2224:
2238:
755:: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding."
257:. However, in a dispute with any nation that has not affirmed the "silence implies consent" principle, any invocation of the "silence implies consent" principle involves an appeal to custom, such that if that nation does not espouse the broader premise of acknowledging the existence of customary international law, such an appeal will depend on
246:
must consent in order to be bound by a particular treaty or legal norm. However, international customary laws are norms that have become pervasive enough internationally that countries need not consent in order to be bound. In these cases, all that is needed is that the state has not objected to the
281:
Article 38(1)(b) of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, has recognized International Custom as evidence of general practice accepted as law. Thus, general practice demonstrates custom, and not vice versa. In order to prove the existence of customary rule, it is necessary to show that
336:
that "not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it ... The States concerned must therefore feel
62:
that "appears to be sufficiently widespread, representative as well as consistent" showing that a significant number of states have used and relied on the rule in question and the concept has not been rejected by a significant number of states, (2) states were motivated by a belief that they were
80:
listed the following sources as forms of evidence of customary international law: treaties, decisions of national and international courts, national legislation, opinions of national legal advisors, diplomatic correspondence, and practice of international organizations. In 2018, the
Commission
357:
recognition. Regional customs can become customary international law in their respective regions, but do not become customary international law for nations outside the region. The existence of bilateral customary law was recognized by the
International Court of Justice in the
289:
acting out of the belief that the law required them to act that way". It follows that customary international law can be discerned by a "widespread repetition by States of similar international acts over time (state practice); Acts must occur out of sense of
93:
The
International Court of Justice Statute defines customary international law in Article 38(1)(b) as "a general practice accepted as law". This is generally determined through two factors: the general practice of states, and what states have accepted as law
337:
that they are conforming to what amounts to a legal obligation." The Court emphasised the need to prove a "sense of legal duty" as distinct from "acts motivated by considerations of courtesy, convenience or tradition". This was subsequently confirmed in
362:
case between
Portugal and India, in which the court found "no reason why long continued practice between the two states accepted by them as regulating their relations should not form the basis of mutual rights and obligations between the two states".
115:
rights, while other customary international law may simply be followed by a small group of states. States are typically bound by customary international law, regardless of whether the states have codified these laws domestically or through treaties.
186:
are customary international law through their adoption by states, but not all customary international laws rise to the level of peremptory norms. States can deviate from customary international law by enacting treaties and conflicting laws, but
57:
Many governments accept in principle the existence of customary international law, although there are differing opinions as to what rules are contained in it. A rule becomes customary international if two requirements are met: (1) There is a
277:
by
Article 92: "The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such as disputes that are submitted to it, shall apply ... international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law."
850:
ICJ Rep 116, 131 where it is stated "the ten-mile rule would appear to be inapplicable as against Norway inasmuch as she has always opposed any attempt to apply it to the
Norwegian coast". The case can be found at
102:). This means that many states need to engage in the practice (in particular, great powers) and that states engage in the practice out of a sense of legal obligation (rather than custom or habit).
261:("customary international law is binding because silence implies consent, and silence implies consent because the fact that silence implies consent is one aspect of customary international law").
22:
are international obligations arising from established or usual international practices, which are less formal customary expectations of behavior often unwritten as opposed to formal written
1029:
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If any treaty or law has been called as customary international law, then parties which have not ratified said treaty will be bound to observe its provisions in good faith.
2463:
2498:
2290:
595:
Merkouris, Panos (2022), Kammerhofer, Jörg; Arajärvi, Noora; Merkouris, Panos (eds.), "Interpreting
Customary International Law: You'll Never Walk Alone",
300:); Acts must be taken by a significant number of States and not be rejected by a significant number of States." A marker of customary international law is
230:, and other treaties. However, these conventions do not purport to govern all legal matters that may arise during war. Instead, Article 1(2) of Additional
805:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)"
997:
148:
norm. These norms are rooted in natural law principles, and any laws conflicting with it should be considered null and void. Examples include various
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270:
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Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
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105:
There are several kinds of customary international laws recognized by states. Some customary international laws rise to the level of
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812:
778:
464:
399:
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Customary
International Law - Bibliographies on the topics of the International Law Commission (no.13 in the list) (UNOG Library)
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legally compelled to accept the legitimacy of the rule in question because customary international law obligated them to do so
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dictates that customary international law governs legal matters concerning armed conflict not covered by other agreements.
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Władysław Czapliński. "Jus Cogens and the Law of Treaties". In C. Tomuschat and J. M. Thouvenin (eds). 2006.
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Report of the International Law Commission. Seventieth session (30 April-1 June and 2 July-10 August 2018)
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acknowledges the existence of customary international law in Article 38(1)(b), incorporated into the
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531:"Second report on identification of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur"
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for "compelling law") is a fundamental principle of international law which is accepted by the
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1331:
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Customary international law "consists of rules of law derived from the consistent conduct of
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adopted Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law with commentaries. The
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2340:
1970:
1316:
964:"Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Merits) (Port. v. India), 1960 I.C.J. 6 (Apr. 12)"
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there exists a 'general practice' which conforms to the rule and which is accepted as law.
251:
to customary international law may not be bound by them unless these laws are deemed to be
8:
2440:
2387:
2350:
2125:
1265:
1182:
790:
M. Cherif Bassiouni (1998). "International Crimes: jus cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes".
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Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. Identification of customary international law
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among states exhibited both by widespread conduct and a discernible sense of obligation.
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1930:
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1396:
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1021:
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897:
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports
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2007:
1987:
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Customary International Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
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welcomed the Conclusions and encouraged their widest possible dissemination.
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1992:
1960:
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1215:
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1125:
1103:
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152:; a state violates customary international law if it permits or engages in
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371:
Other examples accepted or claimed as customary international law include
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Certain Norwegian Loans (France v Norway) (Jurisdiction) ICJ Rep 9, 53.
836:
The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict
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The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict
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1975:
1720:
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The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law
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and domestic laws, while others are recognized only as customary law.
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2017:
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459:
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The recognition of different customary laws can range from simple
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2022:
2002:
1950:
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1406:
157:
153:
2414:
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The two essential elements of customary international law are
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1965:
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629:
201:
Some international customary laws have been codified through
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and customary international law are not interchangeable. All
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88:
319:, as confirmed by the International Court of Justice in the
26:
or conventions. Customary international law is an aspect of
1997:
1945:
1801:
1199:
1115:
634:. A/73/10. New York: United Nations. 2018. pp. 12–116.
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adopted Geneva conventions as customary international law.
2464:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1069:
2499:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
218:, were long a matter of customary law before they were
1038:
766:
The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order
921:
North Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
332:, the International Court of Justice further held in
264:
111:
through acceptance by the international community as
848:
Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v Norway) (Judgement)
524:
522:
714:
Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law
2454:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
1006:with cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.
838:, pp. 6–7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
552:"Customary International Law – International Law"
519:
326:In relation to the psychological element that is
2552:
2484:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
2459:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
599:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 347–369,
321:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
701:, pp. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2298:
768:, pp. 83–98. Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV
710:
30:involving the principle of custom. Along with
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1054:
753:Article Six of the United States Constitution
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271:Statute of the International Court of Justice
915:
913:
353:recognition of customary laws to worldwide
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197:Codification of international customary law
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2469:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
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1000:, International Committee of the Red Cross
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661:
650:. A/RES/73/203. United Nations. 2018-12-20
89:Recognition of customary international law
34:and treaties, custom is considered by the
2489:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
866:Practice and Methods of International Law
604:
594:
544:
2206:History of the American legal profession
998:Customary international humanitarian law
910:
813:International Committee of the Red Cross
779:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
465:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
400:Customary international humanitarian law
2553:
360:Right of Passage Over Indian Territory
2272:
1042:
1027:Peace Palace Library - Research Guide
500:
339:Nicaragua v. United States of America
237:
16:Customary law applied between nations
528:
1004:A Brief Primer on International Law
739:"Constitution of the United States"
13:
711:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2018).
265:The International Court of Justice
224:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
14:
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1190:Restitution and unjust enrichment
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853:World Legal Information Institute
488:LII / Legal Information Institute
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2222:
2201:History of the legal profession
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792:Law & Contemporary Problems
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691:
529:Wood, Michael C. (2014-05-22).
503:Understanding International Law
385:United Nations Security Council
83:United Nations General Assembly
2530:International humanitarian law
2474:Special Court for Sierra Leone
673:International Court of Justice
638:
622:
588:
568:
494:
476:
435:International human rights law
430:International humanitarian law
98:opinio juris sive necessitatis
36:International Court of Justice
1:
879:"Customary International Law"
484:"customary international law"
470:
119:
2494:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
2479:International Criminal Court
455:Rule according to higher law
78:International Law Commission
52:sources of international law
7:
2535:International speech crimes
2316:Customary international law
393:
334:North Sea Continental Shelf
20:Customary international law
10:
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2356:Convention Against Torture
2300:International criminal law
1868:International legal theory
1347:International slavery laws
1342:International human rights
1337:International criminal law
576:Evidence of State practice
345:Bilateral vs. Multilateral
2525:Joint criminal enterprise
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1921:Administration of justice
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606:10.1017/9781009025416.017
32:general principles of law
2445:(in order of foundation)
1698:Basic structure doctrine
1548:Natural and legal rights
1429:Public international law
440:International regulation
425:Public international law
50:to be among the primary
2383:Crimes against humanity
1878:Principle of typicality
1352:International trade law
1068:
410:Crimes against humanity
170:crimes against humanity
142:international community
2540:Universal jurisdiction
2515:Command responsibility
2408:Incitement to genocide
2346:United Nations Charter
1022:Customary IHL Database
899:" 1996, p. 226, 253,
834:Yoram Dinstein. 2004.
697:Yoram Dinstein. 2004.
669:"Statute of the Court"
328:
313:
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275:United Nations Charter
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132:
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1873:Principle of legality
1632:Delegated legislation
1332:Intellectual property
501:Henderson, Conway W.
379:and the principle of
2441:International courts
2341:Nuremberg principles
2091:Barristers' chambers
2033:Legal representation
1971:Justice of the peace
1317:Financial regulation
375:of visiting foreign
150:international crimes
2388:Crime of aggression
2351:Genocide Convention
2126:Election commission
1838:Expressive function
1367:Landlord–tenant law
1266:Consumer protection
946:1986, pp. 14, 98,
193:are non-derogable.
2393:Crime of apartheid
2331:Geneva Conventions
2084:Legal institutions
1951:Lawsuit/Litigation
1941:Dispute resolution
1746:Catholic canon law
1454:State of emergency
1417:Will and testament
1141:Law of obligations
1094:Constitutional law
1084:Administrative law
1032:2020-08-27 at the
950:2016-03-04 at the
928:2011-08-12 at the
924:1969, pp. 3, 43,
903:2012-02-27 at the
777:Article 53 of the
581:2008-12-26 at the
259:circular reasoning
249:states that object
238:Silence as consent
228:Geneva Conventions
2561:International law
2548:
2547:
2374:international law
2336:Nuremberg Charter
2326:Hague Conventions
2266:
2265:
1926:Constitutionalism
1848:Law and economics
1686:Act of parliament
1424:Product liability
1377:Legal archaeology
1302:Environmental law
1296:Entertainment law
1136:International law
724:978-1-000-52208-2
616:978-1-316-51689-8
244:sovereign nations
166:war of aggression
28:international law
2573:
2508:Related concepts
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2403:Genocidal intent
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2286:
2279:
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2240:
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2050:Question of fact
1931:Criminal justice
1261:Construction law
1256:Conflict of laws
1221:Agricultural law
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675:. Archived from
665:
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2153:Legal education
2141:Law enforcement
2121:Court of equity
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2055:Question of law
2008:Practice of law
1988:Judicial review
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1853:Legal formalism
1833:Comparative law
1828:Contract theory
1811:
1731:Legal pluralism
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1691:Act of Congress
1615:Executive order
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1402:Nationality law
1327:Immigration law
1251:Competition law
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679:on 29 June 2011
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383:. In 1993, the
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128:peremptory norm
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1597:
1595:Ballot measure
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1579:
1574:
1572:Legal treatise
1569:
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1562:
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1538:Letters patent
1535:
1530:
1529:
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1518:
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1508:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1489:Sources of law
1485:
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1481:
1476:
1474:Unenforced law
1471:
1466:
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1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:Commercial law
1243:
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1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
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1210:
1206:
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1016:External links
1014:
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741:. U.S. Senate.
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377:heads of state
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367:Other examples
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309:state practice
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247:law. However,
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60:state practice
44:United Nations
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2420:Slave trading
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2112:
2111:Civil society
2109:
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2070:Trier of fact
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
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1996:
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1991:
1989:
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1981:
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1974:
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1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Legal opinion
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Court-martial
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:Jurisprudence
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
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1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
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1821:
1820:
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1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Statutory law
1795:
1793:
1792:Socialist law
1790:
1786:
1785:Byzantine law
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
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1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:Religious law
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1708:Legal systems
1705:
1699:
1696:
1692:
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1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:Statutory law
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1541:
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1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Statutory law
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Transport law
1462:
1460:
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1450:
1447:
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1442:
1440:
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1408:
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1383:
1382:Legal fiction
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1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Financial law
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Corporate law
1269:
1267:
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1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
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1234:
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1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
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1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Statutory law
1193:
1191:
1188:
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1134:
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1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:Core subjects
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
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996:
994:
991:
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945:
944:
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927:
923:
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906:
902:
898:
892:
884:
880:
874:
867:
861:
854:
849:
844:
837:
831:
816:. 8 June 1977
815:
814:
806:
800:
793:
787:
780:
774:
767:
761:
754:
748:
740:
734:
726:
720:
717:. Routledge.
716:
715:
707:
700:
694:
678:
674:
670:
664:
649:
648:
641:
633:
632:
625:
618:
612:
607:
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591:
584:
580:
577:
571:
557:
553:
547:
532:
525:
523:
514:
512:9781405197656
508:
505:. p. 5.
504:
497:
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463:
461:
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451:
448:
446:
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441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Customary law
403:
401:
398:
397:
391:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
361:
356:
352:
342:
340:
335:
330:
324:
322:
317:
316:
310:
305:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
279:
276:
272:
262:
260:
255:
250:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
211:
206:
204:
194:
191:
184:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:non-derogable
143:
139:
134:
130:(also called
129:
122:
117:
114:
113:non-derogable
110:
109:
103:
100:
99:
86:
84:
79:
76:In 1950, the
74:
71:
69:
61:
55:
53:
49:
48:member states
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2361:Rome Statute
2315:
2255:
2248:
2234:
2220:
1993:Jurisdiction
1961:Legal remedy
1916:Adjudication
1816:Legal theory
1654:Ratification
1649:Promulgation
1620:Proclamation
1600:Codification
1533:Human rights
1521:Divine right
1511:Constitution
1479:Women in law
1397:Military law
1392:Marriage law
1387:Maritime law
1286:Election law
1226:Aviation law
1216:Abortion law
1168:Property law
1104:Criminal law
987:Bibliography
976:
967:
958:
941:
937:
919:
891:
882:
873:
865:
860:
847:
843:
835:
830:
818:. Retrieved
811:
799:
791:
786:
773:
765:
760:
747:
733:
713:
706:
698:
693:
681:. Retrieved
677:the original
672:
663:
652:. Retrieved
646:
640:
630:
624:
596:
590:
570:
559:. Retrieved
555:
546:
535:. Retrieved
502:
496:
487:
478:
420:Human rights
389:
370:
359:
355:multilateral
348:
338:
333:
329:opinio juris
325:
320:
315:opinio juris
306:
297:opinio juris
284:
280:
268:
241:
215:jus in bello
207:
200:
174:
125:
120:
106:
104:
92:
75:
68:opinio juris
56:
19:
18:
2165:Legislature
2096:Bureaucracy
1893:Rule of man
1888:Rule of law
1863:Libertarian
1726:Chinese law
1627:Legislation
1577:Regulations
1565:Law reports
1543:Natural law
1439:Reparations
1434:Refugee law
1357:Jurimetrics
1298:(Media law)
1236:Banking law
1231:Amnesty law
1209:Disciplines
1146:Private law
968:WorldCourts
794:, 59: 63–74
751:E.g., from
450:Rule of law
445:Refugee law
242:Generally,
210:laws of war
2555:Categories
2425:Starvation
2158:Law school
2038:Prosecutor
1976:Magistrate
1763:Jewish law
1721:Common law
1642:Rulemaking
1637:Regulation
1587:Law making
1526:Divine law
1502:Legal code
1449:Sports law
1372:Law of war
1322:Health law
1307:Family law
1291:Energy law
1241:Bankruptcy
1178:Punishment
1173:Public law
654:2020-01-27
561:2023-12-11
537:2023-12-13
471:References
292:obligation
254:jus cogens
232:Protocol I
190:jus cogens
183:jus cogens
177:Jus cogens
133:jus cogens
121:Jus cogens
108:jus cogens
46:, and its
2430:War crime
2136:Judiciary
2131:Executive
2106:The bench
2043:Solicitor
2018:Barrister
1898:Sociology
1883:Pseudolaw
1823:Anarchist
1780:Roman law
1768:Parsi law
1753:Hindu law
1741:Canon law
1716:Civil law
1669:Concordat
1560:Precedent
1469:Trust law
1444:Space law
1281:Drugs law
1151:Procedure
1089:Civil law
864:Rosenne,
351:bilateral
302:consensus
2398:Genocide
2243:Category
2185:Tribunal
2170:Military
2013:Attorney
1983:Judgment
1843:Feminist
1758:Jain law
1555:Case law
1276:Cyberlaw
1183:Corporal
1161:Criminal
1131:Evidence
1121:Doctrine
1099:Contract
1030:Archived
948:Archived
926:Archived
901:Archived
868:, p. 55.
579:Archived
460:Soft law
415:Genocide
394:See also
373:immunity
220:codified
203:treaties
162:genocide
24:treaties
2308:Sources
2257:Outline
2194:History
2101:The bar
2075:Verdict
2023:Counsel
2003:Justice
1858:History
1681:Statute
1497:Charter
1459:Tax law
1407:Probate
883:USLegal
556:USLegal
222:in the
158:torture
154:slavery
40:jurists
2566:Custom
2415:Piracy
2175:Police
2146:Agency
2028:Lawyer
1773:Sharia
1664:Treaty
1659:Repeal
1605:Decree
1516:Custom
1412:Estate
1362:Labour
1126:Equity
820:30 May
781:(1969)
721:
683:30 May
613:
509:
287:States
42:, the
2250:Index
2116:Court
2060:Trial
1966:Judge
1807:Yassa
1610:Edict
1156:Civil
1109:Crime
808:(PDF)
168:, or
138:Latin
1998:Jury
1946:Fiqh
1802:Xeer
1200:Tort
1116:Deed
822:2012
719:ISBN
685:2012
611:ISBN
574:See
533:. UN
507:ISBN
311:and
269:The
208:The
54:.
1070:Law
601:doi
2557::
1504:/
966:.
912:^
881:.
810:.
671:.
609:,
554:.
521:^
486:.
341:.
323:.
226:,
172:.
164:,
160:,
156:,
136:,
126:A
73:.
38:,
2292:e
2285:t
2278:v
1062:e
1055:t
1048:v
970:.
932:.
907:.
895:"
885:.
855:.
824:.
727:.
687:.
657:.
603::
585:.
564:.
540:.
515:.
490:.
294:(
94:(
70:)
66:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.