:
10442:
10285:UN FAO regional fisheries bodies
10238:Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979)
10180:International Health Regulations
9973:
9972:
9958:
8092:The Sources of International Law
6279:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01306.x
5781:
5739:
5700:
5669:
5630:
5480:
5452:
5379:
5306:
5085:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013
4965:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013
4714:
2417:International constitutional law
1775:International Trade Organization
1532:International Labor Organization
895:The second element of the test,
328:. Adopting the Greek concept of
16:Norms in international relations
12824:International political economy
10363:Law of carriage of goods by sea
9937:History of the legal profession
8522:10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.1.0047
8259:Journal of European Integration
6774:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
3206:
2786:
2479:Understanding International Law
2282:par in parem non habet imperium
1885:Organization of American States
1565:International environmental law
1378:
1335:, the law of the domicile, and
1127:has emphasised a split between
1082:with the exception of cases of
1037:par in parem non habet imperium
808:Parties and signatories to the
483:served as precursors to modern
422:, enacted among the commercial
246:. With origins tracing back to
12311:International humanitarian law
10721:International humanitarian law
10665:Special Court for Sierra Leone
10396:International Seabed Authority
10190:Terrestrial Animal Health Code
6034:International Law in Antiquity
5912:Modern Treaty Law and Practice
5505:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.75
2469:
2160:Special Court for Sierra Leone
1933:International humanitarian law
1916:International humanitarian law
1501:European Court of Human Rights
1385:International human rights law
1339:, the law of the nationality.
1217:International Court of Justice
1181:"Uniting for Peace" resolution
1129:inter-government organisations
1125:UN Economic and Social Council
1096:European Court of Human Rights
1064:
720:International Court of Justice
684:International Court of Justice
660:Permanent Court of Arbitration
485:international humanitarian law
272:(approximately 3100 BCE), and
144:
131:European Court of Human Rights
1:
12279:to Prevent and Punish Torture
10223:Copenhagen Convention of 1857
8570:American Journal of Sociology
8023:Steinhardt, Ralph G. (1991).
6632:Gardiner, Richard K. (2008).
6412:Degan, Vladimir Đuro (1997).
6005:; McEleavy, Peter E. (2011).
5982:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (1990).
5627:, pp. 281, 289, 323–234.
2476:Henderson, Conway W. (2010).
2463:
2086:UN Convention against Torture
2017:Biological Weapons Convention
1787:fixed currency exchange rates
1714:The boundaries of a nation's
1518:
1417:in 1946, which developed the
1415:UN Commission on Human Rights
910:International Law Association
642:(1679–1754) and Swiss jurist
12792:Related fields and subfields
10685:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
10670:International Criminal Court
10261:Convention of Constantinople
8714:Resources in other libraries
8637:Encyclopedia of Human Rights
8165:Macmillan Publishing Company
7741:; Blokker, Niels M. (2011).
6416:Sources of International Law
6385:D'Amato, Anthony A. (1971).
6260:"What Is Transnational Law?"
5842:"International Law in India"
5318:International Criminal Court
5013:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4989:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4977:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4938:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4926:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4914:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4890:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4878:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4854:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4842:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4794:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4782:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4137:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4125:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4077:Schermers & Blokker 2011
4065:Schermers & Blokker 2011
4041:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3975:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3939:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3927:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3891:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3675:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3627:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3456:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3444:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3330:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
2503:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
2303:Challenges and controversies
2180:International legal theories
2164:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
2132:International Criminal Court
2124:International Criminal Court
2035:on the international stage.
1552:Right to Organise Convention
772:sources of international law
766:Sources of international law
760:Sources of international law
728:International Law Commission
312:were negotiated between its
226:History of international law
135:International Criminal Court
119:relationship and interaction
99:sources of international law
43:, norms, and standards that
7:
10726:International speech crimes
10507:Customary international law
10108:Convention on the High Seas
8445:Christianity and Global Law
8386:Carreau, Dominique (2009).
8155:von Glahn, Gerhard (1992).
8052:Stevenson, John R. (1952).
7669:Saastamoinen, Kari (1995).
7524:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
6902:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
6701:Jacobs, Francis G. (1969).
6422:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
6063:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
6030:Bederman, David J. (2001).
5887:International Organizations
5760:10.4337/9781789904253.00021
5461:"The Engines of Compliance"
2331:
2013:Chemical Weapons Convention
1789:to be dropped in favour of
1536:Declaration of Philadelphia
1120:international organisations
1110:International organisations
905:North Sea Continental Shelf
884:North Sea Continental Shelf
860:Customary international law
793:
784:customary international law
740:International Monetary Fund
610:(1590–1661) in England and
557:A portrait of Dutch jurist
426:of northern Europe and the
234:The Hittite version of the
49:international organizations
10:
12942:
12834:Peace and conflict studies
12450:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
12275:Inter-American Convention
12139:Convention against Torture
10547:Convention Against Torture
10491:International criminal law
10185:Aquatic Animal Health Code
10150:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
9604:International legal theory
9083:International slavery laws
9078:International human rights
9073:International criminal law
8724:United Nations Rule of Law
8617:Cambridge University Press
8473:Droit international public
8418:Cambridge University Press
8323:Annual Review of Sociology
8252:Yepremyan, Tigran (2022).
8006:Cambridge University Press
7978:Cambridge University Press
7824:10.1093/chinesejil/jmab019
7721:Cambridge University Press
7627:Taylor & Francis Group
7424:International Organization
7415:Osiander, Andreas (2001).
7206:Leicester University Press
7066:Cambridge University Press
7027:Cambridge University Press
6960:Cambridge University Press
6932:Cambridge University Press
6667:Cambridge University Press
6368:Cambridge University Press
6302:Cowell, Frederick (2017).
6197:International Criminal Law
6040:Cambridge University Press
5955:Bashir, Khaled R. (2018).
5917:Cambridge University Press
5831:
5696:– via Springer Link.
5694:10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3
2177:
2174:International legal theory
2156:Kosovo Specialist Chambers
2134:(ICC), established by the
2050:International criminal law
2045:International criminal law
2042:
2039:International criminal law
1974:wounded and ill combatants
1913:
1876:Nicaragua v. United States
1829:
1754:
1647:
1622:conferences of the parties
1595:UN Environmental Programme
1562:
1522:
1495:– to enforce their rights.
1407:international human rights
1382:
1298:
1290:Social and economic policy
1057:, commercial actions, and
984:International legal system
981:
945:
857:
797:
763:
522:. Another Italian jurist,
332:, the Romans conceived of
223:
219:
18:
12791:
12743:
12541:
12498:
12473:
12427:
12418:
12405:
12318:
12303:
12219:
12206:
12129:
12114:
12021:
12008:
11725:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
11705:
11623:
11460:
11295:
11166:Standard Average European
11034:
10863:
10783:
10716:Joint criminal enterprise
10698:
10629:
10560:
10497:
10427:
10409:
10386:
10308:
10274:
10251:
10213:
10055:
10044:
9952:
9929:
9819:
9657:Administration of justice
9642:
9551:
9442:
9321:
9223:
8944:
8812:
8709:Resources in your library
8364:The Pillars of Global Law
7862:10.1017/S0002930000016675
7590:10.1177/00471178030172005
7490:10.1017/S0020743800000246
7437:10.1162/00208180151140577
7141:Neff, Stephen C. (2014).
6613:Froman, F. David (1984).
6462:10.1017/S0272503700055956
6008:Private International Law
5839:Alexander, C. H. (1952).
5655:10.1017/S0272503700102435
5487:Simmons, Beth A. (1998).
4661:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4649:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4625:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4593:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4359:Collins & Harris 2022
4335:Collins & Harris 2022
4308:Collins & Harris 2022
3963:Collins & Harris 2022
2397:Global administrative law
2122:The building housing the
1902:) and cluster munitions (
1446:Universal Periodic Review
1393:US ambassador to the UN,
988:
878:Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries
748:World Health Organization
580:principles of natural law
520:private international law
204:A more recent concept is
186:private international law
11865:Lancaster House Treaties
11355:Christian existentialism
11315:Ancient Roman philosophy
11305:Ancient Greek philosophy
10636:(in order of foundation)
10353:International piracy law
10266:Torrijos–Carter Treaties
10083:Fourth Geneva Convention
10073:Second Geneva Convention
9434:Basic structure doctrine
9284:Natural and legal rights
9165:Public international law
8502:; Lupu, Yonatan (2012).
8496:Hafner-Burton, Emilie M.
8470:; Kerbrat, Yann (2014).
8272:10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2
8117:International Labour Law
7768:Scott, James B. (1905).
7685:Saeed, Abdullah (2018).
7149:Harvard University Press
7035:10.1017/CBO9780511642265
6977:Linderfalk, Ulf (2007).
6810:Jensen, Øystein (2020).
6659:Harrison, James (2011).
6395:Cornell University Press
6266:Law & Social Inquiry
5861:10.1093/iclqaj/1.Pt3.289
5806:10.1177/1073110520935354
5529:Stein, Jana von (2010),
4940:, pp. 301–302, 311.
3593:, pp. 277–278, 288.
2919:Rodin & Sorabji 2006
2859:Parvin & Sommer 1980
2422:International regulation
2407:International litigation
2021:Non-Proliferation Treaty
1990:Fourth Geneva Convention
1978:Second Geneva Convention
1945:principle of distinction
1763:Bretton Woods Conference
1606:greenhouse gas emissions
1579:World Charter for Nature
1525:International labour law
612:Cornelis van Bynkershoek
578:, laid down a system of
477:Islamic legal principles
342:Spring and Autumn period
33:public international law
12921:International relations
12911:International trade law
12809:Foreign policy analysis
12621:International community
12399:International relations
12047:Declaration of Montreal
11643:Equality before the law
10850:Romano-Germanic culture
10574:Crimes against humanity
10419:Geneva Naval Conference
10333:Exclusive economic zone
10078:Third Geneva Convention
9614:Principle of typicality
9088:International trade law
8804:
8299:Oxford University Press
8135:van Loon, Hans (2020).
8097:Oxford University Press
8089:Thirlway, Hugh (2014).
7893:Oxford University Press
7885:Shelton, Dinah (2011).
7840:Shelton, Dinah (2006).
7693:Edward Elgar Publishing
7652:Oxford University Press
7577:International Relations
7373:Edward Elgar Publishing
7346:Edward Elgar Publishing
7321:Edward Elgar Publishing
7304:10.1023/A:1010045223652
7281:Ōnuma, Yasuaki (2000).
7124:Oxford University Press
6818:Edward Elgar Publishing
6765:Janis, Mark W. (1996).
6738:Janis, Mark W. (1984).
6723:10.1093/iclqaj/18.2.318
6642:Oxford University Press
6596:Edward Elgar Publishing
6569:Oxford University Press
6541:Edward Elgar Publishing
6343:Edward Elgar Publishing
6203:Oxford University Press
6151:Oxford University Press
6086:Oxford University Press
6078:Briggs, Adrian (2013).
5965:Edward Elgar Publishing
5577:Simma & Paulus 1999
2427:International relations
2412:International community
2067:crimes against humanity
1982:Third Geneva Convention
1970:First Geneva Convention
1926:First Geneva Convention
1791:floating exchange rates
1757:International trade law
1742:The UNCLOS defines the
1729:exclusive economic zone
1656:territorial sovereignty
1442:UN Human Rights Council
1155:Reparation for Injuries
1034:Under the principle of
971:unwritten constitutions
628:Westphalian sovereignty
516:Bartolus de Saxoferrato
137:. Treaties such as the
12926:Cultural globalization
11805:Eastern European Group
11394:Continental philosophy
11325:Judeo-Christian ethics
11310:Hellenistic philosophy
10791:Cradle of civilization
10731:Universal jurisdiction
10706:Command responsibility
10599:Incitement to genocide
10537:United Nations Charter
10283:Treaties establishing
6684:Head, John W. (1994).
6003:Anton, Alexander Elder
5909:Aust, Anthony (2007).
5884:Archer, Clive (2014).
5707:Cai, C. (2013-08-01).
4506:May & Hoskins 2009
2793:Frankot, Edda (2007).
2392:Diplomatic recognition
2127:
2081:were also recognised.
1929:
1826:War and armed conflict
1711:
1609:
1409:was developed to make
1402:
1373:universal jurisdiction
1263:Eritrean-Ethiopian war
1249:Interstate arbitration
1219:
1172:permanent five members
1031:
824:
780:international treaties
687:
575:De Jure Belli ac Pacis
561:
239:
129:tribunals such as the
72:domestic legal systems
12096:Yogyakarta Principles
11925:Three Seas Initiative
11900:Pacific Islands Forum
11765:British–Irish Council
11513:Greek Orthodox Church
10972:Industrial Revolution
10942:Scientific Revolution
10338:Freedom of navigation
10216:international straits
10094:UNCLOS I Conventions
9609:Principle of legality
9368:Delegated legislation
9068:Intellectual property
8745:Legal Research Guides
8741:at the United Nations
8735:at the United Nations
8660:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan
8114:Valticos, N. (2013).
7568:Ralph, Jason (2003).
7541:Prost, Mario (2017).
7166:North, P. M. (1979).
7144:Justice among Nations
6787:10.1093/ojls/16.2.329
6636:Treaty Interpretation
6590:Comparative Labor Law
5934:Baker, P. J. (1923).
2921:, pp. 14, 24–25.
2121:
2113:1994 Rwandan genocide
2109:Yugoslavia after 1991
1923:
1889:regional organisation
1860:peacekeeping missions
1751:Finance and trade law
1705:
1644:Territory and the sea
1603:
1392:
1369:nationality principle
1365:territorial principle
1206:
1106:have similar powers.
1012:
963:Human Rights Act 1998
807:
681:
556:
358:Warring States period
233:
123:national legal system
12799:Comparative politics
12026:Brazilian Resolution
11920:Special Relationship
11330:Christian philosophy
11275:Western Christianity
10937:Age of Enlightenment
10811:Hellenistic Kingdoms
10632:International courts
10532:Nuremberg principles
10388:International courts
10358:International waters
9827:Barristers' chambers
9769:Legal representation
9707:Justice of the peace
9053:Financial regulation
8755:Peace Palace Library
8670:Taylor & Francis
8642:Taylor & Francis
7272:(Revised ed.).
6620:San Diego Law Review
6559:Evans, Malcolm David
6516:10.2139/ssrn.3241331
6169:Burke-White, William
6103:Boed, Roman (2001).
6081:The Conflict of Laws
5682:Liverpool Law Review
4856:, pp. 257, 260.
4818:Rothwell et al. 2015
2482:. Wiley. p. 5.
2296:Monopoly on violence
1815:Washington Consensus
1813:agenda known as the
1604:Scenarios of global
1349:Brussels Regulations
1199:International courts
978:International actors
872:persistent objectors
854:International custom
746:(World Bank) to the
584:Samuel von Pufendorf
540:Francisco de Vitoria
490:During the European
439:Muhammad al-Shaybani
346:just grounds for war
310:early peace treaties
111:international comity
103:international custom
12581:Collective security
12465:United Nations (UN)
12323:Genocide Convention
11945:West Nordic Council
11810:Eastern Partnership
11399:Analytic philosophy
11100:Classical tradition
10922:Early modern period
10878:Classical antiquity
10873:European Bronze Age
10579:Crime of aggression
10542:Genocide Convention
10254:global significance
9862:Election commission
9574:Expressive function
9103:Landlord–tenant law
9002:Consumer protection
8468:Dupuy, Pierre-Marie
8389:Droit international
8061:Columbia Law Review
7803:Shao, Xuan (2021).
7775:Columbia Law Review
7739:Schermers, Henry G.
7711:Schabas, William A.
7232:Nouwen, Sarah M. H.
6998:10.1093/ejil/chm044
6325:10.1093/jicj/mqx041
6237:Sweet & Maxwell
5725:10.1093/ejil/cht050
5615:, pp. 273–275.
5591:, pp. 128–130.
5565:Orakhelashvili 2020
5437:, pp. 173–175.
5422:, pp. 190–191.
5376:, pp. 198–199.
5301:Orakhelashvili 2011
5189:, pp. 494–495.
5187:Orakhelashvili 2011
5129:, pp. 224–225.
5003:, pp. 456–466.
4991:, pp. 746–748.
4950:Orakhelashvili 2011
4928:, pp. 299–300.
4892:, pp. 274–277.
4880:, pp. 265–266.
4868:, pp. 644–645.
4772:, pp. 296–297.
4748:, pp. 289–290.
4711:, pp. 288–289.
4685:Orakhelashvili 2011
4494:Orakhelashvili 2015
4479:Orakhelashvili 2015
4455:Orakhelashvili 2015
4443:Orakhelashvili 2015
4431:Orakhelashvili 2015
4419:Orakhelashvili 2015
4274:, pp. 163–165.
4202:, pp. 194–195.
4166:, pp. 624–625.
4152:Orakhelashvili 2011
4127:, pp. 171–172.
4043:, pp. 166–167.
4016:, pp. 132–133.
4004:, pp. 109–112.
3965:, pp. 340–341.
3941:, pp. 144–146.
3893:, pp. 128–135.
3857:, pp. 189–192.
3830:, pp. 183–185.
3767:, pp. 508–509.
3765:Orakhelashvili 2011
3639:Orakhelashvili 2022
3521:, pp. 171–175.
3416:, pp. 246–247.
3368:, pp. 219–220.
3344:, pp. 288–289.
3296:, pp. 620–621.
3284:, pp. 498–499.
3282:Orakhelashvili 2011
3260:, pp. 493–494.
3258:Orakhelashvili 2011
3245:, pp. 487–489.
3243:Orakhelashvili 2011
3233:, pp. 482–484.
3231:Orakhelashvili 2011
3203:, pp. 396–398.
3201:Orakhelashvili 2020
3167:, pp. 150–164.
3153:Orakhelashvili 2020
3131:, pp. 260–261.
3119:, pp. 331–332.
3117:Orakhelashvili 2020
3095:, pp. 164–172.
3057:Orakhelashvili 2020
3032:, pp. 616–617.
3018:Orakhelashvili 2020
3008:, pp. 197–200.
2996:, pp. 607–608.
2933:, pp. 360–361.
2883:Orakhelashvili 2020
2825:, pp. 315–316.
2823:Orakhelashvili 2020
2747:, pp. 268–269.
2565:, pp. 564–567.
2553:, pp. 561–562.
2226:pacta sunt servanda
2140:crime of aggression
1844:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1450:special rapporteurs
1215:, which houses the
1167:collective security
1072:UN General Assembly
1055:acta jure gestionis
834:pacta sunt servanda
724:UN Security Council
624:Peace of Westphalia
370:Indian subcontinent
340:Beginning with the
12343:Geneva Conventions
11404:Post-structuralism
11367:Christian humanism
10997:Universal suffrage
10584:Crime of apartheid
10522:Geneva Conventions
10373:Territorial waters
10252:Maritime canals of
10068:Geneva Conventions
9820:Legal institutions
9687:Lawsuit/Litigation
9677:Dispute resolution
9482:Catholic canon law
9190:State of emergency
9153:Will and testament
8877:Law of obligations
8830:Constitutional law
8820:Administrative law
8607:Koremenos, Barbara
8413:The New Global Law
8369:Ashgate Publishing
7915:Paulus, Andreas L.
7240:Utrecht Law Review
7053:Mueller, Dennis C.
4581:Dugard et al. 2020
4569:Dugard et al. 2020
4557:Dugard et al. 2020
4545:Dugard et al. 2020
4533:Dugard et al. 2020
4518:Dugard et al. 2020
3617:, p. 312–319.
3605:, p. 289–290.
3497:, p. 766–767.
3071:, pp. 14, 36.
2945:, pp. 94–101.
2258:Congress of Vienna
2170:have been listed.
2128:
1930:
1821:Conflict and force
1712:
1708:territorial waters
1610:
1411:states responsible
1403:
1275:Statute of the ICJ
1220:
1032:
1004:self-determination
942:Monism and dualism
825:
708:self-determination
688:
668:Geneva Conventions
656:American Civil War
562:
544:indigenous peoples
240:
139:Geneva Conventions
92:economic sanctions
61:economic relations
37:the law of nations
22:The Law of Nations
12906:International law
12847:
12846:
12819:International law
12688:Right of conquest
12653:National interest
12596:Deterrence theory
12494:
12493:
12481:League of Nations
12365:
12364:
12361:
12360:
12348:Hague Conventions
12299:
12298:
12202:
12201:
12122:International law
12110:
12109:
11968:
11967:
11795:Council of Europe
11697:International law
11650:Constitutionalism
11508:Eastern Orthodoxy
11014:Post–Cold War era
10947:Age of Revolution
10801:Greco-Roman world
10739:
10738:
10565:international law
10527:Nuremberg Charter
10517:Hague Conventions
10457:
10456:
10437:International law
10328:Custom of the sea
10323:Continental shelf
10304:
10303:
10200:Hague–Visby Rules
10002:
10001:
9662:Constitutionalism
9584:Law and economics
9422:Act of parliament
9160:Product liability
9113:Legal archaeology
9038:Environmental law
9032:Entertainment law
8872:International law
8733:Treaty Collection
8700:International law
8695:Library resources
8679:978-0-415-93921-8
8651:978-1-56032-362-4
8626:978-1-107-12423-3
8551:Peace Through Law
8487:978-2-247-14386-3
8459:978-1-000-03922-1
8427:978-1-139-48594-4
8399:978-2-233-00561-8
8378:978-1-4094-9630-4
8308:978-0-19-517350-5
8183:Wald, Patricia M.
8174:978-0-02-423175-8
8127:978-94-017-4402-7
8106:978-0-19-968540-0
8015:978-1-107-13560-4
7987:978-1-108-83995-2
7902:978-0-19-969490-7
7760:978-90-04-18797-9
7730:978-1-108-72736-5
7702:978-1-78471-658-5
7661:978-0-19-871548-1
7533:978-90-04-32133-5
7407:978-1-000-52208-2
7382:978-1-78811-671-8
7355:978-1-78347-218-5
7330:978-0-85793-308-9
7274:Macmillan Company
7174:(10th ed.).
7158:978-0-674-72654-3
7133:978-0-19-107869-9
7075:978-0-521-55654-5
7044:978-0-521-19151-7
6969:978-1-108-48724-5
6955:International Law
6926:International Law
6911:978-90-411-0244-7
6827:978-1-83910-426-8
6690:Kansas Law Review
6676:978-1-139-49619-3
6651:978-0-19-927791-9
6605:978-1-78100-013-7
6578:978-0-19-965467-3
6564:International Law
6550:978-1-78897-417-2
6431:978-90-411-0421-2
6404:978-0-8014-0619-5
6377:978-1-108-48192-2
6352:978-1-78100-273-5
6255:Cotterrell, Roger
6235:(16th ed.).
6221:Collins, Lawrence
6212:978-0-19-926128-4
6160:978-0-19-965417-8
6095:978-0-19-967927-0
6070:978-1-78536-187-6
6049:978-0-521-79197-7
6022:978-0-414-01345-2
6001:Beaumont, P. R.;
5974:978-1-78811-386-1
5926:978-1-139-46784-1
5901:978-1-317-61538-5
5769:978-1-78990-425-3
5552:978-0-19-084662-6
5474:978-1-107-02074-0
5389:(April 2, 2021).
5288:, pp. 60–61.
5252:, pp. 11–13.
5087:, pp. 14–15.
4726:UN Climate Change
4663:, pp. 53–54.
4627:, pp. 48–49.
4445:, pp. 13–14.
4433:, pp. 54–58.
4361:, pp. 15–16.
4115:, pp. 93–94.
4103:, pp. 84–85.
4055:, pp. 32–33.
3905:, pp. 11–12.
3818:, pp. 19–20.
3816:Björgvinsson 2015
3752:, pp. 70–71.
3740:, pp. 68–70.
3728:, pp. 74–76.
3689:, pp. 57–58.
3677:, pp. 24–25.
3653:, pp. 54–56.
3629:, pp. 23–24.
3557:, pp. 86–87.
3545:, pp. 84–85.
3320:, pp. 23–24.
3191:, pp. 10–11.
3081:Saastamoinen 1995
3069:Saastamoinen 1995
2981:, pp. 84–91.
2957:, pp. 27–28.
2909:, pp. 36–39.
2809:978-88-8492-462-9
2783:, pp. 35–38.
2732:, pp. 17–18.
2708:, pp. 15–16.
2684:, pp. 13–15.
2489:978-1-4051-9764-9
2310:right of conquest
2273:Alternative views
2199:interdisciplinary
2136:1998 Rome Statute
1797:and US President
1795:Margaret Thatcher
1737:continental shelf
1637:Aarhus Convention
1581:of 1982, and the
1571:environmental law
1559:Environmental law
1395:Eleanor Roosevelt
1301:Conflicts of laws
1059:acta jure imperii
1046:state recognition
1040:, all states are
822: Signatories
704:League of Nations
696:Right of conquest
662:in 1899, and the
606:writers, such as
524:Baldus de Ubaldis
443:Al-Siyar Al-Kabīr
400:, which governed
356:. The subsequent
206:supranational law
153:in his 1789 book
29:International law
12933:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12876:
12875:
12864:
12863:
12855:
12839:Security studies
12631:Internationality
12626:Internationalism
12425:
12424:
12392:
12385:
12378:
12369:
12368:
12305:
12304:
12208:
12207:
12116:
12115:
12085:Paris Principles
12010:
12009:
11995:
11988:
11981:
11972:
11971:
11840:EU Customs Union
11372:Secular humanism
11320:Christian ethics
11270:East–West Schism
11253:Physical culture
10977:Great Divergence
10927:Age of Discovery
10766:
10759:
10752:
10743:
10742:
10699:Related concepts
10637:
10594:Genocidal intent
10484:
10477:
10470:
10461:
10460:
10447:
10446:
10343:Innocent passage
10309:Main and related
10287:and arrangements
10155:SOLAS Convention
10053:
10052:
10038:
10029:
10022:
10015:
10006:
10005:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9963:
9962:
9786:Question of fact
9667:Criminal justice
8997:Construction law
8992:Conflict of laws
8957:Agricultural law
8799:
8792:
8785:
8776:
8775:
8769:Official website
8683:
8655:
8640:(2nd ed.).
8630:
8602:
8577:(6): 1720–1762.
8559:
8541:
8500:Victor, David G.
8491:
8463:
8431:
8403:
8382:
8357:
8339:
8312:
8275:
8248:
8233:(2nd ed.).
8232:
8218:
8201:(4): 1119–1134.
8190:
8178:
8163:(6th ed.).
8162:
8151:
8141:
8131:
8110:
8085:
8057:
8048:
8028:
8019:
7991:
7966:
7922:
7906:
7881:
7845:
7836:
7826:
7799:
7764:
7749:(5th ed.).
7748:
7734:
7706:
7681:
7675:
7665:
7640:
7624:
7615:Sorabji, Richard
7609:
7573:
7564:
7537:
7509:
7473:
7464:
7420:
7411:
7386:
7371:(2nd ed.).
7370:
7359:
7334:
7318:
7307:
7287:
7277:
7271:
7262:Nussbaum, Arthur
7257:
7255:
7227:
7203:
7194:Northedge, F. S.
7189:
7173:
7162:
7137:
7109:
7094:(5th ed.).
7093:
7084:Morgenthau, Hans
7079:
7063:
7048:
7024:
7010:
7000:
6973:
6958:(3rd ed.).
6945:
6929:
6915:
6887:
6843:
6831:
6806:
6770:
6761:
6734:
6706:
6697:
6680:
6655:
6639:
6628:
6609:
6593:
6582:
6567:(4th ed.).
6554:
6538:
6527:
6489:
6447:
6440:deLisle, Jacques
6435:
6419:
6408:
6392:
6381:
6356:
6328:
6308:
6298:
6262:
6250:
6234:
6225:Harris, Jonathan
6216:
6200:
6191:Cassese, Antonio
6186:
6164:
6148:
6130:
6108:
6099:
6074:
6053:
6037:
6026:
5997:
5978:
5962:
5951:
5939:
5930:
5915:(2nd ed.).
5905:
5880:
5844:
5826:
5825:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5350:Burke-White 2002
5347:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5103:
5097:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4611:
4605:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4373:, pp. 9–11.
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3641:, section 3.3.1.
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3470:, p. 38–40.
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2473:
2402:Global policeman
2349:List of treaties
2242:John Jacob Moser
1986:prisoners of war
1910:Humanitarian law
1765:established the
1724:innocent passage
1710:under the UNCLOS
1624:, including the
1618:greenhouse gases
1608:as of April 2022
1425:(ICCPR) and the
1306:Conflict of laws
1295:Conflict of laws
1284:advisory opinion
1255:Island of Palmas
1084:dual nationality
1028:
1022:
1016:
889:Humphrey Waldock
821:
815:
682:Justices of the
596:Hobbesian notion
548:Francisco Suárez
532:Alberico Gentili
481:military conduct
424:Hanseatic League
278:Egyptian pharaoh
236:Treaty of Kadesh
84:peremptory norms
80:sovereign states
39:) is the set of
12941:
12940:
12936:
12935:
12934:
12932:
12931:
12930:
12896:
12895:
12894:
12884:
12882:
12870:
12858:
12850:
12848:
12843:
12787:
12778:Postcolonialism
12739:
12668:Non-state actor
12663:Non-belligerent
12658:Neutral country
12643:Interventionism
12576:Co-belligerence
12537:
12490:
12469:
12414:
12401:
12396:
12366:
12357:
12314:
12295:
12215:
12198:
12125:
12106:
12017:
12004:
11999:
11969:
11964:
11930:UKUSA Agreement
11870:Lublin Triangle
11755:Baltic Assembly
11707:
11701:
11619:
11456:
11291:
11161:Eurolinguistics
11030:
11019:Information age
10992:Interwar period
10859:
10779:
10770:
10740:
10735:
10711:Superior orders
10694:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10625:
10567:
10564:
10556:
10512:Peremptory norm
10493:
10488:
10458:
10453:
10441:
10423:
10405:
10382:
10378:Transit passage
10348:Internal waters
10318:Contiguous zone
10310:
10300:
10276:
10270:
10253:
10247:
10215:
10209:
10205:Rotterdam Rules
10160:STCW Convention
10140:OPRC Convention
10047:
10040:
10036:
10033:
10003:
9998:
9971:
9957:
9948:
9925:
9916:Political party
9889:Legal education
9877:Law enforcement
9857:Court of equity
9815:
9791:Question of law
9744:Practice of law
9724:Judicial review
9638:
9589:Legal formalism
9569:Comparative law
9564:Contract theory
9547:
9467:Legal pluralism
9438:
9427:Act of Congress
9351:Executive order
9317:
9219:
9138:Nationality law
9063:Immigration law
8987:Competition law
8940:
8808:
8803:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8691:
8686:
8680:
8652:
8627:
8488:
8460:
8436:Domingo, Rafael
8428:
8408:Domingo, Rafael
8400:
8379:
8309:
8283:
8281:Further reading
8278:
8245:
8194:Social Research
8175:
8139:
8128:
8107:
8074:10.2307/1118800
8016:
7988:
7939:10.2307/2997991
7903:
7788:10.2307/1109809
7761:
7731:
7703:
7673:
7662:
7637:
7534:
7514:Patel, Bimal N.
7408:
7383:
7356:
7331:
7285:
7253:10.18352/ulr.32
7216:
7186:
7159:
7134:
7106:
7076:
7061:
7045:
6970:
6942:
6912:
6860:10.2307/2194954
6836:Khadduri, Majid
6828:
6677:
6652:
6606:
6579:
6551:
6432:
6405:
6378:
6353:
6333:Crowe, Jonathan
6306:
6247:
6227:, eds. (2022).
6213:
6161:
6139:Crawford, James
6096:
6071:
6050:
6023:
6013:Thomson Reuters
5975:
5927:
5902:
5834:
5829:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5744:
5740:
5705:
5701:
5674:
5670:
5635:
5631:
5625:Morgenthau 1972
5623:
5619:
5613:Morgenthau 1972
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5527:
5520:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5360:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5276:, p. 1119.
5272:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:, pp. 2–3.
4900:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4832:, pp. 4–5.
4828:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4614:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4583:, pp. 4–5.
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4547:, pp. 5–7.
4543:
4539:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4397:, pp. 6–7.
4393:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4349:, pp. 7–8.
4345:
4341:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3881:, pp. 4–5.
3877:
3873:
3869:, pp. 2–3.
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3795:
3789:Linderfalk 2007
3787:
3783:
3777:Linderfalk 2007
3775:
3771:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:, pp. 343.
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:, pp. 3–4.
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:, pp. 5–6.
2668:
2664:
2660:, pp. 3–4.
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:, pp. 1–2.
2632:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2593:
2587:Cotterrell 2012
2585:
2581:
2575:Steinhardt 1991
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:, pp. 3–4.
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2383:Comparative law
2334:
2305:
2292:Hans Morgenthau
2275:
2238:jus voluntarium
2182:
2176:
2103:(ICTY) and the
2047:
2041:
1918:
1912:
1864:nuclear weapons
1834:
1828:
1823:
1759:
1753:
1716:territorial sea
1652:
1646:
1630:Paris Agreement
1587:Rio Declaration
1567:
1561:
1527:
1521:
1387:
1381:
1357:arbitral awards
1303:
1297:
1292:
1201:
1185:UN peacekeeping
1163:
1112:
1080:nationality law
1067:
1044:and equal, but
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1000:border disputes
991:
986:
980:
950:
944:
862:
856:
823:
819:
817:
813:
802:
796:
768:
762:
676:
640:Christian Wolff
620:
512:
416:Rolls of Oléron
264:city-states of
228:
222:
179:Lassa Oppenheim
171:droits des gens
147:
115:legally binding
31:(also known as
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12939:
12929:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12893:
12892:
12880:
12868:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12795:
12793:
12789:
12788:
12786:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12758:English school
12755:
12753:Constructivism
12749:
12747:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12737:
12732:
12731:
12730:
12725:
12723:Non-aggression
12720:
12715:
12710:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12639:
12638:
12633:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12567:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12545:
12543:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12504:
12502:
12496:
12495:
12492:
12491:
12489:
12488:
12483:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12431:
12429:
12422:
12416:
12415:
12413:
12412:
12406:
12403:
12402:
12395:
12394:
12387:
12380:
12372:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12319:
12316:
12315:
12301:
12300:
12297:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12273:
12268:
12267:
12266:
12261:
12259:Social Charter
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12233:
12232:
12231:
12220:
12217:
12216:
12204:
12203:
12200:
12199:
12197:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12112:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12104:
12098:
12093:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12066:
12060:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12033:
12028:
12022:
12019:
12018:
12006:
12005:
11998:
11997:
11990:
11983:
11975:
11966:
11965:
11963:
11962:
11960:Westernization
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11940:Visegrád Group
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11880:Nordic Council
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11775:Bucharest Nine
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11740:Arctic Council
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11711:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11652:
11647:
11646:
11645:
11635:
11629:
11627:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11606:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11534:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11466:
11464:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11453:
11452:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11431:
11430:
11418:
11417:
11416:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11375:
11374:
11369:
11359:
11358:
11357:
11350:Existentialism
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11301:
11299:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11262:
11261:
11260:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11243:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11221:
11216:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11194:
11193:
11192:
11182:
11181:
11180:
11170:
11169:
11168:
11163:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11137:
11136:
11126:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11109:
11108:
11107:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11085:
11080:
11079:
11078:
11068:
11063:
11062:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11040:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11021:
11011:
11010:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10914:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10887:
10886:
10885:
10883:Late antiquity
10875:
10869:
10867:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10798:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10781:
10780:
10769:
10768:
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8583:10.1086/702900
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8440:Witte Jr, John
8432:
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8404:
8398:
8383:
8377:
8358:
8330:(1): 521–541.
8313:
8307:
8284:
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8279:
8277:
8276:
8266:(2): 195–211.
8249:
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8132:
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8111:
8105:
8086:
8068:(5): 561–588.
8049:
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7996:Solis, Gary D.
7992:
7986:
7967:
7933:(2): 302–316.
7907:
7901:
7882:
7856:(2): 291–323.
7837:
7817:(2): 219–255.
7800:
7782:(2): 124–152.
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7636:978-0754654490
7635:
7613:Rodin, David;
7610:
7584:(2): 195–211.
7565:
7555:(2): 285–330.
7538:
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7138:
7132:
7114:Mossop, Joanna
7110:
7104:
7080:
7074:
7049:
7043:
7011:
6991:(5): 853–871.
6974:
6968:
6946:
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6916:
6910:
6888:
6854:(2): 358–372.
6832:
6826:
6807:
6781:(2): 329–336.
6762:
6735:
6717:(2): 318–346.
6698:
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6675:
6656:
6650:
6629:
6610:
6604:
6583:
6577:
6555:
6549:
6528:
6510:(3): 765–794.
6490:
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6403:
6382:
6376:
6357:
6351:
6329:
6319:(4): 667–687.
6299:
6273:(2): 500–524.
6251:
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5881:
5855:(3): 289–300.
5835:
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5827:
5800:(2): 376–381.
5780:
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5719:(3): 755–795.
5699:
5688:(3): 293–313.
5668:
5629:
5617:
5605:
5603:, p. 101.
5593:
5581:
5579:, p. 304.
5569:
5557:
5551:
5518:
5479:
5473:
5451:
5449:, p. 192.
5439:
5424:
5409:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5305:
5303:, p. 518.
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:
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5203:
5191:
5179:
5167:
5155:
5153:, p. 231.
5143:
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5131:
5119:
5117:, p. 223.
5104:
5102:, p. 224.
5089:
5077:
5065:
5063:, p. 466.
5053:
5051:, p. 461.
5041:
5039:, p. 211.
5029:
5027:, p. 458.
5017:
5015:, p. 757.
5005:
4993:
4981:
4979:, p. 745.
4969:
4954:
4952:, p. 505.
4942:
4930:
4918:
4916:, p. 296.
4906:
4894:
4882:
4870:
4858:
4846:
4844:, p. 256.
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4796:, p. 220.
4786:
4784:, p. 203.
4774:
4762:
4760:, p. 294.
4750:
4738:
4713:
4701:
4699:, p. 287.
4689:
4687:, p. 506.
4677:
4675:, p. 282.
4665:
4653:
4641:
4629:
4612:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4483:
4471:
4469:, p. 267.
4459:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4409:, p. 301.
4399:
4387:
4385:, p. 403.
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4337:, p. 272.
4324:
4322:, p. 374.
4312:
4300:
4288:
4286:, p. 178.
4276:
4264:
4262:, p. 161.
4252:
4250:, p. 158.
4240:
4238:, p. 160.
4228:
4226:, p. 159.
4216:
4214:, p. 155.
4204:
4192:
4190:, p. 188.
4180:
4178:, p. 456.
4168:
4156:
4154:, p. 493.
4141:
4139:, p. 180.
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4091:, p. 106.
4081:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3991:
3989:, p. 107.
3979:
3977:, p. 121.
3967:
3955:
3951:von Glahn 1992
3943:
3931:
3929:, p. 144.
3919:
3915:von Glahn 1992
3907:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3845:, p. 187.
3832:
3820:
3808:
3793:
3791:, p. 859.
3781:
3779:, p. 854.
3769:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3569:, p. 191.
3559:
3547:
3535:
3533:, p. 131.
3523:
3511:
3509:, p. 319.
3499:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3446:, p. 179.
3433:
3418:
3406:
3404:, p. 772.
3402:Bassiouni 1990
3394:
3392:, p. 221.
3382:
3380:, p. 768.
3378:Bassiouni 1990
3370:
3358:
3356:, p. 291.
3346:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3308:, p. 606.
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3219:Northedge 1986
3211:
3205:
3193:
3189:Northedge 1986
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3143:, p. 283.
3133:
3121:
3109:
3107:, p. 617.
3097:
3085:
3083:, p. 168.
3073:
3061:
3059:, p. 342.
3049:
3047:, p. 147.
3034:
3022:
3010:
3006:Yepremyan 2022
2998:
2983:
2971:
2969:, p. 614.
2959:
2955:von Glahn 1992
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2885:, p. 322.
2875:
2873:, p. 299.
2863:
2851:
2849:, p. 359.
2839:
2827:
2815:
2808:
2785:
2773:
2771:, p. 289.
2769:Alexander 1952
2761:
2749:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2648:, p. 267.
2638:
2623:
2621:, p. 126.
2608:
2606:, p. 622.
2591:
2589:, p. 501.
2579:
2577:, p. 523.
2567:
2563:Stevenson 1952
2555:
2551:Stevenson 1952
2543:
2531:
2529:, p. 333.
2519:
2517:, p. 408.
2507:
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2388:Diplomatic law
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2218:divine justice
2187:state capacity
2178:Main article:
2175:
2172:
2043:Main article:
2040:
2037:
2006:Martens clause
1953:non-combatants
1947:dictates that
1914:Main article:
1911:
1908:
1830:Main article:
1827:
1824:
1822:
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1755:Main article:
1752:
1749:
1691:law of the sea
1650:Law of the Sea
1648:Main article:
1645:
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1626:Kyoto Protocol
1563:Main article:
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1074:(UNGA) in the
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742:(IMF) and the
735:decolonisation
722:(ICJ) and the
716:United Nations
675:
672:
644:Emer de Vattel
619:
616:
608:Richard Zouche
511:
508:
504:Thomas Aquinas
451:, a subset of
414:, such as the
407:lex mercatoria
402:ecclesiastical
383:Following the
354:Central Plains
326:Roman citizens
306:Ancient Greece
258:peace treaties
224:Main article:
221:
218:
214:European Union
212:system is the
175:Emer de Vattel
151:Jeremy Bentham
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11977:
11976:
11973:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11905:PROSUR/PROSUL
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11800:Craiova Group
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11715:ABCANZ Armies
11713:
11712:
11710:
11704:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11622:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11543:
11542:
11539:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11525:
11521:
11520:Protestantism
11518:
11514:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11473:
11472:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11463:
11459:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11440:Sovereigntism
11438:
11436:
11433:
11429:
11428:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11419:
11415:
11412:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11364:
11363:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11335:Scholasticism
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11302:
11300:
11298:
11294:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11263:
11259:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11251:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11238:
11237:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11199:
11198:
11195:
11191:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11183:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11171:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11135:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11106:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11077:
11074:
11073:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11037:
11033:
11025:
11024:War on terror
11022:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11015:
11012:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10919:
10918:
10917:Modern period
10915:
10913:
10910:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10891:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10870:
10868:
10866:
10862:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10823:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10773:Western world
10767:
10762:
10760:
10755:
10753:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10697:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10633:
10628:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10611:Slave trading
10609:
10607:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10559:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10485:
10480:
10478:
10473:
10471:
10466:
10465:
10462:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10432:Admiralty law
10430:
10429:
10426:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10385:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10307:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10256:
10250:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10212:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10043:
10039:
10030:
10025:
10023:
10018:
10016:
10011:
10010:
10007:
9995:
9994:
9990:
9988:
9987:
9983:
9981:
9980:
9969:
9967:
9966:
9961:
9955:
9954:
9951:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9928:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9847:Civil society
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9818:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9806:Trier of fact
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9692:Legal opinion
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9672:Court-martial
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9644:Jurisprudence
9641:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9533:Statutory law
9531:
9529:
9528:Socialist law
9526:
9522:
9521:Byzantine law
9519:
9518:
9517:
9514:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9472:Religious law
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9444:Legal systems
9441:
9435:
9432:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9412:Statutory law
9410:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9320:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9242:Statutory law
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9200:Transport law
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9118:Legal fiction
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9048:Financial law
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9007:Corporate law
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8931:Statutory law
8929:
8927:
8924:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:Core subjects
8811:
8807:
8800:
8795:
8793:
8788:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8681:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8476:(in French).
8475:
8474:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8384:
8380:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8365:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8310:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8244:9780140227338
8240:
8236:
8235:Penguin Books
8231:
8230:
8224:
8223:Wight, Martin
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8195:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8138:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8017:
8011:
8007:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7752:
7751:Brill Nijhoff
7747:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7683:
7679:
7672:
7667:
7663:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7642:
7638:
7632:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7616:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7368:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7342:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7316:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7215:0-7185-1316-9
7211:
7207:
7202:
7201:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7105:0-394-48133-X
7101:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7023:
7022:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6950:Klabbers, Jan
6947:
6943:
6941:9781139022569
6937:
6933:
6928:
6927:
6921:
6920:Klabbers, Jan
6917:
6913:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6892:Klabbers, Jan
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6842:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6627:(3): 625–689.
6626:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6390:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6246:9780414108899
6242:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6135:Brownlie, Ian
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6113:(17): 59–67.
6112:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5996:(3): 768–818.
5995:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5621:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5523:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5363:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5264:, p. 11.
5263:
5258:
5251:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5228:, p. 17.
5227:
5222:
5216:, p. 16.
5215:
5210:
5208:
5200:
5195:
5188:
5183:
5176:
5171:
5165:, p. 15.
5164:
5159:
5152:
5151:Klabbers 2020
5147:
5140:
5139:Klabbers 2020
5135:
5128:
5127:Klabbers 2020
5123:
5116:
5115:Klabbers 2020
5111:
5109:
5101:
5100:Klabbers 2020
5096:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5075:, p. 24.
5074:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5037:Klabbers 2020
5033:
5026:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4867:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4806:Harrison 2011
4802:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4770:Klabbers 2020
4766:
4759:
4758:Klabbers 2020
4754:
4747:
4746:Klabbers 2020
4742:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4710:
4709:Klabbers 2020
4705:
4698:
4697:Klabbers 2020
4693:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4673:Klabbers 2020
4669:
4662:
4657:
4651:, p. 51.
4650:
4645:
4639:, p. 37.
4638:
4637:Valticos 2013
4633:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4609:
4608:Valticos 2013
4604:
4602:
4595:, p. 47.
4594:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4508:, p. 17.
4507:
4502:
4496:, p. 57.
4495:
4490:
4488:
4481:, p. 23.
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4457:, p. 15.
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4407:Klabbers 2020
4403:
4396:
4395:van Loon 2020
4391:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4284:Klabbers 2020
4280:
4273:
4272:Klabbers 2020
4268:
4261:
4260:Klabbers 2020
4256:
4249:
4248:Klabbers 2020
4244:
4237:
4236:Klabbers 2020
4232:
4225:
4224:Klabbers 2020
4220:
4213:
4212:Klabbers 2020
4208:
4201:
4200:Klabbers 2020
4196:
4189:
4188:Klabbers 2020
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4114:
4113:Klabbers 2020
4109:
4102:
4101:Klabbers 2013
4097:
4090:
4085:
4079:, p. 63.
4078:
4073:
4067:, p. 61.
4066:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4028:, p. 73.
4027:
4026:Klabbers 2020
4022:
4015:
4014:Klabbers 2020
4010:
4003:
4002:Klabbers 2013
3998:
3996:
3988:
3987:Klabbers 2013
3983:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3953:, p. 86.
3952:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3917:, p. 85.
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3856:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3727:
3726:Thirlway 2014
3722:
3720:
3713:, p. 13.
3712:
3711:Harrison 2011
3707:
3701:, p. 65.
3700:
3699:Thirlway 2014
3695:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3665:, p. 63.
3664:
3663:Thirlway 2014
3659:
3652:
3651:Thirlway 2014
3647:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3581:, p. 90.
3580:
3579:Gardiner 2008
3575:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3555:Gardiner 2008
3551:
3544:
3543:Gardiner 2008
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3482:, p. 21.
3481:
3480:Gardiner 2008
3476:
3469:
3468:Klabbers 1996
3464:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3431:, p. 20.
3430:
3429:Gardiner 2008
3425:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3272:, p. 22.
3271:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3179:, p. 45.
3178:
3173:
3166:
3165:Nussbaum 1954
3161:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3141:Osiander 2001
3137:
3130:
3129:Osiander 2001
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3093:Nussbaum 1954
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3045:Nussbaum 1954
3041:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 90.
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2979:Nussbaum 1954
2975:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2943:Nussbaum 1954
2939:
2932:
2931:Khadduri 1956
2927:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2907:Nussbaum 1954
2903:
2897:, p. 35.
2896:
2895:Nussbaum 1954
2891:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2847:Khadduri 1956
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2759:, p. 21.
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2720:, p. 14.
2719:
2718:Nussbaum 1954
2714:
2707:
2706:Nussbaum 1954
2702:
2696:, p. 84.
2695:
2694:Bederman 2001
2690:
2683:
2682:Nussbaum 1954
2678:
2671:
2670:Nussbaum 1954
2666:
2659:
2658:Bederman 2001
2654:
2647:
2646:Bederman 2001
2642:
2635:
2634:Nussbaum 1954
2630:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2033:cyberwarefare
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:jus ad bellum
1938:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:Ottawa Treaty
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1839:jus ad bellum
1833:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Ronald Reagan
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:In 1944, the
1758:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:of 1972, the
1576:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:lex domicilii
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1310:choice of law
1307:
1302:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Hannah Arendt
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
985:
975:
972:
966:
964:
960:
956:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
928:
922:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
897:opinio juris,
893:
890:
886:
885:
880:
879:
873:
869:
868:
861:
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
835:
830:
816: Parties
811:
806:
801:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
757:
754:
753:globalisation
749:
745:
741:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
680:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:nation states
629:
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
602:In contrast,
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
564:Dutch jurist
560:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
435:Islamic world
431:
429:
428:Baltic region
425:
421:
420:Laws of Wisby
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Mediterranean
295:
291:
290:Ḫattušili III
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
237:
232:
227:
217:
215:
211:
210:supranational
207:
202:
200:
199:Philip Jessup
196:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
157:
152:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:supranational
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
24:
23:
12818:
12718:Multilateral
12648:Isolationism
12601:Expansionism
12309:
12213:Regional law
12212:
12120:
12014:
11950:Western Bloc
11750:AUSCANNZUKUS
11706:Contemporary
11696:
11655:Human rights
11501:Latin Church
11475:Christianity
11425:
11384:Conservatism
11229:contemporary
11066:Architecture
11002:World War II
10962:Emancipation
10957:Abolitionism
10845:Romanization
10840:Roman legacy
10821:Roman Empire
10552:Rome Statute
10436:
10145:MARPOL 73/78
9991:
9984:
9970:
9956:
9729:Jurisdiction
9697:Legal remedy
9652:Adjudication
9552:Legal theory
9390:Ratification
9385:Promulgation
9356:Proclamation
9336:Codification
9269:Human rights
9257:Divine right
9247:Constitution
9215:Women in law
9164:
9133:Military law
9128:Marriage law
9123:Maritime law
9022:Election law
8962:Aviation law
8952:Abortion law
8904:Property law
8871:
8840:Criminal law
8699:
8664:
8636:
8611:
8574:
8568:
8550:
8546:Kelsen, Hans
8516:(1): 47–97.
8513:
8507:
8472:
8444:
8412:
8388:
8363:
8327:
8321:
8293:
8289:Anaya, S. J.
8263:
8257:
8228:
8198:
8192:
8158:
8147:
8143:
8116:
8091:
8065:
8059:
8036:
8030:
8000:
7972:
7930:
7924:
7911:Simma, Bruno
7887:
7853:
7847:
7814:
7808:
7779:
7773:
7744:
7715:
7687:
7680:(52): 1–179.
7677:
7646:
7620:
7581:
7575:
7552:
7546:
7518:
7481:
7475:
7428:
7422:
7392:
7366:
7340:
7314:
7295:
7289:
7267:
7243:
7239:
7199:
7176:Butterworths
7169:
7143:
7118:
7089:
7057:
7020:
6988:
6982:
6954:
6925:
6896:
6851:
6845:
6812:
6778:
6772:
6752:(1): 61–78.
6749:
6743:
6714:
6708:
6693:
6689:
6661:
6635:
6624:
6618:
6589:
6563:
6534:
6507:
6501:
6494:Dothan, Shai
6453:
6449:
6415:
6388:
6362:
6337:
6316:
6310:
6270:
6264:
6230:
6196:
6182:
6176:
6144:
6111:Perspectives
6110:
6080:
6059:
6033:
6007:
5993:
5987:
5958:
5947:
5941:
5911:
5886:
5852:
5846:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5773:, retrieved
5751:
5741:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5685:
5681:
5671:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5560:
5534:
5499:(1): 75–93.
5496:
5492:
5482:
5464:
5454:
5442:
5400:. Retrieved
5394:
5387:Toosi, Nahal
5381:
5369:
5364:, p. 8.
5357:
5352:, p. 8.
5345:
5340:, p. 2.
5333:
5321:. Retrieved
5317:
5308:
5281:
5269:
5262:Cassese 2003
5257:
5250:Schabas 2020
5245:
5240:, p. 9.
5238:Cassese 2003
5233:
5226:Cassese 2003
5221:
5214:Cassese 2003
5201:, p. 6.
5199:Schabas 2020
5194:
5182:
5177:, p. 1.
5175:Schabas 2020
5170:
5163:Cassese 2003
5158:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4967:, p. 7.
4945:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4825:
4820:, p. 2.
4813:
4808:, p. 1.
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:. Retrieved
4725:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4610:, p. 4.
4588:
4576:
4571:, p. 4.
4564:
4559:, p. 8.
4552:
4540:
4535:, p. 3.
4520:, p. 2.
4513:
4501:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4421:, p. 1.
4414:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4315:
4310:, p. 4.
4303:
4298:, p. 2.
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4089:Mueller 1997
4084:
4072:
4060:
4048:
4021:
4009:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3879:Shelton 2011
3874:
3867:Shelton 2011
3862:
3850:
3823:
3811:
3806:, p. 2.
3804:Shelton 2011
3784:
3772:
3750:D'Amato 1971
3745:
3738:D'Amato 1971
3733:
3706:
3694:
3687:D'Amato 1971
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3475:
3463:
3458:, p. 9.
3451:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3354:Shelton 2006
3349:
3337:
3332:, p. 6.
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3238:
3226:
3221:, p. 1.
3214:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2837:, p. 5.
2830:
2818:
2795:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2745:deLisle 2000
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2505:, p. 3.
2498:
2478:
2471:
2369:Aviation law
2364:Consular law
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2290:
2286:Martin Wight
2281:
2276:
2237:
2235:
2225:
2221:
2203:
2195:legal theory
2191:
2183:
2148:
2129:
2094:
2083:
2048:
2010:
2001:
1963:
1956:
1940:
1937:jus in bello
1936:
1931:
1897:
1874:
1868:
1856:use of force
1848:self-defence
1837:
1835:
1807:deregulation
1760:
1741:
1713:
1688:
1684:prescription
1667:res communis
1665:
1659:
1653:
1634:
1611:
1568:
1544:
1528:
1513:Global South
1498:
1435:
1404:
1379:Human rights
1361:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1304:
1279:jurisdiction
1267:
1253:
1221:
1209:Peace Palace
1164:
1154:
1139:
1137:
1113:
1068:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1035:
1033:
992:
967:
951:
935:
931:
925:
923:
918:opinio juris
917:
914:opinio juris
913:
904:
896:
894:
882:
876:
867:opinio juris
865:
863:
848:
844:
832:
826:
788:
769:
732:
726:(UNSC). The
712:human rights
700:World War II
689:
648:
621:
601:
587:
574:
566:Hugo Grotius
563:
559:Hugo Grotius
535:
513:
489:
470:
466:
462:
458:dar al-Islam
457:
446:
442:
432:
412:maritime law
405:
382:
362:Confucianism
339:
333:
321:
318:Roman Empire
286:Hittite king
276:between the
274:an agreement
262:Mesopotamian
260:between the
251:
241:
203:
195:Joseph Story
190:jurisdiction
183:
170:
167:Hugo Grotius
160:
154:
148:
96:
69:
65:human rights
36:
32:
28:
27:
21:
12890:Switzerland
12814:Geopolitics
12693:Sovereignty
12673:Imperialism
12586:Colonialism
12571:Appeasement
12486:Warsaw Pact
11890:Open Balkan
11708:integration
11638:Rule of law
11633:Natural law
11610:Agnosticism
11588:Hellenistic
11566:Anglo-Saxon
11496:Catholicism
11435:Atlanticism
11340:Rationalism
11146:Immigration
11129:Esotericism
10987:World War I
10952:Romanticism
10932:Reformation
10912:Renaissance
10890:Middle Ages
10855:Christendom
10784:Foundations
9901:Legislature
9832:Bureaucracy
9629:Rule of man
9624:Rule of law
9599:Libertarian
9462:Chinese law
9363:Legislation
9313:Regulations
9301:Law reports
9279:Natural law
9175:Reparations
9170:Refugee law
9093:Jurimetrics
9034:(Media law)
8972:Banking law
8967:Amnesty law
8945:Disciplines
8882:Private law
8728:rule of law
7484:(1): 1–21.
6456:: 267–275.
6185:(1): 1–101.
5447:Nouwen 2006
5420:Nouwen 2006
5362:Cowell 2017
5338:Cowell 2017
4902:Mossop 2016
4866:Froman 1984
4830:Jensen 2020
4296:Briggs 2013
4053:Archer 2014
3507:Jacobs 1969
3495:Dothan 2019
2835:Bashir 2018
2442:Refugee law
2278:John Austin
2256:. The 1815
2246:rationality
2222:jus gentium
2197:, some are
1998:Protocol II
1811:neo-liberal
1801:pushed for
1769:(later the
1661:res nullius
1547:conventions
1337:les patriae
1088:refugee law
1065:Individuals
961:passed the
692:World War I
652:Lieber Code
636:nationalism
492:Middle Ages
479:concerning
467:dar al-harb
463:dar al-sulh
334:jus gentium
330:natural law
322:jus gentium
314:city-states
282:Ramesses II
253:ius gentium
162:ius gentium
145:Terminology
12916:Public law
12900:Categories
12768:Liberalism
12713:Friendship
12698:Suzerainty
11910:Rio Treaty
11421:Relativism
11379:Liberalism
11345:Empiricism
11297:Philosophy
11285:Secularism
11236:Philosophy
11173:Literature
10967:Capitalism
10616:Starvation
10048:of the sea
9894:Law school
9774:Prosecutor
9712:Magistrate
9499:Jewish law
9457:Common law
9378:Rulemaking
9373:Regulation
9323:Law making
9262:Divine law
9238:Legal code
9185:Sports law
9108:Law of war
9058:Health law
9043:Family law
9027:Energy law
8977:Bankruptcy
8914:Punishment
8909:Public law
8039:(2): 523.
7246:(2): 190.
7185:0406565678
7015:May, Larry
6696:: 605–666.
5775:2024-04-10
5601:Wight 1986
5589:Scott 1905
5374:Ralph 2003
5073:Solis 2016
4371:North 1979
4347:North 1979
3903:Baker 1923
3567:Evans 2014
3519:Evans 2014
3342:Prost 2017
3318:Evans 2014
3270:Evans 2014
3177:Solis 2016
2871:Saeed 2018
2781:Patel 2016
2619:Degan 1997
2539:Ōnuma 2000
2527:Janis 1996
2515:Janis 1984
2464:References
2054:war crimes
1994:Protocol I
1949:combatants
1891:, such as
1881:Sandinista
1852:UN Charter
1832:Law of war
1803:free trade
1771:World Bank
1519:Labour law
1324:lex causae
1299:See also:
1241:EFTA Court
1189:East Timor
959:Parliament
946:See also:
936:erga omnes
932:jus cogens
927:jus cogens
839:good faith
604:positivist
536:Law of War
528:feudal law
500:Maimonides
453:Sharia law
441:published
393:mercantile
374:treaty law
350:barbarians
284:, and the
173:, used by
165:, used by
121:between a
88:diplomatic
12804:Diplomacy
12708:Bilateral
12606:Grey-zone
12559:Coalition
12518:1919–1939
12513:1814–1919
12508:1648–1814
12235:European
11855:Five Eyes
11850:EU–UK TCA
11692:Democracy
11581:Old Norse
11470:Abrahamic
11427:Peritrope
11409:Tolerance
11389:Socialism
11219:Mythology
11207:Classical
11156:Languages
11134:Astrology
10982:Modernism
10796:Old World
10621:War crime
10277:and local
9872:Judiciary
9867:Executive
9842:The bench
9779:Solicitor
9754:Barrister
9634:Sociology
9619:Pseudolaw
9559:Anarchist
9516:Roman law
9504:Parsi law
9489:Hindu law
9477:Canon law
9452:Civil law
9405:Concordat
9296:Precedent
9205:Trust law
9180:Space law
9017:Drugs law
8887:Procedure
8825:Civil law
8599:195571195
8591:0002-9602
8538:146201275
8530:0002-9300
8450:Routledge
8354:235585418
8346:0360-0572
8207:0037-783X
8045:219691320
7963:143168066
7947:0002-9300
7878:140888579
7870:0002-9300
7833:1540-1650
7606:143809214
7598:0047-1178
7561:0194-1879
7506:162267009
7498:1471-6380
7461:145407931
7445:0020-8183
7398:Routledge
7007:0938-5428
6884:147619365
6868:0002-9300
6795:0143-6503
6758:0010-8812
6731:1471-6895
6524:1556-5068
6486:159187569
6470:0272-5037
6295:146474315
6287:0897-6546
6119:1210-762X
5892:Routledge
5869:0020-5893
5814:1073-1105
5733:0938-5428
5663:0272-5037
5513:1094-2939
5402:April 28,
5323:April 28,
5286:Boed 2001
5274:Wald 2002
4164:Head 1994
3855:Aust 2007
3843:Aust 2007
3828:Aust 2007
3615:Aust 2007
3603:Aust 2007
3591:Aust 2007
3531:Aust 2007
3414:Shao 2021
3390:Shao 2021
3366:Shao 2021
3306:Head 1994
3294:Head 1994
3105:Head 1994
3030:Head 1994
2994:Head 1994
2967:Head 1994
2757:Neff 2014
2730:Neff 2014
2604:Head 1994
2437:Prize law
2373:Space law
2263:objective
2206:axiomatic
2097:tribunals
2090:extradite
2079:terrorism
1744:high seas
1329:lexi fori
1270:the Hague
1213:the Hague
1042:sovereign
496:"just war
398:canon law
378:embassies
302:East Asia
248:antiquity
244:antiquity
57:diplomacy
12866:Politics
12763:Feminism
12616:Idealism
12611:Hegemony
12564:Military
12549:Alliance
12542:Concepts
12528:Cold War
12410:Glossary
12103:(UNDROP)
12071:(UNDRIP)
11915:Schengen
11845:Eurozone
11685:Property
11680:Religion
11571:Frankish
11561:Germanic
11541:Paganism
11462:Religion
11450:European
11362:Humanism
11265:Religion
11224:Painting
11190:Internet
11141:Folklore
11112:Clothing
11083:Calendar
11059:Cyrillic
11044:Alphabet
11007:Cold War
10589:Genocide
10311:concepts
10214:Specific
9979:Category
9921:Tribunal
9906:Military
9749:Attorney
9719:Judgment
9579:Feminist
9494:Jain law
9291:Case law
9012:Cyberlaw
8919:Corporal
8897:Criminal
8867:Evidence
8857:Doctrine
8835:Contract
8662:(2003).
8609:(2016).
8548:(1944).
8442:(2020).
8410:(2010).
8291:(2004).
8225:(1986).
8215:40971598
8185:(2002).
8041:ProQuest
7998:(2016).
7917:(1999).
7713:(2020).
7617:(2006).
7516:(2016).
7298:: 1–66.
7264:(1954).
7234:(2006).
7224:64972585
7196:(1986).
7116:(2016).
7086:(1972).
7055:(1997).
6952:(2020).
6922:(2013).
6894:(1996).
6838:(1956).
6561:(2014).
6496:(2019).
6478:25659409
6442:(2000).
6257:(2012).
6193:(2003).
6171:(2002).
6141:(2012).
6127:23615911
5822:32631189
5649:: 3–11.
5396:Politico
2452:UNIDROIT
2432:INTERPOL
2332:See also
2267:validity
2250:morality
2230:eclectic
2214:morality
2210:just war
2166:and the
2071:genocide
2060:and the
2023:and the
2015:and the
2002:si omnes
1988:and the
1869:Caroline
1809:under a
1720:baseline
1680:conquest
1507:and the
1347:and the
1243:and the
1177:Cold War
1116:Holy See
1102:and the
794:Treaties
366:Legalism
294:polities
107:treaties
101:include
94:to war.
12852:Portals
12783:Realism
12773:Marxism
12636:Liberal
12554:Entente
12500:History
12428:Present
12065:(DEVAW)
12059:(DEDAW)
11760:Benelux
11665:Thought
11615:Atheism
11556:Finnish
11532:Culture
11527:Judaism
11489:Eastern
11485:Western
11480:Culture
11414:Paradox
11280:Decline
11241:Science
11117:History
11105:Studies
11088:Cuisine
11076:Periods
11036:Culture
10865:History
10831:Eastern
10826:Western
10777:culture
10499:Sources
10411:History
9993:Outline
9930:History
9837:The bar
9811:Verdict
9759:Counsel
9739:Justice
9594:History
9417:Statute
9233:Charter
9195:Tax law
9143:Probate
8762:at the
8753:at the
8150:: 4–18.
8082:1118800
7955:2997991
7796:1109809
7453:3078632
6876:2194954
5832:Sources
4731:May 10,
2359:Justice
2126:in 2018
2075:torture
1984:covers
1972:covers
1676:cession
1401:in 1949
686:in 1979
570:warfare
433:In the
308:, many
220:History
133:or the
76:consent
12745:Theory
12703:Treaty
12591:Crisis
12092:(VDPA)
12038:(UDHR)
11780:CANZUK
11670:Speech
11598:Slavic
11576:Gothic
11551:Celtic
11546:Baltic
11445:Values
11246:Values
10806:Greece
10606:Piracy
10056:Global
9911:Police
9882:Agency
9764:Lawyer
9509:Sharia
9400:Treaty
9395:Repeal
9341:Decree
9252:Custom
9148:Estate
9098:Labour
8862:Equity
8697:about
8676:
8648:
8623:
8597:
8589:
8536:
8528:
8484:
8478:Dalloz
8456:
8424:
8396:
8375:
8352:
8344:
8305:
8241:
8213:
8205:
8171:
8124:
8103:
8080:
8043:
8012:
7984:
7961:
7953:
7945:
7899:
7876:
7868:
7831:
7794:
7757:
7727:
7699:
7658:
7633:
7604:
7596:
7559:
7530:
7504:
7496:
7459:
7451:
7443:
7404:
7379:
7352:
7327:
7222:
7212:
7182:
7155:
7130:
7102:
7072:
7041:
7005:
6966:
6938:
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