Soviet Union - Knowledge

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statistical artefact not of index number relativity (the Gerschenkron effect) but of misapplying to the calculation of growth cost prices that do not accurately measure competitive value. The standard of living declined during the 1930s in response to Stalin's despotism, and after a brief improvement following his death, lapsed into stagnation. Glasnost and post-communist revelations interpreted as a whole thus provide no basis for Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov's relatively favorable characterization of the methods, economic achievements and human costs of Stalinism. The evidence demonstrates that the suppression of markets and the oppression of vast segments of the population were economically counterproductive and humanly calamitous, just as anyone conversant with classical economic theory should have expected.

6040: 1297: 5407: 6130: 6112: 226: 6148: 6022: 6256: 6220: 6094: 6166: 6058: 9669: 1283: 93: 1645: 8855: 8443:(teachers, state bureaucrats, soldiers) to be openly religious. While persecution accelerated following Stalin's rise to power, a revival of Orthodoxy was fostered by the government during World War II and the Soviet authorities sought to control the Russian Orthodox Church rather than liquidate it. During the first five years of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests. Many others were imprisoned or exiled. Believers were harassed and persecuted. Most seminaries were closed, and the publication of most religious material was prohibited. By 1941, only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence before World War I. 5392: 4406: 8986:. A further 62% of people polled preferred the Soviet system of central planning, while 24% prefer a market-based system. According to the Levada Center's polls, the primary reasons cited for Soviet nostalgia are the advantages of the shared economic union between the Soviet republics, including perceived financial stability. This was referenced by up to 53% of respondents in 2016. At least 43% also lamented the loss of the Soviet Union's global political superpower status. About 31% cited the loss of social trust and capital. The remainder of the respondents cited a mix of reasons ranging from practical travel difficulties to a sense of national displacement. 6879:, typically were the responsibility of the military. Lenin believed that the USSR would never overtake the developed world if it remained as technologically backward as it was upon its founding. Soviet authorities proved their commitment to Lenin's belief by developing massive networks, research and development organizations. In the early 1960s, the Soviets awarded 40% of chemistry PhDs to women, compared to only 5% in the United States. By 1989, Soviet scientists were among the world's best-trained specialists in several areas, such as Energy physics, selected areas of medicine, mathematics, welding and military technologies. Due to rigid state planning and 8083: 5977:. The domination was so absolute that for most of its existence, the country was commonly (but incorrectly) referred to as 'Russia'. While the Russian SFSR was technically only one republic within the larger union, it was by far the largest (both in terms of population and area), most powerful, and most highly developed. The Russian SFSR was also the industrial center of the Soviet Union. Historian Matthew White wrote that it was an open secret that the country's federal structure was 'window dressing' for Russian dominance. For that reason, the people of the USSR were usually called 'Russians', not 'Soviets', since 'everyone knew who really ran the show'. 6670: 8071: 9599: 8327: 5112: 1460: 7762: 1311: 7311: 1544: 1386: 1357: 1432: 1572: 3229: 1600: 1446: 7093: 7909: 7301: 6662:. Consumer goods, particularly outside large cities, were often scarce, of poor quality and limited variety. Under the command economy, consumers had almost no influence on production, and the changing demands of a population with growing incomes could not be satisfied by supplies at rigidly fixed prices. A massive unplanned second economy grew up at low levels alongside the planned one, providing some of the goods and services that the planners could not. The legalization of some elements of the decentralized economy was attempted with the 7354: 4916: 5559:(1947–1956), informally the Communist Information Bureau and officially the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, was the first official agency of the international Marxist-Leninist movement since the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943. Its role was to coordinate actions between Marxist-Leninist parties under Soviet direction. Stalin used it to order Western European communist parties to abandon their exclusively parliamentarian line and instead concentrate on politically impeding the operations of the 77: 7781:, the new system produced many broken marriages, as well as countless out-of-wedlock children. The epidemic of divorces and extramarital affairs created social hardships when Soviet leaders wanted people to concentrate their efforts on growing the economy. Giving women control over their fertility also led to a precipitous decline in the birth rate, perceived as a threat to their country's military power. By 1936, Stalin reversed most of the liberal laws, ushering in a pronatalist era that lasted for decades. 8047: 4388: 7804: 8264: 20429: 8023: 2521: 7689: 7164: 8280: 6009: 5377: 7082: 6816:

David Wilson, a historian, believed that the gas industry would account for 40% of Soviet fuel production by the end of the century. His theory did not come to fruition because of the USSR's collapse. The USSR, in theory, would have continued to have an economic growth rate of 2–2.5% during the 1990s because of Soviet energy fields. However, the energy sector faced many difficulties, among them the country's high military expenditure and hostile relations with the

8129: 1026: 20441: 4800:. Unparalleled in the world, it resulted in a large number of radioactive isotopes being released into the atmosphere. Radioactive doses were scattered relatively far. Although long-term effects of the accident were unknown, 4,000 new cases of thyroid cancer which resulted from the accident's contamination were reported at the time of the accident, but this led to a relatively low number of deaths (WHO data, 2005). Another major radioactive accident was the 1502: 7897: 6443: 4998: 6861: 8799: 1530: 1474: 4586: 1414: 1325: 8541: 1400: 1343: 6976: 4598: 8594:, censorship was diminished. During this time, a distinctive period of Soviet culture developed, characterized by conformist public life and an intense focus on personal life. Greater experimentation in art forms was again permissible, resulting in the production of more sophisticated and subtly critical work. The government loosened its emphasis on socialist realism; thus, for instance, many protagonists of the novels of author 8926:

wealthy capitalist West while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take over fifty years to catch up to where they were before the fall of the Soviet Bloc. However, virtually all the former Soviet republics were able to turn their economies around and increase GDP to multiple times what it was under the USSR, though with large wealth disparities, and many post-soviet economies described as oligarchic.

6611: 4335: 6307: 6559: 4963:. All senior government officials and most deputies of the Supreme Soviet were members of the CPSU. Of the party heads themselves, Stalin (1941–1953) and Khrushchev (1958–1964) were Premiers. Upon the forced retirement of Khrushchev, the party leader was prohibited from this kind of double membership, but the later General Secretaries for at least some part of their tenure occupied the mostly ceremonial position of 19245: 6801: 5587: 8292: 7227:

1980s showed that after worsening in the late-1970s and the early 1980s, adult mortality began to improve again. The infant mortality rate increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in 1974. Some researchers regarded the rise as mostly real, a consequence of worsening health conditions and services. The rises in both adult and infant mortality were not explained or defended by Soviet officials, and the

5021:) was nominally the highest state body for most of the Soviet history, at first acting as a rubber stamp institution, approving and implementing all decisions made by the party. However, its powers and functions were extended in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including the creation of new state commissions and committees. It gained additional powers relating to the approval of the 6551:, which significantly expanded Soviet capacity in heavy industry and capital goods during the 1930s. The primary motivation for industrialization was preparation for war, mostly due to distrust of the outside capitalist world. As a result, the USSR was transformed from a largely agrarian economy into a great industrial power, leading the way for its emergence as a superpower after 8654: 8307: 8232:. There are examples where the government retreated from this policy, most notably under Stalin where education was discontinued in languages that were not widespread. These languages were then assimilated into another language, mostly Russian. During World War II, some minority languages were banned, and their speakers accused of collaborating with the enemy. 8191:. At the same time, infant mortality began to rise. After 1974, the government stopped publishing statistics on the matter. This trend can be partly explained by the number of pregnancies rising drastically in the Asian part of the country where infant mortality was the highest while declining markedly in the more developed European part of the Soviet Union. 9540: 8530: 8419:. Both Christian and non-Christian establishments were shut down by the thousands in the 1920s and 1930s. By 1940, as many as 90% of the churches, synagogues, and mosques that had been operating in 1917 were closed; the majority of them were demolished or re-purposed for state needs with little concern for their historic and cultural value. 9670: 5493:. The Comintern intended to 'struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state'. It was abolished as a conciliatory measure toward Britain and the United States. 8532: 189: 8531: 5097:, the KGB engaged in the suppression of political dissent and maintained an extensive network of informers, reasserting itself as a political actor to some extent independent of the party-state structure, culminating in the anti-corruption campaign targeting high-ranking party officials in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 8897: 197: 196: 191: 192: 210: 207: 201: 211: 209: 208: 12853:

Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute" [The double dictatorship: Experiences with dictatorship in the GDR and effects on the relationship to dictatorship today]. In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa,

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called the collapse of the Soviet Union "a small victory for socialism, not only because of the fall of one of the most anti-socialist states in the world, where working people had fewer rights than in the West, but also because it freed the term 'socialism' from the burden of being associated in the

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Religious influence had been strong in the Russian Empire. The Russian Orthodox Church enjoyed a privileged status as the church of the monarchy and took part in carrying out official state functions. The immediate period following the establishment of the Soviet state included a struggle against the

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Under Lenin, the state made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Many early Russian feminists and ordinary Russian working women actively participated in the Revolution, and many more were affected by the events of that period and the new policies. Beginning in October 1918,

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The late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a reversal of the declining trajectory of the rate of mortality in the USSR, and was especially notable among men of working age, but was also prevalent in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country. An analysis of the official data from the late

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were common outside major cities. Soviet maintenance projects proved unable to take care of even the few roads the country had. By the early-to-mid-1980s, the Soviet authorities tried to solve the road problem by ordering the construction of new ones. Meanwhile, the automobile industry was growing at

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Soviet rail transport was the largest and most intensively used in the world; it was also better developed than most of its Western counterparts. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, Soviet economists were calling for the construction of more roads to alleviate some of the burdens from the railways and

6734:, growth could have been faster. By their calculation, per capita income in 1989 should have been twice higher than it was, considering the amount of investment, education and population. The authors attribute this poor performance to the low productivity of capital. Steven Rosefielde states that the 5633:

opened large-scale business relations with the Soviets in the late 1920s, hoping that it would lead to long-term peace. Finally, in 1933, the United States officially recognized the USSR, a decision backed by the public opinion and especially by US business interests that expected an opening of a new

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Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64619-0. "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953

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to intensify the propaganda campaign. Accordingly, although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned, a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the formal structures and mass media, and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions

7825:. All left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand in the Soviet school system. Literate people were automatically hired as teachers. For a short period, quality was sacrificed for quantity. By 1940, Stalin could announce that illiteracy had been eliminated. Throughout the 1930s, 7066:

and its only role was civilian-grade research tasks. Mir was the only orbital station in operation from 1986 to 1998. Gradually, other modules were added to it, including American modules. However, the station deteriorated rapidly after a fire on board, so in 2001 it was decided to bring it into the

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highest office in the Soviet Union. Depending on the degree of power consolidation, it was either the Politburo as a collective body or the General Secretary, who always was one of the Politburo members, that effectively led the party and the country (except for the period of the highly personalized

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were associated with sharp increases in mortality, Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia saw a tripling of unemployment and a 42% increase in male death rates between 1991 and 1994, and in the following decades, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the

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The culture of the Soviet Union passed through several stages during the USSR's existence. During the first decade following the revolution, there was relative freedom and artists experimented with several different styles to find a distinctive Soviet style of art. Lenin wanted art to be accessible

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rose sharply, which has been attributed to reforms in education. In the aftermath of World War II, the country's educational system expanded dramatically, which had a tremendous effect. In the 1960s, nearly all children had access to education, the only exception being those living in remote areas.

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Although statistics of the Soviet economy are notoriously unreliable and its economic growth difficult to estimate precisely, by most accounts, the economy continued to expand until the mid-1980s. During the 1950s and 1960s, it had comparatively high growth and was catching up to the West. However,

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However, in practice the degree of control the party was able to exercise over the state bureaucracy, particularly after the death of Stalin, was far from total, with the bureaucracy pursuing different interests that were at times in conflict with the party, nor was the party itself monolithic from

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was emphasized in the educational curriculum, and numerous state publications promoted atheistic views. During this period, the number of churches fell from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1959 to 1965, and the number of synagogues dropped from 500 to 97. The number of working mosques also declined, falling

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and another 206,500 kilometres (128,300 mi) for natural gas. Petroleum and petroleum-based products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a variety of manufactured goods, primarily machinery, arms and military equipment, were exported. In the 1970s and 1980s, the USSR heavily

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According to the New Russia Barometer (NRB) polls by the Centre for the Study of Public Policy, 50% of Russian respondents reported a positive impression of the Soviet Union in 1991. This increased to about 75% of NRB respondents in 2000, dropping slightly to 71% in 2009. Throughout the 2000s, an

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All citizens of the USSR had their own ethnic affiliation. The ethnicity of a person was chosen at the age of sixteen by the child's parents. If the parents did not agree, the child was automatically assigned the ethnicity of the father. Partly due to Soviet policies, some of the smaller minority

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The need for fuel declined in the Soviet Union from the 1970s to the 1980s, both per ruble of gross social product and per ruble of industrial product. At the start, this decline grew very rapidly but gradually slowed down between 1970 and 1975. From 1975 and 1980, it grew even slower, only 2.6%.

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was discouraged, but widespread. The final allocation of output was achieved through relatively decentralized, unplanned contracting. Although in theory prices were legally set from above, in practice they were often negotiated, and informal horizontal links (e.g. between producer factories) were

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Western academicians published various analyses of the post-Soviet states' development, claiming that the dissolution was followed by a severe drop in economic and social conditions in these countries, including a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of

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decree establishing the Russian SFSR as a secular state also decreed that 'the teaching of religion in all where subjects of general instruction are taught, is forbidden. Citizens may teach and may be taught religion privately.' Among further restrictions, those adopted in 1929 included express

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By 1921, Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin realized that capitalism had stabilized itself in Europe and there would not be any widespread revolutions anytime soon. It became the duty of the Russian Bolsheviks to protect what they had in Russia, and avoid military confrontations that might destroy their

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it was discovered that its environmental problems were greater than what the Soviet authorities admitted. The Soviet Union was the world's second largest producer of harmful emissions. In 1988, total emissions in the Soviet Union were about 79% of those in the United States. But since the Soviet

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branches of the government. The system was governed less by statute than by informal conventions, and no settled mechanism of leadership succession existed. Bitter and at times deadly power struggles took place in the Politburo after the deaths of Lenin and Stalin, as well as after Khrushchev's

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Neoliberal austerity has created demographic losses exceeding Stalin's deportations back in the 1940s (although without the latter's loss of life). As government cutbacks in education, healthcare and other basic social infrastructure threaten to undercut long-term development, young people are

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was established, the majority of whose members were directly elected in competitive elections held in March 1989, the first in Soviet history. The Congress now elected the Supreme Soviet, which became a full-time parliament, and much stronger than before. For the first time since the 1920s, it

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had become a thing of the past, and with the looming threat of war, the Stalin administration began shifting to a more moderate religion policy in the late 1930s. Soviet religious establishments overwhelmingly rallied to support the war effort during World War II. Amid other accommodations to

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demonstrated a gradual decrease as well—from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974. In general, the birth rates of the southern republics in Transcaucasia and Central Asia were considerably higher than those in the northern parts of the Soviet Union, and in some cases even increased in the

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regretted the fall of the Soviet Union, setting a 15-year record, and the majority of these regretting opinions came from people older than 55. In 2020, polls conducted by the Levada Center found that 75% of Russians agreed that the Soviet era was the greatest era in their country's history.

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largely emulated the structure of the central institutions, although the Russian SFSR, unlike the other constituent republics, for most of its history had no republican branch of the CPSU, being ruled directly by the union-wide party until 1990. Local authorities were organized likewise into

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The new evidence shows that administrative command planning and Stalin's forced industrialization strategies failed in the 1930s and beyond. The economic miracle chronicled in official hagiographies and until recently faithfully recounted in Western textbooks has no basis in fact. It is the

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preventing the US from acquiring a competitive advantage. However, technology-based planning was executed in a centralized, government-centric manner that greatly hindered its flexibility. This was exploited by the US to undermine the strength of the Soviet Union and thus foster its reform.

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as the means to acquire science and technology in both the private and public sectors. In contrast, the USSR was offensively and defensively maneuvering in the acquisition and use of the worldwide technology, to increase the competitive advantage that they acquired from the technology while

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Members of various ethnicities participated in legislative bodies. Organs of power like the Politburo, the Secretariat of the Central Committee etc., were formally ethnically neutral, but in reality, ethnic Russians were overrepresented, although there were also non-Russian leaders in the

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greatly from each other. When a language had been given a writing system and appeared in a notable publication, it would attain 'official language' status. There were many minority languages which never received their own writing system; therefore, their speakers were forced to have a

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More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937 alone. Only a twelfth of the Russian Orthodox Church's priests were left functioning in their parishes by 1941. In the period between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in Russia fell from 29,584 to less than 500 (1.7%).

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In his new book, Maelstrom of Memory, Mr. Yakovlev lists some of the nightmares uncovered by his commission. More than 41 million Soviets were imprisoned from 1923 to 1953. More than 884,000 children were in internal exile by 1954. More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937

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Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were still riddled with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and bad decision-making. Soviet authorities were unable to meet the growing demand for transport infrastructure and services.

212: 8438:. The government targeted religions based on state interests, and while most organized religions were never outlawed, religious property was confiscated, believers were harassed, and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools. In 1925, the government founded the 4522:. Despite efforts to maintain the Soviet Union's superpower status, the economy struggled due to its centralized nature, technological backwardness, and inefficiencies. The vast military expenditures and burdens of maintaining the Eastern Bloc, further strained the Soviet economy. 187: 5517:, and Comecon was meant to prevent countries in the Soviets' sphere of influence from moving towards that of the Americans and Southeast Asia. Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's reply to the formation in Western Europe of the Organization for European Economic Co-Operation (OEEC), 4823:, for example, is mined, all forests have been destroyed by contamination, while the northern and other parts of Russia have been affected by emissions. During the 1990s, people in the West were also interested in the radioactive hazards of nuclear facilities, decommissioned 160: 157: 7231:

stopped publishing all mortality statistics for ten years. Soviet demographers and health specialists remained silent about the mortality increases until the late-1980s, when the publication of mortality data resumed, and researchers could delve into the real causes.

164: 8889:. The USSR implemented a broad range of policies over a long period of time, with a large amount of conflicting policies being implemented by different leaders. Some have a positive view of it whilst others are critical towards the country, calling it a repressive 166: 165: 8199:

Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry.

8016:. During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the Soviet republics had reached 25 million. 8034: 9001:

celebrated on 9 May is still one of the most important and emotional dates in Russia. Catherine Wanner asserts that Victory Day commemorations are a vehicle for Soviet nostalgia, as they "kept alive a mythology of Soviet grandeur, of solidarity among the

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In 1917, before the revolution, health conditions were significantly behind those of developed countries. As Lenin later noted, "Either the lice will defeat socialism, or socialism will defeat the lice". The Soviet health care system was conceived by the

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Soviet Olympic team was notorious for skirting the edge of amateur rules. All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. According to many experts, that gave the Soviet Union a huge advantage over the

163: 162: 156: 7032:. The Soviet public's reaction to the American moon-landing was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about it, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it attention, and another portion was angered. 158: 5594:

The Marxist-Leninist leadership of the Soviet Union intensely debated foreign policy issues and changed directions several times. Even after Stalin assumed dictatorial control in the late 1920s, there were debates, and he frequently changed positions.

154: 8604:, developed during this late period. In architecture, the Khrushchev era mostly focused on functional design as opposed to the highly decorated style of Stalin's epoch. In music, in response to the increasing popularity of forms of popular music like 7117:. The country had a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. However, due to inadequate maintenance, much of the road, water and Soviet civil aviation transport were outdated and technologically backward compared to the First World. 5571:, promoted Stalin's positions. The Cominform's concentration on Europe meant a deemphasis on world revolution in Soviet foreign policy. By enunciating a uniform ideology, it allowed the constituent parties to focus on personalities rather than issues. 159: 153: 152: 151: 161: 155: 8683:

adopted a statement "About the party's tasks in sphere of physical culture". In the statement was determined the role of physical culture in Soviet society and the party's tasks in political leadership of physical culture movement in the country.

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was applied in the leading institutions of higher education by subjecting Jewish applicants to harsher entrance examinations. The Brezhnev era also introduced a rule that required all university applicants to present a reference from the local

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Under Lenin, the government gave small language groups their own writing systems. The development of these writing systems was highly successful, even though some flaws were detected. During the later days of the USSR, countries with the same

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The Soviet Union was an ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. The total population of the country was estimated at 293 million in 1991. According to a 1990 estimate, the majority of the population were

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to grant women the right to vote. After heavy casualties in World War I and II, women outnumbered men in Russia by a 4:3 ratio. This contributed to the larger role women played in Russian society compared to other great powers at the time.

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authority of Stalin, exercised directly through his position in the Council of Ministers rather than the Politburo after 1941). They were not controlled by the general party membership, as the key principle of the party organization was

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and also topping the medal tally at the Winter Olympics six times. The Soviet Union's Olympics success has been attributed to its large investment in sports to demonstrate its superpower image and political influence on a global stage.

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The army had the greatest political influence. In 1989, there served two million soldiers divided between 150 motorized and 52 armored divisions. Until the early 1960s, the Soviet navy was a rather small military branch, but after the

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In the 1970s, specific proposals for the design of a space shuttle emerged, but shortcomings, especially in the electronics industry (rapid overheating of electronics), postponed it till the end of the 1980s. The first shuttle, the

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were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army, a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population. After the severe economic collapse, Lenin replaced war

12236:[Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I "On the establishment of the post of President of the USSR and amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR"] (in Russian). 10 October 2017. Archived from 6923:

determined that the Soviet Union addressed the acquisition of science and technology in a manner that was radically different from what the US was using. In the case of the US, economic prioritization was being used for indigenous

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rejected by the scientific community in the Soviet Union and abroad but supported by Stalin's inner circles. Implemented in the USSR and China, it resulted in reduced crop yields and is widely believed to have contributed to the

5563:, the U.S. program of rebuilding Europe after the war and developing its economy. It also coordinated international aid to Marxist-Leninist insurgents during the Greek Civil War in 1947–1949. It expelled Yugoslavia in 1948 after 16273:

Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government—that of the Soviet Union under the

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was held in 1943. Stalin had the support of the majority of the religious people in the USSR even through the late 1980s. The general tendency of this period was an increase in religious activity among believers of all faiths.

16905: 14102: 8893:. The opinions on the USSR are complex and have changed over time, with different generations having different views on the matter as well as on Soviet policies corresponding to separate time periods during its history. 6594:

of the Cold War, the Soviet economy was burdened by military expenditures, heavily lobbied for by a powerful bureaucracy dependent on the arms industry. At the same time, the USSR became the largest arms exporter to the

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After a long debate among the members of the Politburo about the course of economic development, by 1928–1929, upon gaining control of the country, Stalin abandoned the NEP and pushed for full central planning, starting

5513:, СЭВ, SEV) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under Soviet control that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with several communist states elsewhere in the world. Moscow was concerned about the 8739:

and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or real amateurs. Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second only once, in the

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has shown that over 50% of Russia's population regretted this event, with the only exception to this being in the year 2012 when support for the Soviet Union dipped below 50 percent. A 2018 poll showed that 66% of

6522:, which involved the nationalization of industry, centralized distribution of output, coercive or forced requisition of agricultural production, and attempts to eliminate money circulation, private enterprises and 5223:) and applied the law as established by the constitution or as interpreted by the Supreme Soviet. The Constitutional Oversight Committee reviewed the constitutionality of laws and acts. The Soviet Union used the 18634: 12701:

Michał Jerzy Zacharias, "The Beginnings of the Cominform: The Policy of the Soviet Union towards European Communist Parties in Connection with the Political Initiatives of the United States of America in 1947."

8187:. These improvements continued into the 1960s when statistics indicated that the life expectancy briefly surpassed that of the United States. Life expectancy started to decline in the 1970s, possibly because of 5637:

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin ordered Marxist-Leninist parties across the world to strongly oppose non-Marxist political parties, labor unions or other organizations on the left, which they labelled

6755:, started to collapse. Prices were still fixed, and the property was still largely state-owned until after the country's dissolution. For most of the period after World War II until its collapse, Soviet GDP ( 15206:А. П. Чуприков, В. Д. Мишиев. // Латеральность населения СССР в конце 70-х и начале 80-х годов. К истории латеральной нейропсихологии и нейропсихиатрии. Хрестоматия. Донецк, 2010, 192 с. 188: 6370:(1948) and National Civil Defense Forces (1970) were formed, which ranked first, third, and sixth in the official Soviet system of importance (ground forces were second, Air Force fourth, and Navy fifth). 5694:. In September, Germany invaded Poland, and the USSR also invaded later that month, resulting in the partition of Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of 3448: 3387: 1616:

With the exception of the CIS – an intergovernmental organization and legal successor to the Soviet Union – only states that are former Soviet republics, now members of the United Nations, are listed as

150: 8106: 8407:. In practice, the Soviet system subscribed to a narrow interpretation of this right, and in fact used a range of official measures to discourage religion and curb the activities of religious groups. 17777: 8771:

and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with tremendous efforts". Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the

17902: 14160: 9102:-speaking Ukrainians of Ukraine's southern and eastern regions have a more positive view of the USSR. In some countries with internal conflict, there is also nostalgia for the USSR, especially for 3372: 18870:

Michalski, Tomasz; Hlynskyy, Nazar (2009). "Economic transformation disparity in European post-Soviet countries in the period of transformation". In Palmowski, Tadeusz; Vaitekūnas, Stasys (eds.).

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and denouncing it as revisionist and reverted to capitalism. The Chinese government in 1963 articulated its criticism of the USSR's system and promoted China's ideological line as an alternative.

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in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.

25516: 4218: 4197: 4176: 4155: 4067: 7988:, and Ukrainians, who were all East Slavic and Orthodox, shared close cultural, ethnic, and religious ties, while other groups did not. With multiple nationalities living in the same territory, 5617:

Moscow eventually stopped threatening other states, and instead worked to open peaceful relationships in terms of trade, and diplomatic recognition. The United Kingdom dismissed the warnings of

3063:

initially resisted Lenin's proposal but ultimately accepted it, and with Lenin's agreement he changed the name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), although all republics began as

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of 1922, Lenin called for the Russian SFSR and other national Soviet republics to form a greater union which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (Russian:

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very negatively. A 2021 poll conducted by the Levada Center found that 49% of Russians prefer the USSR's political system, while 18% prefer the current political system and 16% would prefer a

5614:

that settled long-standing grievances. At the same time, the two countries secretly set up training programs for the illegal German army and air force operations at hidden camps in the USSR.

5598:

During the country's early period, it was assumed that Communist revolutions would break out soon in every major industrial country, and it was the Russian responsibility to assist them. The

15140: 22005: 18000: 7777:

Lenin's government liberalized divorce and abortion laws, decriminalized homosexuality (re-criminalized in 1932), permitted cohabitation, and ushered in a host of reforms. However, without

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became the highest organ of state power 'in the period of transition'. Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary, only remaining President for the final months of the existence of the USSR.

17429:

emigrating to better their lives rather than suffer in an economy without jobs. More than 12% of the overall population (and a much larger percentage of its labor force) now works abroad.

14235: 9158:, where the capitalist elite have been replaced by an unaccountable bureaucratic elite and there is no true democracy or workers' control of industry. In particular, American Trotskyist 12398: 4059: 15058: 148: 20724: 15404: 12746: 10679: 10331: 7834:

tried to make education more accessible, making it clear to children that education was closely linked to the needs of society. Education also became important in giving rise to the

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Overall, the growth rate of per capita income in the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1989 was slightly above the world average (based on 102 countries). A 1986 study published in the

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post–World War II period, a phenomenon partly attributed to slower rates of urbanization and traditionally earlier marriages in the southern republics. Soviet Europe moved towards

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propaganda systems of East and West with Soviet tyranny — for the East, in order to benefit from the aura of authentic socialism, for the West, in order to demonize the concept."

9055: 8058: 2910:. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the 10757: 14099: 10706: 5445:

During his rule, Stalin always made the final policy decisions. Otherwise, Soviet foreign policy was set by the commission on the Foreign Policy of the Central Committee of the

15430: 15185: 12041:[Law: About state governing bodies of USSR in a transition period on the bodies of state authority and administration of the USSR in Transition] (in Russian). sssr.su. 15291: 6751:. His policies relaxed state control over enterprises but did not replace it by market incentives, resulting in a sharp decline in output. The economy, already suffering from 8094: 18187: 10894: 8680: 4300: 1714: 17104:

Theodore P. Gerber & Michael Hout, "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991–1995", AJS Volume 104 Number 1 (July 1998): 1–50.

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The government encouraged a variety of trends. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writers

7363: 21157: 21119: 21019: 20944: 20829: 20822: 19752: 19735: 15227:"In Russia, left isn't quite right Handedness: The official Moscow line is that lefties are OK, but suspicion of those who are different persists from the old Soviet days" 13013: 10354: 9387: 8161:'s tenure as leader, during which the health care system was heavily criticized for many basic faults, such as the quality of service and the unevenness in its provision. 7870:

party secretary. According to statistics from 1986, the number of higher education students per the population of 10,000 was 181 for the USSR, compared to 517 for the US.

6631: 5022: 4944: 4928: 4703: 2238: 18813:

Libman, Alexander; Obydenkova, Anastassia V. (2019). "Historical Legacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Inequality: Evidence from Post-Communist Regions".

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Pål Kolstø, "Political construction sites: Nation-building in Russia and the post-Soviet States". Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. 81–104 uncorrected version,

9128:

The left's view of the USSR is complex. While some leftists regard the USSR as an example of state capitalism or that it was an oligarchical state, other leftists admire

19782: 18370: 18623: 17415: 9983:"GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" 8399:

In Soviet law, the 'freedom to hold religious services' was constitutionally guaranteed, although the ruling Communist Party regarded religion as incompatible with the

6582:, only a tiny share of domestic products was traded internationally. After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, external trade rose rapidly. However, the influence of the 6518:, whereby production and distribution of goods were centralized and directed by the government. The first Bolshevik experience with a command economy was the policy of 149: 4980: 1679: 19098:

Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schmitz, Andrea; Schröder, Hans-Henning (2012). "Introduction". In Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schröder, Hans-Henning (eds.).

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Hønneland, Geir; Jørgensen, Anne-Kristin (December 2002). "Implementing Russia's International Environmental Commitments: Federal Prerogative or Regional Concern?".

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intervention by superiors. All critical economic decisions were taken by the political leadership. Allocated resources and plan targets were usually denominated in

5625:

diplomatic recognition in 1922. There was hope for a settlement of the pre-war Tsarist debts, but it was repeatedly postponed. Formal recognition came when the new

3103:. The Soviets used this abbreviation so frequently that audiences worldwide became familiar with its meaning. After this, the most common Russian initialization is 23622: 23617: 23612: 21099: 21059: 20797: 15667: 8172:, while highlighting such successes as having the most doctors and hospitals in the world, recognized the system's areas for improvement and felt that billions of 8169: 6548: 2903: 17932: 10022: 6947: 21637: 20490: 19725: 8157:

became general secretary, the Soviet healthcare system was held in high esteem by many foreign specialists. This changed, however, from Brezhnev's accession and

5152:

dismissal, itself due to a decision by both the Politburo and the Central Committee. All leaders of the Communist Party before Gorbachev died in office, except

25466: 23305: 21642: 20717: 20245: 19745: 17477: 14575: 13444: 4940: 17679: 16224:

Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.

25080: 23078: 22530: 22311: 18001:"Celebrations, Commemorative Dates and Related Rituals: Soviet Experience, its Transformation and Contemporary Victory Day Celebrations in Russia and Latvia" 16638: 8707:

in Helsinki thus became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. The Soviet Union was the biggest rival to the United States at the Summer Olympics, winning

8145:, health care was to be controlled by the state and would be provided to its citizens free of charge, a revolutionary concept at the time. Article 42 of the 5931: 5362:

in 1973, but they were neither widely known or accessible to people living under Communist rule, nor were they taken seriously by the Communist authorities.

5050: 4609:

With an area of 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi), the Soviet Union was the world's largest country, a status that is retained by the

2883: 2549: 2226: 2160: 1859: 225: 17781: 10281: 8479:. Official relations between the Orthodox Church and the government again warmed to the point that the Brezhnev government twice honored Orthodox Patriarch 6622:

From the 1930s until its dissolution in late 1991, the way the Soviet economy operated remained essentially unchanged. The economy was formally directed by

23947: 21207: 21094: 21054: 20767: 19771: 19740: 18483: 17894: 17872: 13925: 5450: 5359: 5164: 5082: 4936: 12231:"Zakon SSSR ot 14 marta 1990 g. N 1360-I "Ob uchrezhdenii posta Prezidenta SSSR i vnesenii izmeneniy i dopolneniy v Konstitutsiyu (Osnovnoy Zakon) SSSR"" 25461: 24773: 21079: 20864: 20649: 19730: 19682: 15800: 15470: 14036: 13488: 13411: 9078: 8608:

in the West, many jazz orchestras were permitted throughout the USSR, notably the Melodiya Ensemble, named after the principle record label in the USSR.

7210:

of the USSR decreased from 44.0 per thousand in 1926 to 18.0 in 1974, mainly due to increasing urbanization and the rising average age of marriages. The

5871: 4932: 4884: 1316: 15368:

You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics

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were active during this time. As a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, films received encouragement from the state, and much of director

92: 24390: 23629: 20690: 15226: 14137: 12110: 8082: 5906:

was split off from the Uzbekistan SSR. With the constitution of 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved, resulting in its constituent republics of

4789:

was only 54% of that of the United States, this means that the Soviet Union generated 1.5 times more pollution than the United States per unit of GNP.

2887: 18159:

Nostalgia and discontinuity of life: A multiple case study of older ex-Soviet refugees seeking psychotherapeutic help for immigration-related problems

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policies) amounted to a combined total of 18 million, some 10 million in the 1930s, and more than 20 million in 1941–1945. The postwar

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Religious institutions remained monitored by the Soviet government, but churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques were all given more leeway in the

6912:, relative to the world population, than any other major country due to the strong levels of state support for scientific developments by the 1980s. 5478: 16577: 15265: 13961: 12259:

Lambelet, Doriane (1989). "The Contradiction Between Soviet and American Human Rights Doctrine: Reconciliation Through Perestroika and Pragmatism".

10154: 23497: 21995: 21114: 20979: 20859: 20787: 18392: 16600: 15592: 15152: 12233:Закон СССР от 14 марта 1990 г. N 1360-I "Об учреждении поста Президента СССР и внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) СССР" 10780: 10476: 8921:

increased by an average of 9 points for all former Soviet republics. According to Western analysis, the economic shocks that accompanied wholesale

5800:. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary 2595: 1030: 17060: 12230: 10250:

Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, "Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired at Danish DR K on 22 October 2018.

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to the Russian people. On the other hand, hundreds of intellectuals, writers, and artists were exiled or executed, and their work banned, such as

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In some post-Soviet republics, there is a more negative view of the USSR, although there is no unanimity on the matter. In large part due to the

8993:'. The war became a topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts. As a result of the 7017:

and orbital stations were drawn up in Soviet design offices, but personal disputes between designers and management prevented their development.

7001:—a competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability with the United States. This was followed by other successful satellites, most notably 5034: 4047: 1953: 14227: 10395: 5057:(Premier) and managing an enormous bureaucracy responsible for the administration of the economy and society. State and party structures of the 2575: 1644: 25389: 21831: 21039: 20999: 20929: 20879: 20849: 20844: 18487: 14390: 14296: 13715:

Rosefielde, Steven (1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labor and Economic Growth in the 1930s".

10560: 8648: 8636: 7807: 5891: 4537:(restructuring) aimed to revitalize the Soviet system but instead accelerated its unraveling. Nationalist movements gained momentum across the 4134: 4031: 1976: 5581: 5532:

in Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Comecon, the regional economic organization for the

23810: 23766: 23572: 23247: 21089: 21084: 20994: 20969: 20964: 20954: 20854: 20812: 20792: 20782: 20752: 19677: 19290: 18898: 16203: 16177: 15069: 13804: 10781:"Nuclear Pollution Plagues Former Soviet Union : Environment: A map marking non-military explosions shows scope of 'national disaster.'" 10506: 6764: 5967: 5947: 4039: 4021: 1124: 17961: 15396: 14265: 5552:

satellites, with the Pact's only direct military actions having been the invasions of its own member states to keep them from breaking away.

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In the post-war period, the Soviet Army was directly involved in several military operations abroad. These included the suppression of the

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was suppressed and dissent was punished. Independent political activities were not tolerated, whether these involved participation in free

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David Stuckler, Lawrence King, and Martin McKee. "Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis."

13768: 12412: 24270: 23835: 23776: 22093: 21773: 21151: 21104: 21049: 21044: 21029: 21014: 20989: 20889: 20817: 20802: 20762: 20747: 20684: 20483: 19862: 19832: 16772: 14984: 14651: 12950: 12594: 12356: 12261: 9123: 8994: 7696:

The Soviet Union imposed heavy control on city growth, preventing some cities from reaching their full potential while promoting others.

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secret police, and so its internal troops were under the joint leadership of the defense and internal commissariats. After World War II,

5602:

was the weapon of choice. A few revolutions did break out, but they were quickly suppressed (the longest lasting one was in Hungary)—the

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refused to rubber stamp proposals from the party and Council of Ministers. In 1990, Gorbachev introduced and assumed the position of the

4363: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 2718: 2178: 2014: 1919: 1775: 18889:

Ovcharova, Lilia; Biryukova, Svetlana (2018). "Poverty and the Poor in Post-Soviet Russia". In Rauhut, Daniel; Hatti, Neelambar (eds.).

16619:"Sports in Soviet Union Only for Elite : There Are Top Athletes, and then There Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go up" 15843: 14756: 10603: 5433: 24230: 23590: 23482: 23149: 21109: 21004: 20984: 20949: 20899: 20884: 20874: 20869: 20119: 20079: 19989: 19800: 19316: 15756:

Dinkel, R.H. (1990). "The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the Example of the Soviet Union".

10858: 10739: 9475: 9281: 6872: 6849: 6600: 5454: 5426: 4968: 4964: 3643: 2915: 2583: 2165: 982: 604: 10930: 10716: 9744:

Named the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in 1918, then renamed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1936.

6697: 25496: 23122: 22559: 22364: 22025: 21760: 21069: 21064: 20839: 20834: 20107: 20002: 19874: 19660: 15175: 12533: 12158:

Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management

10263: 9453: 8476: 7883: 5879: 5672: 5257: 4211: 3031: 2670: 2542: 1762: 1757: 18422: 18393:"Seven Letters Exchanged Between the Central Committees of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" 15704: 7046:, endured prolonged construction and was canceled in 1991. For their launch into space, there is today an unused superpower rocket, 5711: 3185:

dominated the country to such an extent that, during Soviet Union's existence, it was colloquially, but incorrectly, referred to as

25155: 22703: 22402: 22306: 22163: 22128: 22077: 21862: 20643: 20600: 20012: 19929: 19822: 15123:

Rebecca Balmas Neary, "Mothering Socialist Society: The Wife-Activists' Movement and the Soviet Culture of Daily Life, 1934–1941",

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in the 1970s was gigantic, forming 40–60% of the entire federal budget and accounting to 15% of the USSR's GDP (13% in the 1980s).

5963: 5163:

enacted reforms shifting power away from the highest bodies of the party and making the Supreme Soviet less dependent on them. The

5046: 4894: 2769: 2591: 1906: 840: 16488: 15513: 15340: 14014: 13251: 13095: 13052: 12077: 11815: 11748: 11705: 11672: 11609: 11566: 11483: 11440: 11356: 11273: 11231: 11192: 11154: 11108: 11069: 10990: 10886: 8708: 5457:. It was known as the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (or Narkomindel), until 1946. The most influential spokesmen were 24692: 24597: 24512: 24039: 23803: 23634: 23597: 23195: 21510: 19952: 19759: 19626: 9110:

who have been forced to flee their homes and have been displaced. The many Russian enclaves in the former USSR republics such as

8598:

concerned themselves with problems of daily life rather than with building socialism. Underground dissident literature, known as

7739:), which had assumed the position of capital of Soviet Central Asia, had risen to fourth place. Another city worth mentioning is 7130: 5018: 4956:, demanding strict subordination to higher bodies, and elections went uncontested, endorsing the candidates proposed from above. 4455:

in the late 1920s ushered in an era of intense centralization and totalitarianism. Stalin's rule was characterized by the forced

3993: 3804: 1876: 1817: 690: 13005: 8917:, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income. Between 1988 and 1989 and 1993–1995, the 8271:

in 1929, magazine of the Society of the Godless. The first five-year plan of the Soviet Union is shown crushing the gods of the

6446:

The Soviet Union in comparison to other countries by GDP (nominal) per capita in 1965 based on a West-German school book (1971)

25491: 25396: 24813: 23552: 23205: 22506: 22258: 22151: 21785: 21678: 21515: 21223: 20533: 20476: 19650: 19495: 18182: 17298: 7744: 6678: 6414: 6045: 5863: 5849: 5232: 5042: 2891: 2362: 2357: 2084: 1674: 1302: 18360: 16720: 10185: 8223:

situation implemented similar policies. A serious problem when creating these writing systems was that the languages differed

5406: 24908: 24571: 24250: 23486: 22585: 22472: 22123: 21276: 20733: 20666: 20137: 19638: 19604: 19592: 19587: 19478: 19185: 19160: 19141: 19088: 19063: 19037: 18983: 18972: 18946: 18918: 18879: 18860: 18787: 18760: 18737: 18712: 18666: 18593: 18548: 18518: 18335: 18329: 18299: 18045: 17821: 17601: 17531: 17405: 17385: 17206: 17015: 16970: 16815: 16766: 16677: 16482: 16427: 16388: 16342: 16254: 16097: 16017: 15983: 15550: 15507: 15376: 15334: 15311: 14997: 14750: 14723: 14690: 14645: 14583: 14446: 14008: 13614: 13452: 13338: 13288: 13245: 13132: 13118: 13089: 13046: 12944: 12917: 12867: 12637: 12588: 12385: 12340: 12295: 12211: 12169: 12071: 12000: 11957: 11889: 11856: 11809: 11742: 11666: 11603: 11560: 11522: 11477: 11434: 11396: 11350: 11316: 11267: 11225: 11186: 11148: 11102: 11063: 11029: 10984: 9186: 8716: 8699:. In the same year, when the Soviet representative Konstantin Andrianov became an IOC member, the USSR officially joined the 5951: 5371: 4460: 3820: 2678: 2231: 1986: 1812: 900: 827: 814: 25292: 20064: 18134: 16929: 16433: 16260: 16023: 15925: 15556: 14452: 14074: 13620: 13344: 13294: 12778:

Mueller, Gordon H. (1976). "Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922".

10915:{{Cite news |title=Wastes of War: Rotting Nuclear Subs Pose Threat |first1=David |last1=Hoffman |date=16 November 1998 |url= 6539:(NEP) in 1921, legalizing free trade and private ownership of small businesses. The economy steadily recovered as a result. 2347: 928: 592: 25242: 24954: 24207: 22444: 22000: 21975: 21522: 20672: 20618: 20528: 20174: 19942: 17562: 16394: 16348: 14326: 13834: 10018: 8365: 7989: 7728: 7109:

of the late 1920s and 1930s led to the development of infrastructure on a massive scale, most notably the establishment of

6544: 6301: 6135: 6117: 5943: 5915: 5899: 4456: 4320: 4190: 3997: 3950: 3488: 2682: 2535: 1788: 1628: 8123: 8046: 25506: 25486: 25185: 24129: 23756: 23159: 22966: 21291: 20678: 20623: 20548: 20054: 19720: 19667: 19655: 18264: 17150: 16121: 14040: 13492: 13407: 11916: 11848: 8728: 8579:

During Stalin's rule, the Soviet culture was characterized by the rise and domination of the government-imposed style of

7997: 7716: 6297: 6153: 6027: 5927: 5895: 5859: 5446: 5173: 5172:, concentrated power in his executive office, independent of the party, and subordinated the government, now renamed the 4910: 4898: 4593:, an area that was previously covered with forests until acid rainfall from a nearby copper smelter killed all vegetation 4437: 3084: 2895: 2627: 2482: 1684: 1288: 473: 22333: 21780: 15657: 8487:. A poll conducted by Soviet authorities in 1982 recorded 20% of the Soviet population as 'active religious believers.' 6555:. The war caused extensive devastation of the Soviet economy and infrastructure, which required massive reconstruction. 6394:

and during war situation was to eradicate enemy infrastructure and nuclear capacity. The air force also had a number of

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of 0.920, placing it in the 'high' category of human development. It was the third-highest in the Eastern Bloc, behind

6771:

countries. Compared to countries with similar per-capita GDP in 1928, the Soviet Union experienced significant growth.

6659: 6615: 6399: 6315: 6261: 6225: 6099: 5935: 5911: 5907: 5875: 5014: 5006: 4890: 4868: 4699: 4638: 3985: 3975: 2927: 2852: 2701:

to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed

2352: 2270: 2206: 1752: 1593: 1330: 1110: 697: 17454: 5858:

Constitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as

25120: 25009: 24944: 24245: 24104: 23444: 23057: 22570: 22143: 21970: 21950: 21875: 21790: 21755: 21713: 21244: 20613: 20584: 20574: 20354: 20305: 20238: 20049: 19777: 19379: 19283: 19248: 19111: 18453: 17587: 10631: 9374: 8913:

disease, infant mortality and domestic violence, as well as demographic losses, income inequality and the rise of an

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After the revolution, life expectancy for all age groups went up. This statistic in itself was seen by some that the

8162: 8138: 7203:

reasonable estimate would place the total number of excess deaths for the whole period somewhere around 60 million.'

6795: 6760: 6710: 6587: 6351: 6243: 6189: 6171: 5939: 5923: 5887: 5216: 5192: 5038: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 3402: 3022:, demanded that all power be transferred to the Soviets, and gained support from the workers and soldiers. After the 2186: 1209: 17485: 17124: 14067:"The Soviet Union and the United States – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 13374: 13326:

Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941

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Russian Victory Day parades are organized annually in most cities, with the central military parade taking place in

7195:

was 45 to 50 million smaller than it would have been if pre-war demographic growth had continued. According to

7138:

a faster rate than road construction. The underdeveloped road network led to a growing demand for public transport.

6738:

declined due to Stalin's despotism. While there was a brief improvement after his death, it lapsed into stagnation.

4629:

portion accounted for a quarter of the country's area and was the cultural and economic center. The eastern part in

24868: 24851: 24517: 23997: 23342: 22555: 22436: 22372: 22030: 21841: 21437: 21356: 21328: 20579: 20384: 20372: 20196: 20186: 20142: 19957: 19633: 19582: 19465: 17669: 15542: 8661: 8514: 8296: 7858: 7158: 6081: 5919: 5845: 5348: 5332: 5244: 5220: 5128: 4232: 3778: 3766: 3667: 2690: 2216: 179: 98: 16649: 12107: 11777: 8022: 4432:

and ended in dissolution amidst economic collapse and political disintegration. Established in 1922 following the

2851:

by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, the

25476: 25471: 24662: 24200: 23815: 23144: 23112: 22643: 22526: 22377: 22316: 22035: 20589: 20569: 20389: 20377: 20233: 20218: 20132: 20034: 19616: 19436: 16474: 14289:"The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev" 12063: 10288: 9696: 9345: 9171: 8930: 8808: 8764: 8749: 8748:. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the late 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the 8724: 8692: 8315: 8284: 7736: 7184: 7114: 6855: 6779: 6207: 6063: 5955: 5903: 5883: 5120: 5030: 4781: 4762: 4707: 4546: 4356: 3971: 2907: 2856: 2287: 1854: 955: 17868: 14912:

Paper presented at the International Conference on Healthy, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe.

13935: 10916: 8854: 5671:

The rapid growth of power in Nazi Germany encouraged both Paris and Moscow to form a military alliance, and the

5642:. In the usage of the Soviet Union, and of the Comintern and its affiliated parties in this period, the epithet 4777:, the world's largest (by volume) and deepest freshwater lake that is also an internal body of water in Russia. 25267: 24893: 24326: 23825: 23798: 23735: 23254: 22387: 22057: 21955: 21907: 21740: 21668: 21286: 20330: 20310: 20007: 19621: 19446: 19374: 19080: 17634: 15931: 15466: 14792: 9720: 9700: 9167: 9022: 8788: 8720: 8213: 7747:), which saw rapid growth during the 20th century, rising from the 32nd most populous in the union to the 7th. 7228: 7192: 6836:. At its peak in 1988, it was the largest producer and second-largest exporter of crude oil, surpassed only by 6590:. Grain and sophisticated consumer manufactures became major import articles from around the 1960s. During the 5606:—lasted only from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919. The Russian Bolsheviks were in no position to give any help. 5292: 4992: 4723: 4715: 3702: 3617: 3030:

seized power from the Provisional Government in the name of the Soviets, Lenin proclaimed the formation of the

3015: 2996: 2686: 2611: 2434: 2143: 2106: 1072: 465: 21750: 15792: 15693: 13166: 7013:, making him the first human to ever be launched into space and complete a space journey. The first plans for 4847:

submarine in 2000 in the west further raised concerns. In the past, there were accidents involving submarines

4625:, rank among the top 10 countries by land area, and the largest country entirely in Europe, respectively. The 25063: 24778: 24602: 24562: 24316: 24240: 24235: 24139: 23932: 23676: 23557: 23363: 22648: 22397: 22067: 21965: 21745: 21313: 21266: 20499: 20401: 20228: 20092: 20044: 19805: 19599: 19473: 19456: 11949: 10627:"The Chernobyl Accident 20 Years on: An Assessment of the Health Consequences and the International Response" 9704: 9488: 9440: 9361: 9243:(JCP) released a press statement titled "We welcome the end of a party which embodied the historical evil of 9151: 9017:

on May 9 sees millions of Russians carry the portraits of their relatives who fought in the war. Russia also

8209: 8188: 7846: 7798: 7287: 7271: 7076: 6723: 6655: 6563: 5853: 5391: 5169: 5058: 4856: 4739: 4558: 4538: 3925: 3755: 3470: 2911: 2879: 2619: 2603: 2502: 2472: 2467: 1231: 869: 32: 20702: 17750: 15234: 14127: 12103: 7252: 6883:, the Soviets remained far behind technologically in chemistry, biology, and computers when compared to the 5732:, the Soviet Union did not cooperate with any other nation, choosing to follow its own path. However, after 25481: 25349: 25329: 25232: 24883: 24833: 24697: 24542: 24507: 24190: 23830: 23585: 23492: 22864: 22696: 22633: 22497: 22487: 22326: 22111: 21810: 21800: 21569: 21308: 19997: 19672: 19567: 19368: 19276: 18495: 9060: 9026: 8862: 8644: 8258: 8180: 7024:, the USSR only had automated spacecraft launches with no crewed spacecraft, passing on the 'Moon' part of 6410: 6406: 5966:

was formed on annexed territory as a Union Republic in March 1940 and then incorporated into Russia as the

4880: 4590: 4169: 4148: 3639: 3170:

In English-language media, the state was referred to as the Soviet Union or the USSR. The Soviet Union was

2840: 2710: 2649:, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally 2487: 2337: 2153: 2148: 2128: 1971: 1966: 1927: 1881: 1869: 1844: 1834: 1803: 1793: 1199: 854: 120: 12301: 12042: 10158: 9214:. Factors contributing to the anarchist animosity towards the USSR included the Soviet destruction of the 8873:

such as the USSR, especially under Stalin, has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of

7310: 5816:

and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as

25247: 24984: 24856: 24763: 24717: 24707: 24672: 24552: 24427: 24412: 24066: 24032: 23942: 23937: 23387: 23174: 23169: 22874: 22779: 22618: 22392: 22156: 22062: 21836: 21430: 20278: 20260: 20026: 19884: 19845: 19812: 19502: 19490: 19406: 19308: 18844: 17198: 16618: 16569: 15578: 15257: 15148: 14935: 14571: 13971: 13957: 13921: 13790: 13754: 13440: 13280: 13081: 12725: 12443: 11469: 11388: 10433: 9692: 9291: 9099: 8510: 8496: 8480: 8456: 8439: 7839: 6916: 6663: 6437: 5691: 5054: 4735: 4405: 4280: 4127: 4043: 3793: 3516: 3500: 3198: 2702: 2615: 2477: 2462: 2457: 2096: 2091: 2032: 1839: 1636: 644: 22208: 18400: 16996:

The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

15582: 14044: 13569:

Harrison, Mark (1993). "Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G. I. Khanin".

13496: 13403: 10790: 10484: 9547:, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law 6669: 2868: 76: 25307: 25140: 24922: 24903: 24803: 24793: 24788: 24380: 24260: 23952: 23382: 22825: 22738: 22251: 21922: 21805: 21604: 21301: 21296: 20959: 20777: 20273: 20250: 20223: 19047: 19023: 18910: 18902: 18540: 17813: 17401: 17192: 16999: 15971: 15303: 15098: 14787: 13237: 12237: 12161: 11791: 11734: 11633: 11130: 9945: 9847: 9155: 9083: 9050: 8990: 6875:

within its economy, however, the most remarkable Soviet successes in technology, such as producing the

4349: 3935: 3870: 3508: 3208: 2327: 2297: 1191: 14908:

The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades

14823:

Recent Developments of Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960–1970

14348: 12099: 11772: 9222:, and the defeat of the rival anarchist factions by the Soviet-supported Communist faction during the 8455:

began broadcasting a religious hour, and a historic meeting between Stalin and Orthodox Church leader

8326: 7821:

for Education of Soviet Russia. In the beginning, the Soviet authorities placed great emphasis on the

5610:

bridgehead. Russia was now a pariah state, along with Germany. The two came to terms in 1922 with the

25359: 25339: 25312: 25068: 24828: 24587: 24466: 24395: 24275: 23869: 23845: 22909: 22173: 22045: 21261: 21249: 20315: 20288: 20191: 18365: 14288: 12723:

Marantzidis, Nikos (2013). "The Greek Civil War (1944–1949) and the International Communist System".

12503: 11304: 10887:"Armed With Nuke Payload, How Dangerous Is Russia's Nuclear-Armed Submarine Resting In Arctic Ocean?" 10405: 9949: 9018: 8874: 8506: 7879: 7216: 6367: 5603: 4601:

One of the many impacts of the approach to the environment in the USSR and post-Soviet states is the

4063: 4055: 3580: 3350: 2726: 20283: 18201: 18061: 17981: 17751:"Russia vs. Ukraine: More Russians Want the Soviet Union and Communism Back Amid Continued Tensions" 14382: 7761: 6690:

much more quickly and consistently than in other countries, despite a rapid increase in the capital

5111: 4780:

Neighbouring countries were aware of the high levels of pollution in the Soviet Union but after the

24873: 24712: 24682: 24547: 24461: 24370: 24333: 23957: 23771: 23639: 22768: 22116: 22040: 21673: 21574: 21338: 21318: 21281: 21271: 21254: 21239: 20396: 19055: 14619: 12361:

Bertrand M. Patenaude Center for Russian, East European & Eurasian Studies, Stanford University

10015: 9240: 8962:, 16% of respondents said the collapse of the USSR did good, while 61% said it did harm. In a 2018 8688: 8431: 8146: 7300: 6925: 6363: 5729: 5312: 5188: 5184: 5140: 5136: 5132: 4645:, was much less populous. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) east to west across 11 4542: 3712: 3068: 2848: 2116: 1783: 82: 18581:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

16199: 16173: 14810:. Vol. 510. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. pp. 155–77. 13794: 6398:

and tactical bombers to support the army in the war. Strategic missile forces had more than 1,400

5690:

proposed a better deal, which would give the USSR control over much of Eastern Europe through the

5284:

within and especially outside the country was limited. The state restricted rights of citizens to

5156:

and Khrushchev, both dismissed from the party leadership amid internal struggle within the party.

5147:

existed between the Party, Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers that represented executive and

4765:, at 7,495 metres (24,590 ft). The USSR also included most of the world's largest lakes; the 25501: 25379: 25354: 25190: 25039: 24999: 24702: 24647: 24532: 24400: 23883: 23840: 23722: 23712: 23200: 23064: 23003: 22805: 22689: 22613: 22539: 22343: 21980: 21485: 21333: 19645: 18779: 18704: 18281: 17515: 16085: 14842: 14257: 14111: 13330: 12990: 12554: 10680:"One of the Murmansk Region's most polluting facilities shuts down after more than seven decades" 9648: 9621: 9577: 9544: 9159: 8858: 8416: 8404: 8349: 7098: 6775: 6756: 5805: 5788: 5753: 5611: 5599: 5486: 5296: 5204: 4835:. It was also known in the early 1990s that the USSR had transported radioactive material to the 4467:, which eliminated perceived enemies of the state. The Soviet Union played a crucial role in the 4027: 4009: 3989: 3876: 3848: 3340: 3049: 3007: 2734: 2260: 1937: 1732: 1152: 1054: 914: 720: 28: 22492: 18676:

Habibov, Nazim (June 2013). "Who Wants to Redistribute? An Analysis of 14 Post-Soviet Nations".

18040:. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 70, 160–167. 16695:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System" 16089: 12711: 11514: 6318:

ballistic missile, the deployment of which by the Soviet Union in the late 1970s launched a new

4959:

The Communist Party maintained its dominance over the state mainly through its control over the

3242: 25317: 25175: 25145: 25100: 25051: 25046: 24979: 24863: 24823: 24783: 24617: 24527: 24522: 24343: 24255: 24122: 24025: 23580: 23542: 23507: 23232: 22973: 22889: 22580: 22198: 22193: 22133: 21584: 21527: 21473: 21468: 21323: 20325: 19917: 19855: 18932: 18196: 16884:"Integrative Complexity of American and Soviet Foreign Policy Rhetoric: A Time Series Analysis" 14778: 13758: 13606: 12672: 12438: 12028: 11881: 11595: 11552: 11021: 10058: 9982: 9046: 8812: 8353: 7984:. Some ethnic groups voluntarily assimilated, while others were brought in by force. Russians, 7756: 6658:

and health care. In the manufacturing sector, heavy industry and defence were prioritized over

5801: 5707: 5037:) to wield its power between plenary sessions, ordinarily held twice a year, and appointed the 4864: 4468: 3558: 3436: 3246: 2722: 1090: 1048: 22482: 20455: 18872:

The Problems of Development and International Cooperation in the Region of the Southern Baltic

17254:"Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs" 17007: 16962: 16754: 15975: 14715: 14682: 14635: 12930: 12574: 9205:

or implementing worker liberation, as well as corruption and the Soviet authoritarian nature.

7353: 5970:

in 1956. Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below).

5544:. Although nominally a "defensive" alliance, the Pact's primary function was to safeguard the 5179:

Tensions grew between the Union-wide authorities under Gorbachev, reformists led in Russia by

4475:, but at a tremendous human cost, with millions of Soviet citizens perishing in the conflict. 25456: 25344: 25085: 25058: 25019: 24959: 24758: 24727: 24637: 24385: 24321: 23925: 23730: 23519: 23315: 23237: 23222: 23117: 23049: 23041: 22978: 22934: 22904: 22869: 22795: 22663: 22575: 22534: 22348: 22244: 21708: 21579: 20444: 19416: 19195: 18575: 18571: 18269:

The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems.

17593: 17377: 17003: 16958: 14740: 13316: 12629: 12497: 12287: 9107: 8950:

In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of

8624: 8268: 8239:

functioned as an official language, as the 'language of interethnic communication' (Russian:

7854: 7838:. Citizens directly entering the workforce had the constitutional right to a job and to free 7818: 6979: 6418: 5817: 5536:

of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of

4953: 4860: 4848: 4549:, which formally dissolved on December 26, 1991, ending nearly seven decades of Soviet rule. 3858: 2959: 2133: 1932: 24: 20: 20468: 16950: 16163:, vol 2: Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions, St Martin's Press, New York (1988) 12218:

The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.

9201:

such as other leftists. Critics also point towards its failure to implement any substantial

6726:

than market economies at the same level of economic development in most cases. According to

5621:

and a few others about a continuing Marxist-Leninist threat, and opened trade relations and

5339:, which were considered as examples of "bourgeois morality" by Soviet law theorists such as 25374: 25282: 25277: 25029: 24964: 24722: 24657: 24652: 24642: 24612: 24607: 24567: 24074: 23644: 23212: 22511: 22227: 21960: 21870: 21693: 21621: 21589: 21539: 21534: 20206: 20069: 19889: 19687: 19401: 19253: 15024: 10442: 9823: 8772: 8741: 8704: 8696: 8345: 7765: 7106: 6968: 6960: 6938: 6901: 6428:

applied, meaning all able-bodied males aged 18 and older were drafted in the armed forces.

6375: 5733: 5224: 5144: 5002: 4889:

There were three power hierarchies in the Soviet Union: the legislature represented by the

4852: 4429: 3832: 3635: 2785: 2761: 2706: 2424: 2280: 2138: 2111: 2001: 1996: 1981: 1849: 1017: 564: 326: 22203: 20293: 15701: 12530: 12411:(in Polish). Biblioteka Zrzeszenia Prawników Demokratów. pp. 153, 162. Archived from 11308: 10259: 8861:

in Europe by theatre and by year. Nazi Germany suffered 80% of its military deaths on the

8823: 5675:

was signed in May 1935. A firm believer in collective security, Stalin's foreign minister

5441:

signing bilateral documents during Gorbachev's official visit to the United States in 1990

5307:

was considered as the source of human rights. Therefore, the Soviet legal system regarded

3014:, workers' and soldiers' Soviets emerged throughout the country and shared power with the 8: 25369: 25125: 25075: 24994: 24898: 24732: 24677: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24577: 24537: 24502: 24444: 24358: 24289: 24151: 23972: 23707: 23537: 23325: 23242: 23179: 22929: 22628: 22607: 22601: 21990: 21698: 21549: 21502: 21490: 21192: 20433: 20162: 19967: 19896: 19704: 19553: 19431: 19353: 19326: 19207: 19177: 18990: 18964: 18852: 18510: 18430: 17966: 17735: 17523: 16539: 15823: 15180: 15015: 13370: 12625: 10814: 10359: 10287:. Towson University: Department of Geography & Environmental Planning. Archived from 9831: 9777: 9219: 9202: 9178: 9141: 9067: 8998: 8569: 8272: 7891: 7814: 7220: 7196: 6983: 6942: 6651: 6536: 6335: 6275: 5829: 5629:

came to power in 1924. All the other countries followed suit in opening trade relations.

5281: 5116: 5071: 4797: 4564: 4445: 3800: 3745: 3613: 3398: 3228: 3136: 3011: 3003: 2828: 2525: 2322: 2275: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2062: 1901: 1747: 1701: 747: 727: 331: 306: 18130:

Making Sense of Suffering : Holocaust and Holodomor in Ukrainian Historical Culture

17629: 15112:

The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930

15028: 10446: 8763:

colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the

7092: 5299:, "it is the government who is the beneficiary of human rights which are to be asserted 25297: 25272: 25262: 25252: 25237: 25222: 25180: 25110: 25095: 25034: 25014: 25004: 24974: 24949: 24934: 24878: 24818: 24808: 24667: 24490: 24476: 24471: 24417: 24353: 24163: 23413: 23403: 23217: 23071: 22944: 22919: 22758: 22638: 22521: 21985: 21564: 21554: 20300: 20211: 19528: 19441: 19331: 19321: 19224: 19103: 19027: 18772: 18585: 18533: 18214: 17651: 17632:(2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". 17583: 17346: 17321: 16864: 16856: 16078: 15587: 15286: 15040: 14955: 14947: 14864: 14837: 13966: 13930: 13799: 13763: 13732: 13680: 13655: 13551: 12835: 12795: 12460: 11874: 11507: 10839: 10831: 10744: 10655: 10626: 10318: 9753: 9500:

As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSR.

9137: 9133: 8886: 8669: 7850: 7168: 7037: 6824: 6809: 6735: 5825: 5821: 5741: 5525: 5466: 5384: 5253: 4832: 4793: 4758: 4649:, and over 7,200 kilometres (4,500 mi) north to south. It had five climate zones: 4419: 4114: 4078: 4017: 4005: 3913: 3866: 3606: 3504: 3492: 3406: 3394: 3314: 3079:

in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian

3023: 2872: 2642: 2507: 2211: 2201: 2121: 1722: 788: 301: 142: 18934:

Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him

14602:, translated by Roads and transportation in the USSR and Tsarist Russia, 1 August 2016 14197:

Deckert, R. A. (10 October 1990). "The science of uncovering industrial information".

10428: 10052: 25415: 25167: 25135: 25130: 25115: 25090: 24939: 24888: 24838: 24768: 24746: 24591: 24375: 24311: 24301: 24265: 24168: 24134: 24112: 24057: 23850: 23532: 23013: 22993: 22961: 22842: 22820: 22775: 22743: 22623: 21892: 21658: 21559: 20408: 20348: 20127: 19913: 19609: 19411: 19396: 19338: 19199: 19181: 19156: 19137: 19121: 19107: 19084: 19059: 19033: 19009: 18968: 18942: 18914: 18875: 18856: 18783: 18756: 18733: 18708: 18689: 18662: 18589: 18544: 18514: 18325: 18295: 18254: 18041: 17817: 17670:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on" 17655: 17597: 17527: 17381: 17351: 17275: 17202: 17011: 16966: 16951: 16883: 16868: 16811: 16762: 16728: 16673: 16623: 16478: 16423: 16384: 16338: 16250: 16093: 16013: 15979: 15964: 15835: 15773: 15546: 15503: 15372: 15330: 15307: 14993: 14959: 14869: 14746: 14719: 14708: 14686: 14675: 14641: 14579: 14442: 14004: 13685: 13610: 13555: 13448: 13334: 13284: 13241: 13128: 13085: 13042: 12940: 12913: 12863: 12707: 12633: 12618: 12584: 12381: 12336: 12291: 12207: 12165: 12067: 12032: 11996: 11992: 11953: 11885: 11852: 11840: 11805: 11801: 11738: 11662: 11599: 11556: 11518: 11473: 11430: 11392: 11346: 11312: 11263: 11221: 11182: 11144: 11140: 11098: 11059: 11025: 11014: 10980: 10935: 10843: 10785: 10749: 10707:"How Norilsk, in the Russian Arctic, became one of the most polluted places on Earth" 10660: 10570: 10458: 10454: 10364: 10323: 9909: 9887: 9839: 9807: 9732: 9528: 9311: 9233: 9223: 9198: 9014: 8983: 8979: 8958:, 12% of respondents said the USSR collapse did good, while 66% said it did harm. In 8914: 8580: 8573: 8545: 8464: 8158: 7936:(5.84%). Overall, in 1989 the ethnic demography of the country showed that 69.8% was 7831: 7180: 7122: 6964: 6742: 6687: 6634:. However, in practice, the plans were highly aggregated and provisional, subject to 6623: 6343: 6293: 5813: 5626: 5618: 5438: 5265: 5160: 5026: 4824: 4526: 4515: 4499: 4433: 4377: 4001: 3965: 3961: 3854: 3681: 3663: 3651: 3526: 3512: 3496: 3463: 3416: 3269: 3217: 2871:

the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent

2809: 2781: 2777: 2760:, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought 2658: 2497: 2429: 2409: 2374: 2369: 2265: 2101: 2052: 2027: 2022: 1991: 1727: 1421: 941: 576: 528: 376: 366: 344: 337: 321: 22681: 22138: 18218: 18062:"Russia's Victory Day celebrations take on new importance for the Kremlin this year" 17996: 17294: 16233:

Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.

15930:[Law of the USSR from 24 April 1990 on languages of the USSR] (in Russian). 15614: 14637:

Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945

12464: 9348:. No lyrics were used from 1956 to 1977. Revised lyrics were used from 1977 to 1991. 7908: 5926:

were split off from the Russian SFSR, resulting in the same status. In August 1940,

4915: 3135:) is also commonly used, but only in its unabbreviated form. Since the start of the 25364: 25302: 25257: 25200: 25105: 25024: 24989: 24798: 24449: 24348: 24156: 23132: 23107: 22956: 22924: 22849: 22301: 21683: 21409: 19216: 18956: 18830: 18822: 18685: 18619: 18210: 18206: 18081: 17643: 17519: 17341: 17333: 17265: 16897: 16846: 16803: 15765: 15032: 14939: 14859: 14851: 14434: 14100:

Soviet Russia Had a Better Record of Training Women in STEM Than America Does Today

13724: 13675: 13667: 13656:"Economic Development, Political-Economic System, and the Physical Quality of Life" 13578: 13543: 12936: 12826:

Wilson, J. H. (1971). "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union".

12787: 12452: 12132: 11701: 10823: 10650: 10640: 10450: 9901: 9857: 9663: 9592: 8878: 8869:

The legacy of the USSR remains a controversial topic. The socio-economic nature of

8700: 8657: 8584: 8558: 8554: 8009: 8005: 7553: 7378: 7315: 7060: 7047: 6920: 6731: 6643: 6567: 6395: 6391: 6387: 5683: 5644: 5500: 5470: 5458: 5340: 5328: 5285: 5067: 4801: 4503: 3957: 3816: 3734: 3691: 3484: 3474: 3100: 2945: 2940: 2844: 2773: 2654: 2342: 2312: 1961: 1947: 1864: 1669: 1132: 887: 371: 351: 286: 18826: 18560:

The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969

18316: 17647: 14066: 13522:

The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR from 1945

11297: 5489:, was an international communist organization based in the Kremlin that advocated 4506:

process, leading to a period of liberalization and relative openness known as the

25424: 25384: 25287: 25227: 25217: 25205: 25150: 24969: 24363: 24338: 24117: 23740: 23527: 23291: 23127: 22939: 22516: 22477: 22338: 21725: 20320: 19533: 19485: 19391: 19200:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 19171: 19074: 18999: 18928: 18723: 18698: 18615: 18504: 18285: 17566: 17507: 17369: 17194:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

16991: 16946: 16933: 16926: 16667: 16540:"Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance | Britannica" 16468: 16417: 16380: 16374: 16328: 16244: 16007: 15935: 15796: 15708: 15697: 15536: 15493: 15435: 15366: 15362: 15324: 15298: 14888: 14614: 14565: 14436: 14106: 13994: 13600: 13596: 13474:[Defense spending and size of the Armed Forces of the USSR] (in Russian). 13434: 13324: 13274: 13231: 13195:. Translated by A law on the mandatory military draft. prlib.ru. 12 October 1967. 13147:

Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, Westview Press, 1979, p.13

13075: 13036: 12537: 12057: 11986: 11943: 11795: 11728: 11695: 11656: 11589: 11546: 11463: 11424: 11382: 11340: 11257: 11215: 11176: 11134: 11092: 11053: 10974: 10507:"Chernobyl | Chernobyl Accident | Chernobyl Disaster - World Nuclear Association" 10267: 9865: 9793: 9769: 9509:

As Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.

9301: 8971: 8947:

average of 32% of NRB respondents supported the restoration of the Soviet Union.

8882: 8870: 8756: 8591: 8369: 8300: 8229: 8220: 8165: 8154: 8150: 7826: 7582: 6727: 6719: 6604: 6515: 6379: 6355: 5973:

While nominally a union of equals, in practice the Soviet Union was dominated by

5721: 5564: 5533: 5529: 5490: 5422: 5418: 5336: 5324: 5277: 5261: 5187:, and communist hardliners. On 19–21 August 1991, a group of hardliners staged a 5153: 4511: 4507: 4097: 3631: 3569: 3547: 3426: 3319: 3038: 2999:, which functioned from 1810 to 1917, was referred to as a Council of Ministers. 2933: 2780:, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused 2662: 2650: 2631: 2623: 2414: 2404: 2302: 1942: 1891: 762: 623: 588: 540: 516: 356: 316: 18579: 18361:"A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement" 17778:"75% of Russians Say Soviet Era Was 'Greatest Time' in Country's History – Poll" 17559: 16901: 15769: 15258:

Wrong Hand/Wrong Children: Education of Left Handed Children in the Soviet Union

15095:

Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936

14318: 13826: 12856:

Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart

12204:

von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics

10827: 10224: 10129: 10104: 8583:, with all other trends being severely repressed, with rare exceptions, such as 5652:

or anti-Stalinist activity or opinion. Stalin reversed himself in 1934 with the

25322: 25195: 24456: 24422: 24146: 24099: 23820: 23702: 23330: 22983: 22763: 22753: 22716: 22712: 22658: 22653: 22098: 21663: 21366: 20340: 20268: 19548: 19538: 19129: 18528: 16693:

Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).

16129: 16005: 15426: 15392: 15215:А. П. Чуприков, Е. А. Волков. // Мир леворуких. Киев. 2008. 15125: 14413: 12176:

after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."

9873: 9785: 9215: 9129: 9042: 8975: 8502: 8447: 8415:

prohibitions on a range of church activities, including meetings for organized

8142: 8040:

European Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ethnic Groups (Before 1939)

8013: 7953: 7941: 7835: 7803: 7485: 7223:

continued to exhibit population growth well above replacement-level fertility.

7211: 7126: 6956: 6752: 6527: 5737: 5676: 5649: 5639: 5474: 5462: 5414: 5344: 4808: 4613:. Covering a sixth of Earth's land surface, its size was comparable to that of 4441: 4393: 3655: 3647: 3591: 3536: 3303: 3289: 3258: 3019: 2992: 2899: 2646: 2587: 2394: 2332: 2074: 2067: 2057: 1691: 873: 492: 404: 361: 311: 19220: 18248: 18157: 17146: 14855: 13728: 13582: 12910:

The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939

12576:

Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day

10532:"Unsealed Soviet archives reveal cover-ups at Chernobyl plant before disaster" 9735:

with Japan (which was bordered to the south until 1945) and the United States.

8263: 7171:(blue) from 1961 to 2009 as well as projection (dotted blue) from 2010 to 2100 25450: 25429: 25334: 24843: 24582: 24173: 23962: 23920: 23310: 22914: 22854: 22668: 22502: 22178: 21932: 21688: 21599: 21478: 20732: 20201: 19133: 19100:

Presidents, Oligarchs and Bureaucrats: Forms of Rule in the Post-Soviet Space

18805: 18603: 18291: 18109: 17119: 16837: 16732: 15662: 14132: 12456: 12373: 12328: 12320: 11652: 11253: 10917:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/russia111698.htm

10753: 10574: 10462: 10368: 10327: 9306: 9296: 9286: 8951: 8934: 8922: 8784: 8736: 8595: 8467:, the state leadership clashed with the churches in 1958–1964, a period when 8435: 8427: 8001: 7887: 7778: 7650: 7603: 7569: 7519: 7467: 7417: 7188: 7146: 6896: 6833: 6583: 6519: 6503: 6494: 6485: 6474: 6465: 6456: 6383: 5771: 5717: 5653: 5560: 5545: 5514: 5210: 5180: 5094: 4828: 4751: 4747: 4634: 4614: 4452: 4339: 4035: 3723: 3673: 3360: 3330: 3154: 3099:) is the abbreviation of the Russian-language cognate of USSR, as written in 3060: 2860: 2674: 2492: 2419: 2399: 2307: 2079: 1827: 1742: 1224: 552: 504: 453: 433: 423: 266: 253: 17895:"Survey shows Ukrainians most negatively regard Stalin, Lenin and Gorbachev" 16122:"Johnson's Russia List #5141 - Why father of glasnost is despised in Russia" 14212:"U.S. Firms Must Trade Short-Term Gains for Long-Term Technology Planning". 13233:

The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives

12744:

Timmermann, Heinz (1985). "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy".

11504: 11178:Конститутион оф тхе Руссиян Федератион: витх комментариес анд интерпретатион 8392:

Orthodox Church, which the revolutionaries considered an ally of the former

7163: 5736:, the Soviet Union's priorities changed. Despite previous conflict with the 5686:, the USSR attempted to form an anti-Nazi alliance with France and Britain. 5358:

The Soviet Union signed legally-binding human rights documents, such as the

4971:. The institutions at lower levels were overseen and at times supplanted by 4478:

The Soviet Union emerged as one of the world's two superpowers, leading the

25210: 24195: 23562: 23456: 23348: 23008: 22382: 22267: 22183: 22052: 21594: 21348: 21231: 20084: 19905: 18938: 18244: 17738:[Nostalgia for the USSR] (in Russian). levada.ru. 19 December 2018. 17674: 17442: 17410: 17337: 17279: 17177: 17032: 16721:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics" 15777: 14095: 13320: 13124: 12332: 11697:

The Organs of Soviet Administration of Justice: Their History and Operation

10664: 10565: 9257: 9208:

Anarchists are also critical of the country, labeling the Soviet system as

9163: 9111: 9071: 8989:

The 1941–1945 period of World War II is still known in Russia as the '

8905: 8745: 8452: 8393: 8337: 8299:

in Leningrad was one of many notable church buildings destroyed during the

8279: 8173: 7862: 7688: 7655: 7637: 7621: 7587: 7535: 7501: 7433: 7399: 7383: 7344: 7328: 7021: 7010: 6952: 6880: 6837: 6783: 6639: 6552: 6425: 6327: 5809: 5792:

is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two

5783: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5725: 5695: 5687: 5657: 5537: 5304: 5269: 5249: 5215:

The judiciary was not independent of the other branches of government. The

4960: 4811:

was one of the places with major problems. Around the industrial cities of

4719: 4642: 4519: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4411: 3902: 3808: 3480: 3175: 3160: 2825: 2756:

in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the

2749: 1551: 1175: 767: 673: 386: 17810:

Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians

17607: 17355: 17322:"Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease" 16807: 16669:

Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping

14873: 13689: 13671: 12439:"Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War" 12027: 8153:

protection and free access to any health institutions in the USSR. Before

7005:, where test dogs were sent to space. On 12 April 1961, the USSR launched 5376: 5311:

as an arm of politics and courts as agencies of the government. Extensive

5085:) played an important role in Soviet politics. It was instrumental in the 4387: 2737:, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a 24405: 24212: 24089: 23855: 23335: 23320: 23164: 22879: 22830: 22800: 22431: 21912: 21897: 21544: 19947: 19909: 19901: 19523: 19507: 19421: 19363: 18797: 17114: 16470:

Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe

15839: 15538:

The Economics of Property Rights: Towards a Theory of Comparative Systems

15499: 14182:

MacFarland, Margo (3 May 1990). "Global Tech Strategies Brought to U.S".

14000: 13366: 12190:

or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."

11912: 11016:

Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika

10103:

Dewdney, John C.; Conquest, Robert; Pipes, Richard E.; McCauley, Martin.

9728: 9244: 9210: 9181:

such as anarchists are extremely critical of Soviet authoritarianism and

9147: 9013:(just as during the Soviet times). Additionally, the recently introduced 8896: 8768: 8640: 8613: 8565: 8385: 7985: 7973: 7785: 7616: 7530: 7176: 6888: 6884: 6817: 6768: 6747: 6596: 6586:

on the USSR was limited by fixed domestic prices and a state monopoly on

6347: 6339: 6323: 6289: 6285: 5793: 5549: 5521: 5410: 5320: 5273: 5148: 5106: 5093:, but was brought under strict party control after Stalin's death. Under 5090: 4844: 4836: 4812: 4774: 4766: 4727: 4574: 4534: 4464: 3979: 3880: 3862: 3840: 3828: 3250: 2958:), meaning 'council', 'assembly', 'advice', ultimately deriving from the 2832: 2820: 2757: 2714: 2698: 2317: 2196: 2047: 2037: 1822: 1696: 741: 711: 18835: 17034:

Russia and the Baltics: Poverty and Poverty Research in a Changing World

12839: 12483:

Expansion and coexistence: the history of Soviet foreign policy, 1917–73

9232:

also have a mixed opinion on the USSR, viewing it negatively during the

8235:

As the most widely spoken of the Soviet Union's many languages, Russian

8128: 7849:

was highly centralized and universally accessible to all citizens, with

6008: 5679:

worked very hard to form a closer relationship with France and Britain.

4843:, which was later confirmed by the Russian parliament. The crash of the 3071:. In addition, in the regional languages of several republics, the word 3010:. Although they were quickly suppressed by the Imperial army, after the 24434: 24094: 24084: 23982: 23432: 23408: 23139: 22998: 22988: 22951: 22884: 22859: 21422: 19937: 19257: 18630: 17092:

Challenging Late Capitalism, Neoliberal Globalization, & Militarism

16860: 16334: 15462: 14951: 14612: 14421: 13547: 12814:

British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918–1924

12799: 11587: 11544: 9247: 9095: 8967: 8959: 8918: 8377: 8361: 8184: 7937: 7929: 7671: 7207: 7081: 7025: 7014: 6998: 6905: 6892: 6715: 6547:

and enacting draconian labor legislation. Resources were mobilized for

6523: 5959: 5833: 5630: 5352: 5086: 5074:. While the state system was nominally federal, the party was unitary. 4920: 4901:(CPSU), the only legal party and the final policymaker in the country. 4618: 4491: 4397: 3621: 3027: 2836: 2789: 2738: 2599: 2221: 1896: 1737: 1664: 1579: 1537: 1509: 1495: 1481: 398: 23468: 19268: 19228: 19001:

Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence

18247:(October 1995). "Preface, and Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". 17478:"Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 17174:

Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index

15044: 14923: 13996:

Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index

13736: 13192: 12897:

St.Petersburg and Moscow: Czarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

12357:"Regional Perspectives on Human Rights: The USSR and Russia, Part One" 10835: 9144:, turning into a corrupt state in which the elite controlled society. 7896: 6442: 4997: 2983:

means 'councillor'. Some organizations in Russian history were called

2880:

many significant social and technological achievements and innovations

2042: 24079: 23977: 23967: 23686: 23377: 22899: 22815: 22790: 22785: 22421: 22284: 21453: 21384: 20157: 20152: 19974: 19867: 19697: 19358: 19262: 19005: 18752: 18729: 18658: 18563: 17374:

Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism

16953:

Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism

16799: 16161:

A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer

15615:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 12973:

How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938–1939

12580: 12478: 12059:

A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev

10645: 10561:"Radiation high over Europe after Chernobyl disaster – archive, 1986" 9276: 9190: 9182: 9091: 8890: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7945: 7901: 7704: 7451: 7134: 7029: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6909: 6876: 6865: 6860: 6828: 6674: 6591: 6532: 6319: 5797: 5648:

was used to describe capitalist society in general and virtually any

5556: 5228: 4646: 4578: 4545:

in August 1991 against Gorbachev by hardline communists hastened the

4495: 4092: 3812: 3627: 2793: 2765: 2292: 1798: 1659: 1375: 1362: 18128: 17443:"Russian Demographics: The Role of the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 16851: 16832: 15690: 14494: 12791: 8540: 4585: 4518:, was marked by economic decline, political corruption, and a rigid 3139:

at the latest, abbreviating the Russian name of the Soviet Union as

2839:

movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to

24002: 23992: 23888: 23717: 21614: 20147: 19692: 19426: 19386: 19155:. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. 18458: 17755: 17270: 17253: 16376:

Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR

16368: 16366: 15036: 14943: 14535: 14533: 14165:

Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society

10711: 10400: 10229: 9531:

was signed by the remaining 11 of 12 republics on 21 December 1991.

9251: 9150:

believe that the ascendancy of the Stalinist bureaucracy ensured a

8939: 8619: 8600: 8522: 8451:

religious faith after the German invasion, churches were reopened.

8381: 8373: 7925: 7867: 7732: 7446: 7368: 7110: 7085: 7006: 6975: 6745:

attempted to reform and revitalize the economy with his program of

6281: 5974: 5763: 5757: 4840: 4666: 4602: 4597: 4530: 4487: 4415: 4109: 4013: 3836: 3659: 3279: 3179: 3151:

as a Russian Cyrillic abbreviation is associated with the infamous

2814: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2745: 2730: 2191: 1886: 1219: 1179: 772: 231: 24017: 17512:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

16466: 12860:

Burdens of a dictatorial past – challenges of a democratic present

11797:

History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century

11461: 11136:

History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century

10051: 8819: 8344:

had the highest number of adherents among the religious citizens.

6610: 5252:

in the Soviet Union were severely limited. The Soviet Union was a

24557:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

24439: 23682:

Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

23547: 23418: 22837: 22810: 22748: 22467: 22426: 21927: 20039: 19543: 17222:

Alexander, Catharine; Buchil, Victor; Humphrey, Caroline (2007).

16415: 15397:"The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union" 13167:"October 30, 1961 – The Tsar Bomba: CTBTO Preparatory Commission" 10536: 9688: 9545:

Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

9103: 9063: 8955: 8901: 8536:

The 'Enthusiast's March', a 1930s song famous in the Soviet Union

8468: 8400: 8311: 8245: 8224: 8132:

An early Soviet-era poster discouraging unsafe abortion practices

7912: 7720: 7699:

For the entirety of its existence, the most populous cities were

7598: 7514: 7428: 7339: 7042: 6701: 6627: 6579: 6575: 6558: 6306: 5661: 5660:

political, labor, and organizational forces that were opposed to

5496: 5380: 4972: 4816: 4711: 4622: 4498:

around the globe. The post-Stalin leadership, particularly under

3844: 2579: 1523: 1467: 1453: 1439: 1407: 448: 16363: 14545: 14530: 14518: 14506: 14435:

Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998).

12104:"Inquisitorial procedure (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 11294: 10931:"The Terrifying History of Russia's Nuclear Submarine Graveyard" 10919:|access-date=19 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post}} 8557:

who was shot for alleged conspiracy against the Bolsheviks, and

6800: 5720:

controlled all foreign relations of the Soviet Union during the

5586: 4444:

were marked by the implementation of socialist policies and the

25517:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

24048: 23987: 22236: 21703: 21495: 20460: 15691:

Chapter 2, par. "Nations and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe"

13468: 13006:"The Evolution of Stalin's Foreign Policy during World War Two" 12036: 9708: 9684: 9683:

As of 1989, the countries that bordered the Soviet Union were:

9593:[sɐˈjussɐˈvʲetskʲɪxsətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskʲɪxrʲɪˈspublʲɪk] 9331:

For names of the Soviet Union in other official languages, see

9229: 9010: 8653: 8330:

Major religious groups in the Soviet Union as published by the

8291: 7972:

ethnic groups were considered part of larger ones, such as the

7957: 7933: 7916: 7822: 7700: 7666: 7462: 7394: 7323: 7305: 6763:, and third during the second half of the 1980s, although on a 6311: 5665: 5063: 4820: 4743: 4731: 4677: 4673: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4626: 4610: 2864: 2863:, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the 2635: 1565: 1393: 1348: 245: 16570:"The Role of Sports in the Soviet Union | Guided History" 14886: 14258:"Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space" 8974:, who ruled the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, while viewing 8430:, but a 'government-sponsored program of forced conversion to 7105:

Transport was a vital component of the country's economy. The

5874:(SFSRs), all four being the founding republics who signed the 5291:

The Soviet conception of human rights was very different from

4541:, and the control of the Communist Party weakened. The failed 4436:, the Soviet Union quickly became a one-party state under the 2729:, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the 2685:

that led to significant economic growth, but contributed to a

23781: 21917: 21887: 20498: 19962: 19840: 19052:

A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin

18624:"The Soviet Economic Decline, Historical and Republican Data" 18038:

Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine

17839:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says" 17295:"Non-communicable Diseases and Former Soviet Union countries" 16409: 16372: 15793:"Dentistry in Russia is finally leaving the Dark Ages behind" 15495:

Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era

15256:

Daniela, Linda; Rubene, Zanda; Medne, Dace (23 August 2016).

15013:

Harris, Chauncy D. (1945). "The Cities of the Soviet Union".

14699: 13696: 13635: 13077:

Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law

11465:

Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law

11090: 10071: 10069: 9724: 9390:

and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (then the

9166:

that rose to power under Stalin's tutelage presided over the

8681:

Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

8673: 8357: 8341: 8319: 7949: 7740: 7632: 7564: 7548: 6691: 6574:

By the early 1940s, the Soviet economy had become relatively

5400: 5319:. The Soviet government in practice significantly curbed the 5235:, and defence attorney collaborate to "establish the truth". 4695: 4654: 4428:

The history of the Soviet Union began with the ideals of the

3824: 3310: 2694: 16692: 16006:

Silvio Ferrari; W. Cole Durham; Elizabeth A. Sewell (2003).

15141:"From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution" 14895:. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. p. 95. 13469:"Raskhody na oboronu i chislennost' vooruzhennykh sil SSSR" 12499:

The Communist Revolution: An Outline of Strategy and Tactics

10314:"Study Says Pollution in Arctic Could Originate From Soviet" 9388:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

9218:

after an initial alliance, the suppression of the anarchist

9124:

Criticism of communist party rule § Left-wing criticism

9086:

in Donetsk, 2014. The red banner reads, "Our homeland USSR".

9006:, and of a sense of self as citizen of a superpower state". 8997:

suffered by the military and civilians during the conflict,

6694:(the rate of capital increase was only surpassed by Japan). 6402:(ICBMs), deployed between 28 bases and 300 command centers. 5796:, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as 5656:

program that called on all Marxist parties to join with all

5355:... but to substantiate it and legitimize it in principle". 4935:

and Conferences. In turn, the Central Committee voted for a

22894: 21902: 21826: 21768: 20074: 19850: 19097: 17720: 15577: 15292:

Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934

14600:ДОРОГИ И ДВИЖЕНИЕ В СССР И ЦАРСКОЙ РОССИИ: ЧТО БЫ ПЕРЕНЯТЬ? 14412: 13956: 13920: 13827:"Human Development Report 1990 | Human Development Reports" 13789: 13753: 12987:

The Foreign Policy Of Soviet Russia (1929–1941), Volume Two

12932:

The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939

11342:

Soviet Union to Commonwealth: Transformation and Challenges

9763: 9712: 8605: 7769: 7724: 7712: 7496: 7480: 7412: 7358: 6359: 6358:. The OGPU later became independent and in 1934 joined the 5541: 4770: 4630: 2753: 21222: 18096:"The Immortal Regiment: the pride and prejudice of Russia" 17406:"Latvia provides no magic solution for indebted economies" 16419:

Religion, morality, and community in post-Soviet societies

14838:"Life Expectancy and Mortality Data from the Soviet Union" 14808:

Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union

13885: 13849: 10427:

Shahgedanova, Maria; Burt, Timothy P. (1 September 1994).

10066: 2697:

was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the

20734:

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union

20059: 19879: 18066: 14472: 14470: 11505:

White, Stephen; J. Gill, Graeme; Slider, Darrell (1993).

10863: 9965:, Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 ( 8760: 8611:

In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of

8348:

predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional

8331: 7055: 6599:. A portion of Soviet resources during the Cold War were 5308: 5078: 4786: 1236: 14820: 11509:

The Politics of Transition: Shaping a post-Soviet Future

10102: 8664:, winning eight gold medals, two silvers and one bronze. 8306: 8170:

19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

6989:

At the end of the 1950s, the USSR constructed the first

4680:, measuring over 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), or 2970: 18503:

Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985).

18008:

The Geopolitics of History in Latvian-Russian Relations

17221: 14613:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (8 June 2023).

14438:

Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century

14161:"Fallen Behind: Science, Technology and Soviet Statism" 14029: 12683: 12283:

Economic and Social Justice: A Human Rights Perspective

12055: 10396:"The Grim Pollution Picture in the Former Soviet Union" 10081: 9185:. Much of the criticism it receives is centered around 8727:

between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any

6386:

and submarines. In 1989, there served 500 000 men. The

5582:

International relations (1919–1939) § Soviet Union

5159:

Between 1988 and 1990, facing considerable opposition,

4757:

The country's highest mountain was Communism Peak (now

4490:. This period saw the USSR engage in an arms race, the 2824:. In late 1980s and early 1990s, most countries in the 2812:, sought to reform the country through his policies of 18454:"Noam Chomsky on Anarchism, Communism and Revolutions" 17061:"An epidemic of street kids overwhelms Russian cities" 16246:

Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West

16080:

Always Reforming: A History of Christianity Since 1300

15961: 15858: 15658:"Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union" 14777: 14576:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

14482: 14467: 13897: 13873: 13861: 13534:

Bergson, Abram (1997). "How Big was the Soviet GDP?".

13445:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

13315: 12620:

Communism in Transition: The End of the Soviet Empires

12551:

Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies

12531:

Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

10740:"Russians describe extensive dumping of nuclear waste" 10429:"New data on air pollution in the former Soviet Union" 9364:

had the right to declare their own regional languages.

7980:, who were classified with the linguistically related 5774:

and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the

5712:

Diplomatic history of World War II § Soviet Union

2713:. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the 23079:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

22711: 17994: 17808:

Rose, Richard; Mishler, William; Munro, Neil (2011).

17589:

Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism

17447:

Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences

16047: 16045: 16043: 16041: 15906: 15894: 15882: 14825:. Vol. 29. Population Studies. pp. 861–898. 13471:Расходы на оборону и численность вооруженных сил СССР 12529:"Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study, 12518:

The Comintern: The History of the Third International

12133:"totalitarianism | Definition, Examples, & Facts" 10173: 9653: 9626: 9582: 7059:

orbital station. It was built on the construction of

5952:

not recognized by most of the international community

3119:

in English. In addition, the Russian short form name

3054: 2709:

in the largest land invasion in history, opening the

1860:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

55: 23948:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

23276: 21414: 18484:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

18010:. Riga: Academic Press of the University of Latvia. 17869:"Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup" 16310: 16308: 16306: 15870: 15625: 14805: 14710:

Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union

14420:. NASA. January 1997. IS-1997-06-004JSC – via 8970:

respondents had a positive opinion of Soviet leader

5360:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4396:, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the 2653:. The revolution was not accepted by all within the 2582:

from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the

981:

22,402,200 km (8,649,500 sq mi) (

16330:

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

16320: 16148:

The Russian Orthodox Church under the Soviet Regime

14705: 13602:

The Strange Death of Soviet communism: A Postscript

12098: 9197:as well as violence towards government critics and 8627:throughout the country in the media and the press. 8587:'s works. Many writers were imprisoned and killed. 7692:

Largest cities of the USSR close to its dissolution

7040:, flew in 1988, but without a human crew. Another, 6804:Soviet stamp depicting the 30th anniversary of the 5567:insisted on an independent program. Its newspaper, 4885:

Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

4796:in 1986 was the first major accident at a civilian 23051:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 18888: 18771: 18532: 17708: 16755:"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II" 16077: 16038: 15963: 15431:"More migrants please, especially the clever ones" 15255: 15176:"Why the Former USSR Has Far Fewer Men than Women" 14707: 14674: 12653: 12617: 11873: 11839: 11835: 11833: 11588:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). 11545:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). 11506: 11384:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower 11296: 11013: 10811: 10624: 8249:status as the official national language in 1990. 8112:Comparative Soviet Nationalities by Republic, 1989 7873: 6827:network of 82,000 kilometres (51,000 mi) for 6417:(1968). The Soviet Union also participated in the 4448:(NEP), which allowed for market-oriented reforms. 2963: 2033:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 23603:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 23155:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 18869: 17712: 16563: 16561: 16303: 16069: 15927:ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24 April 1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР 15655: 14921: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13392: 12862:] (in German). LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. 11845:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3: Statesman 9036: 8672:as a sports organization of Soviet secret police 6603:to the Soviet-aligned states. The Soviet Union's 6382:, it expanded significantly. It became known for 5986:Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991 5479:Moscow State Institute of International Relations 5100: 2606:, the largest and most populous of which was the 25448: 23498:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 20148:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 18893:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 157–183. 18812: 18655:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 18570: 18502: 18110:"U.S. & Russian Holidays in 2022 & 2023" 17925:"What Should Russia be in the View of Russians?" 17807: 17704: 17506: 16326: 16075: 16057: 14893:Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s 14551: 14539: 14524: 14512: 14500: 13595: 13193:"Принят закон "О всеобщей воинской обязанности"" 12568: 12566: 12564: 11984: 11693: 10426: 9560:Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards. 9439:As General Secretary of the Communist Party and 9114:have in a general a positive remembrance of it. 8668:In summer of 1923 in Moscow was established the 7719:). At its inception, the Top 5 was completed by 4694:circumferences of Earth. Two-thirds of it was a 4230: 3923: 2878:During its existence, the Soviet Union produced 18614: 18492:Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union 17149:. Transparency International. 3 December 2014. 16761:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 138. 15749: 15361: 15209: 14922:Clayton, Elizabeth; Richardson, Thomas (1989). 14376: 14374: 13702: 13641: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13209:, University of California Press (1990), p. 131 13110: 12430: 11830: 11790: 11726: 11380: 11213: 11181:. Brunswick Publishing Corp. 1994. p. 82. 11129: 9977: 9975: 9761: 9731:to the southeast. The Soviet Union also shared 9476:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 9239:After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the 8356:. About 90% of the Soviet Union's Muslims were 6887:. The Soviet government opposed and persecuted 6578:; for most of the period until the creation of 5528:alliance formed in 1955 among the USSR and its 4965:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 2892:largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world 57:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik 18874:. Wydawnictwo "Bernardinum. pp. 134–143. 18488:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 17995:Ločmele, K.; Procevska, O.; Zelče, V. (2011). 17962:"Why do so many people miss the Soviet Union?" 17573:, 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 16558: 16448: 16012:. Peeters Pub & Booksellers. p. 261. 15425: 15391: 14905: 13568: 13533: 13389: 11941: 11905: 11871: 11651: 11299:The Theory, Law, and Policy of Soviet Treaties 9895: 9851: 9817: 9811: 9584:Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik 8637:Voluntary Sports Societies of the Soviet Union 8064:Ethnic composition of the Soviet Union in 1949 7968:and 4.1% were of other various ethnic groups. 7053:In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union built the 6786:, and the 25th in the world of 130 countries. 6686:after 1970, the growth, while still positive, 6334:Under the Military Law of September 1925, the 5569:For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy! 5499:, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( 4939:(called the Presidium between 1952 and 1966), 2784:. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded 25467:States and territories disestablished in 1991 24033: 23811:Election denial movement in the United States 22697: 22252: 21438: 21208: 20718: 20484: 19284: 18891:Poverty, Politics and the Poverty of Politics 17400: 16467:McKay, George; Williams, Christopher (2009). 16373:Nahaylo, Bohdan & Victor Swoboda (1990). 15957: 15955: 15953: 15821: 14633: 13276:The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953 12561: 11338: 11011: 10972: 10625:Baverstock, Keith; Williams, Dillwyn (2006). 10282:"The Former Soviet Union: Physical Geography" 10225:"How Soviet pollution destroyed the Aral Sea" 9641: 9614: 9570: 9140:generally view the USSR as failing to create 8088:Map of the ethnic groups living in USSR, 1970 7167:Population of the Soviet Union (red) and the 5575: 5508: 5477:(1909–1989). Intellectuals were based in the 4357: 3146: 3140: 3126: 3120: 3110: 3104: 3090: 3042: 2949: 2744:Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the 2543: 995:2,767,198 km (1,068,421 sq mi) 172: 135: 113: 49: 19153:Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution 19076:Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R 18451: 17956: 17954: 17952: 17950: 17319: 16986: 16984: 16982: 16889:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16416:Mark D. Steinberg; Catherine Wanner (2008). 16236: 15999: 15755: 15006: 14742:War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century 14371: 13212: 12665: 10045: 10043: 9972: 9938:"Language Policy in the former Soviet Union" 9801: 9430:As General Secretary of the Communist Party. 7853:for applicants from nations associated with 3152: 3067:and did not change to the other order until 23031: 20461:Administrative division of the Soviet Union 18897: 18506:Soviet and East European Transport Problems 16460: 15822:Ferber, Irwin; Bedrick, Anthony E. (1979). 15491: 14738: 14640:. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. 13483: 13481: 13074:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993). 12912:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 52–53. 12722: 12400:Teoria dowodów sądowych w prawie radzieckim 12262:Boston University International Law Journal 12038:УКАЗ: ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ О МИНИСТЕРСТВЕ ЮСТИЦИИ СССР 11462:Joseph Marie Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1993). 11295:F. Triska, Jan; Slusser, Robert M. (1962). 11051: 10596:"Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident" 10075: 9881: 9456:and de facto President of the Soviet Union. 9344:The original lyrics used from 1944 to 1956 9272:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991) 8649:Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team 7247:Largest cities or towns in the Soviet Union 7050:, which is the most powerful in the world. 6322:in Europe when NATO responded by deploying 5839: 5832:and technological competitions such as the 5701: 2772:, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of 25462:States and territories established in 1922 24040: 24026: 23483:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 22704: 22690: 22259: 22245: 21445: 21431: 21215: 21201: 20725: 20711: 20491: 20477: 19291: 19277: 19194: 19120: 18180: 16712: 15950: 15528: 15461: 14986:Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 14791:] (in Russian). Vol. 24. Moscow: 14745:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. 14181: 13916: 13914: 13912: 13714: 13516: 13514: 13073: 12743: 12609: 12206:. Springer. 19 November 2013. p. 65. 11345:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 81. 11252: 10477:"Chernobyl disaster facts and information" 10203: 9421:As First Secretary of the Communist Party. 9098:have a negative view of the Soviet Union. 8822:. Please do not remove this message until 8731:(IIHF) tournament in which they competed. 8076:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970 8052:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1941 6871:The Soviet Union placed great emphasis on 6850:Science and technology in the Soviet Union 6808:, published in 1987, a year following the 5453:. Operations were handled by the separate 4927:At the top of the Communist Party was the 4874: 4364: 4350: 3189:. This name is still commonly used today. 2622:with overwhelming Russian influence. As a 2550: 2536: 19173:The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union 18834: 18652: 18200: 18155: 17947: 17628: 17345: 17320:Wharton, Melinda; Vitek, Charles (1998). 17269: 17236: 16979: 16850: 16672:. University of Texas Press. p. 66. 16009:Law and religion in post-communist Europe 15790: 15262:European Educational Research Association 14863: 13679: 12396: 12315: 12313: 12311: 11376: 11374: 11097:. Harvard University Press. p. 486. 11058:. Princeton University Press. p. 5. 10963:. 2nd ed. London – N.Y.: Routledge, 1998. 10859:"Russia's 'slow-motion Chernobyl' at sea" 10654: 10644: 10355:"The Union of Soviet Socialist Pollution" 10040: 9572:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 9454:State Committee on the State of Emergency 8842:Learn how and when to remove this message 8744:, after another Eastern bloc nation, the 8544:Soviet singer-songwriter, poet and actor 7884:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 7768:, the first woman in space, visiting the 6843: 6718:data, the Soviet model provided a better 5918:being elevated to Union Republics, while 5673:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 5399:1974 for friendship between the USSR and 4947:(First Secretary from 1953 to 1966), the 3056:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Respublik Evropy i Azii 3032:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic 51:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 23836:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 22403:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 21452: 18927: 18843: 18183:"'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union" 17836: 17730: 17728: 17440: 17251: 17139: 16990: 16631: 16598: 16526: 15824:"Dental survey of 620 Soviet immigrants" 15534: 14982: 14978: 14976: 14928:Economic Development and Cultural Change 13653: 13478: 13272: 13207:Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921 13004:Strachan, Frederick (23 November 2011). 13003: 12846: 12572: 12258: 11217:The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party 11091:Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979). 10955: 10953: 10393: 10087: 9403:As chairman of the Council of Ministers. 9117: 9077: 9054: 8895: 8853: 8818:Relevant discussion may be found on the 8709:six of its nine appearances at the games 8652: 8539: 8526: 8325: 8305: 8290: 8278: 8262: 8127: 7907: 7895: 7802: 7760: 7687: 7162: 7091: 7080: 6974: 6946: 6859: 6799: 6696: 6668: 6609: 6557: 6441: 6419:war in Afghanistan between 1979 and 1989 6305: 5585: 5432: 5405: 5390: 5375: 5110: 4996: 4914: 4641:to the south, and, except some areas in 4596: 4584: 4568: 2914:), military and economic strengths, and 1025: 24693:Collective Security Treaty Organization 23635:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 19298: 19046: 19022: 18981: 18769: 18675: 18602: 18314: 18267:from the original on 17 December 2002. 18126: 18114:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia 18029: 17803: 17801: 17799: 17780:. Moscow. 20 March 2020. Archived from 17716: 17700: 17582: 17404:; Sommers, Jeffrey (20 December 2010). 17368: 16945: 16927:"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe" 16881: 16659: 16422:. Indiana University Press. p. 6. 16294: 16242: 15051: 14672: 14563: 14380: 14196: 13909: 13511: 13432: 13229: 12852: 12777: 12523: 11945:The Naval Institute Guide to the Soviet 11770:"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". 11631:"The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era". 10704: 10677: 10558: 10352: 10207: 10199: 10191: 10179: 8287:in Moscow during its demolition in 1931 8100:Ethnic Groups in the Soviet Union, 1979 5747: 5728:'s war machine and the outbreak of the 5143:, did not limit state power. No formal 3174:a multinational federal state, but the 25449: 23762:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 23553:Soviet influence on the peace movement 23150:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 22507:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 21224:Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union 19317:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 19169: 18907:A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism 18527: 18243: 18035: 17190: 16833:"The USSR: Oligarchy or Dictatorship?" 16830: 16793: 16752: 16517:by Donald Rayfield, 2004, Random House 15912: 15900: 15888: 15876: 15864: 15643: 15631: 15012: 14666: 14488: 14476: 14199:Business Journal of the Treasure Coast 14077:from the original on 15 September 2017 13903: 13891: 13879: 13867: 13855: 13377:from the original on 27 September 2006 13309: 12984: 12825: 12495: 12436: 12405:Theory of Court Evidence in Soviet Law 12308: 12279: 12273: 11513:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11405:from the original on 10 September 2015 11371: 10884: 10778: 10705:Lavelle, Marianne (10 December 2021). 10155:"The causes of the October Revolution" 10098: 10096: 10016:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 9282:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 8434:' was conducted under the doctrine of 7750: 6832:relied on fossil fuel exports to earn 6545:forced collectivization of agriculture 5878:in December 1922. In 1924, during the 5850:Soviet republic (system of government) 3145:has been taboo, the reason being that 3044:Союз Советских Республик Европы и Азии 2884:had the world's second-largest economy 2085:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1675:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 24251:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 24021: 23909: 23487:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 23275: 23188: 23096: 23030: 22727: 22685: 22473:1949 East German State Railway strike 22445:World Federation of Democratic Youth 22240: 21426: 21413: 21196: 20706: 20472: 20459: 19272: 19150: 19072: 18849:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 18796: 18557: 18280: 17875:from the original on 11 November 2020 17725: 17292: 17239:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian 17171: 16206:from the original on 16 February 2019 16063: 16051: 15713: 15138: 14973: 14915: 14759:from the original on 4 September 2015 14739:Winter, Jay; Sivan, Emmanuel (2000). 14455:from the original on 16 November 2020 14381:Harland, David M. (28 January 2020). 14359:from the original on 27 November 2021 14329:from the original on 23 December 2021 14299:from the original on 25 February 2021 14268:from the original on 23 November 2021 14238:from the original on 27 November 2021 14059: 13992: 13120:The Great Big Book of Horrible Things 13116: 13034: 13016:from the original on 13 February 2022 12689: 12659: 12615: 12548: 12319: 12113:from the original on 22 December 2010 12009:from the original on 4 September 2015 11988:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 11966:from the original on 4 September 2015 11259:Leadership change in Communist states 10950: 10928: 10897:from the original on 19 November 2023 10760:from the original on 19 November 2023 10737: 10606:from the original on 25 February 2018 10394:Sahakyan, Armine (19 February 2016). 10334:from the original on 19 November 2023 10211: 10195: 10049: 9662: 9591: 8717:Soviet Union national ice hockey team 8576:'s best work dates from this period. 7810:at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR 7711:), with the third far place taken by 7149:was one of the largest in the world. 5930:was formed from parts of Ukraine and 5744:dropped his post war border demands. 5724:. Despite the increasing build-up of 5449:, or by the party's highest body the 5372:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 5276:, independent churches or opposition 2829:overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes 2806:first probe to land on another planet 1987:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 25390:Unified Sports Classification System 22344:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 18997: 18955: 18721: 18696: 18452:Polychroniou, C. J. (17 July 2016). 18373:from the original on 31 January 2016 18341:from the original on 5 November 2020 18156:Zinchenko, A. V. (26 October 2003). 17905:from the original on 8 November 2020 17796: 17770: 17749:Maza, Christina (19 December 2018). 17748: 17682:from the original on 28 January 2021 17418:from the original on 25 October 2017 17301:from the original on 11 October 2016 17153:from the original on 2 December 2015 17127:from the original on 8 December 2015 17089: 17041:from the original on 23 January 2017 16882:Tetlock, Philip E. (December 1985). 16775:from the original on 2 February 2021 16718: 16665: 16601:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro" 16580:from the original on 22 October 2014 16454: 16314: 16132:on 20 January 2012 – via CDI. 16119: 15743: 15731: 15719: 15571: 15443:from the original on 4 February 2012 15407:from the original on 7 December 2015 15268:from the original on 13 October 2017 14906:Krimins, Juris (3–7 December 1990). 14835: 14771: 14714:. Harvard University Press. p. 14681:. Harvard University Press. p. 14393:from the original on 1 February 2021 14158: 13950: 13837:from the original on 19 October 2016 13771:from the original on 9 November 2015 12928: 12477: 10856: 10375:from the original on 15 January 2024 10279: 10147: 10028:from the original on 7 February 2019 10019:United Nations Development Programme 8792: 6997:, which marked the beginning of the 6302:Military history of the Soviet Union 5510:Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi 5365: 4893:, the government represented by the 4510:. However, the subsequent era under 2645:of 1917. The new government, led by 2641:The Soviet Union's roots lay in the 115:Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! 16:Country spanning Eurasia (1922–1991) 25512:Historical transcontinental empires 24047: 23757:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 22967:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 19249:Wikimedia Atlas of the Soviet Union 18774:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police 18746: 18423:"JCP struggling to become relevant" 18225:from the original on 18 August 2021 18133:(thesis/docmono). Lund University. 17849:from the original on 3 October 2020 17147:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014" 17071:from the original on 28 August 2016 17030: 16796:A Short History Of Soviet Socialism 16719:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). 16180:from the original on 2 January 2019 15656:Hosking, Geoffrey (13 March 2006). 15595:from the original on 4 October 2010 15322: 15224: 15173: 14821:Vallin, J.; Chesnais, J.C. (1970). 14286: 14041:Library of Congress Country Studies 13807:from the original on 19 August 2010 13623:from the original on 19 August 2020 13493:Library of Congress Country Studies 13408:Library of Congress Country Studies 12597:from the original on 1 January 2016 12045:from the original on 25 April 2013. 11917:Library of Congress Country Studies 11849:Pennsylvania State University Press 11591:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era 11548:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era 11429:. Ardent Media. 2001. p. 441. 10738:Broad, William J. (27 April 1993). 10093: 10001: 8729:International Ice Hockey Federation 8670:Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo" 8660:represented the Soviet Union at 11 8472:from 1,500 to 500 within a decade. 7731:), but, by the end of the century, 6400:intercontinental ballistic missiles 6298:Lists of Heroes of the Soviet Union 5890:were formed from parts of Russia's 5447:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4911:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4899:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2808:. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, 2634:. Its capital and largest city was 2628:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2564:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 44:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 13: 24688:Commonwealth of Independent States 23228:Misinformation related to abortion 22566:Sovietization of the Baltic states 18984:Socioeconomic inequality in Russia 18678:Social Policy & Administration 18610:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 18181:Howard, M. C.; King, J.E. (2001). 18137:from the original on 24 April 2022 18127:Dietsch, Johan (26 October 2006). 17524:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 17475: 17457:from the original on 6 August 2016 16908:from the original on 24 April 2022 16831:Wesson, Robert G. (26 June 1972). 16824: 16794:Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003). 16567: 16263:from the original on 14 March 2017 15846:from the original on 24 April 2022 15329:. Ardent Media. pp. 300–301. 15188:from the original on 28 March 2019 15139:Figes, Orlando (25 October 2017). 15068:. 19 February 2018. Archived from 14992:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 14677:Russia and the Russians: a history 14125: 13347:from the original on 21 March 2021 13297:from the original on 21 March 2021 13173:from the original on 19 March 2016 13041:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 21. 10979:. Ardent Media. pp. 193–194. 10885:Tiwari, Sakshi (10 October 2023). 10353:Mathews, Jessica (22 March 1991). 10260:"Russia" – Encyclopædia Britannica 10244: 9948:. 19 November 2002. Archived from 9333:Official names of the Soviet Union 9084:Ukrainian decommunization policies 8426:The Soviet Union was officially a 8028:Ethnographic map of the USSR, 1930 7772:confectionery, Ukrainian SSR, 1967 6864:Soviet stamp showing the orbit of 6806:International Atomic Energy Agency 6570:power stations in the Soviet Union 5876:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 5198: 5185:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 5183:and controlling the newly elected 5007:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 4904: 4891:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 4237: 3115:) which essentially translates to 2928:Official names of the Soviet Union 2886:and largest standing military. An 2598:. It was nominally organized as a 2207:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 1753:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 294:Recognised regional languages 14: 25528: 23445:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 23058:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 22437:World Federation of Trade Unions 19237: 18640:from the original on 1 March 2011 18535:The Languages of the Soviet Union 17935:from the original on 5 March 2022 17560:Privatisation 'raised death rate' 17510:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. 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The Soviet Union also had more 6796:Energy policy of the Soviet Union 6753:reduced petroleum export revenues 6711:American Journal of Public Health 6352:Joint State Political Directorate 5894:and two Soviet dependencies, the 5193:State Council of the Soviet Union 4251: 2969:('to inform'), related to Slavic 25497:Former countries in Central Asia 23998:United States Information Agency 23277:Operations and events by country 22654:January 1991 events in Lithuania 22312:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 22266: 21415:Articles related to Soviet Union 20440: 20439: 20427: 19243: 18725:Soviet Society under Perestroika 18690:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00834.x 18445: 18415: 18385: 18353: 18308: 18274: 18237: 18174: 18149: 18120: 18102: 18088: 18074: 18054: 18017:from the original on 2 July 2021 17988: 17974: 17917: 17887: 17861: 17837:Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). 17830: 17742: 17694: 17662: 17622: 17576: 17553: 17540: 17500: 17469: 17434: 17394: 17362: 17313: 17286: 17245: 17230: 17215: 17184: 17165: 17107: 17098: 17083: 17053: 17024: 16939: 16920: 16875: 16787: 16746: 16686: 16611: 16599:Washburn, J. 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(16 July 2009). 14280: 14250: 14220: 14205: 14190: 14175: 14152: 14140:from the original on 28 May 2021 14119: 14089: 14017:from the original on 12 May 2015 13986: 13819: 13783: 13747: 13708: 13647: 13589: 13562: 13527: 13461: 13426: 13359: 13266: 13254:from the original on 12 May 2015 13199: 13185: 13159: 13150: 13141: 13098:from the original on 12 May 2015 13067: 13055:from the original on 12 May 2015 13028: 12997: 12978: 12965: 12922: 12902: 12889: 12876: 12819: 12806: 12771: 12758: 12747:Studies in Comparative Communism 12737: 12716: 12695: 12542: 12510: 12489: 12471: 12390: 12367: 12349: 12080:from the original on 12 May 2015 12056:Vincent Daniels, Robert (1993). 11818:from the original on 11 May 2011 11751:from the original on 12 May 2015 11730:Lenin and the Russian Revolution 11708:from the original on 12 May 2015 11675:from the original on 12 May 2015 11612:from the original on 12 May 2015 11569:from the original on 12 May 2015 11486:from the original on 12 May 2015 11443:from the original on 12 May 2015 11359:from the original on 12 May 2015 11276:from the original on 12 May 2015 11234:from the original on 12 May 2015 11195:from the original on 12 May 2015 11157:from the original on 11 May 2011 11111:from the original on 12 May 2015 11094:How the Soviet Union is Governed 11072:from the original on 12 May 2015 11055:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant 10993:from the original on 12 May 2015 10678:Kireeva, Anna (4 January 2021). 10056:. In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). 8797: 8755:According to British journalist 8515:Broadcasting in the Soviet Union 8297:Saviour Church on Sennaya Square 8139:People's Commissariat for Health 8105: 8093: 8081: 8069: 8057: 8045: 8033: 8021: 7857:. However, as part of a general 7362: 7352: 7309: 7299: 7159:Demographics of the Soviet Union 6932: 6823:In 1991, the Soviet Union had a 6254: 6236: 6218: 6200: 6182: 6164: 6146: 6128: 6110: 6092: 6074: 6056: 6038: 6020: 6007: 5995: 5950:and turned into SSRs, which was 5866:(SSRs), or federations, such as 5846:Subdivisions of the Soviet Union 5505:Совет Экономической Взаимопомощи 5245:Human rights in the Soviet Union 5174:Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR 4605:. (See status in 1989 and 2014.) 4404: 4386: 4333: 3227: 2894:. As an Allied nation, it was a 2786:its efforts in space exploration 2519: 2271:End of communist rule in Hungary 2217:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 1643: 1598: 1584: 1570: 1556: 1542: 1528: 1514: 1500: 1486: 1472: 1458: 1444: 1430: 1412: 1398: 1384: 1355: 1341: 1323: 1309: 1295: 1281: 1263: 1024: 224: 184: 180:State Anthem of the Soviet Union 146: 91: 75: 23598:Information war against Ukraine 23145:International Jewish conspiracy 23113:Congo Free State propaganda war 22378:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 18477: 16699:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 16297:A Short History of Christianity 16120:York, Geoffrey (9 March 2001). 15962:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004). 15934:. 24 April 1990. Archived from 15670:from the original on 1 May 2011 15543:Springer Science+Business Media 14159:Chan, Chi Ling (11 June 2015). 13926:"Soviet Union – Communications" 13654:Cereseto, Shirley (June 1986). 12252: 12223: 12196: 12181: 12150: 12125: 12092: 12064:University Press of New England 12049: 12021: 11978: 11935: 11876:A–Z of modern Europe since 1789 11865: 11784: 11763: 11720: 11687: 11645: 11624: 11581: 11538: 11498: 11455: 11417: 11332: 11288: 11246: 11207: 11169: 11123: 11084: 11045: 11005: 10966: 10929:Graff, Cory (17 January 2021). 10922: 10909: 10878: 10857:Luhn, Alec (1 September 2020). 10850: 10805: 10779:Raymer, Steve (15 March 1992). 10772: 10731: 10698: 10686:. Translated by Digges, Charles 10671: 10618: 10588: 10559:Simmons, Michael (3 May 2021). 10552: 10524: 10499: 10469: 10420: 10387: 10346: 10306: 10273: 10253: 10217: 10122: 10009:"Human Development Report 1990" 9956: 9747: 9738: 9677: 9634: 9607: 9563: 9554: 9534: 9521: 9512: 9503: 9494: 9481: 9468: 9459: 9446: 9433: 9424: 8931:dissolution of the Soviet Union 8765:International Olympic Committee 8695:recognized the new body in its 8285:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 8124:Health care in the Soviet Union 7874:Nationalities and ethnic groups 7152: 6856:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union 6761:the second-largest in the world 6642:rather than in physical goods. 5682:In 1939, half a year after the 5238: 5077:The state security police (the 5029:. The Supreme Soviet elected a 4981:factions were officially banned 4782:dissolution of the Soviet Union 4457:collectivization of agriculture 4245:Not internationally recognized. 2908:United Nations Security Council 2857:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2288:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1855:Occupation of the Baltic states 23910: 23826:Information Operations Roadmap 23736:Psychological Warfare Division 23306:Chinese information operations 23255:Water fluoridation controversy 21951:Azerbaijan People's Government 21181:Autonomous Republic since 1934 21176:Autonomous Republic since 1925 21171:Autonomous Republic since 1923 21166:Autonomous Republic since 1920 19081:University of California Press 18982:Russell, Martin (April 2018). 18749:Lenin and Revolutionary Russia 18700:World Christianity and Marxism 18429:. 16 July 2012. Archived from 18211:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360 18082:"Victory Parade on Red Square" 17982:"The Fall of the Soviet Union" 17709:Ovcharova & Biryukova 2018 17258:Journal of Infectious Diseases 17224:Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia 16249:. Intercultural Publications. 15966:Daily life in the Soviet Union 15932:Government of the Soviet Union 15492:Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). 15174:Gao, George (14 August 2015). 14793:State Committee for Publishing 14783:Большая советская энциклопедия 14552:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14540:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14525:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14513:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14501:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 11658:Soviet Politics in Perspective 10961:Soviet Politics in Perspective 9930: 9852: 9789: 9415: 9406: 9397: 9380: 9375:Council of People's Commissars 9367: 9351: 9338: 9325: 9037:In the former Soviet republics 9023:Defender of the Fatherland Day 8789:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union 8662:Ice Hockey World Championships 8412:Council of People's Commissars 8214:Reforms of Russian orthography 7187:that was triggered by Lenin's 5101:Separation of power and reform 5051:Council of People's Commissars 4993:Government of the Soviet Union 4617:. Two other successor states, 4239: 3703:General Secretariat of Ukraine 3016:Russian Provisional Government 2107:Mozambican War of Independence 1804:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 466:Government of the Soviet Union 1: 25492:Former countries in West Asia 24598:Political abuse of psychiatry 23933:Active Measures Working Group 23591:during the Russo-Georgian War 23558:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 22659:January 1991 events in Latvia 22649:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 22398:Socialist Republic of Romania 22373:People's Republic of Bulgaria 22365:People's Republic of Albania 22334:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 20500:Republics of the Soviet Union 19980:Political abuse of psychiatry 19772:Congress of People's Deputies 19263:A Country Study: Soviet Union 18827:10.1080/14631377.2019.1607440 17713:Michalski & Hlynskyy 2009 17648:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402 14924:"Soviet Control of City Size" 14836:Ryan, Michael (28 May 1988). 14806:Anderson, Barbara A. (1990). 14673:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2001). 14567:A Study of the Soviet Economy 13436:A Study of the Soviet Economy 13404:"Reconstruction and Cold War" 13367:"Reconstruction and Cold War" 13156:Scott and Scott (1979) p. 305 12496:Fisher, Harold Henry (1955). 12108:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11950:United States Naval Institute 11778:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11220:. Routledge. pp. 31–32. 10483:. 17 May 2019. Archived from 10021:. January 1990. p. 111. 9923: 9441:President of the Soviet Union 9193:present in the USSR and mass 9187:massacres in the Soviet Union 9162:noted that the generation of 9019:retains other Soviet holidays 8241:язык межнационального общения 8210:Languages of the Soviet Union 7799:Education in the Soviet Union 7133:remained underdeveloped, and 7088:'s flag during the Soviet era 7077:Transport in the Soviet Union 6877:world's first space satellite 6767:basis, it was behind that of 6447: 6424:In the Soviet Union, general 5854:Republics of the Soviet Union 5317:Soviet secret police agencies 5219:supervised the lower courts ( 5170:President of the Soviet Union 5165:Congress of People's Deputies 4986: 4559:Geography of the Soviet Union 4253: 3471:Great Stand on the Ugra River 2782:tensions with Communist China 2711:Eastern Front of World War II 2592:borders with twelve countries 2166:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 33:Soviet Union (disambiguation) 25243:Traditions and superstitions 23816:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 23493:Fake news in the Philippines 23097: 22865:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 22644:Collapse of the Soviet Union 22634:Fall of communism in Albania 20691:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 19254:Impressions of Soviet Russia 19079:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: 18496:Bibliography of the Cold War 18315:Berkman, Alexander (2006) . 17984:. Levada.ru. 9 January 2017. 17871:. Gallup. 19 December 2013. 17705:Libman & Obydenkova 2019 17326:Emerging Infectious Diseases 16936:, BBC News, 11 October 2000. 14706:Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). 14128:"Stamping Out Science, 1948" 13536:Comparative Economic Studies 11913:"Gorbachev's Reform Dilemma" 10455:10.1016/0959-3780(94)90003-5 10270:. Retrieved on 29 July 2013. 9664:[sɐˈvʲetskʲɪjsɐˈjus] 8859:World War II military deaths 8645:Soviet Union at the Olympics 8259:Religion in the Soviet Union 8194: 7792: 7070: 5716:Up until his death in 1953, 5115:Nationalist anti-government 4881:Politics of the Soviet Union 4750:separated the USSR from the 4591:Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast 4552: 2921: 2687:famine between 1930 and 1933 2677:came to power, inaugurating 2667:merged into the Soviet Union 2661:. The RSFSR and subordinate 1972:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1967:1956 Georgian demonstrations 1928:East German uprising of 1953 1870:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 230:The Soviet Union during the 121:Workers of the world, unite! 7: 24909:Water supply and sanitation 23943:Counter Misinformation Team 23938:Counter disinformation unit 23388:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 22875:Forgery as covert operation 22619:End of communism in Hungary 22388:Hungarian People's Republic 21991:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 20143:Academy of Medical Sciences 18722:Lane, David Stuart (1992). 18188:History of Economics Review 17199:University of Chicago Press 16902:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1565 16753:Duiker, William J. (2015). 16126:The Globe and Mail (Canada) 15770:10.1080/0032472031000141296 15579:Central Intelligence Agency 15535:Pejovich, Svetozar (1990). 15149:National Geographic Society 14936:University of Chicago Press 14572:International Monetary Fund 13993:Hardt, John Pearce (2003). 13958:Central Intelligence Agency 13922:Central Intelligence Agency 13791:Central Intelligence Agency 13755:Central Intelligence Agency 13703:Fischer & Easterly 1994 13642:Fischer & Easterly 1994 13441:International Monetary Fund 13281:Manchester University Press 13082:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 12929:Shaw, Louise Grace (2003). 12886:(2nd ed. 1999) pp. 148–188. 12726:Journal of Cold War Studies 12444:Journal of Cold War Studies 12397:Wyszyński, Andrzej (1949). 12380:Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 11470:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 11389:Penn State University Press 10828:10.1080/0966813022000025862 10434:Global Environmental Change 9896: 9882: 9818: 9802: 9762: 9654: 9627: 9583: 9292:Orphans in the Soviet Union 9264: 8908:, the first human in space. 8824:conditions to do so are met 8511:Fashion in the Soviet Union 8497:Culture of the Soviet Union 8457:Patriarch Sergius of Moscow 8440:League of Militant Atheists 8252: 8203: 7683: 6774:In 1990, the country had a 6654:were state-funded, such as 6514:The Soviet Union adopted a 6438:Economy of the Soviet Union 6269: 5948:annexed by the Soviet Union 5814:nuclear arsenal development 5509: 5455:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5425:speaking informally at the 5191:. The coup failed, and the 5131:, which was promulgated in 5035:Central Executive Committee 4973:primary party organizations 3767:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 3199:History of the Soviet Union 3127: 3111: 3055: 3012:February Revolution of 1917 2950: 2721:, which accounted for most 2596:third-most populous country 2097:Angolan War of Independence 1954:"On the Cult of Personality 1907:Death and funeral of Stalin 1637:History of the Soviet Union 56: 10: 25533: 25507:Former socialist republics 25487:Former countries in Europe 23953:The Disinformation Project 23383:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 22739:Algorithmic radicalization 22383:German Democratic Republic 18911:Princeton University Press 18541:Cambridge University Press 18481: 18287:In Defense of Leon Trotsky 18145:– via lup.lub.lu.se. 18036:Wanner, Catherine (1998). 17814:Cambridge University Press 17000:Princeton University Press 16759:Contemporary World History 16295:Blainey, Geoffrey (2011). 15972:Greenwood Publishing Group 15304:Cambridge University Press 15129:(58) 3, July 1999: 396–412 15099:Cambridge University Press 14788:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia 14441:. Routledge. p. 134. 13238:Cambridge University Press 12828:Social Science Quarterly]] 12549:Kaser, Michael C. (1967). 12437:Thomas, Daniel C. (2005). 12162:Cambridge University Press 11661:. Routledge. p. 106. 11634:Great Russian Encyclopedia 11262:. Routledge. p. 132. 9946:University of Pennsylvania 9121: 9051:Decommunization in Ukraine 9040: 9031:International Workers' Day 8782: 8634: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8380:denominations (especially 8368:. Smaller groups included 8364:being concentrated in the 8256: 8207: 8121: 7992:developed over the years. 7877: 7796: 7754: 7351: 7298: 7238: 7156: 7074: 6936: 6853: 6847: 6810:Chernobyl nuclear disaster 6793: 6702:Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod 6479: 6450: 6435: 6431: 6415:invasion of Czechoslovakia 6378:, under the leadership of 6279: 6273: 6006: 5960:Soviet invasion of Finland 5932:Soviet-occupied Bessarabia 5843: 5751: 5705: 5579: 5576:Early policies (1919–1939) 5485:Comintern (1919–1943), or 5387:in a state meeting on 1958 5369: 5242: 5208: 5202: 5104: 5049:(known before 1946 as the 4990: 4923:in Moscow, 7 November 1964 4908: 4878: 4704:People's Republic of China 4676:, had the world's longest 4562: 4556: 4375: 3196: 3192: 3083:and never in others, e.g. 3006:first appeared during the 2931: 2925: 2855:officially recognized the 2794:first artificial satellite 2689:that killed millions. The 2298:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1882:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 1794:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 1763:Death and funeral of Lenin 18: 25409: 25166: 24930: 24921: 24754: 24745: 24498: 24489: 24297: 24288: 24223: 24065: 24056: 23916: 23905: 23876: 23870:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 23864: 23846:Tobacco industry playbook 23777:CIA Kennedy assassination 23749: 23695: 23669: 23657: 23571: 23518: 23506: 23475: 23463: 23451: 23439: 23427: 23396: 23370: 23358: 23298: 23286: 23282: 23271: 23103: 23092: 23037: 23026: 22910:Manipulation (psychology) 22734: 22728: 22723: 22594: 22571:Information dissemination 22548: 22498:1956 Hungarian Revolution 22488:1953 East German uprising 22456: 22414: 22357: 22294: 22274: 22225: 22086: 22018: 21943: 21850: 21819: 21733: 21722: 21651: 21630: 21461: 21420: 21383: 21365: 21347: 21230: 21136: 20917: 20908: 20740: 20659: 20636: 20598: 20557: 20514: 20507: 20466: 20421: 20365: 20339: 20259: 20182: 20173: 20118: 20025: 19988: 19928: 19831: 19793: 19713: 19575: 19566: 19516: 19464: 19455: 19307: 19221:10.1080/09668139608412415 18366:Marxists Internet Archive 17550:373.9661 (2009): 399–407. 17191:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 16243:Adappur, Abraham (2000). 16159:Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. 16076:Atwood, Craig D. (2001). 15059:"Statistics For Everyone" 14856:10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1513 13729:10.1080/09668139608412393 13583:10.1080/09668139308412080 13230:Gregory, Paul R. (2004). 13010:E-International Relations 12908:Haslam, Jonathan (1984). 12766:Expansion and Coexistence 12504:Stanford University Press 11985:McCauley, Martin (2007). 11694:Kucherov, Samuel (1970). 11305:Stanford University Press 10600:World Health Organization 9905: 9891: 9877: 9869: 9827: 9812: 9797: 9781: 9757: 9642: 9615: 9571: 9027:International Women's Day 8964:Rating Sociological Group 8875:bureaucratic collectivism 8778: 8507:Music of the Soviet Union 8446:Convinced that religious 8240: 8117: 7880:Islam in the Soviet Union 7823:elimination of illiteracy 7217:sub-replacement fertility 7175:Excess deaths throughout 6789: 5982: 5604:Hungarian Soviet Republic 5504: 4209: 4188: 4170:Luhansk People's Republic 4167: 4149:Donetsk People's Republic 4146: 4125: 4108: 4091: 3912: 3901: 3765: 3744: 3733: 3722: 3701: 3590: 3579: 3568: 3557: 3546: 3351:Principality of Chernigov 3147: 3141: 3121: 3105: 3091: 3043: 3018:. The Bolsheviks, led by 2988: 2955: 2717:, suffering an estimated 2570:), commonly known as the 1614: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1208: 1198: 1186: 1171: 1151: 1131: 1117: 1109:$ 2.7 trillion ( 1103: 1089: 1079: 1071:$ 2.7 trillion ( 1065: 1047: 1043:12.7/km (32.9/sq mi) 1037: 1014: 1009: 999: 989: 975: 970: 966: 951: 938: 925: 910: 897: 884: 865: 850: 837: 824: 811: 798: 785: 781: 755: 738: 708: 683: 679: 667: 659:• 1922–1924 (first) 657: 653: 643: 639: 629: 619:• 1922–1946 (first) 617: 613: 603: 599: 582: 570: 558: 546: 534: 522: 510: 498: 488:• 1922–1924 (first) 486: 482: 472: 459: 447: 416: 385: 292: 282: 238: 223: 174:Государственный гимн СССР 173: 136: 127: 114: 109: 71: 66: 50: 42: 24683:Prime Minister of Russia 23958:East StratCom Task Force 23772:9/11 conspiracy theories 22769:List of cognitive biases 22556:Emigration and defection 22393:Polish People's Republic 19151:White, James D. (2001). 19056:Harvard University Press 18815:Post-Communist Economies 18808:London: Faber and Faber. 18770:Leggett, George (1981). 18747:Lee, Stephen J. (2003). 18653:Goldstein, Erik (2013). 18349:– via Zine Distro. 18170:– via eLibrary.ru. 17252:Galazkaa, Artur (2000). 16666:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). 15926: 15696:19 December 2017 at the 15297:18 November 2014 at the 14782: 14620:Encyclopaedia Britannica 14037:"Science and Technology" 13962:"Soviet Union – Economy" 13524:. London: Longman, 2003. 13470: 13323:; Cooper, J. M. (1986). 12816:(UNC Press Books, 2017). 12457:10.1162/1520397053630600 12232: 12037: 11727:Phillips, Steve (2000). 11702:Brill Archive Publishers 11381:Benson, Shirley (2001). 11214:Ōgushi, Atsushi (2008). 10050:Klein, Henri F. (1920). 9318: 9241:Japanese Communist Party 8933:, annual polling by the 8689:Soviet Olympic Committee 8630: 8314:burning ceremony in the 8243:), but only assumed the 8147:1977 Soviet Constitution 6926:research and development 6407:uprising in East Germany 6364:Strategic Missile Forces 5840:Administrative divisions 5820:, propaganda campaigns, 5812:in 1945. Aside from the 5782:, which began following 5730:Second Sino-Japanese War 5702:World War II (1939–1945) 5083:its predecessor agencies 4979:top to bottom, although 4827:, and the processing of 4440:. Its early years under 4418:and a key figure in the 3776: 3446: 3370: 3288: 3278: 3268: 3131:, which literally means 3095:(in the Latin alphabet: 2707:invaded the Soviet Union 2576:transcontinental country 2358:independence declaration 2129:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 2117:South African Border War 1784:Socialism in one country 631:• 1988–1991 (last) 572:• 1985–1991 (last) 25121:Social entrepreneurship 25010:Forced public apologies 24945:Anti-American sentiment 23884:Public opinion brigades 23841:Niger uranium forgeries 23831:Litter boxes in schools 23201:COVID-19 misinformation 23123:Free energy suppression 23032:Books and documentaries 22806:Euphemistic misspeaking 22614:Fall of the Berlin Wall 22540:1981 protests in Kosovo 22478:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 22001:North Korea (1947–1948) 21996:North Korea (1946–1947) 20434:Soviet Union portal 18780:Oxford University Press 18705:Oxford University Press 18558:Crump, Laurien (2015). 17516:Oxford University Press 16086:Mercer University Press 15583:"Soviet Union – People" 14983:Stronski, Paul (2010). 14843:British Medical Journal 14564:IMF & OECD (1991). 14387:Encyclopedia Britannica 14116:Retrieved 26 June 2014. 13795:"GDP Per Capita – 1991" 13433:IMF & OECD (1991). 13331:Economic History Review 13273:Mawdsley, Evan (1998). 13117:White, Matthew (2012). 12991:Oxford University Press 12704:Acta Poloniae Historica 12555:Oxford University Press 12137:Encyclopedia Britannica 12100:Encyclopædia Britannica 11942:Polmar, Norman (1991). 11872:Polley, Martin (2000). 11773:Encyclopædia Britannica 10134:Encyclopædia Britannica 10109:Encyclopædia Britannica 10076:Pons & Service 2010 9179:anti-Stalinist leftists 9156:deformed workers' state 8623:significantly expanded 8350:Russian Orthodox Church 7107:economic centralization 6776:Human Development Index 6549:rapid industrialization 5754:Origins of the Cold War 5692:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5546:Soviet Union's hegemony 5487:Communist International 5205:Law of the Soviet Union 4919:Military parade on the 4875:Government and politics 4746:from 1945 to 1991. The 4698:. The country bordered 4547:end of the Soviet Union 4028:Eurasian Economic Union 3877:Parade of sovereignties 3341:Principality of Polotsk 3008:1905 Russian Revolution 2971: 2965: 2798:first human spaceflight 2788:and took a lead in the 2762:on an ideological basis 2683:forced collectivization 2679:rapid industrialization 2584:largest country by area 2526:Soviet Union portal 2261:Fall of the Berlin Wall 2227:Lithuanian independence 1938:1954 transfer of Crimea 1840:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1733:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 915:Parade of sovereignties 721:Soviet of Nationalities 283:Official languages 29:Soviet (disambiguation) 25477:Early Soviet republics 25472:20th century in Russia 24869:Social security system 24852:Science and technology 24518:Classified information 24344:Central Russian Upland 23630:2016 Brexit referendum 22979:Scientific fabrication 22890:Historical negationism 21723:Current and historical 20326:Stalinist architecture 20080:Science and technology 19990:Ideological repression 19918:Soviet Airborne Forces 19856:Destruction battalions 19170:Wilson, David (1983). 19126:Lenin: Life and Legacy 19073:Simon, Gerard (1974). 17338:10.3201/eid0404.980404 16515:Stalin and His Hangmen 16513:...' See the index of 16299:. Viking. p. 494. 15707:2 January 2005 at the 15323:Law, David A. (1975). 14779:Government of the USSR 14634:Mark Harrison (1996). 14105:6 October 2014 at the 13607:Transaction Publishers 12573:Reinalda, Bob (2009). 12280:Shiman, David (1999). 12029:Government of the USSR 11596:Transaction Publishers 11553:Transaction Publishers 11339:Deb, Kalipada (1996). 11022:Transaction Publishers 11012:Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). 10973:Law, David A. (1975). 10059:Encyclopedia Americana 9963:Almanaque Mundial 1996 9913: 9861: 9843: 9835: 9773: 9360:, legally since 1990. 9087: 9075: 9047:Anti-Russian sentiment 8909: 8885:, or a totally unique 8866: 8665: 8549: 8537: 8405:scientific materialism 8354:Christian denomination 8334: 8323: 8303: 8288: 8276: 8149:gave all citizens the 8133: 7928:(50.78%), followed by 7920: 7905: 7811: 7773: 7757:LGBT history in Russia 7693: 7172: 7121:to improve the Soviet 7102: 7089: 6986: 6972: 6873:science and technology 6868: 6844:Science and technology 6812: 6705: 6682: 6619: 6571: 6511: 6390:focused on a fleet of 6331: 5954:and was considered an 5708:Causes of World War II 5591: 5442: 5437:Mikhail Gorbachev and 5430: 5403: 5388: 5351:was "not to eliminate 5337:guarantees of property 5124: 5010: 4961:system of appointments 4924: 4606: 4594: 4582: 3618:Provisional Government 3559:Grand Duchy of Finland 3437:Principality of Moscow 3153: 2904:five permanent members 2902:as well as one of the 2849:coup against Gorbachev 2181:: Decline and collapse 25330:Russian tsars regalia 24663:Intelligence agencies 24386:Great Russian Regions 24130:Expansion (1500-1800) 23926:Fact-checking website 23731:Operation Mass Appeal 23713:Clockwork Orange plot 23223:Mental illness denial 23118:Climate change denial 22935:Psychological warfare 22905:Internet manipulation 22870:Firehose of falsehood 22796:Disinformation attack 22664:Breakup of Yugoslavia 20108:List of metro systems 19661:Collective leadership 19032:. London: Macmillan. 18806:Sheridan Smith, A. M. 18802:Lenin's Last Struggle 18233:– via CiteSeer. 17594:Duke University Press 17380:. pp. 107, 115. 16808:10.4324/9780203500279 16327:Ro'i, Yaacov (1995). 14850:(6635): 1, 513–1515. 14184:Washington Technology 13672:10.2105/ajph.76.6.661 13035:Adams, Simon (2005). 12288:Amnesty International 12066:(UPNE). p. 388. 11880:. Routledge. p. 10266:26 April 2008 at the 10157:. BBC. Archived from 9541:Declaration No. 142-Н 9362:Constituent republics 9174:of the Soviet Union. 9118:By the political left 9108:post-Soviet conflicts 9081: 9066:celebrate the annual 9058: 8899: 8857: 8656: 8625:freedom of expression 8543: 8535: 8329: 8309: 8294: 8282: 8266: 8131: 7911: 7899: 7855:cultural backwardness 7806: 7764: 7691: 7166: 7095: 7084: 6978: 6950: 6917:Reagan administration 6863: 6803: 6714:claimed that, citing 6700: 6672: 6613: 6561: 6445: 6309: 5934:, and Ukrainian SSR. 5880:national delimitation 5818:psychological warfare 5589: 5580:Further information: 5436: 5409: 5394: 5379: 5303:the individual". The 5114: 5059:constituent republics 5000: 4954:democratic centralism 4918: 4600: 4588: 4572: 4514:, referred to as the 4482:in opposition to the 4259:Not fully controlled. 4093:Republic of Tatarstan 3986:Constitutional crisis 2768:. In 1953, following 2719:27 million casualties 2705:but in 1941, Germany 2578:that spanned much of 1933:Virgin Lands campaign 1758:National delimitation 1001:• Water (%) 25:CCCP (disambiguation) 21:USSR (disambiguation) 25397:World Heritage sites 24774:Droughts and famines 24327:Environmental issues 24075:Proto-Indo-Europeans 23065:Who's Who in the CIA 22512:1970 Polish protests 22493:1956 Poznań protests 22358:Soviet-allied states 22228:History of socialism 21118:1991–92 21113:1990–91 21108:1961–92 21103:1958–90 21098:1957–91 21093:1957–92 21088:1956–91 21083:1944–57 21078:1936–90 21068:1936–90 21063:1936–90 21058:1936–44 21053:1936–44 21048:1935–43 21043:1934–90 21038:1934–90 21033:1932–92 21028:1931–92 21018:1926–36 21013:1925–36 21008:1925–92 21003:1924–29 20998:1924–40 20993:1923–40 20988:1923–90 20983:1922–91 20978:1921–90 20968:1921–24 20963:1921–91 20958:1921–45 20953:1921–91 20948:1920–90 20943:1920–25 20938:1919–90 20933:1918–41 20928:1918–24 20070:Net material product 20013:Censorship of images 19930:Political repression 19890:Soviet Border Troops 19823:First Deputy Premier 19407:1965 economic reform 19402:Soviet space program 19178:Taylor & Francis 18998:Ryan, James (2012). 18965:Taylor & Francis 18961:From Tsar to Soviets 18853:Taylor & Francis 18697:Janz, Denis (1998). 18511:Taylor & Francis 18294:. pp. 172–173. 18250:The Rise of Militant 17901:. 20 November 2018. 17736:"Ностальгия по СССР" 17565:6 March 2016 at the 17441:Hoepller, C (2011). 17201:. pp. 301–302. 17172:Hardt, John (2003). 17090:Targ, Harry (2006). 16802:. pp. 265–266. 16477:. pp. 231–232. 15371:. World Scientific. 15326:Russian Civilization 14887:Davis, Christopher; 14355:. 27 November 2021. 14325:. 27 November 2021. 14264:. 27 November 2021. 14234:. 27 November 2021. 14098:(12 December 2013). 13759:"GDP – Million 1990" 13240:. pp. 218–220. 12985:Beloff, Max (1949). 12812:Christine A. White, 12706:78 (1998): 161–200. 12626:Taylor & Francis 12616:Yoder, Amos (1993). 12335:. pp. 401–403. 11598:. pp. 315–319. 11555:. pp. 313–315. 11052:Knight, Amy (1995). 10976:Russian Civilization 10602:. 5 September 2005. 10294:on 15 September 2012 10280:Thompson, Virginia. 10210:, pp. 452–455; 9967:Demografía/Biometría 9952:on 21 February 2024. 9465:August 19–August 22. 9392:Council of Ministers 9199:political dissidents 9195:political repression 8773:1984 Summer Olympics 8705:1952 Summer Olympics 8679:On 13 July 1925 the 8346:Eastern Christianity 8183:was superior to the 7919:, Georgian SSR, 1929 7766:Valentina Tereshkova 7723:(Ukrainian SSR) and 7030:won by the Americans 6961:Valentina Tereshkova 6951:From left to right: 6939:Soviet space program 6902:Great Chinese Famine 6411:Hungarian revolution 6330:, among other things 5770:tension between the 5748:Cold War (1945–1991) 5734:Operation Barbarossa 5664:, especially of the 5313:extrajudicial powers 5225:inquisitorial system 5145:separation of powers 5072:executive committees 5047:Council of Ministers 5003:Grand Kremlin Palace 4895:Council of Ministers 4430:Bolshevik Revolution 4032:Annexation of Crimea 3640:Constituent Assembly 3517:Second Patriotic War 2944:is derived from the 2888:NPT-designated state 2727:aftermath of the war 2703:a nonaggression pact 2630:, it was a flagship 2353:Ukrainian revolution 2281:German reunification 2239:Latvian independence 2154:1984 Olympic boycott 2149:1980 Olympic boycott 2139:1980 Summer Olympics 2112:Mozambican Civil War 2002:Cuban Missile Crisis 1982:Peaceful coexistence 1850:Operation Barbarossa 565:Konstantin Chernenko 25482:Communism in Russia 25248:Forms of addressing 24857:Academy of Sciences 24814:Financial districts 24678:President of Russia 24603:Political divisions 24563:Freedom of assembly 24445:West Siberian Plain 24191:Great Patriotic War 24152:February Revolution 23767:Conspiracy theories 23708:Double-Cross System 23677:Conspiracy theories 23538:Operation INFEKTION 23326:Internet Water Army 23180:Strategy of tension 23045:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 22930:Post-truth politics 22629:Romanian revolution 22602:Revolutions of 1989 22483:1953 Plzeň uprising 22164:Estonia (1918–1919) 22058:Hungary (1949–1989) 21277:Kabardino-Balkarian 21100:Kabardino-Balkarian 21060:Kabardino-Balkarian 20798:Kabardino-Balkarian 20660:Non-union republics 20650:Transcaucasian SFSR 20138:Academy of Sciences 19953:Population transfer 19897:Soviet Armed Forces 19760:Congress of Soviets 19741:Presidium/Politburo 19705:Soviet anti-Zionism 19554:West Siberian Plain 19432:Revolutions of 1989 19369:Great Patriotic War 19354:New Economic Policy 19208:Europe-Asia Studies 19196:Wheatcroft, Stephen 18991:European Parliament 18576:Wheatcroft, Stephen 18403:on 25 December 2007 17970:. 21 December 2016. 17967:The Washington Post 17721:Stewart et al. 2012 17293:Shubnikov, Eugene. 17031:McAaley, Alastair. 16932:12 May 2011 at the 16655:on 23 January 2017. 15429:(11 October 2011). 15181:Pew Research Center 15145:National Geographic 15029:1945GeoRv..35..107H 15016:Geographical Review 14503:, pp. 166–167. 14293:Scientific American 14214:Inside the Pentagon 14126:Offord, Catherine. 14047:on 4 September 2015 13894:, pp. 297–299. 13858:, pp. 105–108. 13717:Europe-Asia Studies 13571:Europe-Asia Studies 13499:on 4 September 2015 13371:Library of Congress 12899:(1974) pp. 342–346. 12768:(1974) pp. 111–179. 12304:on 30 January 2023. 12164:. 1993. p. 9. 11780:2005. p. 1014. 11426:The Communist World 10815:Europe-Asia Studies 10793:on 19 November 2023 10487:on 20 February 2021 10447:1994GEC.....4..201S 10360:The Washington Post 10322:. 6 December 1982. 9733:maritime boundaries 9373:As chairman of the 9220:Kronstadt rebellion 9216:Makhnovist movement 9203:worker cooperatives 9142:class consciousness 8991:Great Patriotic War 8811:of this section is 8767:(IOC) to undermine 8570:Vladimir Mayakovsky 8376:, and a variety of 8273:Abrahamic religions 8141:in 1918. Under the 7892:Soviet Central Asia 7840:vocational training 7815:Anatoly Lunacharsky 7751:Women and fertility 7221:Soviet Central Asia 7197:Catherine Merridale 7185:famine of 1921–1922 7131:automotive industry 7096:Nuclear Icebreaker 6984:Baikonur Cosmodrome 6943:Nedelin catastrophe 6537:New Economic Policy 6336:Soviet Armed Forces 6276:Soviet Armed Forces 5634:profitable market. 5333:freedom of movement 5297:Soviet legal theory 5282:freedom of movement 5231:, where the judge, 5019:Congress of Soviets 4798:nuclear power plant 4565:Geography of Russia 4446:New Economic Policy 4212:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 4044:Invasion of Ukraine 3833:Great Patriotic War 3805:Cultural revolution 3746:Transcaucasian SFSR 3614:February Revolution 3501:Emancipation reform 3399:Council of Uvetichi 3249: • 3245: • 3137:Great Patriotic War 2802:first space station 2748:. The American-led 2669:in 1922. Following 2657:, resulting in the 2586:, extending across 2276:Romanian Revolution 2256:Peaceful Revolution 2251:Pan-European Picnic 2246:Revolutions of 1989 2187:Invasion of Grenada 2063:Cambodian Civil War 2017:: Era of Stagnation 1902:First Indochina War 1877:Soviet deportations 1845:Great Patriotic War 1818:Cultural Revolution 1748:New Economic Policy 1702:February Revolution 1317:Transcaucasian SFSR 855:Great Patriotic War 828:Second constitution 748:Soviet of the Union 728:Soviet of Republics 691:Congress of Soviets 669:• 1991 (last) 263: / 25298:Russian given name 24884:Telecommunications 24834:Petroleum industry 24698:State of emergency 24543:Far-right politics 24508:Capital punishment 24354:Meshchera Lowlands 24208:Russian Federation 24164:October Revolution 23663:HIV/AIDS denialism 23640:Trolls from Olgino 23414:Paid news in India 23404:Fake news in India 23218:HIV/AIDS denialism 23072:Merchants of Doubt 22945:Military deception 22920:Media manipulation 22759:Circular reporting 22639:Singing Revolution 22522:June 1976 protests 22307:Soviet occupations 22129:Byelorussia (1919) 20923: 20644:Karelo-Finnish SSR 19783:Military Collegium 19651:Capital punishment 19529:Caucasus Mountains 19442:Post-Soviet states 19322:Russian Revolution 19122:Volkogonov, Dmitri 19104:Ashgate Publishing 19029:Lenin: A Biography 18586:Palgrave Macmillan 18433:on 17 October 2012 17816:. pp. 92–93. 17784:on 9 February 2023 17518:. pp. 83–85. 17476:Poland, Marshall. 17065:The Globe and Mail 16725:The New York Times 16605:The New York Times 16544:www.britannica.com 16529:, pp. 317–320 16509:'On the other hand 16084:. Macon, Georgia: 15791:Niedowski (2007). 15758:Population Studies 15746:, pp. 352–353 15588:The World Factbook 15469:. Nobelprize.org. 15287:Sheila Fitzpatrick 15093:Wendy Z. Goldman, 13967:The World Factbook 13931:The World Factbook 13800:The World Factbook 13764:The World Factbook 13548:10.1057/ces.1997.1 13333:. pp. 30–32. 12895:Barbara Jelavich, 12854:Katarzyna (eds.). 12673:"Warsaw Pact ends" 12536:1 May 2009 at the 12240:on 10 October 2017 12033:Gorbachev, Mikhail 11841:Khrushchev, Nikita 10745:The New York Times 10319:The New York Times 9715:to the southwest; 9691:to the northwest; 9189:, the centralized 9138:Council communists 9134:Russian Revolution 9088: 9076: 8915:oligarchical class 8910: 8887:mode of production 8867: 8725:Olympic tournament 8721:world championship 8666: 8550: 8538: 8352:being the largest 8335: 8324: 8318:as part of Soviet 8304: 8289: 8277: 8176:were squandered. 8163:Minister of Health 8134: 7990:ethnic antagonisms 7921: 7906: 7859:antisemitic policy 7851:affirmative action 7819:People's Commissar 7812: 7774: 7694: 7253:1989 Soviet census 7173: 7169:post-Soviet states 7103: 7090: 6987: 6973: 6869: 6813: 6736:standard of living 6706: 6683: 6650:A number of basic 6620: 6614:Picking cotton in 6572: 6512: 6473: 1,000–2,500 6464: 2,500–5,000 6368:Air Defense Forces 6332: 5964:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5956:illegal occupation 5786:in 1945. The term 5742:Vyacheslav Molotov 5592: 5526:collective defence 5467:Vyacheslav Molotov 5443: 5431: 5427:Vladivostok Summit 5404: 5389: 5315:were given to the 5264:state until 1990. 5254:totalitarian state 5125: 5043:Procurator General 5033:(successor of the 5017:(successor of the 5011: 5005:, the seat of the 4925: 4833:spent nuclear fuel 4825:nuclear submarines 4794:Chernobyl disaster 4759:Ismoil Somoni Peak 4611:Russian Federation 4607: 4595: 4583: 4420:October Revolution 4128:Republic of Crimea 4079:Russian Federation 4022:Presidential terms 3914:Karelo-Finnish SSR 3867:Chernobyl disaster 3607:Russian Revolution 3505:Russo-Japanese War 3493:1812 Patriotic War 3407:Battle of Kulikovo 3395:Council of Liubech 3125:(transliteration: 3109:(transliteration: 3024:October Revolution 2975:('news'), English 2873:post-Soviet states 2865:Russian Federation 2845:renewed federation 2691:forced labour camp 2643:October Revolution 2620:highly centralized 2604:national republics 2508:Post-Soviet states 2212:Singing Revolution 2202:Chernobyl disaster 2122:Rhodesian Bush War 1723:October Revolution 1566:Russian Federation 1099:1990 estimate 1061:1990 estimate 956:Formal dissolution 841:Westward expansion 815:First constitution 802:Treaty of Creation 789:October Revolution 387:Ethnic groups 143:The Internationale 31:, and 25444: 25443: 25438: 25437: 25405: 25404: 24985:Domestic violence 24917: 24916: 24839:Russian oligarchs 24764:Aircraft industry 24741: 24740: 24718:Mass surveillance 24708:Search and rescue 24673:Political parties 24553:Foreign relations 24485: 24484: 24284: 24283: 24276:Historical cities 24135:Tsardom of Russia 24015: 24014: 24011: 24010: 23901: 23900: 23897: 23896: 23851:Operation Shocker 23653: 23652: 23533:K-1000 battleship 23364:Operation Neptune 23267: 23266: 23263: 23262: 23088: 23087: 23022: 23021: 23014:Yellow journalism 22962:counterpropaganda 22843:List of fallacies 22776:Conspiracy theory 22744:Alternative facts 22679: 22678: 22624:Velvet Revolution 22586:Telephone tapping 22560:list of defectors 22349:Tito–Stalin split 22234: 22233: 22221: 22220: 22217: 22216: 22014: 22013: 21756:Congo-Brazzaville 21652:Regional variants 21407: 21406: 21401: 21400: 21292:Karachay-Cherkess 21190: 21189: 21132: 21131: 21127: 21126: 20700: 20699: 20632: 20631: 20453: 20452: 20417: 20416: 20409:Hammer and sickle 20351:and their groups 20349:Soviet dissidents 20128:Communist Academy 20045:Economic planning 20021: 20020: 19914:Soviet Air Forces 19833:Security services 19753:General Secretary 19736:Central Committee 19678:Political parties 19610:Brezhnev Doctrine 19605:Foreign relations 19562: 19561: 19503:Autonomous okrugs 19417:Soviet–Afghan War 19397:Sino-Soviet split 19339:Russian Civil War 19187:978-0-7099-2704-4 19162:978-0-333-72157-5 19143:978-0-00-255123-6 19106:. pp. 1–14. 19090:978-0-520-02612-4 19065:978-0-674-01801-3 19039:978-0-333-72625-9 18974:978-1-135-36625-4 18957:Read, Christopher 18948:978-0-375-75771-6 18920:978-1-4008-3452-5 18881:978-83-7380-819-5 18862:978-1-317-86783-8 18789:978-0-19-822552-2 18762:978-0-415-28718-0 18739:978-0-415-07600-5 18714:978-0-19-511944-2 18668:978-1-31-7883-678 18620:Easterly, William 18608:The Life of Lenin 18595:978-0-230-23855-8 18550:978-0-521-29877-3 18520:978-0-7099-0557-8 18427:The Daily Yomiuri 18331:978-0-900384-03-5 18324:. Freedom Press. 18301:978-1-893638-05-1 18047:978-0-271-01793-8 17931:. November 2021. 17823:978-0-521-22418-5 17630:Milanović, Branko 17603:978-0-8223-6949-3 17533:978-0-19-754924-7 17387:978-0-87286-329-3 17378:City Lights Books 17376:. San Francisco: 17208:978-0-226-81839-9 17017:978-0-691-16502-8 16972:978-0-87286-329-3 16959:City Lights Books 16817:978-1-135-36640-7 16768:978-1-285-44790-2 16679:978-0-292-73957-4 16624:Los Angeles Times 16484:978-3-03911-921-9 16429:978-0-253-22038-7 16390:978-0-02-922401-4 16344:978-0-7146-4619-0 16256:978-81-85574-47-9 16150:, vol. 1, p. 175. 16146:D. Pospielovsky, 16099:978-0-86554-679-0 16019:978-90-429-1262-5 15985:978-0-313-31628-9 15552:978-0-7923-0878-2 15509:978-1-85043-284-5 15401:The New Criterion 15378:978-981-270-116-9 15336:978-0-8422-0529-0 15312:978-0-521-89423-4 14999:978-0-8229-4394-5 14752:978-0-521-79436-7 14725:978-0-674-02178-5 14692:978-0-674-00473-3 14647:978-0-521-89424-1 14585:978-92-64-13468-3 14448:978-0-7146-4784-5 14010:978-0-7656-1208-3 13974:on 5 October 2010 13938:on 5 October 2010 13616:978-1-4128-0698-5 13454:978-0-14-103797-4 13340:978-0-7190-4600-1 13317:Wheatcroft, S. G. 13290:978-0-7190-4600-1 13247:978-0-521-53367-6 13134:978-0-393-08192-3 13091:978-0-7923-2358-7 13048:978-1-58340-606-9 13038:Russian Republics 12946:978-0-7146-5398-3 12918:978-0-333-30050-3 12869:978-3-8258-8789-6 12692:, pp. 1, 17. 12639:978-0-8448-1738-5 12590:978-1-134-02405-6 12386:978-0-297-64688-4 12342:978-0-394-50242-7 12297:978-0-9675334-0-7 12213:978-3-319-01559-0 12171:978-0-521-39241-9 12073:978-0-87451-616-6 12035:(21 March 1972). 12002:978-0-582-78465-9 11993:Pearson Education 11959:978-0-87021-241-3 11891:978-0-415-18597-4 11858:978-0-271-02935-1 11811:978-0-14-103797-4 11802:Penguin Books Ltd 11744:978-0-435-32719-4 11668:978-0-415-07153-6 11605:978-0-202-24165-4 11562:978-0-202-24165-4 11524:978-0-521-44634-1 11479:978-0-7923-2358-7 11436:978-0-271-02170-6 11398:978-0-271-02170-6 11352:978-81-85880-95-2 11318:978-0-8047-0122-8 11269:978-0-04-445277-5 11227:978-0-415-43439-3 11188:978-1-55618-142-9 11150:978-0-14-103797-4 11141:Penguin Books Ltd 11104:978-0-674-41030-5 11065:978-0-691-01093-9 11031:978-0-88738-260-4 10986:978-0-8422-0529-0 10936:Popular Mechanics 10786:Los Angeles Times 10511:world-nuclear.org 10408:on 11 August 2024 9848:Moldovan Cyrillic 9652: 9625: 9581: 9529:Alma-Ata Protocol 9452:As leader of the 9312:Soviet patriotism 9234:Sino-Soviet Split 9224:Spanish Civil War 9015:Immortal Regiment 8984:Western democracy 8852: 8851: 8844: 8742:1984 Winter games 8719:won nearly every 8581:socialist realism 8574:Sergei Eisenstein 8546:Vladimir Vysotsky 8533: 8465:Nikita Khrushchev 8185:capitalist system 8159:Mikhail Gorbachev 7998:Soviet leadership 7904:, Uzbek SSR, 1981 7832:Nikita Khrushchev 7817:became the first 7680: 7679: 7229:Soviet government 7193:Soviet population 7181:Russian Civil War 7123:government budget 6969:Lenin's Mausoleum 6965:Nikita Khrushchev 6743:Mikhail Gorbachev 6724:human development 6688:steadily declined 6630:and organized in 6626:, carried out by 6510: 6509: 6455: > 5,000 6392:strategic bombers 6338:consisted of the 6294:Soviet Air Forces 6267: 6266: 5882:in Central Asia, 5619:Winston Churchill 5612:Treaty of Rapallo 5590:1987 Soviet stamp 5439:George H. W. Bush 5366:Foreign relations 5347:, the purpose of 5329:protection of law 5293:international law 5278:political parties 5266:Freedom of speech 5161:Mikhail Gorbachev 5117:riots in Dushanbe 5053:), headed by the 5027:government budget 4945:general secretary 4929:Central Committee 4869:K-278 Komsomolets 4577:(6,995 m) of the 4527:Mikhail Gorbachev 4516:Era of Stagnation 4500:Nikita Khrushchev 4461:industrialization 4434:Russian Civil War 4414:, founder of the 4378:History of Russia 4374: 4373: 4340:Russia portal 4268: 4267: 3962:Belavezha Accords 3944: 3943: 3855:Era of Stagnation 3821:Industrialization 3787: 3786: 3664:Soviet-Polish War 3600: 3599: 3581:Russian Manchuria 3527:Tsardom of Russia 3513:October Manifesto 3497:Decembrist Revolt 3489:Petrovian reforms 3457: 3456: 3417:Novgorod Republic 3381: 3380: 3297: 3296: 3053: 3004:workers' councils 2918:accomplishments. 2890:, it wielded the 2843:the country as a 2810:Mikhail Gorbachev 2778:Nikita Khrushchev 2659:Russian Civil War 2588:eleven time zones 2560: 2559: 2389:Soviet leadership 2375:Alma-Ata Protocol 2370:Belovezha Accords 2266:Velvet Revolution 2232:Economic blockade 2134:Soviet–Afghan War 2102:Angolan Civil War 2053:Laotian Civil War 2028:Era of Stagnation 2023:Brezhnev Doctrine 1992:Sino-Soviet split 1922:: Khrushchev Thaw 1813:Industrialization 1728:Russian Civil War 1622: 1621: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1368: 1367: 1119:• Per capita 1081:• Per capita 1029:286,730,819 ( 942:Belovezha Accords 934:19–22 August 1991 901:Last constitution 635:Mikhail Gorbachev 577:Mikhail Gorbachev 560:• 1984–1985 548:• 1982–1984 536:• 1964–1982 529:Nikita Khrushchev 524:• 1953–1964 500:• 1924–1953 267:55.750°N 37.617°E 213: 167: 25524: 25418: 25365:Russian language 25308:National symbols 24928: 24927: 24847: 24804:Fishing industry 24794:Economic regions 24789:Defence industry 24752: 24751: 24496: 24495: 24450:Russian Far East 24349:Northwest Russia 24307:Cities and towns 24295: 24294: 24157:Russian Republic 24063: 24062: 24042: 24035: 24028: 24019: 24018: 23907: 23906: 23726:MMR autism fraud 23609:On US elections 23543:Operation Toucan 23516: 23515: 23284: 23283: 23273: 23272: 23238:anti-vaccination 23186: 23185: 23133:Holocaust denial 23108:Bermuda Triangle 23094: 23093: 23028: 23027: 22957:black propaganda 22925:Potemkin village 22850:False accusation 22826:list of websites 22725: 22724: 22706: 22699: 22692: 22683: 22682: 22468:Goryani Movement 22448: 22440: 22406: 22368: 22302:Yalta Conference 22261: 22254: 22247: 22238: 22237: 22084: 22083: 21941: 21940: 21731: 21730: 21726:socialist states 21605:African-American 21447: 21440: 21433: 21424: 21423: 21411: 21410: 21393:Gorno-Badakhshan 21375:Nagorno-Karabakh 21217: 21210: 21203: 21194: 21193: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21146: 20920: 20919: 20915: 20914: 20727: 20720: 20713: 20704: 20703: 20558:Former parts of 20534:Byelorussian SSR 20512: 20511: 20493: 20486: 20479: 20470: 20469: 20457: 20456: 20443: 20442: 20432: 20431: 20430: 20180: 20179: 20088: 19943:Collectivization 19688:Marxism–Leninism 19573: 19572: 19462: 19461: 19293: 19286: 19279: 19270: 19269: 19247: 19246: 19232: 19215:(8): 1319–1353. 19204: 19191: 19166: 19147: 19128:. Translated by 19117: 19094: 19069: 19043: 19019: 18994: 18988: 18978: 18952: 18929:Rayfield, Donald 18924: 18894: 18885: 18866: 18845:Mccauley, Martin 18840: 18838: 18809: 18804:. Translated by 18793: 18777: 18766: 18743: 18718: 18693: 18672: 18649: 18647: 18645: 18639: 18628: 18616:Fischer, Stanley 18611: 18599: 18567: 18554: 18538: 18524: 18471: 18470: 18468: 18466: 18449: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18438: 18419: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18408: 18399:. Archived from 18389: 18383: 18382: 18380: 18378: 18357: 18351: 18350: 18348: 18346: 18340: 18323: 18318:ABC of Anarchism 18312: 18306: 18305: 18278: 18272: 18271: 18241: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18230: 18204: 18178: 18172: 18171: 18169: 18167: 18162:(PhD). p. 1 18153: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18142: 18124: 18118: 18117: 18106: 18100: 18099: 18092: 18086: 18085: 18078: 18072: 18071: 18058: 18052: 18051: 18033: 18027: 18026: 18024: 18022: 18016: 18005: 17992: 17986: 17985: 17978: 17972: 17971: 17958: 17945: 17944: 17942: 17940: 17921: 17915: 17914: 17912: 17910: 17891: 17885: 17884: 17882: 17880: 17865: 17859: 17858: 17856: 17854: 17834: 17828: 17827: 17805: 17794: 17793: 17791: 17789: 17774: 17768: 17767: 17765: 17763: 17746: 17740: 17739: 17732: 17723: 17698: 17692: 17691: 17689: 17687: 17666: 17660: 17659: 17626: 17620: 17619: 17617: 17615: 17610:on 4 August 2018 17606:. Archived from 17584:Ghodsee, Kristen 17580: 17574: 17557: 17551: 17544: 17538: 17537: 17508:Ghodsee, Kristen 17504: 17498: 17497: 17495: 17493: 17484:. Archived from 17473: 17467: 17466: 17464: 17462: 17438: 17432: 17431: 17425: 17423: 17398: 17392: 17391: 17370:Parenti, Michael 17366: 17360: 17359: 17349: 17317: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17306: 17290: 17284: 17283: 17273: 17249: 17243: 17242: 17234: 17228: 17227: 17219: 17213: 17212: 17188: 17182: 17181: 17169: 17163: 17162: 17160: 17158: 17143: 17137: 17136: 17134: 17132: 17111: 17105: 17102: 17096: 17095: 17087: 17081: 17080: 17078: 17076: 17057: 17051: 17050: 17048: 17046: 17028: 17022: 17021: 16992:Scheidel, Walter 16988: 16977: 16976: 16956: 16947:Parenti, Michael 16943: 16937: 16924: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16913: 16896:(6): 1565–1585. 16879: 16873: 16872: 16854: 16828: 16822: 16821: 16791: 16785: 16784: 16782: 16780: 16750: 16744: 16743: 16741: 16739: 16716: 16710: 16709: 16707: 16705: 16690: 16684: 16683: 16663: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16648:. Archived from 16643: 16635: 16629: 16628: 16615: 16609: 16608: 16596: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16585: 16565: 16556: 16555: 16553: 16551: 16546:. 26 August 2023 16536: 16530: 16524: 16518: 16512: 16507: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16496: 16464: 16458: 16452: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16441: 16413: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16402: 16370: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16356: 16324: 16318: 16317:, pp. 38–39 16312: 16301: 16300: 16292: 16286: 16283: 16277: 16276: 16270: 16268: 16240: 16234: 16231: 16225: 16222: 16216: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16196: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16185: 16170: 16164: 16157: 16151: 16144: 16138: 16137: 16128:. Archived from 16117: 16111: 16110: 16108: 16106: 16083: 16073: 16067: 16061: 16055: 16054:, pp. 64–65 16049: 16036: 16035: 16033: 16031: 16003: 15997: 15996: 15994: 15992: 15969: 15959: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15922: 15916: 15910: 15904: 15898: 15892: 15886: 15880: 15874: 15868: 15862: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15851: 15819: 15813: 15812: 15810: 15808: 15788: 15782: 15781: 15753: 15747: 15741: 15735: 15729: 15723: 15717: 15711: 15687: 15681: 15679: 15677: 15675: 15653: 15647: 15641: 15635: 15629: 15623: 15622: 15619:www.demoscope.ru 15611: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15600: 15575: 15569: 15568: 15566: 15564: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15521: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15478: 15459: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15448: 15423: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15412: 15395:(October 2012). 15389: 15383: 15382: 15359: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15320: 15314: 15284: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15273: 15253: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15233:. Archived from 15231:baltimoresun.com 15222: 15216: 15213: 15207: 15204: 15198: 15197: 15195: 15193: 15171: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15155:on 22 March 2019 15151:. Archived from 15136: 15130: 15121: 15115: 15110:Richard Stites, 15108: 15102: 15091: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15080: 15074: 15063: 15055: 15049: 15048: 15010: 15004: 15003: 14991: 14980: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14919: 14913: 14911: 14903: 14897: 14896: 14889:Feshbach, Murray 14884: 14878: 14877: 14867: 14833: 14827: 14826: 14818: 14812: 14811: 14803: 14797: 14796: 14775: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14736: 14730: 14729: 14713: 14703: 14697: 14696: 14680: 14670: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14659: 14631: 14625: 14624: 14610: 14604: 14603: 14596: 14590: 14589: 14561: 14555: 14549: 14543: 14537: 14528: 14522: 14516: 14510: 14504: 14498: 14492: 14486: 14480: 14474: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14419: 14409: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14398: 14378: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14364: 14345: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14315: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14284: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14254: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14224: 14218: 14217: 14209: 14203: 14202: 14194: 14188: 14187: 14179: 14173: 14172: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14123: 14117: 14093: 14087: 14086: 14084: 14082: 14073:. 15 June 1992. 14063: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14052: 14043:. Archived from 14033: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14022: 13990: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13970:. Archived from 13954: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13934:. Archived from 13918: 13907: 13901: 13895: 13889: 13883: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13859: 13853: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13823: 13817: 13816: 13814: 13812: 13787: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13776: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13712: 13706: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13683: 13651: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13628: 13597:Gvosdev, Nikolas 13593: 13587: 13586: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13531: 13525: 13520:Hanson, Philip. 13518: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13495:. Archived from 13485: 13476: 13475: 13465: 13459: 13458: 13430: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13419: 13400: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13382: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13329:. Vol. 39. 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13270: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13227: 13210: 13203: 13197: 13196: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13178: 13163: 13157: 13154: 13148: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13114: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13103: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13032: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13021: 13001: 12995: 12994: 12982: 12976: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12958: 12937:Psychology Press 12926: 12920: 12906: 12900: 12893: 12887: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12850: 12844: 12843: 12823: 12817: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12780:Military Affairs 12775: 12769: 12762: 12756: 12755: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12720: 12714: 12699: 12693: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12669: 12663: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12623: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12570: 12559: 12558: 12546: 12540: 12527: 12521: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12417: 12410: 12394: 12388: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12353: 12347: 12346: 12317: 12306: 12305: 12300:. Archived from 12277: 12271: 12270: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12096: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12025: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12014: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11879: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11837: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11788: 11782: 11781: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11724: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11512: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11391:. pp. XIV. 11378: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11302: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11019: 11009: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10970: 10964: 10959:Sakwa, Richard. 10957: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10926: 10920: 10913: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10822:(8): 1223–1240. 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10789:. 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6185: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6046:Byelorussian SSR 6044: 6042: 6041: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5980: 5979: 5766:was a period of 5684:Munich Agreement 5550:Eastern European 5534:socialist states 5530:satellite states 5512: 5506: 5473:(1883–1954) and 5471:Andrey Vyshinsky 5459:Georgy Chicherin 5349:socialist courts 5341:Andrey Vyshinsky 5286:private property 5064:party committees 4933:Party Congresses 4802:Kyshtym disaster 4693: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4637:to the east and 4633:extended to the 4539:Soviet republics 4504:de-Stalinization 4408: 4390: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4324: 4262: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4224: 4203: 4182: 4161: 4140: 4120: 4110:Chechen Republic 4103: 4086: 4075: 4074: 3972:USSR dissolution 3888: 3887: 3817:Collectivization 3735:Byelorussian SSR 3692:Russian Republic 3688: 3687: 3523: 3522: 3485:Treaty of Nystad 3413: 3412: 3327: 3326: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3231: 3221: 3203: 3202: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3101:Cyrillic letters 3094: 3093: 3065:socialist soviet 3058: 3048: 3046: 3045: 2990: 2974: 2968: 2957: 2953: 2774:de-Stalinization 2735:satellite states 2663:Soviet republics 2655:Russian Republic 2626:governed by the 2552: 2545: 2538: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2503:Soviet republics 2343:New Union Treaty 2144:Olympic boycotts 1962:We will bury you 1948:De-Stalinization 1865:Battle of Berlin 1789:Collectivization 1670:World revolution 1647: 1624: 1623: 1602: 1601: 1588: 1587: 1574: 1573: 1560: 1559: 1546: 1545: 1532: 1531: 1518: 1517: 1504: 1503: 1490: 1489: 1476: 1475: 1462: 1461: 1448: 1447: 1434: 1433: 1416: 1415: 1402: 1401: 1388: 1387: 1372: 1371: 1359: 1358: 1345: 1344: 1327: 1326: 1313: 1312: 1303:Byelorussian SSR 1299: 1298: 1285: 1284: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1244: 1243: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1096: 1058: 1028: 1027: 962:26 December 1991 958: 917: 893:25 February 1956 888:De-Stalinization 876: 857: 807:30 December 1922 593:acting, disputed 348: 295: 278: 277: 275: 274: 273: 268: 264: 261: 260: 259: 256: 241:and largest city 228: 215: 214: 176: 175: 169: 168: 139: 138: 117: 116: 95: 79: 61: 60: 59: 53: 52: 40: 39: 25532: 25531: 25527: 25526: 25525: 25523: 25522: 25521: 25447: 25446: 25445: 25440: 25439: 25434: 25421: 25414: 25401: 25360:Public holidays 25355:Political jokes 25340:Personification 25293:Names of Russia 25162: 25081:Life expectancy 24913: 24845: 24737: 24588:Law enforcement 24481: 24467:Protected areas 24364:Smolensk Upland 24359:Oka–Don Lowland 24339:European Russia 24280: 24219: 24105:Mongol invasion 24052: 24046: 24016: 24007: 23912: 23893: 23872: 23860: 23745: 23741:Zinoviev letter 23691: 23665: 23649: 23573:Post-Soviet era 23567: 23528:Active Measures 23511: 23502: 23471: 23459: 23447: 23435: 23423: 23392: 23366: 23354: 23294: 23292:Jihadunspun.com 23278: 23259: 23184: 23160:New World Order 23128:Genocide denial 23099: 23084: 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20361: 20335: 20255: 20169: 20114: 20086: 20060:Internet domain 20055:Five-year plans 20017: 19984: 19924: 19827: 19789: 19721:Communist Party 19709: 19668:Passport system 19558: 19534:European Russia 19512: 19451: 19392:Khrushchev Thaw 19371:(World War II) 19349:Creation treaty 19303: 19297: 19244: 19240: 19235: 19202: 19188: 19163: 19144: 19130:Shukman, Harold 19114: 19091: 19066: 19048:Service, Robert 19040: 19024:Service, Robert 19016: 18986: 18975: 18949: 18921: 18903:Service, Robert 18882: 18863: 18790: 18763: 18740: 18715: 18669: 18643: 18641: 18637: 18626: 18596: 18551: 18543:(CUP) Archive. 18529:Comrie, Bernard 18521: 18498: 18480: 18475: 18474: 18464: 18462: 18450: 18446: 18436: 18434: 18421: 18420: 18416: 18406: 18404: 18391: 18390: 18386: 18376: 18374: 18359: 18358: 18354: 18344: 18342: 18338: 18332: 18321: 18313: 18309: 18302: 18279: 18275: 18261: 18242: 18238: 18228: 18226: 18202:10.1.1.691.8154 18179: 18175: 18165: 18163: 18154: 18150: 18140: 18138: 18125: 18121: 18108: 18107: 18103: 18094: 18093: 18089: 18080: 18079: 18075: 18060: 18059: 18055: 18048: 18034: 18030: 18020: 18018: 18014: 18003: 17997:Muižnieks, Nils 17993: 17989: 17980: 17979: 17975: 17960: 17959: 17948: 17938: 17936: 17923: 17922: 17918: 17908: 17906: 17893: 17892: 17888: 17878: 17876: 17867: 17866: 17862: 17852: 17850: 17835: 17831: 17824: 17806: 17797: 17787: 17785: 17776: 17775: 17771: 17761: 17759: 17747: 17743: 17734: 17733: 17726: 17699: 17695: 17685: 17683: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17627: 17623: 17613: 17611: 17604: 17581: 17577: 17567:Wayback Machine 17558: 17554: 17545: 17541: 17534: 17505: 17501: 17491: 17489: 17474: 17470: 17460: 17458: 17439: 17435: 17421: 17419: 17402:Hudson, Michael 17399: 17395: 17388: 17367: 17363: 17318: 17314: 17304: 17302: 17291: 17287: 17250: 17246: 17237:Smorodinskaya. 17235: 17231: 17220: 17216: 17209: 17189: 17185: 17170: 17166: 17156: 17154: 17145: 17144: 17140: 17130: 17128: 17115:"Cops for hire" 17113: 17112: 17108: 17103: 17099: 17088: 17084: 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15158: 15156: 15137: 15133: 15122: 15118: 15109: 15105: 15092: 15088: 15078: 15076: 15075:on 20 June 2018 15072: 15061: 15057: 15056: 15052: 15011: 15007: 15000: 14989: 14981: 14974: 14964: 14962: 14920: 14916: 14904: 14900: 14885: 14881: 14834: 14830: 14819: 14815: 14804: 14800: 14784: 14776: 14772: 14762: 14760: 14753: 14737: 14733: 14726: 14704: 14700: 14693: 14671: 14667: 14657: 14655: 14648: 14632: 14628: 14615:"War Communism" 14611: 14607: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14586: 14570:. Vol. 3. 14562: 14558: 14550: 14546: 14538: 14531: 14523: 14519: 14511: 14507: 14499: 14495: 14487: 14483: 14475: 14468: 14458: 14456: 14449: 14433: 14429: 14411: 14410: 14406: 14396: 14394: 14379: 14372: 14362: 14360: 14347: 14346: 14342: 14332: 14330: 14317: 14316: 14312: 14302: 14300: 14285: 14281: 14271: 14269: 14256: 14255: 14251: 14241: 14239: 14226: 14225: 14221: 14216:. 7 March 1991. 14211: 14210: 14206: 14195: 14191: 14180: 14176: 14157: 14153: 14143: 14141: 14124: 14120: 14112:Smithsonian.com 14107:Wayback Machine 14094: 14090: 14080: 14078: 14065: 14064: 14060: 14050: 14048: 14035: 14034: 14030: 14020: 14018: 14011: 14003:. p. 233. 13991: 13987: 13977: 13975: 13955: 13951: 13941: 13939: 13919: 13910: 13902: 13898: 13890: 13886: 13878: 13874: 13866: 13862: 13854: 13850: 13840: 13838: 13825: 13824: 13820: 13810: 13808: 13788: 13784: 13774: 13772: 13752: 13748: 13713: 13709: 13701: 13697: 13652: 13648: 13640: 13636: 13626: 13624: 13617: 13594: 13590: 13567: 13563: 13532: 13528: 13519: 13512: 13502: 13500: 13487: 13486: 13479: 13472: 13467: 13466: 13462: 13455: 13439:. Vol. 1. 13431: 13427: 13417: 13415: 13402: 13401: 13390: 13380: 13378: 13365: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13341: 13314: 13310: 13300: 13298: 13291: 13271: 13267: 13257: 13255: 13248: 13228: 13213: 13204: 13200: 13191: 13190: 13186: 13176: 13174: 13165: 13164: 13160: 13155: 13151: 13146: 13142: 13135: 13127:. p. 368. 13115: 13111: 13101: 13099: 13092: 13072: 13068: 13058: 13056: 13049: 13033: 13029: 13019: 13017: 13002: 12998: 12983: 12979: 12970: 12966: 12956: 12954: 12947: 12939:. p. 103. 12927: 12923: 12907: 12903: 12894: 12890: 12884:Stalin's Russia 12881: 12877: 12870: 12851: 12847: 12824: 12820: 12811: 12807: 12792:10.2307/1986524 12776: 12772: 12763: 12759: 12742: 12738: 12721: 12717: 12700: 12696: 12688: 12684: 12671: 12670: 12666: 12658: 12654: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12614: 12610: 12600: 12598: 12591: 12583:. p. 369. 12571: 12562: 12547: 12543: 12538:Wayback Machine 12528: 12524: 12516:Duncan Hallas, 12515: 12511: 12494: 12490: 12476: 12472: 12435: 12431: 12421: 12419: 12418:on 29 July 2018 12415: 12408: 12395: 12391: 12372: 12368: 12355: 12354: 12350: 12343: 12318: 12309: 12298: 12278: 12274: 12257: 12253: 12243: 12241: 12234: 12229: 12228: 12224: 12214: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12187: 12186: 12182: 12172: 12156: 12155: 12151: 12141: 12139: 12131: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12097: 12093: 12083: 12081: 12074: 12054: 12050: 12039: 12026: 12022: 12012: 12010: 12003: 11995:. p. 490. 11983: 11979: 11969: 11967: 11960: 11940: 11936: 11926: 11924: 11911: 11910: 11906: 11896: 11894: 11892: 11870: 11866: 11859: 11851:. p. 674. 11838: 11831: 11821: 11819: 11812: 11804:. p. 379. 11792:Service, Robert 11789: 11785: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11745: 11725: 11721: 11711: 11709: 11692: 11688: 11678: 11676: 11669: 11650: 11646: 11630: 11629: 11625: 11615: 11613: 11606: 11586: 11582: 11572: 11570: 11563: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11503: 11499: 11489: 11487: 11480: 11472:. p. 205. 11460: 11456: 11446: 11444: 11437: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11408: 11406: 11399: 11379: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11353: 11337: 11333: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11270: 11251: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11228: 11212: 11208: 11198: 11196: 11189: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11160: 11158: 11151: 11143:. p. 378. 11131:Service, Robert 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11105: 11089: 11085: 11075: 11073: 11066: 11050: 11046: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11024:. p. 325. 11010: 11006: 10996: 10994: 10987: 10971: 10967: 10958: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10927: 10923: 10914: 10910: 10900: 10898: 10883: 10879: 10869: 10867: 10855: 10851: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10736: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10719:on 12 June 2024 10703: 10699: 10689: 10687: 10676: 10672: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10594: 10593: 10589: 10579: 10577: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10540:. 26 April 2021 10530: 10529: 10525: 10515: 10513: 10505: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10475: 10474: 10470: 10425: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10376: 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10268:Wayback Machine 10258: 10254: 10249: 10245: 10235: 10233: 10223: 10222: 10218: 10206:, p. 421; 10204:Volkogonov 1994 10202:, p. 354; 10194:, p. 608; 10190: 10186: 10178: 10174: 10164: 10162: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10138: 10136: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10101: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10067: 10048: 10041: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10011: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9973: 9961: 9957: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9920: 9897:xorhurd / sovet 9752: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9667: 9659: 9655:Sovetskiy Soyuz 9639: 9635: 9612: 9608: 9597: 9596: 9588: 9568: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9539: 9535: 9526: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9486: 9482: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9451: 9447: 9438: 9434: 9429: 9425: 9420: 9416: 9411: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9385: 9381: 9372: 9368: 9356: 9352: 9343: 9339: 9330: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9302:Second Cold War 9267: 9126: 9120: 9053: 9039: 9029:(March 8), and 9025:(February 23), 8972:Leonid Brezhnev 8883:state socialism 8848: 8837: 8831: 8828: 8817: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8781: 8757:Andrew Jennings 8651: 8633: 8592:Khrushchev Thaw 8527: 8525: 8499: 8493: 8370:Roman Catholics 8301:Khrushchev Thaw 8261: 8255: 8230:second language 8216: 8208:Main articles: 8206: 8197: 8166:Yevgeniy Chazov 8155:Leonid Brezhnev 8151:right to health 8126: 8120: 8113: 8110: 8101: 8098: 8089: 8086: 8077: 8074: 8065: 8062: 8053: 8050: 8041: 8038: 8029: 8026: 7894: 7878:Main articles: 7876: 7827:social mobility 7801: 7795: 7759: 7753: 7686: 7681: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7314: 7308: 7304: 7256: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7200: 7183:(including the 7161: 7155: 7079: 7073: 6945: 6937:Main articles: 6935: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6798: 6792: 6728:Stanley Fischer 6720:quality of life 6673:Workers of the 6632:five-year plans 6605:military budget 6576:self-sufficient 6516:command economy 6506: 6502: < 250 6499: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6468: 6461: 6459: 6452: 6440: 6434: 6413:(1956) and the 6380:Sergei Gorshkov 6356:Internal Troops 6354:(OGPU) and the 6310:A medium-range 6304: 6278: 6272: 6255: 6253: 6237: 6235: 6219: 6217: 6201: 6199: 6183: 6181: 6165: 6163: 6147: 6145: 6129: 6127: 6111: 6109: 6093: 6091: 6075: 6073: 6057: 6055: 6039: 6037: 6021: 6019: 5996: 5994: 5856: 5844:Main articles: 5842: 5824:, far-reaching 5760: 5752:Main articles: 5750: 5722:interwar period 5714: 5706:Main articles: 5704: 5640:social fascists 5584: 5578: 5565:Josip Broz Tito 5491:world communism 5423:Henry Kissinger 5419:Leonid Brezhnev 5374: 5368: 5343:. According to 5325:civil liberties 5295:. According to 5258:1927 until 1953 5247: 5241: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5199:Judicial system 5154:Georgy Malenkov 5109: 5103: 5023:Five-Year Plans 4995: 4989: 4913: 4907: 4905:Communist Party 4887: 4879:Main articles: 4877: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4672:The USSR, like 4589:Landscape near 4581:mountain range. 4567: 4561: 4555: 4533:(openness) and 4529:'s policies of 4512:Leonid Brezhnev 4508:Khrushchev Thaw 4438:Communist Party 4426: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4409: 4401: 4400: 4391: 4380: 4370: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4278: 4270: 4269: 4250: 4249: 4236: 4222: 4201: 4180: 4159: 4138: 4118: 4101: 4084: 4073: 4068:2022 annexation 4052:Mass emigration 4040:2020 amendments 4023: 3981: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3886: 3872: 3850: 3797: 3796: 3788: 3686: 3669: 3632:Kornilov affair 3610: 3609: 3601: 3570:Congress Poland 3548:Russian America 3521: 3509:1905 Revolution 3476: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3427:Vladimir-Suzdal 3411: 3403:Mongol conquest 3391: 3390: 3382: 3325: 3320:Russkaya Pravda 3315:Baptism of Rus' 3307: 3306: 3298: 3263:pre-9th century 3241: 3239: 3219: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3167:is in English. 3128:Sovyetsky Soyuz 3039:Georgian Affair 3026:, in which the 3002:The Soviets as 2962:verbal stem of 2936: 2934:Names of Russia 2930: 2924: 2896:founding member 2847:, an attempted 2752:coalesced into 2725:losses. In the 2651:socialist state 2632:communist state 2624:one-party state 2610:. In practice, 2556: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2303:April 9 tragedy 2182: 2171: 2170: 2018: 2007: 2006: 1943:Khrushchev Thaw 1923: 1912: 1911: 1892:Berlin Blockade 1779: 1768: 1767: 1718: 1717:: Establishment 1707: 1706: 1685:Bolshevik Party 1680:Bolshevik split 1655: 1618: 1599: 1585: 1571: 1557: 1543: 1529: 1515: 1501: 1487: 1473: 1459: 1445: 1431: 1425: 1413: 1399: 1385: 1379: 1356: 1342: 1334: 1324: 1310: 1296: 1282: 1274: 1264: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1120: 1106: 1094: 1082: 1068: 1052: 1040: 1021: 1002: 992: 978: 959: 954: 947:8 December 1991 944: 931: 918: 913: 903: 890: 880:24 October 1945 877: 868: 858: 853: 843: 833:5 December 1936 830: 820:31 January 1924 817: 804: 794:7 November 1917 791: 777: 763:Interwar period 750: 744: 734: 730: 723: 714: 704: 700: 693: 670: 660: 632: 624:Mikhail Kalinin 620: 589:Gennady Yanayev 585: 573: 561: 549: 541:Leonid Brezhnev 537: 525: 517:Georgy Malenkov 513: 501: 489: 443: 412: 391: 381: 342: 293: 271: 269: 265: 262: 257: 254: 252: 250: 249: 248: 242: 234: 219: 216: 185: 177: 147: 140: 118: 105: 104: 103: 101: 96: 88: 87: 85: 80: 62: 54: 48: 47: 45: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 25530: 25520: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25504: 25502:Former empires 25499: 25494: 25489: 25484: 25479: 25474: 25469: 25464: 25459: 25442: 25441: 25436: 25435: 25433: 25432: 25427: 25420: 25419: 25411: 25410: 25407: 25406: 25403: 25402: 25400: 25399: 25394: 25393: 25392: 25382: 25377: 25372: 25367: 25362: 25357: 25352: 25347: 25342: 25337: 25332: 25327: 25326: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25305: 25300: 25295: 25290: 25285: 25280: 25275: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25214: 25213: 25203: 25198: 25193: 25188: 25183: 25178: 25172: 25170: 25164: 25163: 25161: 25160: 25159: 25158: 25148: 25143: 25138: 25133: 25128: 25123: 25118: 25113: 25108: 25103: 25098: 25093: 25088: 25083: 25078: 25073: 25072: 25071: 25066: 25056: 25055: 25054: 25044: 25043: 25042: 25037: 25032: 25022: 25017: 25012: 25007: 25002: 24997: 24992: 24987: 24982: 24977: 24972: 24967: 24962: 24957: 24952: 24947: 24942: 24937: 24931: 24925: 24919: 24918: 24915: 24914: 24912: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24886: 24881: 24876: 24874:Space industry 24871: 24866: 24861: 24860: 24859: 24849: 24841: 24836: 24831: 24826: 24821: 24816: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24755: 24749: 24743: 24742: 24739: 24738: 24736: 24735: 24730: 24725: 24720: 24715: 24713:Urban planning 24710: 24705: 24700: 24695: 24690: 24685: 24680: 24675: 24670: 24665: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24645: 24640: 24635: 24630: 24625: 24620: 24615: 24610: 24605: 24600: 24595: 24585: 24580: 24575: 24565: 24560: 24550: 24548:Federal budget 24545: 24540: 24535: 24530: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24510: 24505: 24499: 24493: 24487: 24486: 24483: 24482: 24480: 24479: 24474: 24469: 24464: 24459: 24457:North Caucasus 24454: 24453: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24432: 24431: 24430: 24425: 24420: 24410: 24409: 24408: 24398: 24393: 24391:Highest points 24388: 24383: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24367: 24366: 24361: 24356: 24351: 24346: 24336: 24334:Extreme points 24331: 24330: 24329: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24298: 24292: 24286: 24285: 24282: 24281: 24279: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24263: 24258: 24253: 24248: 24243: 24238: 24233: 24227: 24225: 24221: 24220: 24218: 24217: 24216: 24215: 24205: 24204: 24203: 24198: 24193: 24183: 24182: 24181: 24176: 24166: 24161: 24160: 24159: 24149: 24147:Russian Empire 24144: 24143: 24142: 24132: 24127: 24126: 24125: 24120: 24115: 24107: 24102: 24097: 24092: 24087: 24082: 24077: 24071: 24069: 24060: 24054: 24053: 24051: articles 24045: 24044: 24037: 24030: 24022: 24013: 24012: 24009: 24008: 24006: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23980: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23929: 23928: 23917: 23914: 23913: 23903: 23902: 23899: 23898: 23895: 23894: 23892: 23891: 23886: 23880: 23878: 23874: 23873: 23868: 23866: 23862: 23861: 23859: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23838: 23833: 23828: 23823: 23821:Habbush letter 23818: 23813: 23808: 23807: 23806: 23796: 23791: 23790: 23789: 23784: 23779: 23774: 23764: 23759: 23753: 23751: 23747: 23746: 23744: 23743: 23738: 23733: 23728: 23720: 23715: 23710: 23705: 23703:Bell Pottinger 23699: 23697: 23696:United Kingdom 23693: 23692: 23690: 23689: 23684: 23679: 23673: 23671: 23667: 23666: 23661: 23659: 23655: 23654: 23651: 23650: 23648: 23647: 23642: 23637: 23632: 23627: 23626: 23625: 23620: 23615: 23607: 23606: 23605: 23595: 23594: 23593: 23588: 23577: 23575: 23569: 23568: 23566: 23565: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23524: 23522: 23513: 23504: 23503: 23501: 23500: 23495: 23490: 23479: 23477: 23473: 23472: 23467: 23465: 23461: 23460: 23455: 23453: 23449: 23448: 23443: 23441: 23437: 23436: 23431: 23429: 23425: 23424: 23422: 23421: 23416: 23411: 23406: 23400: 23398: 23394: 23393: 23391: 23390: 23385: 23380: 23374: 23372: 23368: 23367: 23362: 23360: 23359:Czechoslovakia 23356: 23355: 23353: 23352: 23345: 23340: 23339: 23338: 23333: 23331:PLA Unit 61398 23328: 23323: 23318: 23313: 23302: 23300: 23296: 23295: 23290: 23288: 23280: 23279: 23269: 23268: 23265: 23264: 23261: 23260: 23258: 23257: 23252: 23251: 23250: 23245: 23240: 23230: 23225: 23220: 23215: 23210: 23209: 23208: 23206:by governments 23198: 23192: 23190: 23183: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23152: 23147: 23142: 23137: 23136: 23135: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23110: 23104: 23101: 23100: 23090: 23089: 23086: 23085: 23083: 23082: 23075: 23068: 23061: 23054: 23047: 23043:Disinformation 23038: 23035: 23034: 23024: 23023: 23020: 23019: 23017: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22970: 22969: 22964: 22959: 22949: 22948: 22947: 22942: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22846: 22845: 22835: 22834: 22833: 22828: 22823: 22813: 22808: 22803: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22773: 22772: 22771: 22764:Cognitive bias 22761: 22756: 22754:Cherry picking 22751: 22746: 22741: 22735: 22732: 22731: 22721: 22720: 22717:misinformation 22713:Disinformation 22709: 22708: 22701: 22694: 22686: 22677: 22676: 22674: 22673: 22672: 22671: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22616: 22611: 22604: 22598: 22596: 22592: 22591: 22589: 22588: 22583: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22563: 22552: 22550: 22546: 22545: 22543: 22542: 22537: 22524: 22519: 22514: 22509: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22464: 22462: 22457: 22454: 22453: 22451: 22450: 22442: 22434: 22429: 22424: 22418: 22416: 22412: 22411: 22409: 22408: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22361: 22359: 22355: 22354: 22352: 22351: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22331: 22330: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22304: 22298: 22296: 22292: 22291: 22288: 22287: 22282: 22276: 22275: 22272: 22271: 22264: 22263: 22256: 22249: 22241: 22232: 22231: 22226: 22223: 22222: 22219: 22218: 22215: 22214: 22212: 22211: 22206: 22201: 22196: 22191: 22186: 22181: 22176: 22174:Hungary (1919) 22171: 22166: 22161: 22160: 22159: 22154: 22146: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22126: 22121: 22120: 22119: 22114: 22106: 22101: 22096: 22090: 22088: 22081: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22049: 22048: 22043: 22041:Czech Republic 22036:Czechoslovakia 22033: 22028: 22022: 22020: 22016: 22015: 22012: 22011: 22009: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21976:Inner Mongolia 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21956:East Turkestan 21953: 21947: 21945: 21938: 21937: 21936: 21935: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21884: 21883: 21878: 21873: 21865: 21860: 21854: 21852: 21848: 21847: 21845: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21823: 21821: 21817: 21816: 21814: 21813: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21777: 21776: 21771: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21737: 21735: 21728: 21720: 21719: 21717: 21716: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21696: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21671: 21666: 21661: 21655: 21653: 21649: 21648: 21646: 21645: 21640: 21638:United Kingdom 21634: 21632: 21628: 21627: 21625: 21624: 21619: 21618: 21617: 21609: 21608: 21607: 21597: 21595:United Kingdom 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21532: 21531: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21519: 21518: 21505: 21500: 21499: 21498: 21488: 21483: 21482: 21481: 21471: 21465: 21463: 21459: 21458: 21450: 21449: 21442: 21435: 21427: 21421: 21418: 21417: 21405: 21404: 21399: 21398: 21396: 21395: 21389: 21387: 21381: 21380: 21378: 21377: 21371: 21369: 21367:Azerbaijan SSR 21363: 21362: 21360: 21359: 21357:South Ossetian 21353: 21351: 21345: 21344: 21342: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21329:North Ossetian 21326: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21305: 21304: 21299: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21259: 21258: 21257: 21252: 21242: 21236: 21234: 21228: 21227: 21220: 21219: 21212: 21205: 21197: 21188: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21178: 21173: 21168: 21163: 21147: 21138: 21137: 21134: 21133: 21130: 21129: 21125: 21124: 21080:North Ossetian 21076: 21074: 21026: 21024: 20976: 20974: 20926: 20924: 20918: 20912: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20865:North Ossetian 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20826: 20825: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20744: 20742: 20738: 20737: 20730: 20729: 20722: 20715: 20707: 20698: 20697: 20695: 20694: 20688: 20682: 20676: 20670: 20663: 20661: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20653: 20647: 20640: 20638: 20634: 20633: 20630: 20629: 20627: 20626: 20621: 20619:Lithuanian SSR 20616: 20611: 20605: 20603: 20596: 20595: 20593: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20566: 20564: 20555: 20554: 20552: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20529:Azerbaijan SSR 20526: 20520: 20518: 20509: 20505: 20504: 20496: 20495: 20488: 20481: 20473: 20467: 20464: 20463: 20451: 20450: 20448: 20447: 20437: 20422: 20419: 20418: 20415: 20414: 20412: 20411: 20406: 20405: 20404: 20394: 20393: 20392: 20382: 20381: 20380: 20369: 20367: 20363: 20362: 20360: 20359: 20358: 20357: 20345: 20343: 20337: 20336: 20334: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20297: 20296: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20265: 20263: 20257: 20256: 20254: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20242: 20241: 20236: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20215: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20194: 20189: 20183: 20177: 20171: 20170: 20168: 20167: 20166: 20165: 20155: 20150: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20124: 20122: 20116: 20115: 20113: 20112: 20111: 20110: 20105: 20103:Rail transport 20100: 20098:Railway system 20090: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20031: 20029: 20023: 20022: 20019: 20018: 20016: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19994: 19992: 19986: 19985: 19983: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19971: 19970: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19934: 19932: 19926: 19925: 19923: 19922: 19921: 19920: 19894: 19893: 19892: 19887: 19877: 19872: 19871: 19870: 19860: 19859: 19858: 19848: 19843: 19837: 19835: 19829: 19828: 19826: 19825: 19820: 19818:Deputy Premier 19815: 19810: 19809: 19808: 19801:Heads of state 19797: 19795: 19791: 19790: 19788: 19787: 19786: 19785: 19775: 19769: 19766:Supreme Soviet 19763: 19757: 19756: 19755: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19743: 19733: 19728: 19717: 19715: 19711: 19710: 19708: 19707: 19702: 19701: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19683:State ideology 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19664: 19663: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19642: 19641: 19631: 19630: 19629: 19619: 19614: 19613: 19612: 19602: 19597: 19596: 19595: 19590: 19579: 19577: 19570: 19564: 19563: 19560: 19559: 19557: 19556: 19551: 19549:Ural Mountains 19546: 19541: 19539:North Caucasus 19536: 19531: 19526: 19520: 19518: 19514: 19513: 19511: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19499: 19498: 19488: 19483: 19482: 19481: 19470: 19468: 19459: 19453: 19452: 19450: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19383: 19382: 19377: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19335: 19334: 19329: 19319: 19313: 19311: 19305: 19304: 19296: 19295: 19288: 19281: 19273: 19267: 19266: 19260: 19251: 19239: 19238:External links 19236: 19234: 19233: 19192: 19186: 19167: 19161: 19148: 19142: 19118: 19112: 19095: 19089: 19070: 19064: 19044: 19038: 19020: 19015:978-1138815681 19014: 18995: 18979: 18973: 18953: 18947: 18925: 18919: 18895: 18886: 18880: 18867: 18861: 18841: 18821:(6): 699–724. 18810: 18794: 18788: 18767: 18761: 18744: 18738: 18719: 18713: 18694: 18684:(3): 262–286. 18673: 18667: 18650: 18612: 18604:Fischer, Louis 18600: 18594: 18572:Davies, Robert 18568: 18555: 18549: 18525: 18519: 18499: 18479: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18444: 18414: 18397:Etext Archives 18384: 18352: 18330: 18307: 18300: 18273: 18260:978-0906582473 18259: 18236: 18195:(1): 110–126. 18173: 18148: 18119: 18101: 18087: 18073: 18053: 18046: 18028: 17987: 17973: 17946: 17916: 17886: 17860: 17829: 17822: 17795: 17769: 17741: 17724: 17693: 17661: 17642:(2): 135–138. 17621: 17602: 17596:. p. 63. 17575: 17552: 17539: 17532: 17499: 17488:on 8 July 2016 17468: 17433: 17393: 17386: 17361: 17332:(4): 539–550. 17312: 17285: 17271:10.1086/315570 17244: 17229: 17214: 17207: 17183: 17180:. p. 481. 17164: 17138: 17106: 17097: 17082: 17052: 17023: 17016: 16978: 16971: 16938: 16919: 16874: 16845:(2): 314–322. 16823: 16816: 16786: 16767: 16745: 16711: 16685: 16678: 16658: 16630: 16610: 16591: 16557: 16531: 16519: 16502: 16483: 16459: 16447: 16428: 16408: 16389: 16362: 16343: 16319: 16302: 16287: 16278: 16255: 16235: 16226: 16217: 16191: 16165: 16152: 16139: 16112: 16098: 16068: 16056: 16037: 16018: 15998: 15984: 15949: 15917: 15905: 15893: 15881: 15869: 15857: 15834:(3): 379–383. 15814: 15783: 15764:(1): 155–177. 15748: 15736: 15724: 15712: 15682: 15648: 15636: 15624: 15606: 15570: 15551: 15527: 15508: 15502:. p. 26. 15484: 15467:"Biographical" 15454: 15427:Dominic Lawson 15418: 15393:Edward Frenkel 15384: 15377: 15365:, ed. (2005). 15354: 15335: 15315: 15279: 15248: 15217: 15208: 15199: 15166: 15131: 15126:Russian Review 15116: 15103: 15086: 15050: 15037:10.2307/210935 15005: 14998: 14972: 14944:10.1086/451781 14914: 14898: 14879: 14828: 14813: 14798: 14770: 14751: 14731: 14724: 14698: 14691: 14665: 14646: 14626: 14605: 14591: 14584: 14578:. p. 56. 14556: 14554:, p. 169. 14544: 14542:, p. 167. 14529: 14527:, p. 165. 14517: 14515:, p. 168. 14505: 14493: 14491:, p. 201. 14481: 14479:, p. 205. 14466: 14447: 14427: 14404: 14370: 14340: 14310: 14279: 14249: 14219: 14204: 14189: 14174: 14151: 14118: 14088: 14058: 14028: 14009: 13985: 13949: 13908: 13906:, p. 299. 13896: 13884: 13882:, p. 297. 13872: 13870:, p. 295. 13860: 13848: 13818: 13782: 13746: 13723:(6): 956–987. 13707: 13695: 13666:(6): 661–666. 13646: 13634: 13615: 13588: 13577:(1): 141–167. 13561: 13526: 13510: 13477: 13460: 13453: 13425: 13388: 13358: 13339: 13308: 13289: 13283:. p. 30. 13265: 13246: 13211: 13205:Lih, Lars T., 13198: 13184: 13158: 13149: 13140: 13133: 13109: 13090: 13084:. p. 94. 13066: 13047: 13027: 12996: 12977: 12964: 12945: 12921: 12901: 12888: 12875: 12868: 12845: 12834:(2): 349–368. 12818: 12805: 12786:(3): 109–117. 12770: 12757: 12736: 12715: 12694: 12682: 12664: 12652: 12638: 12608: 12589: 12560: 12541: 12522: 12509: 12488: 12470: 12451:(2): 110–141. 12429: 12389: 12366: 12348: 12341: 12321:Pipes, Richard 12307: 12296: 12272: 12251: 12222: 12212: 12195: 12180: 12170: 12149: 12124: 12091: 12072: 12048: 12020: 12001: 11977: 11958: 11934: 11904: 11890: 11864: 11857: 11829: 11810: 11783: 11762: 11743: 11737:. p. 71. 11719: 11704:. p. 31. 11686: 11667: 11653:Sakwa, Richard 11644: 11623: 11604: 11580: 11561: 11537: 11523: 11497: 11478: 11454: 11435: 11416: 11397: 11370: 11351: 11331: 11317: 11287: 11268: 11245: 11226: 11206: 11187: 11168: 11149: 11122: 11103: 11083: 11064: 11044: 11030: 11004: 10985: 10965: 10949: 10921: 10908: 10891:EurAsian Times 10877: 10849: 10804: 10771: 10730: 10697: 10670: 10617: 10587: 10551: 10523: 10498: 10468: 10441:(3): 201–227. 10419: 10386: 10345: 10305: 10272: 10252: 10243: 10216: 10214:, p. 175. 10198:, p. 50; 10184: 10172: 10146: 10130:"April Thesis" 10121: 10105:"Soviet Union" 10092: 10090:, p. 487. 10080: 10078:, p. 763. 10065: 10053:"Soviet" 10039: 10000: 9971: 9955: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9883:šūravī / sovet 9878:шӯравӣ / совет 9803:sovet / kenges 9746: 9737: 9723:to the south; 9697:Czechoslovakia 9676: 9643:Советский Союз 9633: 9606: 9562: 9553: 9533: 9520: 9511: 9502: 9493: 9480: 9467: 9458: 9445: 9432: 9423: 9414: 9405: 9396: 9379: 9366: 9350: 9346:praised Stalin 9337: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9130:Vladimir Lenin 9119: 9116: 9043:Anti-Sovietism 9038: 9035: 9021:, such as the 8995:massive losses 8978:, Stalin, and 8900:2001 stamp of 8850: 8849: 8805: 8803: 8796: 8780: 8777: 8632: 8629: 8590:Following the 8503:Soviet cuisine 8495:Main article: 8492: 8489: 8448:anti-Sovietism 8394:ruling classes 8366:Azerbaijan SSR 8257:Main article: 8254: 8251: 8205: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8143:Semashko model 8122:Main article: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8020: 8014:Andrei Gromyko 7875: 7872: 7808:Young Pioneers 7797:Main article: 7794: 7791: 7752: 7749: 7729:Azerbaijan SSR 7685: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7486:Azerbaijan SSR 7483: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7463:Dnepropetrovsk 7460: 7457: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7350: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7318: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7234: 7212:mortality rate 7157:Main article: 7154: 7151: 7127:street network 7113:, an aviation 7075:Main article: 7072: 7069: 7015:space shuttles 6982:rocket at the 6957:Pavel Popovich 6934: 6931: 6848:Main article: 6845: 6842: 6794:Main article: 6791: 6788: 6780:Czechoslovakia 6677:potash plant, 6664:reform of 1965 6660:consumer goods 6566:, one of many 6528:barrier troops 6508: 6507: 6498: 6493: 250–500 6489: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6436:Main article: 6433: 6430: 6384:battlecruisers 6274:Main article: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136:Lithuanian SSR 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118:Azerbaijan SSR 6107: 6103: 6102: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5892:Turkestan ASSR 5841: 5838: 5749: 5746: 5738:United Kingdom 5703: 5700: 5677:Maxim Litvinov 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5553: 5518: 5494: 5475:Andrei Gromyko 5463:Maxim Litvinov 5415:Andrei Gromyko 5370:Main article: 5367: 5364: 5345:Vladimir Lenin 5243:Main article: 5240: 5237: 5221:People's Court 5203:Main article: 5200: 5197: 5176:, to himself. 5105:Main article: 5102: 5099: 5015:Supreme Soviet 4991:Main article: 4988: 4985: 4967:, the nominal 4909:Main article: 4906: 4903: 4876: 4873: 4809:Kola Peninsula 4708:Czechoslovakia 4557:Main article: 4554: 4551: 4525:In the 1980s, 4502:, initiated a 4469:Allied victory 4410: 4403: 4402: 4394:Vladimir Lenin 4392: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4227: 4226: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4191:Kherson Oblast 4185: 4184: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4072: 4071: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3648:Bolshevik Coup 3604: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3592:Uryankhay Krai 3587: 3586: 3583: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3537:Russian Empire 3533: 3532: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3464:Tsarist Russia 3461: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270:Rus' Khaganate 3265: 3264: 3261: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3197:Main article: 3194: 3191: 3122:Советский Союз 3020:Vladimir Lenin 2993:Russian Empire 2926:Main article: 2923: 2920: 2900:United Nations 2853:Supreme Soviet 2770:Stalin's death 2693:system of the 2647:Vladimir Lenin 2612:its government 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2452:Related topics 2451: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2333:The Barricades 2330: 2328:January Events 2325: 2323:Dushanbe riots 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2092:Wars in Africa 2089: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2075:Yom Kippur War 2072: 2071: 2070: 2068:Fall of Saigon 2065: 2060: 2058:Operation Menu 2055: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1692:Russian Empire 1689: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1428: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1382: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1268: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1159: 1157:(1990 formula) 1149: 1148: 1145:low inequality 1139: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039:• Density 1038: 1035: 1034: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 990: 987: 986: 979: 976: 973: 972: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 952: 949: 948: 945: 939: 936: 935: 932: 926: 923: 922: 919: 911: 908: 907: 906:9 October 1977 904: 898: 895: 894: 891: 885: 882: 881: 878: 874:United Nations 866: 863: 862: 859: 851: 848: 847: 844: 838: 835: 834: 831: 825: 822: 821: 818: 812: 809: 808: 805: 799: 796: 795: 792: 786: 783: 782: 779: 778: 776: 775: 770: 765: 759: 757: 756:Historical era 753: 752: 745: 739: 736: 735: 733: 732: 725: 717: 715: 709: 706: 705: 703: 702: 698:Supreme Soviet 695: 687: 685: 681: 680: 677: 676: 671: 668: 665: 664: 663:Vladimir Lenin 661: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 630: 627: 626: 621: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 601: 600: 597: 596: 586: 583: 580: 579: 574: 571: 568: 567: 562: 559: 556: 555: 550: 547: 544: 543: 538: 535: 532: 531: 526: 523: 520: 519: 514: 511: 508: 507: 502: 499: 496: 495: 493:Vladimir Lenin 490: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 470: 469: 461: 457: 456: 451: 445: 444: 442: 441: 431: 420: 418: 414: 413: 411: 410: 407: 401: 394: 392: 389: 383: 382: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 298: 296: 290: 289: 284: 280: 279: 272:55.750; 37.617 243: 240: 236: 235: 229: 221: 220: 218: 217: 183: 170: 132: 125: 124: 107: 106: 97: 90: 89: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 64: 63: 46: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25529: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25488: 25485: 25483: 25480: 25478: 25475: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25454: 25452: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25423: 25422: 25417: 25413: 25412: 25408: 25398: 25395: 25391: 25388: 25387: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25380:Seven Wonders 25378: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25366: 25363: 25361: 25358: 25356: 25353: 25351: 25348: 25346: 25345:Playing cards 25343: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25328: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25310: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25212: 25209: 25208: 25207: 25204: 25202: 25199: 25197: 25194: 25192: 25189: 25187: 25184: 25182: 25179: 25177: 25174: 25173: 25171: 25169: 25165: 25157: 25154: 25153: 25152: 25149: 25147: 25144: 25142: 25139: 25137: 25134: 25132: 25129: 25127: 25124: 25122: 25119: 25117: 25114: 25112: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25097: 25094: 25092: 25089: 25087: 25084: 25082: 25079: 25077: 25074: 25070: 25067: 25065: 25062: 25061: 25060: 25057: 25053: 25050: 25049: 25048: 25045: 25041: 25040:Mental health 25038: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25027: 25026: 25023: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25008: 25006: 25003: 25001: 25000:Ethnic groups 24998: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24981: 24978: 24976: 24973: 24971: 24968: 24966: 24963: 24961: 24958: 24956: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24932: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24920: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24880: 24877: 24875: 24872: 24870: 24867: 24865: 24862: 24858: 24855: 24854: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24842: 24840: 24837: 24835: 24832: 24830: 24827: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24756: 24753: 24750: 24748: 24744: 24734: 24731: 24729: 24726: 24724: 24721: 24719: 24716: 24714: 24711: 24709: 24706: 24704: 24703:Civil defense 24701: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24648:Media freedom 24646: 24644: 24641: 24639: 24636: 24634: 24631: 24629: 24626: 24624: 24621: 24619: 24616: 24614: 24611: 24609: 24606: 24604: 24601: 24599: 24596: 24593: 24589: 24586: 24584: 24581: 24579: 24576: 24573: 24569: 24566: 24564: 24561: 24558: 24554: 24551: 24549: 24546: 24544: 24541: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24533:Criminal code 24531: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24514: 24513:Civil Service 24511: 24509: 24506: 24504: 24501: 24500: 24497: 24494: 24492: 24488: 24478: 24475: 24473: 24470: 24468: 24465: 24463: 24460: 24458: 24455: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24437: 24436: 24433: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24416: 24415: 24414: 24411: 24407: 24404: 24403: 24402: 24399: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24365: 24362: 24360: 24357: 24355: 24352: 24350: 24347: 24345: 24342: 24341: 24340: 24337: 24335: 24332: 24328: 24325: 24324: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24299: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24287: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24247: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24228: 24226: 24222: 24214: 24211: 24210: 24209: 24206: 24202: 24199: 24197: 24194: 24192: 24189: 24188: 24187: 24184: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24174:Russian state 24172: 24171: 24170: 24167: 24165: 24162: 24158: 24155: 24154: 24153: 24150: 24148: 24145: 24141: 24138: 24137: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24110: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24096: 24093: 24091: 24088: 24086: 24083: 24081: 24078: 24076: 24073: 24072: 24070: 24068: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24055: 24050: 24043: 24038: 24036: 24031: 24029: 24024: 24023: 24020: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23979: 23976: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23963:FactCheck.org 23961: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23927: 23924: 23923: 23922: 23921:Fact-checking 23919: 23918: 23915: 23908: 23904: 23890: 23887: 23885: 23882: 23881: 23879: 23875: 23871: 23867: 23863: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23827: 23824: 23822: 23819: 23817: 23814: 23812: 23809: 23805: 23802: 23801: 23800: 23797: 23795: 23792: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23769: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23754: 23752: 23750:United States 23748: 23742: 23739: 23737: 23734: 23732: 23729: 23727: 23725: 23721: 23719: 23716: 23714: 23711: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23700: 23698: 23694: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23674: 23672: 23668: 23664: 23660: 23656: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23638: 23636: 23633: 23631: 23628: 23624: 23621: 23619: 23616: 23614: 23611: 23610: 23608: 23604: 23601: 23600: 23599: 23596: 23592: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23583: 23582: 23579: 23578: 23576: 23574: 23570: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23526: 23525: 23523: 23521: 23517: 23514: 23509: 23505: 23499: 23496: 23494: 23491: 23488: 23484: 23481: 23480: 23478: 23474: 23470: 23466: 23462: 23458: 23454: 23450: 23446: 23442: 23438: 23434: 23430: 23426: 23420: 23417: 23415: 23412: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23402: 23401: 23399: 23395: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23375: 23373: 23369: 23365: 23361: 23357: 23351: 23350: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23319: 23317: 23314: 23312: 23311:50 Cent Party 23309: 23308: 23307: 23304: 23303: 23301: 23297: 23293: 23289: 23285: 23281: 23274: 23270: 23256: 23253: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23235: 23234: 23231: 23229: 23226: 23224: 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23211: 23207: 23204: 23203: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23193: 23191: 23187: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23134: 23131: 23130: 23129: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23106: 23105: 23102: 23095: 23091: 23081: 23080: 23076: 23074: 23073: 23069: 23067: 23066: 23062: 23060: 23059: 23055: 23053: 23052: 23048: 23046: 23044: 23040: 23039: 23036: 23029: 23025: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22958: 22955: 22954: 22953: 22950: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22937: 22936: 22933: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22915:Media culture 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22856: 22855:False dilemma 22853: 22851: 22848: 22844: 22841: 22840: 22839: 22836: 22832: 22829: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22818: 22817: 22814: 22812: 22809: 22807: 22804: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22781: 22777: 22774: 22770: 22767: 22766: 22765: 22762: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22736: 22733: 22726: 22722: 22718: 22714: 22707: 22702: 22700: 22695: 22693: 22688: 22687: 22684: 22670: 22669:Yugoslav Wars 22667: 22666: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22609: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22599: 22597: 22593: 22587: 22584: 22582: 22579: 22577: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22561: 22557: 22554: 22553: 22551: 22547: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22532: 22528: 22525: 22523: 22520: 22518: 22515: 22513: 22510: 22508: 22504: 22503:Prague Spring 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22465: 22463: 22455: 22449: 22443: 22441: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22419: 22417: 22415:Organizations 22413: 22407: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22363: 22362: 22360: 22356: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22317:Baltic states 22315: 22313: 22310: 22309: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22299: 22297: 22293: 22286: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22277: 22273: 22269: 22262: 22257: 22255: 22250: 22248: 22243: 22242: 22239: 22229: 22224: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22195: 22192: 22190: 22187: 22185: 22182: 22180: 22177: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22158: 22155: 22153: 22150: 22149: 22147: 22145: 22144:Crimea (1919) 22142: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22118: 22115: 22113: 22110: 22109: 22107: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22095: 22092: 22091: 22089: 22085: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22038: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22023: 22021: 22017: 22007: 22006:South Vietnam 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21948: 21946: 21942: 21934: 21933:North Vietnam 21931: 21930: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21868: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21855: 21853: 21849: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21824: 21822: 21818: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21775: 21772: 21770: 21767: 21766: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21738: 21736: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21721: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21657: 21656: 21654: 21650: 21644: 21643:United States 21641: 21639: 21636: 21635: 21633: 21629: 21623: 21620: 21616: 21613: 21612: 21610: 21606: 21603: 21602: 21601: 21600:United States 21598: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21517: 21514: 21513: 21512: 21509: 21508: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21497: 21494: 21493: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21480: 21479:New Australia 21477: 21476: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21466: 21464: 21460: 21455: 21448: 21443: 21441: 21436: 21434: 21429: 21428: 21425: 21419: 21412: 21394: 21391: 21390: 21388: 21386: 21382: 21376: 21373: 21372: 21370: 21368: 21364: 21358: 21355: 21354: 21352: 21350: 21346: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21294: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21247: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21237: 21235: 21233: 21229: 21225: 21218: 21213: 21211: 21206: 21204: 21199: 21198: 21195: 21179: 21174: 21169: 21164: 21160: 21159: 21154: 21153: 21148: 21144: 21143:Buryat–Mongol 21140: 21139: 21135: 21122: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21101: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21081: 21075: 21072: 21071: 21066: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21025: 21022: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20975: 20972: 20971: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20925: 20922: 20921: 20916: 20913: 20907: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20824: 20821: 20820: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20745: 20743: 20739: 20735: 20728: 20723: 20721: 20716: 20714: 20709: 20708: 20705: 20692: 20689: 20686: 20683: 20680: 20677: 20674: 20671: 20668: 20665: 20664: 20662: 20658: 20651: 20648: 20645: 20642: 20641: 20639: 20635: 20625: 20624:Moldavian SSR 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20606: 20604: 20602: 20597: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20567: 20565: 20563: 20556: 20550: 20549:Ukrainian SSR 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20519: 20517: 20513: 20510: 20506: 20501: 20494: 20489: 20487: 20482: 20480: 20475: 20474: 20471: 20465: 20458: 20446: 20438: 20436: 20435: 20424: 20423: 20420: 20410: 20407: 20403: 20400: 20399: 20398: 20395: 20391: 20388: 20387: 20386: 20383: 20379: 20376: 20375: 20374: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20364: 20356: 20353: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20346: 20344: 20342: 20338: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20306:Printed media 20304: 20302: 20299: 20295: 20292: 20291: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20266: 20264: 20262: 20258: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20240: 20239:Cyrillisation 20237: 20235: 20232: 20231: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20207:Working class 20205: 20203: 20202:Soviet people 20200: 20199: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20184: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20172: 20164: 20161: 20160: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20123: 20121: 20117: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20095: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20050:Energy policy 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20032: 20030: 20028: 20024: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19995: 19993: 19991: 19987: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19935: 19933: 19931: 19927: 19919: 19915: 19911: 19907: 19903: 19900: 19899: 19898: 19895: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19882: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19869: 19866: 19865: 19864: 19861: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19838: 19836: 19834: 19830: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19802: 19799: 19798: 19796: 19792: 19784: 19781: 19780: 19779: 19778:Supreme Court 19776: 19773: 19770: 19767: 19764: 19761: 19758: 19754: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19723: 19722: 19719: 19718: 19716: 19712: 19706: 19703: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19685: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19662: 19659: 19658: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19640: 19637: 19636: 19635: 19632: 19628: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19611: 19608: 19607: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19585: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19565: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19522: 19521: 19519: 19515: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19497: 19494: 19493: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19480: 19477: 19476: 19475: 19472: 19471: 19469: 19467: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19454: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19381: 19380:The Holocaust 19378: 19376: 19373: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19324: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19314: 19312: 19310: 19306: 19301: 19294: 19289: 19287: 19282: 19280: 19275: 19274: 19271: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19242: 19241: 19230: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19214: 19210: 19209: 19201: 19197: 19193: 19189: 19183: 19179: 19175: 19174: 19168: 19164: 19158: 19154: 19149: 19145: 19139: 19135: 19134:HarperCollins 19131: 19127: 19123: 19119: 19115: 19113:9781138278790 19109: 19105: 19101: 19096: 19092: 19086: 19082: 19078: 19077: 19071: 19067: 19061: 19057: 19053: 19049: 19045: 19041: 19035: 19031: 19030: 19025: 19021: 19017: 19011: 19007: 19003: 19002: 18996: 18992: 18985: 18980: 18976: 18970: 18966: 18962: 18958: 18954: 18950: 18944: 18940: 18936: 18935: 18930: 18926: 18922: 18916: 18912: 18908: 18904: 18900: 18896: 18892: 18887: 18883: 18877: 18873: 18868: 18864: 18858: 18854: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18828: 18824: 18820: 18816: 18811: 18807: 18803: 18799: 18795: 18791: 18785: 18781: 18776: 18775: 18768: 18764: 18758: 18754: 18750: 18745: 18741: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18726: 18720: 18716: 18710: 18706: 18702: 18701: 18695: 18691: 18687: 18683: 18679: 18674: 18670: 18664: 18660: 18656: 18651: 18636: 18632: 18625: 18621: 18617: 18613: 18609: 18605: 18601: 18597: 18591: 18587: 18583: 18582: 18577: 18573: 18569: 18565: 18561: 18556: 18552: 18546: 18542: 18537: 18536: 18530: 18526: 18522: 18516: 18512: 18508: 18507: 18501: 18500: 18497: 18493: 18489: 18485: 18461: 18460: 18455: 18448: 18432: 18428: 18424: 18418: 18402: 18398: 18394: 18388: 18372: 18368: 18367: 18362: 18356: 18337: 18333: 18327: 18320: 18319: 18311: 18303: 18297: 18293: 18292:Mehring Books 18289: 18288: 18283: 18277: 18270: 18266: 18262: 18256: 18252: 18251: 18246: 18245:Taaffe, Peter 18240: 18224: 18220: 18216: 18212: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18194: 18190: 18189: 18184: 18177: 18161: 18160: 18152: 18136: 18132: 18131: 18123: 18115: 18111: 18105: 18097: 18091: 18084:. 9 May 2022. 18083: 18077: 18069: 18068: 18063: 18057: 18049: 18043: 18039: 18032: 18013: 18009: 18002: 17998: 17991: 17983: 17977: 17969: 17968: 17963: 17957: 17955: 17953: 17951: 17934: 17930: 17929:Levada Center 17926: 17920: 17904: 17900: 17896: 17890: 17874: 17870: 17864: 17848: 17844: 17840: 17833: 17825: 17819: 17815: 17812:. Cambridge: 17811: 17804: 17802: 17800: 17783: 17779: 17773: 17758: 17757: 17752: 17745: 17737: 17731: 17729: 17722: 17718: 17714: 17710: 17706: 17702: 17697: 17681: 17677: 17676: 17671: 17665: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17641: 17637: 17636: 17631: 17625: 17609: 17605: 17599: 17595: 17591: 17590: 17585: 17579: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17561: 17556: 17549: 17543: 17535: 17529: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17503: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17472: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17444: 17437: 17430: 17417: 17413: 17412: 17407: 17403: 17397: 17389: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17371: 17365: 17357: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17339: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17323: 17316: 17300: 17296: 17289: 17281: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17255: 17248: 17240: 17233: 17225: 17218: 17210: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17195: 17187: 17179: 17175: 17168: 17152: 17148: 17142: 17126: 17122: 17121: 17120:The Economist 17116: 17110: 17101: 17093: 17086: 17070: 17066: 17062: 17056: 17040: 17036: 17035: 17027: 17019: 17013: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16998:. Princeton: 16997: 16993: 16987: 16985: 16983: 16974: 16968: 16964: 16960: 16955: 16954: 16948: 16942: 16935: 16931: 16928: 16923: 16907: 16903: 16899: 16895: 16891: 16890: 16885: 16878: 16870: 16866: 16862: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16839: 16838:Slavic Review 16834: 16827: 16819: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16801: 16797: 16790: 16774: 16770: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16749: 16734: 16730: 16726: 16722: 16715: 16700: 16696: 16689: 16681: 16675: 16671: 16670: 16662: 16651: 16647: 16640: 16634: 16626: 16625: 16620: 16614: 16606: 16602: 16595: 16579: 16575: 16571: 16564: 16562: 16545: 16541: 16535: 16528: 16527:Rayfield 2004 16523: 16516: 16506: 16490: 16486: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16471: 16463: 16456: 16451: 16435: 16431: 16425: 16421: 16420: 16412: 16396: 16392: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16377: 16369: 16367: 16350: 16346: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16331: 16323: 16316: 16311: 16309: 16307: 16298: 16291: 16282: 16275: 16262: 16258: 16252: 16248: 16247: 16239: 16230: 16221: 16205: 16201: 16195: 16179: 16175: 16174:"ARTICLE 124" 16169: 16162: 16156: 16149: 16143: 16136: 16131: 16127: 16123: 16116: 16101: 16095: 16091: 16087: 16082: 16081: 16072: 16066:, p. 209 16065: 16060: 16053: 16048: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16025: 16021: 16015: 16011: 16010: 16002: 15987: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15968: 15967: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15938:on 8 May 2016 15937: 15933: 15929: 15921: 15915:, p. 27. 15914: 15909: 15903:, p. 26. 15902: 15897: 15891:, p. 25. 15890: 15885: 15878: 15873: 15866: 15861: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15825: 15818: 15802: 15798: 15794: 15787: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15767: 15763: 15759: 15752: 15745: 15740: 15734:, p. 352 15733: 15728: 15722:, p. 353 15721: 15716: 15710: 15706: 15703: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15686: 15669: 15665: 15664: 15663:History Today 15659: 15652: 15645: 15640: 15633: 15628: 15620: 15616: 15610: 15594: 15590: 15589: 15584: 15580: 15574: 15558: 15554: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15539: 15531: 15515: 15511: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15496: 15488: 15472: 15468: 15464: 15458: 15442: 15438: 15437: 15432: 15428: 15422: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15394: 15388: 15380: 15374: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15358: 15342: 15338: 15332: 15328: 15327: 15319: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15300: 15296: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15267: 15263: 15259: 15252: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15221: 15212: 15203: 15187: 15183: 15182: 15177: 15170: 15154: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15135: 15128: 15127: 15120: 15113: 15107: 15100: 15097:. Cambridge: 15096: 15090: 15071: 15067: 15060: 15054: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15017: 15009: 15001: 14995: 14988: 14987: 14979: 14977: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14918: 14909: 14902: 14894: 14890: 14883: 14875: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14844: 14839: 14832: 14824: 14817: 14809: 14802: 14795:. p. 15. 14794: 14790: 14789: 14780: 14774: 14758: 14754: 14748: 14744: 14743: 14735: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14712: 14711: 14702: 14694: 14688: 14684: 14679: 14678: 14669: 14653: 14649: 14643: 14639: 14638: 14630: 14622: 14621: 14616: 14609: 14601: 14595: 14587: 14581: 14577: 14573: 14569: 14568: 14560: 14553: 14548: 14541: 14536: 14534: 14526: 14521: 14514: 14509: 14502: 14497: 14490: 14485: 14478: 14473: 14471: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14440: 14439: 14431: 14423: 14418: 14416: 14408: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14377: 14375: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14344: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14314: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14283: 14267: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14223: 14215: 14208: 14200: 14193: 14185: 14178: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14155: 14139: 14135: 14134: 14133:The Scientist 14129: 14122: 14115: 14113: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14092: 14076: 14072: 14068: 14062: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14016: 14012: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13997: 13989: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13937: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13923: 13917: 13915: 13913: 13905: 13900: 13893: 13888: 13881: 13876: 13869: 13864: 13857: 13852: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13822: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13792: 13786: 13770: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13743: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13711: 13704: 13699: 13691: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13650: 13643: 13638: 13622: 13618: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13592: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13565: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13517: 13515: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13482: 13473: 13464: 13456: 13450: 13447:. p. 9. 13446: 13442: 13438: 13437: 13429: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13327: 13322: 13321:Davies, R. W. 13318: 13312: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13277: 13269: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13234: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13208: 13202: 13194: 13188: 13172: 13168: 13162: 13153: 13144: 13136: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13121: 13113: 13097: 13093: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13078: 13070: 13054: 13050: 13044: 13040: 13039: 13031: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13000: 12992: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12968: 12952: 12948: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12933: 12925: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12898: 12892: 12885: 12879: 12871: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12849: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12822: 12815: 12809: 12801: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12774: 12767: 12761: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12740: 12732: 12728: 12727: 12719: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12686: 12678: 12674: 12668: 12661: 12656: 12641: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12612: 12596: 12592: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12577: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12556: 12552: 12545: 12539: 12535: 12532: 12526: 12519: 12513: 12506:. p. 13. 12505: 12501: 12500: 12492: 12484: 12480: 12479:Ulam, Adam B. 12474: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12445: 12440: 12433: 12414: 12406: 12402: 12401: 12393: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12374:Richard Pipes 12370: 12362: 12358: 12352: 12344: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12329:Vintage Books 12326: 12322: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12303: 12299: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12284: 12276: 12268: 12264: 12263: 12255: 12239: 12235: 12226: 12219: 12215: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12191: 12184: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12112: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12079: 12075: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12060: 12052: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11989: 11981: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11952:. p. 1. 11951: 11947: 11946: 11938: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11893: 11887: 11883: 11878: 11877: 11868: 11860: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11787: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11766: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11731: 11723: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11698: 11690: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11654: 11648: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11627: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11592: 11584: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11541: 11526: 11520: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11501: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11458: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11428: 11427: 11420: 11404: 11400: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11385: 11377: 11375: 11358: 11354: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11335: 11320: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11301: 11300: 11291: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11249: 11233: 11229: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11210: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11180: 11179: 11172: 11156: 11152: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11087: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11048: 11033: 11027: 11023: 11018: 11017: 11008: 10992: 10988: 10982: 10978: 10977: 10969: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10912: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10881: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10816: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10775: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10734: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10701: 10685: 10681: 10674: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10621: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10591: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10555: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10527: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10423: 10407: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10390: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10361: 10356: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10256: 10247: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10220: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10188: 10182:, p. 84. 10181: 10176: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10097: 10089: 10088:Mccauley 2014 10084: 10077: 10072: 10070: 10061: 10060: 10054: 10046: 10044: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10010: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9976: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9929: 9915: 9911: 9903: 9898: 9889: 9884: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9825: 9820: 9809: 9804: 9798:совет / кеңес 9795: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9755: 9750: 9741: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9707:to the west; 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9671: 9665: 9656: 9650: 9640:Russian: 9637: 9629: 9623: 9613:Russian: 9610: 9600: 9594: 9585: 9579: 9569:Russian: 9566: 9557: 9546: 9542: 9537: 9530: 9524: 9515: 9506: 9497: 9490: 9484: 9477: 9471: 9462: 9455: 9449: 9442: 9436: 9427: 9418: 9409: 9400: 9393: 9389: 9383: 9376: 9370: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9347: 9341: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9307:Sovietization 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9297:Russification 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9287:Neo-Stalinism 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9242: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9080: 9074:, 9 May 2018. 9073: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9007: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8966:poll, 47% of 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8952:Joseph Stalin 8948: 8944: 8941: 8936: 8935:Levada Center 8932: 8927: 8924: 8923:privatization 8920: 8916: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8864: 8863:Eastern Front 8860: 8856: 8846: 8843: 8835: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8785:Neo-Sovietism 8776: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8737:United States 8732: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8682: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8596:Yury Trifonov 8593: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8547: 8542: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8436:state atheism 8433: 8429: 8428:secular state 8424: 8420: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8395: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8328: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8286: 8281: 8274: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8238: 8233: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8192: 8190: 8189:alcohol abuse 8186: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8168:, during the 8167: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8125: 8108: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8002:Joseph Stalin 7999: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7932:(15.45%) and 7931: 7927: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7888:Korenizatsiia 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7790: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7779:birth control 7771: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7717:Ukrainian SSR 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7605: 7604:Ukrainian SSR 7602: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7570:Ukrainian SSR 7568: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7520:Ukrainian SSR 7518: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7468:Ukrainian SSR 7466: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:Ukrainian SSR 7416: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7189:war communism 7186: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7147:merchant navy 7143: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6933:Space program 6930: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6897:pseudoscience 6894: 6891:in favour of 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834:hard currency 6830: 6826: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6704:(VAZ) in 1969 6703: 6699: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6588:foreign trade 6585: 6584:world economy 6581: 6577: 6569: 6568:hydroelectric 6565: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6520:war communism 6517: 6505: 6496: 6487: 6476: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6263: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6154:Moldavian SSR 6144: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6028:Ukrainian SSR 6018: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5968:Karelian ASSR 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5900:Bukharan PSPs 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5872:Transcaucasia 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830:sports events 5828:, rivalry at 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772:United States 5769: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718:Joseph Stalin 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5654:Popular Front 5651: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5588: 5583: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5561:Marshall Plan 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515:Marshall Plan 5511: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5469:(1890–1986), 5468: 5465:(1876–1951), 5464: 5461:(1872–1936), 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217:Supreme Court 5212: 5211:Socialist law 5206: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5181:Boris Yeltsin 5177: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5095:Yuri Andropov 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068:local Soviets 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039:Supreme Court 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4969:head of state 4966: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4931:, elected at 4930: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4829:nuclear waste 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4769:(shared with 4768: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4752:United States 4749: 4748:Bering Strait 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635:Pacific Ocean 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4615:North America 4612: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4453:Joseph Stalin 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4379: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036:War in Donbas 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4018:Five-Days War 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3990:Privatization 3987: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3951:Modern Russia 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3756:Russian State 3754: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3724:Ukrainian SSR 3721: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674:War Communism 3671: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3623:Dvoyevlastiye 3619: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3361:Rostov-Suzdal 3359: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3331:Novgorod Land 3329: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3155:Schutzstaffel 3138: 3134: 3129: 3118: 3117:Union of SSRs 3113: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3085:Ukrainian SSR 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061:Joseph Stalin 3057: 3051: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2997:State Council 2994: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861:Boris Yeltsin 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Joseph Stalin 2672: 2671:Lenin's death 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600:federal union 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2493:Soviet Empire 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2308:Black January 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2161:Polish strike 2159: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080:Prague Spring 2078: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997:Space program 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828:Moscow trials 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1743:War communism 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1613: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289:Ukrainian SSR 1287: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:ISO 3166 code 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123:$ 9,000 ( 1122: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1008: 1004: 998: 994: 988: 984: 980: 974: 969: 965: 961: 957: 950: 946: 943: 937: 933: 930: 924: 920: 916: 909: 905: 902: 896: 892: 889: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:Foundation of 864: 860: 856: 849: 845: 842: 836: 832: 829: 823: 819: 816: 810: 806: 803: 797: 793: 790: 784: 780: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 758: 754: 749: 746: 743: 737: 729: 726: 722: 719: 718: 716: 713: 707: 699: 696: 692: 689: 688: 686: 682: 678: 675: 672: 666: 662: 656: 652: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 628: 625: 622: 616: 612: 608: 606: 605:Head of State 602: 598: 594: 590: 587: 581: 578: 575: 569: 566: 563: 557: 554: 553:Yuri Andropov 551: 545: 542: 539: 533: 530: 527: 521: 518: 515: 509: 506: 505:Joseph Stalin 503: 497: 494: 491: 485: 481: 477: 475: 471: 468: 467: 462: 458: 455: 452: 450: 446: 439: 435: 434:State atheism 432: 429: 425: 424:Secular state 422: 421: 419: 415: 408: 406: 402: 400: 396: 395: 393: 388: 384: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 346: 340: 339: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 297: 291: 288: 285: 281: 276: 247: 244: 237: 233: 227: 222: 182:" (1944–1991) 181: 171: 145:" (1922–1944) 144: 137:Интернационал 134: 133: 130: 126: 122: 112: 108: 100: 94: 84: 78: 70: 65: 58: 41: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 25457:Soviet Union 25318:Coat of arms 25278:Martial arts 25186:Army culture 25176:Architecture 25146:Witch trials 25101:Prostitution 25047:Human rights 24980:Demographics 24894:Trade unions 24864:Shipbuilding 24824:Homelessness 24784:Central Bank 24779:Car industry 24618:Conservatism 24528:Constitution 24523:Conscription 24196:Eastern Bloc 24186:Soviet Union 24185: 24179:Russian SFSR 24109:Feudal Rus' 23723: 23658:South Africa 23645:Web brigades 23581:Cyberwarfare 23563:Useful idiot 23512:Soviet Union 23457:Fintas Group 23349:Global Times 23347: 23316:cyberwarfare 23077: 23070: 23063: 23056: 23050: 23042: 23009:Whataboutism 23004:Urban legend 22974:Quote mining 22606: 22280:Soviet Union 22279: 22268:Eastern Bloc 22104:Baranya–Baja 22073:Soviet Union 22072: 22053:East Germany 21751:Burkina Faso 21349:Georgian SSR 21287:Kara-Kirghiz 21232:Russian SFSR 21158:Kirghiz ASSR 21156: 21150: 21142: 21077: 21027: 20977: 20935:Volga German 20927: 20911:of existence 20895:Volga German 20673:Bukharan SSR 20667:SSR Abkhazia 20609:Estonian SSR 20562:Russian SFSR 20544:Russian SFSR 20539:Georgian SSR 20524:Armenian SSR 20425: 20197:Demographics 20187:Antisemitism 20040:Central Bank 19958:Forced labor 19906:Spetsnaz GRU 19726:organisation 19634:Human rights 19583:Constitution 19466:Subdivisions 19344:Russian SFSR 19300:Soviet Union 19299: 19212: 19206: 19172: 19152: 19125: 19099: 19075: 19051: 19028: 19000: 18960: 18939:Viking Press 18933: 18906: 18899:Pons, Silvio 18890: 18871: 18848: 18836:10261/201912 18818: 18814: 18801: 18798:Lewin, Moshe 18773: 18748: 18724: 18703:. New York: 18699: 18681: 18677: 18654: 18642:. Retrieved 18607: 18580: 18559: 18534: 18505: 18478:Bibliography 18463:. Retrieved 18457: 18447: 18435:. Retrieved 18431:the original 18426: 18417: 18405:. Retrieved 18401:the original 18396: 18387: 18375:. Retrieved 18364: 18355: 18343:. Retrieved 18317: 18310: 18286: 18282:North, David 18276: 18268: 18253:. Bertrams. 18249: 18239: 18227:. Retrieved 18192: 18186: 18176: 18164:. Retrieved 18158: 18151: 18139:. Retrieved 18129: 18122: 18113: 18104: 18090: 18076: 18065: 18056: 18037: 18031: 18019:. Retrieved 18007: 17990: 17976: 17965: 17937:. Retrieved 17928: 17919: 17907:. Retrieved 17898: 17889: 17877:. Retrieved 17863: 17851:. Retrieved 17842: 17832: 17809: 17786:. Retrieved 17782:the original 17772: 17760:. Retrieved 17754: 17744: 17717:Habibov 2013 17701:Russell 2018 17696: 17684:. Retrieved 17675:The Guardian 17673: 17664: 17639: 17633: 17624: 17612:. 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Schiffman 9941: 9932: 9749: 9740: 9679: 9636: 9609: 9565: 9556: 9549:(in Russian) 9536: 9523: 9514: 9505: 9496: 9483: 9470: 9461: 9448: 9435: 9426: 9417: 9408: 9399: 9382: 9369: 9357: 9353: 9340: 9327: 9258:Noam Chomsky 9256: 9238: 9228: 9209: 9207: 9176: 9146: 9127: 9112:Transnistria 9089: 9072:Nazi Germany 9008: 9003: 8988: 8949: 8945: 8928: 8911: 8906:Yuri Gagarin 8868: 8838: 8829: 8807: 8769:doping tests 8754: 8733: 8714: 8697:45th session 8686: 8678: 8667: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8599: 8589: 8578: 8563: 8551: 8477:Brezhnev era 8474: 8462: 8453:Radio Moscow 8445: 8425: 8421: 8409: 8398: 8390: 8338:Christianity 8336: 8244: 8236: 8234: 8221:multilingual 8217: 8198: 8178: 8135: 7994: 7970: 7964:, 1.2% were 7960:, 1.4% were 7956:, 1.5% were 7952:, 1.5% were 7948:, 1.6% were 7944:, 1.6% were 7940:, 17.5% was 7922: 7863:Jewish quota 7844: 7813: 7783: 7775: 7709:Russian SFSR 7698: 7695: 7656:Russian SFSR 7638:Russian SFSR 7622:Russian SFSR 7588:Russian SFSR 7536:Russian SFSR 7502:Russian SFSR 7434:Armenian SSR 7400:Russian SFSR 7384:Russian SFSR 7345:Georgian SSR 7329:Russian SFSR 7225: 7205: 7174: 7153:Demographics 7144: 7140: 7119: 7104: 7097: 7061: 7054: 7052: 7041: 7034: 7028:, which was 7022:Luna program 7019: 7011:Yuri Gagarin 6988: 6953:Yuri Gagarin 6914: 6870: 6838:Saudi Arabia 6822: 6814: 6784:East Germany 6773: 6746: 6740: 6709: 6707: 6684: 6649: 6647:widespread. 6635: 6621: 6618:in the 1930s 6573: 6553:World War II 6541: 6513: 6426:conscription 6423: 6404: 6372: 6333: 6328:West Germany 6326:missiles in 6262:Estonian SSR 6226:Armenian SSR 6100:Georgian SSR 6003:Russian SFSR 5972: 5958:. After the 5888:Turkmenistan 5857: 5810:Nazi Germany 5787: 5784:World War II 5780:Eastern Bloc 5776:Western Bloc 5768:geopolitical 5761: 5715: 5696:World War II 5688:Adolf Hitler 5681: 5670: 5658:anti-Fascist 5643: 5636: 5627:Labour Party 5622: 5616: 5608: 5597: 5593: 5568: 5538:West Germany 5444: 5357: 5305:Soviet state 5300: 5290: 5274:corporations 5270:labor unions 5250:Human rights 5248: 5239:Human rights 5214: 5189:coup attempt 5178: 5158: 5129:constitution 5126: 5076: 5012: 4977: 4958: 4948: 4926: 4888: 4806: 4791: 4779: 4756: 4671: 4643:Central Asia 4608: 4543:coup attempt 4524: 4520:gerontocracy 4484:Western Bloc 4480:Eastern Bloc 4477: 4473:World War II 4451:The rise of 4450: 4427: 4412:Leon Trotsky 4258: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4233:full list... 4231: 4217: 4210: 4196: 4189: 4175: 4168: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4126: 4064:Mobilization 4056:Debt default 3998:Chechen wars 3949:since 1991: 3926:full list... 3924: 3903:Russian SFSR 3892:Soviet Union 3891: 3809:Korenization 3779:full list... 3777: 3713:Russian SFSR 3622: 3481:Zemsky Sobor 3449:full list... 3447: 3373:full list... 3371: 3318: 3304:Ancient Rus' 3186: 3182: 3176:Russian SFSR 3171: 3169: 3164: 3161:Nazi Germany 3133:Soviet Union 3132: 3116: 3096: 3089: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3036: 3001: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2960:proto-Slavic 2939: 2937: 2912:Global South 2877: 2826:Eastern Bloc 2819: 2813: 2764:and through 2750:Western Bloc 2743: 2640: 2608:Russian SFSR 2590:and sharing 2572:Soviet Union 2571: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2436: 1977:Wage reforms 1835:World War II 1552:Turkmenistan 1422: 1376: 1331: 1275:Russian SFSR 1271: 1253:Succeeded by 1252: 1247: 1232:Internet TLD 1210:Calling code 1176:Soviet ruble 1105:• Total 1067:• Total 1020: census 991:• Water 977:• Total 768:World War II 674:Ivan Silayev 584:• 1991 512:• 1953 464: 437: 427: 336: 128: 111:Motto: 110: 99:State Emblem 37: 25370:tea culture 25223:Fairy tales 25086:Open access 25059:Immigration 25020:Gun control 24759:Agriculture 24728:Term limits 24638:Martial law 24633:Nationalism 24628:Irredentism 24623:Imperialism 24406:Caspian Sea 24322:Environment 24317:Earthquakes 24213:Union State 24201:Dissolution 24100:Kievan Rus' 24090:Early Slavs 23856:Yellow rain 23476:Philippines 23336:Spamouflage 23321:Little Pink 23175:Rothschilds 23165:Red mercury 22880:Gaslighting 22831:Lying press 22801:Doublespeak 22595:Dissolution 22535:Martial law 22458:Revolts and 22432:Warsaw Pact 22087:Short-lived 21944:Short-lived 21913:South Yemen 21898:North Korea 21858:Afghanistan 21575:New Zealand 21570:Netherlands 21314:Komi-Zyryan 21309:Kara-Kalpak 21267:Gorno-Altai 21155:was called 21152:Kazakh ASSR 21145:until 1958. 21115:Gorno-Altai 20980:Nakhichevan 20860:Nakhichevan 20788:Gorno-Altai 20693:(1990–1991) 20687:(1990–1991) 20685:Abkhaz ASSR 20681:(1920–1924) 20679:Khorezm SSR 20675:(1920–1924) 20669:(1921–1931) 20652:(1922–1936) 20646:(1940–1956) 20637:Short-lived 20614:Latvian SSR 20599:Annexed in 20585:Kirghiz SSR 20575:Turkmen SSR 20502:(1922–1991) 20301:Phraseology 20246:Prohibition 20234:Linguistics 20219:Drug policy 20212:1989 census 20133:Cybernetics 20035:Agriculture 19948:Great Purge 19910:Soviet Navy 19902:Soviet Army 19774:(1989–1991) 19768:(1938–1991) 19762:(1922–1936) 19746:Secretariat 19617:Gun control 19524:Caspian Sea 19508:Closed city 19437:Dissolution 19422:Perestroika 19364:Great Purge 18377:24 February 17879:19 December 17762:20 December 17482:Needham K12 17264:: 244–248. 17002:. pp. 16779:16 December 16738:3 September 16704:26 December 16646:www.cia.gov 16274:Communists. 15974:. pp. 15913:Comrie 1981 15901:Comrie 1981 15889:Comrie 1981 15877:Comrie 1981 15865:Comrie 1981 15646:, p. 3 15644:Comrie 1981 15632:Comrie 1981 15500:I.B. Tauris 15411:12 December 15079:23 February 15066:istmat.info 14965:23 February 14938:: 155–165. 14489:Wilson 1983 14477:Wilson 1983 14363:27 November 14333:27 November 14272:27 November 14262:History.com 14242:27 November 14081:12 November 14071:www.loc.gov 14001:M.E. Sharpe 13904:Wilson 1983 13892:Wilson 1983 13880:Wilson 1983 13868:Wilson 1983 13856:Wilson 1983 13542:(1): 1–14. 13020:12 February 12971:D.C. 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In 1929, 5864:Byelorussia 5794:superpowers 5650:anti-Soviet 5522:Warsaw Pact 5411:Gerald Ford 5321:rule of law 5149:legislative 5107:Perestroika 5091:Great Purge 4941:Secretariat 4845:K-141 Kursk 4837:Barents Sea 4813:Monchegorsk 4792:The Soviet 4775:Lake Baikal 4767:Caspian Sea 4728:North Korea 4700:Afghanistan 4639:Afghanistan 4575:Khan Tengri 4535:Perestroika 4486:during the 4465:Great Purge 3958:August Coup 3881:War of Laws 3863:Perestroika 3841:Warsaw Pact 3829:Great Purge 3792:1923–1991: 3656:White Guard 3636:Directorate 3605:1917–1923: 3462:1480–1917: 3388:Feudal Rus' 3386:1240–1480: 3259:Rus' people 3251:Early Slavs 3218:History of 3178:and ethnic 3037:During the 2979:. The word 2833:nationalist 2821:perestroika 2758:Warsaw Pact 2715:Axis powers 2699:Great Purge 2348:August Coup 2318:War of Laws 2197:Perestroika 2048:Vietnam War 2038:Six-Day War 1823:Great Purge 1778:: Stalinism 1697:World War I 1617:successors. 1248:Preceded by 929:August Coup 751:(1936–1991) 742:Lower house 724:(1936–1991) 712:Upper house 701:(1936–1991) 694:(1922–1936) 684:Legislature 327:Azerbaijani 270: / 102:(1956–1991) 86:(1955–1991) 25451:Categories 25375:Television 25350:Philosophy 25283:Mass media 25273:Literature 25268:Inventions 25030:Healthcare 24965:Corruption 24955:Censorship 24846:(currency) 24723:Separatism 24668:Opposition 24653:Neo-Nazism 24643:Monarchism 24613:Liberalism 24608:Propaganda 24568:Government 24435:North Asia 24236:Journalism 24095:East Slavs 24085:Sarmatians 23983:PolitiFact 23911:Opposition 23787:Sandy Hook 23586:on Estonia 23520:Soviet era 23433:Team Jorge 23409:Godi-media 23170:Reptilians 23140:Illuminati 22999:Truthiness 22989:Social bot 22952:Propaganda 22885:Half-truth 22860:False flag 22549:Conditions 22527:Solidarity 22460:opposition 22199:Tarnobrzeg 22124:Bessarabia 22078:Yugoslavia 21801:Seychelles 21796:Mozambique 21791:Madagascar 21714:Vietnamese 21709:Venezuelan 21699:Nicaraguan 21694:Melanesian 21611:Venezuela 21523:Kuomintang 21516:since 1978 21486:Bangladesh 21462:By country 21456:by country 21161:until 1925 21035:Karakalpak 20808:Karakalpak 20580:Kazakh SSR 20341:Opposition 20331:Television 20311:Propaganda 20284:Literature 20158:Naukograds 20153:Sharashkas 20087:(currency) 20065:Inventions 20008:Censorship 19938:Red Terror 19622:Government 19496:Autonomous 19479:Autonomous 19412:Stagnation 19375:Evacuation 19258:John Dewey 19132:. London: 19004:. London: 18989:(Report). 18778:. Oxford: 18751:. London: 18657:. London: 18644:23 October 18631:World Bank 18482:See also: 18407:21 October 18166:26 October 18141:26 October 18021:9 December 17909:9 December 17686:21 January 17548:The Lancet 17422:24 October 17131:4 December 16961:. p. 16912:4 December 16475:Peter Lang 16379:. London: 16335:Frank Cass 16333:. London: 16210:4 February 16184:4 February 16088:. p. 16064:Simon 1974 16052:Simon 1974 15942:24 October 15674:25 October 15599:25 October 15463:Andre Geim 15439:. London. 15264:(Report). 15023:(1): 119. 14422:Wikisource 14397:22 January 14353:Britannica 14051:23 October 13978:23 October 13942:20 October 13841:18 October 13503:23 October 13418:23 October 13381:23 October 12754:(1): 3–23. 12690:Crump 2015 12660:Crump 2015 12628:. p. 12117:30 October 11927:16 October 11254:Taras, Ray 10212:White 2001 10196:Lewin 1969 9924:References 9832:Lithuanian 9782:савет/рада 9778:Belarusian 9252:hegemonism 9248:chauvinism 9183:repression 9168:stagnation 9122:See also: 9096:Ukrainians 9059:People in 9041:See also: 8960:Kyrgyzstan 8929:Since the 8919:Gini ratio 8809:neutrality 8783:See also: 8635:See also: 8501:See also: 8403:spirit of 8378:Protestant 8269:Bezbozhnik 8000:, such as 7930:Ukrainians 7900:People in 7755:See also: 7676:1,071,900 7672:Kazakh SSR 7651:Sverdlovsk 7642:1,094,378 7608:1,109,900 7574:1,115,371 7540:1,141,777 7506:1,148,418 7472:1,178,000 7438:1,201,539 7404:1,254,460 7349:1,246,936 7208:birth rate 7135:dirt roads 7115:enterprise 7026:Space Race 6999:Space Race 6915:Under the 6906:scientists 6893:Lysenkoism 6854:See also: 6765:per-capita 6716:World Bank 6524:free trade 6280:See also: 6082:Kazakh SSR 5946:were also 5920:Kazakhstan 5916:Azerbaijan 5904:Tajikistan 5884:Uzbekistan 5834:Space Race 5798:proxy wars 5631:Henry Ford 5385:Voroshilov 5272:, private 5233:procurator 5209:See also: 5121:Tajikistan 5087:Red Terror 4987:Government 4921:Red Square 4897:, and the 4763:Tajikistan 4647:time zones 4619:Kazakhstan 4563:See also: 4496:proxy wars 4492:Space Race 4463:, and the 4398:Bolsheviks 4376:See also: 4024:amendments 3936:Tannu Tuva 3859:Afghan War 3794:Soviet Era 3302:879–1240: 3243:Prehistory 3028:Bolsheviks 2991:). In the 2987:(Russian: 2954:(Russian: 2932:See also: 2916:scientific 2837:separatist 2804:, and the 2790:Space Race 2766:proxy wars 2739:superpower 2733:, forming 2594:, and the 2483:Leadership 2410:Khrushchev 2363:referendum 2338:Referendum 2222:Baltic Way 1897:Korean War 1738:Red Terror 1665:Bolshevism 1654:Background 1580:Kazakhstan 1538:Azerbaijan 1510:Tajikistan 1496:Uzbekistan 1482:Kyrgyzstan 1194:+2 to +12) 1010:Population 460:Government 449:Demonym(s) 399:East Slavs 332:Lithuanian 307:Belarusian 25233:Festivals 25126:Sociology 25076:Languages 24995:Education 24899:Transport 24733:Terrorism 24578:Judiciary 24572:Apparatus 24538:Elections 24503:Anarchism 24477:Far North 24428:Volcanoes 24413:Mountains 24290:Geography 24169:Civil war 24080:Scythians 23978:NewsGuard 23973:Logically 23968:Full Fact 23865:Venezuela 23799:Fake news 23687:AK Trolls 23378:Funkspiel 22900:Infodemic 22816:Fake news 22791:Denialism 22786:Deception 22608:Die Wende 22581:Economies 22422:Cominform 22405:(to 1948) 22367:(to 1961) 22295:Formation 22285:Communism 22157:1939–1940 22112:1918–1919 21881:1982–1992 21876:1979–1992 21871:1975–1979 21867:Cambodia 21842:Nicaragua 21774:1987–1991 21769:1974–1987 21765:Ethiopia 21704:Tanzanian 21585:Sri Lanka 21528:Hong Kong 21511:Communist 21474:Australia 21469:Argentina 21454:Socialism 21385:Tajik SSR 21040:Mordovian 21000:Moldavian 20930:Turkestan 20880:Turkestan 20850:Mordovian 20845:Moldavian 20590:Uzbek SSR 20570:Tajik SSR 20508:Principal 20402:Republics 20390:Republics 20378:Republics 20229:Languages 20093:Transport 19975:Holodomor 19868:Militsiya 19806:President 19698:Stalinism 19600:Elections 19474:Republics 19457:Geography 19447:Nostalgia 19359:Stalinism 19006:Routledge 18753:Routledge 18730:Routledge 18659:Routledge 18564:Routledge 18345:8 October 18229:8 October 18197:CiteSeerX 17899:Kyiv Post 17853:8 October 17843:Bloomberg 17656:153398717 17635:Challenge 16869:159910749 16800:Routledge 16733:0362-4331 16550:4 October 16455:Janz 1998 16315:Janz 1998 15978:and 286. 15744:Lane 1992 15732:Lane 1992 15720:Lane 1992 15702:Chapter 5 15680:(pay-fee) 14960:154477882 14781:(1977). 14303:7 January 14228:"Sputnik" 13556:155781882 13489:"Economy" 13177:29 August 12712:0001-6829 12645:1 January 12601:1 January 12581:Routledge 12378:Communism 12244:4 January 12142:3 January 11735:Heinemann 10844:156340249 10754:0362-4331 10610:7 October 10575:0261-3077 10463:0959-3780 10369:0190-8286 10328:0362-4331 9993:29 August 9819:sabch′ota 9754:Ukrainian 9649:romanized 9622:romanized 9578:romanized 9489:President 9277:Ideocracy 9191:hierarchy 9172:breakdown 9094:, ethnic 9092:Holodomor 8980:Gorbachev 8968:Ukrainian 8891:oligarchy 8832:June 2023 8820:talk page 8483:with the 8410:The 1918 8386:Lutherans 8374:Buddhists 8316:Uzbek SSR 8267:Cover of 8195:Dentistry 7982:Georgians 7946:Armenians 7902:Samarkand 7793:Education 7737:Uzbek SSR 7707:(both in 7705:Leningrad 7660:1,364,621 7626:1,436,516 7592:1,438,133 7558:1,607,077 7524:1,593,970 7490:1,727,000 7456:2,072,459 7452:Uzbek SSR 7422:2,571,000 7395:Kuybyshev 7388:4,990,749 7379:Leningrad 7333:8,967,332 7316:Leningrad 7251:Sources: 7071:Transport 7003:Sputnik 5 6995:Sputnik 1 6991:satellite 6910:engineers 6866:Sputnik 1 6829:crude oil 6741:In 1987, 6675:Salihorsk 6656:education 6592:arms race 6564:DneproGES 6533:communism 6344:Air Force 6320:arms race 6208:Tajik SSR 6064:Uzbek SSR 5983:Republic 5944:Lithuania 5924:Kirghizia 5826:embargoes 5822:espionage 5668:variety. 5600:Comintern 5557:Cominform 5548:over its 5451:Politburo 5262:one-party 5229:Roman law 5031:Presidium 4937:Politburo 4696:coastline 4667:mountains 4579:Tian Shan 4573:Mountain 4553:Geography 4317:1982–1991 4313:1964–1982 4309:1953–1964 4305:1927–1953 4301:1917–1927 4297:1894–1917 4293:1855–1894 4289:1796–1855 4285:1721–1796 4060:Sanctions 4010:Oligarchy 3940:1921–1944 3918:1940–1956 3907:1922–1991 3896:1922–1991 3813:Stalinism 3771:1921–1923 3760:1918–1920 3750:1922–1922 3739:1920–1922 3728:1919–1922 3717:1917–1922 3707:1917–1918 3696:1917–1918 3682:Emigrants 3668:Priamurye 3652:Civil War 3628:July Days 3596:1914–1921 3585:1900–1905 3574:1867–1915 3563:1809–1917 3552:1799–1867 3541:1721–1917 3531:1547–1721 3441:1263–1547 3431:1157–1331 3421:1136–1478 3365:1093–1157 3290:Garðaríki 3247:Antiquity 3112:Soyuz SSR 3077:conciliar 3050:romanized 3034:(RSFSR). 2981:sovietnik 2938:The word 2922:Etymology 2792:with the 2673:in 1924, 2473:Geography 2468:Education 2430:Gorbachev 2425:Chernenko 2313:Osh riots 2293:Jeltoqsan 2179:1982–1991 2015:1964–1982 1920:1953–1964 1799:Holodomor 1776:1927–1953 1715:1917–1927 1660:Communism 1380:Lithuania 1363:Lithuania 1200:Drives on 1187:Time zone 1165:very high 1095:(nominal) 921:1988–1991 861:1941–1945 846:1939–1940 417:Religion 409:13% other 338:Moldavian 302:Ukrainian 67:1922–1991 25425:Category 25303:Nobility 25263:Internet 25258:Heraldry 25253:Graffiti 25238:Folklore 25181:Armorial 25111:Religion 25096:Polygamy 25035:HIV/AIDS 25015:Funerals 25005:Feminism 24975:Deafness 24960:Citizens 24950:Cannabis 24935:Abortion 24879:Taxation 24819:Gambling 24809:Forestry 24658:Military 24491:Politics 24472:Wildlife 24418:Caucasus 24381:Glaciers 24261:Military 24246:Internet 24224:By topic 24118:Vladimir 24113:Novgorod 24067:Timeline 24003:USAFacts 23993:StopFake 23889:Force 47 23794:COVID-19 23718:Euromyth 23469:Peñabots 23343:COVID-19 23248:COVID-19 23233:Vaccines 23098:Examples 22984:Smearing 22576:Politics 22209:Würzburg 22184:Naissaar 22148:Finland 22108:Bavaria 22046:Slovakia 22031:Bulgaria 21961:Far East 21908:Mongolia 21820:Americas 21684:European 21615:Chavismo 21580:Pakistan 21302:Karachay 21297:Cherkess 21090:Karelian 21085:Kabardin 20995:Karelian 20970:Mountain 20965:Dagestan 20955:Adjarian 20909:By years 20855:Mountain 20813:Karelian 20793:Kabardin 20783:Dagestan 20753:Adjarian 20516:Founders 20445:Category 19998:Religion 19885:Chairmen 19731:Congress 19693:Leninism 19673:Propiska 19568:Politics 19427:Glasnost 19387:Cold War 19327:February 19198:(1996). 19124:(1994). 19050:(2005). 19026:(2000). 18959:(2005). 18931:(2004). 18905:(2010). 18847:(2014). 18800:(1969). 18635:Archived 18622:(1994). 18606:(1964). 18578:(2004). 18531:(1981). 18459:Truthout 18371:Archived 18336:Archived 18284:(2010). 18265:Archived 18223:Archived 18219:42809979 18135:Archived 18012:Archived 17933:Archived 17903:Archived 17873:Archived 17847:Archived 17756:Newsweek 17680:Archived 17614:6 August 17586:(2017). 17563:Archived 17455:Archived 17416:Archived 17372:(1997). 17299:Archived 17280:10657222 17151:Archived 17125:Archived 17123:. 2010. 17069:Archived 17039:Archived 16994:(2017). 16949:(1997). 16930:Archived 16906:Archived 16773:Archived 16578:Archived 16574:BU Blogs 16489:Archived 16434:Archived 16395:Archived 16349:Archived 16261:Archived 16204:Archived 16178:Archived 16024:Archived 15844:Archived 15807:30 April 15801:Archived 15778:11611752 15705:Archived 15694:Archived 15668:Archived 15593:Archived 15581:(1991). 15557:Archived 15514:Archived 15471:Archived 15465:(2010). 15441:Archived 15405:Archived 15341:Archived 15306:(2002), 15295:Archived 15266:Archived 15192:28 March 15186:Archived 15159:28 March 14757:Archived 14652:Archived 14453:Archived 14391:Archived 14357:Archived 14327:Archived 14323:e-Prints 14297:Archived 14266:Archived 14236:Archived 14138:Archived 14103:Archived 14075:Archived 14015:Archived 13960:(1992). 13924:(1991). 13835:Archived 13833:. 1990. 13805:Archived 13793:(1992). 13769:Archived 13757:(1991). 13621:Archived 13599:(2008). 13412:Archived 13375:Archived 13345:Archived 13295:Archived 13252:Archived 13171:Archived 13096:Archived 13053:Archived 13014:Archived 12951:Archived 12840:42860014 12595:Archived 12534:Archived 12481:(1974). 12465:57570614 12323:(1995). 12269:: 61–62. 12111:Archived 12078:Archived 12043:Archived 12007:Archived 11964:Archived 11921:Archived 11843:(2007). 11816:Archived 11794:(2009). 11749:Archived 11706:Archived 11673:Archived 11655:(1998). 11610:Archived 11567:Archived 11484:Archived 11441:Archived 11403:Archived 11357:Archived 11274:Archived 11256:(1989). 11232:Archived 11193:Archived 11155:Archived 11133:(2009). 11109:Archived 11070:Archived 10991:Archived 10895:Archived 10758:Archived 10712:NBC News 10665:16966081 10604:Archived 10401:HuffPost 10373:Archived 10332:Archived 10298:24 March 10264:Archived 10230:BBC News 10023:Archived 9987:Archived 9910:Estonian 9888:Armenian 9840:Romanian 9808:Georgian 9721:Mongolia 9358:De facto 9265:See also 9132:and the 9104:refugees 8940:Russians 8813:disputed 8620:glasnost 8601:samizdat 8523:Samizdat 8382:Baptists 8372:, Jews, 8322:policies 8253:Religion 8237:de facto 8204:Language 7966:Moldovan 7962:Georgian 7926:Russians 7868:Komsomol 7733:Tashkent 7684:Urbanism 7667:Alma-Ata 7447:Tashkent 7369:Tashkent 7288:Republic 7272:Republic 7219:, while 7179:and the 7111:Aeroflot 7086:Aeroflot 7064:stations 7007:Vostok 1 6825:pipeline 6652:services 6409:(1953), 6396:fighters 6366:(1959), 6282:Red Army 6270:Military 5975:Russians 5928:Moldavia 5808:against 5802:alliance 5789:cold war 5778:and the 5764:Cold War 5758:Cold War 5623:de facto 5055:Chairman 5045:and the 5025:and the 4949:de facto 4943:and the 4841:Kara Sea 4819:, where 4724:Mongolia 4627:European 4603:Aral Sea 4531:Glasnost 4488:Cold War 4459:, rapid 4416:Red Army 4281:860–1721 4277:Timeline 4014:Putinism 3968:Protocol 3966:Alma-Ata 3871:Karabakh 3851:transfer 3837:Cold War 3660:Red Army 3644:election 3477:Troubles 3355:988–1402 3345:987–1397 3335:882–1136 3280:Arthania 3209:a series 3207:Part of 3183:de facto 3180:Russians 3106:Союз ССР 2867:, which 2841:preserve 2815:glasnost 2746:Cold War 2731:Red Army 2574:, was a 2488:Politics 2435:List of 2420:Andropov 2415:Brezhnev 2405:Malenkov 2192:Glasnost 1887:Cold War 1629:a series 1627:Part of 1172:Currency 773:Cold War 438:de facto 377:Estonian 367:Armenian 345:Romanian 322:Georgian 232:Cold War 25416:Outline 25228:Fashion 25218:Fashion 25206:Cuisine 25168:Culture 25156:in army 25141:Wedding 25136:Suicide 25131:Smoking 25116:Slavery 25091:Orphans 25064:Illegal 24940:Alcohol 24923:Society 24889:Tourism 24769:Banking 24747:Economy 24592:Prisons 24440:Siberia 24396:Islands 24376:Geology 24312:Climate 24302:Borders 24266:Outline 24241:Judaism 24231:Economy 24058:History 23877:Vietnam 23548:Seat 12 23419:OpIndia 23371:Germany 22838:Fallacy 22811:Factoid 22749:Big lie 22427:COMECON 22327:Romania 22322:Hungary 22179:Ireland 22169:Galicia 22068:Romania 22026:Albania 21981:Jiangxi 21928:Vietnam 21832:Grenada 21806:Somalia 21689:Israeli 21679:Chinese 21674:Burmese 21669:British 21659:African 21631:History 21622:Vietnam 21590:Tunisia 21540:Finland 21535:Estonia 21262:Chuvash 21250:Chechen 21120:Crimean 21020:Kirghiz 21010:Chuvash 20960:Crimean 20945:Kirghiz 20940:Bashkir 20830:Kirghiz 20823:Kirghiz 20778:Crimean 20773:Chuvash 20758:Bashkir 20741:By name 20366:Symbols 20279:Fashion 20261:Culture 20175:Society 20120:Science 20085:Rouble 20027:Economy 20003:Science 19813:Premier 19794:Offices 19656:Leaders 19576:General 19544:Siberia 19517:Regions 19491:Oblasts 19332:October 19309:History 18465:21 June 18437:12 July 17999:(ed.). 17939:4 March 17788:4 March 17492:18 July 17461:18 July 17356:9866730 17347:2640235 17305:18 July 17157:18 July 17075:17 July 17045:18 July 17008:222–223 16861:2494336 16584:8 March 16495:20 June 16401:20 June 16355:20 June 16285:USGOV1. 16267:14 July 16105:20 June 15991:20 June 15850:14 July 15520:20 June 15477:14 June 15347:20 June 15272:24 June 15241:24 June 15025:Bibcode 14952:1154166 14874:3134093 14865:2546027 14763:20 June 14021:20 June 13811:12 June 13775:12 June 13690:3706593 13681:1646771 13258:20 June 13102:20 June 13059:20 June 12975:(1989). 12800:1986524 12677:HISTORY 12520:(1985). 12376:(2001) 12084:20 June 12013:20 June 11970:20 June 11897:20 June 11822:20 June 11755:20 June 11712:20 June 11679:20 June 11616:20 June 11573:20 June 11530:20 June 11490:20 June 11447:20 June 11409:20 June 11363:20 June 11324:20 June 11280:20 June 11238:20 June 11199:20 June 11161:20 June 11115:20 June 11076:20 June 11037:20 June 10997:20 June 10656:1570049 10537:Reuters 10481:Culture 10443:Bibcode 9969:table). 9914:nõukogu 9902:Turkmen 9858:Latvian 9813:საბჭოთა 9705:Romania 9701:Hungary 9689:Finland 9543:of the 9230:Maoists 9106:of the 9100:Russian 9064:Donetsk 8956:Armenia 8902:Moldova 8548:in 1979 8491:Culture 8481:Alexy I 8469:atheism 8432:atheism 8401:Marxist 8360:, with 8312:paranja 8246:de jure 7978:Georgia 7915:man in 7913:Svaneti 7836:New Man 7721:Kharkov 7599:Donetsk 7515:Kharkov 7429:Yerevan 7340:Tbilisi 7048:Energia 7043:Ptichka 6971:in 1963 6967:at the 6679:Belarus 6628:Gosplan 6616:Armenia 6580:Comecon 6535:by the 6432:Economy 5936:Estonia 5912:Georgia 5908:Armenia 5896:Khorezm 5860:Ukraine 5806:victory 5726:Germany 5662:fascism 5645:fascist 5501:Russian 5497:Comecon 5429:in 1974 5395:Soviet 5381:Sukarno 5301:against 4817:Norilsk 4773:), and 4740:Romania 4716:Hungary 4712:Finland 4689:⁄ 4659:steppes 4623:Ukraine 4323:present 4223:present 4202:present 4181:present 4160:present 4139:present 4119:present 4102:present 4085:present 4048:Prelude 3845:Comecon 3475:Time of 3238:Periods 3193:History 3172:de jure 3073:council 2985:council 2966:vět-iti 2946:Russian 2906:of the 2898:of the 2616:economy 2580:Eurasia 2478:History 2463:Economy 2458:Culture 2437:troikas 2043:Détente 1524:Armenia 1468:Moldova 1454:Belarus 1440:Ukraine 1426:Georgia 1408:Estonia 1335:Estonia 1178:(Rbl) ( 1085:$ 9,000 1016:• 953:• 940:• 927:• 912:• 899:• 886:• 867:• 852:• 839:• 826:• 813:• 800:• 787:• 740:• 710:• 645:Premier 428:de jure 372:Turkmen 352:Latvian 287:Russian 258:37°37′E 255:55°45′N 239:Capital 129:Anthem: 25430:Portal 25385:Sports 25313:Anthem 25201:Cinema 25196:Ballet 25106:Racism 25069:Labour 25025:Health 24990:Doping 24844:Ruble 24829:Mining 24799:Energy 24462:Rivers 24371:Fjords 24271:Postal 24123:Moscow 24049:Russia 23988:Snopes 23804:online 23724:Lancet 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and 9011:Moscow 8904:shows 8779:Legacy 8703:. 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