2237:
1247:
842:
1712:
2865:
2192:
662:
617:
287:
2462:
707:
2627:
902:
452:
2162:
602:
752:
2357:
2552:
392:
242:
812:
962:
722:
2642:
2027:
1907:
1832:
151:
2522:
1547:
1202:
2582:
2372:
2312:
2252:
527:
3731:
2387:
2177:
1847:
947:
827:
692:
317:
182:
2087:
2687:
2507:
2492:
2297:
1757:
1667:
1442:
1397:
737:
557:
347:
2222:
1787:
1592:
1577:
1082:
1967:
1862:
1562:
2717:
1682:
1172:
257:
362:
2777:
2342:
1997:
1742:
1262:
1007:
887:
872:
572:
512:
467:
2657:
2432:
2327:
2057:
1622:
992:
677:
587:
136:
3745:
1037:
2612:
2567:
2102:
1892:
1517:
1352:
1322:
1292:
1277:
1157:
917:
767:
542:
437:
377:
332:
272:
2849:
2732:
2702:
2672:
2267:
2117:
1802:
1772:
1502:
1487:
1097:
977:
857:
302:
212:
197:
2282:
1727:
1472:
1427:
1382:
1217:
797:
497:
407:
2762:
2597:
2147:
1982:
1922:
1697:
1607:
1187:
1142:
227:
2417:
2207:
1232:
1067:
2747:
2537:
2477:
2072:
1952:
1877:
1817:
1652:
1532:
1412:
1127:
932:
647:
422:
1112:
1937:
1022:
782:
2012:
1637:
1457:
1307:
632:
121:
2447:
2042:
482:
2132:
1052:
1337:
2402:
1367:
3146:
3415:
3126:
Article 90 states that "The High
Contracting Parties may at the time of signing, ratifying or acceding to the Protocol, or at any other subsequent time, declare that they recognize ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other High Contracting Party accepting the same obligation,
3672:
vol. 20, issue 2, p. 285: "In view of the foregoing, it follows that the self determination provision in Art. 1(4) is largely symbolic and is not at all likely to present any practical problems in operations except that it automatically precludes Israel and South Africa from being parties to the
3690:
vol. 45, p 323: "The United States chose not to adopt the
Protocol in the face of intensive international criticism because of its policy conclusions that the text contained overly expansive provisions resulting from politicized pressure to accord protection to terrorists who elected to conduct
2960:
Exceptional circumstances affect the interests of the
Russian Federation and require urgent action. ... In the current international environment, the risks of abuse of the commission's powers for political purposes by unscrupulous states who act in bad faith have increased
2970:
Protocol I is an extensive document, containing 102 articles. The following is a basic overview of the protocol. For a comprehensive listing of all provisions, consult the text and the commentary. In general, the protocol reaffirms the provisions of the original four
3094:. Combatant and prisoner of war status are granted to members of dissident forces when under the command of a central authority. Such combatants cannot conceal their allegiance; they must be recognizable as combatants while preparing for or during an attack.
3211:"alien occupation" refers to territory that has been occupied by a conquering state but has not been annexed, and is populated by a different ethnic group. The prime example of that was the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian people
3351:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Signatory States - Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
3376:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - States Parties - Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
3061:. The first three are "works and installations containing dangerous forces" and may be attacked only in ways that do not threaten to release the dangerous forces (i.e., it is permissible to capture them but not to destroy them).
3199:
The situations referred to in the preceding paragraph include armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of
2955:
bill to revoke the statement accompanying Russia's ratification of the
Protocol I, accepting the competence of the Article 90(2) International Fact-Finding Commission. The bill was supplied with the following warning:
3214:"racist regimes" referred mainly to apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia. It only included those countries with institutionalized racism, but not countries where the government merely practiced racial discrimination.
2907:". In practice, Additional Protocol I updated and reaffirmed the international laws of war stipulated in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 to accommodate developments of warfare since the Second World War (1937–1945).
2979:
Article I states that the convention applies in "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist régimes in the exercise of their right of
4895:
4890:
3463:
3013:, or agents who are parachuting from an aircraft, whether in distress or not, are not given the protection afforded by this Article and, therefore, may be attacked during their descent.
4860:
4015:
4695:
4855:
4765:
4225:
4500:
4905:
3616:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
3464:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
4060:
3580:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
3451:
Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977
4865:
3020:"shall be subject to an internal disciplinary system which, inter alia, shall enforce compliance with the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict."
4315:
3965:
4470:
4110:
4030:
3375:
4835:
3326:
3208:"colonial domination" refers to "saltwater colonialism" of overseas colonies. It was not meant to apply to states conquering and annexing adjacent territories.
4615:
3350:
3416:"The Rules Governing the Conduct of Hostilities in Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949: A Review of Relevant United States References"
4900:
3218:
Some scholars opined that this article constituted the main impediment that prevented Israel and apartheid-era South Africa from signing the agreement.
45:
Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)
4885:
4875:
3128:
4630:
3505:
4095:
3544:
4870:
3034:
Articles 51 and 54 outlaw indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations, and destruction of food, water, and other materials needed for survival.
3221:
The article appears to grant combatant status to non-state actors. As many non-state actors have been designated as terrorist groups (such as the
4830:
4405:
4130:
3801:
3523:
3400:
4915:
4770:
3784:"New rules for victims of armed conflicts, Commentary on the two 1977 Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949", by M. Bothe,
3945:
3832:
3615:
4555:
4190:
4040:
3038:
include directly attacking civilian (non-military) targets, but also using technologies whose scope of destruction cannot be limited. A
4645:
4605:
3909:
3269:
2920:
4880:
4745:
4670:
3970:
3778:
3768:
3619:
3116:
2895:
concerning the protection of civilian victims of international war, such as "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against
4925:
4825:
4775:
4165:
3579:
4910:
4845:
4255:
4215:
4935:
4850:
4685:
4135:
3710:
3435:
3234:
3069:
4920:
4575:
4515:
4425:
3097:
Article 35 bans weapons that "cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering", as well as means of warfare that "cause
2852:
4930:
4840:
4170:
3940:
3306:
3131:
to enquire into allegations by such other Party, as authorized by this
Article." 74 states have made such a declaration.
4410:
4290:
3785:
3774:
3673:
Protocol, an unfortunate consequence in view of the military capability of both states in relation to their neighbors."
4755:
4675:
4655:
4635:
4440:
4305:
4065:
3793:
3649:
3222:
3182:
4715:
4680:
4610:
4520:
4365:
4360:
4210:
4145:
4120:
3995:
3950:
3825:
3702:
2998:, including that there are no survivors, to threaten an adversary as such, or to conduct hostilities on that basis.
2197:
847:
24:
4810:
4785:
4725:
4650:
4625:
4490:
4455:
4430:
4420:
4375:
4350:
4250:
4195:
4140:
4090:
4005:
3562:
3250:. The rest of the Protocol contains strict prohibitions against acts of terror (Article 13, Article 51(2) etc).
4795:
4525:
4460:
4415:
4280:
3985:
3975:
3935:
1717:
4820:
4730:
4705:
4700:
4665:
4660:
4585:
4565:
4485:
4310:
4185:
4180:
4115:
4080:
4075:
4045:
4010:
3009:
before being attacked unless it is apparent that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape.
2796:
2242:
4800:
4790:
4780:
4750:
4640:
4595:
4535:
4505:
4495:
4475:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4335:
4325:
4320:
4275:
4260:
4235:
4220:
4200:
4175:
4150:
4070:
4035:
4020:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3960:
3955:
3598:
4815:
4760:
4710:
4600:
4580:
4560:
4540:
4480:
4465:
4435:
4385:
4370:
4345:
4295:
4285:
4270:
4240:
4160:
4085:
4055:
4050:
4025:
3930:
3818:
3247:
3164:
3156:
3098:
31:
4805:
4740:
4720:
4690:
4620:
4590:
4550:
4530:
4510:
4450:
4355:
4340:
4330:
4300:
4265:
4245:
4205:
4125:
4105:
3016:
Article 43 deals with the identification of Armed Forces that are Party to a conflict, and states that
3329:
on 16 October 2019 via executive order and submitted such legislation to be adopted by the State Duma.
4735:
4570:
4545:
4445:
4380:
4230:
4155:
4100:
3545:"Putin revokes additional protocol to Geneva Conventions related to protection of war crimes victims"
3293:, a 1977 amendment adopted relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts
3005:. Once they landed in territory controlled by an adverse party, they must be given an opportunity to
3870:
3860:
3763:
3084:
622:
3798:
3683:
3865:
3855:
3758:
3477:
3274:
3002:
3259:
2868:
A map showing the state parties and signatories of
Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions (1977).
457:
3226:
3035:
2923:. The United States, Iran, and Pakistan signed it on 12 December 1977 but never ratified it.
2167:
712:
2864:
3006:
2888:
2632:
53:
8:
3054:
2900:
2557:
1327:
247:
3841:
3480:[Executive order by President of Russian Federation No. 494, 16 October 2019].
3264:
2972:
2892:
1972:
907:
19:"Geneva Protocol I" redirects here. For the chemical and nuclear weapons protocol, see
3789:
3645:
3431:
3091:
3087:. It does allow, however, for persons under the age of 15 to participate voluntarily.
3073:
1102:
967:
3423:
3285:
3120:
3058:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2808:
3229:
declared that
Article 1(4) "grant terrorists a psychological and legal victory".
3805:
3028:
3010:
2948:
2828:
2813:
2362:
1912:
20:
3427:
3042:
that does not distinguish between civilian and military targets is considered a
3750:
3119:, national societies, or other impartial humanitarian organizations to provide
3003:
attacks on pilots and aircrews who are parachuting from an aircraft in distress
2944:
2647:
817:
3924:
1552:
1207:
156:
3799:
U.S. President Ronald Reagan's message to the Senate on
Protocols I & II
3896:
3666:
Law in the Service of Terror -- The Strange Case of the Additional Protocol
3296:
3280:
3105:
3080:
3065:
2988:
2587:
2377:
2317:
2257:
727:
532:
3891:
3684:"Exceptional Engagement: Protocol I and a World United Against Terrorism"
3300:
3290:
3072:, and civilian medical personnel, and provide measures of protection for
2896:
2467:
2392:
2182:
2092:
2032:
1852:
1837:
952:
832:
757:
322:
187:
3736:
3243:
3017:
2995:
2952:
2856:
2692:
2512:
2497:
2302:
2227:
1792:
1762:
1672:
1597:
1582:
1447:
1402:
1087:
742:
562:
352:
3644:(First ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 317.
3810:
3691:
hostile military operations outside the established legal framework."
3506:"Putin Seeks to Abandon Geneva Conventions' Victim-Protection Clause"
3450:
3108:
recognized by the Geneva Conventions to deceive the opposing forces (
3043:
3039:
3024:
2904:
2722:
1867:
1687:
1567:
1177:
292:
262:
3730:
3099:
widespread, long-term, and severe damage to the natural environment
2916:
2782:
2662:
2437:
2347:
2332:
2062:
2002:
1747:
1627:
1267:
1252:
1012:
997:
892:
877:
682:
592:
577:
517:
472:
367:
141:
3788:, W.A. Solf, Pub: Martinus Nijhoff The Hague/Boston/London, 1982,
3764:
List of countries that have signed but not yet ratified Protocol I
3744:
3599:"Commentary on the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions"
2188:
4896:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
4891:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3703:"Prohibition of terrorist acts in international humanitarian law"
3109:
2984:
2737:
2707:
2677:
2617:
2572:
2272:
2122:
2107:
1897:
1807:
1777:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1357:
1297:
1282:
1162:
1117:
1042:
982:
922:
862:
772:
697:
547:
442:
397:
382:
337:
307:
277:
217:
202:
3771:
Special issue: 20th anniversary of the 1977 Additional Protocols
3204:
The three categories have been interpreted narrowly as follows:
2932:
2924:
2767:
2602:
2452:
2287:
2152:
2137:
2047:
1987:
1927:
1732:
1702:
1612:
1477:
1432:
1387:
1222:
1192:
1147:
1057:
802:
607:
502:
487:
412:
232:
3563:"A Summary of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols"
3064:
Articles 76 and 77, 15 and 79 provide special protections for
3775:
1977 Additional Protocols – short bibliography
3246:(including all its prohibitions and obligations) to national
3090:
Articles 43 and 44 clarify the military status of members of
2928:
2752:
2542:
2482:
2422:
2407:
2212:
2077:
1957:
1882:
1822:
1657:
1537:
1417:
1372:
1342:
1237:
1132:
1072:
937:
667:
652:
427:
3642:
Human rights and personal self-defense in international law
3420:
Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2011 - Volume 14
3104:
Article 85 states that it is a war crime to use one of the
2975:. However, the following additional protections are added.
2527:
2017:
1942:
1642:
1462:
1312:
1027:
787:
637:
126:
3769:
International Review of the Red Cross, 1997 – No. 320
3524:"Putin Pulls Russia Out of Convention on War-Crime Probes"
3478:"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 16.10.2019 № 494"
3401:"Putin Pulls Russia Out of Convention on War-Crime Probes"
3299:, a 2005 amendment adopted specifying the adoption of the
2887:(also Additional Protocol I and AP I) is a 1977 amendment
613:
3050:
2987:. It identifies four types of perfidy and differentiates
448:
4861:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
3277:
on the treatment of battlefield casualties in the field
2233:
2158:
4016:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
2623:
2548:
238:
4856:
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
3726:
3325:
Russia revoked their ratification of the point 2 of
898:
4766:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
4226:
Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia
958:
4906:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
4696:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
2353:
1903:
3922:
3453:, ICRC; International Committee of the Red Cross
3027:shall not have the right to be a combatant or a
2638:
808:
16:1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Convention
4866:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
4501:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
3664:According to "A Response to Douglas J. Feith's
1543:
1198:
147:
4471:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
2578:
2368:
2308:
2248:
718:
523:
4836:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
4061:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
3826:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3242:the fight against terrorism, by applying the
2458:
2383:
2173:
2083:
2023:
1843:
1828:
943:
823:
748:
178:
4616:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2683:
2503:
2488:
2293:
2218:
1783:
1753:
1708:
1663:
1588:
1573:
1438:
1393:
733:
553:
343:
4316:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
3966:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
3639:
3604:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
3466:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
3085:children under age 15 into the armed forces
2713:
1963:
1858:
1678:
1558:
1168:
283:
253:
4901:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
4111:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
4031:Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin
3833:
3819:
3586:
3539:
3537:
3413:
2773:
2653:
2428:
2338:
2323:
2053:
1993:
1738:
1618:
1258:
1243:
1003:
988:
883:
868:
838:
673:
583:
568:
508:
463:
358:
132:
4886:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
4876:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
3270:List of parties to the Geneva Conventions
3183:Learn how and when to remove this message
2728:
2698:
2668:
2608:
2563:
2263:
2113:
2098:
1888:
1798:
1768:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1348:
1318:
1288:
1273:
1153:
1108:
1093:
1033:
973:
913:
853:
763:
688:
538:
433:
388:
373:
328:
313:
298:
268:
208:
193:
4096:Treaties of the Central African Republic
3620:International Committee of the Red Cross
2965:
2863:
2758:
2593:
2443:
2278:
2143:
2128:
2038:
1978:
1918:
1723:
1693:
1603:
1468:
1423:
1378:
1213:
1183:
1138:
1078:
1048:
793:
598:
493:
478:
403:
223:
4871:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
3534:
3500:
3498:
2743:
2533:
2473:
2413:
2398:
2203:
2068:
1948:
1873:
1813:
1648:
1528:
1408:
1363:
1333:
1228:
1123:
1063:
928:
703:
658:
643:
418:
4831:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
4406:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3923:
3840:
3159:for grammar, style, cohesion, and tone
3055:nuclear electrical-generating stations
2910:
2518:
2008:
1933:
1633:
1453:
1303:
1018:
778:
628:
117:
4131:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
3814:
3711:International Review of the Red Cross
3235:International Review of the Red Cross
3049:Articles 56 and 53 outlaw attacks on
4916:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
4771:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3516:
3495:
3319:
3139:
3946:Treaties entered into force in 1978
3307:United Nations Mercenary Convention
3238:argues that this article, in fact,
13:
4556:Treaties of the State of Palestine
4191:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
4041:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3700:
3582:. The American National Red Cross.
3568:. The American National Red Cross.
3422:. Vol. 14. pp. 133–171.
3225:), this article was deemed by the
14:
4947:
4646:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
4631:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
4606:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3722:
3223:Palestine Liberation Organization
3115:Articles 17 and 81 authorize the
3743:
3729:
3144:
3121:assistance to the victims of war
2847:
2775:
2760:
2745:
2730:
2715:
2700:
2685:
2670:
2655:
2640:
2625:
2610:
2595:
2580:
2565:
2550:
2535:
2520:
2505:
2490:
2475:
2460:
2445:
2430:
2415:
2400:
2385:
2370:
2355:
2340:
2325:
2310:
2295:
2280:
2265:
2250:
2235:
2220:
2205:
2198:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2190:
2175:
2160:
2145:
2130:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1860:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1800:
1785:
1770:
1755:
1740:
1725:
1710:
1695:
1680:
1665:
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1605:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1545:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1485:
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1455:
1440:
1425:
1410:
1395:
1380:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1320:
1305:
1290:
1275:
1260:
1245:
1230:
1215:
1200:
1185:
1170:
1155:
1140:
1125:
1110:
1095:
1080:
1065:
1050:
1035:
1020:
1005:
990:
975:
960:
945:
930:
915:
900:
885:
870:
855:
840:
825:
810:
795:
780:
765:
750:
735:
720:
705:
690:
675:
660:
645:
630:
615:
600:
585:
570:
555:
540:
525:
510:
495:
480:
465:
450:
435:
420:
405:
390:
375:
360:
345:
330:
315:
300:
285:
270:
255:
240:
225:
210:
195:
180:
149:
134:
119:
25:Geneva Protocol (disambiguation)
4881:Treaties extended to Montserrat
4746:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
4671:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
3971:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
3694:
3688:Texas International Law Journal
3676:
3658:
3633:
3608:
3572:
3555:
3414:Cadwalader, George Jr. (2011).
3232:By contrast, an article in the
3135:
2915:As of August 2024, it had been
4926:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
4826:Treaties extended to Greenland
4776:Treaties of the United Kingdom
4166:Treaties of the Czech Republic
3668:" by Waldemar A. Solf (1986),
3640:Hessbruegge, Jan Arno (2017).
3470:
3456:
3444:
3407:
3393:
3368:
3343:
2943:On 16 October 2019, President
63:20 February 1974 – 8 June 1977
1:
4911:Treaties extended to Guernsey
4846:Treaties extended to Anguilla
4256:Treaties of Georgia (country)
4216:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
3686:by Michael A. Newton (2009),
3403:. Bloomberg. 17 October 2019.
3336:
40:Geneva Conventions Protocol I
4936:Treaties concluded in Geneva
4851:Treaties extended to Bermuda
4686:Treaties of the Soviet Union
4136:Treaties of the Cook Islands
2935:have not signed the treaty.
2853:Geneva Convention/Protocol I
7:
4921:Treaties extended to Jersey
4576:Treaties of the Philippines
4516:Treaties of the Netherlands
4426:Treaties of North Macedonia
3551:. Reuters. 17 October 2019.
3428:10.1007/978-90-6704-855-2_5
3253:
2879: State signatories (3)
32:Protocol 1 (disambiguation)
10:
4952:
4931:Treaties extended to Macau
4841:Treaties extended to Aruba
4171:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
3941:Treaties concluded in 1977
2873: State parties (174)
29:
18:
4411:Treaties of Liechtenstein
4291:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
3905:
3879:
3848:
2938:
2846:
2841:
2802:
2792:
166:
105:
94:7 December 1978
90:
82:
67:
59:
49:
44:
4756:Treaties of Turkmenistan
4676:Treaties of South Africa
4656:Treaties of Sierra Leone
4636:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
4441:Treaties of the Maldives
4306:Treaties of the Holy See
4066:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3871:Fourth Geneva Convention
3861:Second Geneva Convention
3482:publication.pravo.gov.ru
3312:
623:Central African Republic
23:. For other topics, see
4716:Treaties of Switzerland
4681:Treaties of South Sudan
4611:Treaties of Saint Lucia
4521:Treaties of New Zealand
4366:Treaties of South Korea
4361:Treaties of North Korea
4211:Treaties of El Salvador
4146:Treaties of Ivory Coast
4121:Treaties of the Comoros
3996:Treaties of the Bahamas
3951:Treaties of Afghanistan
3866:Third Geneva Convention
3856:First Geneva Convention
3759:Full text of Protocol I
3275:First Geneva Convention
4811:Treaties of Yugoslavia
4786:Treaties of Uzbekistan
4726:Treaties of Tajikistan
4651:Treaties of Seychelles
4626:Treaties of San Marino
4491:Treaties of Montenegro
4456:Treaties of Mauritania
4431:Treaties of Madagascar
4421:Treaties of Luxembourg
4376:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
4351:Treaties of Kazakhstan
4251:Treaties of the Gambia
4196:Treaties of East Timor
4141:Treaties of Costa Rica
4091:Treaties of Cape Verde
4006:Treaties of Bangladesh
3380:ihl-databases.icrc.org
3355:ihl-databases.icrc.org
3260:Command responsibility
3202:
3127:the competence of the
3036:Indiscriminate attacks
2963:
2881:
458:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4796:Treaties of Venezuela
4526:Treaties of Nicaragua
4461:Treaties of Mauritius
4416:Treaties of Lithuania
4281:Treaties of Guatemala
3986:Treaties of Australia
3976:Treaties of Argentina
3936:Arms control treaties
3227:Reagan administration
3197:
2994:Article 40 prohibits
2983:Article 37 prohibits
2966:Summary of provisions
2958:
2867:
2797:Swiss Federal Council
2243:São Tomé and Príncipe
2168:Saint Kitts and Nevis
71:8 June 1977
4821:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4731:Treaties of Tanzania
4706:Treaties of Eswatini
4701:Treaties of Suriname
4666:Treaties of Slovenia
4661:Treaties of Slovakia
4586:Treaties of Portugal
4566:Treaties of Paraguay
4486:Treaties of Mongolia
4311:Treaties of Honduras
4186:Treaties of Dominica
4181:Treaties of Djibouti
4116:Treaties of Colombia
4081:Treaties of Cameroon
4076:Treaties of Cambodia
4046:Treaties of Botswana
4011:Treaties of Barbados
3804:7 March 2016 at the
3701:Gasser, Hans-Peter.
2980:self-determination".
2633:United Arab Emirates
30:For other uses, see
4801:Treaties of Vietnam
4791:Treaties of Vanuatu
4781:Treaties of Uruguay
4751:Treaties of Tunisia
4641:Treaties of Senegal
4596:Treaties of Romania
4536:Treaties of Nigeria
4506:Treaties of Namibia
4496:Treaties of Morocco
4476:Treaties of Moldova
4401:Treaties of Liberia
4396:Treaties of Lesotho
4391:Treaties of Lebanon
4336:Treaties of Jamaica
4326:Treaties of Ireland
4321:Treaties of Iceland
4276:Treaties of Grenada
4261:Treaties of Germany
4236:Treaties of Finland
4221:Treaties of Estonia
4201:Treaties of Ecuador
4176:Treaties of Denmark
4151:Treaties of Croatia
4071:Treaties of Burundi
4036:Treaties of Bolivia
4021:Treaties of Belgium
4001:Treaties of Bahrain
3991:Treaties of Austria
3981:Treaties of Armenia
3961:Treaties of Algeria
3956:Treaties of Albania
3200:self-determination.
3195:Article 1(4) says:
3079:Article 77 forbids
3001:Article 42 outlaws
2911:Ratification status
2897:colonial domination
2558:Trinidad and Tobago
248:Antigua and Barbuda
41:
4816:Treaties of Zambia
4761:Treaties of Uganda
4711:Treaties of Sweden
4601:Treaties of Rwanda
4581:Treaties of Poland
4561:Treaties of Panama
4541:Treaties of Norway
4481:Treaties of Monaco
4466:Treaties of Mexico
4436:Treaties of Malawi
4386:Treaties of Latvia
4371:Treaties of Kuwait
4346:Treaties of Jordan
4296:Treaties of Guyana
4286:Treaties of Guinea
4271:Treaties of Greece
4241:Treaties of France
4161:Treaties of Cyprus
4086:Treaties of Canada
4056:Treaties of Brunei
4051:Treaties of Brazil
4026:Treaties of Belize
3931:Geneva Conventions
3842:Geneva Conventions
3549:The Globe and Mail
3530:. 17 October 2019.
3512:. 17 October 2019.
3265:Geneva Conventions
3248:wars of liberation
3163:You can assist by
3106:protective emblems
2973:Geneva Conventions
2893:Geneva Conventions
2882:
908:Dominican Republic
39:
4806:Treaties of Yemen
4741:Treaties of Tonga
4721:Treaties of Syria
4691:Treaties of Spain
4621:Treaties of Samoa
4591:Treaties of Qatar
4551:Treaties of Palau
4531:Treaties of Niger
4511:Treaties of Nauru
4451:Treaties of Malta
4356:Treaties of Kenya
4341:Treaties of Japan
4331:Treaties of Italy
4301:Treaties of Haiti
4266:Treaties of Ghana
4246:Treaties of Gabon
4206:Treaties of Egypt
4126:Treaties of Zaire
4106:Treaties of Chile
3918:
3917:
3437:978-90-6704-854-5
3193:
3192:
3185:
3059:places of worship
3023:Article 47(1) "A
2862:
2861:
968:Equatorial Guinea
4943:
4736:Treaties of Togo
4571:Treaties of Peru
4546:Treaties of Oman
4446:Treaties of Mali
4381:Treaties of Laos
4231:Treaties of Fiji
4156:Treaties of Cuba
4101:Treaties of Chad
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3716:
3715:
3714:: 208, 210, 211.
3707:
3698:
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3680:
3674:
3670:Akron Law Review
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3520:
3514:
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3510:The Moscow Times
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3347:
3330:
3323:
3286:Targeted killing
3188:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3092:guerrilla forces
2951:and submitted a
2901:alien occupation
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3910:List of parties
3901:
3875:
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3806:Wayback Machine
3749:
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3029:prisoner of war
3011:Airborne troops
2968:
2949:executive order
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2363:Solomon Islands
2356:
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2011:
2009:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1964:
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1949:
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1934:
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1913:North Macedonia
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3153:This section
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3897:Protocol III
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3610:
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3297:Protocol III
3281:Jus in bello
3239:
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3203:
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3157:copy editing
3155:may require
3154:
3136:Article 1(4)
3081:conscription
2989:ruses of war
2969:
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2883:
2588:Turkmenistan
2465:
2378:South Africa
2318:Sierra Leone
2258:Saudi Arabia
728:Cook Islands
533:Burkina Faso
36:
3892:Protocol II
3849:Conventions
3786:K.J.Partsch
3301:Red Crystal
3291:Protocol II
3244:laws of war
3240:strengthens
3173:August 2024
3074:journalists
2468:Switzerland
2393:South Sudan
2183:Saint Lucia
2093:South Korea
2033:Philippines
1853:New Zealand
1838:Netherlands
953:El Salvador
833:North Korea
758:Ivory Coast
188:Afghanistan
106:Signatories
3925:Categories
3887:Protocol I
3737:Law portal
3337:References
3327:Article 90
3165:editing it
3129:Commission
3018:combatants
2996:no quarter
2953:State Duma
2947:signed an
2921:174 states
2885:Protocol I
2857:Wikisource
2793:Depositary
2693:Uzbekistan
2513:East Timor
2498:Tajikistan
2303:Seychelles
2228:San Marino
1793:Mozambique
1763:Montenegro
1718:Micronesia
1673:Mauritania
1598:Madagascar
1583:Luxembourg
1448:Kyrgyzstan
1403:Kazakhstan
743:Costa Rica
563:Cape Verde
353:Bangladesh
173:174 states
98:1978-12-07
75:1977-06-08
3880:Protocols
3528:Bloomberg
3053:, dikes,
3044:war crime
3040:total war
3025:mercenary
3007:surrender
2842:Full text
2803:Languages
2723:Venezuela
1973:Palestine
1868:Nicaragua
1688:Mauritius
1568:Lithuania
1178:Guatemala
293:Australia
263:Argentina
91:Effective
3802:Archived
3487:10 March
3385:13 April
3360:13 April
3254:See also
3070:children
2917:ratified
2889:protocol
2783:Zimbabwe
2663:Tanzania
2438:Suriname
2348:Slovenia
2333:Slovakia
2063:Portugal
2003:Paraguay
1748:Mongolia
1628:Maldives
1268:Honduras
1253:Holy See
1013:Ethiopia
998:Eswatini
893:Dominica
878:Djibouti
848:DR Congo
683:Colombia
593:Cameroon
578:Cambodia
518:Bulgaria
473:Botswana
368:Barbados
142:Pakistan
112:3 states
83:Location
54:Protocol
3625:22 July
3110:perfidy
2985:perfidy
2891:to the
2834:Russian
2824:Spanish
2819:Chinese
2809:English
2738:Vietnam
2708:Vanuatu
2678:Uruguay
2618:Ukraine
2573:Tunisia
2273:Senegal
2123:Romania
2108:Moldova
1898:Nigeria
1808:Namibia
1778:Morocco
1523:Liberia
1508:Lesotho
1493:Lebanon
1358:Jamaica
1328:Ireland
1298:Iceland
1283:Hungary
1163:Grenada
1118:Germany
1103:Georgia
1043:Finland
983:Estonia
923:Ecuador
863:Denmark
773:Croatia
698:Comoros
548:Burundi
443:Bolivia
398:Belgium
383:Belarus
338:Bahrain
323:Bahamas
308:Austria
278:Armenia
218:Algeria
203:Albania
167:Parties
96: (
73: (
60:Drafted
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3303:emblem
3057:, and
2939:Russia
2933:Turkey
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86:Geneva
68:Signed
3706:(PDF)
3602:(PDF)
3566:(PDF)
3313:Notes
3066:women
2929:India
2753:Yemen
2543:Tonga
2483:Syria
2423:Sudan
2408:Spain
2213:Samoa
2078:Qatar
1958:Palau
1883:Niger
1823:Nauru
1658:Malta
1538:Libya
1418:Kenya
1373:Japan
1343:Italy
1238:Haiti
1133:Ghana
1073:Gabon
938:Egypt
713:Congo
668:China
653:Chile
428:Benin
3790:ISBN
3779:ICRC
3777:(by
3646:ISBN
3627:2013
3489:2022
3432:ISBN
3387:2022
3362:2022
3117:ICRC
3051:dams
2528:Togo
2018:Peru
1943:Oman
1643:Mali
1463:Laos
1313:Iraq
1028:Fiji
788:Cuba
638:Chad
127:Iran
50:Type
3424:doi
3083:of
2919:by
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