951:
the issuance of a warrant of arrest for
Lubanga, which was granted by the Pre-Trial Chamber I on 10 February 2006. On 17 March 2006 Congolese authorities surrendered Lubanga to the Court, where he was held in their detention center in the Hague until 20 March 2006, where he made his first court appearance to confirm his identity, ensure he was informed of the crimes of which he was accused, and receive a counsel of defense. From 26 August 2011 to 14 March 2012, the Trial Chamber I, composed of judges from France, the Dominican Republic, and Hungary, heard Lubanga’s case, which included 36 witnesses, including 3 experts called by the Office of the Prosecutor, 24 witnesses called by the defense and three witnesses called by the legal representatives of the victims participating in the proceedings. The Chamber also called four experts and a total of 129 victims, represented by two teams of legal representatives and the Office of Public Counsel for Victims. Trial Chamber I unanimously found Lubanga guilty as a co-perpetrator of the war crimes of conscripting and enlisting children under the age of 15 and using them to participate actively in hostilities from 1 September 2002 to 13 August 2003.
738:
571:
27:
5017:
5031:
934:
for the defense, ensure that a person is not detained for an unreasonable period prior to trial, and safeguard information affecting national security Trial: three judges decide if there is enough evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty as charged, sentence those found guilty, and pronounce the sentence in public, order reparation to victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation
498:, or the process of transforming societies into rights-respecting democracies and addressing past human rights violations. Investigations and trials of leaders who have committed crimes and caused mass political or military atrocities is a key demand of victims of human rights abuses. Prosecution of such criminals can play a key role in restoring dignity to victims, and restoring trusting relationships in society.
678:
1167:, was arrested on 20 July 2011. The ICTY's final judgment was issued on 29 November 2017 and the institution formally ceased to exist on 31 December 2017. Residual functions of the ICTY, including oversight of sentences and consideration of any appeal proceedings initiated since 1 July 2013, are under the jurisdiction of a successor body, the
938:
proceedings and that the sentence is proportionate to the crimes. The appeal judges are also empowered to confirm, reverse or amend an order for reparations revise the final judgment of conviction or the sentence, and hear appeals on a decision on jurisdiction or admissibility, interim release decisions and interlocutory matters
1504:, p. 6: "Genocide is an action-oriented model designed for moral condemnation, prevention, intervention or punishment. In other words, genocide is a normative, action-oriented concept made for the political struggle, but in order to be operational it leads to simplification, with a focus on government policies.";
942:
but not in the Court’s custody, and one is appealing his conviction. Seventeen proceedings have been completed, resulting in three convictions, one acquittal, six had the charges against them dismissed, two had the charges against them withdrawn, one had his case declared inadmissible, and four died before trial.
930:
summonses to appear, authorize victims to participate, and order witness protection measures. They elect among themselves the ICC president and two vice presidents who head the court. The Court has three
Judicial Divisions who hear matters at different stages of the proceedings: Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals.
950:
region between 2002 and 2003. FPLC recruited children as young as 11 from their homes and schools to participate in an ethnic fighting, and many were taken to military camps, where they were beaten, drugged, and girls used as sex slaves. On 13 January 2006 the ICC Prosecution filed an application for
933:
Pre-Trial: three judges decide if there is enough evidence for a case to go to trial, and if so, confirm the charges and commit the case to trial. They are responsible to issue arrest warrants or summonses to appeal, preserve evidence, protect suspects and witnesses, appoint counsel or other support
255:
The rules or principles applied to a case will depend on the type of body presiding over the matter. National courts may not necessarily apply rules and principles from international law as an international tribunal might. The law as applied by specific tribunals may vary depending on the
Statute of
1050:
So far, the
Tribunal has finished 50 trials and convicted 29 accused persons. Another 11 trials are in progress. 14 individuals are awaiting trial in detention; but the prosecutor intends to transfer 5 to national jurisdiction for trial. 13 others are still at large, some suspected to be dead. The
941:
The Court's Pre-Trial
Chambers has publicly indicted 41 people, and issued arrest warrants for 33 others, and summonses to eight more. Seven people are currently in ICC detention. At the trial stage, there are 23 ongoing proceedings, as 12 people are at large as fugitives, three are under arrest
937:
Appeal: five judges handle appeals filed by parties that confirm, reverse or amend a decision on guilt or innocence or on the sentence and potentially order a new trial before a different Trial
Chamber. They also ensure that the conviction was not materially affected by errors or by unfairness of
945:
An example to illustrate the Court’s proceedings is Thomas
Lubanga, 51, a Congolese warlord and the first person convicted by the Court for his crimes of recruiting and using child soldiers. In March 2012, Lubanga was found guilty and sentenced to 14 years in prison for abducting boys and girls
929:
The judicial division of the court consists of 18 judges who are elected by the
Assembly of State Parties for their qualifications, impartiality, and integrity, and serve nine-year, non-renewable terms. The judges are responsible to ensure fair trials, render decisions, issue arrest warrants or
113:
to address the most grievous atrocities. It has not been an ideal instrument to make the fine and nuanced distinctions typical of national law, for these shift focus from those large scale atrocities that "shock the conscience", with which it is concerned. This creates significant differences of
906:
57 people. Proceedings against 25 are ongoing: 20 are at large as fugitives and five are on trial. Proceedings against 32 have been completed: two are serving sentences, seven have finished sentences, four have been acquitted, seven have had the charges against them dismissed, four have had the
512:
is the rule rather than the exemption. A recent documentary, for instance, states that more than 800,000 SS soldiers survived the war. While several thousand were prosecuted for war crimes, only 124 were convicted. The apprehension and conviction rates for international tribunals are as equally
385:
defines genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." These five acts are: killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group,
561:
in
Colombia until 1999. The application of human rights treaties to these groups remains the exception, rather than the rule. Human rights are usually understood conceptually as those rights individuals hold against the state, and some scholars argue that they are poorly suited to the task of
1213:, "apply the definition of the crime of aggression" established in customary international law and "have the power to issue international arrest warrants and not be limited by State immunity or the immunity of heads of State and government and other State officials." In November 2022 the
546:
and other payments for damages caused by violations of international law, but does not impose criminal responsibility on organizations in their capacity as organizations. Under
Article 9, the SS and several Nazi other organizations were criminalized, including the Leadership Corps of the
856:. It is designed to complement existing national judicial systems: it can exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute such crimes. Primary responsibility to investigate and punish crimes is therefore left to individual states.
1500:, pp. 5–17: "On any ranking of crimes or atrocities, it would be difficult to name an act or event regarded as more heinous. Genocide arguably appears now as the most serious offense in humanity’s lengthy—and, we recognize, still growing—list of moral or legal violations.";
386:
preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims are targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly. Genocide, especially large-scale genocide, is widely considered to signify the epitome of human
542:(SS), allows the criminalization of certain organizations (presumably state-supported) and prosecution for membership by allowing individuals to be prosecuted where evidence was otherwise insufficient. It also has some implications concerning asset seizures,
472:
of ports. Aggression is generally a leadership crime that can be committed only by those with the power to shape a state's policy of aggression, rather than those who carry it out. The philosophical basis for the wrongness of aggression is found in
3515:
publishes developments in The Hague courts, tribunals and organisations including the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and the International Criminal
833:
on 6 May 2002, Sudan on 26 August 2008, and Russia on 30 November 2016—have informed the UN Secretary General that they no longer intend to become states parties and, as such, have no legal obligations arising from their signature of the Statute.
533:
At the trial of any individual member of any group of organization the Tribunal may declare (in connection with any act of which the individual may be convicted) that the group or organization of which the individual was a member was a criminal
788:
The court's creation perhaps constitutes the most significant reform of international law since 1945. It gives authority to the two bodies of international law that deal with treatment of individuals: human rights and humanitarian law.
1221:
and called upon the international community to "take collective action towards the establishment of an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine." In November 2022 the
899:, Nigeria, Georgia, Honduras, South Korea, Ukraine and Venezuela. Preliminary investigations were closed in Gabon; Honduras; registered vessels of Comoros, Greece, and Cambodia; South Korea; and Colombia on events since 1 July 2002.
643:
493:
The prosecution of severe international crimes—including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes—is necessary to enforce international criminal law and deliver justice to victims. This is an important component of
49:
designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are
868:
231:
International criminal law is a subset of international law. As such, its sources are those that comprise international law. The classical enumeration of those sources is in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the
828:
obliges these states to refrain from "acts which would defeat the object and purpose" of the treaty until they declare they do not intend to become a party to the treaty. Four signatory states—Israel in 2002, the
926:
in the situation of the DR Congo) is to start in July 2011 while two new cases (against a total of six persons in the situation of Kenya) will begin with the suspects' first appearances in April 2011.
1028:. Through several resolutions, the Security Council called on the Tribunal to complete its investigations by end of 2004, complete all trial activities by end of 2008, and complete all work in 2012.
2027:
425:. Like genocide, crimes against humanity can be committed against people who do not fulfill the criteria of protected persons in the context of interstate conflicts and are part of an official
809:
1090:
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991
1838:
1793:
648:
508:
genocide is worth it because not only does it often work, but the chances of punishment for those who orchestrate and carry it out are, if existent, relatively inconsequential.
852:
only in cases where the accused is a national of a state party, the alleged crime took place on the territory of a state party, or a situation is referred to the court by the
2806:
888:
903:
2236:
3261:
1180:
896:
3744:
1083:
860:
593:
190:
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19:
This article is about international criminal law and crimes against international law. For crimes that have actual or potential effect across national borders, see
2999:
Practice and Procedure of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia with selected materials from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3779:
2977:
1168:
1067:
892:
884:
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946:
under the age of 15 and forcing them to fight in for his army, the Force Patriotique pour la Libération du Congo (FPLC), in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s
130:. However, it was only after the war that a truly international crime tribunal was envisaged to try perpetrators of crimes committed in this period. Thus, the
2841:
2727:
3571:
3295:
880:
864:
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3257:
876:
872:
2017:
830:
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The sum of (a) states parties, (b) signatories and (c) non-signatory United Nations member states is 195. This number is two more than the number of
3739:
2905:
797:
618:
175:
1160:. Various countries reached agreements with the UN to carry out custodial sentences. The last indictment issued by the ICTY was on 15 March 2004.
2093:
1911:
1873:
1060:
1025:
89:, thus inventing international criminal law. After being dormant for decades, international criminal law was revived in the 1990s to address the
1628:
3769:
1276:
1133:
1017:
990:
699:
78:
2702:
820:
were member states, but later withdrew effective 27 October 2017 and 17 March 2019, respectively. A further 31 countries have signed but not
1021:
1830:
1801:
922:. Another two people have been committed to a fourth trial in the situation of Darfur, Sudan. One confirmation of charges hearing (against
604:
Apart from these institutions, some "hybrid" courts and tribunals exist—judicial bodies with both international and national judges:
485:
ruled in 1946 that aggression was "the supreme international crime" because "it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole".
2603:
2457:
1136:, which was passed on 25 May 1993. It had jurisdiction over four clusters of crime that had been committed on the territory of the former
2119:
706:
2676:
845:, are critical of the Court. Ukraine, a non-ratifying signatory, has accepted the Court's jurisdiction for a period starting in 2013.
3749:
1508:, pp. 149–189: "... genocide has become the yardstick, the gold standard for identifying and measuring political evil in our times
1261:
960:
655:
598:
202:
3636:
3438:
3413:
2757:"PACE calls for an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to hold to account perpetrators of the crime of aggression against Ukraine"
638:
558:
4998:
3564:
1717:
1137:
825:
244:, general principles of law (and as a subsidiary measure judicial decisions and the most highly qualified juristic writings). The
2366:"Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, concerning referral from the Gabonese Republic"
583:
170:
held its first session in 1945 and pronounced judgments on 30 September / 1 October 1946. A similar tribunal was established for
1063:, all first-instance cases were to have completed trial by the end of 2008 (this date was later extended to the end of 2009).
5071:
3526:
Web Archives (archived 2004-01-13) – provides access to several databases on human rights and international criminal law.
3495:
3481:
3332:
3273:
3233:
3114:
3044:
3020:
1438:
1345:
698:
Too much specific info is currently included after "It 'ICC indictees'"; this section should be a summary/overview only; see
434:
1995:
1444:
895:. Additionally, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted preliminary examinations in situations in Bolivia, Colombia, Guinea,
85:
revolutionized international law by applying its prohibitions directly to individuals, in this case the defeated leaders of
2577:
1935:
1226:
said the EU will work to establish an ad hoc criminal tribunal to investigate and prosecute Russia's crime of aggression.
452:
contains an exhaustive list of acts of aggression that can give rise to individual criminal responsibility, which include
5076:
3557:
3519:
2951:
1281:
448:
is the planning, initiation, or execution of a large-scale and serious act of aggression using state military force. The
3606:
3251:
800:, entered into force—and it can only prosecute crimes committed on or after that date. The court's official seat is in
1697:
4424:
3982:
3881:
3370:
3353:
3202:
3183:
3090:
3076:
3059:
3010:
1990:
1965:
724:
2426:
2297:
2170:
4538:
4407:
3192:
911:
812:, including all the countries of South America, nearly all of Europe, most of Oceania and roughly half of Africa.
4993:
4340:
4241:
3284:
3015:(fr) Jean Albert (dir.), L'avenir de la justice pénale internationale, Institut Presage, Bruylant, 2018, 383 p. (
2552:
2528:
2504:
2480:
1309:
1130:
1071:
986:
853:
482:
186:
90:
31:
390:, and can be committed against protected or non-protected persons alike in the context of interstate conflicts.
4500:
4134:
3810:
3754:
1266:
608:
257:
233:
3537:, prominent international criminal law blog covering current developments, often cited in media including the
1484:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide art. 2, 78 U.N.T.S. 277, 9 December 1948.
1074:
to finish its work by December 31, 2014, and to prepare its closure and transition of cases to the Mechanism.
3853:
3626:
562:
resolving disputes that arise in the course of armed conflict between the state and armed opposition groups.
1201:, have called for the establishment of an international criminal tribunal to "investigate and prosecute the
4660:
4139:
3774:
3759:
3588:
2842:"NATO Parliamentary Assembly designates Russia as a terrorist state, calls for Tribunal - Euromaidan Press"
2663:
2231:
1949:
1765:
1256:
910:
As of March 2011, three trials against four people are underway: two trials regarding the situation in the
907:
charges against them withdrawn, and eight have died before the conclusion of the proceedings against them.
667:
628:
579:
438:
249:
226:
210:
206:
98:
3544:
2855:
1059:, interim Prime Minister, pleaded guilty. According to the ICTR's Completion Strategy, in accordance with
837:
Forty-one additional states have neither signed nor acceded to the Rome Statute. Some of them, including
4655:
3815:
3596:
3133:
1214:
1194:
1163:
A total of 161 persons were indicted by the ICTY during the course of its existence. The final fugitive,
737:
241:
2932:
1560:
1070:
will begin functioning with respect to the work begun by the ICTR. The ICTR has been called upon by the
5081:
4630:
3106:
135:
2365:
2080:
2049:
1898:
1860:
1338:
Genocide, Torture and Terrorism: Ranking International Crimes and Justifying Humanitarian Intervention
1246:
4713:
3805:
2856:"Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets"
1831:"United Nations Treaty Database entry regarding the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
1794:"United Nations Treaty Database entry regarding the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
693:
4508:
4490:
3002:
2880:
919:
356:
46:
4842:
3346:
The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation
4883:
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4159:
4144:
3663:
3473:
3175:
2155:
1036:
393:
314:
283:
155:
110:
59:
2226:
4938:
4923:
3820:
3795:
3688:
2611:
2464:
1715:"The International Criminal Court – A Historic Development in the Fight for Justice"
1251:
1241:
1218:
1153:
774:
612:
337:
182:
147:
3315:
3282:
3163:
2564:
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2340:
1469:
570:
5042:
4635:
4313:
4124:
2516:
2492:
2205:
2151:
1198:
923:
364:
360:
3209:
1043:, which are defined as violations of Common Article Three and Additional Protocol II of the
26:
4763:
4109:
3764:
3621:
2807:"President Zelensky: We are doing everything to create Special Tribunal for Russian crimes"
1666:
495:
131:
70:
3421:
654:
Some domestic courts have also been established to hear international crimes, such as the
437:(1948). Crimes against humanity have been prosecuted by international courts (such as the
8:
4918:
4058:
3975:
3721:
3668:
3631:
3523:
3064:
2884:
2859:
1954:
The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents
1714:
1223:
1202:
1190:
982:
782:
457:
445:
382:
287:
171:
63:
20:
3031:
1985:
808:, but its proceedings may take place anywhere. As of February 2024, 124 states are
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contains an analogous, though not identical, set of sources that the court may rely on.
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4231:
4209:
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3397:
3217:
3150:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2227:"Ukraine accepts ICC jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed since 20 February 2014"
1769:
1747:
1734:
1679:
1206:
1141:
1044:
543:
368:
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the Tribunal. They may also apply national laws if given the authority to do so as the
167:
1578:""Genocide Is Worth It": Broadening the Logic of Atrocity Prevention for State Actors"
1174:
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4221:
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3055:
3040:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2760:
2201:
2193:
2147:
2139:
1961:
1665:
International Criminal Court is sometimes abbreviated as ICCt to distinguish it from
1434:
1341:
1271:
1186:
1164:
1157:
998:
915:
688:
526:
478:
318:
3154:
2933:"Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. Official Calls for Tribunal for War Crimes in Ukraine"
4723:
4690:
4189:
4053:
4048:
4013:
3734:
3683:
3442:
3221:
3142:
2881:"Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes"
2185:
2131:
1957:
1589:
1005:, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.
994:
785:(although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression).
522:
International criminal law does not, at present, apply to armed opposition groups.
348:
336:. They also include, for any individual that is part of the command structure, who
217:
establishing the ICC was signed. The ICC issued its first arrest warrants in 2005.
94:
3363:
Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations
3194:
Global Justice or Global Revenge? International Criminal Justice at the Crossroads
396:
are widespread or systemic criminal acts which are committed by or on behalf of a
4972:
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4913:
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4825:
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4483:
4194:
4119:
4043:
4028:
3948:
3800:
3601:
3538:
2782:"Ukraine calls for international tribunal to bring Putin to justice more quickly"
1721:
1701:
1428:
1424:
750:
474:
421:, and they apply to widespread practices rather than acts which are committed by
163:
142:. In the event, however, the Kaiser was granted asylum in the Netherlands. After
82:
3188:
2703:"ICTY President Agius delivers final address to United Nations General Assembly"
2312:
1594:
1577:
5049:
4857:
4775:
4364:
4330:
4281:
4266:
4038:
3943:
3923:
3913:
3409:
3291:
3128:
2581:
2088:
2057:
2022:
1906:
1868:
1386:"The ICTR in Brief | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
1101:
947:
397:
378:
269:
3418:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect
2018:"Annan regrets US decision not to ratify International Criminal Court statute"
126:
Some precedents in international criminal law can be found in the time before
5065:
4903:
4862:
4748:
4728:
4700:
4650:
4615:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4528:
4468:
4308:
4298:
4256:
4179:
4174:
4104:
4063:
3987:
3549:
3393:
2197:
2143:
1209:." Under the Council of Europe's proposal, the tribunal should be located in
1109:
1056:
539:
139:
3225:
1692:
1077:
5035:
4785:
4753:
4708:
4446:
4441:
4412:
4325:
4303:
4271:
4204:
4184:
4078:
4018:
4008:
3960:
3918:
3896:
3839:
3641:
3120:
3036:
1773:
1301:
1052:
849:
821:
632:
554:
501:
449:
430:
410:
340:
245:
214:
159:
143:
115:
86:
74:
3319:, University of Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 11/2022 (2022)
2640:"History | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"
2335:
2333:
2189:
2135:
417:, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the context of
4957:
4898:
4888:
4685:
4680:
4518:
4419:
4335:
4294:
4261:
4226:
4149:
4073:
4023:
3938:
3146:
3102:
Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World
2952:"E.U. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine"
2209:
1986:"International Criminal Court: Letter to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan"
1981:
1305:
1235:
1145:
1123:
817:
805:
465:
422:
127:
3401:
3377:
5021:
4950:
4830:
4768:
4513:
4434:
4429:
4387:
4369:
4357:
4318:
4164:
4154:
4114:
4099:
4083:
4033:
3970:
3965:
3358:
3341:
3283:
Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (2014).
2330:
1385:
1210:
1040:
548:
461:
352:
298:
151:
3512:
3131:(1 July 2012). "Perspectives on Norman Naimark's Stalin's Genocides".
2677:"The ICTY renders its final judgement in the Prlić et al. appeal case"
4928:
4893:
4835:
4810:
4675:
4572:
4560:
4545:
4533:
4461:
4379:
4352:
4236:
3710:
3520:
The Documentation Centre Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (SIM)
2081:"Reference: C.N.886.2016.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)"
1899:"Reference: C.N.138.2018.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)"
1861:"Reference: C.N.805.2016.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)"
1669:. However, the more common abbreviation ICC is used in this article.
1362:"History | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"
1119:
801:
778:
622:
513:
disconcerting, even as they are empowering for would-be perpetrators.
414:
406:
333:
294:
275:
55:
34:
in Nuremberg was the first court to apply international criminal law.
5016:
3071:. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2003, xxxvi + 823 pp.
2625:
1518:
377:
is the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part. The
209:
had commenced preparatory work for the establishment of a permanent
4977:
4962:
4665:
4550:
4347:
3891:
3678:
3529:
2978:"EU special tribunal on Russia an 'important move' to show Ukraine"
1618:. Cambridge Studies in Internation and Comparative Law. p. 56.
1470:
Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide 2014
1313:
1175:
Proposed international criminal tribunal for the Russian Federation
1149:
1032:
1013:
770:
766:
509:
469:
453:
402:
374:
344:
325:
302:
279:
237:
194:
109:
International criminal law is best understood as an attempt by the
69:
Classical international law governs the relationships, rights, and
51:
3316:
The Americas in and before a Century of International Criminal Law
3032:
Crime and Global Justice. The Dynamics of International Punishment
2906:"EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets"
557:
standards have been applied to these groups in some cases, as the
4867:
4815:
4795:
4743:
4555:
4473:
4289:
4251:
4199:
3534:
3277:
1642:"Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor's Office"
813:
329:
321:
310:
2458:"Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"
1691:
United Nations Department of Public Information, December 2002.
4967:
4820:
4565:
4456:
4451:
4397:
4068:
3695:
3490:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, xlviii + 530 pp.
1114:
1105:
1047:(dealing with war crimes committed during internal conflicts).
1009:
1002:
793:
426:
198:
114:
analysis between the legal systems, notably for the concept of
2639:
2344:
2316:
2050:"Reference: C.N.612.2008.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification)"
1616:
Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law
1361:
134:
stated that an international tribunal was to be set up to try
4908:
4852:
4758:
4599:
4402:
3901:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1205:" committed by "the political and military leadership of the
954:
842:
838:
649:
Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office
565:
3083:
Judging War Criminals. The Politics of International Justice
1760:
1758:
1756:
1641:
4790:
4738:
4594:
3992:
3908:
3507:
2567: page 1. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
2427:"Thomas Lubanga sentenced to 14 years for Congo war crimes"
2407:
387:
1816:
1776:
being states parties but not United Nations member states.
1181:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Russian Federation
213:
in 1993; in 1998, at a diplomatic conference in Rome, the
3862:
3745:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3378:"Quantifying Genocide: What Are We Really Counting (On)?"
3167:, International Criminal Law Review 9 (3), 445-499 (2009)
2707:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
2681:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
1753:
1433:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 63–66.
1094:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1084:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1078:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1024:). In 1998 the operation of the Tribunal was expanded in
792:
It came into being on July 1, 2002—the date its founding
644:
War Crimes Chamber of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
594:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
538:
Article 9, which was used to prosecute membership in the
418:
306:
191:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
220:
3780:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3197:, Vienna / New York: Springer, 2003, ix + 449 pp.
1169:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
1068:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3831:
1542:
1524:, Bartram S. Brown, ed., Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2011.
1413:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 41.
1411:
The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice
305:
responsibility for actions committed in connection to
263:
2604:"Rwanda genocide court says mandate extended to 2009"
2546:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1020:. (From 2006, Arusha also became the location of the
301:
treaties or provisions that gives rise to individual
3085:. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999, xvii + 230 pp.
2720:
3488:
International Criminal Law: A Critical Introduction
3054:. London etc.: Cavendish, 2001, lvi + 323 pp.
3735:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
3461:Gerhard Werle, Lovell Fernandez, Moritz Vormbaum,
3246:. Cambridge University Press, 2009, vii + 257 pp.
2519: 22 February 1995. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
1950:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
1779:
429:or tolerated by authorities. A global standard of
2495: 8 November 1994. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
2251:
1936:The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
574:The Lebanon Tribunal in Leidschendam, Netherlands
150:set up an international tribunal to try not only
5063:
3765:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3740:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3436:
3214:Genocide and Human Rights: A Philosophical Guide
2931:Olson, Carly; Surman, Matt (November 30, 2022).
2117:
1473:
798:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
619:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
176:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2543: 30 April 1998. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
2522:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2402:
1948:Schindler, Dietrich; Toman, JirĂ, eds. (2004).
1522:Research Handbook on International Criminal Law
1335:
863:, the Central African Republic, CĂ´te d'Ivoire,
661:
309:. These actions include intentionally killing,
3579:
3408:
2498:
2474:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
1947:
1667:several other organisations abbreviated as ICC
1465:
1277:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)
578:Today, the most important institution is the
324:; unnecessarily destroying protected civilian
97:, leading to the establishment of a permanent
79:Charter of the International Military Tribunal
3847:
3565:
3468:Gerhard Werle and Florian Jessberger (eds.),
3313:Francisco-José Quintana and Justina Uriburu,
1565:International Center for Transitional Justice
993:in order to judge people responsible for the
859:To date, the Court: opened investigations in
741:The International Criminal Court in The Hague
3325:'Crimes Against Peace' and International Law
2437:
2118:Jianping, Lu; Zhixiang, Wang (6 July 2005).
274:The core crimes under international law are
3463:Africa and the International Criminal Court
3050:Ilias Bantekas, Susan Nash, Mark Mackarel,
2930:
2632:
2379:
1156:. The maximum sentence it could impose was
975:Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda
3854:
3840:
3750:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3572:
3558:
3069:Introduction to International Criminal Law
2664:Serbia's last war crimes fugitive arrested
2290:
2168:
1853:
1262:International Criminal Police Organization
1022:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
967:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
961:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
955:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
656:International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)
599:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
566:Institutions of international criminal law
203:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3770:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
3164:Regionalizing International Criminal Law?
3127:
2975:
2277:
2264:
2178:Journal of International Criminal Justice
2124:Journal of International Criminal Justice
1956:(Fourth Revised and Completed ed.).
1727:
1593:
1536:Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups
1505:
725:Learn how and when to remove this message
639:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
559:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
479:war without a just cause for self-defense
4999:History of the American legal profession
3470:Principles of International Criminal Law
2997:John E. Ackerman and Eugene O'Sullivan,
2601:
1938:, Article 18. Accessed 23 November 2006.
1740:
1672:
1238:(database on International Criminal Law)
736:
611:(investigating the crimes committed the
569:
25:
3322:
3095:
2976:Carbonaro, Giulia (November 30, 2022).
2949:
1713:Amnesty International (11 April 2002).
1685:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1548:
1501:
1423:
1408:
1217:designated the Russian Federation as a
1197:and several governments, including the
355:despite surrender; the conscription of
5064:
3375:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2239:from the original on 17 September 2015
2030:from the original on 27 September 2021
1980:
1707:
1575:
1493:
1417:
351:of protected persons; the granting of
3835:
3553:
3545:Peace Palace Library - Research Guide
2657:
2424:
2099:from the original on 20 December 2016
435:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
221:Sources of international criminal law
3301:from the original on 30 January 2016
3207:
1917:from the original on 3 November 2018
1879:from the original on 29 October 2016
1602:
1497:
1430:Cassese's International Criminal Law
1118:court, the tribunal was situated in
1112:, and to try their perpetrators. An
997:and other serious violations of the
985:established in November 1994 by the
671:
631:(investigating the assassination of
3486:Alexander Zahar and Goran Sluiter,
3268:Moscow: Yurait Publ., 2019, 509 p.
3266:International Criminal Law. 4th ed.
2950:Rauhala, Emily (30 November 2022).
2744:
1533:
1447:from the original on April 29, 2016
1282:World Day for International Justice
1092:, more commonly referred to as the
1031:The tribunal has jurisdiction over
810:parties to the Statute of the Court
264:Core crimes under international law
13:
3437:Voice of America (15 March 2016).
2602:Obulutsa, George (July 29, 2008).
2120:"China's Attitude Towards the ICC"
1340:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89.
1140:since 1991: grave breaches of the
181:After the beginning of the war in
178:). It operated from 1946 to 1948.
14:
5093:
3983:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3501:
1991:United States Department of State
1841:from the original on 23 July 2021
1104:established to prosecute serious
848:The court can generally exercise
621:(investigating the crimes of the
441:) as well as by domestic courts.
5030:
5029:
5015:
3508:The International Criminal Court
2313:"Situations under investigation"
2169:Ramanathan, Usha (6 July 2005).
1998:from the original on 31 May 2002
1835:United Nations Treaty Collection
1798:United Nations Treaty Collection
1694:The International Criminal Court
1195:NATO Parliamentary Assembly
1061:Security Council Resolution 1503
912:Democratic Republic of the Congo
869:Democratic Republic of the Congo
676:
4994:History of the legal profession
2991:
2969:
2943:
2924:
2898:
2873:
2848:
2834:
2817:
2799:
2774:
2695:
2669:
2666:, Al Jazeera.net, 20 July 2011.
2618:
2595:
2570:
2553:United Nations Security Council
2529:United Nations Security Council
2505:United Nations Security Council
2481:United Nations Security Council
2418:
2358:
2347:from the original on 2022-03-01
2319:from the original on 2021-12-28
2305:
2219:
2162:
2111:
2073:
2042:
2010:
1974:
1941:
1929:
1891:
1659:
1634:
1622:
1582:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1569:
1554:
1527:
1511:
1131:United Nations Security Council
1072:United Nations Security Council
987:United Nations Security Council
854:United Nations Security Council
488:
483:International Military Tribunal
187:United Nations Security Council
91:war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars
32:International Military Tribunal
3811:International humanitarian law
3755:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3365:. Nijhoff, 1992, 252 pp.
3327:. Cambridge University Press.
3285:"Legal definition of genocide"
2296:International Criminal Court.
1487:
1478:
1459:
1409:Cassese, Antonia, ed. (2009).
1402:
1378:
1354:
1329:
1294:
1267:International humanitarian law
897:Iraq / the United Kingdom
757:; commonly referred to as the
609:Special Court for Sierra Leone
517:
258:Special Court for Sierra Leone
234:International Court of Justice
193:(ICTY) in 1993 and, after the
1:
3348:. Kluwer, 1997, 508 pp.
3244:Making Sense of Mass Atrocity
2912:. Bloomberg. 30 November 2022
2425:Smith, David (10 July 2012).
1323:
1008:In 1995 it became located in
769:to prosecute individuals for
104:
5072:International Criminal Court
3775:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3760:International Criminal Court
3178:, 2002, xxxi + 482 pp.
2257:Articles 12 & 13 of the
2232:International Criminal Court
1766:United Nations member states
1257:International Criminal Court
1129:The ICTY was established by
747:International Criminal Court
668:International Criminal Court
662:International Criminal Court
629:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
580:International Criminal Court
439:International Criminal Court
338:orders any attempt to commit
250:International Criminal Court
227:Sources of international law
211:International Criminal Court
207:International Law Commission
99:International Criminal Court
7:
3816:International speech crimes
3597:Customary international law
3134:Journal of Cold War Studies
3005:, 2002, xxi + 555 pp.
2287:. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
2274:. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
1704:. Accessed 5 December 2006.
1595:10.5038/1911-9933.13.3.1675
1229:
1215:NATO Parliamentary Assembly
696:. The specific problem is:
242:customary international law
10:
5098:
5077:International criminal law
4661:International legal theory
4140:International slavery laws
4135:International human rights
4130:International criminal law
3637:Convention Against Torture
3581:International criminal law
3172:International Criminal Law
3170:Kriangsak Kittichaisaree,
3107:Cambridge University Press
3052:International Criminal Law
2341:"Preliminary examinations"
2261:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1724:. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
1631:. Accessed 13 August 2015.
1614:Zegveld, Liesbeth (2002).
1178:
1081:
958:
755:Cour PĂ©nale Internationale
665:
582:(ICC), as well as several
267:
224:
121:
39:International criminal law
18:
5009:
4986:
4876:
4714:Administration of justice
4699:
4608:
4499:
4378:
4280:
4001:
3869:
3806:Joint criminal enterprise
3788:
3719:
3650:
3587:
3530:Cambodia Tribunal Monitor
3323:Sellars, Kirsten (2013).
1750:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1737:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1682:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1519:"Crimes Against Humanity"
359:; and flouting the legal
4491:Basic structure doctrine
4341:Natural and legal rights
4222:Public international law
3726:(in order of foundation)
3513:The Hague Justice Portal
3376:Towner, Emil B. (2011).
3262:Alexei G. Kibalnik (eds)
3003:Kluwer Law International
2939:– via NYTimes.com.
2578:"ICTR - Status of Cases"
2302:. Accessed 21 July 2007.
2299:Office of the Prosecutor
1336:Thomas W. Simon (2016).
1287:
920:Central African Republic
357:children in the military
47:public international law
16:Public international law
4671:Principle of typicality
4145:International trade law
3861:
3664:Crimes against humanity
3474:Oxford University Press
3226:10.1057/9780230554832_1
3176:Oxford University Press
1037:crimes against humanity
775:crimes against humanity
433:was articulated in the
394:Crimes against humanity
284:crimes against humanity
156:crimes against humanity
111:international community
60:crimes against humanity
3821:Universal jurisdiction
3796:Command responsibility
3689:Incitement to genocide
3627:United Nations Charter
3210:"The Evil in Genocide"
2728:"UNSC Resolution 1966"
1576:Waller, James (2019).
1300:Usually defined as an
1252:Incitement to genocide
1242:Command responsibility
1219:terrorist organization
1154:crime against humanity
1146:laws or customs of war
883:, Bangladesh/Myanmar,
824:the Rome Statute. The
754:
742:
613:Sierra Leone Civil War
575:
536:
515:
297:is a violation of the
35:
4666:Principle of legality
4425:Delegated legislation
4125:Intellectual property
3414:"Genocide Background"
3039:, 2018, 288 pp.
2626:"Completion Strategy"
1517:Margaret M. DeGuzman,
1474:Voice of America 2016
1199:Government of Ukraine
1108:committed during the
740:
573:
531:
506:
464:by the use of force,
409:that grossly violate
29:
4884:Barristers' chambers
4826:Legal representation
4764:Justice of the peace
4110:Financial regulation
3722:International courts
3622:Nuremberg principles
3208:Lang, Berel (2005).
3147:10.1162/JCWS_a_00250
2614:on January 12, 2009.
2235:. 8 September 2015.
2158:on 14 December 2005.
2092:. 30 November 2016.
1496:, pp. 625–638;
1144:, violations of the
1100:, was a body of the
1066:On July 1, 2012, an
707:improve this section
692:to meet Knowledge's
496:transitional justice
477:, in which waging a
132:Treaty of Versailles
4919:Election commission
4631:Expressive function
4160:Landlord–tenant law
4059:Consumer protection
3669:Crime of aggression
3632:Genocide Convention
3535:Justice in Conflict
3524:Library of Congress
3439:"What Is Genocide?"
3220:UK. pp. 5–17.
3065:M. Cherif Bassiouni
2885:European Commission
2860:European Commission
2844:. 21 November 2022.
2813:. 30 November 2022.
2190:10.1093/jicj/mqi055
2171:"India and the ICC"
2136:10.1093/jicj/mqi056
1872:. 28 October 2016.
1534:Zegveld, Liesbeth.
1466:United Nations 2019
1224:European Commission
1203:crime of aggression
1191:European Commission
983:international court
783:crime of aggression
458:military occupation
446:crime of aggression
383:Genocide Convention
288:crime of aggression
172:Japanese war crimes
64:crime of aggression
21:Transnational crime
4877:Legal institutions
4744:Lawsuit/Litigation
4734:Dispute resolution
4539:Catholic canon law
4247:State of emergency
4210:Will and testament
3934:Law of obligations
3887:Constitutional law
3877:Administrative law
3674:Crime of apartheid
3612:Geneva Conventions
3218:Palgrave Macmillan
3097:Gerlach, Christian
3001:. The Hague etc.:
2937:The New York Times
2683:. 29 November 2017
2283:Article 20 of the
2270:Article 17 of the
1804:on 18 January 2011
1770:State of Palestine
1733:Article 11 of the
1720:2014-12-24 at the
1700:2006-12-05 at the
1561:"Criminal Justice"
1207:Russian Federation
1142:Geneva Conventions
1045:Geneva Conventions
743:
576:
369:military necessity
168:Nuremberg Tribunal
81:and the following
36:
5082:International law
5059:
5058:
4719:Constitutionalism
4641:Law and economics
4479:Act of parliament
4217:Product liability
4170:Legal archaeology
4095:Environmental law
4089:Entertainment law
3929:International law
3829:
3828:
3655:international law
3617:Nuremberg Charter
3607:Hague Conventions
3496:978-0-406-95904-1
3482:978-0-19-870359-4
3476:, 3rd. ed. 2014,
3465:. Springer, 2014.
3449:on 11 August 2017
3334:978-1-107-02884-5
3274:978-5-534-11607-6
3258:Anatoly V. Naumov
3235:978-0-230-55483-2
3116:978-1-139-49351-2
3045:978-1-50951-262-1
3029:and Alice Pease,
3027:Daniele Archibugi
3021:978-2-8027-5345-2
2811:www.ukrinform.net
2761:Council of Europe
2368:. ICC. 2016-09-29
1910:. 19 March 2018.
1768:(193) due to the
1746:Article 3 of the
1678:Article 5 of the
1440:978-0-19-969492-1
1347:978-1-349-56169-8
1272:International law
1187:Council of Europe
1158:life imprisonment
1055:, began in 1997.
1053:Jean-Paul Akayesu
999:international law
904:publicly indicted
765:) is a permanent
735:
734:
727:
694:quality standards
685:This section may
527:Nuremberg Charter
525:Article 9 of the
319:protected persons
73:of states. After
5089:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5020:
5019:
4843:Question of fact
4724:Criminal justice
4054:Construction law
4049:Conflict of laws
4014:Agricultural law
3856:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3789:Related concepts
3727:
3684:Genocidal intent
3574:
3567:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3445:. Archived from
3443:Voice of America
3433:
3431:
3429:
3424:on 17 April 2023
3420:. Archived from
3405:
3388:(3/4): 625–638.
3338:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3289:
3239:
3161:Charles Jalloh,
3158:
3124:
3081:Yves Beigbeder,
2986:
2985:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:"Resolution 479"
2821:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2753:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:. Archived from
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2580:. Archived from
2574:
2568:
2565:S/RES/1824(2008)
2550:
2544:
2541:S/RES/1165(1998)
2526:
2520:
2502:
2496:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2470:on June 2, 2016.
2469:
2463:. Archived from
2462:
2454:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2208:. Archived from
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2154:. Archived from
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:. 27 August 2008
2054:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1960:. p. 1383.
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1800:. Archived from
1790:
1777:
1762:
1751:
1744:
1738:
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1476:
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1456:
1454:
1452:
1425:Cassese, Antonio
1421:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1390:unictr.irmct.org
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1317:
1298:
1051:first trial, of
995:Rwandan genocide
730:
723:
719:
716:
710:
680:
679:
672:
504:concludes that
481:is unjust. The
349:ethnic cleansing
189:established the
95:Rwandan genocide
71:responsibilities
5097:
5096:
5092:
5091:
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5088:
5087:
5086:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5028:
5014:
5005:
4982:
4973:Political party
4946:Legal education
4934:Law enforcement
4914:Court of equity
4872:
4848:Question of law
4801:Practice of law
4781:Judicial review
4695:
4646:Legal formalism
4626:Comparative law
4621:Contract theory
4604:
4524:Legal pluralism
4495:
4484:Act of Congress
4408:Executive order
4374:
4276:
4195:Nationality law
4120:Immigration law
4044:Competition law
3997:
3865:
3860:
3830:
3825:
3801:Superior orders
3784:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3657:
3654:
3646:
3602:Peremptory norm
3583:
3578:
3539:Washington Post
3504:
3472:. Oxford etc.:
3452:
3450:
3427:
3425:
3335:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3287:
3236:
3174:. Oxford etc.:
3129:Hollander, Paul
3117:
2994:
2989:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2956:Washington Post
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2527:
2523:
2517:S/RES/977(1995)
2503:
2499:
2493:S/RES/955(1994)
2479:
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2215:on 14 May 2006.
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1982:Bolton, John R.
1979:
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1026:Resolution 1165
963:
957:
865:Darfur in Sudan
826:law of treaties
731:
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681:
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664:
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520:
491:
475:just war theory
468:, and military
365:proportionality
328:; deception by
272:
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107:
83:Nuremberg trial
45:) is a body of
24:
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4331:Letters patent
4328:
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4282:Sources of law
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4267:Unenforced law
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3653:Crimes against
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3502:External links
3500:
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3459:
3434:
3410:United Nations
3406:
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3333:
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3292:United Nations
3280:
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3252:978-0521861854
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3159:
3141:(3): 149–189.
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2289:
2285:"Rome Statute"
2276:
2272:"Rome Statute"
2263:
2250:
2218:
2184:(3): 627–634.
2161:
2130:(3): 608–620.
2110:
2089:United Nations
2072:
2058:United Nations
2041:
2026:. 8 May 2002.
2023:United Nations
2009:
1984:(6 May 2002).
1973:
1966:
1940:
1928:
1907:United Nations
1890:
1869:United Nations
1852:
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1684:
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1658:
1646:www.scp-ks.org
1633:
1621:
1601:
1568:
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1551:, p. 165.
1541:
1538:. p. 107.
1526:
1510:
1506:Hollander 2012
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1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1134:Resolution 827
1102:United Nations
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1018:Resolution 977
991:Resolution 955
959:Main article:
956:
953:
918:regarding the
733:
732:
684:
682:
675:
666:Main article:
663:
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379:United Nations
307:armed conflict
270:Atrocity crime
265:
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248:governing the
236:and comprise:
222:
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164:Imperial Japan
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4863:Trier of fact
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4749:Legal opinion
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4701:Jurisprudence
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4590:Statutory law
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4578:Byzantine law
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4105:Financial law
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4064:Corporate law
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3988:Statutory law
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3870:Core subjects
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3701:Slave trading
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3371:0-7923-1453-0
3368:
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3360:
3359:Lyal S. Sunga
3357:
3355:
3354:90-411-0472-0
3351:
3347:
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3342:Lyal S. Sunga
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3203:3-211-00795-4
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3184:0-19-876577-0
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3109:. p. 6.
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3057:
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3035:. Cambridge:
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2584:on 2009-07-21
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2024:
2019:
2013:
1997:
1993:
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1987:
1983:
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1967:90-04-13818-8
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1588:(3): 97–110.
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1110:Yugoslav Wars
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1057:Jean Kambanda
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708:
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700:the talk page
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540:Schutzstaffel
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341:mass killings
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205:in 1994. The
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179:
177:
173:
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165:
161:
158:committed by
157:
153:
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148:Allied powers
145:
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140:German Empire
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40:
33:
28:
22:
5048:
5041:
5027:
5013:
4786:Jurisdiction
4754:Legal remedy
4709:Adjudication
4609:Legal theory
4447:Ratification
4442:Promulgation
4413:Proclamation
4393:Codification
4326:Human rights
4314:Divine right
4304:Constitution
4272:Women in law
4190:Military law
4185:Marriage law
4180:Maritime law
4129:
4079:Election law
4019:Aviation law
4009:Abortion law
3961:Property law
3897:Criminal law
3652:
3642:Rome Statute
3580:
3487:
3469:
3462:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:the original
3426:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3417:
3385:
3381:
3362:
3345:
3324:
3314:
3303:. Retrieved
3276:
3265:
3243:
3242:Mark Osiel,
3213:
3193:
3189:Hans Köchler
3171:
3162:
3138:
3132:
3121:Google Books
3119:– via
3101:
3082:
3068:
3051:
3037:Polity Press
3030:
2998:
2992:Bibliography
2981:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2955:
2945:
2936:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2909:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2850:
2836:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2791:17 September
2789:. Retrieved
2786:The Guardian
2785:
2776:
2766:17 September
2764:. Retrieved
2734:. Retrieved
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2644:www.icty.org
2643:
2634:
2620:
2612:the original
2607:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2572:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2465:the original
2431:the Guardian
2430:
2420:
2411:
2370:. Retrieved
2360:
2349:. Retrieved
2321:. Retrieved
2307:
2298:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2259:Rome Statute
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2210:the original
2181:
2177:
2164:
2156:the original
2127:
2123:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2087:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2056:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1989:
1976:
1953:
1943:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1905:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1867:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1834:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1797:
1774:Cook Islands
1748:Rome Statute
1742:
1735:Rome Statute
1729:
1709:
1693:
1687:
1680:Rome Statute
1674:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1629:trial-ch.org
1624:
1615:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1549:Sellars 2013
1544:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1502:Gerlach 2010
1489:
1480:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1366:www.icty.org
1365:
1356:
1337:
1331:
1296:
1247:Criminal law
1184:
1165:Goran Hadžić
1162:
1128:
1113:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1065:
1049:
1030:
1007:
978:
974:
970:
966:
964:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
909:
901:
858:
850:jurisdiction
847:
836:
791:
787:
762:
758:
746:
744:
721:
712:
705:Please help
697:
686:
653:
633:Rafik Hariri
603:
584:
577:
555:Human rights
553:
537:
532:
524:
521:
507:
502:James Waller
500:
492:
489:Prosecutions
450:Rome Statute
443:
431:human rights
411:human rights
401:
392:
373:
361:distinctions
317:, or taking
292:
273:
254:
246:Rome Statute
230:
215:Rome Statute
180:
160:Nazi Germany
144:World War II
125:
116:legal intent
108:
87:Nazi Germany
75:World War II
68:
42:
38:
37:
4958:Legislature
4889:Bureaucracy
4686:Rule of man
4681:Rule of law
4656:Libertarian
4519:Chinese law
4420:Legislation
4370:Regulations
4358:Law reports
4336:Natural law
4232:Reparations
4227:Refugee law
4150:Jurimetrics
4091:(Media law)
4029:Banking law
4024:Amnesty law
4002:Disciplines
3939:Private law
3305:22 February
2736:21 December
2712:29 November
2687:29 November
2649:21 December
1494:Towner 2011
1236:Legal Tools
1124:Netherlands
889:Philippines
861:Afghanistan
818:Philippines
806:Netherlands
709:if you can.
544:reparations
518:Limitations
466:bombardment
423:individuals
128:World War I
5066:Categories
4951:Law school
4831:Prosecutor
4769:Magistrate
4556:Jewish law
4514:Common law
4435:Rulemaking
4430:Regulation
4380:Law making
4319:Divine law
4295:Legal code
4242:Sports law
4165:Law of war
4115:Health law
4100:Family law
4084:Energy law
4034:Bankruptcy
3971:Punishment
3966:Public law
3706:Starvation
3453:22 October
2916:1 December
2890:1 December
2865:1 December
2588:2010-04-13
2557:Resolution
2533:Resolution
2509:Resolution
2485:Resolution
2372:2016-09-30
2351:2022-03-01
2323:2022-03-01
2243:7 December
2103:7 December
2065:7 December
2034:7 December
2002:7 December
1921:7 December
1883:28 October
1845:7 December
1651:15 January
1451:October 5,
1395:2024-03-05
1371:2024-03-05
1324:References
1211:Strasbourg
1138:Yugoslavia
1041:war crimes
973:), or the
924:one person
781:, and the
779:war crimes
715:March 2023
549:Nazi Party
462:annexation
415:war crimes
353:no quarter
343:including
299:law of war
286:, and the
276:war crimes
268:See also:
225:See also:
152:war crimes
136:Wilhelm II
105:Background
62:, and the
56:war crimes
4929:Judiciary
4924:Executive
4899:The bench
4836:Solicitor
4811:Barrister
4691:Sociology
4676:Pseudolaw
4616:Anarchist
4573:Roman law
4561:Parsi law
4546:Hindu law
4534:Canon law
4509:Civil law
4462:Concordat
4353:Precedent
4262:Trust law
4237:Space law
4074:Drugs law
3944:Procedure
3882:Civil law
3711:War crime
3394:2162-5190
2198:1478-1387
2144:1478-1387
1498:Lang 2005
1314:religious
1171:(IRMCT).
1120:The Hague
981:), is an
916:one trial
893:Venezuela
885:Palestine
802:The Hague
623:Red Khmer
587:tribunals
413:. Unlike
407:authority
334:pillaging
311:torturing
295:war crime
101:in 2001.
5036:Category
4978:Tribunal
4963:Military
4806:Attorney
4776:Judgment
4636:Feminist
4551:Jain law
4348:Case law
4069:Cyberlaw
3976:Corporal
3954:Criminal
3924:Evidence
3914:Doctrine
3892:Contract
3679:Genocide
3428:20 April
3412:(2019).
3402:41709663
3296:Archived
3155:57560838
3099:(2010).
2982:euronews
2345:Archived
2317:Archived
2237:Archived
2094:Archived
2028:Archived
1996:Archived
1912:Archived
1874:Archived
1839:Archived
1808:10 March
1718:Archived
1698:Archived
1445:Archived
1427:(2013).
1306:national
1230:See also
1150:genocide
1033:genocide
1016:, under
1014:Tanzania
822:ratified
816:and the
771:genocide
767:tribunal
687:require
529:states:
510:Impunity
470:blockade
454:invasion
403:de facto
375:Genocide
345:genocide
326:property
322:hostages
303:criminal
280:genocide
238:treaties
195:genocide
93:and the
52:genocide
5050:Outline
4987:History
4894:The bar
4868:Verdict
4816:Counsel
4796:Justice
4651:History
4474:Statute
4290:Charter
4252:Tax law
4200:Probate
3589:Sources
3522:at the
2961:4 April
2830:. NATO.
2608:Reuters
2563:.
2539:.
2515:.
2491:.
2343:. ICC.
2315:. ICC.
814:Burundi
689:cleanup
330:perfidy
138:of the
122:History
4968:Police
4939:Agency
4821:Lawyer
4566:Sharia
4457:Treaty
4452:Repeal
4398:Decree
4309:Custom
4205:Estate
4155:Labour
3919:Equity
3696:Piracy
3516:Court.
3494:
3480:
3400:
3392:
3369:
3352:
3331:
3272:
3250:
3232:
3201:
3182:
3153:
3113:
3089:
3075:
3058:
3043:
3019:
3009:
2559:
2535:
2511:
2487:
2408:"Home"
2206:915739
2204:
2196:
2152:915740
2150:
2142:
1964:
1437:
1344:
1316:group.
1310:racial
1302:ethnic
1193:, the
1189:, the
1152:, and
1122:, the
1115:ad hoc
1106:crimes
1010:Arusha
1003:Rwanda
891:, and
887:, the
881:Uganda
867:, the
796:, the
794:treaty
751:French
585:ad hoc
427:policy
332:; and
315:raping
201:, the
199:Rwanda
185:, the
183:Bosnia
166:. The
154:, but
146:, the
77:, the
5043:Index
4909:Court
4853:Trial
4759:Judge
4600:Yassa
4403:Edict
3949:Civil
3902:Crime
3398:JSTOR
3299:(PDF)
3288:(PDF)
3151:S2CID
2828:(PDF)
2731:(PDF)
2555:
2531:
2507:
2483:
2468:(PDF)
2461:(PDF)
2213:(PDF)
2174:(PDF)
2097:(PDF)
2084:(PDF)
2053:(PDF)
1958:Brill
1915:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1877:(PDF)
1864:(PDF)
1312:, or
1288:Notes
948:Ituri
877:Libya
873:Kenya
843:India
839:China
398:state
381:1948
260:was.
174:(the
4791:Jury
4739:Fiqh
4595:Xeer
3993:Tort
3909:Deed
3492:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3455:2017
3430:2023
3390:ISSN
3367:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3307:2017
3270:ISBN
3260:and
3248:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3056:ISBN
3041:ISBN
3017:ISBN
3007:ISBN
2963:2023
2918:2022
2892:2022
2867:2022
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