681:, the authority of a legislature to pass laws covering certain conduct). Like all aspects of conflict of laws, this question is in the first instance resolved by domestic law, which may or may not incorporate relevant international treaties or other supranational legal concepts. That said, relative to the other two main subtopics of conflicts of law (enforcement of judgements, and choice of law, which are both discussed below), the theory regarding jurisdiction has developed consistent international norms. This is perhaps because, unlike the other subtopics, jurisdiction relates to the particularly thorny question of when it is appropriate for a country to exercise its coercive power at all, rather that merely how it should do so.
582:, further expounded the jurisprudence of conflict of laws. Their key conceptual contributions were twofold: First, nations are wholly sovereign within their borders and therefore cannot be compelled to enforce foreign law in their own courts. Second, in order for international conflicts of law to work rationally, nations must exercise comity in enforcing others' laws, because it is in their mutual interest to do so.Scholars began to consider ways to resolve the question of how and when formally equal sovereign States ought to recognize each other's authority. The doctrine of
3023:
849:
3037:
1469:
1452:
559:, in which the laws applicable to each individual were dictated by the group to which he or she belonged. Initially, the mode of this body of law was simply to determine which jurisdiction's law would be most fair to apply; over time, however, the law came to favor more well-defined rules. These rules were systematically summarized by law professor
587:
recognition and enforcement of another state's laws and judgments. Many states continue to recognize the principle of comity as the underpinning of private international law such as in Canada. In some countries, such as the United States of
America and Australia, the principle of comity is written into the State's constitution.
542:), conflict of laws does not regulate the relation between countries but rather how individual countries regulate internally the affairs of individuals with connections to more than one jurisdiction. To be sure, as in other contexts, domestic law can be affected by international treaties to which a country is party.
692:—A country has jurisdiction to regulate whatever occurs within its territorial boundaries. Of all bases of jurisdiction, the territoriality principle garners the strongest consensus in international law (subject to various complexities relating to actions that did not obviously occur wholly in one country).
632:
in 1893. This was followed by successive conferences in 1894, 1900, and 1904. Like their counterparts in
Montevideo, these conferences produced several multilateral agreements on various topics within conflict of laws. Thereafter, the pace of these meetings slowed, with the next conventions occurring
590:
In the United States, salient issues in the field of conflict of laws date back at least to the framing of the
Constitution. There was concern, for example, about what body of law the newly created federal courts would apply when handling cases between parties from different states (a type of case
586:
was introduced as one of the means to answer these questions. Comity has undergone various changes since its creation. However, it still refers to the idea that every State is sovereign; often, the most just exercise of one State's authority is by recognizing the authority of another through the
832:
Judges have accepted that the principle of party autonomy allows the parties to select the law most appropriate to their transaction. This judicial acceptance of subjective intent excludes the traditional reliance on objective connecting factors; it also harms consumers as vendors often impose
599:
was not yet used. The
Constitution created a "plurilegal federal union" in which conflicts are inherently abundant, and as a result, American judges encounter conflicts cases far more often—about 5,000 per year as of the mid-2010s—and have accumulated far more experience in resolving them than
506:
confusing because this body of law does not consist of laws that apply internationally, but rather is solely composed of domestic laws; the calculus only includes international law when the nation has treaty obligations (and even then, only to the extent that domestic law renders the treaty
545:
Moreover, in federal republics where substantial lawmaking occurs at the subnational level—notably in the United States—issues within conflict of laws often arise in wholly domestic contexts, relating to the laws of different states (or provinces, etc.) rather than of foreign countries.
668:
One of the key questions addressed within conflict of laws is the determination of when the legislature of a given jurisdiction may legislate, or the court of a given jurisdiction can properly adjudicate, regarding a matter that has extra-jurisdictional dimensions. This is known as
633:
in 1925 and 1928. The seventh meeting at The Hague occurred in 1951, at which point the sixteen involved states established a permanent institution for international collaboration on conflict-of-laws issues. The organization is known today as the
828:
and will be determined by the law of the state where the choice of law clause confers its competence. Oxford
Professor Adrian Briggs suggests that this is doctrinally problematic as it is emblematic of 'pulling oneself up by the bootstraps'.
554:
Western legal systems first recognized a core underpinning of conflict of laws—namely, that "foreign law, in appropriate instances, should be applied to foreign cases"—in the twelfth century. Prior to that, the prevailing system was that of
684:
There are five bases of jurisdiction generally recognized in international law. These are not mutually exclusive; an individual or an occurrence may be subject to simultaneous jurisdiction in more than one place. They are as follows:
716:—A country has jurisdiction over certain acts based on their intrinsic rejection by the international community (such as violent deprivations of basic human rights). This is the most controversial of the five bases of jurisdiction.
603:
Alongside domestic developments relating to conflict of laws, the nineteenth century also saw the beginnings of substantial international collaboration in the field. The first international meeting on the topic took place in
833:
one-sided contractual terms selecting a venue far from the buyer's home or workplace. Contractual clauses relating to consumers, employees, and insurance beneficiaries are regulated under additional terms set out in
608:
in 1887 and 1888; delegates from five South
American countries attended, but failed to produce an enforceable agreement. The first major multilateral agreements on the topic of conflict of laws arose from the
769:). (See also 'European Harmonization Provisions': "The concept of habitual residence is the civil law equivalent of the common law test of lex domicilii".) The court will determine the plaintiffs' legal
753:
it counts the factors that connect or link the legal issues to the laws of potentially relevant states and applies the laws that have the greatest connection, e.g. the law of nationality (
1829:
732:
to the U.S. Constitution regulates the extent to which one state can exercise jurisdiction over people domiciled in other states, or occurrences that took place in other states.
1791:
1310:
617:
from August 1888 to
February 1889. The seven South American nations represented at the Montevideo conference agreed on eight treaties, which broadly adopted the ideas of
610:
1758:
1501:
534:
Importantly, while conflict of laws generally deals with disputes of an international nature, the applicable law itself is domestic law. This is because, unlike
872:
729:
567:
1732:
621:, determining applicable law on the basis of four types of factual relations (domicile, location of object, location of transaction, location of court).
1062:
Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II)
720:
Countries have also developed bodies of law for adjudicating jurisdiction disputes between subnational entities. For example, in the United States, the
1615:
1252:
634:
571:
92:
595:). Within the first two decades following ratification of the Constitution, over one hundred cases dealt with these issues, though the term
1743:
1631:
877:
652:, which addressed choice-of-law rules for contract disputes within EU member states. In 2009 and 2010, respectively, the EU enacted the
464:, dealing with the rules by which a court in one jurisdiction mandates compliance with a ruling of a court in another jurisdiction; and
424:
1788:
1748:
1768:
3004:
398:
824:
may specify which laws the court or tribunal should apply to each aspect of the dispute. This matches the substantive policy of
1611:
494:
is primarily used in the United States and Canada, though it has also come into use in the United
Kingdom. Elsewhere, the term
710:—A country has jurisdiction to address threats to its own security (such as by pursuing counterfeiters of official documents).
1061:
78:
1442:, Chapter 1: State Jurisdiction in International Law: Complexities of a Basic Concept (Alexander Orakhelashvili ed. 2015).
1337:
456:, or other occurrence that has connections to more than one jurisdiction. This body of law deals with three broad topics:
787:. The law of the place where a transaction physically takes place or of the occurrence that gave rise to the litigation (
1404:
470:, which addresses the question of which substantive laws will be applied in such a case. These issues can arise in any
644:
began to take action to harmonize conflict of laws jurisprudence across its member states. The first of these was the
2430:
1988:
1887:
1821:
1282:
1390:
1131:
2544:
2413:
1727:
883:
648:
agreed in 1968, which addressed questions of jurisdiction for cross-border cases. This was followed in 1980 by the
384:
17:
2999:
2346:
2247:
1376:
563:
in the middle of the fourteenth century, a work that came to be cited repeatedly for the next several centuries.
2506:
2140:
417:
1859:
115:
2666:
2145:
1377:"1968 Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters"
2661:
1635:
1737:
1722:
2636:
2135:
1490:
International Law and
Limitations on the Exercise of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in U.S. Domestic Law
649:
618:
1816:
1773:
3077:
2719:
1783:
1640:
968:
410:
340:
328:
235:
2514:
2496:
535:
347:
2848:
1831:
Why the Hague Convention on jurisdiction threatens to strangle e-commerce and Internet free speech
1424:, Chapter 2: The Concept of Jurisdiction in International Law (Alexander Orakhelashvili ed. 2015).
640:
As attention to the field became more widespread in the second half of the twentieth century, the
531:, but rather refers to those portions of domestic private law that apply to international issues.
2889:
2676:
2165:
2150:
560:
2944:
2929:
1671:
1569:
813:
592:
368:
302:
278:
85:
52:
1189:
1166:
3048:
2641:
2319:
2130:
335:
262:
1272:
2769:
2115:
1799:
1704:
1268:
821:
391:
286:
123:
1616:
Private Law, Private International Law, and Judicial cooperation in the EU-US Relationship
8:
2924:
2064:
1981:
825:
805:
657:
645:
253:
226:
59:
2739:
2398:
2252:
2237:
2215:
1959:
1939:
1892:
1882:
1807:
1779:
1645:
1224:
760:
725:
653:
354:
217:
186:
2724:
2646:
2484:
2227:
2222:
2175:
2100:
2094:
1934:
1852:
1278:
1221:
The Full Faith and Credit Clause: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution
817:
791:) will often be the controlling law selected when the matter is substantive, but the
453:
155:
1099:
Dodge, William S. (2008). "The Public-Private Distinction in the Conflict of Laws".
2729:
2696:
2195:
2059:
2019:
1557:
784:
721:
520:
208:
704:—A country has jurisdiction over a wrong of which its national is the perpetrator.
2978:
2951:
2939:
2919:
2853:
2831:
2811:
2806:
2786:
2651:
2631:
2626:
2529:
2489:
2200:
2125:
2049:
2034:
1954:
1795:
361:
3055:
2863:
2781:
2370:
2336:
2287:
2272:
2044:
1949:
1929:
1919:
1692:
774:
641:
323:
244:
172:
147:
1604:
The Rome Regulations: Commentary on the European Rules of the Conflict of Laws
3071:
2909:
2868:
2754:
2734:
2706:
2656:
2621:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2534:
2474:
2314:
2304:
2262:
2185:
2180:
2110:
2069:
1993:
1513:
Adrian Briggs, The Conflict of laws, Clarendon Law Series third edition 2013.
765:
575:
466:
294:
178:
71:
1824:
812:
clause specifying the parties' choice of venue for any litigation (called a
3041:
2791:
2759:
2714:
2452:
2447:
2418:
2331:
2309:
2277:
2210:
2190:
2084:
2024:
2014:
1966:
1924:
1902:
1845:
777:. The court will determine the law of the state in which land is situated (
770:
629:
566:
Later, in the seventeenth century, several Dutch legal scholars, including
475:
445:
318:
108:
637:(HCCH). As of December 2020, HCCH includes eighty-six member states.
460:, rules regarding when it is appropriate for a court to hear such a case;
2963:
2904:
2894:
2691:
2686:
2524:
2425:
2341:
2300:
2267:
2232:
2155:
2079:
2029:
1944:
1492:, 35 Hastings International & Comparative Law Review 323, 334 (2012).
1313:
The Birth of Modern Private International Law: The Treaties of Montevideo
862:
809:
755:
579:
528:
512:
471:
199:
193:
1556:. Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrecht University Institute for Legal Studies.
698:—A country has jurisdiction over an occurrence that harmed its national.
3027:
2956:
2836:
2774:
2519:
2440:
2435:
2393:
2375:
2363:
2324:
2170:
2160:
2120:
2105:
2089:
2039:
1976:
1971:
1391:"1980 Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations"
854:
808:
and other forms of legally binding agreement include a jurisdiction or
792:
614:
516:
449:
270:
132:
1561:
1472:
Offenders Abroad: The Case for Nationality-Based Criminal Jurisdiction
2934:
2899:
2841:
2816:
2681:
2578:
2566:
2551:
2539:
2467:
2385:
2358:
2242:
1811:
1590:
1440:
Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law
1422:
Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law
779:
625:
3022:
1749:
European Institute for International Law and International Relations
1554:
Fundamental Rights, Contract Law, and Protection of the Weaker Party
1227:, 2005), p. xvii; Constitution of Australia, chapter 7, section 118.
848:
2983:
2968:
2671:
2556:
2353:
1897:
746:
479:
141:
740:
Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process:
2873:
2821:
2801:
2749:
2561:
2479:
2295:
2257:
2205:
1630:
1653:
Hay, Peter; Borchers, Patrick J.; Symeonides, Symeon C. (2010).
1358:
1241:
Joseph Story's Contribution to American Conflicts Law: A Comment
750:) to all procedural matters (including the choice of law rules);
2973:
2826:
2571:
2462:
2457:
2403:
2074:
867:
834:
583:
66:
2914:
2858:
2764:
2605:
2408:
1907:
837:, which may modify the contractual terms imposed by vendors.
1080:
2796:
2744:
2600:
1998:
1914:
605:
1774:
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
1152:, 14 American Journal of Legal History 157, 157–60 (1970).
624:
Soon after, European nations gathered for a conference in
611:
First South American Congress of Private International Law
1868:
1763:
1699:(Fourth ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1610:
CILE Studies (Center for International Legal Education –
1810:, regarding a hedge fund's enforcement of claim against
1728:
ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law
1685:
Anglo-American Perspectives on Private International Law
498:
is commonly used. Some scholars from countries that use
1753:
1837:
1733:
British Institute of International and Comparative Law
1243:, 5 American Journal of Legal History 230, 235 (1961).
873:
List of Hague Conventions on Private International Law
1817:
United Nations Commission for International Trade Law
1652:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
983:
783:) that will be applied to determine all questions of
1723:
American Society of Comparative Law Official website
1194:
Jus Gentium – Journal of International Legal History
1171:
Jus Gentium – Journal of International Legal History
844:
1585:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1626:(Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1568:
1321:
1210:Morguard Investments Ltd v De Savoye, 3 SCR 1077.
527:does not imply an agreed upon international legal
1545:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1340:The Hague Conference on Private International Law
1101:Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law
969:Dicey, Morris and Collins on The Conflict of Laws
3069:
1666:(Seventh ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
1641:Dicey Morris and Collins on The Conflict of Laws
1574:Restatement of the Law, Second: Conflict of Laws
1073:"International Law: Private International Law",
656:to address choice-of-law in tort cases and the
1676:Cheshire and North's Private International Law
1661:
1551:
1427:
1219:William L. Reynolds & William M. Richman,
1086:
1016:Cheshire and North's Private International Law
998:
474:context, but they are especially prevalent in
1853:
1784:for Comparative and International Private Law
1754:Hague Conference on Private International Law
1740:– News and Views in Private International Law
1263:
1261:
917:
915:
660:to address choice-of-law in divorce matters.
635:Hague Conference on Private International Law
418:
1670:
1621:
1524:Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc
1305:
1303:
1301:
1235:
1233:
1057:
1055:
1013:
949:
677:, the authority to hear a certain case, and
1416:
1414:
878:Place of the Relevant Intermediary Approach
744:the court will apply the law of the forum (
593:specifically assigned to the federal courts
1860:
1846:
1703:
1484:
1482:
1457:, 28 Texas International Law Journal 1, 2"
1267:
1258:
1043:
912:
425:
411:
1789:Private International Law, Research Guide
1759:International & Foreign Law Community
1622:Clarkson, C.M.V.; Hill, Jonathan (2006).
1522:Rome I Regulation Article 3(1). See also
1474:, 17 Yale Journal of International Law 42
1298:
1230:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1052:
921:Restatement of the Law—Conflict of Laws,
523:. In this form of legal system, the term
3005:History of the American legal profession
1691:
1657:(Fifth ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West.
1601:
1528:Golden Ocean Group v Salgocar Mining Ltd
1411:
1028:
901:
899:
485:
1805:Republic of Argentina v NML Capital Ltd
1662:McClean, David; Beevers, Kisch (2009).
1539:Rome I Regulation, Article 5-Article 8.
1479:
1187:
1164:
964:
27:Law for cases in multiple jurisdictions
14:
3070:
1678:(13th ed.). London: Butterworths.
1612:University of Pittsburgh School of Law
1580:
1405:"COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 1259/2010"
1111:
934:
923:§2: Subject Matter of Conflict of Laws
816:). In the EU, this is governed by the
1841:
1160:
1158:
1098:
896:
79:Conflict of laws in the United States
1682:
1595:International Commercial Arbitration
1589:
1526:1 WLR 387 per Staughton LJ 391–392;
1342:, 2 Hague Justice Journal 75 (2007)"
1503:Dow Jones and Company Inc v Gutnick
1277:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
702:Nationality (or active personality)
507:obligations enforceable). The term
24:
1825:Private International Law Database
1769:International Court of Arbitration
1709:American Private International Law
1687:. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press.
1315:, Oxford Public International Law"
1155:
1136:, 65 Michigan Law Review 9 (1965)"
1046:American Private International Law
984:Hay; Borchers; Symeonides (2010).
25:
3089:
1989:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1764:International Chamber of Commerce
1716:
1455:The Passive Personality Principle
3036:
3035:
3021:
884:Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc.
847:
795:has become a more common choice.
735:
444:) is the set of rules or laws a
385:Enforcement of foreign judgments
3000:History of the legal profession
1533:
1516:
1507:
1495:
1463:
1445:
1397:
1383:
1369:
1351:
1246:
1213:
1204:
1181:
1150:Bartolo on the Conflict of Laws
1142:
1092:
1067:
1037:
973:. p. 36 (paras. 1-087 et seq.).
663:
1644:(Fifteenth ed.). London:
1602:Calliess, Gralf-Peter (2010).
1546:References and further reading
1022:
1007:
992:
977:
958:
943:
928:
925:(American Law Institute 1971).
13:
1:
1552:Cherednychenko, Olha (2007).
600:anywhere else in the world.
799:
7:
1697:Collier's Conflicts of Laws
1031:Collier's Conflicts of Laws
840:
673:(sometimes subdivided into
10:
3094:
2667:International legal theory
2146:International slavery laws
2141:International human rights
2136:International criminal law
1438:Alexander Orakhelashvili,
619:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
549:
3015:
2992:
2882:
2720:Administration of justice
2705:
2614:
2505:
2384:
2286:
2007:
1875:
1794:November 3, 2016, at the
1200:(2): 36 – via SSRN.
1177:(2): 35 – via SSRN.
999:McClean; Beevers (2009).
679:prescriptive jurisdiction
675:adjudicative jurisdiction
525:private international law
509:private international law
504:private international law
496:private international law
442:private international law
236:Lex loci delicti commissi
40:private international law
2497:Basic structure doctrine
2347:Natural and legal rights
2228:Public international law
1744:EEC Rome convention 1980
1674:; Fawcett, J.J. (1999).
1253:U.S. Const. Art. III, §2
1188:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
1165:Schultz, Thomas (2019).
1003:. pp. 4–5 (para. 1-006).
890:
538:(better known simply as
536:public international law
2677:Principle of typicality
2151:International trade law
1867:
1581:Briggs, Adrian (2008).
1190:"The History of Comity"
1167:"The History of Comity"
1014:North; Fawcett (1999).
950:Clarkson; Hill (2006).
561:Bartolus de Saxoferrato
311:Substantive legal areas
1570:American Law Institute
1075:Black's Law Dictionary
1048:. pp. 15–16 (para. 2).
907:Black's Law Dictionary
814:forum selection clause
724:rule derived from the
369:Hague Trust Convention
303:Forum selection clause
279:Lex loci celebrationis
86:Public policy doctrine
2672:Principle of legality
2431:Delegated legislation
2131:Intellectual property
1822:U.S. State Department
1705:Symeonides, Symeon C.
1453:"Geoffrey R. Watson,
1148:J.A. Clarence Smith,
822:Choice of law clauses
486:Scope and terminology
392:Anti-suit injunctions
263:Lex loci protectionis
101:Definitional elements
2890:Barristers' chambers
2832:Legal representation
2770:Justice of the peace
2116:Financial regulation
1800:Peace Palace Library
1780:Max Planck Institute
1738:CONFLICT OF LAWS.NET
1664:The Conflict of Laws
1624:The Conflict of Laws
1583:The Conflict of Laws
1470:Geoffrey R. Watson,
1001:The Conflict of Laws
952:The Conflict of Laws
937:The Conflict of Laws
905:"Conflict of Laws",
730:Fourteenth Amendment
613:, which was held in
287:Choice of law clause
124:Forum non conveniens
2925:Election commission
2637:Expressive function
2166:Landlord–tenant law
2065:Consumer protection
1834:, by Chris Sprigman
1683:Reed, Alan (2003).
1646:Sweet & Maxwell
1239:Kurt H. Nadelmann,
1134:The Comity Doctrine
1132:"Hessel E. Yntema,
1087:Cherednychenko 2007
1044:Symeonides (2008).
826:freedom of contract
696:Passive personality
658:Rome III Regulation
646:Brussels Convention
568:Christian Rodenburg
254:Lex loci solutionis
227:Lex loci contractus
60:Incidental question
2883:Legal institutions
2750:Lawsuit/Litigation
2740:Dispute resolution
2545:Catholic canon law
2253:State of emergency
2216:Will and testament
1940:Law of obligations
1893:Constitutional law
1883:Administrative law
1393:. August 13, 1998.
1269:Symeonides, Symeon
761:habitual residence
726:Due Process Clause
654:Rome II Regulation
502:consider the term
218:Lex loci rei sitae
187:Habitual residence
165:Connecting factors
3065:
3064:
2725:Constitutionalism
2647:Law and economics
2485:Act of parliament
2223:Product liability
2176:Legal archaeology
2101:Environmental law
2095:Entertainment law
1935:International law
1711:. Wolters Kluwer.
1632:Collins, Lawrence
1420:Cedric Ryngaert,
1029:Rogerson (2013).
1018:. pp. 13–14.
818:Rome I Regulation
540:international law
521:civil law systems
462:foreign judgments
435:
434:
156:Lis alibi pendens
16:(Redirected from
3085:
3078:Conflict of laws
3040:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
2849:Question of fact
2730:Criminal justice
2060:Construction law
2055:Conflict of laws
2020:Agricultural law
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1679:
1667:
1658:
1655:Conflict of Laws
1649:
1636:Harris, Jonathan
1627:
1607:
1598:
1586:
1577:
1565:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1488:Dan E. Stigall,
1486:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1338:"Hans van Loon,
1334:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1077:(11th ed. 2019).
1071:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1004:
996:
990:
989:
986:Conflict of Laws
981:
975:
974:
965:Collins (2006).
962:
956:
955:
947:
941:
940:
932:
926:
919:
910:
909:(11th ed. 2019).
903:
857:
852:
851:
759:) or the law of
722:minimum contacts
597:conflict of laws
500:conflict of laws
492:conflict of laws
438:Conflict of laws
427:
420:
413:
209:Lex loci arbitri
93:Hague Conference
53:Characterisation
36:Conflict of laws
32:
31:
21:
18:Conflicts of law
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3034:
3020:
3011:
2988:
2979:Political party
2952:Legal education
2940:Law enforcement
2920:Court of equity
2878:
2854:Question of law
2807:Practice of law
2787:Judicial review
2701:
2652:Legal formalism
2632:Comparative law
2627:Contract theory
2610:
2530:Legal pluralism
2501:
2490:Act of Congress
2414:Executive order
2380:
2282:
2201:Nationality law
2126:Immigration law
2050:Competition law
2003:
1871:
1866:
1796:Wayback Machine
1719:
1693:Rogerson, Pippa
1638:, eds. (2017).
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1186:
1182:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1112:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1033:. pp. 3–4.
1027:
1023:
1012:
1008:
997:
993:
988:. pp. 1–3.
982:
978:
963:
959:
954:. pp. 2–3.
948:
944:
939:. pp. 2–3.
935:Briggs (2008).
933:
929:
920:
913:
904:
897:
893:
853:
846:
843:
802:
738:
666:
650:Rome Convention
552:
511:comes from the
488:
431:
362:Forced heirship
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3031:
3028:Law portal
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Trial advocacy
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2394:Ballot measure
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:Legal treatise
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2337:Letters patent
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2288:Sources of law
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:Unenforced law
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Commercial law
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1802:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1717:External links
1715:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1680:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1628:
1619:
1608:
1599:
1587:
1578:
1566:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1515:
1506:
1494:
1478:
1462:
1444:
1426:
1410:
1396:
1382:
1368:
1350:
1320:
1297:
1283:
1257:
1245:
1229:
1212:
1203:
1180:
1154:
1141:
1110:
1091:
1079:
1066:
1051:
1036:
1021:
1006:
991:
976:
957:
942:
927:
911:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
858:
842:
839:
801:
798:
797:
796:
789:lex loci actus
751:
737:
734:
718:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
690:Territoriality
665:
662:
642:European Union
551:
548:
487:
484:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
395:
394:
388:
387:
379:
378:
374:
373:
372:
371:
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
338:
332:
331:
326:
321:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
299:
298:
290:
289:
283:
282:
274:
273:
267:
266:
258:
257:
249:
248:
245:Lex loci actus
240:
239:
231:
230:
222:
221:
213:
212:
204:
203:
196:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
167:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
151:
150:
148:Forum shopping
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
112:
111:
103:
102:
98:
97:
96:
95:
89:
88:
82:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
56:
55:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3090:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Civil society
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Trier of fact
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Legal opinion
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Court-martial
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2707:Jurisprudence
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Statutory law
2594:
2592:
2591:Socialist law
2589:
2585:
2584:Byzantine law
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:Religious law
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2507:Legal systems
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:Statutory law
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Statutory law
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Transport law
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Legal fiction
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Financial law
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Corporate law
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Statutory law
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:Core subjects
1874:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1536:
1530:EWCA Civ 542.
1529:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1286:
1284:9780190496722
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:Choice of Law
1270:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1089:, p. 22.
1088:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1002:
995:
987:
980:
972:
970:
967:
961:
953:
946:
938:
931:
924:
918:
916:
908:
902:
900:
895:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
850:
845:
838:
836:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
767:
766:lex domicilii
762:
758:
757:
752:
749:
748:
743:
742:
741:
736:Choice of law
733:
731:
727:
723:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
687:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
631:
628:organized by
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
601:
598:
594:
588:
585:
581:
577:
576:Johannes Voet
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
547:
543:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
519:dichotomy in
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
467:choice of law
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:applies to a
447:
443:
440:(also called
439:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
406:
405:
400:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:
376:
375:
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
310:
309:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:Lex domicilii
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
146:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
72:Choice of law
70:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:Preliminaries
44:
43:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3054:
3047:
3033:
3019:
2792:Jurisdiction
2760:Legal remedy
2715:Adjudication
2615:Legal theory
2453:Ratification
2448:Promulgation
2419:Proclamation
2399:Codification
2332:Human rights
2320:Divine right
2310:Constitution
2278:Women in law
2196:Military law
2191:Marriage law
2186:Maritime law
2085:Election law
2054:
2025:Aviation law
2015:Abortion law
1967:Property law
1903:Criminal law
1830:
1804:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1675:
1672:North, Peter
1663:
1654:
1639:
1623:
1603:
1594:
1582:
1573:
1553:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1471:
1465:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1421:
1399:
1385:
1371:
1360:
1353:
1339:
1312:
1311:"Ana Delić,
1288:. Retrieved
1273:
1248:
1240:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
971:
966:
960:
951:
945:
936:
930:
922:
906:
882:
831:
803:
788:
778:
764:
754:
745:
739:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
678:
674:
671:jurisdiction
670:
667:
664:Jurisdiction
639:
630:Tobias Asser
623:
602:
596:
589:
565:
557:personal law
556:
553:
544:
539:
533:
524:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
489:
476:contract law
465:
461:
458:jurisdiction
457:
446:jurisdiction
441:
437:
436:
399:Revenue rule
293:
277:
261:
252:
243:
234:
225:
216:
207:
198:
177:
154:
140:
131:
122:
109:Jurisdiction
35:
29:
2964:Legislature
2895:Bureaucracy
2692:Rule of man
2687:Rule of law
2662:Libertarian
2525:Chinese law
2426:Legislation
2376:Regulations
2364:Law reports
2342:Natural law
2238:Reparations
2233:Refugee law
2156:Jurimetrics
2097:(Media law)
2035:Banking law
2030:Amnesty law
2008:Disciplines
1945:Private law
1808:EWCA Civ 41
1576:. St. Paul.
863:A. V. Dicey
810:arbitration
756:lex patriae
580:Ulrik Huber
572:Paulus Voet
513:private law
472:private-law
454:transaction
377:Enforcement
200:Lex patriae
194:Nationality
2957:Law school
2837:Prosecutor
2775:Magistrate
2562:Jewish law
2520:Common law
2441:Rulemaking
2436:Regulation
2386:Law making
2325:Divine law
2301:Legal code
2248:Sports law
2171:Law of war
2121:Health law
2106:Family law
2090:Energy law
2040:Bankruptcy
1977:Punishment
1972:Public law
1776:(UNIDROIT)
1591:Born, Gary
1562:1874/20945
1361:About HCCH
1107:: 371–394.
855:Law portal
793:proper law
708:Protective
615:Montevideo
517:public law
271:Proper law
133:Lex causae
2935:Judiciary
2930:Executive
2905:The bench
2842:Solicitor
2817:Barrister
2697:Sociology
2682:Pseudolaw
2622:Anarchist
2579:Roman law
2567:Parsi law
2552:Hindu law
2540:Canon law
2515:Civil law
2468:Concordat
2359:Precedent
2268:Trust law
2243:Space law
2080:Drugs law
1950:Procedure
1888:Civil law
1812:Argentina
1606:. Kluwer.
1597:. Kluwer.
1290:March 18,
806:contracts
800:Contracts
780:lex situs
714:Universal
626:The Hague
490:The term
116:Procedure
3072:Category
3042:Category
2984:Tribunal
2969:Military
2812:Attorney
2782:Judgment
2642:Feminist
2557:Jain law
2354:Case law
2075:Cyberlaw
1982:Corporal
1960:Criminal
1930:Evidence
1920:Doctrine
1898:Contract
1792:Archived
1707:(2008).
1695:(2013).
1593:(2009).
1271:(2016).
841:See also
775:capacity
747:lex fori
480:tort law
355:Property
341:Marriage
329:Contract
324:Capacity
295:Dépeçage
173:Domicile
142:Lex fori
3056:Outline
2993:History
2900:The bar
2874:Verdict
2822:Counsel
2802:Justice
2657:History
2480:Statute
2296:Charter
2258:Tax law
2206:Probate
1572:(ed.).
1359:"HCCH,
1225:Praeger
728:of the
550:History
348:Divorce
2974:Police
2945:Agency
2827:Lawyer
2572:Sharia
2463:Treaty
2458:Repeal
2404:Decree
2315:Custom
2211:Estate
2161:Labour
1925:Equity
1281:
868:Comity
835:Rome I
771:status
584:comity
578:, and
529:corpus
319:Status
67:Renvoi
3049:Index
2915:Court
2859:Trial
2765:Judge
2606:Yassa
2409:Edict
1955:Civil
1908:Crime
1345:(PDF)
891:Notes
804:Many
785:title
2797:Jury
2745:Fiqh
2601:Xeer
1999:Tort
1915:Deed
1292:2023
1279:ISBN
773:and
606:Lima
478:and
450:case
336:Tort
38:and
1869:Law
1558:hdl
3074::
2303:/
1798:,
1782:–
1634:;
1614:)
1481:^
1429:^
1413:^
1323:^
1300:^
1260:^
1232:^
1196:.
1192:.
1173:.
1169:.
1157:^
1113:^
1105:18
1103:.
1054:^
914:^
898:^
820:.
574:,
570:,
482:.
452:,
1861:e
1854:t
1847:v
1648:.
1618:.
1564:.
1560::
1476:.
1459:.
1407:.
1379:.
1365:.
1363:"
1347:.
1317:.
1294:.
1255:.
1223:(
1198:4
1175:4
1138:.
1064:.
763:(
515:/
426:e
419:t
412:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.