377:
conservative in recognizing foreign judgments, including those obtained in other
Canadian provinces' courts. Justice La Forest acknowledges that the common law approach is not grounded in the realities of modern times as states cannot live in complete isolation due to travel, flow of wealth, skills and people. Especially interprovincially, the Canadian Constitution was created to form a single country; therefore, there is no foundation for differential quality of justice in the Canadian judicial structure. In response to modern-day values, Justice LaForest notes the Supreme Court of the United States' approach to comity in Hilton v Guyot and explains that comity is a necessary principle to ensure order and fairness in modern-day transactions. Still, it is not a matter of absolute obligation but rather a voluntary matter based on common interests. Comity is not only based on respect for foreign sovereignty but also convenience and necessity, and the court held that the principle of comity called for a more liberal approach to foreign judgments. The court chose to revise the common law test and enforce a judgment with a "real and substantial connection" between the action or damages suffered and the adjudicating jurisdiction. This decision had important implications for both interprovincial and international litigations as Canadian courts began to engage with the comity in judgment enforcement.
384:; the court elaborated on their decision in Morguard by stating that comity is “grounded in notions of order and fairness to participants”. Hunt v T&N is not about enforcement of judgment but rather about the constitutional validity of provincial legislation and its effect on another province's legislation to the proceeding before it. In this case, the Supreme Court of Canada rewrote the rules on the extraterritorial effects of provincial legislation. These extraterritorial effects of provincial legislation will be assessed according to the principle of comity.
309:, the Supreme Court heard the case of Hartford Fire Insurance Co v California. In this case, Justice Souter gave the opinion that one only considers comity where there is a “true conflict between domestic and foreign law”. In the dissent, Justice Scalia argues that extraterritorial jurisdiction must consider international comity to ensure international law is not violated. More than ten years later, the Supreme Court heard the decision of F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd. v Empagran, S.A. where Justice Kennedy writing for the majority adopted Justice Scalia’s dissent.
391:, the court answers the question of which law should govern in tort when the interest of more than one jurisdiction is involved. The court determines that the law of where the tort occurred should apply, this is known as lex loci delicti. Justice La Forest clearly reaffirmed the importance of comity in private international law in the decision. The court states that the choice of law is where the tort occurred for reasons of comity, order and fairness. The court states that international comity helps ensure “harmony” in the face of potential conflicts of law.
160:("civility of nations") required the application of foreign law in certain cases because sovereigns "so act by way of comity that rights acquired within the limits of a government retain their force everywhere so far as they do not cause prejudice to the powers or rights of such government or of their subjects." Huber "believed that comity was a principle of international law" but also that "the decision to apply foreign law itself was left up to the state as an act of
293:"Comity," in the legal sense, is neither a matter of absolute obligation, on the one hand, nor of mere courtesy and good will, upon the other. But it is the recognition which one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another nation, having due regard both to international duty and convenience, and to the rights of its own citizens or of other persons who are under the protection of its laws.
128:, or domestic law. Indeed, there is not even agreement that comity is a rule of law at all." Because the doctrine touches on many different principles, it is regarded as "one of the more confusing doctrines evoked in cases touching upon the interests of foreign states." The principle of comity has been questioned and even rejected by many scholars throughout the years; however, the use of the term remains present in
298:
court refused to enforce the French judgment based on reciprocity, as France would not have enforced an equivalent judgment. This decision differed from
Justice Joseph Story’s idea of comity as his idea of comity was concerned with sovereign interests and was rather concerned with reciprocity.
369:
Unlike the United States of
America and Australia, the principle of comity or Full Faith and Credit of recognizing judgments across the country is not recognized in the Canadian constitution or other authoritative bases. However, beginning in the 1990s the courts started to discuss the principle of
376:
was the first case in this series considering comity in
Canadian law. The common law reflected the principle from England that one of the basic tenets of international law is that sovereign states have exclusive jurisdiction in their territory. Therefore, before this decision, Canadian courts were
210:
in the early nineteenth century. Much like Huber, Story sought to develop a new system of private international law that reflected the new commercial needs of the United States. Similar to Lord
Mansfield, Story stressed the importance of justice in comity and that comity is a stand-alone principle
167:
Huber did not believe comity was a stand-alone principle but rather saw it as a basis for building concrete rules and doctrines of law. At the time of its inception in the common law, comity was an attractive principle as the United States and
England were in search for a foundational principle by
297:
This case continues to be the leading case cited by
American courts when articulating the doctrine of comity. It is an important decision for the country as it articulates the definition of comity and does so in a more broad way than previously. Despite the broad definition in Hilton v Guyot, the
411:
has never defined the meaning of comity in
Australian law. However, the High Court has adopted and approved the definition of comity from the United States Supreme Court in Hilton v Guyot, with the first reference to it being in 1999 in the decision of Lipohar v The Queen. Comity has played an
226:. Westlake is praised for adopting Huber’s comity in the English law; he rejected Story’s approach. Westlake states that conflict rules are an instance of domestic sovereignty and therefore, the duty to recognize foreign law must be found as a reason within English law itself.
179:
in
England for three decades, introduced the doctrine of comity to the English law. Lord Mansfield viewed the application of comity as discretionary, with courts applying foreign law "except to the extent that it conflicted with principles of natural justice or
139:. As the popularity of commerce outside of the locality grew, the need to find a new way to resolve conflicts of law issues arose. The preexisting system known as statutism became too complex and arbitrary to keep up with the societal values of the time.
47:." It is an informal and non-mandatory courtesy to which a court of one jurisdiction affords to the court of another jurisdiction when determining questions where the law or interests of another country are involved. Comity is founded on the concept of
361:. However, the courts have yet to adopt a precise definition of comity. The case law indicates that comity is relevant in the consideration of determining what effect another state's laws or judicial power should have in England in a given case.
211:
that derives from mutual benefit. Story's view, which ultimately prevailed, was that the consensual or voluntary application of comity doctrine would foster trust among states, "localize the effect of slavery," and reduce the risk of
353:
published “Digest of the Law of
England with Reference to the Conflict of Laws” that criticized the doctrine of comity on the basis that it is too vague as it promoted the recognition of foreign laws depending on option.
202:
in his slave out of comity. English courts and scholars adopted Lord Mansfield ideas on comity and provides a new means for courts to recognize foreign law where the application of English law would lead to injustices.
412:
important role in the development and application of Australian private law. It has been used by courts most frequently in navigating sovereign sensitivities and economic realities.
278:
In the case of Bank of Agusta v Earl, the court adopted Justice Joseph Story’s doctrine of comity. At the end of the ninetieth century, the US Supreme Court delivered the classic statement on comity in the decision of
336:
licenses granted in a different jurisdiction, depending on the holder's education and experience (a practice called "licensure by comity"). Rules differ significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
1151:
370:
comity as it relates interprovincially and internationally in a series of cases and adopted the principle of comity as a critical feature underlying Canadian private international law.
154:
more pragmatically to reinforce the idea of sovereign independence. At the core of his ideas surrounding comity was the respect of one sovereign nation to another. Huber wrote that
1309:
1515:
403:“Full faith and credit shall be given, throughout the Commonwealth, to the laws, the public Acts and records, and the judicial proceedings of any State.”
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Despite the debate on the role of the principle of comity in academia, the Supreme Court and the House of Lords have recognized the role of comity in
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305:, and this transformed the principle of comity into something that more closely resembled an obligation to apply foreign law. After the
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was a matter of comity is viewed as the "classic" statement of comity in international law. The Court held in that case:
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The Australian Constitution recognizes that the Full Faith and Credit should be afforded to all common law countries:
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The United States faced significant advancement in its global standing as a military and economic power after the
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jurists created the doctrine of international comity in the late seventeenth century, most prominently
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1702:"Navigating Sovereignty and Transnational Commercial Law: The Use of Comity by Australian Courts"
1655:"Navigating Sovereignty and Transnational Commercial Law: The Use of Comity by Australian Courts"
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320:(a federal statute enacted in 2010), which supersedes the comity doctrine. The Act aims to stop "
1516:"Foreign Judgments, the Common Law and the Constitution: De Savoye v. Morguard Investments Ltd"
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Comity was most famously introduced to the American common law by the American jurist Justice
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advanced further the idea that States ought to act with comity for reasons of justice in his
428:(absence non-consenting defendants) shall be enforced by the court of another member state.
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267:." Article Four as a whole—which includes the Privileges and Immunities Clause, the
116:, reciprocity, utility, or diplomacy. Authorities disagree on whether comity is a rule of
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was so morally odious that a British court would not recognize the property rights of an
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European jurists have been wrestling with the decision to apply foreign law since the
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The Full Faith and Credit Clause: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution
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1610:"International Comity and the Construction of the Charter's Limits: Hape Revisited"
1539:"International Comity and the Construction of the Charter's Limits: Hape Revisited"
1464:"International Comity and the Construction of the Charter's Limits: Hape Revisited"
1430:"International Comity and the Construction of the Charter's Limits: Hape Revisited"
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is "a principle or practice among political entities such as countries, states, or
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275:—has been described as the "interstate comity" article of the Constitution.
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1573:"Uniformity, Diversity and Provincial Extraterritoriality: Hunt v. T&N plc"
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By the end of the nineteenth century, comity had received judicial approval in
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shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several
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as a foundational principle to private international law. In 1896, Professor
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181:
1399:"Rediscovering the Principle of Comity in English Private International Law"
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147:
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1181:"Comity as Conflict: Resituating International Comity as Conflict of Laws"
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has been described variously "as a choice-of-law principle, a synonym for
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Comity may also be referred to as judicial comity or comity of nations.
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requires that the judgment of the court of one member states of the
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The SPEECH Act Provides Protection Against Foreign Libel Judgments
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The term comity was derived in the 16 century from the French
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762:(quoting Ernest G. Lorenzen, Huber's De Conflictu Legum, 13
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In the United States, some states and territories recognize
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History of comity (thirteenth century to nineteenth century)
285:(1895). The court stated that the enforcement of a foreign
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equality among states and is expected to be reciprocal.
543:
1134:
International Human Rights Litigation in U.S. Courts:
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International Human Rights Litigation in U.S. Courts:
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Jus Gentium: Journal of International Legal History
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Jus Gentium: Journal of International Legal History
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Jus Gentium: Journal of International Legal History
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Jus Gentium: Journal of International Legal History
871:
Jus Gentium: Journal of International Legal History
785:
Jus Gentium: Journal of International Legal History
1638:Constitution of Australia, chapter 7, section 118.
1501:Morguard Investments Ltd v De Savoye, 3 SCR 1077.
1746:Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012, articles 2, 36, 39.
1355:"The Historic Bases of Private International Law"
1164:''Hilton v. Guyot'', 159 U.S. 113, 163–64 (1895).
1753:
168:which they could build conflicts of law rules.
626:"Comity and International Courts and Tribunals"
533:(10th ed.). Oxford University Press. 2022.
1038:William L. Reynolds & William M. Richman,
566:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2000.
253:Article Four of the United States Constitution
1277:"The Transformation of International Comity"
1246:"The Transformation of International Comity"
1212:"The Transformation of International Comity"
1105:"The Transformation of International Comity"
836:"The Transformation of International Comity"
742:"The Transformation of International Comity"
692:"The Transformation of International Comity"
579:"The Transformation of International Comity"
364:
614:, 2008: eds. Beth Stephens et al.), p. 355.
230:Modern approaches to comity by legal system
16:Respect for acts between political entities
1338:National Society of Professional Engineers
150:. Huber and others sought a way to handle
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685:
683:
681:
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473:Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California
380:The following case addressing comity was
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654:"Transformation of International Comity"
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1359:The American Journal of Comparative Law
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963:
929:
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812:"William Murray, 1st earl of Mansfield"
316:judgments are not recognized under the
175:, known for being Chief Justice of the
63:meaning association and from the Latin
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1058:"International Comity in American Law"
1025:John E. Nowak & Ronald D. Rotunda
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312:In the United States, certain foreign
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374:Morguard Investments Ltd. v De Savoye
224:Treatise on Private International Law
184:." He demonstrated this principle in
1706:Journal of Private International Law
1659:Journal of Private International Law
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1772:International law legal terminology
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1027:Principles of Constitutional Law
517:Barron's Canadian Law Dictionary
453:Enforcement of foreign judgments
249:Privileges and Immunities Clause
234:
98:doctrine of international comity
88:Enforcement of foreign judgments
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1598:Tolofson v Jensen, 3 SCR 1022.
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1216:Law & Contemporary Problems
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218:In the mid-nineteenth century,
1403:European Review of Private Law
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1:
1718:10.1080/17441048.2016.1206704
1671:10.1080/17441048.2016.1206704
1281:Law and Contemporary Problems
1109:Law and Contemporary Problems
1029:(Thomson/West, 2007), p. 213.
840:Law and Contemporary Problems
746:Law and Contemporary Problems
696:Law and Contemporary Problems
583:Law and Contemporary Problems
544:Online Etymology Dictionary.
489:
394:
273:Full Faith and Credit Clause
69:, meaning courtesy and from
54:
7:
1583:(3) – via McGill Law.
1526:(2) – via McGill Law.
550:Online Etymology Dictionary
431:
255:, which provides that "The
10:
1793:
1777:American legal terminology
1514:Glenn, H. Patrick (1992).
1340:(accessed March 29, 2016).
1179:Childress, Donald (2010).
85:
564:Oxford English Dictionary
365:Canada (excluding Quebec)
102:private international law
1700:Schultz, Thomas (2016).
1653:Schultz, Thomas (2016).
1397:Schultz, Thomas (2018).
1322:American Bar Association
995:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
964:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
930:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
899:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
865:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
506:(10th ed. 2014), p. 324.
247:is another term for the
241:law of the United States
106:public international law
1571:Wisner, Robert (1995).
1353:Yntema, Hessel (1953).
1324:Section of Litigation).
1056:Dodge, William (2015).
997:"The History of Comity"
966:"The History of Comity"
932:"The History of Comity"
901:"The History of Comity"
867:"The History of Comity"
781:"The History of Comity"
779:Shultz, Thomas (2019).
409:High Court of Australia
194:1772), which held that
171:A century after Huber,
75:, friendly, courteous.
1136:, 2d rev. ed., p. 355.
503:Black's Law Dictionary
484:Universal jurisdiction
405:
328:Professional Licensure
295:
519:(6th ed.). 2009.
438:Act of state doctrine
422:Brussels 1 Regulation
401:
334:professional engineer
291:
177:Court of King’s Bench
1155:280, 286–287 (2018).
1074:10.2139/ssrn.2558175
459:Forum non conveniens
200:American slaveholder
1614:Queen's Law Journal
1608:Sun, Kerry (2019).
1543:Queen's Law Journal
1537:Sun, Kerry (2019).
1468:Queen's Law Journal
1462:Sun, Kerry (2019).
1434:Queen's Law Journal
1428:Sun, Kerry (2019).
1334:Licensure by Comity
1275:Paul, Joel (2008).
1244:Paul, Joel (2008).
1210:Paul, Joel (2008).
1147:Comity in US Courts
1103:Paul, Joel (2008).
1062:Columbia Law Review
834:Paul, Joel (2008).
764:Illinois Law Review
740:Paul, Joel (2008).
727:Michigan Law Review
722:The Comity Doctrine
690:Paul, Joel (2008).
652:Paul, Joel (2008).
577:Paul, Joel (2008).
531:A Dictionary of Law
45:mutually recognized
1577:McGill Law Journal
1520:McGill Law Journal
1381:– via JSTOR.
1312:2016-03-18 at the
1295:– via JSTOR.
1264:– via JSTOR.
1230:– via JSTOR.
1123:– via JSTOR.
854:– via JSTOR.
760:– via JSTOR.
720:Hessel E. Yntema,
710:– via JSTOR.
672:– via JSTOR.
597:– via JSTOR.
479:Sovereign immunity
443:Alien Tort Statute
269:Extradition Clause
187:Somerset v Stewart
137:thirteenth century
1767:International law
1736:– via SSRN.
1689:– via SSRN.
1628:– via SSRN.
1557:– via SSRN.
1482:– via SSRN.
1448:– via SSRN.
1417:– via SSRN.
1199:– via SSRN.
1092:– via SSRN.
1046:, 2005), p. xvii.
1015:– via SSRN.
984:– via SSRN.
950:– via SSRN.
919:– via SSRN.
885:– via SSRN.
810:Llewellyn, Karl.
799:– via SSRN.
766:375, 376 (1919)).
624:Schultz, Thomas.
407:In case law, the
389:Tolofson v Jensen
359:England and Wales
341:England and Wales
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1762:Conflict of laws
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491:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
469:
462:
455:
450:
445:
440:
433:
430:
426:European Union
417:
416:European Union
414:
396:
393:
382:Hunt v T&N
366:
363:
342:
339:
329:
326:
236:
233:
231:
228:
173:Lord Mansfield
112:, expediency,
83:
80:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1191:(11): 30–32.
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
828:
826:
817:
813:
806:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
765:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
729:
728:
723:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
682:
680:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
636:(3): 578–610.
635:
631:
627:
620:
613:
609:
604:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
565:
559:
551:
547:
540:
532:
526:
518:
512:
505:
504:
498:
494:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:
463:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
429:
427:
423:
413:
410:
404:
400:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
375:
371:
362:
360:
355:
352:
348:
338:
335:
325:
323:
322:libel tourism
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
299:
294:
290:
288:
284:
283:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Comity Clause
242:
235:United States
227:
225:
221:
220:John Westlake
216:
214:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
183:
182:public policy
178:
174:
169:
165:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
89:
79:
76:
74:
73:
68:
67:
62:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:jurisdictions
27:of different
26:
22:
1742:
1712:(2): 37–38.
1709:
1705:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1634:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1580:
1576:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1471:
1467:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1406:
1402:
1362:
1358:
1329:
1317:
1305:Dana Green,
1301:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1004:
1000:
990:
973:
969:
939:
935:
925:
908:
904:
874:
870:
860:
846:(3): 23–24.
843:
839:
815:
805:
788:
784:
763:
749:
745:
735:
730:9, 9 (1966).
725:
721:
716:
702:(3): 22–23.
699:
695:
661:
657:
633:
629:
619:
607:
603:
589:(3): 19–20.
586:
582:
572:
563:
558:
549:
539:
530:
525:
516:
511:
501:
497:
471:
464:
457:
419:
406:
402:
398:
386:
379:
372:
368:
356:
344:
331:
311:
300:
296:
292:
280:
277:
244:
238:
223:
217:
208:Joseph Story
205:
192:King's Bench
185:
170:
166:
156:
155:
148:Ulrich Huber
141:
134:
104:, a rule of
97:
95:
77:
70:
64:
60:
58:
20:
18:
347:English law
142:A group of
118:natural law
33:legislative
1756:Categories
1620:(1): 132.
1549:(1): 131.
1474:(1): 131.
1440:(1): 123.
816:Britannica
490:References
318:SPEECH Act
314:defamation
271:, and the
86:See also:
31:, whereby
1726:156049081
1679:156049081
1287:(3): 36.
1256:(3): 35.
1222:(3): 28.
1115:(3): 27.
1082:262888374
1007:(2): 22.
976:(4): 23.
942:(2): 18.
911:(2): 16.
877:(2): 21.
791:(2): 15.
752:(3): 23.
664:(3): 21.
395:Australia
213:civil war
162:free will
55:Etymology
49:sovereign
43:acts are
37:executive
1310:Archived
1293:27654664
1262:27654664
1228:27654664
1149:, 10(1)
1121:27654664
852:27654664
758:27654664
708:27654664
670:27654664
595:27654664
546:"Comity"
466:Lex loci
432:See also
307:Cold War
287:judgment
259:of each
257:Citizens
130:case law
114:courtesy
41:judicial
19:In law,
1734:2737838
1687:2737838
1626:3491997
1555:3491997
1480:3491997
1446:3491997
1415:3159985
1197:1576633
1090:2558175
1044:Praeger
1013:3405341
982:3405341
948:3405341
917:3405341
883:3405341
797:3405341
251:of the
239:In the
196:slavery
66:cōmitās
61:comité,
1732:
1724:
1685:
1677:
1624:
1553:
1478:
1444:
1413:
1379:837480
1377:
1291:
1260:
1226:
1195:
1119:
1088:
1080:
1011:
980:
946:
915:
881:
850:
795:
756:
706:
668:
593:
265:States
243:, the
126:treaty
122:custom
39:, and
25:courts
21:comity
1722:S2CID
1675:S2CID
1409:: 4.
1375:JSTOR
1289:JSTOR
1258:JSTOR
1224:JSTOR
1117:JSTOR
1078:S2CID
848:JSTOR
754:JSTOR
724:, 65
704:JSTOR
666:JSTOR
591:JSTOR
351:Dicey
261:State
144:Dutch
72:cōmis
1730:SSRN
1683:SSRN
1622:SSRN
1551:SSRN
1476:SSRN
1442:SSRN
1411:SSRN
1193:SSRN
1086:SSRN
1009:SSRN
978:SSRN
944:SSRN
913:SSRN
879:SSRN
793:SSRN
420:The
108:, a
96:The
90:and
1714:doi
1667:doi
1367:doi
1070:doi
1066:115
324:."
164:."
1758::
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1710:12
1708:.
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