453:
Yugoslavia — Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia. This was the first war crimes court established by the UN as well as the first international war crimes tribunal since the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals. The tribunal was established by the UN Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Since its inception, the ICTY has made precedent-setting decisions on mass atrocity crimes, including the precept that an individual's position does not protect them from prosecution. It has also set the precedent for individualized guilt in order to protect entire communities from being labelled "collectively responsible." It has held that the
472:
international tribunal to deliver verdicts of genocide and the first to interpret 1948 Genocide
Convention's definition of genocide. It is also the first tribunal to define rape as a means of committing genocide as well as to hold members of media responsible for broadcasts as a tool of genocide. The ICTR's last trial judgement was on December 20, 2012 and is now working on appeals only. Since it opened in 1995, of the 93 individuals have been indicted by the ICTR, 62 have been found guilty of international humanitarian crimes and sentenced, 10 have been referred to national jurisdictions, 2 have died prior to verdicts, 3 fugitives have been referred to the
384:
also be carried out through harassment and threats. Finally, ethnic cleansing can be carried out through violent measures including rape, torture, forced deportation, mass incarceration, killings, and attacks on political and cultural figures and sites. Much like other mass atrocity crimes, there is significant overlap between ethnic cleansing and the previously mentioned acts. It can be tried as a crime against humanity or, specifically during armed conflict, a war crime. Its relationship with genocide is particularly complicated due to the overlap in the intent to target a particular "national, ethnical, racial or religious group."
423:(through ratification of the Rome Statute or otherwise) and to situations referred to it by the UN Security Council. Despite the referral power of the Security Council, the Court itself is not officially affiliated with the United Nations. In order for the International Criminal Court to take a case, the state must be a signed member of the Rome Statute, as this puts a country within the jurisdiction of the Court. The ICC's jurisdiction is complementary to domestic courts. So if a perpetrator is tried at a national level court, the ICC does not intervene in the case.
516:
atrocity crimes. It additionally holds the international community responsible for holding other states' accountable for their populations. In accordance with
Chapters VI, VII, and VIII of the United Nations charter, the United Nations acknowledged at the summit its responsibility to help protect all populations through peaceful means, as well as through collective action when necessary.
61:. However, most legal scholars do not consider them to be mass atrocity crimes. While it is certainly a grave violation of international law and frequently the context in which mass atrocity crimes are committed, the crime of aggression is distinguishable because it is an attack on the territory, sovereignty, or political independence of a
203:(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender...or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court;
1240:
International
Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States,
173:
reflects the latest consensus of the international community on the definition of crimes against humanity. The statute did not limit the definition to acts occurring in times of armed conflict, included a wider range of sexual violence as prohibited acts, and expanded the grounds on which persecution
437:
Prior to the publication of the Rome
Statute and the formation of the International Criminal Court, violators of mass atrocity crimes would be brought to justice through international tribunals. Nuremberg was the first such example of these tribunals. Held as an International Military Tribunal (IMT)
422:
The
International Criminal Court (ICC) only has jurisdiction over those who have committed crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, or crimes of aggression. Its jurisdiction is further limited to crimes that occurred within the territory of a state that has accepted the jurisdiction of the ICC
395:
forces were "ethnic cleansing," but fell short of genocide. What distinguishes ethnic cleansing from genocide is intent. The purpose that drives ethnic cleansing is to render a specific region homogeneous through the often violent expulsion of a minority group as opposed to its destruction. So while
383:
The term "ethnic cleansing" encompasses a broad range of unlawful actions with the intent of removing a group from a specific area. This may be done through non-violent acts, such as administrative regulations on movement and preventing access to medical care, education, or humanitarian aid. It can
309:
and non-discriminatory medical care for the wounded and sick or minimum conditions of detention for prisoners of war. Conversely, acts that rise to the level of war crimes are those with a particularly grave effect on persons, objects, and important values that give rise to criminal responsibility.
243:
without exception. In addition, it has been codified and included in the jurisdiction of several international adjudicatory bodies, including the
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Criminal Court. In 1948, the
495:
be brought by states. The only mass atrocity crime that the ICJ has jurisdiction over is genocide. Its jurisdiction was established explicitly in the
Genocide Convention. Unlike the tribunals discussed above, the ICJ cannot determine individual criminal responsibility. It can clarify and interpret
471:
The
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is an international court established by the UN Security Council to prosecute individuals of genocide and other mass atrocity crimes committed in Rwanda and neighboring states between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994. The ICTR is the first
317:
defining restrictions on methods of warfare. The Geneva
Conventions that emerged after World War II, as well as the Additional Protocols, provide the most robust framing of the laws of armed conflict. In addition, the definition and interpretation of war crimes were developed by the Nuremberg and
235:
a particular group. This destruction may be achieved by both fatal and non-fatal acts, ranging from slavery to rape and from mass killings to forced sterilizations. Like crimes against humanity, genocide can occur in times of peace or war. Genocide is characterized, in large part, by its specific
515:
At the 2005 World Summit, the United Nations member states made a commitment to protect against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. This document is not binding legal agreement, but rather reaffirms all states' responsibility to protect their own populations from
452:
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) is the United Nations court established in 1993 to prosecute mass atrocity crimes committed in the Balkans in the 1990s. It addresses crimes committed from 1991 to 2001 against members of various ethnic groups in the former
321:
While no one document codifies all war crimes, the Rome Statute is the most recent consensus. It defines war crimes as "grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions" and lists "any of the following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention"
438:
for the Nazis, Nuremberg became the first ever trial in which crimes against humanity had been held as a charge (they could not be charged with the crime of genocide, as it did not exist at the time). Of the 24 Nazi officials charged, 16 of them were found guilty of crimes against humanity.
236:
intent requirement. While many of the constitutive acts of genocide are captured by the other atrocity crimes, and in fact were tried under crimes against humanity in the Nuremberg trials, modern conceptions note that the targeting of a protected group for destruction is unique to genocide.
110:
The term "crimes against humanity" has been applied to a wide range of acts and is often seen as broader than the other three mass atrocity crimes. While crimes against humanity can include many acts that also constitute war crimes, genocide, or ethnic cleansing, it bears distinguishing
396:
the specific acts taken against a protected group may be identical, perpetrators of genocide would not be satisfied with the removal of the group if it did not render it destroyed, whereas perpetrators of an ethnic cleansing campaign would theoretically be satisfied.
318:
Tokyo tribunals, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Criminal Court. Like crimes against humanity and genocide, it is also customary international law.
286:
War crimes are serious violations of the laws and customs governing armed conflict. The definition has evolved over time to include actions that occur not just in war between states, but also internal armed conflicts. War crimes run parallel to
111:
characteristics. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity may be committed in times of war or peace and can only be committed against civilian populations. Unlike genocide, the acts need not be targeted against a specific group.
174:
can be committed. The statute defines crimes against humanity as any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:
490:
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It can hear two types of cases: contentious and advisory. Contentious cases are legal disputes between states which can
126:
that would include provisions prohibiting, punishing, and defining crimes against humanity. Despite not being the subject of a dedicated treaty, the prohibition against crimes against humanity is considered
255:
Article II of the Genocide Convention defines genocide as "...any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group":
69:
845:
1116:
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), Judgment, 2007 I.C.J. Reports 43, ¶ 190 (Feb. 26).
990:
138:
The term has a long history of use both in political and legal contexts. Crimes against humanity, and similar terms, were used in the 18th century and early 19th century to describe
313:
Customs governing armed conflict date back centuries, but the development and codification of the modern concept of war crimes began in the late 19th century with the drafting of
801:
1260:
885:
Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, and Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Aug. 8, 1945, art. 6(c).
713:
Crimes against humanity: Texts and titles of the draft preamble, the draft articles and the draft annex provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee on second reading
1202:
Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, S.C. Res. 827, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827, art. 1 (May 25, 1993) (as amended July 7, 2009).
912:
Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, S.C. Res. 827, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827, art. 4 (May 25, 1993) (as amended July 7, 2009).
447:
159:
473:
1394:
387:
Ethnic cleansing is often discussed in tandem with genocide. For example, the International Court of Justice determined that most of the acts committed in
1041:
348:
The United Nations Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes recognizes that the 1949 Geneva Conference protects four groups of people in armed conflict:
1437:
846:
http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/20-publications/briefs-and-white-papers/1009-beyond-killing-gender-genocide-and-obligations-under-international-law
991:
http://www.globaljusticecenter.net/publications/articles/861-iprotecting-safe-abortion-in-humanitarian-settings-overcoming-legal-and-policy-barriers
1007:
170:
155:
81:
832:
Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress, p. 80, New York, NY: Howard Fertig, 1973.
403:
and General Assembly resolutions, the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and reports by UN experts.
216:(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
924:
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, S.C. Res. 995, U.N. Doc. S/RES/955, art. 2 (Nov. 8, 1994) (as amended Oct 13, 2006).
525:
239:
Like crimes against humanity, the prohibition of genocide is customary international law and an established norm, meaning it is binding on all
580:
1239:
808:
466:
163:
1784:
1456:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
265:(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
1689:
789:
Women, War, and Words: The Gender Component in the Permanent International Criminal Court’s Definition of Crimes Against Humanity
1490:
1430:
635:
Press Release, International Criminal Court, Assembly activates Court’s jurisdiction over crime of aggression (Dec. 15, 2017),
369:
of the Geneva Conventions added more protected groups, including women, children, civilian medical personnel, and journalists.
897:
Int’l Law Comm’n, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind with commentaries, 48th Sess. p. 44 (1996),
869:
Int’l Law Comm’n, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind with commentaries, 48th Sess. p. 44 (1996),
1395:
http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/19-publications/1147-q-a-the-international-court-of-justice-the-genocide-of-the-rohingya
841:
Sareta Ashraph, Beyond Killing: Gender, Genocide, & Obligations Under International Law 3 (Global Justice Center 2018),
496:
the Genocide Convention as well as hold states accountable for the commission or the failure to prevent or punish genocide.
1658:
1817:
1769:
1540:
675:
190:(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law;
609:
314:
1423:
400:
123:
1008:
https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/war-and-law/protected-persons/prisoners-war/overview-detainees-protected-persons.htm
1822:
1719:
1475:
485:
288:
93:
901:
873:
399:
Although ethnic cleansing has not been formally codified in an international treaty, the term has appeared in
44:
1759:
1377:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide art. 9, Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277.
857:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide art. 1, Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277.
545:
417:
119:
58:
1165:
771:
1585:
1495:
751:
128:
659:
1462:
961:
24:
699:
1807:
1749:
729:
535:
510:
942:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277.
295:. International humanitarian law encompasses a wide range of treatment that different categories of
1848:
1764:
1729:
1674:
1560:
197:
57:
are considered by some to be mass atrocity crimes and they are included in the jurisdiction of the
1130:
1470:
557:
105:
73:
36:
1500:
1485:
1105:
Genocide and the International Court of Justice: Finally, a Duty to Prevent the Crime of Crimes
973:
Guénaél Mettraux, International Crimes and the Ad Hoc Tribunals (Oxford University Press 2005).
388:
1812:
1620:
1610:
1575:
1028:
47:(NGOs) working in the field, despite not yet being recognized as an independent crime under
1739:
1699:
1580:
785:
The Politics of Gender Justice at the International Criminal Court: Legacies and Legitimacy
933:
Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court, art. 6, July 17, 1998, 2187 U.N.T.S. 3.
715:, 71st Sess., Apr. 29-June 7, July 8- Aug. 9, 2019, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/L.935 (May 15, 2019).
457:
was genocide as defined by international law. The ICTY has indicted over 160 individuals.
8:
1789:
1510:
1505:
1480:
530:
454:
306:
245:
54:
1298:
Prosecutor v. Nahimana et al. (Media case), Case No. ICTR-99-52, Judgment, Dec. 3, 2003.
1827:
1704:
1630:
1525:
984:
Protecting safe abortion in humanitarian settings: overcoming legal and policy barriers
292:
43:
is widely regarded as a fourth mass atrocity crime by legal scholars and international
1230:
Prosecution v. Radislav Krstic, ICTY Case No. IT-98-33, Trial Judgment (Aug. 2, 2001).
639:
1734:
1694:
1647:
1595:
1520:
299:
147:
48:
1152:
1088:
150:. Since then the term has been used and defined in similar, but variant ways by the
1724:
1640:
1605:
432:
378:
232:
151:
40:
146:. Its first formal use in international law was a 1915 declaration condemning the
1802:
1754:
1714:
1615:
1565:
1244:
807:. International Criminal Court. Entered into force on 1 July 2002. Archived from
613:
249:
132:
1409:
2005 World Summit Outcome, G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/1 (Oct. 24, 2005).
1125:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect,
1023:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect,
746:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect,
726:
The International Crimes Against Humanity Treaty: A Call to Action for Advocates
27:
that falls under the historically three legally defined international crimes of
1744:
1669:
1625:
1312:"The ICTR in Brief | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
326:
Willful killing, or causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health
240:
114:
Crimes against humanity have not been codified under a dedicated international
62:
1004:
Prisoners of War and Detainees Protected under International Humanitarian Law,
1842:
1774:
1709:
1590:
1391:
Q&A: The International Court of Justice& the Genocide of the Rohingya
85:
1189:, United nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,
606:
441:
1684:
1679:
1570:
1447:
1415:
1389:
Global Justice Center and Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect,
902:
http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/7_4_1996.pdf
874:
http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/7_4_1996.pdf
681:. Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948.
676:"The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
621:
68:
The primary international laws defining mass atrocity crimes are the 1948
1550:
540:
303:
248:(also known as the Genocide Convention), a dedicated treaty establishing
143:
16:
International crimes of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
1272:
United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals,
1185:
United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals,
1555:
1311:
1277:
772:
http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Crimes/CrimesAgainstHumanity
366:
302:
are entitled to, such as the humane treatment of enemy civilians under
77:
752:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.shtml
1535:
660:
http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/explore/icc-crimes/crime-aggression
281:
210:
32:
1289:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, Sept. 2, 1998
1214:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Outreach,
962:
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule156
70:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1797:
1635:
1365:
1339:
700:
https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/crimes-against-humanity/
335:
Forcing a prisoner of war to serve in the forces of a hostile power
226:
196:(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy,
89:
88:
of the International Criminal Court, ad hoc international criminal
28:
730:
https://www.madre.org/international-crimes-against-humanity-treaty
581:"Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes: A Tool for Prevention"
268:(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
262:(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
1600:
1545:
1530:
1515:
355:
The wounded, sick, and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea
341:
Unlawful deportation, confinement or population transfer|transfer
271:(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
139:
476:, and 2 indictments were withdrawn before their trials started.
1261:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
1190:
1131:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.shtml
115:
460:
392:
231:
At its most essential, "genocide" is acts committed with the
200:, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;
586:. United Nations Office of the Prevention of Genocide. 2014.
603:
Background Briefing: Defining the Four Mass Atrocity Crimes
1029:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml
448:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
442:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
160:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
135:, meaning it is binding on all states without exception.
332:
Unlawful wanton destruction or appropriation of property
1107:, 2(2) Genocide Studies and Prevention 101, 109 (2007).
982:
Akila Radhakrishnan, Elena Sarver, & Grant Shubin,
474:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
246:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide
787:, 27 Eur. J. Int’l L. 1176 (2017); Brook Sari Moshan,
724:
G.A. Res. 73/265 ¶ 43, U.N. Doc. A/RES/73/265; MADRE,
640:
https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1350
187:(d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population;
1808:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
1216:The Tribunal’s Accomplishments in Justice and Law,
1042:"ICRC databases on international humanitarian law"
802:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
654:, Coalition for the International Criminal Court,
1153:https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/how-the-court-works
1089:https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-cleansing
601:Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect,
479:
352:The wounded and sick in armed forces in the field
1840:
865:
863:
411:
148:massacre of Armenians by the Turkish government
616:; Global Action against Mass Atrocity Crimes,
526:Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War
1431:
1072:Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology,
122:recently submitted a draft convention to the
1445:
1251:Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda
986:, 25 Reproductive Health Matters 40 (2017),
860:
670:
668:
575:
573:
558:The Perceived Mass Atrocities Dataset (PMAD)
504:
252:obligations to act in the face of genocide.
244:United Nations General Assembly adopted the
1476:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
1241:between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
1087:, Encyclopædia Britannica (Feb. 12, 2004),
338:Depriving a prisoner of war of a fair trial
1438:
1424:
1002:International Committee of the Red Cross,
956:International Committee of the Red Cross,
467:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
461:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
164:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
99:
665:
607:http://www.globalr2p.org/publications/688
570:
84:of the International Criminal Court. The
622:https://www.gaamac.org/web-pages/view/16
499:
1690:Right to an adequate standard of living
96:further define and enforce these laws.
1841:
1491:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1405:
1403:
1385:
1383:
1306:
1304:
1210:
1208:
206:(i) Enforced disappearance of persons;
1419:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1019:
1017:
1015:
952:
950:
948:
920:
918:
762:
760:
406:
1278:https://unictr.irmct.org/en/tribunal
1218:3 Justice in Transition (Feb. 2006).
794:
791:, 22 Fordham Int’l L. J. 154 (1998).
742:
740:
738:
690:
688:
597:
595:
593:
166:, and International Criminal Court.
142:and atrocities committed as part of
1400:
1380:
1301:
1205:
1006:Protected Persons (Oct. 29, 2010),
426:
372:
13:
1172:
1136:
1059:
1012:
958:Rule 156. Definition of War Crimes
945:
915:
757:
551:
291:— both contained primarily in the
14:
1860:
1611:Right to refuse medical treatment
735:
696:What are Crimes Against Humanity?
685:
590:
259:(a) Killing members of the group;
1366:https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
1360:International Court of Justice,
1340:https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
1334:International Court of Justice,
605:, Publications (Aug. 15, 2018),
1371:
1354:
1345:
1328:
1292:
1283:
1266:
1233:
1221:
1196:
1168:. International Crime Database.
1158:
1119:
1110:
1094:
1077:
1034:
996:
976:
967:
936:
927:
906:
888:
879:
851:
835:
826:
777:
766:International Crimes Database,
124:United Nations General Assembly
1823:Sexual and reproductive health
1720:Right to a healthy environment
1147:International Criminal Court,
718:
705:
645:
626:
486:International Court of Justice
480:International Court of Justice
289:international humanitarian law
94:International Court of Justice
45:non-governmental organizations
1:
1740:Right to public participation
563:
329:Torture or inhumane treatment
275:
1760:Right to science and culture
1191:http://www.icty.org/en/about
546:Worldwide Atrocities Dataset
418:International Criminal Court
412:International Criminal Court
120:International Law Commission
65:rather than on individuals.
59:International Criminal Court
7:
1586:Right to keep and bear arms
1496:Freedom from discrimination
519:
220:
129:customary international law
10:
1865:
508:
483:
464:
445:
430:
415:
376:
279:
224:
103:
25:international criminal law
1783:
1750:Right to rest and leisure
1656:
1461:
1454:
1166:"Crimes against humanity"
536:Humanitarian intervention
511:Responsibility to protect
505:Responsibility to protect
455:mass murder at Srebrenica
78:1977 Additional Protocols
1765:Right to social security
1730:Right to Internet access
1675:Equal pay for equal work
1561:Presumption of innocence
1083:George J. Andreopoulos,
618:Prevention of Atrocities
1641:right to be a candidate
1471:Equality before the law
1074:5 EJIL 342, 345 (1994).
768:Crimes Against Humanity
748:Crimes Against Humanity
656:The Crime of Aggression
106:Crimes against humanity
100:Crimes against humanity
74:1949 Geneva Conventions
37:crimes against humanity
1501:Freedom of information
1486:Freedom of association
198:enforced sterilization
1813:Intersex human rights
1621:Right of self-defense
1576:Right to a fair trial
1342:; UN Charter art. 92.
750:, Definitions,
694:Trial International,
658:, ICC Crimes (2018),
500:Diplomatic agreements
315:The Hague Conventions
1700:Right to development
1581:Right to family life
1531:Freedom from torture
1516:Freedom from slavery
1103:William A. Schabas,
367:Additional Protocols
307:military occupations
55:Crimes of aggression
1511:Freedom of religion
1506:Freedom of movement
1481:Freedom of assembly
1463:Civil and political
1149:How the Court works
531:Atrocity propaganda
401:UN Security Council
131:and an established
1828:Right to sexuality
1705:Right to education
1631:Security of person
1526:Freedom of thought
1351:UN Charter ch. 14.
711:Int’l Law Comm’n,
612:2019-12-01 at the
407:Legal jurisdiction
293:Geneva Conventions
181:(b) Extermination;
152:Nuremberg Tribunal
23:is a violation of
1836:
1835:
1735:Right to property
1695:Right to clothing
1680:Fair remuneration
1648:Right to homeland
1596:Right to petition
1521:Freedom of speech
1316:unictr.unmict.org
1274:The ICTR in Brief
1070:Drazen Petrovic,
960:, Customary IHL,
783:Louise Chappell,
770:, Crimes (2013),
300:protected persons
233:intent to destroy
209:(j) The crime of
49:international law
1856:
1725:Right to housing
1659:Economic, social
1606:Right to protest
1601:Right to privacy
1440:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1369:
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1326:
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1323:
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1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
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1270:
1264:
1237:
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1225:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1127:Ethnic Cleansing
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1092:
1085:Ethnic cleansing
1081:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1021:
1010:
1000:
994:
980:
974:
971:
965:
954:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
913:
910:
904:
892:
886:
883:
877:
867:
858:
855:
849:
839:
833:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
814:on 18 March 2018
813:
806:
798:
792:
781:
775:
764:
755:
744:
733:
722:
716:
709:
703:
692:
683:
682:
680:
672:
663:
649:
643:
630:
624:
620:, About GAAMAC,
599:
588:
587:
585:
577:
433:Nuremberg trials
427:Nuremberg trials
379:Ethnic cleansing
373:Ethnic cleansing
361:Civilian persons
358:Prisoners of war
184:(c) Enslavement;
41:Ethnic cleansing
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1849:Atrocity crimes
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1803:Family planning
1788:
1779:
1755:Right of return
1715:Right to health
1663:
1660:
1652:
1616:Right to resist
1566:Right of asylum
1457:
1450:
1444:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1372:
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1355:
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1333:
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1297:
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1234:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1151:, About,
1146:
1137:
1129:, Definitions,
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1027:, Definitions,
1022:
1013:
1001:
997:
981:
977:
972:
968:
955:
946:
941:
937:
932:
928:
923:
916:
911:
907:
895:See, generally,
893:
889:
884:
880:
868:
861:
856:
852:
840:
836:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
804:
800:
799:
795:
782:
778:
765:
758:
745:
736:
723:
719:
710:
706:
693:
686:
678:
674:
673:
666:
650:
646:
633:See, generally,
631:
627:
614:Wayback Machine
600:
591:
583:
579:
578:
571:
566:
554:
552:Further reading
522:
513:
507:
502:
488:
482:
469:
463:
450:
444:
435:
429:
420:
414:
409:
381:
375:
344:Taking hostages
284:
278:
229:
223:
108:
102:
80:, and the 1998
17:
12:
11:
5:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1770:Right to water
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Right of reply
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Digital rights
1666:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1626:Right to truth
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1379:
1370:
1353:
1344:
1327:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1265:
1232:
1220:
1204:
1195:
1187:About the ICTY
1171:
1157:
1135:
1118:
1109:
1093:
1076:
1058:
1033:
1011:
995:
975:
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926:
914:
905:
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878:
859:
850:
834:
825:
793:
776:
756:
734:
717:
704:
698:, What We Do,
684:
664:
644:
625:
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567:
565:
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561:
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550:
549:
548:
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509:Main article:
506:
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484:Main article:
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465:Main article:
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446:Main article:
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431:Main article:
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416:Main article:
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280:Main article:
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225:Main article:
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201:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
156:Tokyo Tribunal
104:Main article:
101:
98:
21:atrocity crime
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1846:
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1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1775:Right to work
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
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1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Right to food
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
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1673:
1671:
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1655:
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1629:
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1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Right to life
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
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1564:
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1396:
1393:(July 2019),
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1790:reproductive
1685:Labor rights
1661:and cultural
1571:Right to die
1448:human rights
1446:Substantive
1390:
1373:
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1356:
1347:
1335:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:
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1050:. Retrieved
1048:. 2010-03-23
1046:www.icrc.org
1045:
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988:available at
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871:available at
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843:available at
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837:
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809:the original
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250:multilateral
238:
230:
193:(f) Torture;
171:Rome Statute
168:
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113:
109:
82:Rome Statute
67:
53:
20:
18:
1818:LGBT rights
1551:Nationality
1541:LGBT rights
541:State crime
304:belligerent
178:(a) Murder.
144:colonialism
1556:Personhood
1321:2016-04-26
1101:See, e.g.,
1052:2016-04-26
1025:War Crimes
564:References
276:War crimes
92:, and the
76:and their
33:war crimes
1536:Legal aid
1362:The Court
1336:The Court
365:The 1977
282:War crime
211:apartheid
90:tribunals
1843:Category
1798:Abortion
1636:Suffrage
818:26 April
728:(2019),
610:Archived
520:See also
227:Genocide
221:Genocide
29:genocide
1546:Liberty
140:slavery
1785:Sexual
1245:French
389:Bosnia
241:states
118:. The
116:treaty
72:, the
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812:(PDF)
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1255:TPIR
1228:See,
820:2016
493:only
393:Serb
297:only
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133:norm
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391:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.