Nuremberg trials - Knowledge

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international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole". The work of the judges was made more difficult due to the broadness of the crimes listed in the Nuremberg Charter. The judges did not attempt to define the crime of aggression and did not mention the retroactivity of the charges in the verdict. Despite the lingering doubts of some of the judges, the official interpretation of the IMT held that all of the charges had a solid basis in customary international law and that the trial was procedurally fair. The judges were aware that both the Allies and the Axis had planned or committed acts of aggression, writing the verdict carefully to avoid discrediting either the Allied governments or the tribunal.

1741:. The conspiracy charge caused significant dissent on the bench; Donnedieu de Vabres wanted to scrap it. Through a compromise proposed by the British judges, the charge of conspiracy was narrowed to a conspiracy to wage aggressive war. Only eight defendants were convicted on that charge; all of whom were also found guilty of crimes against peace. All 22 defendants were charged with crimes against peace, and 12 were convicted. The war crimes and crimes against humanity charges held up the best, with only two defendants charged on those grounds being acquitted. The judges determined that crimes against humanity concerning German Jews before 1939 were not under the court's jurisdiction because the prosecution had not proven a connection to aggressive war. 1577: 1824: 542: 2079:, deportation of civilians for forced labor, and violent suppression of anti-colonial uprisings would have been deemed illegal according to the definitions of international crimes in the Nuremberg charter. Another controversy resulted from trying defendants for acts that were not criminal at the time, particularly crimes against peace. Equally novel but less controversial were crimes against humanity, the conspiracy charge, and criminal penalties on individuals for breaches of international law. Besides these criticisms, the trials have been taken to task for the distortion that comes from fitting historical events into legal categories. 837:, absent from the charter, held together the wide array of charges and defendants and was used to charge the top Nazi leaders, as well as bureaucrats who had never killed anyone or perhaps even directly ordered killing. It was also an end run on the charter's limits on charging crimes committed before the beginning of World War II. Conspiracy charges were central to the cases against propagandists and industrialists: the former were charged with providing the ideological justification for war and other crimes, while the latter were accused of enabling Germany's war effort. The charge, a brainchild of 1980: 1251: 873: 95: 561: 553: 1091: 1566: 1137:. Because of the loose evidentiary rules, photographs, charts, maps, and films played an important role in making incredible crimes believable. After the American prosecution submitted many documents at the beginning of the trial, the judges insisted that all of the evidence be read into the record, which slowed the trial. The structure of the charges also caused delays as the same evidence ended up being read out multiple times, when it was relevant to both conspiracy and the other charges. 1508: 1493: 1585:

Some defendants denied involvement in certain crimes or implausibly claimed ignorance of them, especially the Final Solution. A few defense lawyers inverted the arguments of the prosecution to assert that the Germans' authoritarian mindset and obedience to the state exonerated them from any personal guilt. Most rejected that Germany had deviated from Western civilization, arguing that few Germans could have supported Hitler because Germany was a civilized country.

1713:, Ukraine. During the closing statements, most defendants disappointed the judges by their lies and denial. Speer managed to give the impression of apologizing without assuming personal guilt or naming any victims other than the German people. On 2 September, the court recessed; and the judges retreated into seclusion to decide the verdict and sentences, which had been under discussion since June. The verdict was drafted by British deputy judge 1345:. The British took four days to make their case, with Maxwell Fyfe detailing treaties broken by Germany. In mid-December the Americans switched to presenting the case against the indicted organizations, while in January both the British and Americans presented evidence against individual defendants. Besides the organizations mentioned in the indictment, American, and British prosecutors also mentioned the complicity of the German 628:. The British proposal to define crimes against humanity was largely accepted, with the final wording being "murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population". The final version of the charter limited the tribunal's jurisdiction over crimes against humanity to those committed as part of a war of aggression. Both the United States—concerned that its " 1745: 1183: 1409: 2133:, which stimulated technical advances in translation methods. The Palace of Justice houses a museum on the trial and the courtroom became a tourist attraction, drawing 13,138 visitors in 2005. The IMT is one of the most well-studied trials in history, and it has also been the subject of an abundance of books and scholarly publications, along with motion pictures such as 296:) tried 22 of the most important surviving leaders of Nazi Germany in the political, military, and economic spheres, as well as six German organizations. The purpose of the trial was not just to convict the defendants but also to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, offer a history lesson to the defeated Germans, and delegitimize the traditional German elite. 1082:(Wehrmacht). The aim was to have these organizations declared criminal, so that their members could be tried expeditiously for membership in a criminal organization. Senior American officials believed that convicting organizations was a good way of showing that not just the top German leaders were responsible for crimes, without condemning the entire German people. 1388:, which he argued was a crime against humanity. Unlike the British and American prosecution strategies, which focused on using German documents to make their cases, the French prosecutors took the perspective of the victims, submitting postwar police reports. Eleven witnesses, including victims of Nazi persecution, were called; resistance fighter and 461:, warning the Nazi leadership of the signatories' intent to "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth...in order that justice may be done". The declaration stated that those high-ranking Nazis who had committed crimes in several countries would be dealt with jointly, while others would be tried where they had committed their crimes. 1604:, trade unions, and other countries that maintained diplomatic relations with Germany. In contrast, most defendants avoided incriminating each other. Most defendants argued their own insignificance within the Nazi system, but Göring took the opposite approach, expecting to be executed but vindicated in the eyes of the German people. 1154:. Jackson maintained that while the United States did "not seek to convict the whole German people of crime", neither did the trial "serve to absolve the whole German people except 21 men in the dock". Nevertheless, defense lawyers (although not most of the defendants) often argued that the prosecution was trying to promote 830:(the Soviet Union). The United States delegation outlined the overall Nazi conspiracy and criminality of Nazi organizations. The British and American delegations decided to work jointly in drafting the charges of conspiracy to wage aggressive war. On 17 September, the various delegations met to discuss the indictment. 1285:, shocked both the defendants and the judges, who adjourned the trial. Indiscriminate selection and disorganized presentation of documentary evidence without tying it to specific defendants hampered the American prosecutors' work on the conspiracy to commit crimes against humanity. The Americans summoned 2005:

Many Germans at the time of the trials focused on finding food and shelter. Despite this, a majority read press reports about the trial. In a 1946 poll, 78 percent of Germans assessed the trial as fair, but four years later that had fallen to 38 percent, with 30 percent considering it unfair. As time

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efforts. The SA, the Reich Cabinet, and the General Staff and High Command were not ruled to be criminal organizations. Although the Wehrmacht leadership was not considered an organization within the meaning of the charter, misrepresentation of the verdict as an exoneration was one of the foundations

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In all, 249 journalists were accredited to cover the IMT and 61,854 visitor tickets were issued. In France, the sentence for Rudolf Hess and acquittal of organizations were met with outrage from the media and especially from organizations for deportees and resistance fighters, as they were perceived

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These trials emphasized the crimes committed during the Holocaust. The trials heard 1,300 witnesses, entered more than 30,000 documents into evidence, and generated 132,855 pages of transcripts, with the judgments totaling 3,828 pages. Of 177 defendants, 142 were convicted and 25 sentenced to death;

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and an imposition of collective guilt, which they rejected—instead considering themselves victims of the war. As the Cold War began, the rapidly changing political environment began to affect the effectiveness of the trials. The educational purpose of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals was a failure,

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From March to July 1946, the defense presented its counterarguments. Before the prosecution finished, it was clear that their general case was proven, but it remained to determine the individual guilt of each defendant. None of the defendants tried to assert that the Nazis' crimes had not occurred.

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trial, were released in 1958. The German public took the early releases as confirmation of what they saw as the illegitimacy of the trials. The IMT defendants required Soviet permission for release; Speer was not successful in obtaining early release, and Hess remained in prison until his death in

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Four organizations were ruled to be criminal: the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party, the SS, the Gestapo, and the SD, although some lower ranks and subgroups were excluded. The verdict only allowed for individual criminal responsibility if willing membership and knowledge of the criminal purpose

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On 8 February, the Soviet prosecution opened its case with a speech by Rudenko that covered all four prosecution charges, highlighting a wide variety of crimes committed by the German occupiers as part of their destructive and unprovoked invasion. Rudenko tried to emphasize common ground with the

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On 21 November, Jackson gave the opening speech for the prosecution. He described the fact that the defeated Nazis received a trial as "one of the most significant tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason". Focusing on aggressive war, which he described as the root of the other crimes, Jackson

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in starting World War II. Jackson also separated out an overall conspiracy charge from the other three charges, aiming that the American prosecution would cover the overall Nazi conspiracy while the other delegations would flesh out the details of Nazi crimes. The division of labor, and the haste

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and was considered even more disturbing than the American concentration camp film. Soviet witnesses included several survivors of German crimes, including two civilians who lived through the siege of Leningrad, a peasant whose village was destroyed in anti-partisan warfare, a Red Army doctor who

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not guilty. Jackson made it clear that the trial's purpose extended beyond convicting the defendants. Prosecutors wanted to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, establish individual responsibility and the crime of aggression in international law, provide a history lesson to the defeated

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The International Military Tribunal agreed with the prosecution that aggression was the gravest charge against the accused, stating in its judgment that because "war is essentially an evil thing", "to initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not only an international crime; it is the supreme

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The problem of translating the indictment and evidence into the three official languages of the tribunal—English, French, and Russian—as well as German was severe due to the scale of the task and difficulty of recruiting interpreters, especially in the Soviet Union. Vyshinsky demanded extensive

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to serve their sentences. All three acquittals (Papen, Schacht, and Fritzsche) were based on a deadlock between the judges; these acquittals surprised observers. Despite being accused of the same crimes, Sauckel was sentenced to death, while Speer was given a prison sentence because the judges

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had committed suicide before the start of the trial. Former Nazis were allowed to serve as counsel and by mid-November all defendants had lawyers. The defendants' lawyers jointly appealed to the court, claiming it did not have jurisdiction against the accused; but this motion was rejected. The

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Over the summer, all of the national delegations struggled to gather evidence for the upcoming trial. The American and British prosecutors focused on documentary evidence and affidavits rather than testimony from survivors. This strategy increased the credibility of their case, since survivor

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On 31 August, closing arguments were presented. Over the course of the trial, crimes against humanity and especially against Jews (who were mentioned as victims of Nazi atrocities far more than any other group) came to upstage the aggressive war charge. In contrast to the opening prosecution

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Many defense lawyers complained about various aspects of the trial procedure and attempted to discredit the entire proceedings. In order to appease them, the defendants were allowed a free hand with their witnesses and a great deal of irrelevant testimony was heard. The defendants' witnesses

647:, responsible for breaches. The other three Allies' proposal to limit the definition of the crimes to acts committed by the defeated Axis was rejected by Jackson. Instead, the charter limited the jurisdiction of the court to Germany's actions. Article 7 prevented the defendants from claiming 1376:—criminal intent—of the crimes on trial. The French prosecutors, more than their British or American counterparts, emphasized the complicity of many Germans; they barely mentioned the charge of aggressive war and instead focused on forced labor, economic plunder, and massacres. Prosecutor 1396:

testified about crimes she had witnessed. The French charges of war crimes were accepted by the tribunal, except for the execution of hostages. Due to the narrow definition of crimes against humanity in the charter, the only part of the Germanization charges accepted by the judges was the

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At the London Conference, held from 26 June to 2 August 1945, representatives of France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States negotiated the form that the trial would take. Until the end of the negotiations, it was not clear that any trial would be held at all.

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In early 1946, there were a thousand employees from the four countries' delegations in Nuremberg, of which about two thirds were from the United States. Besides legal professionals, there were many social-science researchers, psychologists, translators, and interpreters, and

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From 17 January to 7 February 1946, France presented its charges and supporting evidence. In contrast to the other prosecution teams, the French prosecution delved into Germany's development in the nineteenth century, arguing that it had diverged from the West due to

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thesis) and sought to correct this deviation with a trial that would serve both retributive and educational purposes. As the largest delegation, it would take on the bulk of the prosecutorial effort. At Jackson's recommendation, the United States appointed judges

1237: 1232: 1231: 1206: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1210: 1204: 1196: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1192: 805:; Denmark and Norway also sent a delegation. Although the Polish delegation was not empowered to intervene in the proceedings, it submitted evidence and an indictment, succeeding at drawing some attention to crimes committed against Polish Jews and non-Jews. 1234: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1203: 1197: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1220: 1236: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1747: 1238: 782:; the resulting delays hampered the Soviet effort to set the agenda. The influence of the Soviet delegation was also constrained by limited English proficiency, lack of interpreters, and unfamiliarity with diplomacy and international institutions. 1480:. Although Western prosecutors never publicly rejected the Katyn charge for fear of casting doubt on the entire proceedings, they were skeptical. The defense presented evidence of Soviet responsibility, and Katyn was not mentioned in the verdict. 765:

who had represented France at the London Conference. The French government tried to appoint staff who were not tainted by collaboration with the Vichy regime; some appointments, including Champetier de Ribes, were of those who had been in the

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as too lenient. In the United Kingdom, although a variety of responses were reported, it was difficult to sustain interest in a long trial. Where the prosecution was disappointed by some of the verdicts, the defense could take satisfaction.

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Sentences were debated at length by the judges. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death (Göring, Ribbentrop, Keitel, Kaltenbrunner, Rosenberg, Frank, Frick, Streicher, Sauckel, Jodl, Seyss-Inquart, and Bormann). On 16 October,

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The British prosecution covered the charge of crimes against peace, which was largely redundant to the American conspiracy case. On 4 December, Shawcross gave the opening speech, much of which had been written by Cambridge professor

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The work of drafting the indictment was divided up by the national delegations. The British worked on aggressive war; the other delegations were assigned the task of covering crimes against humanity and war crimes committed on the

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statements, all eight closing statements highlighted the Holocaust; and the French and British prosecutors made this the main charge, as opposed to that of aggression. All prosecutors except the Americans mentioned the concept of

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in part because of the resistance to war crimes trials in German society, but also because of the United States Army's refusal to publish the trial record in German for fear it would undermine the fight against communism.

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defense lawyers saw themselves as acting on behalf of their clients, but also the German nation. Initially, the Americans had planned to try fourteen organizations and their leaders, but this was narrowed to six: the

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Much of the American case focused on the development of the Nazi conspiracy before the outbreak of war. The American prosecution became derailed during attempts to provide evidence on the first act of aggression,

778:, a show trial prosecutor chosen for his skill as an orator. The Soviet judges and prosecutors were not permitted to make any major decisions without consulting a commission in Moscow led by Soviet politician 1448:, at times they blurred the fate of Jews with that of other Soviet nationalities. Although these aspects had already been covered by the American prosecution, Soviet prosecutors introduced new evidence from 2106:

was much more restricted than Lemkin's original concept and its effectiveness was further limited by Cold War politics. In the 1990s, a revival of international criminal law included the establishment of

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The International Military Tribunal began trial on 20 November 1945, after postponement requests from the Soviet prosecution, who wanted more time to prepare its case, were rejected. All defendants

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repeatedly tried to disclose the secret protocols of the German–Soviet pact; although he was eventually successful, it was legally irrelevant and the judges rejected his attempt to bring up the

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considered that he could reform. Nikichenko released a dissent approved by Moscow that rejected all the acquittals, called for a death sentence for Hess, and convicted all the organizations.

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The defendants tried to blame their crimes on Hitler, who was mentioned 1,200 times during the trial—more than the top five defendants combined. Other absent and dead men, including Himmler,

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in Poland, for an active role in the trial justified by their representation of victims of Nazi crimes were rejected. The Soviet Union invited prosecutors from its allies, including Poland,

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The selective prosecution exclusively of the defeated Axis and hypocrisy of all four Allied powers has garnered the most persistent criticism. Such actions as the German–Soviet pact the

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argues that the trials' greatest achievement was "their inestimable contribution to the form and substance of international criminal law", which had been left underdeveloped by the IMT.

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to demand an international court to try the German crimes committed in occupied countries. The United States and United Kingdom refused to endorse this proposal, citing the failure of

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unanimously passed a resolution affirming "the principles of international law recognized by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and the judgment of the Tribunal". In 1950, the

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view of the Nazi state and its overall criminal conspiracy. The speech was favorably received by the prosecution, the tribunal, the audience, historians, and even the defendants.

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testimony was considered less reliable and more vulnerable to accusations of bias, but reduced public interest in the proceedings. The American prosecution drew on reports of the

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The judges ruled that there had been a premeditated conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, whose goals were "the disruption of the European order" and "the creation of a

1557:. The Soviet prosecution case was generally well received and presented compelling evidence about the suffering of the Soviet people and the Soviet contributions to victory. 1614:—asking for exoneration on the grounds that the Allies had committed the same crimes with which the defendants were charged. Although defense lawyers repeatedly equated the 963:. While the British were skeptical of prosecuting economic leaders, the French had a strong interest in highlighting German economic imperialism. The military leaders were 599: 1030:

Although the list of defendants was finalized on 29 August, as late as October, Jackson demanded the addition of new names, but this was rejected. Of the 24 men indicted,

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not be labeled a crime against humanity—and the Soviet Union wanted to avoid giving an international court jurisdiction over a government's treatment of its own citizens.

6080: 8313: 414:, mostly civilians, which was one seventh of the prewar population. The legal reckoning was premised on the extraordinary nature of Nazi criminality, particularly the 7069: 6452: 6312: 867: 159: 617:. A Soviet proposal for a charge of "crimes against civilians" was renamed "crimes against humanity" at Jackson's suggestion after previous uses of the term in the 6672: 1664:; Dönitz's counsel successfully argued that this meant that it could not be a crime. The judges barred most evidence on Allied misdeeds from being heard in court. 1119: 169: 1737:". Contrary to Jackson's argument that the conspiracy began with the founding of the Nazi Party in 1920, the verdict dated the planning of aggression to the 1937 7104: 1511: 1842:

Initially, it was planned to hold a second international tribunal for German industrialists, but this was never held because of differences between the Allies.

8918: 8703: 8348: 480:, the Soviet Union lobbied most intensely for trying the defeated German leaders for aggression in addition to war crimes. The Soviet Union wanted to hold a 692:, the last to make the many charts used during the trial. Each state appointed a prosecution team and two judges, one being a deputy without voting rights. 8883: 6896: 2014:

The German churches, both Catholic and Protestant, were vocal proponents of amnesty. The pardon of convicted war criminals also had cross-party support in

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throughout eastern Europe. The Soviet prosecution emphasized the racist aspect of policies such as the deportation of millions of civilians to Germany for

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with which the indictment was prepared, resulted in duplication, imprecise language, and lack of attribution of specific charges to individual defendants.

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More so than other delegations, Soviet prosecutors showed the gruesome details of German atrocities, especially the death by starvation of 3 million

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identified 2,500 major war criminals, of whom 177 were tried. Many of the worst offenders were not prosecuted, for logistical or financial reasons.

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of aggression, the trials' innovation of holding individuals responsible for violations of international law is considered "the true beginning of

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were conducted by the United States against lower-level perpetrators, which focused more on the Holocaust. Controversial at the time for their

8824: 8683: 6717: 6305: 276:(the United Kingdom). In mid-1945, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to convene a joint tribunal in 1808: 7466: 7378: 1847: 1325:. Unlike Jackson, Shawcross attempted to minimize the novelty of the aggression charges, elaborating its precursors in the conventions of 476:) which would later be central to the proceedings at Nuremberg. Trainin's ideas were reprinted in the West and widely adopted. Of all the 8898: 8382: 8206: 1890: 1115: 699:

describes as "a versatile politician and a remarkable orator, if not a great legal thinker". The United States prosecution believed that

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dictatorship, run by society's lunatic fringe, of which the Germans had been the first victims rather than agents, collaborators, and

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to legislation found in other countries, Nazi concentration camps to Allied detention facilities, and the deportation of Jews to the

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Sharples, Caroline (2013). "Holocaust on Trial: Mass Observation and British Media Responses to the Nuremberg Tribunal, 1945–1946".

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to codify international criminal law, although the Cold War prevented the adoption of these principles until the 1990s. The 1948

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were convened solely by the United States in the same courtroom that had hosted the International Military Tribunal. Pursuant to

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was drawing up plans for an international tribunal in late 1944 and early 1945. The British government still preferred the

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that would include "the crime of war". On 1 November 1943, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States issued the

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other Allies while rejecting any similarity between Nazi and Soviet rule. The next week, the Soviet prosecution produced

1277: 1243: 731: 679:; it had an attached prison where the defendants could be held. On 8 August, the Nuremberg Charter was signed in London. 434: 403: 339: 214: 7804: 6931: 1601: 1326: 1107: 659:. The negotiators decided that the tribunal's permanent seat would be in Berlin, while the trial would be held at the 379: 1576: 7585: 7330: 6422: 6116:

The Crime of Aggression in International Criminal Law: Historical Development, Comparative Analysis and Present State

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Inspired by the films shown by the American prosecution, the Soviet Union commissioned three films for the trial:

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and new revelations of Nazi criminality, including the first trials of Nazi perpetrators in West German courts.

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threatened the United States' withdrawal if aggression was not prosecuted because it had been the rationale for

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Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries across Europe, inflicting 27 million deaths in the

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In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the Search for Justice

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Männer von Ehre?: die Wehrmachtgeneralität im Nürnberger Prozess 1945/46 : zur Entstehung einer Legende

541: 8888: 8603: 8166: 7794: 7663: 7638: 7516: 7099: 7084: 6913: 5980: 2123: 2095: 2086:(Tokyo Trial) borrowed many of its ideas from the IMT, including all four charges, and was intended by the 2061: 1546: 1465: 1272: 1268: 1162:. According to Priemel, the conspiracy charge "invited apologetic interpretations: narratives of absolute, 1103: 956: 827: 823: 660: 586:, and war crimes. At the conference, it was debated whether wars of aggression were prohibited in existing 344: 100: 8236: 8785: 8770: 8671: 8517: 8441: 7653: 7610: 7571: 7471: 7305: 7171: 7140: 6921: 6798: 6712: 6412: 6390: 5871: 2130: 2034:

1987. By the late 1950s, the West German consensus on release began to erode, due to greater openness in

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Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg: A New History of the International Military Tribunal after World War II

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Germans, delegitimize the traditional German elite, and allow the Allies to distance themselves from

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the severity of sentencing was related to the defendant's proximity to mass murder. Legal historian

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and imperialism. They argued that Nazi ideology, which derived from these earlier ideas, was the

1350: 1342: 1155: 924: 583: 312: 133: 108: 65: 7820: 5895:"« Notre combat pour la paix » : la France et le procès de Nuremberg (1945–1946)" 1596:, and Bormann, were also blamed. To counter claims that conservative defendants had enabled the 8464: 8231: 7710: 7288: 7282: 7164: 7145: 7120: 7013: 6861: 6593: 6505: 6088: 6013: 5798:

Men of honor?: the Wehrmacht generals in the Nuremberg trial 1945/46: the emergence of a legend

2023: 1979: 1851: 916: 912: 908: 904: 854: 735: 477: 246: 7975: 6384: 5801: 1993: 1717:. All eight judges participated in the deliberations, but the deputies could not cast a vote. 742: 675:. The Palace of Justice was relatively intact but needed to be renovated for the trial due to 8873: 8698: 8323: 8276: 7940: 7691: 6853: 6190: 6054: 5976: 5827: 2141: 2135: 2087: 1461: 1302: 1297:, who testified about the murder of 80,000 people by those under his command, and SS general 872: 834: 696: 410:

was accompanied by immense brutality in occupied areas; war losses in the Soviet Union alone

281: 94: 1250: 8661: 8598: 8181: 7965: 7856: 7834: 7729: 7724: 7705: 7089: 6946: 6830: 6808: 6767: 6742: 6608: 6560: 6340: 2099: 2076: 2054: 1926: 1922: 1886: 1786: 1774: 1634: 1619: 1430: 1426: 1346: 1012: 738:), was the nominal president of the tribunal, in practice Biddle exercised more authority. 644: 469: 426: 125: 8527: 8: 8748: 8656: 8502: 8089: 7046: 6993: 6956: 6702: 6583: 6513: 5766: 2103: 2007: 1878: 1738: 1689: 1673: 1496: 1381: 1313: 1126: 1020: 1008: 1000: 853:

corrections to the charges of crimes against peace, especially regarding the role of the

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Postwar Soldiers: Historical Controversies and West German Democratization, 1945–1955

5831: 5805: 5778: 2035: 2022:, beginning early releases of Nuremberg Military Tribunal convicts in 1949. In 1951, 1862: 1685: 1645:; a cover-up prevented the defense from capitalizing on this argument. Fleet Admiral 1608: 1589: 1550: 1469: 1330: 1067: 1035: 767: 762: 719: 672: 640: 625: 595: 505: 501: 407: 324: 273: 6630: 6269: 2068:

The International Military Tribunal, and its charter, "marked the true beginning of

2029:

overturned most of the sentences and the last three prisoners, all convicted at the

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were tried for the murder of more than one million people behind the Eastern Front.

1692:—the trial became a means of condemning not only Germany but also the Soviet Union. 1569: 964: 552: 8710: 8507: 8497: 8226: 8214: 8196: 8133: 7008: 6697: 6613: 6598: 6407: 6221: 6152: 6092: 5992: 5928: 5906: 5819: 5752: 5735:"At the Origins of Crimes Against Humanity: Clues to a Proper Understanding of the 1968: 1882: 1874: 1816: 1522:

The German Fascist Destruction of the Cultural Treasures of the Peoples of the USSR

1472:. The Soviet prosecution also attempted to fabricate German responsibility for the 1422: 1167: 1134: 984: 928: 885: 846: 779: 774:, who had presided over the Moscow trials, but he was made a judge and replaced by 771: 770:. Expecting a show trial, the Soviet Union initially appointed as chief prosecutor 689: 509: 207: 121: 7879: 7841: 6010:

The Nuremberg moment: The international trial, the lawyers and the racial question

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on the culpability of bureaucrats of German government ministries, especially the

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A documentary produced in 1950, available online in the National Archives Catalog

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The defendants, who were largely unrepentant, included former cabinet ministers:

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of Nazi leaders, citing the failure of trials after World War I and qualms about

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Le moment Nuremberg: Le procès international, les lawyers et la question raciale

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Aerial view of the Palace of Justice in 1945, with the prison attached behind it

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The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law

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War crimes already existed in international law as criminal violations of the

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The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust

1948: 1854:, United States forces arrested almost 100,000 Germans as war criminals. The 1413: 1385: 1367: 1063: 960: 920: 775: 485: 419: 316: 253:

for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries across Europe and

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grouped together various German policies, such as the German annexation of

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alone. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a

265: 258: 250: 74:"International Military Tribunal" redirects here. For the Tokyo Trial, see 6226: 6209: 6157: 6138: 5996: 5771:

Crimes against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application

5757: 5734: 2649: 1641:, and their lawyers argued that this invasion was undertaken to prevent a 695:

Jackson was appointed the United States' chief prosecutor, whom historian

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as its legal instrument. Between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the

8801: 8318: 7935: 7789: 6578: 6545: 5983:[The Nuremberg trial: a look back at seventy years of research]. 4028: 4026: 2050: 1944: 1918: 1902: 1894: 1453: 1377: 1151: 1071: 1027:. Observers of the trial found the defendants mediocre and contemptible. 992: 972: 520:

announced the formation of an international military tribunal. On 8 May,

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Britain and the Holocaust: Remembering and Representing War and Genocide

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One set of trials focused on the actions of German professionals: the

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was left for the judges to decide. The trial was held under modified

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sometimes managed to exculpate them, but other witnesses—including

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endured several prisoner-of-war camps and two Holocaust survivors—

508:. The form that retribution would take was left unresolved at the 5470: 5080: 2934: 2586: 1952: 1059: 1055: 582:

The offenses that would be prosecuted were crimes against peace,

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The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial and its Policy Consequences Today

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expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe

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The prosecution called 37 witnesses compared to the defense's 83

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Atrocities Committed by the German Fascist Invaders in the USSR

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Atrocities Committed by the German Fascist Invaders in the USSR

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destroyed thousands of villages and murdered their inhabitants

1444:. Although Soviet prosecutors dealt most extensively with the 8031: 6031:

Musa, Shavana (2016). "The British and the Nuremberg Trial".

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to shore up the IMT's legal legacy. On 11 December 1946, the

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Handing over the indictment to the tribunal, 18 October 1945

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and in failed efforts to prosecute the perpetrators of the

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was little more than a cover for the mass murder of Jews.

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The IMT verdict followed the prosecution in declaring the

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

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went on, more Germans considered the trials illegitimate

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A member of the Soviet delegation addresses the tribunal.

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List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal

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was the product of a German deviation from the West (the

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The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence

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in Czechoslovakia, adding that the German invaders had

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International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

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Presenting information on German aggression, 4 December

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for using slave labor and deporting civilians. In the

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reports and interrogations of senior enemy officers.

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Series of military trials at the end of World War II

3301: 2997: 2610: 2313: 2286: 2235: 2223: 1177: 671:, Nuremberg was a symbolic location as the site of 315:, and the systematic murder of millions of Jews in 7060:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 6033:British Influences on International Law, 1915–2015 2126:(ICC), proposed in 1953, was established in 2002. 749:; he resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by 5899:Revue d'Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 1913:that oversaw SS economic activity, including the 955:, along with Speer's subordinate and head of the 8855: 7090:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 7065:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 6804:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 2084:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 189:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 76:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 8324:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 6286:Bibliography of the Holocaust § Primary Sources 1530:The German Fascist Destruction of Soviet Cities 6904: 1797: 8684:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 7172: 6890: 6306: 745:, had just overseen trials of the leaders of 8919:International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg 6280:Nuremberg: Army Television - Release Version 6168:'Crimes Against Peace' and International Law 1983:Press at the International Military Tribunal 1286: 639:The charter upended the traditional view of 8884:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1946 8383:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 5844: 5269: 5233: 4918: 1446:systematic murder of Jews in eastern Europe 1116:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 23: 7179: 7165: 7075:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 6897: 6883: 6680: 6313: 6299: 6139:"Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo" 6075: 5791: 5221: 4894: 4882: 1911:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 1672:, the former commandant of Auschwitz, and 1476:, which had in fact been committed by the 1172:Germans must have been aware of this crime 757:, a professor of criminal law, and deputy 24: 7095:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 6225: 6214:Journal of International Criminal Justice 6207: 6156: 5910: 5892: 5765: 5756: 5744:Journal of International Criminal Justice 5732: 5662: 5575: 5488: 5170: 4703: 4056: 4032: 4017: 3987: 3975: 3951: 3522: 3445: 2967: 2943: 2679: 2643: 2604: 2592: 2544: 2505: 2307: 1974: 1959:for plotting wars of aggression, issuing 1281:. The film, compiled from footage of the 682: 420:the systematic murder of millions of Jews 99:Judges' bench during the tribunal at the 8879:Courts and tribunals established in 1945 6184: 6003: 5975: 5710: 5686: 5638: 5182: 4814: 4532: 3664: 3640: 3553: 3481: 2812: 2795: 2655: 2045: 1986: 1978: 1830:prisoners unload cement from trains for 1822: 1807: 1743: 1575: 1564: 1408: 1307: 1249: 1181: 1089: 871: 812: 795:Provisional Government of National Unity 559: 551: 540: 338: 249:against representatives of the defeated 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6165: 6136: 6113: 6053: 5870: 5818: 5698: 5650: 5626: 5614: 5587: 5563: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5512: 5476: 5464: 5449: 5437: 5413: 5377: 5353: 5341: 5305: 5281: 5194: 5146: 5086: 5074: 5026: 4954: 4930: 4906: 4870: 4858: 4790: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4691: 4667: 4655: 4631: 4616: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4383: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4317: 4305: 4290: 4278: 4119: 4083: 4044: 4002: 3963: 3939: 3862: 3850: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3676: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3541: 3510: 3498: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3331: 3295: 3271: 3242: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3129: 3102: 3078: 3066: 3054: 2979: 2955: 2928: 2916: 2892: 2875: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2754: 2739: 2715: 2703: 2529: 2517: 2493: 2481: 2466: 2418: 2406: 2382: 2358: 2334: 2268: 2253: 2205: 2193: 2178: 2163: 1637:. Six defendants were charged with the 1622:, the judges rejected their arguments. 1501:, 57 minutes; shown on 19 February 1946 1316:'s crimes is presented, 2 January 1946. 425:In early 1942, representatives of nine 14: 8856: 6234: 5953: 5927: 5674: 5602: 5500: 5425: 5401: 5389: 5365: 5329: 5317: 5293: 5257: 5245: 5206: 5158: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4942: 4843: 4826: 4802: 4778: 4751: 4679: 4604: 4520: 4508: 4395: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4107: 4095: 4068: 3922: 3910: 3652: 3625: 3613: 3469: 3457: 3430: 3382: 3319: 3307: 3283: 3254: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3114: 3090: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2991: 2904: 2824: 2783: 2766: 2727: 2691: 2667: 2631: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2394: 2370: 2346: 2322: 2295: 2280: 2241: 2229: 2217: 1856:Office of Chief Counsel for War Crimes 1283:liberation of Nazi concentration camps 1140: 1017:Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands 724:Attorney General for England and Wales 285: 8548: 8369: 8000: 7491: 7490: 7160: 6878: 6294: 6144:European Journal of International Law 1997:reporting the verdict, 1 October 1946 1404: 1360: 347:, 1944. According to legal historian 7971:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 6320: 6030: 5739:Principle in the Nuremberg Judgment" 4763: 4643: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3838: 2616: 1879:role of the judiciary in Nazi crimes 730:. Although the chief British judge, 536: 453:arguing for a broader definition of 443:United Nations War Crimes Commission 8776:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 6654:Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach 1955:. Other generals were tried in the 1401:and other parts of Western Europe. 1278:Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps 1244:Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps 983:. Also on trial were propagandists 718:. The British chief prosecutor was 522:Germany surrendered unconditionally 512:in February 1945. On 2 May, at the 429:from German-occupied Europe issued 56: 8899:International courts and tribunals 8370: 2658:, pp. 102–103, 114, 120, 135. 1909:, which focused on members of the 1602:Social Democratic Party of Germany 1108:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 967:—the most infamous surviving Nazi— 482:trial with a predetermined outcome 57: 8940: 7186: 6263: 2129:The trials were the first use of 1891:Also on trial were industrialists 1815:opens for the prosecution in the 880:Some of the most prominent Nazis— 8339:Polish leaders and intellectuals 7829:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 5053:, pp. 3, 4, 92–94, 100–101. 2112:international criminal tribunals 1643:British invasion of that country 1607:The charter did not recognize a 1506: 1491: 1178:American and British prosecution 600:American entry into World War II 531: 93: 6728:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier 2092:United Nations General Assembly 1834:, presented as evidence at the 1399:deportation of Jews from France 1394:Marie Claude Vaillant-Couturier 1129:of any evidence deemed to have 651:, and the plea of acting under 604:United Nations Security Council 498:United States Department of War 364:invaded many European countries 290:International Military Tribunal 87:International Military Tribunal 18:International Military Tribunal 8267:Attack on the twentieth convoy 8080:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 7136:International humanitarian law 7080:Special Court for Sierra Leone 6170:. Cambridge University Press. 5878:. Cambridge University Press. 1768:could be proved, complicating 1655:unrestricted submarine warfare 1512:Testimony of Abraham Sutzkever 1450:Extraordinary State Commission 1158:and forcefully countered this 1050:, the Leadership Corps of the 726:, assisted by his predecessor 622:Commission of Responsibilities 319:was significant to the trial. 13: 1: 6208:Tomuschat, Christian (2006). 5726:Nuremberg Trials bibliography 4245:, pp. 233, 236–237, 239. 2148: 1600:, defense lawyers blamed the 1440:and several hundred thousand 861: 808: 569: 8604:Jewish war conspiracy theory 7795:Extermination through labour 7100:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 7085:International Criminal Court 6799:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 6004:Mouralis, Guillaume (2019). 5893:Gemählich, Matthias (2019). 4897:, pp. 405–406, 447–448. 2124:International Criminal Court 2096:International Law Commission 1547:Treblinka extermination camp 1104:Office of Strategic Services 345:Auschwitz concentration camp 7: 8786:Righteous Among the Nations 8001: 7472:Righteous Among the Nations 7141:International speech crimes 6922:Customary international law 6713:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 6391:Auguste Champetier de Ribes 6077:Safferling, Christoph J. M. 6061:. Oxford University Press. 5961:. Oxford University Press. 2131:simultaneous interpretation 1804:Subsequent Nuremberg trials 1798:Subsequent Nuremberg trials 1301:, who admitted that German 1299:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 1085: 751:Auguste Champetier de Ribes 588:customary international law 526:an end to the war in Europe 325:retroactive criminalization 185:Subsequent Nuremberg trials 10: 8945: 8523:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 8493:Lithuanian Security Police 8412:Reich Security Main Office 7379:Evidence and documentation 6962:Convention Against Torture 6906:International criminal law 6794:international criminal law 5775:Cambridge University Press 5723: 5719: 2070:international criminal law 2053:, chief prosecutor of the 1932:, in which members of the 1801: 1779:its systematic criminality 1763:Newsreel of the sentencing 1720: 1695: 1560: 1456:presented evidence on the 1335:League of Nations Covenant 1273:invasion of Czechoslovakia 1025:Reich Main Security Office 1023:, the leader of Himmler's 999:, governor-general of the 876:The defendants in the dock 865: 791:World Zionist Organization 516:, United States president 329:international criminal law 257:against their citizens in 170:37 prosecution, 83 defense 73: 63: 8739:Books and other resources 8726: 8642: 8571: 8567: 8544: 8478: 8450: 8391: 8378: 8365: 8304: 8252: 8205: 8142: 8112: 8050: 8022: 8013: 8009: 7996: 7954: 7913: 7865: 7851: 7813: 7772: 7672: 7629: 7507: 7503: 7486: 7402: 7371: 7271:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 7198: 7194: 7131:Joint criminal enterprise 7113: 7044: 6975: 6912: 6822: 6785: 6671: 6646: 6559: 6533: 6493: 6486: 6460: 6451: 6438:Henri Donnedieu de Vabres 6400: 6359: 6328: 6210:"The Legacy of Nuremberg" 6166:Sellars, Kirsten (2013). 6137:Sellars, Kirsten (2010). 5792:Brüggemann, Jens (2018). 5733:Acquaviva, Guido (2011). 5479:, pp. 148, 343, 402. 5089:, pp. 247, 310, 315. 4221:, pp. 180, 202, 233. 2041: 1639:German invasion of Norway 1505: 1490: 1485: 1112:American Jewish Committee 755:Henri Donnedieu de Vabres 753:. The French judges were 468:developed the concept of 334: 199: 194: 180: 175: 165: 155: 147: 139: 115: 92: 85: 8329:People with disabilities 8262:Aid and Rescue Committee 7051:(in order of foundation) 6849:" (1959 television play) 6235:Weinke, Annette (2006). 6114:Sayapin, Sergey (2014). 6097:10.5771/9783845280400-41 5077:, pp. 294–296, 298. 4945:, pp. 387, 390–391. 4754:, pp. 371–372, 387. 4182:, pp. 225–226, 335. 3409:, pp. 83, 106, 133. 2595:, pp. xxx–xxxi, 94. 2520:, pp. 84–85, 88–89. 1915:Nazi concentration camps 1125:The charter allowed the 947:, and economic planners 669:American occupation zone 643:by holding individuals, 514:San Francisco Conference 449:and Czech legal scholar 412:included 27 million dead 39:latest accepted revision 8894:Crimes against humanity 8470:Order Police battalions 6989:Crimes against humanity 6351:Crimes against humanity 6237:Die Nürnberger Prozesse 5985:Critique Internationale 5937:Oxford University Press 5101:, pp. 87, 96, 104. 3173:, pp. 18, 69, 111. 1572:under cross-examination 1538:liberation of Auschwitz 1438:Soviet prisoners of war 1275:, and instead screened 1156:German collective guilt 901:brought Hitler to power 789:, the president of the 741:The French prosecutor, 611:laws and customs of war 584:crimes against humanity 506:retroactive criminality 435:war crimes prosecutions 359:Between 1939 and 1945, 313:crimes against humanity 303:of plotting and waging 134:crimes against humanity 109:Allied-occupied Germany 8924:Nazi war crimes trials 8319:Soviet urban residents 7410:International response 7384:Contemporary knowledge 7146:Universal jurisdiction 7121:Command responsibility 7014:Incitement to genocide 6952:United Nations Charter 6594:Joachim von Ribbentrop 6506:Konstantin von Neurath 6055:Priemel, Kim Christian 6014:Presses de Sciences Po 5912:10.4000/allemagne.2053 2349:, pp. 31, 36, 54. 2065: 1998: 1984: 1975:Contemporary reactions 1852:Allied Control Council 1844:Twelve military trials 1839: 1820: 1764: 1684:—for example, in 1947 1581: 1573: 1442:residents of Leningrad 1417: 1416:opens the Soviet case. 1317: 1287: 1255: 1247: 1174:while it was ongoing. 1098: 913:Konstantin von Neurath 905:Joachim von Ribbentrop 877: 818: 736:Lord Justice of Appeal 683:Judges and prosecutors 575: 557: 549: 356: 272:(the Soviet Union) to 8840:49.45444°N 11.04833°E 8766:Memorials and museums 8704:Reparations Agreement 8699:Holocaust restitution 8277:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 7800:Human experimentation 7639:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 6854:Judgment at Nuremberg 6847:Judgment at Nuremberg 6272:and other documents ( 6191:Palgrave Macmillan UK 5997:10.3917/crii.073.0159 5828:Yale University Press 5724:Further information: 2409:, pp. 67, 74–75. 2397:, pp. 26–27, 31. 2142:The Memory of Justice 2136:Judgment at Nuremberg 2088:Truman Administration 2049: 1990: 1982: 1934:mobile killing squads 1867:human experimentation 1826: 1811: 1781:in the German press. 1762: 1735:the frontiers of 1914 1579: 1568: 1412: 1384:, under the label of 1311: 1303:anti-partisan warfare 1253: 1241: 1093: 935:(of the conglomerate 875: 816: 732:Sir Geoffrey Lawrence 697:Kim Christian Priemel 563: 555: 544: 484:similar to the 1930s 416:perceived singularity 342: 321:Twelve further trials 8909:History of Nuremberg 7966:Jewish Ghetto Police 7835:Politische Abteilung 7730:Risiera di San Sabba 7591:Natzweiler-Struthof 7047:International courts 6947:Nuremberg principles 6831:That Justice Be Done 6809:Nuremberg principles 6768:Seweryna Szmaglewska 6743:Friedrich von Paulus 6609:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 6341:Crimes against peace 6241:The Nuremberg trials 6039:. pp. 367–386. 5767:Bassiouni, M. Cherif 5554:, pp. 402, 417. 5503:, pp. 205, 348. 5173:, paragraphs 27, 34. 5029:, pp. 273, 308. 4981:, pp. 353, 400. 4730:, pp. 109, 144. 4607:, pp. 370, 372. 4595:, pp. 138, 141. 4559:, pp. 119, 150. 4269:, pp. 240, 242. 4257:, pp. 237, 239. 4194:, pp. 247, 329. 4122:, pp. 116, 118. 3081:, pp. 209, 220. 2907:, p. 53, 73–74. 2607:, pp. xxxi, 33. 2100:Nuremberg principles 1923:Nazi racial policies 1775:clean Wehrmacht myth 1635:Treaty of Versailles 1620:expulsion of Germans 1431:Battle of Stalingrad 1097:clerks with evidence 1013:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 957:forced labor program 470:crimes against peace 427:governments-in-exile 126:crimes against peace 8889:Crime of aggression 8836: / 8744:Days of remembrance 8657:Holocaust survivors 8652:Depopulated shtetls 8503:Rollkommando Hamann 8349:Jehovah's Witnesses 8167:Kamianets-Podilskyi 7229:Bohemia and Moravia 6994:Crime of aggression 6957:Genocide Convention 6703:Walter Schellenberg 6584:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 6514:Baldur von Schirach 6385:François de Menthon 6243:] (in German). 6227:10.1093/jicj/mql051 6158:10.1093/ejil/chq070 6012:] (in French). 5977:Mouralis, Guillaume 5802:Ferdinand Schöningh 5800:] (in German). 5758:10.1093/jicj/mqr010 5491:, pp. 833–834. 5428:, pp. 111–112. 5392:, pp. 366–367. 5320:, pp. 105–107. 5308:, pp. 356–357. 5296:, pp. 372–373. 5284:, pp. 353–354. 5272:, pp. 172–173. 5197:, pp. 146–147. 5161:, pp. 400–401. 4921:, pp. 163–164. 4909:, pp. 147–148. 4873:, pp. 143–144. 4846:, pp. 383–384. 4793:, pp. 150–151. 4718:, pp. 164–165. 4706:, pp. 840–841. 4694:, pp. 142–143. 4619:, pp. 160–161. 4571:, pp. 62, 120. 4499:, pp. 129–130. 4451:, pp. 131–132. 4439:, pp. 149–150. 4386:, pp. 133–134. 4359:, pp. 130–131. 4347:, pp. 127–128. 4233:, pp. 231–232. 4158:, pp. 230–231. 4098:, pp. 221–222. 4071:, pp. 216–218. 4059:, paragraphs 17–18. 4035:, paragraphs 20–21. 3966:, pp. 110–111. 3925:, pp. 199–200. 3877:, pp. 380–381. 3865:, pp. 121–122. 3829:, pp. 89, 108. 3817:, pp. 118–119. 3778:, pp. 104–105. 3754:, pp. 107–108. 3513:, pp. 116–117. 3373:, pp. 121–122. 3361:, pp. 82, 127. 3334:, pp. 82, 139. 3245:, pp. 100–101. 3161:, pp. 112–113. 2970:, paragraphs 11–12. 2682:, pp. 839–840. 2646:, pp. 884–885. 2508:, pp. 832–833. 2208:, pp. 151–159. 2104:Genocide Convention 1994:Süddeutsche Zeitung 1739:Hossbach Memorandum 1690:Iron Curtain speech 1674:Hans Bernd Gisevius 1649:testified that the 1429:captured after the 1343:Kellogg–Briand Pact 1314:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 1141:Course of the trial 1021:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 1009:Baldur von Schirach 1001:General Governorate 743:François de Menthon 441:. The London-based 228:Donnedieu de Vabres 29:Page version status 8845:49.45444; 11.04833 8727:History and memory 8631:Forced euthanasia 8579:Nazi racial policy 8282:Danish underground 8129:Operation Reinhard 8124:Wannsee Conference 6999:Crime of apartheid 6937:Geneva Conventions 6842:(1947 documentary) 6748:Erich Buschenhagen 6413:Alexander Volchkov 6193:. pp. 31–50. 6120:T.M.C. Asser Press 6091:. pp. 41–54. 5041:, pp. 85, 89. 2958:, pp. 75, 89. 2851:, pp. 71, 90. 2827:, pp. 2, 112. 2583:, pp. 68, 73. 2559:, pp. 30, 34. 2532:, pp. 98–100. 2373:, pp. 4, 107. 2256:, pp. 32, 64. 2066: 1999: 1985: 1957:High Command Trial 1871:euthanasia murders 1840: 1821: 1765: 1676:, a member of the 1651:United States Navy 1598:Nazi rise to power 1582: 1574: 1514:, 27 February 1946 1418: 1405:Soviet prosecution 1361:French prosecution 1323:Hersch Lauterpacht 1318: 1256: 1248: 1099: 1095:United States Army 878: 855:German–Soviet pact 819: 728:David Maxwell Fyfe 649:sovereign immunity 645:rather than states 634:racial segregation 576: 558: 550: 459:Moscow Declaration 357: 274:summary executions 64:For the film, see 35: 8929:Trials in Germany 8904:Ex post facto law 8819: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8662:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 8609:Jewish emigration 8599:Hitler's prophecy 8594:Haavara Agreement 8540: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8528:Ypatingasis būrys 8425:Sicherheitsdienst 8361: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8300: 8299: 8220:Bielski partisans 7992: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7823:Totenkopfverbände 7482: 7481: 7154: 7153: 6980:international law 6942:Nuremberg Charter 6932:Hague Conventions 6872: 6871: 6865:(2000 miniseries) 6781: 6780: 6763:Abraham Sutzkever 6667: 6666: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6627: 6526: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6418:Geoffrey Lawrence 6373:Hartley Shawcross 6367:Robert H. Jackson 6360:Chief prosecutors 6336:Nuremberg Charter 6254:978-3-406-53604-5 6200:978-1-137-35077-0 6177:978-1-107-02884-5 6129:978-90-6704-927-6 6106:978-3-8487-3688-1 6068:978-0-19-256374-3 6046:978-90-04-28417-3 6023:978-2-7246-2422-9 5968:978-0-19-937795-4 5946:978-0-19-923233-8 5929:Heller, Kevin Jon 5885:978-1-009-11660-2 5863:978-1-78920-558-9 5846:Echternkamp, Jörg 5837:978-0-300-10984-9 5820:Douglas, Lawrence 5811:978-3-506-79259-4 5784:978-1-139-49893-7 5713:, pp. 31–32. 5185:, pp. 46–47. 5005:, pp. 11–12. 4535:, pp. 23–24. 3805:, pp. 69–70. 3766:, pp. 20–21. 3472:, pp. 24–26. 3433:, pp. 27–28. 3421:, pp. 92–93. 3397:, pp. 83–84. 3298:, pp. 81–82. 3286:, pp. 28–29. 3221:, pp. 84–86. 3209:, pp. 82–83. 3117:, pp. 80–81. 3045:, pp. 88–89. 3021:, pp. 9, 78. 2496:, pp. 87–88. 2484:, pp. 85–86. 2445:, pp. 45–46. 2337:, pp. 49–50. 2283:, pp. 30–31. 2220:, pp. 27–28. 2062:Palace of Justice 2036:political culture 2024:High Commissioner 1819:, 6 January 1948. 1760: 1686:Winston Churchill 1678:German resistance 1590:Reinhard Heydrich 1551:Abraham Sutzkever 1518: 1517: 1470:cultural heritage 1239: 1168:fellow travellers 1133:value, including 925:interior minister 843:Murray C. Bernays 826:(France) and the 793:, as well as the 768:French resistance 763:Cour de Cassation 761:, a judge of the 720:Hartley Shawcross 690:graphic designers 667:. Located in the 661:Palace of Justice 641:international law 626:Armenian genocide 596:Robert H. Jackson 537:Nuremberg charter 502:summary execution 343:Jews arriving at 286:Nuremberg Charter 245:were held by the 239: 238: 215:Geoffrey Lawrence 101:Palace of Justice 26: 16:(Redirected from 8936: 8914:Holocaust trials 8869:1940s in Germany 8864:Nuremberg trials 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8711:Holocaust denial 8689:Nuremberg trials 8679:Postwar violence 8634: 8569: 8568: 8546: 8545: 8508:Special Brigades 8498:Nederlandsche SS 8465:Police Regiments 8389: 8388: 8367: 8366: 8227:Ghetto uprisings 8215:Jewish partisans 8162:Harvest Festival 8134:Holocaust trains 8020: 8019: 8011: 8010: 7998: 7997: 7863: 7862: 7759: 7737: 7719: 7700: 7682: 7505: 7504: 7488: 7487: 7196: 7195: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7158: 7157: 7114:Related concepts 7052: 7009:Genocidal intent 6899: 6892: 6885: 6876: 6875: 6839:Nuremberg Trials 6758:Eugene Kivelisha 6698:Dieter Wisliceny 6678: 6677: 6633: 6621: 6614:Julius Streicher 6599:Alfred Rosenberg 6524: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6458: 6457: 6408:Iona Nikitchenko 6375:(United Kingdom) 6322:Nuremberg trials 6315: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6258: 6231: 6229: 6204: 6181: 6162: 6160: 6151:(4): 1085–1102. 6133: 6110: 6072: 6050: 6027: 6000: 5972: 5955:Hirsch, Francine 5950: 5924: 5914: 5889: 5872:Fleming, Michael 5867: 5841: 5815: 5788: 5762: 5760: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5270:Echternkamp 2020 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5234:Echternkamp 2020 5231: 5225: 5219: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5113:, pp. 1, 4. 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 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4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2863:, pp. 3, 6. 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2694:, pp. 9–10. 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2051:Benjamin Ferencz 2008:victor's justice 1969:Kevin Jon Heller 1883:Ministries trial 1817:Ministries trial 1761: 1632: 1545:, a survivor of 1510: 1509: 1495: 1494: 1483: 1482: 1423:Friedrich Paulus 1292: 1240: 985:Julius Streicher 929:Alfred Rosenberg 917:foreign minister 909:foreign minister 886:Heinrich Himmler 847:securities fraud 780:Andrei Vyshinsky 772:Iona Nikitchenko 619:post-World War I 574: 571: 510:Yalta Conference 282:occupied Germany 243:Nuremberg trials 231: 211: 208:Iona Nikitchenko 195:Court membership 143:20 November 1945 97: 88: 83: 82: 67:Nuremberg Trials 21: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8854: 8853: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8807: 8722: 8638: 8632: 8621:Madagascar Plan 8614:Kindertransport 8563: 8562: 8532: 8474: 8446: 8431:Ordnungspolizei 8387: 8374: 8353: 8296: 8248: 8201: 8172:Maly Trostenets 8143:Mass executions 8138: 8108: 8046: 8005: 7980: 7950: 7909: 7847: 7809: 7768: 7757: 7735: 7717: 7698: 7680: 7668: 7625: 7499: 7478: 7398: 7389:Hidden children 7367: 7225:Czechoslovakia 7190: 7185: 7155: 7150: 7126:Superior orders 7109: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7040: 6982: 6979: 6971: 6927:Peremptory norm 6908: 6903: 6873: 6868: 6818: 6777: 6708:Alois Hollriege 6663: 6638: 6555: 6529: 6482: 6478:Hjalmar Schacht 6473:Franz von Papen 6447: 6396: 6369:(United States) 6355: 6324: 6319: 6266: 6261: 6255: 6201: 6178: 6130: 6107: 6069: 6047: 6024: 5969: 5947: 5886: 5864: 5838: 5812: 5785: 5728: 5722: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530:, p. 1089. 5526: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5456: 5452:, p. 1091. 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5222:Safferling 2020 5220: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5137:, pp. 1–2. 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4895:Brüggemann 2018 4893: 4889: 4883:Brüggemann 2018 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4020:, paragraph 18. 4016: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3990:, paragraph 17. 3986: 3982: 3978:, paragraph 16. 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3954:, paragraph 15. 3950: 3946: 3938: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3529: 3525:, paragraph 19. 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2946:, paragraph 10. 2942: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196:, p. 1092. 2192: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2064:courtroom, 2012 2044: 1977: 1961:criminal orders 1899:IG Farben trial 1850:adopted by the 1836:IG Farben trial 1806: 1800: 1787:ten were hanged 1744: 1731:Greater Germany 1723: 1698: 1626: 1563: 1507: 1492: 1486:External videos 1458:Lidice massacre 1407: 1382:Alsace–Lorraine 1363: 1312:Evidence about 1269:against Austria 1182: 1180: 1143: 1088: 1080:German military 945:Hjalmar Schacht 897:Franz von Papen 890:Joseph Goebbels 870: 864: 811: 685: 653:superior orders 572: 539: 534: 518:Harry S. Truman 492:to rebuild the 490:war reparations 380:the Netherlands 349:Kirsten Sellars 337: 234: 226: 206: 187: 181:Related actions 111: 86: 79: 72: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8942: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8716:trivialization 8708: 8707: 8706: 8696: 8694:Eichmann trial 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8589:Nuremberg Laws 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8572:Early elements 8565: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8553:Early elements 8550: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8488:Arajs Kommando 8484: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8459:Einsatzgruppen 8454: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8409: 8401: 8395: 8393: 8386: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8372:Responsibility 8363: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8211: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8151:Einsatzgruppen 8146: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8115:Final Solution 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8017: 8007: 8006: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7976:Ústredňa Židov 7973: 7968: 7962: 7960: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7941:Theresienstadt 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7869: 7860: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7826: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7780:Einsatzgruppen 7776: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7586:Mittelbau-Dora 7583: 7574: 7569: 7567:Kraków-Płaszów 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7501: 7500: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7457:Rescue of Jews 7454: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7161: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6978:Crimes against 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6902: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6879: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6773:Samuel Rajzman 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6733:Francisco Boix 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6693:Otto Ohlendorf 6690: 6688:Erwin Lahousen 6684: 6682: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631:Hermann Göring 6628: 6619:Martin Bormann 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6589:Wilhelm Keitel 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6468:Hans Fritzsche 6464: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6433:John J. Parker 6430: 6428:Francis Biddle 6425: 6423:Norman Birkett 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6381:(Soviet Union) 6376: 6370: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6274:Avalon Project 6265: 6264:External links 6262: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6232: 6220:(4): 830–844. 6205: 6199: 6182: 6176: 6163: 6134: 6128: 6111: 6105: 6073: 6067: 6051: 6045: 6028: 6022: 6001: 5973: 5967: 5951: 5945: 5925: 5905:(2): 507–525. 5890: 5884: 5868: 5862: 5854:Berghahn Books 5842: 5836: 5816: 5810: 5789: 5783: 5763: 5751:(4): 881–903. 5729: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5677:, p. 114. 5667: 5665:, p. 896. 5663:Acquaviva 2011 5655: 5653:, p. 290. 5643: 5641:, p. 207. 5631: 5619: 5617:, p. 411. 5607: 5605:, p. 117. 5592: 5590:, p. 175. 5580: 5578:, p. 837. 5576:Tomuschat 2006 5568: 5566:, p. 412. 5556: 5544: 5542:, p. 137. 5532: 5517: 5515:, p. 343. 5505: 5493: 5489:Tomuschat 2006 5481: 5469: 5467:, p. 172. 5454: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5416:, p. 368. 5406: 5404:, p. 360. 5394: 5382: 5380:, p. 367. 5370: 5368:, p. 351. 5358: 5356:, p. 366. 5346: 5344:, p. 365. 5334: 5332:, p. 105. 5322: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5260:, p. 100. 5250: 5238: 5236:, p. 167. 5226: 5211: 5209:, p. 149. 5199: 5187: 5175: 5171:Gemählich 2019 5163: 5151: 5149:, p. 306. 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5017:, p. 370. 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4969:, p. 380. 4959: 4957:, p. 146. 4947: 4935: 4933:, p. 145. 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4885:, p. 405. 4875: 4863: 4861:, p. 147. 4848: 4831: 4829:, p. 383. 4819: 4807: 4805:, p. 386. 4795: 4783: 4781:, p. 387. 4768: 4766:, p. 378. 4756: 4744: 4742:, p. 144. 4732: 4720: 4708: 4704:Tomuschat 2006 4696: 4684: 4682:, p. 371. 4672: 4670:, p. 142. 4660: 4658:, p. 161. 4648: 4646:, p. 375. 4636: 4634:, p. 150. 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4583:, p. 120. 4573: 4561: 4549: 4547:, p. 171. 4537: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4475:, p. 144. 4465: 4463:, p. 178. 4453: 4441: 4429: 4427:, p. 148. 4417: 4415:, p. 131. 4400: 4398:, p. 287. 4388: 4373: 4371:, p. 135. 4361: 4349: 4337: 4335:, p. 132. 4322: 4310: 4308:, p. 126. 4295: 4293:, p. 125. 4283: 4281:, p. 121. 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4209:, p. 372. 4196: 4184: 4172: 4170:, p. 232. 4160: 4148: 4146:, p. 230. 4136: 4134:, p. 225. 4124: 4112: 4110:, p. 223. 4100: 4088: 4086:, p. 109. 4073: 4061: 4057:Gemählich 2019 4049: 4037: 4033:Gemählich 2019 4022: 4018:Gemählich 2019 4007: 4005:, p. 115. 3992: 3988:Gemählich 2019 3980: 3976:Gemählich 2019 3968: 3956: 3952:Gemählich 2019 3944: 3942:, p. 119. 3927: 3915: 3913:, p. 185. 3903: 3901:, p. 383. 3891: 3889:, p. 382. 3879: 3867: 3855: 3853:, p. 108. 3843: 3841:, p. 384. 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3793:, p. 116. 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3742:, p. 107. 3732: 3730:, p. 106. 3720: 3718:, p. 150. 3708: 3706:, p. 149. 3696: 3694:, p. 133. 3681: 3679:, p. 159. 3669: 3667:, paragraph 3. 3657: 3645: 3630: 3628:, p. 124. 3618: 3616:, p. 138. 3606: 3594: 3582: 3580:, p. 104. 3570: 3558: 3546: 3544:, p. 148. 3527: 3523:Gemählich 2019 3515: 3503: 3501:, p. 105. 3486: 3474: 3462: 3460:, p. 205. 3450: 3448:, p. 841. 3446:Tomuschat 2006 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3149:, p. 111. 3134: 3132:, p. 102. 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 101. 3095: 3083: 3071: 3069:, p. 209. 3059: 3057:, p. 117. 3047: 3035: 3033:, p. 217. 3023: 3011: 2996: 2994:, p. 204. 2984: 2972: 2968:Gemählich 2019 2960: 2948: 2944:Gemählich 2019 2933: 2931:, p. 115. 2921: 2909: 2897: 2880: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2839:, p. 100. 2829: 2817: 2800: 2788: 2771: 2759: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2706:, p. 101. 2696: 2684: 2680:Tomuschat 2006 2672: 2660: 2648: 2644:Acquaviva 2011 2636: 2621: 2619:, p. 373. 2609: 2605:Bassiouni 2011 2597: 2593:Bassiouni 2011 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2547:, p. 834. 2545:Tomuschat 2006 2534: 2522: 2510: 2506:Tomuschat 2006 2498: 2486: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2312: 2310:, paragraph 4. 2308:Gemählich 2019 2300: 2285: 2273: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2183: 2181:, p. 148. 2168: 2166:, p. 165. 2152: 2150: 2147: 2056:Einsatzgruppen 2043: 2040: 2031:Einsatzgruppen 2027:John J. McCloy 1976: 1973: 1928:Einsatzgruppen 1887:Foreign Office 1863:Doctors' trial 1813:Telford Taylor 1802:Main article: 1799: 1796: 1791:Spandau Prison 1770:denazification 1722: 1719: 1715:Norman Birkett 1707:Raphael Lemkin 1697: 1694: 1688:delivered the 1662:in the Pacific 1653:had also used 1647:Chester Nimitz 1616:Nuremberg Laws 1594:Adolf Eichmann 1570:Hermann Göring 1562: 1559: 1543:Samuel Rajzman 1516: 1515: 1503: 1502: 1488: 1487: 1474:Katyn massacre 1406: 1403: 1362: 1359: 1347:Foreign Office 1339:Locarno Treaty 1295:Otto Ohlendorf 1289:Einsatzgruppen 1261:intentionalist 1179: 1176: 1142: 1139: 1087: 1084: 1032:Martin Bormann 989:Hans Fritzsche 969:Wilhelm Keitel 965:Hermann Göring 866:Main article: 863: 860: 839:War Department 833:The charge of 810: 807: 799:Czechoslovakia 787:Chaim Weizmann 712:Francis Biddle 684: 681: 538: 535: 533: 530: 494:Soviet economy 474:aggressive war 464:Soviet jurist 447:Marcel de Baer 336: 333: 305:aggressive war 237: 236: 233: 232: 224: 221:Francis Biddle 218: 212: 210:(Soviet Union) 203: 201: 200:Judges sitting 197: 196: 192: 191: 182: 178: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 151:1 October 1946 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 119: 113: 112: 98: 90: 89: 58: 47:22 August 2024 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8941: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8852: 8849: 8803: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584:Nazi eugenics 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8513:Topf and Sons 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8480:Collaborators 8477: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8419: 8418:Referat IV B4 8416: 8415: 8414: (RSHA) 8413: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8405:Schutzstaffel 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392:Organizations 8390: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8334:Romani people 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8287:Working Group 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8272:Kastner train 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8111: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8059:Kristallnacht 8056: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7842:Sanitätswesen 7839: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7805:Death marches 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7631:Extermination 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606:Sachsenhausen 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7547:Herzogenbusch 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7522:Bergen-Belsen 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7509:Concentration 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7445:United States 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285:and colonies 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7188:The Holocaust 7182: 7177: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:Slave trading 7024: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792:Invention of 6791: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Joseph Orbeli 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738:Hans Cappelen 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723:Maurice Lampe 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6604:Fritz Sauckel 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6574:Wilhelm Frick 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6523: 6520: 6515: 6512: 6507: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6379:Roman Rudenko 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6037:Brill Nijhoff 6034: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5987:(in French). 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5901:(in French). 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5737:Nullum Crimen 5731: 5730: 5727: 5712: 5711:Sharples 2013 5707: 5701:, p. 16. 5700: 5695: 5689:, p. 31. 5688: 5687:Sharples 2013 5683: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5639:Mouralis 2019 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5440:, p. vi. 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5248:, p. 99. 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5224:, p. 42. 5223: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5183:Sharples 2013 5179: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5065:, p. 90. 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4817:, p. 25. 4816: 4815:Mouralis 2019 4811: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4533:Mouralis 2019 4529: 4523:, p. 14. 4522: 4517: 4511:, p. 10. 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4487:, p. 15. 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4320:, p. 20. 4319: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4047:, p. 70. 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3665:Mouralis 2016 3661: 3655:, p. 40. 3654: 3649: 3643:, p. 23. 3642: 3641:Mouralis 2019 3637: 3635: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3604:, p. 16. 3603: 3598: 3592:, p. 18. 3591: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3568:, p. 30. 3567: 3562: 3555: 3554:Mouralis 2016 3550: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3484:, p. 39. 3483: 3482:Sharples 2013 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3385:, p. 29. 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3349:, p. 82. 3348: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3322:, p. 76. 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 81. 3273: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3257:, p. 27. 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3233:, p. 87. 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3197:, p. 99. 3196: 3191: 3185:, p. 69. 3184: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3093:, p. 80. 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2993: 2988: 2982:, p. 87. 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2919:, p. 88. 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2895:, p. 90. 2894: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2878:, p. 91. 2877: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2815:, p. 22. 2814: 2813:Mouralis 2019 2809: 2807: 2805: 2798:, p. 21. 2797: 2796:Mouralis 2019 2792: 2786:, p. 74. 2785: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2769:, p. 31. 2768: 2763: 2757:, p. 76. 2756: 2751: 2749: 2742:, p. 85. 2741: 2736: 2730:, p. 11. 2729: 2724: 2718:, p. 87. 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2670:, p. 70. 2669: 2664: 2657: 2656:Mouralis 2019 2652: 2645: 2640: 2634:, p. 73. 2633: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2571:, p. 34. 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2469:, p. 84. 2468: 2463: 2457:, p. 10. 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2433:, p. 40. 2432: 2427: 2421:, p. 70. 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2361:, p. 63. 2360: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2271:, p. 64. 2270: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2244:, p. 22. 2243: 2238: 2232:, p. 56. 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1995: 1991:Germans read 1989: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:Hostages case 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:Judges' trial 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1427:field marshal 1424: 1415: 1414:Roman Rudenko 1411: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:Germanization 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368:pan-Germanism 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:admissibility 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:General Staff 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:Reich Cabinet 1044: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:Fritz Sauckel 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921:Wilhelm Frick 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 874: 869: 859: 856: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 828:Eastern Front 825: 824:Western Front 815: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 776:Roman Rudenko 773: 769: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 707: 702: 698: 693: 691: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 592:Supreme Court 589: 585: 580: 567: 562: 554: 547: 543: 532:Establishment 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486:Moscow trials 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 451:Bohuslav Ečer 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:a declaration 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 362: 354: 350: 346: 341: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 317:the Holocaust 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 229: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 209: 205: 204: 202: 198: 193: 190: 186: 183: 179: 174: 171: 168: 164: 161: 160:24 (see list) 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 96: 91: 84: 81: 77: 70: 68: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 8874:1940s in law 8821: 8796:Yizkor books 8688: 8457: 8404: 8149: 8097:in Lithuania 8057: 7955: 7840: 7833: 7822: 7756: 7734: 7715: 7696: 7679: 7462:by Catholics 7331:Soviet Union 7199:By territory 7059: 6967:Rome Statute 6860: 6852: 6837: 6829: 6814:Bibliography 6623: 6551:Erich Raeder 6541:Walther Funk 6522:Albert Speer 6443:Robert Falco 6321: 6240: 6236: 6217: 6213: 6186: 6167: 6148: 6142: 6115: 6084: 6058: 6032: 6009: 6005: 5988: 5984: 5958: 5932: 5902: 5898: 5875: 5849: 5823: 5797: 5793: 5770: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5706: 5699:Priemel 2016 5694: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5651:Sellars 2013 5646: 5634: 5629:, p. 7. 5627:Priemel 2016 5622: 5615:Priemel 2016 5610: 5588:Sellars 2013 5583: 5571: 5564:Priemel 2016 5559: 5552:Priemel 2016 5547: 5540:Sellars 2013 5535: 5528:Sellars 2010 5513:Priemel 2016 5508: 5496: 5484: 5477:Priemel 2016 5472: 5465:Sellars 2013 5450:Sellars 2010 5445: 5438:Priemel 2016 5433: 5421: 5414:Priemel 2016 5409: 5397: 5385: 5378:Priemel 2016 5373: 5361: 5354:Priemel 2016 5349: 5342:Priemel 2016 5337: 5325: 5313: 5306:Priemel 2016 5301: 5289: 5282:Priemel 2016 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5202: 5195:Priemel 2016 5190: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5147:Priemel 2016 5142: 5130: 5125:, p. 4. 5118: 5106: 5094: 5087:Priemel 2016 5082: 5075:Priemel 2016 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5027:Priemel 2016 5022: 5010: 4998: 4993:, p. 1. 4986: 4974: 4962: 4955:Priemel 2016 4950: 4938: 4931:Priemel 2016 4926: 4914: 4907:Priemel 2016 4902: 4890: 4878: 4871:Priemel 2016 4866: 4859:Priemel 2016 4822: 4810: 4798: 4791:Sayapin 2014 4786: 4759: 4747: 4740:Priemel 2016 4735: 4728:Priemel 2016 4723: 4716:Sellars 2013 4711: 4699: 4692:Priemel 2016 4687: 4675: 4668:Priemel 2016 4663: 4656:Sellars 2013 4651: 4639: 4632:Sayapin 2014 4617:Sellars 2013 4612: 4600: 4593:Priemel 2016 4588: 4581:Priemel 2016 4576: 4569:Priemel 2016 4564: 4557:Priemel 2016 4552: 4545:Sellars 2013 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4497:Priemel 2016 4492: 4485:Douglas 2001 4480: 4473:Sellars 2013 4468: 4461:Sellars 2013 4456: 4449:Priemel 2016 4444: 4437:Sellars 2013 4432: 4425:Sellars 2013 4420: 4413:Priemel 2016 4391: 4384:Priemel 2016 4369:Priemel 2016 4364: 4357:Priemel 2016 4352: 4345:Priemel 2016 4340: 4333:Priemel 2016 4318:Douglas 2001 4313: 4306:Priemel 2016 4291:Priemel 2016 4286: 4279:Priemel 2016 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4120:Priemel 2016 4115: 4103: 4091: 4084:Priemel 2016 4064: 4052: 4045:Douglas 2001 4040: 4003:Priemel 2016 3983: 3971: 3964:Priemel 2016 3959: 3947: 3940:Priemel 2016 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3863:Sellars 2013 3858: 3851:Priemel 2016 3846: 3834: 3827:Priemel 2016 3822: 3815:Priemel 2016 3810: 3803:Douglas 2001 3798: 3791:Priemel 2016 3776:Priemel 2016 3771: 3764:Douglas 2001 3759: 3752:Priemel 2016 3747: 3740:Priemel 2016 3735: 3728:Priemel 2016 3723: 3716:Priemel 2016 3711: 3704:Priemel 2016 3699: 3692:Priemel 2016 3677:Sellars 2013 3672: 3660: 3648: 3621: 3609: 3602:Douglas 2001 3597: 3590:Douglas 2001 3585: 3578:Priemel 2016 3573: 3566:Douglas 2001 3561: 3549: 3542:Priemel 2016 3518: 3511:Priemel 2016 3506: 3499:Priemel 2016 3477: 3465: 3453: 3426: 3419:Priemel 2016 3414: 3407:Priemel 2016 3402: 3395:Priemel 2016 3390: 3378: 3371:Priemel 2016 3366: 3359:Priemel 2016 3354: 3347:Priemel 2016 3332:Priemel 2016 3327: 3315: 3310:, p. 5. 3303: 3296:Priemel 2016 3291: 3279: 3272:Priemel 2016 3250: 3243:Priemel 2016 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3195:Priemel 2016 3190: 3183:Sellars 2013 3178: 3171:Priemel 2016 3166: 3159:Priemel 2016 3154: 3147:Priemel 2016 3130:Priemel 2016 3110: 3103:Priemel 2016 3098: 3086: 3079:Fleming 2022 3074: 3067:Fleming 2022 3062: 3055:Priemel 2016 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3009:, p. 9. 2987: 2980:Priemel 2016 2975: 2963: 2956:Priemel 2016 2951: 2929:Sellars 2013 2924: 2917:Priemel 2016 2912: 2900: 2893:Priemel 2016 2876:Priemel 2016 2861:Priemel 2016 2856: 2849:Priemel 2016 2844: 2837:Priemel 2016 2832: 2820: 2791: 2762: 2755:Priemel 2016 2740:Sellars 2013 2735: 2723: 2716:Sellars 2013 2711: 2704:Sellars 2013 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2530:Sellars 2013 2525: 2518:Sellars 2013 2513: 2501: 2494:Sellars 2013 2489: 2482:Sellars 2013 2467:Sellars 2013 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2419:Priemel 2016 2414: 2407:Sellars 2013 2402: 2390: 2385:, p. 3. 2383:Priemel 2016 2378: 2366: 2359:Priemel 2016 2354: 2342: 2335:Sellars 2013 2330: 2325:, p. 8. 2303: 2298:, p. 9. 2276: 2269:Priemel 2016 2254:Priemel 2016 2249: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2206:Sayapin 2014 2201: 2194:Sellars 2010 2179:Sayapin 2014 2164:Sellars 2013 2140: 2134: 2128: 2109: 2098:drafted the 2081: 2074: 2067: 2055: 2030: 2020:Western Bloc 2016:West Germany 2013: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1965: 1942:Erhard Milch 1927: 1860: 1841: 1783: 1766: 1728: 1724: 1699: 1666: 1624:Alfred Seidl 1609: 1606: 1587: 1583: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1497: 1466:forced labor 1435: 1419: 1371: 1364: 1319: 1276: 1265: 1259:promoted an 1257: 1242: 1164:totalitarian 1144: 1124: 1100: 1076:High Command 1037: 1029: 1005:Hitler Youth 977:Erich Raeder 953:Walther Funk 949:Albert Speer 933:Gustav Krupp 894: 882:Adolf Hitler 879: 851: 832: 820: 785:Requests by 784: 759:Robert Falco 747:Vichy France 740: 704: 694: 686: 673:Nazi rallies 638: 632:" system of 608: 581: 577: 546:Aron Trainin 466:Aron Trainin 463: 424: 404:Soviet Union 366:, including 361:Nazi Germany 358: 298: 293: 289: 266:Soviet Union 263: 259:World War II 251:Nazi Germany 242: 240: 235:and deputies 176:Case history 80: 66: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 8843: / 8802:Never again 8633:(Action T4) 8559:Remembrance 8344:Homosexuals 8314:Soviet POWs 8242:Częstochowa 7790:Gas chamber 7601:Ravensbrück 7542:Gross-Rosen 7537:Flossenbürg 7420:Philippines 7352:Yugoslavia 7311:Netherlands 7239:Sudetenland 6857:(1961 film) 6834:(1945 film) 6718:Franz Blaha 6681:Prosecution 6647:No decision 6624:in absentia 6579:Alfred Jodl 6546:Rudolf Hess 6498:Karl Dönitz 6329:Legal basis 5675:Hirsch 2020 5603:Weinke 2006 5501:Hirsch 2020 5426:Weinke 2006 5402:Heller 2011 5390:Heller 2011 5366:Heller 2011 5330:Weinke 2006 5318:Weinke 2006 5294:Heller 2011 5258:Weinke 2006 5246:Weinke 2006 5207:Hirsch 2020 5159:Heller 2011 5135:Heller 2011 5123:Heller 2011 5111:Heller 2011 5099:Heller 2011 5063:Heller 2011 5051:Heller 2011 5039:Heller 2011 5015:Heller 2011 5003:Heller 2011 4991:Heller 2011 4979:Hirsch 2020 4967:Hirsch 2020 4943:Hirsch 2020 4844:Hirsch 2020 4827:Hirsch 2020 4803:Hirsch 2020 4779:Hirsch 2020 4752:Hirsch 2020 4680:Hirsch 2020 4605:Hirsch 2020 4521:Hirsch 2020 4509:Hirsch 2020 4396:Hirsch 2020 4267:Hirsch 2020 4255:Hirsch 2020 4243:Hirsch 2020 4231:Hirsch 2020 4219:Hirsch 2020 4207:Hirsch 2020 4192:Hirsch 2020 4180:Hirsch 2020 4168:Hirsch 2020 4156:Hirsch 2020 4144:Hirsch 2020 4132:Hirsch 2020 4108:Hirsch 2020 4096:Hirsch 2020 4069:Hirsch 2020 3923:Hirsch 2020 3911:Hirsch 2020 3653:Weinke 2006 3626:Hirsch 2020 3614:Hirsch 2020 3470:Weinke 2006 3458:Hirsch 2020 3431:Weinke 2006 3383:Weinke 2006 3320:Hirsch 2020 3308:Hirsch 2020 3284:Weinke 2006 3255:Weinke 2006 3231:Hirsch 2020 3219:Hirsch 2020 3207:Hirsch 2020 3115:Hirsch 2020 3091:Hirsch 2020 3043:Hirsch 2020 3031:Hirsch 2020 3019:Hirsch 2020 3007:Hirsch 2020 2992:Hirsch 2020 2905:Hirsch 2020 2825:Hirsch 2020 2784:Hirsch 2020 2767:Weinke 2006 2728:Heller 2011 2692:Hirsch 2020 2668:Hirsch 2020 2632:Hirsch 2020 2581:Hirsch 2020 2569:Hirsch 2020 2557:Hirsch 2020 2455:Heller 2011 2443:Hirsch 2020 2431:Hirsch 2020 2395:Hirsch 2020 2371:Hirsch 2020 2347:Hirsch 2020 2323:Hirsch 2020 2296:Heller 2011 2281:Hirsch 2020 2242:Hirsch 2020 2230:Hirsch 2020 2218:Hirsch 2020 2139:(1961) and 2118:(ICTY) and 1919:RuSHA trial 1903:Krupp trial 1895:Flick trial 1865:focused on 1670:Rudolf Höss 1627: [ 1549:, and poet 1454:Lev Smirnov 1378:Edgar Faure 1152:appeasement 1135:depositions 1038:in absentia 1003:of Poland; 993:Rudolf Hess 981:Karl Dönitz 973:Alfred Jodl 716:John Parker 677:bomb damage 615:German Jews 573: 1945 524:, bringing 439:World War I 353:death camps 284:, with the 8858:Categories 8831:11°02′54″E 8828:49°27′16″N 8791:Yad Vashem 8771:Uniqueness 8626:Nisko Plan 8399:Nazi Party 8207:Resistance 8177:Ninth Fort 8042:Vel' d'Hiv 7814:Nazi units 7752:Westerbork 7742:Amersfoort 7596:Neuengamme 7577:Mauthausen 7557:Kaiserwald 7527:Buchenwald 7306:Luxembourg 7031:Starvation 6659:Robert Ley 6569:Hans Frank 6525:(20 years) 6517:(20 years) 6509:(15 years) 6501:(10 years) 6453:Defendants 6346:War crimes 6270:Transcript 5991:(4): 159. 2149:References 2116:Yugoslavia 1925:; and the 1907:Pohl trial 1901:, and the 1881:, and the 1848:Law No. 10 1425:—a German 1341:, and the 1293:commander 1070:, and the 1052:Nazi Party 1043:Robert Ley 997:Hans Frank 943:president 941:Reichsbank 939:), former 862:Defendants 835:conspiracy 809:Indictment 803:Yugoslavia 657:common law 455:war crimes 408:aggression 402:, and the 396:Yugoslavia 388:Luxembourg 309:war crimes 270:show trial 255:atrocities 156:Defendants 130:war crimes 122:Conspiracy 117:Indictment 8749:Education 8644:Aftermath 8556:Aftermath 8518:Trawnikis 8442:Wehrmacht 8437:Waffen-SS 8237:Białystok 8065:Bucharest 8037:Marseille 7914:Elsewhere 7875:Białystok 7687:Breendonk 7664:Treblinka 7517:Auschwitz 7301:Lithuania 7036:War crime 6862:Nuremberg 6786:Aftermath 6673:Witnesses 6634:(suicide) 6487:Sentenced 6461:Acquitted 5921:0035-0974 4764:Musa 2016 4644:Musa 2016 3899:Musa 2016 3887:Musa 2016 3875:Musa 2016 3839:Musa 2016 2617:Musa 2016 2060:, in the 1945:was tried 1938:Luftwaffe 1832:IG Farben 1610:tu quoque 1392:survivor 1390:Auschwitz 1131:probative 899:(who had 706:Sonderweg 665:Nuremberg 566:Nuremberg 564:Ruins of 406:. German 278:Nuremberg 166:Witnesses 105:Nuremberg 8734:Academia 8187:Piaśnica 8157:Babi Yar 8085:Jedwabne 8024:Roundups 7957:Judenrat 7921:Budapest 7692:Mechelen 7654:Majdanek 7611:Stutthof 7572:Majdanek 7467:by Poles 7425:Portugal 7403:Response 7394:Timeline 7372:Overview 7234:Slovakia 7221:Bulgaria 7004:Genocide 6393:(France) 6387:(France) 6245:C.H.Beck 6079:(2020). 6057:(2016). 5979:(2016). 5957:(2020). 5931:(2011). 5874:(2022). 5848:(2020). 5822:(2001). 5769:(2011). 3556:, fn 82. 2145:(1976). 1940:general 1893:—in the 1828:Monowitz 1703:genocide 1682:Cold War 1657:against 1536:and the 1534:Majdanek 1373:mens rea 1160:strawman 1110:and the 1086:Evidence 1066:and the 937:Krupp AG 630:Jim Crow 594:justice 472:(waging 230:(France) 43:reviewed 8761:Lessons 8197:Rumbula 8070:Dorohoi 8051:Pogroms 8003:Victims 7853:Ghettos 7785:Gas van 7773:Methods 7747:Schoorl 7725:Bolzano 7673:Transit 7659:Sobibor 7649:Chełmno 7616:Vaivara 7552:Hinzert 7497:ghettos 7450:Vatican 7356:Croatia 7346:Ukraine 7336:Belarus 7326:Romania 7278:Hungary 7261:Germany 7251:Estonia 7246:Denmark 7216:Belgium 7211:Austria 7206:Albania 6914:Sources 5720:Sources 1953:Balkans 1877:on the 1773:of the 1733:beyond 1721:Verdict 1696:Closing 1612:defense 1561:Defense 1147:pleaded 1078:of the 1056:Gestapo 1007:leader 927:), and 841:lawyer 384:Belgium 372:Denmark 148:Decided 140:Started 8667:Bricha 8433:(Orpo) 8306:Others 8292:Żegota 8254:Rescue 8232:Warsaw 8192:Ponary 8102:Kaunas 7905:Warsaw 7890:Lublin 7880:Kraków 7867:Poland 7711:Drancy 7644:Belzec 7621:Warsaw 7532:Dachau 7440:Turkey 7435:Sweden 7361:Serbia 7341:Russia 7321:Poland 7316:Norway 7296:Latvia 7266:Greece 7256:France 7021:Piracy 6401:Judges 6251: 6197: 6174: 6126: 6103: 6065: 6043: 6020: 5965: 5943: 5919: 5882: 5860: 5834: 5808: 5781: 2120:Rwanda 2110:ad hoc 2042:Legacy 1917:; the 1897:, the 1873:, the 1528:, and 1353:, and 1337:, the 1333:, the 1331:Geneva 1062:, the 1058:, the 1054:, the 1036:tried 1019:; and 979:, and 888:, and 801:, and 701:Nazism 478:Allies 437:after 400:Greece 392:France 376:Norway 368:Poland 351:, the 335:Origin 247:Allies 69:(film) 8781:Humor 8754:Films 8451:Units 8182:Odesa 8032:Izieu 7946:Vilna 7931:Minsk 7926:Kovno 7900:Radom 7764:Sereď 7581:Gusen 7562:Kauen 7493:Camps 7430:Spain 7415:Japan 7289:Libya 7283:Italy 6823:Films 6561:Death 6239:[ 6089:Nomos 6008:[ 5796:[ 2058:trial 1930:trial 1711:Dubno 1659:Japan 1631:] 1555:Vilna 1327:Hague 301:crime 8672:List 8427:(SD) 8407:(SS) 8090:Lviv 8075:Iași 8015:Jews 7936:Riga 7895:Lwów 7885:Łódź 7857:list 7706:Gurs 7579:and 7495:and 6534:Life 6249:ISBN 6195:ISBN 6172:ISBN 6124:ISBN 6101:ISBN 6063:ISBN 6041:ISBN 6018:ISBN 5963:ISBN 5941:ISBN 5917:ISSN 5880:ISBN 5858:ISBN 5832:ISBN 5806:ISBN 5779:ISBN 2114:for 2082:The 1869:and 1478:NKVD 1355:navy 1351:army 1329:and 1074:and 1034:was 987:and 951:and 919:). 714:and 418:of 311:and 241:The 223:(US) 217:(UK) 7821:SS- 6222:doi 6153:doi 6093:doi 5993:doi 5907:doi 5753:doi 1921:of 911:), 903:); 663:in 386:, 331:". 294:IMT 103:in 45:on 8860:: 7758:sk 7736:nl 7718:it 7699:fr 7681:be 6247:. 6216:. 6212:. 6189:. 6149:21 6147:. 6141:. 6122:. 6118:. 6099:. 6087:. 6083:. 6035:. 6016:. 5989:73 5939:. 5935:. 5915:. 5903:51 5856:. 5852:. 5830:. 5826:. 5804:. 5777:. 5773:. 5747:. 5741:. 5595:^ 5520:^ 5457:^ 5214:^ 4851:^ 4834:^ 4771:^ 4624:^ 4403:^ 4376:^ 4325:^ 4298:^ 4199:^ 4076:^ 4025:^ 4010:^ 3995:^ 3930:^ 3783:^ 3684:^ 3633:^ 3530:^ 3489:^ 3438:^ 3339:^ 3262:^ 3137:^ 3122:^ 2999:^ 2936:^ 2883:^ 2868:^ 2803:^ 2774:^ 2747:^ 2624:^ 2537:^ 2474:^ 2315:^ 2288:^ 2261:^ 2186:^ 2171:^ 2156:^ 1889:. 1629:de 1592:, 1524:, 1357:. 1349:, 1118:. 1068:SD 1064:SS 1060:SA 1015:, 1011:; 991:; 975:, 971:, 959:, 884:, 722:, 606:. 570:c. 568:, 528:. 422:. 398:, 394:, 390:, 382:, 378:, 374:, 370:, 280:, 261:. 132:, 128:, 124:, 107:, 41:, 8804:" 8800:" 8117:" 8113:" 7859:) 7855:( 7180:e 7173:t 7166:v 6898:e 6891:t 6884:v 6845:" 6626:) 6622:( 6314:e 6307:t 6300:v 6276:) 6257:. 6230:. 6224:: 6218:4 6203:. 6180:. 6161:. 6155:: 6132:. 6109:. 6095:: 6071:. 6049:. 6026:. 5999:. 5995:: 5971:. 5949:. 5923:. 5909:: 5888:. 5866:. 5840:. 5814:. 5787:. 5761:. 5755:: 5749:9 1838:. 923:( 915:( 907:( 734:( 292:( 78:. 71:. 49:. 20:)

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Index