Algeria - Knowledge

6566: 6169:

facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%. Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five. Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.

4035: 2617: 2424: 3665: 6928: 6867: 153: 17356: 3725: 3587: 6704: 5095: 18092: 1788: 6158: 5759: 7168: 6112:

areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause

1465: 16971: 6009: 2510: 2054: 4911: 1148: 6580: 3296: 5365: 2933: 3019: 5174: 18383: 2341: 80: 2521: 2267: 6789: 5375: 2682: 5428: 4989: 19314: 18298: 17186: 66: 2776: 5901: 3277: 17198: 7011: 17330: 17304: 17265: 1620: 6446: 18308: 5418: 17317: 17291: 17278: 1589: 3152: 1400:

and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years. Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa, or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa.

16065: 1527: 711: 668: 649: 616: 597: 3373: 2734: 2547:, a council of some sixty military senior officers. Thus Algiers became a sovereign military republic. It was at first dominated by the odjak; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, in reality they acted independently from the rest of the Empire, and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the 3118:. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. 2170: 3172: 3756:(ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes. 3789: 6234: 1389: 1773: 5068:

Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.

3107:, and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $ 150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes. 2894:, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000. The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians. 12311:

Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).

14535:() "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones." 14560:() p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l' 6070:

describing themselves as non-religious. However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious. In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.

11265:"Had planning been better (barracks, hospitals, medical services), the drain on men would have been miniscule: it has been calculated that between 1831 and 1851, 92,329 died in hospital, and only 3,336 in battle." The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa ... – Michael Greenhalgh, p366 12310:

Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

6069:

report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018. The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25%

5076:

The overall rate of unemployment was 10% in 2011, but remained higher among young people, with a rate of 21.5% for those aged between 15 and 24. The government strengthened in 2011 the job programs introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the program to aid those seeking work (Dispositif

5000:

member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and 87.7% of

4942:

A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $ 23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past five years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme

3759:

In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defence Minister Hervé Morin stated that "It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations," when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian

2405:

or of mixed origins, as his mother was an Algerian Mooresse. Until 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was

1630:

For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Algeria is home to the second-largest number of Roman sites and remains after Italy. Rome, after getting rid of its powerful rival Carthage in the year 146 BC, decided a century later to include Numidia to

6168:

Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20

5067:

Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power. Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the

3136:

with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is accused of being close to the military and being loyal to the deposed president. Tebboune rejects these accusations, claiming to be the victim of a witch hunt. He also reminds his

2811:

was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other

1399:

Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa. Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old,

6803:

The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films

5058:

of consumption. This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit. In April 2022, diplomats from Italy and Spain held talks after Rome's move to secure large volume of Algerian gas stoked concerns in Madrid. Under

4938:

Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment

3407:

is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,949,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 1,667,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,439,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 510,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was

2705:

wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830." French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 dead in the hospital and only 3,336 killed in action. In 1872, The Algerian population stood at

1664:

political, military and cultural revival. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent. The Berber people were so resistant that even during the Muslim conquest

6799:

The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema

6741:

Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted

1522:

As Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilisation was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organisation supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew,

6111:

In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural

4954:

is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$ 178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower

4934:

In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy. These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy

2729:

wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonization" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian

1728:

Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th. After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local

5038:

Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downward. Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011.

2558:

was in effect a constitutional autocrat. The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671–1830) that the system was in place, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated. Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of the Deylikal

6877:

Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries. It is based on both land and sea products. Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the

3830:

Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate). Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months. The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Algeria has the

2763:

Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria. These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land. Many Europeans settled in

5034:

Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large

2559:

government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the

6386: 2068:

was established. The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of

2439:. They also did a brisk business in ransoming some of the captives. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. They often made raids on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at 5963:

Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world, and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to

3597:

Elected politicians have relatively little sway over Algeria. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs" ("deciders"), known as "le pouvoir" ("the power"), de facto rule the country, even deciding who should be president. The most powerful man might have been

4939:

rates or to address housing shortages. The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities among regions.

3087:

after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the

5053:

in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their

3894:

Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.

4973:

Turkish direct investments have accelerated in Algeria, with total value reaching $ 5 billion. As of 2022, the number of Turkish companies present in Algeria has reached 1,400. In 2020, despite the pandemic, more than 130 Turkish companies were created in Algeria.

141: 3891:; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the media and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticise the ruling government, some media organisations' licenses are cancelled. 1545:. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the 3076:, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The 14208:

Partly due to the strong association between Islam and Arab identity, there is a fair amount of social pressure in Algeria to identify with Arab ancestry. In fact, roughly 85% of the nation identifies much more strongly with their Arab heritage than their Berber

7684:

5955:

substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary. In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. Colloquial

140: 3641:, an independent candidate, was elected as president after the election eventually took place on 12 December 2019. Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system. Algeria has universal 139: 6188:, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country. 138: 137: 136: 9041: 13380: 8230: 3979:

The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:

2243:

and taking control over Morocco in 1147, they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers, wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.

5104:

The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.

5972:

of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. In 2013, it was estimated that 60% of the population could speak or understand French. In 2022, it was estimated that 33% of the population was Francophone.

8862:

Henn, Brenna M.; Botigué, Laura R.; Gravel, Simon; Wang, Wei; Brisbin, Abra; Byrnes, Jake K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David (12 January 2012).

2286:

encompassing the Algerian territories of the Hafsids would occasionally be independent from central Tunisian control. At their peak the Zayyanid kingdom included all of Morocco as its vassal to the west and in the east reached as far as

2414:. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659. 2306:. Following their decisive victories over the Algerians in the western-coastal areas of Algeria, the Spanish decided to get bolder, and invaded more Algerian cities. In 1510, they led a series of sieges and attacks, taking over Bejaia 2718:

declared "Our first duty is to take care of the happiness of the three million Arabs, whom the fate of arms has brought under our domination." During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonized until after the

2366:

with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim al-Tumi and took control over the city and the surrounding regions. Their state is known as the

14720: 10811: 8175: 6172:

Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was

5200:

The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 180,000 km (110,000 mi) of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the

3412:(consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 6% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 80% of the forest area was reported to be under 3000:. Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the 7169: 1556:

was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in

3307:

In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.

6424:, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations. 5046:, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements. 1946:

historically consisted of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example,

13485: 12763: 6365:

is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.

3901:

is illegal in Algeria. Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison. Despite this, about 26% of Algerians think that homosexuality should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the

1902:

tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as

3691:, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region". In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects. 11830: 19956: 13093: 2616: 1651:

moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia. They did not make any significant settlement on the land, as they were harassed by local tribes. In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived

9037: 2846:

Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from

134: 14754: 19978: 5261:. At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately four million. About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in 13372: 1631:

become the new master of North Africa. They built more than 500 cities. Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products.

12122: 17626: 13005: 6807:

According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions.

3199:, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of 15385: 13892: 4926:, which joins the select club of upper-middle-income countries. This economic rise, the result of an ambitious development strategy, places the country in the same category as emerging powers such as 12848: 10381:

Historia vicisitudes y política tradicional de España respecto de sus posesiones en las costas de África desde la monarquía gótica y en los tiempos posteriores á la restauración hasta el último siglo

9925:

Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale

14946: 11926: 19983: 1939:. Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era. 15709: 6718:

In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are

6404:, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. In this line, 13605:

Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, MariaSerena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, FatimeZahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018).

12982: 9731: 2993:

in Algerian society and public life. Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.

3311:

Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm (15.7 to 26.4 in) annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east.

1453:(animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the 20305: 19973: 4922:(DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. On June, 2024 The World Bank's 2024 report marks a turning point for 13646: 19951: 6901:

remain at its core. Most of the Algerian dishes are centered around bread, meats (lamb, beef or poultry), olive oil, vegetables, and fresh herbs. Vegetables are often used for salads, soups,

7512:

Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%. The population is predominantly Arab, under 30 years of age and urban; some 24% are Berber. More than 85% speak Arabic and 99% are Sunni Muslim.

6195:

like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors such as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the

1612:

After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the

14599: 2263:. Warring with the Almohad forces attempting to restore control over Algeria for 13 years, they defeated the Almohads in 1248 after killing their Caliph in a successful ambush near Oujda. 19966: 19961: 11993: 3257:), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 mi) south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of 133: 2420:

had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and had high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.

17236: 14712: 14985: 2502:

had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629, pirate ships from Algeria raided the

8183: 6412:

have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of

5980:, though limited in comparison to the previously mentioned languages, has increased due to globalization. In 2022 it was announced that English would be taught in elementary schools. 3832: 14518: 12533: 20330: 13930: 2394:. With the aid of this force and native Algerians, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1792). 392: 1457:

paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called

17619: 12705: 11878: 7851: 2166:, his troops were defeated and the Arabs remained masters of the battlefield. The Arabs usually did not take control over the cities, instead looting them and destroying them. 952: 19911: 13477: 12753: 2435:

preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea. The pirates often took the passengers and crew on the ships and sold them or used them as

15490: 19916: 19896: 19886: 19350: 6804:(feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries. 3879:

as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled "partly free." In December 2016, the

15108: 6653:

Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French.

135: 19921: 19906: 19901: 19891: 19881: 19371: 18838: 16674: 11834: 7547:

The combined Arab-Berber people comprise more than 99 percent of the population (Arabs approximately 80 percent; Berbers 20 percent), with Europeans less than one percent.

2046:

captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region. The

17612: 15086: 13085: 6656:

As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the

14401: 13175: 14742: 14459: 13455: 7972: 5830:

since the seventh century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria. Estimates vary based on different sources. The majority of the population of Algeria is ethnically

2970:

and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. However, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He

12023: 9454: 3637:

erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April.

2096:, a Berber dynasty originating from Algeria and which at one point was a dominant power in the Maghreb ruling over much of Morocco and western Algeria including Fez, 20335: 11700: 9572: 8326: 3774:, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight. On 24 August 2021, Algeria announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco. 2836: 2311: 377: 11244: 11125: 10347: 10255: 8976: 2602:. Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, but all these military campaigns were doomed and Spain had to ask for peace in 1786 and paid 1 million pesos to the Dey. 19385: 15516: 15402: 15265: 14859: 9539: 3103:

was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the

564: 15679: 12114: 12053: 6139:

Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.

2706:

about 2.9 million. French policy was predicated on "civilising" the country. The slave trade and piracy in Algeria ceased following the French conquest. The

17229: 13986: 13507: 13421: 6196: 5039:

Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$ 71.4 billion.

3654: 13063: 13013: 8205: 5897:(Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary. 19157: 18776: 9334: 8065: 18843: 18183: 15377: 13900: 13221: 9897:

Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,

13676: 13204: 12840: 9796: 5059:

the deal between Algeria's Sonatrach and Italy's Eni, Algeria will send an additional 9 billion cubic metres of gas to Italy by next year and in 2024.

19595: 14954: 14626: 13037: 11930: 2143:

vizier decided to destroy what he could not control, and broke a deal with the chiefs of these Bedouin tribes. The Fatimids even gave them money to leave.

1112: 7899: 3322:, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to 43.3 °C (110 °F). 3077: 20345: 15701: 12806: 12258: 6184:

Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The

14150:

In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.

12974: 12727: 12287: 10586: 10560: 9727: 7626:

In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.

20100: 20095: 19946: 19137: 19060: 18978: 18894: 18889: 18155: 18106: 17222: 13583: 6672:

novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include

11963: 9476: 2627:

In the 19th century, Algerian pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.

1317:

in early 16th century. This period saw the installation of a political and administrative organization which participated in the establishment of the

20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 19853: 19343: 19096: 19045: 13638: 10274: 9937: 9622: 3687:, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president. According to the 3093: 2092:

the Zirid ruler decided to end this recognition and declared his independence. The Zirids also fought against other Zenata Kingdoms, for example the

13350: 9502: 9410: 3053:, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of 3041:. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a 18771: 13247: 10031: 9909: 8497: 8385: 5002: 1100: 1027: 550: 14561: 14038: 6995:

and have won medals in various events. Many sports clubs and organizations exist in Algeria to promote and develop sports among young people. The

3835:

in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($ 10 billion). Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they

3423:

Many of the creatures constituting the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilisation. The most commonly seen animals include the wild

3057:. At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding 19132: 15619: 13534: 10217: 5217:, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, 3054: 3022: 2876: 1523:

but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others.

820: 15299: 11989: 11422: 6565: 152: 18624: 17949: 16036: 7278: 14642:"The booming wave of English in the linguistic landscape in Algeria: Timeline of the presence of English language in Algerian bottom-up signs" 12201: 11853: 2605:

In 1792, Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir, the two last Spanish strongholds in Algeria. In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan

2278:

The Zayyanids retained their control over Algeria for 3 centuries. Much of the eastern territories of Algeria were under the authority of the

18940: 18111: 16665: 15460: 15243: 14977: 13863: 13123: 12792: 10077: 9777: 7852:

https://www.elmoudjahid.dz/fr/economie/l-esperance-de-vie-moyenne-des-algeriens-est-de-79-6-ans-une-qualite-de-vie-nettement-meilleure-220929

3089: 2848: 672: 5288:, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In 2009, 35,000 20340: 19336: 18983: 17044: 14888: 14522: 13261: 12621: 12525: 11592: 10617: 10343:

Historia General de España ... con la continuacion de Miniana; completada ... por E. Chao. Enriquecida con notas historicas y criticas, etc

7939: 7304: 5838:

who make up between 15% and 20% to 24% of the population are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the

2902: 722: 13922: 13781:; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (7 June 2004). 12645: 9250: 20320: 19237: 18963: 18884: 18879: 18138: 15056: 14379: 11795: 11332: 11268: 10998: 10292: 9755: 9372: 9315: 9212: 9173: 9146: 9015: 2639: 20236: 15837: 14797: 14436: 14314: 14079: 12701: 12587: 12223: 11661: 10861: 10834: 10540: 9824: 9704: 9665: 9391: 9353: 9291: 7583: 6025:

is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA

3329:

has wide-reaching effects on the country. Algeria was not a significant contributor to climate change, but, like other countries in the

19926: 19841: 18993: 13896: 11904: 10760: 8269: 1108: 1092: 1007: 529: 13402: 11875: 11392: 5205:, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a three-way, 1,216-kilometre-long (756 mi) highway, linking 4034: 2050:

which was created and established by the Kutama Berbers conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.

20325: 18917: 18659: 18629: 14484: 13287: 12874: 12386: 10736: 10005: 8224: 7049: 3906:-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed the highest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted. 2730:

populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.

620: 15430: 12951: 8035: 6624:, among many others. The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionised the Arab world literature, with authors like 18593: 16109: 16021: 15482: 13320: 7331: 5028: 5006: 1096: 12313:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 12285:

Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania

2653:

to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the

2080:

Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain and briefly over Sicily, originating from modern Algeria, the

20350: 19180: 18988: 18699: 17762: 17345: 16980: 16143: 15161:"Taux d'Analphabétisme et taux d'Alphabétisation de la population âgée de 10 ans et plus selon le sexe et la wilaya de résidence" 15112: 14924: 13149: 8754: 3823:(Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial 3073: 1023: 12416: 7475:

The population was estimated at 32,277,942 in July 2002, of which 75% were Arabs, 24% Berbers, and 1% others (mostly Europeans).

2855:. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the 2710:

by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the

2239:'s tribe, the Koumïa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire. Defeating the weakening 20355: 20027: 19127: 18833: 15014: 14340: 12679: 8662: 7395: 3703: 1761:. The Christians left in three waves: after the initial conquest, in the 10th century and the 11th. The last were evacuated to 16082: 15078: 14016: 11028: 8813: 8635: 7281:. El-mouradia.dz. language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from 18950: 18932: 18796: 18759: 18276: 17932: 17030: 16166: 15945: 15926: 15907: 15888: 15869: 15861: 15815: 15786: 15767: 15748: 15595: 15050: 14583: 14430: 14405: 14373: 14281: 14232: 14173: 14143: 14112: 13171: 12800: 11789: 11737: 11655: 11522: 11468: 11326: 11238: 11204: 11171: 11119: 11092: 11059: 10921: 10844: 10805: 10672: 10639: 10506: 10474: 10161: 10105: 10059: 9965: 9882: 9852: 9434: 9079: 9009: 8970: 8931: 8846: 8672: 8645: 8606: 8579: 8552: 8525: 8464: 8437: 8410: 7773: 7649: 7619: 7577: 7505: 7468: 7431: 3736:

exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are

3466:

A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals.

3315:

is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in some years.

2423: 2111:

As the Fatimid state was at the time too weak to attempt a direct invasion, they found another means of revenge. Between the

1352: 14468: 14258: 14118: 13451: 12563: 11474: 10939: 10236: 10198: 10179: 8937: 7961: 2748:

of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of

2475:. The introduction of broad-sail ships from the beginning of the 17th century allowed them to branch out into the Atlantic. 177: 19162: 19151: 18912: 18598: 18064: 16359: 13960: 12904: 12015: 11622: 11285: 9446: 7968: 7053: 3760:

officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.

3104: 3084: 3065: 2298:

sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans, Spain decided to invade Algeria and defeat the native Kingdom of Tlemcen. In 1505, they

16045: 10783: 8318: 8114: 3664: 3618:, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during 3183:

Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the

3137:

detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.

1313:

Algeria took its name from the Regency of Algeria or Regency of Algiers, when Ottoman rule was established in the central

19359: 19247: 19242: 18973: 18968: 18801: 15167: 15138: 13698: 10713: 10690: 10396: 8777: 4967: 3699: 3630: 3133: 3038: 2868: 2808: 2647: 2146:

Whole tribes set off with women, children, elders, animals and camping equipment. Some stopped on the way, especially in

1124: 17435: 16017: 15512: 15399: 15273: 14851: 14545: 13729: 8481: 8427: 8369: 5295:

The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million

3916:

as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of

2567:

in western Kabylia. Many cities in the northern parts of the Algerian desert paid taxes to Algiers or one of its Beys.

18806: 18178: 18133: 16344: 16181: 15671: 15192: 13867: 12045: 11497: 10894: 8263: 4951: 3820: 3695: 2914: 2886:

The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like

987:

that displaced the local population, which was reduced by up to one-third due to warfare, disease, and starvation. The

653: 15649: 14690: 13982: 13511: 13429: 9564:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane

9531:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane

8005: 6518: 6208: 6054:

denominations, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.

2925:

who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964. The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the

2299: 1022:

and mountainous north, where most of the population is concentrated. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the

19785: 18641: 18150: 16658: 16605: 16256: 16122: 15964: 15237: 14832: 14810: 14777: 14308: 14073: 13834: 13552: 13059: 12082: 11762: 11694: 11569: 11548: 11365: 10423: 9698: 9659: 9632: 9605: 9244: 9206: 9140: 7175: 7024: 6537: 5010: 2875:

mobs in Algeria. The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted

2643: 1011: 873: 12502: 12472: 10878: 10252: 9955: 6490: 6475: 3072:. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a 3061:, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997. 2880: 2744:

From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and

20280: 19142: 19075: 19065: 19001: 18861: 18398: 18173: 17569: 17383: 17360: 17355: 16991: 16749: 15321: 9872: 9842: 8057: 7818: 7745: 6968:, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally. 6927: 3562: 3354: 2996:

The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the

2697:

in 1830. According to several historians, the methods used by the French to establish control over Algeria reached

13755: 13607:"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018" 3300: 2897:

The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962

2590:. For the attack in 1784, the Spanish fleet was to be joined by ships from such traditional enemies of Algiers as 19217: 18636: 18614: 18349: 18165: 18145: 16196: 13668: 13197: 10177:

Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives

9793: 7569:

Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment

7531: 6161: 6152: 3650: 3619: 3603: 3122: 3042: 2398: 2303: 16176: 15989: 13027: 12926: 7356: 7114:

The percentages provided in this infobox are estimates and can vary based on different sources. Ethnically, the

7056:, which is responsible for promoting Berber "in view of cementing, in the future, its official language status". 5927:, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of 2959: 2851:. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the 1327:, country of Algiers) and the definition of its borders with its neighboring entities on the east and west. The 1107:, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa and a major supplier of natural gas to Europe. The 20315: 19765: 19070: 18788: 16238: 12262: 10151: 7913: 6965: 6932: 6835: 6497: 6471: 6003: 5827: 5801:

refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these

3816: 3050: 2860: 1042:

is used in media, education, and certain administrative matters. The vast majority of the population speak the

940: 936: 601: 12786: 10582: 10556: 9331: 7840: 7118:

population in Algeria is generally reported to constitute between 75% and 80% to 85% of the population, while

6086: 5735: 4165: 19294: 19122: 19110: 18853: 18765: 18588: 18193: 16433: 16349: 16243: 10911: 9803:

les négociations d'Evian dans les archives diplomatiques françaises (15 janvier 1961-29 juin 1962). Bruylant,

5202: 3793: 3763: 3753: 3707: 3680: 3669: 3606:. In recent years, many of these generals have died, retired, or been imprisoned. After the death of General 2650: 2620: 2587: 2583: 2440: 2248: 1383: 805: 442: 16895: 13579: 13478:"Exportations hors hydrocarbures: une recette de près de 3 mds de dollars durant les huit 1ers mois de 2021" 11591:. West Point, NY: Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy. pp. 4–5. 10497:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800

8693:"1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria" 6866: 3080:(GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government. 2231:

originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from modern day Algeria known as

20360: 19209: 19172: 19147: 18958: 18811: 18716: 18226: 16651: 16400: 16322: 16271: 16102: 12284: 11967: 10956:

Mackie, Erin Skye (1 January 2005). "Welcome the Outlaw: Pirates, Maroons, and Caribbean Countercultures".

10640:"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed" 10368:

Sánchez Doncel, Gregorio. 1991. Presencia de España en Orán, 1509–1792. Estudio Teológico de San Ildefonso.

9480: 6996: 6046:). Most of the Christian settlers left to France after the country's independence. Today, estimates of the 5257:

Algeria has a population of an estimated 44 million, of which the majority, 75% to 85% are ethnically

4963: 4525: 3836: 3719: 3330: 2383: 786: 781: 771: 14607:(in French) (2022 ed.). Éditions Gallimard. p. 35. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024 14009:"Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information" 11584: 10271: 2852: 988: 20285: 19185: 18922: 18821: 18692: 18359: 18344: 18321: 18188: 16579: 16462: 16223: 16011: 15775:

The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987

13342: 12439: 9506: 9407: 8778:"The Site of Ain Hanech Revisited: New Investigations at this Lower Pleistocene Site in Northern Algeria" 7909: 7878: 7805: 7732: 7103: 6816: 6504: 4705: 3312: 2694: 1541:, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the 968: 14221:

Tschudin, Alain; Moffat, Craig; Buchanan-Clarke, Stephen; Russell, Susan; Coutts, Lloyd (18 June 2019).

12152:. TerraGreen 13 International Conference 2013 – Advancements in Renewable Energy and Clean Environment. 10026: 9906: 6157: 3110:

A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar

1898:, however, were ultimately defeated ushering in an adoption of Arab customs and culture. The indigenous 1537:

By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the

20290: 20020: 19232: 19037: 18744: 18619: 18354: 18334: 18329: 18128: 18116: 16499: 16423: 16339: 15778: 14045: 9981: 8176:"La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ?" 7254: 7091: 7052:

officialized Berber as Algeria's second "official" language. The revised constitution also created the

6897:

Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and

5116: 4983: 3207:

occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is

2978:

facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international

2707: 2654: 2575: 2570:

Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the

1039: 996: 976: 889: 849: 749: 334: 15611: 13538: 10946:– Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104 10214: 6822:

recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.

5685: 4661: 3068:, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups which were won by President 2929:, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city and began attacking civilians. 1115:

on the continent and among the highest in the world (ranks 22nd globally). Algeria is a member of the

19190: 18269: 18216: 18121: 17925: 17604: 16369: 16266: 16228: 15295: 11414: 9934: 8132: 6809: 6647: 5346: 5330: 5252: 4947: 3963: 3937: 3804: 3658: 3334: 3326: 2362:, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the 901: 362: 15350: 15109:"Ecoles privées, Tamazight, enseignement du Français, syndicats ... – Les vérités de Benbouzid" 10095: 7282: 6486: 19836: 19730: 19227: 18871: 18729: 18311: 18211: 17644: 16734: 16484: 16138: 16068: 15937: 15918: 12731: 12193: 11849: 10525: 7070: 6909:, and sauce-based dishes. Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is 6555: 6467: 6456: 6261: 6061:

in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim. The June 2019

5905: 5753: 4735: 3349:

access challenges are expected to get worse. As early as 2014, scientists were attributing extreme

2307: 2064:

Following the Berber revolt numerous independent states emerged across the Maghreb. In Algeria the

1379: 1182: 1062: 1035: 865: 857: 220: 20: 15452: 15219: 13115: 13032: 12239: 10074: 9774: 9597:

Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

9067: 5872:. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end. 3724: 2879:. In addition, the French destroyed over 8,000 villages and relocated over 2 million Algerians to 2539:

from power, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of "Agha" then "

2326:

where although they were not able to conquer the city, they were able to force a tribute on them.

20295: 19299: 19289: 19027: 18339: 16474: 16443: 16327: 16307: 16151: 16095: 12613: 11084: 10609: 7829: 7308: 6992: 6988: 6792: 6599: 6460: 6216: 6047: 5859: 5246: 5178: 4121: 3870: 3688: 3034: 3001: 2975: 2411: 1854:, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of 1709: 1640: 1573:

to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the

1477: 1088: 980: 700: 578: 537: 321: 278: 14884: 11586: 11196: 11163: 9095:

Mattingly, D.J. (1983). "The Laguatan: A Libyan Tribal Confederation in the late Roman Empire".

7935: 2966:, his former ally and defence minister. Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly 19725: 19317: 19284: 19195: 18904: 18749: 18685: 18243: 18221: 17662: 16557: 16332: 16073: 15587: 12649: 10530: 10127:(Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36–39. 9234: 7231: 7194: 7066: 6200: 5965: 5886: 5364: 4675: 4615: 3898: 3808: 3634: 3491: 3058: 2963: 2840: 2828: 2749: 2737: 2535:

of Algiers; and the Reis or the company of corsair captains rebelled, they removed the Ottoman

2372: 2251:

in 1212 the Almohads began collapsing, and in 1235 the governor of modern-day Western Algeria,

2089: 2088:

by the 11th century. The Zirids recognized nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs of Cairo.

1593: 1356: 1278:, "the islands"), referring to four small islands off its coast, a truncated form of the older 1171: 1031: 628: 572: 215: 17151: 15040: 14363: 14192: 11779: 11729: 11723: 11684: 11539: 11316: 11266: 11076: 10992: 10464: 9752: 9562: 9369: 9312: 9196: 9169: 9130: 8999: 8087: 7763: 7668: 7421: 6703: 5094: 2784: 2192:), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper 79: 20013: 19050: 19022: 18583: 17794: 16754: 16354: 16312: 16077: 14794: 14420: 14298: 14222: 14163: 14063: 12591: 11900: 11645: 11355: 11228: 11159: 11111:

Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden

11109: 10662: 10379: 10341: 10318: 9821: 9688: 9649: 9595: 9388: 9350: 9287: 9272: 8960: 8836: 8253: 7639: 7567: 7495: 7458: 6980: 6848: 6289: 6185: 5281: 5194: 3684: 3230:. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural 3100: 2926: 2726: 1245: 755: 427: 412: 19328: 17214: 16001: 14133: 13406: 13222:"Banque mondiale : 6 pays d'Afrique dont 2 du maghreb à revenu intermédiaire supérieur" 10807:

General Index to Papers and Annual Reports of the American Historical Association, 1884–1914

10757: 9529: 7609: 6042:

Prior to independence, Algeria was home to more than 1.3 million Christians (mostly of

5923:

has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.

5758: 5730: 4465: 4195: 3846:

SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $ 1.9 billion. Russia is also building two

3629:, who is elected for a five-year term. The president is limited to two five-year terms. The 2714:

Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872. On 17 September 1860,

20310: 19847: 19800: 19677: 19017: 18506: 18301: 18262: 18236: 18231: 18076: 17918: 16504: 16489: 16479: 16448: 16364: 16317: 16261: 16233: 16211: 14180:

Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.

13926: 12900: 12758: 12754:"Algeria stops gas supplies to Spain via Morocco, as diplomatic row with Rabat intensifies" 12324: 12157: 11382: 10205:

Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,

8834: 8704: 7795: 7722: 7656:

Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.

7078: 6972: 6429: 6413: 6347: 6148: 6082: 6050:

range from 20,000 to 200,000. Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to

5999: 5881: 5794: 5565: 5481: 5476: 5422: 5351: 5335: 5214: 5168: 5112: 5055: 5024: 4751: 4331: 4181: 4006: 3989: 3953: 3943: 3933: 3929: 3888: 3847: 3729: 3683:, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the 3638: 3626: 3611: 3590: 3568:

Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes,

3266: 3146: 3129: 3069: 2816:, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture. 2448: 2376: 2355: 2344: 2252: 2181: 2162:

ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of

2150:, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in 1883: 1827: 1669: 1601: 1066: 915:, Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilizations, including the 516: 353: 347: 14496: 13280: 12943: 12870: 12378: 10733: 9997: 9313:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy

4555: 2623:

by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816

2283: 2155: 1846:. These "Fatimids" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, 65: 8: 19375: 17785: 17012: 16995: 16569: 16547: 16542: 16428: 16290: 16276: 16248: 15422: 14750: 10863:

Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine

10272:

Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine

8027: 6984: 6961: 6551: 6409: 6212: 6012: 5989: 5948: 5701: 5285: 5189: 5152: 4885: 4811: 4781: 4451: 4375: 4285: 3824: 3783: 3702:

lost 44 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 164 seats, the military-backed

3581: 3367: 3219: 3215: 3184: 3026: 2800: 2772:, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities. 2676: 2599: 2595: 1787: 1677: 1597: 1404: 1340: 1076: 328: 18091: 16044:(Map). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). April 2007. Archived from 14492: 13312: 12328: 12161: 8708: 5408: 4910: 4361: 3586: 2053: 2042:

ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The

1359:

regarded the regency as the "first Algerian state" and the "Algerian Ottoman republic".

20300: 19602: 19268: 19221: 18471: 18021: 17775: 17485: 17430: 16598: 16519: 16438: 16383: 16302: 16186: 16156: 16130: 16006: 15956: 15827: 15540:"Algeria and the FIFA World Cup: between political legitimization and regional rivalry" 14620: 13807: 13782: 13343:"KUNA : Algeria officially joins AU free trade agreement – Economics – 16/12/2019" 12355: 12312: 11189: 11152: 10973: 9784:

journal des travaux de la Société historique algérienne, Volumes 105–106 Kraus Reprint,

9112: 8891: 8864: 8746: 8491: 8379: 7904: 7800: 7727: 7029: 6951: 6767: 6707: 6613: 6315: 6277: 6242: 6228: 6204: 5977: 5156: 5089: 4905: 4841: 4795: 4345: 4105: 3909: 3858: 3812: 3771: 3290: 3227: 3115: 3013: 2971: 2711: 2635: 2491: 2487: 2368: 2335: 2271: 2256: 1987: 1908: 1891: 1632: 1491:

expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a

1454: 1416: 1368: 1344: 1303: 1136: 1006:

Spanning 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the world's

1000: 956: 475: 449: 16643: 14910: 13145: 11077:"Genocide and Mass Violence in the 'Heart of Darkness': Africa in the Colonial Period" 8692: 8596: 8542: 8515: 8319:"les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis" 7870: 6939: 5667: 4946:

Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $ 173 billion in

4301: 4241: 3599: 2509: 967:. After nearly three centuries as a major power in the Mediterranean, the country was 19055: 18754: 17636: 17425: 17197: 16770: 16532: 16494: 16418: 16413: 15960: 15951:

Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008".

15941: 15922: 15903: 15884: 15865: 15857: 15811: 15782: 15763: 15744: 15591: 15561: 15233: 15046: 14828: 14806: 14773: 14663: 14579: 14426: 14369: 14304: 14277: 14228: 14169: 14139: 14108: 14069: 13812: 13778: 12796: 12408: 12360: 12342: 12175: 12078: 11785: 11758: 11733: 11690: 11651: 11565: 11544: 11518: 11493: 11464: 11361: 11322: 11234: 11200: 11167: 11115: 11088: 11055: 10977: 10917: 10840: 10668: 10502: 10470: 10310: 10157: 10101: 10055: 9961: 9878: 9848: 9694: 9655: 9628: 9601: 9430: 9240: 9202: 9136: 9116: 9075: 9005: 8966: 8927: 8896: 8842: 8738: 8730: 8668: 8641: 8602: 8575: 8548: 8521: 8460: 8433: 8406: 8259: 7769: 7645: 7615: 7573: 7501: 7464: 7427: 6976: 6910: 6783: 6621: 6511: 6215:

Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa. Algeria was ranked 119th in the

6106: 5869: 4855: 4765: 4645: 4585: 4225: 4091: 3917: 3913: 3280:

The Babor mountains and the Jijel Coast. The Erraguene lake can be seen on the right.

3234:. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a 3223: 2936: 2631: 2591: 2240: 2228: 2140: 2058: 2047: 1991: 1904: 1887: 1867: 1807: 1722: 1681: 1291: 897: 85: 20005: 15007: 12671: 12146:"Climate Change in Algeria: Vulnerability and Strategy of Mitigation and Adaptation" 10664:

Encountering Islam: Joseph Pitts: An English Slave in 17th-century Algiers and Mecca

8750: 7387: 6008: 5797:, and French have contributed to the history and culture of Algeria. Descendants of 5680: 5651: 5417: 5374: 4601: 4571: 4495: 1445:

region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the

20275: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 18734: 17982: 16614: 16574: 16564: 16552: 16527: 16509: 16191: 16026: 15740: 15583: 15551: 15225: 14653: 14008: 13802: 13794: 13618: 12350: 12332: 12165: 11585:

United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1947).

11191:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

11154:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

11020: 10965: 10300: 9104: 8886: 8876: 8809: 8720: 8712: 7137: 6922: 6861: 6719: 6617: 6375: 6257: 6253: 6174: 5995: 5913: 5813: 5806: 5786: 5633: 5599: 5463: 5427: 5392: 5289: 4871: 4481: 4391: 4315: 4255: 4045: 3737: 3417: 3246: 3160: 2986: 2898: 2820: 2792: 2532: 2513: 2468: 2417: 2407: 2260: 2236: 2232: 2189: 2185: 2173: 2065: 2043: 2011: 1823: 1464: 1232: 928: 680: 398: 298: 247: 15556: 15539: 13783:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa" 10896:

Bulletin du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques: section de géographie

10647: 10495: 10293:"Defensa a la antigua y a la moderna en el Reino de Valencia durante el siglo XVI" 8544:

History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830

8121:, Journal officiel de la republique algerienne, 1st year, 1st issue, 1962, páge 5. 6246: 5177:

The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the

2108:, most of the Sous and Draa and reaching as far as M'sila and the Zab in Algeria. 20090: 19735: 18367: 18009: 17889: 17770: 17480: 17254: 17190: 17099: 16686: 16537: 16395: 16201: 15993: 15880: 15702:"Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports (Algeria) (Ministry of Youth and Sports)" 15406: 14801: 14252: 14102: 12555: 12291: 12170: 12145: 11882: 11458: 11272: 10943: 10936: 10787: 10764: 10740: 10717: 10694: 10278: 10259: 10240: 10233: 10221: 10202: 10195: 10183: 10176: 10081: 10049: 10035: 9941: 9913: 9828: 9800: 9781: 9759: 9414: 9395: 9376: 9357: 9338: 9319: 8923: 8915: 8881: 8454: 8400: 8352: 8206:"Aseɣnew n GPRA ila iswi n useddukkel n Tegrawla akked usegrew n umɣiwan aɣelnaw" 8118: 7222: 7206: 7185: 7074: 6887: 6689: 6673: 6579: 6425: 6417: 6362: 6343: 6178: 6078: 5957: 5936: 5924: 5920: 5894: 5890: 5719: 5617: 5531: 5515: 5497: 5140: 4825: 4721: 4691: 4631: 4511: 4421: 4405: 4211: 4135: 3467: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3413: 3381: 3250: 3176: 3164: 2979: 2951: 2947: 2932: 2832: 2788: 2564: 2548: 2432: 2295: 2235:

would soon take control over the Maghreb. During the time of the Almohad Dynasty

1542: 1307: 1199: 1162: 1147: 1043: 960: 243: 233: 71: 43: 13952: 12896: 11614: 11293: 10305: 3295: 1978:

dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands.

1806:, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including 19805: 18739: 18724: 18664: 17899: 17884: 17799: 17552: 17458: 17420: 17405: 17389: 17136: 17120: 16630: 16619: 16405: 16161: 15845: 14915: 12337: 10780: 10450:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

8111: 7016: 6955: 6891: 6883: 6759: 6751: 6723: 6685: 6608: 6397: 6389: 6311: 6285: 6094: 6062: 6058: 6031:

estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020. There are about 290,000

6027: 5952: 5944: 5790: 5583: 5578: 5549: 5277: 5273: 5080:

Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high.

4919: 4541: 4271: 4151: 4061: 4022: 3767: 3749: 3733: 3607: 3471: 3409: 3353:

to climate change in Algeria. Algeria was ranked 46th of countries in the 2020

3346: 3319: 3018: 2997: 2887: 2720: 2666: 2571: 2525: 2444: 2380: 2279: 1819: 1566: 1438: 1132: 1080: 1019: 972: 964: 932: 885: 733: 488: 368: 302: 15160: 15134: 14658: 14641: 13702: 12728:"Bin Ali calls for reactivating Arab Maghreb Union, Tunisia-Maghreb, Politics" 10710: 10687: 9108: 8784: 8456:

Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité

6612:, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. This period had also known 5858:

of North Algeria. During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in 1960)

5173: 3887:

in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restrictions on

3857:

Algeria is the 90th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024

3549:

is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees.

3045:

was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil

1982:

provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the

20269: 20251: 20238: 19790: 19485: 18708: 17864: 17831: 17584: 17202: 16810: 15832: 15822: 15565: 15483:"Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia 4 volumes 0313376263, 9780313376269" 14667: 14552: 13725: 13623: 13606: 12975:"Algeria must stop crushing dissent by imprisoning journalists and activists" 12346: 12225:

Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194

12179: 12115:"Heatwaves are on the rise in Algeria due to climate change, says specialist" 10535: 10314: 8734: 8601:. Internet Archive. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. p. 16. 6840: 6828: 6677: 6625: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6303: 6125: 6090: 6051: 5969: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5447: 4435: 4075: 3884: 3876: 3646: 3526: 3239: 3196: 2943: 2796: 2690: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2340: 2039: 1983: 1975: 1943: 1899: 1780: 1538: 1488: 1458: 1328: 1116: 798: 383: 192: 179: 18382: 15841:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–653. 15196: 14911:"The Arab world in seven charts: Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?" 13859: 10544:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–384. 8716: 2180:

The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of

1665:

of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.

1095:, due mostly to its large petroleum and natural gas reserves, which are the 19662: 19622: 19612: 19435: 18481: 18049: 17894: 17879: 17874: 17854: 17839: 17539: 17246: 16920: 16910: 16714: 16171: 15853: 15799: 15641: 14682: 13816: 13699:"Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Algerian Program (English Version)" 12364: 9763: 8900: 8742: 8569: 7997: 7841:

https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025

6879: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6697: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6661: 6643: 6633: 6585: 6307: 6293: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6113: 6074: 5778: 5136: 4943:

will cost US$ 286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.

3973: 3741: 3602:, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the 3483: 3452: 3404: 3258: 2891: 2856: 2824: 2715: 2670: 2579: 2483: 2479: 1689: 1653: 1636: 1613: 1605: 1504: 1469: 1084: 992: 920: 845: 501: 254: 13830: 13559: 12672:"IPU PARLINE database: ALGERIA (Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani), Full text" 12086: 10969: 10419: 8835:

Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John Van Couvering; Alison S. Brooks (2004).

6646:

was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957, he was awarded the

6260:

and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

2638:, which ended the attacks on U.S. ships in 1815. A year later, a combined 2531:

In 1659, the Janissaries stationed in Algiers, also known commonly as the

2459:, almost the entire population. In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers, 1810:, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great 991:

in 1945 catalysed local resistance that culminated in the outbreak of the

20036: 19795: 19510: 19400: 18654: 18563: 18285: 17941: 17849: 17517: 17504: 17094: 16925: 16815: 15986: 15899: 15807: 15378:"Algerian novelist Ahlem Mosteghanemi designated UNESCO artist for peace" 14978:"Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It?" 12494: 12464: 11515:

A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York Review Books Classics)

11147: 9038:"Algeria's Roman Heritage – Roundtrips and Cultural Tours Penguin Travel" 8429:

Islam and the Métropole: A Case Study of Religion and Rhetoric in Algeria

7765:

Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today

7423:

Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today

6788: 6327: 5774: 5560: 5050: 3842:

In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49

3518: 3393: 3208: 3111: 2990: 2780: 2702: 2681: 2520: 2460: 2402: 2391: 2217: 2209: 2136: 2132: 1979: 1879: 1803: 1427: 1153: 1120: 944: 916: 912: 436: 421: 15325: 15229: 13751: 13086:"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" 8725: 7596:

Ethnically the population is made up of about 80% Arabic and 20% Berber.

5284:, in the western Algerian Sahara desert. There are also more than 4,000 4988: 3096:. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces. 1058:

is the official religion and practised by 99 percent of the population.

19672: 19642: 19570: 19560: 19530: 19520: 19475: 19425: 19415: 19263: 18456: 18372: 18028: 17869: 17859: 17844: 17722: 17001: 16905: 16870: 16855: 16840: 16795: 16729: 12144:

Sahnoune, F.; Belhamel, M.; Zelmat, M.; Kerbachi, R. (1 January 2013).

11777: 10004:. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization. 8 December 2004. 9874:

Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour

9690:

African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century

8865:"Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations" 8480:

Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979).

8368:

Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979).

7998:"Algeria | Flag, Capital, Population, Map, & Language | Britannica" 6711: 6637: 6629: 6323: 5798: 5696: 3903: 3851: 3565:

mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries.

3546: 3534: 3487: 3456: 3377: 3192: 3046: 2775: 2472: 2323: 2266: 2221: 2128: 2074: 1875: 1815: 1777: 1758: 1750: 1578: 1562: 1561:, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay 1546: 1419: 1408: 1331:

who settled in Algeria referred both to themselves and the peoples as "

881: 17634: 17078: 13198:"Wildfire Management Policies in Algeria: Present and Future Needs1,2" 13006:"Algérie : Dissolution du Snateg, le secrétaire général conteste" 12827:"Loi 14-06 relative au service national", JORADP 48, August, 10th 2014 11286:"Algeria (Djazaïria) historical demographic data of the whole country" 10529: 8637:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

6284:

is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were

5900: 5403: 5128: 5013:

reported that in 2005, Algeria had 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160

3276: 3204: 2908: 1431: 1393: 20211: 20206: 20166: 20141: 19495: 18547: 18036: 17806: 17490: 17370: 16860: 15978: 15896:

The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity

15759: 15417: 15415: 14336: 13923:"Western Sahara: Lack of Donor Funds Threatens Humanitarian Projects" 13028:"Le Snategs dénonce et décide de porter plainte | Le Matin d'Algérie" 6335: 6133: 6117: 6043: 5864: 5817: 5296: 5043: 3968: 3676: 3615: 3542: 3514: 3479: 3350: 2967: 2921: 2758: 2387: 2315: 2147: 2097: 1995: 1968: 1795: 1746: 1734: 1730: 1656:

was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous

1582: 1530: 1500: 1492: 1450: 1348: 1332: 1295: 1104: 984: 14947:"Young Arabs are Changing their Beliefs and Perceptions: New Survey" 14220: 13669:"Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier" 12379:"What's happening in Algeria… is it the "Arab spring"? (فراس صليبا)" 11686:

The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend

9812:

The Zīrids of Granada Andrew Handler University of Miami Press, 1974

9360:

Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing

8520:. Internet Archive. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press. p. 11. 8133:"ⵜⵉⵔⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⴽⵓⵡⴰⵢⵜ : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽⵜ" 6445: 5662: 3474:, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of 2989:, introduced some liberal economic reforms. He promoted a policy of 2630:

Attacks by Algerian pirates on American merchantmen resulted in the

1422:

techniques. Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called

20216: 20186: 19745: 19637: 19590: 19550: 19545: 19460: 19445: 18421: 17732: 17445: 16960: 16935: 16785: 16780: 16759: 16724: 16709: 16087: 16030: 15572: 14919: 13798: 12296: 10243:, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine 10224:, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine 10125:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

9370:

Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places

6947: 6906: 6870: 6603: 6571: 6355: 6351: 6297: 6066: 6036: 5855: 5820: 5809: 5120: 4950:

and a large hydrocarbon stabilisation fund. In addition, Algeria's

3642: 3569: 3455:, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. The 3171: 3114:. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old 2955: 2872: 2813: 2698: 2201: 2163: 2151: 2093: 2085: 2027: 2019: 2015: 1999: 1948: 1839: 1831: 1754: 1738: 1697: 1648: 1624: 1574: 1553: 1519:). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages. 1512: 1484: 1336: 1235: 793: 737: 122: 15412: 13639:"Italy and Spain Hold Talks to Head Off Tension Over Algerian Gas" 12556:"Algeria election: Fresh protests as Tebboune replaces Bouteflika" 12108: 12106: 12104: 10051:

Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities

9569:

History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa

9536:

History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa

6800:

stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.

6795:, one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema. 5646: 3958: 3222:(a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes 2471:. The threat was so severe that residents abandoned the island of 2406:

assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the

2200:

plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the

1693: 20201: 20196: 20176: 19652: 19627: 19617: 19580: 19565: 19535: 19455: 19420: 19405: 18537: 18527: 18501: 18486: 18461: 18446: 18416: 18411: 18004: 17957: 17818: 17747: 17727: 17702: 17667: 17652: 17527: 17453: 17415: 17379: 17335: 17309: 17167: 17146: 17115: 17073: 16945: 16915: 16900: 16885: 16875: 16865: 16830: 16825: 16775: 16744: 16719: 15375: 12702:"France offers compensation to victims sickened by nuclear tests" 12526:"Algeria's president Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns after 20 years" 11990:"Algeria parliament to meet on Tuesday to name interim president" 8913: 7119: 6942:, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba ( 6878:

different peoples and cultures. The Algerian cuisine is a mix of

6595: 6385: 6339: 6319: 6238: 6129: 6121: 5928: 5843: 5835: 5782: 5770: 5628: 5594: 5458: 5387: 5369: 5234: 5226: 5210: 3522: 3498: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3389: 3338: 3318:

Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has

3231: 3151: 3132:

became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the

2942:

Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (

2769: 2563:, although in 1730 the Regency was able to take control over the 2560: 2536: 2455:, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of 2436: 2359: 2205: 2193: 2120: 2116: 2035: 2007: 2003: 1960: 1928: 1916: 1843: 1766: 1715: 1685: 1661: 1657: 1644: 1588: 1570: 1558: 1446: 1423: 1314: 1299: 1263: 1051: 948: 924: 905: 893: 853: 841: 462: 316: 272: 171: 18677: 15531: 15382:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

14551:. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from 14104:

El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)

12228:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 8664:

Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution

8574:. Internet Archive. Chicago : Childrens Press. p. 33. 3972:). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its 3482:

regions of Algeria. Many animals are now extinct, including the

2478:

In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers under the command of

1619: 1526: 20191: 20146: 19740: 19667: 19657: 19525: 19515: 19490: 19480: 19440: 18532: 18441: 18436: 18071: 18059: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17962: 17752: 17717: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17672: 16970: 16955: 16950: 16890: 16845: 16805: 16699: 16678: 14772:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 105. 14705: 14239:

The majority of Algerians are Arab, but around 20% are Berbers.

13983:"Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés 2012" 13405:. Embassy of the United States Algiers, Algeria. Archived from 13262:"Algeria reclassification to upper middle income by World Bank" 12101: 9935:

Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque

8775: 7253:

The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not

6902: 6898: 6192: 5932: 5909: 5802: 5714: 5612: 5526: 5510: 5492: 5432: 5269:

or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.

5206: 5148: 5132: 5124: 5109: 5098: 4962:, despite several years of negotiations but is a member of the 3948: 3843: 3558: 3550: 3510: 3475: 3428: 3397: 3372: 3342: 3270: 3235: 3188: 3156: 3121:

On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after

2733: 2456: 2452: 2124: 2101: 2081: 2023: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1912: 1871: 1859: 1851: 1835: 1811: 1762: 1742: 1673: 1639:(modern-day Annaba, Algeria), located in the Roman province of 1516: 1508: 1496: 1473: 1412: 1070: 1015: 20306:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

18254: 17910: 15826: 15756:

Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects

15739:. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: 12143: 10688:"Vísindavefurinn: Hverjir stóðu raunverulega að Tyrkjaráninu?" 9074:. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. 8838:

Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition

7830:

https://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/Demographie_Algerienne2020_2023.pdf

7152: 6938:

Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the

3451:

population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the

2740:, Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865 2314:. They also besieged Tlemcen. In 1511, they took control over 2169: 1581:

more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of

1415:. Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of 20181: 20161: 20156: 20151: 19698: 19682: 19632: 19607: 19575: 19540: 19470: 19465: 19430: 19358: 19080: 18542: 18511: 18496: 18491: 18476: 18451: 18426: 18081: 18054: 18044: 17967: 17814: 17742: 17737: 17712: 17707: 17697: 17677: 17531: 17512: 17500: 17472: 17468: 17410: 17397: 17322: 17296: 17283: 17244: 17141: 16930: 16880: 16835: 16820: 16800: 16790: 16764: 16704: 15915:

Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation

15877:

A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry

14135:

Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation

14065:

Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation

12584:

Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution

11850:"That Was Then, This Is Now: The Battle of Algiers and After" 11384:

La démographie figurée de l'Algérie: étude statistique des...

10860:

Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1868).

10123:

Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in

8598:

Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation

8150: 7611:

Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation

7115: 6943: 6331: 6032: 6022: 5940: 5834:, constituting between 75% and 80% to 85% of the population. 5831: 5766: 5544: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5222: 5144: 3554: 3538: 3530: 3502: 3200: 2864: 2610: 2544: 2363: 2319: 2288: 2213: 2159: 2105: 2031: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1895: 1863: 1855: 1847: 1791: 1718: 1193: 1055: 1047: 869: 861: 266: 19372:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

15079:"Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie réduit à 7,94% en 2021" 14713:"Algeria expands English lessons to primary school students" 14633: 13776: 13172:"During Pandemic, Algeria Tightens Vise on Protest Movement" 7122:

are estimated to constitute between 15% and 20% to 24%. See

5960:

is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.

4996:

Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an

4970:, and has an association agreement with the European Union. 3788: 3517:. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens ( 3337:. Because a large part of the country is in already hot and 2974:

agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive.

2863:. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 2038:

established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries. The

1971:). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions. 20171: 19647: 19585: 19555: 19505: 19500: 19450: 18466: 18431: 18016: 17977: 17972: 16940: 16850: 16739: 7780:

Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%

7438:

Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%

7158: 7155: 6233: 6016: 5442: 5379: 5230: 5218: 4997: 3424: 3400:-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife. 3262: 2765: 2464: 2351: 2197: 2112: 2070: 1907:

made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily,

1680:. It was succeeded by another Kingdom based in Altava, the 1442: 1388: 1351:

independence, despite still being nominally subject to the

1128: 877: 15953:

Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation

15794:

Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria

14254:

The sands of Tamanrasset: the story of Charles de Foucauld

10913:

The Merchants of Oran: A Jewish Port at the Dawn of Empire

7238:

al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah

7149: 5185:

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Algeria:

5062: 3187:. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the 2463:, enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of 1894:

and many other Arab knights in a string of victories. The

1772: 1220:

al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah

52:

al-Jumhūriyatu l-Jazāʾiriyatu d-Dīmuqrāṭiyatu sh‑Shaʿbiyah

15634: 15354: 14419:

Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).

14296: 11562:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

7408:

More than three-fourths of the country is ethnically Arab

7140: 6594:

The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the

4959: 3875:

Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded

3506: 2606: 2555: 2540: 2216:

in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.

1882:

against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic

1783:

dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c. 960–1100

1437:

The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called

813: 20331:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

15737:

Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present

14329: 12897:"Venezuela's Chavez To Finalise Russian Submarines Deal" 12309: 11437: 10781:"Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?" 8958: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 6136:. The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge. 2139:

since the nomads would often loot their farms. The then

1592:

The lands which make up modern-day Algeria were part of

1302:

in 950. It was employed by medieval geographers such as

1249: 1239: 16673: 15664: 14879: 14877: 14827:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97. 14132:

Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022).

11781:

Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa

11318:

Modern Algeria: The Origins And Development of a Nation

9332:

Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil

7608:

Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022).

6197:

University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene

6177:

at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was

1347:

of Algeria as a state possessing all the attributes of

1018:

desert dominating most of the territory except for its

908:, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. 19:

This article is about the country. For other uses, see

11876:

98 Die in One of Algerian Civil War's Worst Massacres

8399:

Peaslee, Amos Jenkins; Xydis, Dorothy Peaslee (1974).

7460:

A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East

6950:

and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (

6350:

in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author

3007: 2208:

tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural

2204:

in the second half of the 12th century. The influx of

1672:

led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in

1290:, "islands of Bani Mazghanna"). The name was given by 1087:

in global affairs. The country has the second-highest

20035: 15376:

Honorary and Goodwill Ambassadors (20 January 2017).

14485:"Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique" 14250: 13604: 13313:"Members of the GAFTA – Greater Arab Free Trade Area" 12016:"Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune?" 10466:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

10186:

Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,

10153:

Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia: A Travel Survival Kit

9954:

Fage, John; Tordoff, with William (23 October 2013).

9907:

In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara

9379:

Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge

8997: 8861: 7552: 7176: 3645:

at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the

2291:

which they captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin.

2274:

of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors

1688:

its territory extended from the region of modern-day

1461:, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa. 14874: 14519:"La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie" 13060:"Algérie : Les droits des travailleurs bafoués" 12409:"Algeria – Country Profile – Nations Online Project" 10610:"The Mysteries and Majesties of the Aeolian Islands" 10297:

Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia del Arte

8828: 8547:. Internet Archive. New York, Praeger. p. 284. 7236: 7199: 7143: 7006: 2379:

succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The

2135:

for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the

1769:

and the few remaining died out in the 14th century.

1343:

in the regency, the Ottoman Turks shaped the modern

1218: 1176: 50: 15538:Amara, Mahfoud; Bouandel, Youcef (3 October 2022). 15475: 14061: 13752:"Algérie a atteint 40,4 millions d'habitants (ONS)" 13558:. Energy Information Administration. Archived from 13508:"Country Comparison: Natural Gas – Proved Reserves" 13248:"Algeria reclassified to upper middle income by WB" 12835: 12833: 12303: 12244:

Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

12085:. United States Library of Congress. Archived from 11314: 9065: 8783:. Journal of Archaeological Science. Archived from 8615: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7146: 7077:used by the vast majority of the population. Other 6971:Algeria has a long history in other sports such as 5151:of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural 3827:during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). 3179:

makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.

2909:

The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)

2689:Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the 2427:

Map of the Regency of Algiers in early 19th century

1874:seceded. To punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab 15825:; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur (1911). 15135:"Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie est de 21,3%" 14767: 14467: 14460:"Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization" 14402:"L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh" 14107:. Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444. 13532: 12730:. ArabicNews.com. 19 February 1999. Archived from 12240:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Algeria" 11778:Ussama Samir Makdisi; Paul A. Silverstein (2006). 11682: 11637: 11588:The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion 11188: 11151: 10494: 10398:the Spanish Enclaves in Morocco Par Robert Rezette 9429:Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 6958:are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians. 6846:, and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie 6164:literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015 5143:, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized 3912:has accused the Algerian authorities of using the 3557:are the predominant flora in the remainder of the 3420:and 2% with ownership listed as other or unknown. 3125:against his candidacy for a fifth term in office. 2660: 1890:asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero 1623:Roman inscription from Agueneb in the province of 1403:Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the 1294:after he established the city on the ruins of the 19854:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 19097:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 15821: 14576:The Contemporary Francophone African Intellectual 13860:"2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria" 13574: 13572: 13535:"Le temps des crapules – Tout sur l'Algérie" 12871:"The Nuclear Vault: The Algerian Nuclear Problem" 11833:. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from 11643: 11492:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 80. 10994:The Museum of foreign literature, science and art 10660: 10654: 8952: 7900:"Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index" 6688:, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, 5812:descendants deep into the 18th century, and even 3078:Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat 2807:During the late 19th and early 20th century, the 2543:" in 1671, and the right to select passed to the 1862:extending from Algeria to their capital state of 1373: 959:was established in 1516 as a largely independent 528:2,381,741 km (919,595 sq mi) ( 20336:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 20267: 16635: 15038: 14683:"The Politics of Language in Algerian Education" 14674: 14625:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 14567: 14482: 14271: 13887: 13885: 13854: 13852: 12830: 10990: 10119: 10117: 9866: 9864: 9651:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 9275:. Virtue. 1 April 1865 – via Google Books. 7565: 7329: 5823:descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued. 5213:in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the 3497:In the north, some of the native flora includes 3112:protests across the Middle East and North Africa 2835:, which saw the first large-scale deployment of 1533:(c. 238–148 BC), first king of Numidia 1355:. Algerian nationalist, historian and statesman 1030:in the world. Algeria's official languages are 935:. Its modern identity is rooted in centuries of 19138:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 15582:. Liverpool University Press. 1 December 2017. 15008:"Library of Congress Country Studies – Algeria" 14846: 14844: 14770:Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity 13426:Econostrum | Economic News in the Mediterranean 13422:"Turkey strengthens its investments in Algeria" 13373:"General presentation of Association Agreement" 12643: 12585: 11841: 11512: 11054:. New York, NY: NYRB Classics. pp. 29–30. 11049: 10758:"Turkish Invasion – Visit Westman Islands .com" 10711:"Vísindavefurinn: Hvað gerðist í Tyrkjaráninu?" 10520: 10518: 10443: 10441: 9620: 7690: 7332:"Algeria's Berbers protest for language rights" 7243:République algérienne démocratique et populaire 3333:, is expected to be among the most affected by 1600:, at its greatest extent since the fall of the 1225:République algérienne démocratique et populaire 14131: 13569: 13062:(in French). Human Rights Watch. 27 May 2014. 12784: 12646:"Algerian constitution الحـقــوق والحــرّيـات" 11537:Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). " 11460:France: Monarchy, Republic and Empire, 1814–70 10149: 10138:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 10048:Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001). 8991: 8686: 8684: 8633: 8567: 8509: 8507: 7607: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7307:. Apn-dz.org. 28 November 1996. Archived from 6964:is the most popular sport in the country. The 2812:colonized countries' path in central Asia and 2255:declared his independence and established the 20021: 19344: 18693: 18270: 17926: 17620: 17230: 16659: 16103: 15754:Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). 15604: 15537: 15324:. Mapping Contemporary Cinema. Archived from 15322:"Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema" 14768:Greenberg, Udi; A. Foster, Elizabeth (2023). 14753:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 2010. 14418: 14404:. Magharebia.com. 2 June 2006. Archived from 13882: 13864:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 13849: 13770: 12793:International Institute for Strategic Studies 11927:"Algeria Officially Lifts State of Emergency" 11283: 11230:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987 11079:. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). 10208: 10114: 10084:Louis Cibrario Libraire de Guillaumin et C.ie 9861: 9161: 9066:Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2001). 8459:(in French). Editions Bouchène. p. 139. 8357:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 7. 8346: 8344: 8168: 7871:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024" 7247: 6999:in Algeria manages sport-related activities. 6392:; founder of the Algerian school for painting 5868:. They were primarily of French, Spanish and 3242:; farther south, there is the Sahara desert. 3090:Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation 2494:. Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from 2401:, who assumed the position in 1544. He was a 1714:After negligible resistance from the locals, 1161:Different forms of the name Algeria include: 19874: 19133:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 17045:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 15224:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 15193:"Algeria | Ranking Web of Universities" 15045:. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 347. 14841: 14681:Allah, Abu Bakr Khaled Saad (20 July 2023). 14578:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 9. 14365:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews 14355: 13146:"Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?" 11647:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set 10554: 10515: 10492: 10438: 10384:(in Spanish). Impr. y fundición de M. Tello. 10227: 9680: 9560: 9527: 8914:Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). 8496:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8398: 8384:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8255:The spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan in Africa 6826: 6710:, the most widely read female writer in the 6358:(Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. 4977: 1725:conquered Algeria in the early 8th century. 1322: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1206:. The country's full name is officially the 818: 115: 98: 35: 19829: 17590:Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 15694: 14601:La Langue Française Dans le Monde 2019–2022 13275: 13273: 13271: 12440:"Algeria: The Enduring Failure of Politics" 11564:. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. 11559: 11374: 10859: 10803: 10447: 9953: 9425: 9423: 9408:Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events 9398:Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield 9170:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War" 8681: 8504: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7768:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201. 7566:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7443: 7426:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201. 6640:while staying in Algeria, and many others. 6474:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6338:while staying in Algeria. The works of the 3923: 3706:won 100, and the Muslim Brotherhood-linked 3004:(FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups. 1411:styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the 955:between the eighth and 15th centuries, the 20346:States and territories established in 1962 20028: 20014: 19842:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 19351: 19337: 18941:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 18700: 18686: 18307: 18277: 18263: 17933: 17919: 17627: 17613: 17237: 17223: 16666: 16652: 16110: 16096: 15221:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 14687:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 14562:Office national des statistiques d'Algérie 14039:"Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie" 13897:U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants 12642:Article 42 of the Algerian constitution – 12578: 12523: 11966:. African Economic Outlook. Archived from 11578: 11447:, ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023 11233:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. 10876: 10608:Povoledo, Elisabetta (26 September 2003). 8965:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. 8691:Sahnouni; et al. (14 December 2018). 8402:Constitutions of Nations: Volume I, Africa 8341: 8302: 8182:(in French). 22 April 2020. Archived from 7757: 7755: 7753: 7500:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 82. 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 6252:Modern Algerian literature, split between 6191:Even if some of them offer instruction in 6077:a number of prominent thinkers, including 3694:Parliamentary elections were last held in 3575: 3388:The varied vegetation of Algeria includes 3331:Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region 2371:. When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his 2224:tribes had become completely arid desert. 1700:and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east. 1111:is one of the largest in Africa, with the 158:Location of Algeria (dark green) 151: 18660:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees 17568:Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the 16020:web resources provided by GovPubs at the 15934:Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History 15555: 14657: 14639: 14100: 14044:. UNESCO. 2009. p. 9. Archived from 13806: 13622: 13003: 12778: 12354: 12336: 12169: 11898: 11784:. Indiana University Press. p. 160. 11353: 11321:. Indiana University Press. p. 103. 11114:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–93. 10804:Association, American Historical (1918). 10488: 10486: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10304: 10291:García, Luis Arciniega (1 January 1999). 10196:Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2 10140:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–104 10047: 9822:The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 9753:The Puffin History of the World: Volume 1 9719: 9621:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (2004). 9168:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1 April 1858). 9094: 9061: 9059: 8890: 8880: 8724: 8640:. University of Texas Press. p. 34. 8223:LLC, Forbidden Fruits (30 January 2013). 7382: 7380: 7378: 7050:Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016 6538:Learn how and when to remove this message 5127:, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and 2302:, and in 1509 after a bloody siege, they 2127:for their disruption and turbulency. The 1886:. In Al-Tāghrībāt the Amazigh Zirid Hero 1870:began to collapse when its governors the 17593:Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 17578:Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 16022:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 15850:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 15588:10.5949/liverpool/9781786940216.003.0011 14822: 14489:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde 14476: 14168:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. 14068:. Indiana University Press. p. 22. 13553:"Country Analysis Briefs – Algeria" 13268: 13004:Izouaouen, Noreddine (4 December 2017). 12112: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11226: 11074: 11052:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 10909: 10899:(in French). Imprimerie nationale. 1894. 10607: 10548: 10265: 10093: 10028:Populations Crises and Population Cycles 9870: 9647: 9420: 9167: 8690: 8452: 8058:"Africa: largest countries by area 2020" 7856: 7644:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. 7517: 6926: 6865: 6787: 6702: 6384: 6300:group in 1993 for his secularist views. 6232: 6156: 6007: 5899: 5757: 5265:, although some 1.5 million remain 5172: 5093: 4987: 4909: 3803:The military of Algeria consists of the 3787: 3770:have been an obstacle to tightening the 3723: 3663: 3585: 3371: 3294: 3284: 3275: 3170: 3150: 3029:claimed responsibility for many of them. 3017: 2931: 2867:and their dependents were killed by the 2774: 2732: 2680: 2615: 2519: 2508: 2422: 2350:In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers 2339: 2265: 2168: 2052: 1786: 1771: 1618: 1587: 1525: 1483:From their principal center of power at 1463: 1387: 1266:, which in turn derives from the Arabic 1262:Algeria's name derives from the city of 1146: 15979:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 15728: 15345: 15343: 15071: 14795:Migration and development co-operation. 14640:Maraf, Baya; Osam, Ulker Vanci (2023). 14573: 13833:. Library of Congress Country Studies. 13500: 13281:"Algeria: 2011 Article IV Consultation" 12972: 12785:Hackett, James, ed. (5 February 2008). 12606: 12437: 12259:"National Animals of African Countries" 12073: 12071: 11929:. CNN. 24 February 2011. Archived from 11752: 11517:. New York: NYRB Classics. p. 32. 11456: 11186: 11146: 11081:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies 10937:Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman 10877:algérienne, Société historique (1873). 10839:. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Ltd. 10462: 10394: 10339: 9983:The Maghreb Review: Majallat Al-Maghrib 9916:Edward Alexander Powell Century Company 9686: 9503:"Qantara – Les Almoravides (1056–1147)" 9001:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 8776:Sahnouni, Mohamed; de Heinzelin, Jean. 8486:. , Department of the Army. p. 23. 8479: 8425: 8367: 8296: 7750: 7480: 7357:"What Languages Are Spoken In Algeria?" 7297: 7271: 7227:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية 5077:d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle). 5063:Research and alternative energy sources 3883:issued a report regarding violation of 3881:Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor 3614:put loyalists in key posts, notably at 2779:The six historical Leaders of the FLN: 2443:in North Africa and other parts of the 2397:The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son 2247:Following their decisive defeat in the 1212:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية 1208:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 1014:. It has a semi-arid climate, with the 838:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 37:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية 32:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 20268: 15153: 15089:from the original on 12 September 2021 14975: 14757:from the original on 16 December 2013. 14457: 14422:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 14368:. State University of New York Press. 14361: 14300:Migration and Development Co-Operation 14261:from the original on 6 September 2015. 14161: 13732:from the original on 19 September 2011 13444: 11487: 11477:from the original on 6 September 2015. 11389:The figurative demographics of Algeria 11380: 11107: 10955: 10524: 10483: 10405: 10290: 10150:Crowther, Geoff; Finlay, Hugh (1992). 10008:from the original on 23 September 2019 9871:Meredith, Martin (11 September 2014). 9840: 9417:Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications, 9194: 9056: 8667:. Yale University Press. p. 127. 8660: 8540: 8513: 8453:Merouche, Lemnouar (15 October 2007). 8374:. , Department of the Army. p. 3. 8305:History of Ibn Khaldun – Volume 6 8284: 8251: 7790: 7788: 7637: 7456: 7375: 7079:Arabic dialects and minority languages 3435:, although it is not uncommon to spot 3214:Algeria lies mostly between latitudes 2358:, who operated successfully under the 999:in 1962. The country descended into a 951:population. Following a succession of 20009: 19332: 19090:Specialised agencies and institutions 18681: 18258: 17914: 17608: 17581:Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 17218: 16647: 16634: 16091: 16083:EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria 16074:Key Development Forecasts for Algeria 15463:from the original on 19 December 2023 15059:from the original on 6 September 2015 14927:from the original on 19 November 2020 14885:"Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer" 14680: 14317:from the original on 6 September 2015 14265: 14121:from the original on 20 October 2017. 14082:from the original on 6 September 2015 13989:from the original on 20 February 2013 13933:from the original on 12 December 2013 13870:from the original on 13 December 2013 13777:Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; 13458:from the original on 24 December 2013 13174:. Human Rights Watch. 29 April 2020. 13152:from the original on 19 November 2020 13096:from the original on 11 November 2016 12907:from the original on 12 February 2015 12851:from the original on 13 November 2013 12125:from the original on 6 September 2015 12026:from the original on 17 December 2021 11945: 11847: 11810: 11721: 11335:from the original on 6 September 2015 11001:from the original on 6 September 2015 10583:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 10557:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 10253:La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs 10246: 10136:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987). 10038:, Claire Russell and W. M. S. Russell 9593: 9285: 9132:The Middle East and North Africa 2003 8757:from the original on 22 November 2021 8621: 8594: 8568:Carpenter, Allan; Balow, Tom (1978). 8350: 8272:from the original on 16 December 2018 8112:Proclamación de la República argelina 8008:from the original on 17 November 2017 7954: 7942:from the original on 18 November 2018 7398:from the original on 22 December 2022 7205: 6342:family in pre-colonial times, and of 6035:in the M'zab Valley in the region of 5762:Some of Algeria's traditional clothes 5042:The Algerian national oil company is 4914:GDP per capita development in Algeria 3976:, which is usually the largest city. 3633:was planned to be in April 2019, but 3037:dominated the first of two rounds of 2613:, which they then abandoned in 1795. 2467:. Barbary pirates often attacked the 2312:semi-successful siege against Algiers 1251:Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant 1241:ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ 1091:in continental Africa and one of the 18839:Permanent Representatives' Committee 18594:Arab League–European Union relations 18065:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 17587:located between Egypt and the Sudan. 17575:Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 16117: 15340: 15246:from the original on 22 October 2023 15217: 15173:from the original on 4 February 2013 15166:. Office National des Statistiques. 15141:from the original on 21 October 2012 15042:International Vital Records Handbook 14988:from the original on 3 November 2022 14792:De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) 14735: 14439:from the original on 31 January 2023 14297:De Azevedo; Raimond Cagiano (1994). 13963:from the original on 6 December 2012 13893:"World Refugee Survey 2009: Algeria" 13758:from the original on 5 December 2013 13744: 13488:from the original on 29 January 2022 13383:from the original on 29 January 2022 13353:from the original on 29 January 2022 13323:from the original on 29 January 2022 12985:from the original on 2 February 2017 12954:from the original on 27 January 2013 12766:from the original on 5 November 2021 12708:from the original on 4 November 2016 12566:from the original on 17 January 2020 12419:from the original on 8 November 2019 12113:Benzerga, Mohamed (24 August 2015). 12068: 11907:from the original on 2 February 2014 11901:"Freedom in the World 2013: Algeria" 11753:Windrow, Martin (15 November 1997). 11595:from the original on 3 February 2023 11543:". Harvard University Press. p.323. 11425:from the original on 21 January 2021 11391:]. G. Masson. pp. 260–261. 10832: 10589:from the original on 8 February 2009 10426:from the original on 14 October 2012 10377: 10262:(1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner 9844:Africans: The History of a Continent 9725: 9687:Nanjira, Daniel Don (1 April 2010). 9457:from the original on 1 November 2013 9286:Field, Henry Martyn (1 April 1893). 9195:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). 8634:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (1 May 2011). 8329:from the original on 16 January 2013 8068:from the original on 9 February 2022 8038:from the original on 16 January 2024 7969:United Nations Development Programme 7054:Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language 7035: 6472:adding citations to reliable sources 6439: 5003:10th-largest reserves of natural gas 3819:. It is the direct successor of the 3764:Tensions between Algeria and Morocco 3713: 3661:who is also the head of government. 3470:are the sole native monkey. Snakes, 3049:between the Front's armed wing, the 3025:of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The 2220:noted that the lands ravaged by the 2212:of the Maghreb and in the spread of 1186: 1139:, of which it is a founding member. 20341:Member states of the United Nations 19360:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 19248:Single African Air Transport Market 19243:African Continental Free Trade Area 14891:from the original on 21 August 2023 14458:Dargin, Justin (19 November 2008). 13953:"Chinese Migrants in Algiers Clash" 13419: 13116:"2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria" 12973:Monitor, Euro-Med (December 2016). 12841:"Algeria buying military equipment" 12505:from the original on 4 January 2013 12475:from the original on 3 January 2013 12438:Ottaway, Marina (13 October 2021). 11615:"French 'Reparation' for Algerians" 10810:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 10661:Paul Auchterlonie (24 March 2012). 9624:Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614 9447:"Fatimid Dynasty (Islamic dynasty)" 8962:Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt 8595:Ruedy, John (John Douglas) (1992). 8290:al-Idrisi, Muhammad (12th century) 8222: 7785: 7226: 7189: 6770:and the last novel by Assia Djebar 6742:recent works, there is the writer, 6432:have been notable in recent years. 4968:African Continental Free Trade Area 3799:, designed and assembled in Algeria 3341:geographies, including part of the 3254: 3008:Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath 2859:began after the publication of the 2329: 2294:After several conflicts with local 1830:. It was during this time that the 1476:on the street leading to the local 1323: 1286: 1274: 1228: 1211: 1166: 116: 99: 36: 13: 20321:Member states of the African Union 17596:Disputed between Morocco and Spain 15652:from the original on 12 April 2021 15519:from the original on 28 March 2012 15409:. European Audiovisual Observatory 15195:. Webometrics.info. Archived from 15020:from the original on 19 March 2009 14953:. 31 December 2019. Archived from 14719:. Associated Press. 2 April 2024. 14693:from the original on 18 April 2024 14546:"Le dénombrement des francophones" 14382:from the original on 26 March 2023 14343:from the original on 21 April 2021 14276:. New York: Garland. p. 398. 14274:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia 13723: 13679:from the original on 14 April 2022 13649:from the original on 14 April 2022 13586:from the original on 8 August 2017 13533:Benchicou, Mohamed (27 May 2013). 13293:from the original on 11 March 2014 13126:from the original on 20 March 2020 13066:from the original on 21 April 2017 13040:from the original on 15 March 2018 12624:from the original on 23 March 2013 12465:"Still waiting for real democracy" 12256: 12046:"Earth from Space: Algerian sands" 11798:from the original on 16 April 2017 11703:from the original on 28 March 2024 11664:from the original on 26 March 2023 11625:from the original on 20 April 2010 11247:from the original on 28 March 2024 11128:from the original on 28 March 2024 10667:. Arabian Publishing. p. 21. 10644:Ohio State Research Communications 10563:from the original on 25 April 2011 10350:from the original on 28 March 2024 9734:from the original on 15 March 2023 9707:from the original on 15 March 2023 9575:from the original on 28 March 2024 9542:from the original on 28 March 2024 9294:from the original on 15 March 2023 9253:from the original on 15 March 2023 9215:from the original on 15 March 2023 9176:from the original on 15 March 2023 9149:from the original on 15 March 2023 9044:from the original on 22 April 2023 9018:from the original on 28 March 2024 8979:from the original on 28 March 2024 8940:from the original on 28 March 2024 8233:from the original on 28 March 2024 8151:"Ministère de l'Énergie | Algérie" 8130: 8088:"Defense Budget by Country (2024)" 7978:from the original on 13 March 2024 7962:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 7936:"GINI index (World Bank estimate)" 7761: 7586:from the original on 26 March 2023 7493: 7419: 7305:"Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11" 7279:"Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11" 7123: 5314:Largest cities or towns in Algeria 5292:migrant workers lived in Algeria. 4033: 3361: 2300:invaded and captured Mers el Kébir 1676:(modern-day Algeria) known as the 1660:who had been busy facilitating an 1426:(after the archaeological site of 652:$ 266.78 billion (2024 est.) ( 600:$ 768.52 billion, 2024 est.) ( 106:"By the people and for the people" 14: 20372: 20037:Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15) 19786:Economic Cooperation Organization 18707: 17635:Countries and territories of the 15972: 15712:from the original on 2 April 2024 15682:from the original on 2 April 2024 15672:"List Of Sports clubs in Algeria" 15622:from the original on 2 April 2024 15493:from the original on 2 April 2024 15433:from the original on 3 April 2023 15302:from the original on 20 June 2017 15272:. 28 October 2013. Archived from 14862:from the original on 10 June 2020 14856:United States Department of State 14723:from the original on 2 April 2024 14483:Leclerc, Jacques (5 April 2009). 14303:. Council of Europe. p. 25. 14162:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). 13837:from the original on 13 June 2011 13537:. Tsa-algerie.com. Archived from 13178:from the original on 23 July 2020 12877:from the original on 2 March 2013 12809:from the original on 25 July 2013 12682:from the original on 2 March 2021 12536:from the original on 2 April 2019 12524:Michaelson, Ruth (3 April 2019). 12389:from the original on 12 July 2021 12204:from the original on 10 June 2020 12056:from the original on 27 June 2023 11996:from the original on 7 April 2019 11856:from the original on 25 July 2013 11284:Lahmeyer, Jan (11 October 2003). 11195:. Yale University Press. p. 11031:from the original on 19 June 2017 10620:from the original on 22 July 2016 10555:Robert Davis (17 February 2011). 9668:from the original on 30 July 2023 9505:. Qantara-med.org. Archived from 9479:. Qantara-med.org. Archived from 9004:. Cengage Learning. p. 156. 8959:Christelle Fischer-Bovet (2014). 8816:from the original on 12 July 2012 8810:"Research at Ain Hanech, Algeria" 8514:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2006). 7638:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). 7457:Seddon, David (11 January 2013). 7025:Index of Algeria-related articles 6913:, recognized as a national dish. 5035:international reserves position. 5011:Energy Information Administration 5001:export earnings. Algeria has the 3708:Movement of the Society for Peace 3631:most recent presidential election 3593:, President of Algeria since 2019 3083:Bouteflika was re-elected in the 1729:dynasties emerged, including the 975:in 1848, though it was not fully 953:Islamic Arab and Berber dynasties 911:Inhabited by early man since the 20326:Member states of the Arab League 19313: 19312: 19163:African Union–Ethiopia relations 18844:Specialized Technical Committees 18381: 18306: 18297: 18296: 18090: 17361:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 17354: 17328: 17315: 17302: 17289: 17276: 17263: 17196: 17185: 17184: 16992:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 16969: 16750:Democratic Republic of the Congo 16063: 15505: 15445: 15392: 15388:from the original on 7 May 2017. 15369: 15314: 15288: 15258: 15211: 15185: 15127: 15101: 15032: 15000: 14969: 14939: 14903: 14816: 14786: 14761: 14592: 14538: 14511: 14451: 14412: 14394: 14362:Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). 14290: 14244: 14214: 14185: 14165:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 14155: 14125: 14094: 14055: 14031: 14019:from the original on 17 May 2021 14001: 13975: 13945: 13915: 13823: 13717: 13691: 13661: 13631: 13598: 13545: 13526: 13470: 13413: 13395: 13365: 13335: 13305: 13254: 13240: 13214: 13210:from the original on 4 May 2017. 13190: 13164: 13138: 13108: 13078: 13052: 13020: 12997: 12966: 12936: 12919: 12889: 12863: 12821: 12746: 12720: 12694: 12664: 12636: 12548: 12517: 12487: 12457: 12431: 12401: 12383:Lebanese Forces Official Website 12371: 12277: 12250: 12232: 12216: 12198:Climate Change Performance Index 12186: 12137: 12083:"Algeria : a country study" 12077: 12038: 12008: 11982: 11919: 11892: 11868: 11771: 11746: 11715: 11676: 11607: 11553: 11531: 11506: 11481: 11450: 11407: 11395:from the original on 13 May 2013 11347: 11308: 11292:. populstat.info. Archived from 11277: 11259: 11220: 11180: 11140: 11101: 11068: 11043: 11013: 10984: 10949: 10930: 10910:Schreier, Joshua (16 May 2017). 10903: 10887: 10870: 10853: 10826: 10814:from the original on 18 May 2024 10797: 10774: 10750: 10727: 10704: 10681: 10632: 10601: 10575: 10456: 10388: 10378:Vera, León Galindo y de (1884). 10371: 10362: 10333: 10284: 10189: 10170: 10143: 10130: 10087: 10068: 10041: 10020: 9990: 9974: 9947: 9928: 9919: 9900: 9891: 9648:Ilahiane, Hsain (17 July 2006). 9389:Historical Dictionary of Tunisia 8517:Historical dictionary of Algeria 8303:Abderahman, Abderrahman (1377). 8226:iAfrica – Ancient History UNTOLD 7641:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 7136: 7009: 6578: 6564: 6444: 6310:are noted for their thoughts on 5747: 5426: 5416: 5373: 5363: 5299:of up to the second generation. 5071: 3563:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 3355:Climate Change Performance Index 3085:April 2004 presidential election 2752:immigrants, who became known as 983:until 1903. French rule brought 710: 709: 667: 666: 648: 647: 615: 614: 596: 595: 131: 78: 64: 19996:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 18284: 17940: 17763:States with limited recognition 15735:Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). 15111:. Presse-dz.com. Archived from 15085:(in French). 8 September 2021. 11415:"Le rêve arabe de Napoléon III" 10833:Hutt, Graham (1 January 2019). 10448:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 10234:Recueil des Notices et Memoires 10215:Recueil des Notices et Memoires 10100:. Georgetown University Press. 9834: 9815: 9806: 9787: 9768: 9746: 9641: 9614: 9594:Baadj, Amar S. (19 June 2015). 9587: 9571:] (in French). pp. X. 9554: 9538:] (in French). p. XV. 9521: 9495: 9469: 9439: 9401: 9382: 9363: 9344: 9325: 9306: 9279: 9265: 9227: 9188: 9123: 9088: 9030: 8907: 8855: 8802: 8769: 8654: 8627: 8588: 8561: 8534: 8473: 8446: 8419: 8392: 8361: 8311: 8252:Bazina, Abdullah Salem (2010). 8245: 8216: 8198: 8143: 8124: 8105: 8080: 8050: 8020: 7990: 7928: 7892: 7845: 7834: 7823: 7661: 7631: 7601: 7413: 7216: 7129: 7108: 6966:Algerian national football team 6209:University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd 6153:List of universities in Algeria 5862:population who became known as 5854:in the southern desert and the 5816:was spoken at the same time by 5240: 3864: 2661:French colonization (1830–1962) 2390:and a contingent of some 2,000 20351:1962 establishments in Algeria 19766:Moro National Liberation Front 15423:"Culture, Traditions, Cuisine" 14251:Marion Mill Preminger (1961). 13726:"UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 12495:"The president and the police" 11757:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. 10156:. Lonely Planet Publications. 9847:. Cambridge University Press. 9351:The History of Northern Africa 8998:Jackson J. Spielvogel (2014). 8541:Julien, Charles André (1970). 7532:"Algeria - History Background" 7349: 7323: 7096: 7084: 7059: 7042: 6933:Algeria national football team 6873:, the national dish of Algeria 6836:Chronicle of the Years of Fire 6004:History of the Jews in Algeria 5828:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 3817:Territorial Air Defence Forces 3545:grow in the warmer areas. The 3211:(3,003 metres or 9,852 feet). 2915:History of Algeria (1962–1999) 2861:Declaration of 1 November 1954 2827:before being liberated by the 2057:Territories controlled by the 1703: 1449:between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. 1374:Prehistory and ancient history 1: 20356:1962 establishments in Africa 19295:United States of Latin Africa 18989:Rural Economy and Agriculture 18766:Organisation of African Unity 18589:Arab League monitors in Syria 17245:Countries and territories of 15796:. Princeton University Press. 15642:"Global Sports Industry Data" 15557:10.1080/14660970.2022.2108241 15298:. French Publishers' Agency. 14224:Extremisms in Africa Volume 2 11540:A history of the Arab peoples 11075:Schaller, Dominik J. (2010). 10916:. Stanford University Press. 10420:"Algeria – Ottoman Rule" 10401:. Nouvelles Editions Latines. 10097:Islam, a Concise Introduction 9998:"The Great Mosque of Tlemcen" 9944:Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni 9841:Iliffe, John (13 July 2017). 9728:"An Atlas of African History" 9072:The Cambridge Ancient History 8661:Coller, Ian (20 March 2020). 8229:. Forbidden Fruit Books LLC. 7536:education.stateuniversity.com 6993:competed in the Olympic Games 6435: 3754:European Neighbourhood Policy 3301:Köppen climate classification 2903:self-determination referendum 2249:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1384:North Africa during Antiquity 1054:forming a sizeable minority. 563:19/km (49.2/sq mi) ( 19152:United States military bases 19148:United States Africa Command 16636:Articles relating to Algeria 15997:Portal of the First Ministry 15987:Portal of the First Ministry 15489:. 10 June 2005. p. 17. 15353:. Khadda.com. Archived from 14805:. Council of Europe. p. 25. 14227:. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 14062:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). 13582:. Global Footprint Network. 12171:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.145 11992:. Al Jazeera. 6 April 2019. 11315:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). 10614:International Herald Tribune 9726:Fage, J. D. (1 April 1958). 8882:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397 7497:FT World Desk Reference 2005 7264: 6997:Ministry of Youth and Sports 6772:nowhere in my father's House 6264:of the 20th century include 6142: 5893:are the official languages. 5875: 5846:region east of Algiers, the 5318:According to the 2008 Census 5162: 5023: cu ft) of proven 4964:Greater Arab Free Trade Area 3720:Foreign relations of Algeria 3704:National Rally for Democracy 3529:) and some deciduous trees. 3167:compose the Algerian relief. 3140: 3094:referendum in September 2005 2646:fleet, under the command of 2492:raiding and capturing slaves 1816:Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) 1565:, which extended across the 1257: 1194: 1103:in the world, respectively. 1008:tenth-largest nation by area 7: 18979:HR, Sciences and Technology 18630:Economic and Social Council 16012:Central Intelligence Agency 15982:Official government website 15398:Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014) 14976:Bheria (17 February 2022). 13831:"Algeria – Population" 13403:"Doing Business in Algeria" 13012:(in French). Archived from 11689:. Peter Lang. p. 179. 11683:Abdelkader Aoudjit (2010). 11488:Fisher, Michael H. (2014). 11354:Sowerwine, Charles (2018). 10997:. E. Littell. p. 231. 10306:10.5944/etfvii.12.1999.2343 7910:Central Intelligence Agency 7879:International Monetary Fund 7806:Central Intelligence Agency 7733:Central Intelligence Agency 7330:Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian. 7237: 7200: 7104:English language in Algeria 7065:The official languages are 7002: 6087:Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem 5983: 5931:. Kabyle has a significant 5736:Bordj Bou Arréridj Province 5272:Between 90,000 and 165,000 5209:in the extreme east to the 5119:, the first capital of the 4958:Algeria has not joined the 3942:Algeria is divided into 58 3777: 3748:Algeria is included in the 3675:The Algerian parliament is 3443:. Algeria also has a small 3273:are Algeria's main cities. 3105:2009 presidential elections 2952:portions of western Algeria 2158:region, arriving 1051. The 2123:nomad tribes expelled from 1692:in the west to the western 1280: 1268: 1219: 1177: 1093:largest economies in Africa 1024:tenth-most populous country 937:Arab Muslim migration waves 51: 10: 20377: 19233:African Economic Community 19038:Peace and Security Council 18745:African and Malagasy Union 17346:Partially recognized state 16350:People's National Assembly 16167:Nationalism and resistance 16069:Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria 15875:Laouisset, Djamel (2009). 15779:Cambridge University Press 15773:Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). 14823:F. Nyrop, Richard (1972). 14521:. Senat.fr. Archived from 12845:United Press International 12338:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 11831:"Country Profile: Algeria" 11644:Kevin Shillington (2013). 11490:Migration: A World History 11463:. Hodder & Stoughton. 11360:. Bloomsbury. p. 37. 11227:Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002). 11021:"Background Note: Algeria" 9236:The Encyclopedia Americana 8351:Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). 7092:French language in Algeria 6920: 6859: 6855: 6781: 6549: 6373: 6288:, later vice-president of 6226: 6222: 6146: 6104: 5993: 5987: 5968:. It can be regarded as a 5966:Algeria's colonial history 5879: 5850:of Northeast Algeria, the 5751: 5415: 5362: 5305: 5250: 5244: 5166: 5087: 5083: 5007:sixth-largest gas exporter 4984:Mining industry of Algeria 4981: 4918:Algeria's currency is the 4903: 4899: 4032: 3927: 3868: 3781: 3717: 3681:People's National Assembly 3670:People's National Assembly 3579: 3365: 3345:, already strong heat and 3288: 3238:landscape ending with the 3144: 3092:, which was approved in a 3011: 2912: 2674: 2664: 2333: 2073:and included territory in 1931:coast of Africa, Tihamah, 1707: 1377: 1366: 1362: 1240: 1063:semi-presidential republic 1044:Algerian dialect of Arabic 1028:32nd-most populous country 896:; and to the north by the 619:$ 16,483 (2024 est.) ( 443:People's National Assembly 335:semi-presidential republic 18: 20129: 20043: 19992: 19939: 19867: 19822: 19774: 19754: 19714: 19707: 19691: 19393: 19384: 19367: 19308: 19277: 19256: 19208: 19171: 19158:United States ambassadors 19118: 19109: 19089: 19036: 19010: 18974:Social Affairs and Health 18969:Infrastructure and Energy 18949: 18931: 18903: 18870: 18852: 18829: 18820: 18787: 18715: 18650: 18607: 18576: 18556: 18520: 18397: 18390: 18379: 18320: 18292: 18204: 18164: 18099: 18088: 17948: 17830: 17784: 17761: 17643: 17565: 17548: 17526: 17499: 17467: 17444: 17396: 17378: 17369: 17344: 17253: 17180: 17160: 17129: 17108: 17087: 17066: 17055: 17039: 17023: 17010: 16978: 16967: 16685: 16675:Countries and territories 16641: 16592: 16518: 16470: 16461: 16391: 16382: 16298: 16289: 16219: 16210: 16129: 15804:The Wretched of the Earth 15792:Christelow, Allan (1985) 15612:"Recreations and Leisure" 15266:"Global Innovation Index" 15039:Kemp, Thomas Jay (2009). 14825:Area Handbook for Morocco 14659:10.1017/S026607842200013X 14574:Edwards, Natalie (2013). 14337:"Constitution of Algeria" 14272:Cook, Bernard A. (2001). 14101:De Epalza, Mikel (2011). 13510:. Cia.gov. Archived from 13228:(in French). 24 July 2024 12927:"2024 Global Peace Index" 12788:The Military Balance 2008 12618:Freedom in the World 2013 11650:. Routledge. p. 60. 10991:Littell, Eliakim (1836). 10340:MARIANA, Juan de (1849). 9742:– via Google Books. 9715:– via Google Books. 9676:– via Google Books. 9610:– via Google Books. 9302:– via Google Books. 9261:– via Google Books. 9239:. Grolier. 1 April 1990. 9223:– via Google Books. 9184:– via Google Books. 9157:– via Google Books. 9109:10.1017/S0263718900007810 8841:. Routledge. p. 32. 8812:. Stoneageinstitute.org. 8432:. Peter Lang. p. 2. 8354:Area Handbook for Algeria 8028:"Algeria – Colonial rule" 7463:. Routledge. p. 39. 7073:. Algerian Arabic is the 6991:. Algerian athletes have 6946:variant). Playing cards, 6916: 6827: 6777: 6648:Nobel Prize in literature 6100: 5253:List of cities in Algeria 4978:Oil and natural resources 4948:foreign currency reserves 3938:Municipalities of Algeria 3625:The head of state is the 3327:Climate change in Algeria 3027:Armed Islamic Group (GIA) 2985:Boumédienne's successor, 2869:National Liberation Front 2853:Sétif and Guelma massacre 2184:where they encircled the 1596:(The empire in 555 under 1539:Revolt of the Mercenaries 1154:Civitates Orbis Terrarium 989:Sétif and Guelma massacre 819: 804: 792: 780: 770: 762: 744: 729: 699: 679: 671:$ 5,722 (2024 est.) ( 660: 641: 627: 608: 589: 571: 557: 543: 536: 522: 515: 511: 498: 485: 472: 459: 455: 448: 433: 418: 408: 404: 389: 374: 359: 344: 340: 327: 315: 287: 253: 239: 229: 208: 164: 150: 110: 94: 60: 30: 19837:Abuja Declaration (1989) 19731:Central African Republic 18933:African Court of Justice 18730:Decolonisation of Africa 16735:Central African Republic 15938:Cornell University Press 15932:Stora, Benjamin (2001). 15919:Indiana University Press 15802:(1966; 2005 paperback). 15453:"The Cuisine of Algeria" 15218:WIPO (30 October 2023). 14747:Global Religious Futures 14425:. Multilingual Matters. 13624:10.3390/resources7030058 11755:The Algerian War 1954–62 11728:. Viking Press. p. 11722:Horne, Alistair (1978). 11513:Horne, Alistair (2006). 11050:Horne, Alistair (2006). 11025:U.S. Department of State 10883:(in French). La Société. 10756:Etravel Travel service. 10452:. ABC-CLIO. p. 847. 10395:Rézette, Robert (1976). 9794:Vers la paix en Algérie: 9273:"The art journal London" 9068:"Vandal Africa, 429–533" 8483:Algeria, a Country Study 8371:Algeria, a Country Study 8258:(in Arabic). Al Manhal. 8117:28 February 2021 at the 7819:(Archived 2021 edition.) 7746:(Archived 2013 edition.) 7126:for further information. 7071:Standard Algerian Berber 6556:List of Algerian writers 6396:Algerian painters, like 6369: 5906:University of Tizi Ouzou 5754:Ethnic groups in Algeria 5005:in the world and is the 4992:Pipelines across Algeria 3924:Administrative divisions 3821:National Liberation Army 3698:. In the elections, the 3572:, and numerous insects. 2447:. In 1544, for example, 1380:Prehistoric North Africa 1012:largest nation in Africa 985:mass European settlement 100:بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ 21:Algeria (disambiguation) 20281:North African countries 19300:East African Federation 19290:United States of Africa 19028:African Investment Bank 16152:Medieval Muslim Algeria 15838:Encyclopædia Britannica 15513:"Sports and recreation" 15427:Encyclopedia Britannica 15405:3 February 2016 at the 14351:– via Wikisource. 14193:"Algeria Ethnic Groups" 11457:Randell, Keith (1986). 11443:Alexis de Tocqueville, 11085:Oxford University Press 10786:6 February 2015 at the 10769:visitwestmanislands.com 10763:6 February 2015 at the 10739:6 February 2015 at the 10734:"Turkish invasion walk" 10716:6 February 2015 at the 10693:6 February 2015 at the 10541:Encyclopædia Britannica 10531:"Barbary Pirates" 10463:Houtsma, M. Th (1993). 10094:Robinson, Neal (1999). 9451:Encyclopædia Britannica 8717:10.1126/science.aau0008 7669:"Algeria Ethnic Groups" 7207:[al.d͡ʒazaːʔir] 6839:(1975), two Oscars for 6793:Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina 6217:Global Innovation Index 5686:Sidi Bel Abbès Province 5247:Demographics of Algeria 5117:Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad 3871:Human rights in Algeria 3833:second-largest military 3679:; the lower house, the 3576:Government and politics 3035:Islamic Salvation Front 3002:Islamic Salvation Front 2958:in 1963. Ben Bella was 2919:The number of European 2701:proportions. Historian 2685:Battle of Somah in 1836 2451:captured the island of 2084:only controlled modern 2034:empires as well as the 2026:dynasties. Both of the 1710:Medieval Muslim Algeria 1585:in the 2nd century BC. 1441:(located mainly in the 1335:". Acting as a central 1250: 1142: 1089:Human Development Index 997:gained its independence 209:Official languages 16:Country in North Africa 19726:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19596:Pakistan-OIC relations 19011:Financial institutions 19002:Cross-Cutting Programs 18905:Pan-African Parliament 18060:North Syria Federation 17663:Bosnia and Herzegovina 15894:Roberts, Hugh (2003). 15083:Algérie presse service 13899:. 2009. Archived from 13754:. ons. 17 April 2013. 13452:"OPEC Bulletin 8-9/12" 13120:US Department of State 12944:"Freedom in the World" 12290:10 August 2018 at the 11108:Jalata, Asafa (2016). 10526:Hannay, David McDowall 10501:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9877:. Simon and Schuster. 9290:. C. Scribner's Sons. 8916:"Berbers in Antiquity" 7494:DK (27 January 2005). 7242: 7211: 7081:are spoken regionally. 7067:Modern Standard Arabic 6935: 6874: 6796: 6756:the oath of barbarians 6715: 6393: 6380: 6249: 6237:Algerian musicians in 6201:University of Mentouri 6165: 6073:Algeria has given the 6019: 5917: 5887:Modern Standard Arabic 5763: 5182: 5101: 4993: 4955:hydrocarbon revenues. 4915: 4038: 3809:Algerian National Navy 3805:People's National Army 3800: 3745: 3672: 3594: 3385: 3335:climate change impacts 3304: 3281: 3180: 3168: 3099:In November 2008, the 3059:Air France Flight 8969 3030: 2939: 2841:North African campaign 2804: 2741: 2686: 2624: 2621:Bombardment of Algiers 2528: 2517: 2428: 2386:gave him the title of 2347: 2275: 2177: 2061: 1799: 1784: 1684:. During the reign of 1627: 1609: 1594:Byzantine North Africa 1552:In 146 BC the city of 1534: 1480: 1451:Neolithic civilization 1396: 1357:Ahmed Tewfik El Madani 1281:Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna 1224: 1203: 1158: 1151:"Algeria" page in the 1113:highest defence budget 1083:in North Africa and a 840:, is a country in the 104:"Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb" 20316:Member states of OPEC 19051:African Standby Force 19023:African Monetary Fund 18584:Arab Peace Initiative 18364:Joint Defence Council 17795:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 17788:and other territories 16896:São Tomé and Príncipe 16755:Republic of the Congo 16313:Council of the Nation 16078:International Futures 15992:24 March 2024 at the 15254:– via wipo.int. 14800:29 April 2023 at the 14743:"Religion in Algeria" 12644:Algerian Government. 12586:Algerian government. 12317:Nature Communications 12020:The Africa Report.com 11725:A Savage War of Peace 11381:Ricoux, René (1880). 11290:Population Statistics 11271:20 March 2019 at the 11187:Kiernan, Ben (2007). 11160:Yale University Press 10970:10.1353/cul.2005.0008 10942:26 March 2023 at the 10493:Robert Davis (2003). 10239:26 March 2023 at the 10201:26 March 2023 at the 10182:26 March 2023 at the 10080:26 March 2023 at the 9827:26 March 2023 at the 9758:26 March 2023 at the 9561:Khaldūn, Ibn (1852). 9528:Khaldūn, Ibn (1852). 9394:26 March 2023 at the 9375:26 March 2023 at the 9356:26 March 2023 at the 9318:26 March 2023 at the 8426:Hardman, Ben (2009). 8210:Algeria Press Service 8137:Algeria Press Service 7124:Algeria#Ethnic groups 6930: 6869: 6849:The Battle of Algiers 6791: 6744:the swallows of Kabul 6706: 6388: 6290:Amnesty International 6236: 6186:University of Algiers 6160: 6011: 5903: 5761: 5282:Sahrawi refugee camps 5195:Algiers-Lagos Highway 5176: 5115:in Algeria including 5097: 4991: 4913: 4037: 3791: 3727: 3685:Council of the Nation 3667: 3655:High Security Council 3610:, previous president 3589: 3561:. Algeria had a 2018 3375: 3298: 3285:Climate and hydrology 3279: 3174: 3154: 3134:presidential election 3101:Algerian Constitution 3043:High Council of State 3039:legislative elections 3033:In December 1991 the 3021: 2950:. Morocco's claim to 2935: 2927:Oran massacre of 1962 2823:, Algeria came under 2778: 2736: 2727:Alexis de Tocqueville 2684: 2619: 2582:bombarded Algiers in 2523: 2512: 2426: 2343: 2269: 2172: 2056: 1790: 1776:Fatimid Caliphate, a 1775: 1622: 1591: 1529: 1467: 1391: 1246:Berber Latin alphabet 1150: 1046:. Most Algerians are 428:Council of the Nation 19848:OIC Resolution 10/11 19801:Non-Aligned Movement 19678:United Arab Emirates 19018:African Central Bank 18507:United Arab Emirates 18077:United Arab Emirates 15936:. Ithaca, New York: 15913:Ruedy, John (1992). 15729:General bibliography 15648:. 12 February 2020. 15544:Soccer & Society 14957:on 24 September 2020 14408:on 16 February 2011. 13929:. 5 September 2007. 13484:. 13 November 2021. 13409:on 28 December 2012. 12901:Agence France-Presse 12652:on 14 September 2012 12562:. 13 December 2019. 12200:. 28 November 2019. 12022:. 17 December 2019. 11881:23 June 2017 at the 11837:on 13 December 2010. 11560:Baten, Jörg (2016). 10277:6 April 2023 at the 9940:5 April 2023 at the 9912:9 April 2023 at the 9799:5 April 2023 at the 9780:9 April 2023 at the 9509:on 21 September 2013 9413:3 April 2023 at the 9337:5 April 2023 at the 9172:. Chapman and Hall. 9135:. Psychology Press. 8405:. BRILL. p. 3. 7762:DK (1 August 2016). 7420:DK (1 August 2016). 7388:"Algeria – Drainage" 6468:improve this section 6149:Education in Algeria 6083:Abdelhamid Ben Badis 6048:Christian population 6000:Early African Church 5908:in three languages: 5882:Languages of Algeria 5795:Sub-Saharan Africans 5482:Constantine Province 5286:Palestinian refugees 5215:Trans-Sahara Highway 5169:Transport in Algeria 5159:, a mountain range. 5113:World Heritage Sites 5056:ecological footprint 5029:16th in oil reserves 5025:natural gas reserves 3934:Districts of Algeria 3930:Provinces of Algeria 3889:freedom of the press 3730:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 3651:Council of Ministers 3639:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 3627:President of Algeria 3591:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 3191:. To the north, the 3147:Geography of Algeria 3130:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 3070:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 2449:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2356:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2345:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2253:Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan 2186:Qalaa of Banu Hammad 1670:Western Roman Empire 1668:The collapse of the 1602:Western Roman Empire 1495:presence existed at 848:. It is bordered to 545:• 2024 estimate 354:Abdelmadjid Tebboune 20361:Countries in Africa 20248: / 19927:Arab–Islamic (2023) 19376:Hissein Brahim Taha 17585:Unclaimed territory 17152:Plazas de soberanía 17056:African territories 16996:unclear sovereignty 16981:States with limited 16172:War of Independence 15810:. ASIN B0007FW4AW, 15276:on 2 September 2021 15230:10.34667/tind.46596 15115:on 15 November 2012 14751:Pew Research Center 14558:on 12 October 2013. 14138:. Springer Nature. 13420:Dubessy, Frédéric. 13226:La Nouvelle Tribune 13090:The Washington Post 12762:. 2 November 2021. 12734:on 25 November 2001 12329:2020NatCo..11.5978G 12300:. 25 February 2011. 12265:on 25 February 2014 12162:2013EnPro..36.1286S 11621:. 6 December 2007. 10422:. Country Studies. 10321:on 14 November 2022 10299:(in Spanish) (12). 10258:26 May 2023 at the 10220:18 May 2023 at the 10034:27 May 2013 at the 9957:A History of Africa 9654:. Scarecrow Press. 9341:Zakya Daoud Séguier 9288:"The Barbary Coast" 8709:2018Sci...362.1297S 8703:(6420): 1297–1301. 8092:globalfirepower.com 7614:. Springer Nature. 6764:memory of the flesh 6552:Algerian literature 6410:Abdelkhader Houamel 6213:University of Batna 6013:Hassan Pasha Mosque 5990:Religion in Algeria 5702:Mostaganem Province 5190:Cairo-Dakar Highway 5179:Cairo–Dakar Highway 5153:World Heritage Site 3784:Military of Algeria 3766:in relation to the 3635:widespread protests 3582:Politics of Algeria 3368:Wildlife of Algeria 3185:Mediterranean Basin 3051:Armed Islamic Group 2881:concentration camps 2785:Mostefa Ben Boulaïd 2708:conquest of Algeria 2677:French North Africa 2636:Second Barbary Wars 2410:who were led by an 2373:invasion of Tlemcen 1678:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 1598:Justinian the Great 1341:political authority 1026:in Africa, and the 1003:from 1992 to 2002. 943:and the subsequent 941:the seventh century 230:National vernacular 189: / 20286:Maghrebi countries 19269:African Border Day 18984:Trade and Industry 18959:Peace and Security 18951:ECOSOCC Committees 18885:Deputy Chairperson 18184:Metropolitan areas 17486:Wadi Halfa Salient 17436:Vélez de la Gomera 17060:non-African states 16434:Telecommunications 16051:on 9 December 2016 16007:The World Factbook 15957:Ashgate Publishing 15429:. 12 August 1998. 15199:on 8 February 2014 15137:. Algerie-dz.com. 14982:The Muslim Skeptic 14525:on 1 December 2008 14499:on 24 January 2010 14464:The New York Times 14257:. Hawthorn Books. 13779:Paracchini, Silvia 13705:on 1 November 2016 13033:Le Matin d'Algérie 12979:Euro-Mediterranean 12089:on 15 January 2013 12079:Metz, Helen Chapin 11887:The New York Times 11848:Prochaska, David. 11445:Travels in Algeria 10002:MuslimHeritage.com 9201:. Read Books Ltd. 7905:The World Factbook 7801:The World Factbook 7728:The World Factbook 7030:Outline of Algeria 6936: 6875: 6797: 6768:Ahlam Mosteghanemi 6716: 6708:Ahlam Mosteghanemi 6614:Augustine of Hippo 6394: 6316:Augustine of Hippo 6278:Ahlam Mosteghanemi 6250: 6243:Regency of Algiers 6229:Culture of Algeria 6205:University of Oran 6166: 6020: 5978:English in Algeria 5918: 5842:, who live in the 5764: 5731:Bordj Bou Arréridj 5183: 5108:There are several 5102: 5090:Tourism in Algeria 4994: 4916: 4906:Economy of Algeria 4706:Bordj Baji Mokhtar 4166:Bordj Bou Arréridj 4039: 3910:Human Rights Watch 3859:Global Peace Index 3813:Algerian Air Force 3801: 3772:Arab Maghreb Union 3746: 3673: 3657:. He appoints the 3595: 3386: 3305: 3291:Climate of Algeria 3282: 3181: 3169: 3128:In December 2019, 3116:state of emergency 3055:civilian massacres 3031: 3014:Algerian Civil War 2960:overthrown in 1965 2940: 2901:and the July 1962 2805: 2742: 2687: 2625: 2529: 2518: 2429: 2369:Regency of Algiers 2348: 2336:Regency of Algiers 2276: 2257:Kingdom of Tlemcen 2178: 2062: 1892:Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī 1800: 1785: 1635:was the bishop of 1628: 1610: 1535: 1481: 1417:Middle Paleolithic 1397: 1369:History of Algeria 1345:political identity 1304:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1159: 1137:Arab Maghreb Union 957:Regency of Algiers 900:. The capital and 637:2024 estimate 585:2024 estimate 476:Regency of Algiers 393:Assembly President 255:Ethnic groups 20291:Saharan countries 20231: 20230: 20225: 20224: 20003: 20002: 19935: 19934: 19863: 19862: 19818: 19817: 19814: 19813: 19326: 19325: 19204: 19203: 19128:Foreign relations 19105: 19104: 19056:Panel of the Wise 18964:Political Affairs 18834:Executive Council 18777:Secretary General 18755:Sirte Declaration 18675: 18674: 18599:Foreign relations 18572: 18571: 18252: 18251: 17908: 17907: 17637:Mediterranean Sea 17602: 17601: 17561: 17560: 17212: 17211: 17176: 17175: 17051: 17050: 16771:Equatorial Guinea 16628: 16627: 16588: 16587: 16495:List of Algerians 16457: 16456: 16378: 16377: 16360:Political parties 16323:Foreign relations 16285: 16284: 16144:Classical period 16038:Algeria Atlas Map 15946:978-0-8014-3715-1 15927:978-0-253-34998-9 15908:978-1-85984-684-1 15889:978-1-61761-190-2 15879:. New York City: 15870:978-1-59017-218-6 15862:978-0-670-61964-1 15816:978-0-8021-4132-3 15787:978-0-521-30150-3 15768:978-0-415-34848-5 15749:978-0-86543-266-6 15678:. 15 March 2024. 15597:978-1-78694-021-6 15351:"Mohammed Khadda" 15052:978-0-8063-1793-9 14585:978-1-4438-5121-3 14432:978-1-84769-011-1 14375:978-1-4384-2393-7 14283:978-0-8153-4057-7 14234:978-0-6399928-3-9 14175:978-0-8108-7919-5 14145:978-3-030-89324-8 14114:978-84-370-8415-2 14013:citypopulation.de 13959:. 4 August 2009. 13903:on 12 August 2014 13787:Am. J. Hum. Genet 13675:. 11 April 2022. 13645:. 12 April 2022. 13541:on 11 March 2014. 13016:on 15 March 2018. 12802:978-1-85743-461-3 12620:. Freedom House. 12413:nationsonline.org 12385:. 12 April 2019. 11903:. Freedom House. 11889:. 30 August 1997. 11791:978-0-253-34655-1 11739:978-0-670-61964-1 11657:978-1-135-45670-2 11524:978-1-59017-218-6 11470:978-0-340-51805-2 11357:France since 1870 11328:978-0-253-21782-0 11240:978-0-521-52432-2 11206:978-0-300-10098-3 11173:978-0-300-10098-3 11121:978-1-137-55234-1 11094:978-0-19-923211-6 11061:978-1-59017-218-6 10958:Cultural Critique 10923:978-1-5036-0216-8 10846:978-1-84623-883-3 10674:978-0-9571060-8-6 10508:978-0-333-71966-4 10476:978-90-04-09790-2 10163:978-0-86442-126-5 10107:978-0-87840-224-3 10061:978-81-87746-05-8 10054:. Global Vision. 9967:978-1-317-79727-2 9884:978-1-4711-3546-0 9854:978-1-107-19832-6 9483:on 9 October 2013 9435:978-0-521-19697-0 9198:The Kabyle People 9081:978-0-521-32591-2 9011:978-1-285-98299-1 8972:978-1-107-00775-8 8933:978-0-631-20767-2 8848:978-1-135-58228-9 8674:978-0-300-24953-8 8647:978-0-292-74505-6 8608:978-0-253-34998-9 8581:978-0-516-04551-1 8554:978-0-7100-6614-5 8527:978-0-8108-5340-9 8466:978-2-35676-055-5 8439:978-1-4331-0271-4 8412:978-90-247-1681-4 8292:Nuzhat al-Mushtaq 8155:www.energy.gov.dz 7971:. 13 March 2024. 7804:(2024 ed.). 7775:978-0-241-28679-1 7731:(2024 ed.). 7651:978-0-8108-7919-5 7621:978-3-030-89324-8 7579:978-3-658-11633-0 7507:978-1-4053-6726-4 7470:978-1-135-35561-6 7433:978-0-241-28679-1 7235: 7198: 7069:and, since 2016, 7036:Explanatory notes 6987:and the study of 6784:Cinema of Algeria 6622:Martianus Capella 6548: 6547: 6540: 6522: 6430:M'hamed Issiakhem 6414:M'hamed Issiakhem 6330:, though born in 6296:, murdered by an 6203:Constantine, and 6107:Health in Algeria 6057:According to the 6044:European ancestry 5744: 5743: 5203:East-West Highway 4897: 4896: 3918:social distancing 3914:COVID-19 pandemic 3714:Foreign relations 3418:private ownership 3066:elections in 1999 2964:Houari Boumédiène 2937:Houari Boumediene 2651:bombarded Algiers 2486:sailed as far as 2284:Emirate of Bejaia 1905:Fatimid Caliphate 1888:Khālīfā Al-Zānatī 1868:Fatimid caliphate 1808:Judah Ibn Quraysh 1723:Umayyad Caliphate 1682:Kingdom of Altava 1292:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1217: 1192: 1175: 1109:Algerian military 995:in 1954. Algeria 969:invaded by France 913:Pleistocene Epoch 898:Mediterranean Sea 836:, officially the 831: 830: 662:• Per capita 610:• Per capita 378:Council President 240:Foreign languages 142: 20368: 20263: 20262: 20260: 20259: 20258: 20253: 20249: 20246: 20245: 20244: 20241: 20030: 20023: 20016: 20007: 20006: 19872: 19871: 19827: 19826: 19712: 19711: 19391: 19390: 19353: 19346: 19339: 19330: 19329: 19316: 19315: 19228:Development Bank 19116: 19115: 18998:Women and Gender 18994:Economic Affairs 18923:Gallagher Estate 18827: 18826: 18735:Casablanca Group 18702: 18695: 18688: 18679: 18678: 18395: 18394: 18385: 18310: 18309: 18300: 18299: 18279: 18272: 18265: 18256: 18255: 18139:Modern conflicts 18094: 17935: 17928: 17921: 17912: 17911: 17823: 17811: 17803: 17645:Sovereign states 17629: 17622: 17615: 17606: 17605: 17481:Hala'ib Triangle 17376: 17375: 17359: 17358: 17334: 17332: 17331: 17321: 17319: 17318: 17308: 17306: 17305: 17295: 17293: 17292: 17282: 17280: 17279: 17269: 17267: 17266: 17255:Sovereign states 17239: 17232: 17225: 17216: 17215: 17200: 17188: 17187: 17064: 17063: 17021: 17020: 16973: 16767:(partly in Asia) 16687:Sovereign states 16668: 16661: 16654: 16645: 16644: 16632: 16631: 16608: 16601: 16468: 16467: 16409: 16389: 16388: 16296: 16295: 16252: 16217: 16216: 16177:1965 coup d'état 16147: 16112: 16105: 16098: 16089: 16088: 16067: 16066: 16060: 16058: 16056: 16050: 16043: 15842: 15830: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15717: 15698: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15687: 15668: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15657: 15638: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15608: 15602: 15601: 15576: 15570: 15569: 15559: 15535: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15524: 15509: 15503: 15502: 15500: 15498: 15479: 15473: 15472: 15470: 15468: 15459:. 13 June 2019. 15449: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15438: 15419: 15410: 15396: 15390: 15389: 15373: 15367: 15366: 15364: 15362: 15347: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15333: 15328:on 11 March 2014 15318: 15312: 15311: 15309: 15307: 15292: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15270:INSEAD Knowledge 15262: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15251: 15215: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15204: 15189: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15172: 15165: 15157: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15131: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15105: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15094: 15075: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15064: 15036: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15025: 15019: 15012: 15004: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14973: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14962: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14923:. 23 June 2019. 14907: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14896: 14881: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14848: 14839: 14838: 14820: 14814: 14790: 14784: 14783: 14765: 14759: 14758: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14661: 14637: 14631: 14630: 14624: 14616: 14614: 14612: 14606: 14596: 14590: 14589: 14571: 14565: 14559: 14557: 14550: 14542: 14536: 14534: 14532: 14530: 14515: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14504: 14495:. Archived from 14493:Université Laval 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14466:. Archived from 14455: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14444: 14416: 14410: 14409: 14398: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14359: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14348: 14333: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14322: 14294: 14288: 14287: 14269: 14263: 14262: 14248: 14242: 14241: 14218: 14212: 14211: 14205: 14203: 14189: 14183: 14182: 14159: 14153: 14152: 14129: 14123: 14122: 14098: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14051:on 25 July 2013. 14050: 14043: 14035: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14024: 14005: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13994: 13979: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13949: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13919: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13889: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13875: 13856: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13827: 13821: 13820: 13810: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13748: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13737: 13721: 13715: 13714: 13712: 13710: 13701:. Archived from 13695: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13684: 13665: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13654: 13635: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13602: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13591: 13580:"Country Trends" 13576: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13557: 13549: 13543: 13542: 13530: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13504: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13474: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13463: 13448: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13432:on 23 April 2022 13428:. Archived from 13417: 13411: 13410: 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13339: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13309: 13303: 13302: 13300: 13298: 13292: 13285: 13277: 13266: 13265: 13258: 13252: 13251: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13202: 13194: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13148:. 24 June 2019. 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13101: 13092:. 16 June 2016. 13082: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13071: 13056: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13024: 13018: 13017: 13010:Maghreb Emergent 13001: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12959: 12940: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12923: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12912: 12903:. 14 June 2007. 12893: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12837: 12828: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12724: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12698: 12692: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12648:. Archived from 12640: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12610: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12594:on 22 April 2012 12590:. Archived from 12582: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12358: 12340: 12307: 12301: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12261:. Archived from 12254: 12248: 12247: 12236: 12230: 12229: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12173: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12110: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12075: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12042: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12012: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11970:on 26 March 2013 11960: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11896: 11890: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11827: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11719: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11557: 11551: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11454: 11448: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11281: 11275: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11224: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11194: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11157: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11072: 11066: 11065: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11017: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10953: 10947: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10801: 10795: 10778: 10772: 10754: 10748: 10731: 10725: 10708: 10702: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10650:on 25 July 2011. 10646:. Archived from 10636: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10533: 10522: 10513: 10512: 10500: 10490: 10481: 10480: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10445: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10416: 10403: 10402: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10375: 10369: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10317:. Archived from 10308: 10288: 10282: 10269: 10263: 10250: 10244: 10231: 10225: 10212: 10206: 10193: 10187: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10147: 10141: 10134: 10128: 10121: 10112: 10111: 10091: 10085: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10045: 10039: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10013: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9951: 9945: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9917: 9904: 9898: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9868: 9859: 9858: 9838: 9832: 9819: 9813: 9810: 9804: 9791: 9785: 9775:Revue africaine: 9772: 9766: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9443: 9437: 9427: 9418: 9405: 9399: 9386: 9380: 9367: 9361: 9348: 9342: 9329: 9323: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9269: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9063: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8894: 8884: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8789: 8782: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8728: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8495: 8487: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8383: 8375: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8348: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8186:on 14 March 2021 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8128: 8122: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7966: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7912:. Archived from 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7867: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7792: 7783: 7782: 7759: 7748: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7719: 7688: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7563: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7542: 7528: 7515: 7514: 7491: 7478: 7477: 7454: 7441: 7440: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7384: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7275: 7258: 7251: 7245: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7220: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7133: 7127: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7063: 7057: 7046: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7012: 6923:Sport in Algeria 6862:Algerian cuisine 6832: 6831: 6825:Algeria won the 6720:Rachid Boudjedra 6658:Algerian trilogy 6636:, who wrote the 6618:Nonius Marcellus 6582: 6568: 6543: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6480: 6448: 6440: 6376:Media of Algeria 6262:Famous novelists 6175:Algiers Province 5996:Islam in Algeria 5787:Byzantine Greeks 5634:Ouargla Province 5600:Tlemcen Province 5464:El Oued Province 5430: 5420: 5409:Tébessa Province 5393:Algiers Province 5377: 5367: 5315: 5303: 5302: 5027:. It also ranks 5019: 5018: 3983: 3982: 3837:are a close ally 3815:(QJJ), plus the 3738:Dmitriy Medvedev 3468:Barbary macaques 3414:public ownership 3256: 3247:Hoggar Mountains 3161:Hoggar Mountains 2987:Chadli Bendjedid 2899:Evian agreements 2877:severe reprisals 2821:Second World War 2801:Larbi Ben M'Hidi 2793:Mohammed Boudiaf 2695:captured Algiers 2600:Knights of Malta 2576:invasion in 1775 2516:, Dey of Algiers 2514:Baba Ali Chaouch 2469:Balearic Islands 2330:Early modern era 2310:, and leading a 2308:in a large siege 2272:Zayyanid kingdom 2261:Zayyanid dynasty 2241:Almoravid Empire 2190:Hammadid Emirate 2188:(capital of the 2174:Mansourah Mosque 2066:Rustamid Kingdom 1822:, and the Emirs 1326: 1325: 1319:Watan el djazâïr 1289: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1253: 1243: 1242: 1230: 1222: 1216:romanized: 1215: 1213: 1197: 1191:romanized: 1190: 1188: 1180: 1170: 1168: 1001:bloody civil war 973:formally annexed 929:Byzantine Greeks 824: 823: 753: 720: 719: 713: 712: 706: 695: 694: 686: 670: 669: 651: 650: 634: 618: 617: 599: 598: 582: 549:46,700,000 ( 399:Ibrahim Boughali 204: 203: 201: 200: 199: 194: 193:36.700°N 3.217°E 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 167:and largest city 155: 144: 143: 119: 118: 102: 101: 82: 68: 55: 54: 47: 39: 38: 28: 27: 20376: 20375: 20371: 20370: 20369: 20367: 20366: 20365: 20266: 20265: 20256: 20254: 20250: 20247: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20235: 20234: 20232: 20227: 20226: 20221: 20125: 20039: 20034: 20004: 19999: 19988: 19931: 19859: 19810: 19779: 19777: 19770: 19759: 19757: 19750: 19736:Northern Cyprus 19719: 19718:and territories 19717: 19703: 19687: 19380: 19363: 19357: 19327: 19322: 19304: 19273: 19252: 19200: 19167: 19101: 19085: 19032: 19006: 18945: 18927: 18899: 18866: 18848: 18816: 18783: 18711: 18706: 18676: 18671: 18646: 18603: 18568: 18552: 18516: 18386: 18377: 18316: 18288: 18283: 18253: 18248: 18200: 18160: 18095: 18086: 18011:Northern Cyprus 17983:Iraqi Kurdistan 17944: 17939: 17909: 17904: 17890:Sea of Sardinia 17826: 17821: 17809: 17797: 17780: 17771:Northern Cyprus 17757: 17639: 17633: 17603: 17598: 17557: 17544: 17522: 17495: 17463: 17440: 17392: 17365: 17353: 17340: 17329: 17327: 17316: 17314: 17303: 17301: 17290: 17288: 17277: 17275: 17264: 17262: 17249: 17243: 17213: 17208: 17172: 17156: 17125: 17104: 17100:Pelagie Islands 17083: 17059: 17057: 17047: 17035: 17017: 17014: 17006: 16985: 16982: 16974: 16965: 16681: 16672: 16637: 16629: 16624: 16611: 16604: 16597: 16584: 16514: 16500:Public holidays 16453: 16407: 16396:Bank of Algeria 16374: 16340:Law enforcement 16281: 16250: 16249:Municipalities 16206: 16145: 16125: 16116: 16064: 16054: 16052: 16048: 16041: 16035: 16027:Algeria profile 15994:Wayback Machine 15975: 15970: 15917:. Bloomington: 15881:Nova Publishers 15846:Horne, Alistair 15828:"Algeria" 15731: 15726: 15725: 15715: 15713: 15700: 15699: 15695: 15685: 15683: 15670: 15669: 15665: 15655: 15653: 15640: 15639: 15635: 15625: 15623: 15610: 15609: 15605: 15598: 15578: 15577: 15573: 15536: 15532: 15522: 15520: 15511: 15510: 15506: 15496: 15494: 15481: 15480: 15476: 15466: 15464: 15451: 15450: 15446: 15436: 15434: 15421: 15420: 15413: 15407:Wayback Machine 15397: 15393: 15374: 15370: 15360: 15358: 15357:on 2 April 2013 15349: 15348: 15341: 15331: 15329: 15320: 15319: 15315: 15305: 15303: 15294: 15293: 15289: 15279: 15277: 15264: 15263: 15259: 15249: 15247: 15240: 15216: 15212: 15202: 15200: 15191: 15190: 15186: 15176: 15174: 15170: 15163: 15159: 15158: 15154: 15144: 15142: 15133: 15132: 15128: 15118: 15116: 15107: 15106: 15102: 15092: 15090: 15077: 15076: 15072: 15062: 15060: 15053: 15037: 15033: 15023: 15021: 15017: 15010: 15006: 15005: 15001: 14991: 14989: 14974: 14970: 14960: 14958: 14945: 14944: 14940: 14930: 14928: 14909: 14908: 14904: 14894: 14892: 14883: 14882: 14875: 14865: 14863: 14850: 14849: 14842: 14835: 14821: 14817: 14802:Wayback Machine 14791: 14787: 14780: 14766: 14762: 14741: 14740: 14736: 14726: 14724: 14711: 14710: 14706: 14696: 14694: 14679: 14675: 14638: 14634: 14618: 14617: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14586: 14572: 14568: 14555: 14548: 14544: 14543: 14539: 14528: 14526: 14517: 14516: 14512: 14502: 14500: 14481: 14477: 14472:on 10 May 2013. 14456: 14452: 14442: 14440: 14433: 14417: 14413: 14400: 14399: 14395: 14385: 14383: 14376: 14360: 14356: 14346: 14344: 14335: 14334: 14330: 14320: 14318: 14311: 14295: 14291: 14284: 14270: 14266: 14249: 14245: 14235: 14219: 14215: 14201: 14199: 14191: 14190: 14186: 14176: 14160: 14156: 14146: 14130: 14126: 14115: 14099: 14095: 14085: 14083: 14076: 14060: 14056: 14048: 14041: 14037: 14036: 14032: 14022: 14020: 14007: 14006: 14002: 13992: 13990: 13981: 13980: 13976: 13966: 13964: 13951: 13950: 13946: 13936: 13934: 13921: 13920: 13916: 13906: 13904: 13891: 13890: 13883: 13873: 13871: 13858: 13857: 13850: 13840: 13838: 13829: 13828: 13824: 13775: 13771: 13761: 13759: 13750: 13749: 13745: 13735: 13733: 13722: 13718: 13708: 13706: 13697: 13696: 13692: 13682: 13680: 13667: 13666: 13662: 13652: 13650: 13637: 13636: 13632: 13603: 13599: 13589: 13587: 13578: 13577: 13570: 13565:on 31 May 2013. 13562: 13555: 13551: 13550: 13546: 13531: 13527: 13517: 13515: 13514:on 7 March 2017 13506: 13505: 13501: 13491: 13489: 13476: 13475: 13471: 13461: 13459: 13450: 13449: 13445: 13435: 13433: 13418: 13414: 13401: 13400: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13371: 13370: 13366: 13356: 13354: 13341: 13340: 13336: 13326: 13324: 13311: 13310: 13306: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13283: 13279: 13278: 13269: 13260: 13259: 13255: 13246: 13245: 13241: 13231: 13229: 13220: 13219: 13215: 13207: 13200: 13196: 13195: 13191: 13181: 13179: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13155: 13153: 13144: 13143: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13114: 13113: 13109: 13099: 13097: 13084: 13083: 13079: 13069: 13067: 13058: 13057: 13053: 13043: 13041: 13026: 13025: 13021: 13002: 12998: 12988: 12986: 12971: 12967: 12957: 12955: 12942: 12941: 12937: 12929: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12910: 12908: 12895: 12894: 12890: 12880: 12878: 12869: 12868: 12864: 12854: 12852: 12839: 12838: 12831: 12826: 12822: 12812: 12810: 12803: 12783: 12779: 12769: 12767: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12737: 12735: 12726: 12725: 12721: 12711: 12709: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12685: 12683: 12676:archive.ipu.org 12670: 12669: 12665: 12655: 12653: 12641: 12637: 12627: 12625: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12597: 12595: 12583: 12579: 12569: 12567: 12554: 12553: 12549: 12539: 12537: 12522: 12518: 12508: 12506: 12493: 12492: 12488: 12478: 12476: 12471:. 12 May 2012. 12463: 12462: 12458: 12448: 12446: 12436: 12432: 12422: 12420: 12407: 12406: 12402: 12392: 12390: 12377: 12376: 12372: 12308: 12304: 12292:Wayback Machine 12282: 12278: 12268: 12266: 12255: 12251: 12238: 12237: 12233: 12222: 12221: 12217: 12207: 12205: 12192: 12191: 12187: 12150:Energy Procedia 12142: 12138: 12128: 12126: 12111: 12102: 12092: 12090: 12076: 12069: 12059: 12057: 12044: 12043: 12039: 12029: 12027: 12014: 12013: 12009: 11999: 11997: 11988: 11987: 11983: 11973: 11971: 11962: 11961: 11946: 11936: 11934: 11933:on 1 March 2011 11925: 11924: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11899:Freedom House. 11897: 11893: 11883:Wayback Machine 11873: 11869: 11859: 11857: 11852:. p. 141. 11846: 11842: 11829: 11828: 11811: 11801: 11799: 11792: 11776: 11772: 11765: 11751: 11747: 11740: 11720: 11716: 11706: 11704: 11697: 11681: 11677: 11667: 11665: 11658: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11626: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11583: 11579: 11572: 11558: 11554: 11536: 11532: 11525: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11486: 11482: 11471: 11455: 11451: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11426: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11396: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11352: 11348: 11338: 11336: 11329: 11313: 11309: 11299: 11297: 11296:on 18 July 2012 11282: 11278: 11273:Wayback Machine 11264: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11241: 11225: 11221: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11185: 11181: 11174: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11122: 11106: 11102: 11095: 11087:. p. 356. 11073: 11069: 11062: 11048: 11044: 11034: 11032: 11019: 11018: 11014: 11004: 11002: 10989: 10985: 10954: 10950: 10944:Wayback Machine 10935: 10931: 10924: 10908: 10904: 10893: 10892: 10888: 10880:Revue africaine 10875: 10871: 10858: 10854: 10847: 10831: 10827: 10817: 10815: 10802: 10798: 10792:Vísindavefurinn 10788:Wayback Machine 10779: 10775: 10765:Wayback Machine 10755: 10751: 10741:Wayback Machine 10732: 10728: 10722:Vísindavefurinn 10718:Wayback Machine 10709: 10705: 10699:Vísindavefurinn 10695:Wayback Machine 10686: 10682: 10675: 10659: 10655: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10623: 10621: 10606: 10602: 10592: 10590: 10581: 10580: 10576: 10566: 10564: 10553: 10549: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10461: 10457: 10446: 10439: 10429: 10427: 10418: 10417: 10406: 10393: 10389: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10289: 10285: 10279:Wayback Machine 10270: 10266: 10260:Wayback Machine 10251: 10247: 10241:Wayback Machine 10232: 10228: 10222:Wayback Machine 10213: 10209: 10203:Wayback Machine 10194: 10190: 10184:Wayback Machine 10175: 10171: 10164: 10148: 10144: 10135: 10131: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10092: 10088: 10082:Wayback Machine 10073: 10069: 10062: 10046: 10042: 10036:Wayback Machine 10025: 10021: 10011: 10009: 9996: 9995: 9991: 9980: 9979: 9975: 9968: 9952: 9948: 9942:Wayback Machine 9933: 9929: 9924: 9920: 9914:Wayback Machine 9905: 9901: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9839: 9835: 9829:Wayback Machine 9820: 9816: 9811: 9807: 9801:Wayback Machine 9792: 9788: 9782:Wayback Machine 9773: 9769: 9760:Wayback Machine 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9724: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9701: 9685: 9681: 9671: 9669: 9662: 9646: 9642: 9635: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9559: 9555: 9545: 9543: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9460: 9458: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9428: 9421: 9415:Wayback Machine 9406: 9402: 9396:Wayback Machine 9387: 9383: 9377:Wayback Machine 9368: 9364: 9358:Wayback Machine 9349: 9345: 9339:Wayback Machine 9330: 9326: 9320:Wayback Machine 9311: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9284: 9280: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9256: 9254: 9247: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9179: 9177: 9166: 9162: 9152: 9150: 9143: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9064: 9057: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9021: 9019: 9012: 8996: 8992: 8982: 8980: 8973: 8957: 8953: 8943: 8941: 8934: 8924:Wiley-Blackwell 8912: 8908: 8875:(1): e1002397. 8860: 8856: 8849: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8758: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8659: 8655: 8648: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8512: 8505: 8489: 8488: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8397: 8393: 8377: 8376: 8366: 8362: 8349: 8342: 8332: 8330: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8301: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8266: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8221: 8217: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8129: 8125: 8119:Wayback Machine 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7943: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7917: 7916:on 13 June 2007 7898: 7897: 7893: 7883: 7881: 7869: 7868: 7857: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7824: 7810: 7808: 7794: 7793: 7786: 7776: 7760: 7751: 7737: 7735: 7721: 7720: 7691: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7636: 7632: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7589: 7587: 7580: 7564: 7553: 7540: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7518: 7508: 7492: 7481: 7471: 7455: 7444: 7434: 7418: 7414: 7401: 7399: 7386: 7385: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7311:on 25 July 2013 7303: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7285:on 18 July 2012 7277: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7252: 7248: 7221: 7217: 7178: 7167: 7166: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7075:spoken language 7064: 7060: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7015: 7010: 7008: 7005: 6925: 6919: 6864: 6858: 6818:Outside the Law 6786: 6780: 6690:Mouloud Mammeri 6674:Mouloud Feraoun 6592: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6558: 6550:Main articles: 6544: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6481: 6479: 6465: 6449: 6438: 6426:Mohammed Khadda 6418:Mohammed Khadda 6383: 6378: 6372: 6363:Algerian cinema 6344:Emir Abdelkader 6231: 6225: 6211:in Tlemcen and 6179:Djelfa Province 6155: 6147:Main articles: 6145: 6109: 6103: 6079:Emir Abdelkader 6006: 5992: 5986: 5958:Algerian Arabic 5895:Algerian Arabic 5884: 5878: 5769:and indigenous 5756: 5750: 5745: 5720:Biskra Province 5668:Béchar Province 5618:Djelfa Province 5566:Béjaïa Province 5532:Tiaret Province 5516:Annaba Province 5498:Skikda Province 5431: 5425: 5421: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5171: 5165: 5157:Tassili n'Ajjer 5092: 5086: 5074: 5065: 5016: 5014: 4986: 4980: 4908: 4902: 3940: 3928:Main articles: 3926: 3904:BBC News Arabic 3873: 3867: 3811:(MRA), and the 3797:-class corvette 3786: 3780: 3722: 3716: 3600:Mohamed Mediène 3584: 3578: 3478:throughout the 3472:monitor lizards 3461:national animal 3449:Saharan cheetah 3445:African leopard 3408:reported to be 3382:national animal 3370: 3364: 3362:Fauna and flora 3359: 3358: 3299:Algeria map of 3293: 3287: 3195:forms with the 3177:Algerian Desert 3165:Atlas Mountains 3149: 3143: 3016: 3010: 2980:1973 oil crisis 2948:Ahmed Ben Bella 2917: 2911: 2837:American troops 2833:Operation Torch 2789:Mourad Didouche 2738:Emir Abdelkader 2679: 2673: 2665:Main articles: 2663: 2655:French conquest 2565:Kingdom of Kuku 2549:Beylik of Tunis 2433:Barbary pirates 2338: 2332: 2322:, and attacked 2296:Barbary pirates 2282:, although the 1834:or children of 1712: 1706: 1643:. The Germanic 1633:Saint Augustine 1543:First Punic War 1455:Tassili n'Ajjer 1392:Roman ruins at 1386: 1378:Main articles: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1308:Yaqut al-Hamawi 1287:جزائر بني مزغنة 1260: 1183:Algerian Arabic 1145: 961:tributary state 827: 748: 717: 716: 715: 704: 692: 691: 690: 684: 663: 644: 632: 611: 592: 576: 560: 546: 525: 504: 491: 478: 465: 439: 424: 395: 380: 365: 350: 311: 291: 283: 259: 246: 234:Algerian Arabic 225: 197: 195: 191: 188: 183: 180: 178: 176: 175: 174: 168: 160: 159: 146: 145: 132: 128: 126: 120: 105: 103: 90: 89: 88: 83: 75: 74: 69: 56: 49: 48: 41: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20374: 20364: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20296:Arab republics 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20229: 20228: 20223: 20222: 20220: 20219: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20199: 20194: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20149: 20144: 20139: 20133: 20131: 20127: 20126: 20124: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20047: 20045: 20041: 20040: 20033: 20032: 20025: 20018: 20010: 20001: 20000: 19998: 19997: 19993: 19990: 19989: 19987: 19986: 19981: 19979:Largest cities 19976: 19971: 19970: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19957:GDP per capita 19954: 19943: 19941: 19937: 19936: 19933: 19932: 19930: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19878: 19876: 19869: 19865: 19864: 19861: 19860: 19858: 19857: 19851: 19845: 19839: 19833: 19831: 19824: 19820: 19819: 19816: 19815: 19812: 19811: 19809: 19808: 19806:United Nations 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19782: 19780: 19775: 19772: 19771: 19769: 19768: 19762: 19760: 19755: 19752: 19751: 19749: 19748: 19743: 19738: 19733: 19728: 19722: 19720: 19715: 19709: 19705: 19704: 19702: 19701: 19695: 19693: 19689: 19688: 19686: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19397: 19395: 19388: 19382: 19381: 19379: 19378: 19368: 19365: 19364: 19356: 19355: 19348: 19341: 19333: 19324: 19323: 19321: 19320: 19309: 19306: 19305: 19303: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19281: 19279: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19271: 19266: 19260: 19258: 19254: 19253: 19251: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19225: 19214: 19212: 19206: 19205: 19202: 19201: 19199: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19177: 19175: 19169: 19168: 19166: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19119: 19113: 19107: 19106: 19103: 19102: 19100: 19099: 19093: 19091: 19087: 19086: 19084: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19042: 19040: 19034: 19033: 19031: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19014: 19012: 19008: 19007: 19005: 19004: 18999: 18996: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18955: 18953: 18947: 18946: 18944: 18943: 18937: 18935: 18929: 18928: 18926: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18909: 18907: 18901: 18900: 18898: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18876: 18874: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18864: 18858: 18856: 18850: 18849: 18847: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18830: 18824: 18818: 18817: 18815: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18802:Extreme points 18799: 18793: 18791: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18781: 18780: 18779: 18774: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18740:Monrovia Group 18737: 18732: 18727: 18725:Pan-Africanism 18721: 18719: 18713: 18712: 18705: 18704: 18697: 18690: 18682: 18673: 18672: 18670: 18669: 18668: 18667: 18665:Pan Arab Games 18657: 18651: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18633: 18632: 18627: 18617: 18611: 18609: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18580: 18578: 18574: 18573: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18566: 18560: 18558: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18524: 18522: 18518: 18517: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18403: 18401: 18392: 18388: 18387: 18380: 18378: 18376: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18326: 18324: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18314: 18304: 18293: 18290: 18289: 18282: 18281: 18274: 18267: 18259: 18250: 18249: 18247: 18246: 18241: 18240: 18239: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18208: 18206: 18202: 18201: 18199: 18198: 18197: 18196: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18170: 18168: 18162: 18161: 18159: 18158: 18156:Water conflict 18153: 18151:Water politics 18148: 18143: 18142: 18141: 18136: 18126: 18125: 18124: 18114: 18109: 18107:Climate change 18103: 18101: 18097: 18096: 18089: 18087: 18085: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18062: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18041: 18040: 18033: 18019: 18014: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17954: 17952: 17946: 17945: 17938: 17937: 17930: 17923: 17915: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17902: 17900:Tyrrhenian Sea 17897: 17892: 17887: 17885:Sea of Marmara 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17836: 17834: 17828: 17827: 17825: 17824: 17812: 17804: 17791: 17789: 17782: 17781: 17779: 17778: 17773: 17767: 17765: 17759: 17758: 17756: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17649: 17647: 17641: 17640: 17632: 17631: 17624: 17617: 17609: 17600: 17599: 17566: 17563: 17562: 17559: 17558: 17556: 17555: 17549: 17546: 17545: 17543: 17542: 17536: 17534: 17524: 17523: 17521: 17520: 17515: 17509: 17507: 17497: 17496: 17494: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17477: 17475: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17461: 17459:Savage Islands 17456: 17450: 17448: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17406:Canary Islands 17402: 17400: 17394: 17393: 17390:Western Sahara 17388: 17386: 17373: 17367: 17366: 17364: 17363: 17350: 17348: 17342: 17341: 17339: 17338: 17325: 17312: 17299: 17286: 17273: 17259: 17257: 17251: 17250: 17242: 17241: 17234: 17227: 17219: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17206: 17194: 17181: 17178: 17177: 17174: 17173: 17171: 17170: 17164: 17162: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17137:Canary Islands 17133: 17131: 17127: 17126: 17124: 17123: 17121:Savage Islands 17118: 17112: 17110: 17106: 17105: 17103: 17102: 17097: 17091: 17089: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17081: 17076: 17070: 17068: 17061: 17053: 17052: 17049: 17048: 17043: 17041: 17040:United Kingdom 17037: 17036: 17034: 17033: 17027: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17004: 16999: 16988: 16986: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16968: 16966: 16964: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16691: 16689: 16683: 16682: 16671: 16670: 16663: 16656: 16648: 16642: 16639: 16638: 16626: 16625: 16623: 16622: 16617: 16610: 16609: 16602: 16594: 16593: 16590: 16589: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16561: 16560: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16524: 16522: 16516: 16515: 16513: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16471: 16465: 16459: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16452: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16403: 16398: 16392: 16386: 16380: 16379: 16376: 16375: 16373: 16372: 16370:Prime Minister 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16299: 16293: 16287: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16257:National parks 16254: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16220: 16214: 16208: 16207: 16205: 16204: 16202:Hirak Movement 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16141: 16135: 16133: 16127: 16126: 16115: 16114: 16107: 16100: 16092: 16086: 16085: 16080: 16071: 16061: 16033: 16024: 16015: 15999: 15984: 15974: 15973:External links 15971: 15969: 15968: 15949: 15930: 15911: 15892: 15873: 15872:(2006 reprint) 15843: 15833:Chisholm, Hugh 15823:Gibson, Walcot 15819: 15797: 15790: 15771: 15752: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15724: 15723: 15693: 15663: 15646:Verlete Sports 15633: 15603: 15596: 15571: 15550:(7): 735–746. 15530: 15504: 15474: 15444: 15411: 15391: 15368: 15339: 15313: 15296:"Tahar Djaout" 15287: 15257: 15238: 15210: 15184: 15152: 15126: 15100: 15070: 15051: 15031: 14999: 14968: 14938: 14916:Arab Barometer 14902: 14873: 14840: 14833: 14815: 14785: 14778: 14760: 14734: 14704: 14673: 14652:(4): 307–314. 14632: 14591: 14584: 14566: 14537: 14510: 14475: 14450: 14431: 14411: 14393: 14374: 14354: 14328: 14309: 14289: 14282: 14264: 14243: 14233: 14213: 14184: 14174: 14154: 14144: 14124: 14113: 14093: 14074: 14054: 14030: 14000: 13974: 13944: 13914: 13881: 13848: 13822: 13799:10.1086/423147 13769: 13743: 13716: 13690: 13660: 13630: 13597: 13568: 13544: 13525: 13499: 13469: 13454:. p. 15. 13443: 13412: 13394: 13364: 13334: 13317:Worlddata.info 13304: 13267: 13253: 13239: 13213: 13189: 13163: 13137: 13107: 13077: 13051: 13019: 12996: 12965: 12935: 12918: 12888: 12862: 12829: 12820: 12801: 12777: 12745: 12719: 12693: 12663: 12635: 12605: 12588:"Constitution" 12577: 12547: 12516: 12501:. 4 May 2010. 12486: 12456: 12430: 12400: 12370: 12302: 12276: 12249: 12231: 12215: 12185: 12136: 12100: 12067: 12037: 12007: 11981: 11944: 11918: 11891: 11867: 11840: 11809: 11790: 11770: 11763: 11745: 11738: 11714: 11695: 11675: 11656: 11636: 11606: 11577: 11570: 11552: 11530: 11523: 11505: 11499:978-0199764341 11498: 11480: 11469: 11449: 11436: 11406: 11373: 11366: 11346: 11327: 11307: 11276: 11258: 11239: 11219: 11205: 11179: 11172: 11139: 11120: 11100: 11093: 11067: 11060: 11042: 11012: 10983: 10948: 10929: 10922: 10902: 10886: 10869: 10852: 10845: 10825: 10796: 10773: 10749: 10726: 10703: 10680: 10673: 10653: 10631: 10600: 10574: 10547: 10536:Chisholm, Hugh 10514: 10507: 10482: 10475: 10455: 10437: 10404: 10387: 10370: 10361: 10346:(in Spanish). 10332: 10283: 10264: 10245: 10226: 10207: 10188: 10169: 10162: 10142: 10129: 10113: 10106: 10086: 10067: 10060: 10040: 10019: 9989: 9973: 9966: 9946: 9927: 9918: 9899: 9890: 9883: 9860: 9853: 9833: 9814: 9805: 9786: 9767: 9745: 9718: 9699: 9679: 9660: 9640: 9633: 9613: 9606: 9586: 9553: 9520: 9494: 9468: 9438: 9419: 9400: 9381: 9362: 9343: 9324: 9305: 9278: 9264: 9245: 9226: 9207: 9187: 9160: 9141: 9122: 9097:Libyan Studies 9087: 9080: 9055: 9029: 9010: 8990: 8971: 8951: 8932: 8906: 8854: 8847: 8827: 8801: 8790:on 10 May 2013 8768: 8680: 8673: 8653: 8646: 8626: 8614: 8607: 8587: 8580: 8560: 8553: 8533: 8526: 8503: 8472: 8465: 8445: 8438: 8418: 8411: 8391: 8360: 8340: 8310: 8295: 8283: 8265:978-9796500024 8264: 8244: 8215: 8197: 8167: 8142: 8123: 8104: 8079: 8049: 8019: 8004:. 9 May 2024. 8002:britannica.com 7989: 7953: 7938:. World Bank. 7927: 7891: 7855: 7844: 7833: 7822: 7784: 7774: 7749: 7689: 7660: 7650: 7630: 7620: 7600: 7578: 7551: 7516: 7506: 7479: 7469: 7442: 7432: 7412: 7374: 7363:. 13 June 2019 7348: 7322: 7296: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7246: 7215: 7128: 7107: 7095: 7083: 7058: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7017:Algeria portal 7004: 7001: 6956:rifle shooting 6921:Main article: 6918: 6915: 6860:Main article: 6857: 6854: 6782:Main article: 6779: 6776: 6760:Boualem Sansal 6752:Yasmina Khadra 6724:Rachid Mimouni 6686:Moufdi Zakaria 6609:The Golden Ass 6584: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6546: 6545: 6528:September 2024 6452: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6398:Mohammed Racim 6390:Mohammed Racim 6382: 6379: 6374:Main article: 6371: 6368: 6312:decolonization 6286:Rachid Mimouni 6227:Main article: 6224: 6221: 6207:Es-Senia. The 6144: 6141: 6105:Main article: 6102: 6099: 6095:Mohamed Arkoun 6063:Arab Barometer 6059:Arab Barometer 6028:World Factbook 5988:Main article: 5985: 5982: 5880:Main article: 5877: 5874: 5870:Italian origin 5752:Main article: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5681:Sidi Bel Abbès 5678: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5652:Sétif Province 5649: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5584:Batna Province 5581: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5550:Blida Province 5547: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5301: 5278:Western Sahara 5245:Main article: 5242: 5239: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5167:Main article: 5164: 5161: 5088:Main article: 5085: 5082: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5061: 4979: 4976: 4904:Main article: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4662:Sidi Bel Abbès 4659: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4526:Ain Timouchent 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4122:Oum El Bouaghi 4119: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3987: 3964:municipalities 3925: 3922: 3869:Main article: 3866: 3863: 3795:Djebel Chenoua 3782:Main article: 3779: 3776: 3768:Western Sahara 3750:European Union 3734:George W. Bush 3718:Main article: 3715: 3712: 3659:Prime Minister 3608:Larbi Belkheir 3580:Main article: 3577: 3574: 3541:, and various 3410:primary forest 3366:Main article: 3363: 3360: 3347:water resource 3325: 3324: 3289:Main article: 3286: 3283: 3145:Main article: 3142: 3139: 3012:Main article: 3009: 3006: 2998:1980s oil glut 2976:Oil extraction 2913:Main article: 2910: 2907: 2888:Alistair Horne 2809:European share 2756:and later, as 2721:Mokrani Revolt 2667:French Algeria 2662: 2659: 2572:Spanish Empire 2526:Niels Simonsen 2445:Ottoman Empire 2334:Main article: 2331: 2328: 2304:conquered Oran 2280:Hafsid dynasty 1967:, Awarba, and 1842:, came to the 1838:, daughter of 1820:Sidi El Houari 1708:Main article: 1705: 1702: 1569:in modern-day 1567:Moulouya River 1478:Arch of Trajan 1439:Iberomaurusian 1375: 1372: 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1353:Ottoman sultan 1259: 1256: 1144: 1141: 1133:United Nations 1081:regional power 1077:1,541 communes 965:Ottoman Empire 886:Western Sahara 829: 828: 826: 825: 816: 810: 808: 802: 801: 796: 790: 789: 784: 778: 777: 774: 768: 767: 764: 760: 759: 746: 742: 741: 734:Algerian dinar 731: 727: 726: 707: 697: 696: 693:low inequality 687: 677: 676: 664: 661: 658: 657: 645: 642: 639: 638: 635: 625: 624: 612: 609: 606: 605: 593: 590: 587: 586: 583: 569: 568: 561: 559:• Density 558: 555: 554: 547: 544: 541: 540: 534: 533: 526: 523: 520: 519: 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 499: 496: 495: 492: 489:French Algeria 486: 483: 482: 479: 473: 470: 469: 466: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 446: 445: 440: 434: 431: 430: 425: 419: 416: 415: 410: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 390: 387: 386: 381: 375: 372: 371: 369:Nadir Larbaoui 366: 363:Prime Minister 360: 357: 356: 351: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 331: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 310: 309: 306: 294: 292: 289: 285: 284: 282: 281: 275: 269: 262: 260: 257: 251: 250: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 224: 223: 218: 212: 210: 206: 205: 169: 166: 162: 161: 157: 156: 148: 147: 130: 129: 108: 107: 92: 91: 84: 77: 76: 70: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20373: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20273: 20271: 20264: 20261: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20134: 20132: 20128: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20048: 20046: 20042: 20038: 20031: 20026: 20024: 20019: 20017: 20012: 20011: 20008: 19995: 19994: 19991: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19949: 19948: 19945: 19944: 19942: 19938: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19879: 19877: 19875:Extraordinary 19873: 19870: 19866: 19855: 19852: 19849: 19846: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19834: 19832: 19828: 19825: 19821: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19791:African Union 19789: 19787: 19784: 19783: 19781: 19778:organizations 19776:International 19773: 19767: 19764: 19763: 19761: 19753: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19723: 19721: 19713: 19710: 19706: 19700: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19690: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19593: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19486:Guinea-Bissau 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19398: 19396: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19386:Member states 19383: 19377: 19373: 19370: 19369: 19366: 19361: 19354: 19349: 19347: 19342: 19340: 19335: 19334: 19331: 19319: 19311: 19310: 19307: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19282: 19280: 19276: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19261: 19259: 19255: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19223: 19222:Gold standard 19219: 19216: 19215: 19213: 19211: 19207: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19178: 19176: 19174: 19170: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19153: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19120: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19108: 19098: 19095: 19094: 19092: 19088: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19043: 19041: 19039: 19035: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19015: 19013: 19009: 19003: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18956: 18954: 18952: 18948: 18942: 18939: 18938: 18936: 18934: 18930: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18906: 18902: 18896: 18895:2025 election 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18877: 18875: 18873: 18869: 18863: 18860: 18859: 18857: 18855: 18851: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18831: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18819: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18807:Member states 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18794: 18792: 18790: 18786: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18769: 18768: 18767: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18722: 18720: 18718: 18714: 18710: 18709:African Union 18703: 18698: 18696: 18691: 18689: 18684: 18683: 18680: 18666: 18663: 18662: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18652: 18649: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18610: 18606: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18581: 18579: 18575: 18565: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18555: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18519: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18404: 18402: 18400: 18396: 18393: 18389: 18384: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18327: 18325: 18323: 18319: 18313: 18305: 18303: 18295: 18294: 18291: 18287: 18280: 18275: 18273: 18268: 18266: 18261: 18260: 18257: 18245: 18242: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18207: 18203: 18195: 18192: 18191: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18174:Ethnic groups 18172: 18171: 18169: 18167: 18163: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18131: 18130: 18127: 18123: 18120: 18119: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18104: 18102: 18098: 18093: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18057: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18039: 18038: 18034: 18032: 18031: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18024: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18012: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17955: 17953: 17951: 17947: 17943: 17936: 17931: 17929: 17924: 17922: 17917: 17916: 17913: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17865:Levantine Sea 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17833: 17832:Marginal seas 17829: 17820: 17816: 17813: 17808: 17805: 17801: 17796: 17793: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17783: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17764: 17760: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17650: 17648: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17630: 17625: 17623: 17618: 17616: 17611: 17610: 17607: 17597: 17594: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17582: 17579: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17564: 17554: 17551: 17550: 17547: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17510: 17508: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17478: 17476: 17474: 17470: 17466: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17447: 17443: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17403: 17401: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17385: 17381: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17368: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17351: 17349: 17347: 17343: 17337: 17326: 17324: 17313: 17311: 17300: 17298: 17287: 17285: 17274: 17272: 17261: 17260: 17258: 17256: 17252: 17248: 17240: 17235: 17233: 17228: 17226: 17221: 17220: 17217: 17205: 17204: 17203:Africa portal 17199: 17195: 17193: 17192: 17183: 17182: 17179: 17169: 17166: 17165: 17163: 17159: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17134: 17132: 17128: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17113: 17111: 17107: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17092: 17090: 17086: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17065: 17062: 17058:fully part of 17054: 17046: 17042: 17038: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17022: 17019: 17016: 17009: 17003: 17000: 16997: 16993: 16990: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16977: 16972: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16811:Guinea-Bissau 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16688: 16684: 16680: 16676: 16669: 16664: 16662: 16657: 16655: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16640: 16633: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16607: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16595: 16591: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16559: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16521: 16517: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16485:Ethnic groups 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16472: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16460: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16393: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16381: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16331: 16330: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16288: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16209: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16113: 16108: 16106: 16101: 16099: 16094: 16093: 16090: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16062: 16047: 16040: 16039: 16034: 16032: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16019: 16016: 16013: 16009: 16008: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15991: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15977: 15976: 15966: 15965:0-7546-7418-5 15962: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15947: 15943: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15886: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15871: 15867: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15840: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15820: 15817: 15813: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15800:Fanon, Frantz 15798: 15795: 15791: 15788: 15784: 15780: 15777:. Cambridge: 15776: 15772: 15769: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15734: 15733: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15697: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15667: 15651: 15647: 15643: 15637: 15621: 15617: 15613: 15607: 15599: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15575: 15567: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15534: 15518: 15514: 15508: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15478: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15448: 15432: 15428: 15424: 15418: 15416: 15408: 15404: 15401: 15395: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15372: 15356: 15352: 15346: 15344: 15327: 15323: 15317: 15301: 15297: 15291: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15261: 15245: 15241: 15239:9789280534320 15235: 15231: 15227: 15223: 15222: 15214: 15198: 15194: 15188: 15169: 15162: 15156: 15140: 15136: 15130: 15114: 15110: 15104: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15074: 15058: 15054: 15048: 15044: 15043: 15035: 15016: 15009: 15003: 14987: 14983: 14979: 14972: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14942: 14926: 14922: 14921: 14917: 14912: 14906: 14890: 14886: 14880: 14878: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14847: 14845: 14836: 14834:9780810884939 14830: 14826: 14819: 14812: 14811:92-871-2611-9 14808: 14804: 14803: 14799: 14796: 14789: 14781: 14779:9781512824971 14775: 14771: 14764: 14756: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14738: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14677: 14669: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14651: 14647: 14646:English Today 14643: 14636: 14628: 14622: 14603: 14602: 14595: 14587: 14581: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14554: 14547: 14541: 14524: 14520: 14514: 14498: 14494: 14491:(in French). 14490: 14486: 14479: 14470: 14465: 14461: 14454: 14438: 14434: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14415: 14407: 14403: 14397: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14367: 14366: 14358: 14342: 14338: 14332: 14316: 14312: 14310:9789287126115 14306: 14302: 14301: 14293: 14285: 14279: 14275: 14268: 14260: 14256: 14255: 14247: 14240: 14236: 14230: 14226: 14225: 14217: 14210: 14198: 14194: 14188: 14181: 14177: 14171: 14167: 14166: 14158: 14151: 14147: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14128: 14120: 14116: 14110: 14106: 14105: 14097: 14081: 14077: 14075:9780253217820 14071: 14067: 14066: 14058: 14047: 14040: 14034: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14004: 13988: 13984: 13978: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13948: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13918: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13888: 13886: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13855: 13853: 13836: 13832: 13826: 13818: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13793:(2): 338–45. 13792: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13773: 13757: 13753: 13747: 13731: 13727: 13720: 13704: 13700: 13694: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13648: 13644: 13643:Bloomberg.com 13640: 13634: 13625: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13601: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13573: 13561: 13554: 13548: 13540: 13536: 13529: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13457: 13453: 13447: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13416: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13368: 13352: 13348: 13344: 13338: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13308: 13289: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13272: 13263: 13257: 13249: 13243: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13206: 13199: 13193: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13151: 13147: 13141: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13081: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13039: 13036:(in French). 13035: 13034: 13029: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13000: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12969: 12953: 12949: 12948:Freedom House 12945: 12939: 12928: 12922: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12892: 12876: 12872: 12866: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12836: 12834: 12824: 12808: 12804: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12789: 12781: 12765: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12749: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12667: 12651: 12647: 12639: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12593: 12589: 12581: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12551: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12520: 12504: 12500: 12499:The Economist 12496: 12490: 12474: 12470: 12469:The Economist 12466: 12460: 12445: 12444:Wilson Center 12441: 12434: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12374: 12366: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12306: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12280: 12264: 12260: 12253: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12227: 12226: 12219: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12189: 12181: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12156:: 1286–1294. 12155: 12151: 12147: 12140: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12074: 12072: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12011: 11995: 11991: 11985: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11906: 11902: 11895: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11871: 11855: 11851: 11844: 11836: 11832: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11774: 11766: 11764:1-85532-658-2 11760: 11756: 11749: 11741: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11718: 11702: 11698: 11696:9781433110740 11692: 11688: 11687: 11679: 11663: 11659: 11653: 11649: 11648: 11640: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11610: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11581: 11573: 11571:9781107507180 11567: 11563: 11556: 11550: 11549:0-674-01017-5 11546: 11542: 11541: 11534: 11526: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11484: 11476: 11472: 11466: 11462: 11461: 11453: 11446: 11440: 11424: 11421:(in French). 11420: 11416: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11385: 11377: 11369: 11367:9781137406118 11363: 11359: 11358: 11350: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11311: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11262: 11246: 11242: 11236: 11232: 11231: 11223: 11208: 11202: 11198: 11193: 11192: 11183: 11175: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11113: 11112: 11104: 11096: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11071: 11063: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10987: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10941: 10938: 10933: 10925: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10906: 10898: 10897: 10890: 10882: 10881: 10873: 10865: 10864: 10856: 10848: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10829: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10800: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10782: 10777: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10753: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10730: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10707: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10684: 10676: 10670: 10666: 10665: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10521: 10519: 10510: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10489: 10487: 10478: 10472: 10468: 10467: 10459: 10451: 10444: 10442: 10425: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10400: 10399: 10391: 10383: 10382: 10374: 10365: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10336: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10268: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10249: 10242: 10238: 10235: 10230: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10211: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10192: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10173: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10146: 10139: 10133: 10126: 10120: 10118: 10109: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10090: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10071: 10063: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10044: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10023: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9993: 9985: 9984: 9977: 9969: 9963: 9960:. Routledge. 9959: 9958: 9950: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9931: 9922: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9903: 9894: 9886: 9880: 9876: 9875: 9867: 9865: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9837: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9818: 9809: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9749: 9733: 9730:. E. Arnold. 9729: 9722: 9706: 9702: 9700:9780313379826 9696: 9692: 9691: 9683: 9667: 9663: 9661:9780810864900 9657: 9653: 9652: 9644: 9636: 9634:9783833111785 9630: 9626: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9607:9789004298576 9603: 9599: 9598: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9565: 9557: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9524: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9404: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9385: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9366: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9347: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9309: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9274: 9268: 9252: 9248: 9246:9780717201211 9242: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9214: 9210: 9208:9781447483526 9204: 9200: 9199: 9191: 9175: 9171: 9164: 9148: 9144: 9142:9781857431322 9138: 9134: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9083: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9060: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9003: 9002: 8994: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8955: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8869:PLOS Genetics 8866: 8858: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8685: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8657: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8630: 8624:, p. 15. 8623: 8618: 8610: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8591: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8564: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8537: 8529: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8510: 8508: 8499: 8493: 8485: 8484: 8476: 8468: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8449: 8441: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8422: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8395: 8387: 8381: 8373: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8355: 8347: 8345: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8306: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8248: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8108: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7957: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7747: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7686: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7634: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7604: 7597: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7548: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7416: 7409: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7170: 7163: 7132: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7007: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6814: 6812: 6811:Days of Glory 6805: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6678:Malek Bennabi 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6626:Ahmad al-Buni 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6600:Roman African 6597: 6587: 6581: 6573: 6567: 6557: 6553: 6542: 6539: 6531: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: – 6488: 6484: 6483:Find sources: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6453:This section 6451: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6422:Bachir Yelles 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6406:Mohamed Temam 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6364: 6361:Contemporary 6359: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304:Malek Bennabi 6301: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6247:Bachir Yellès 6244: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6126:typhoid fever 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6091:Malek Bennabi 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5971: 5970:lingua franca 5967: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904:Signs in the 5902: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5856:Shenwa people 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5826:Centuries of 5824: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5755: 5748:Ethnic groups 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Oran Province 5446: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5081: 5078: 5072:Labour market 5069: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4990: 4985: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4953: 4952:external debt 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4928:China, Brazil 4925: 4921: 4912: 4907: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Ouled Djellal 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3899:Homosexuality 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3885:media freedom 3882: 3878: 3877:Freedom House 3872: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3854:for Algeria. 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604:2019 protests 3601: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527:evergreen oak 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484:Barbary lions 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3439:(foxes), and 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3313:Precipitation 3309: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3240:Saharan Atlas 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:Saharan Atlas 3194: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3123:mass protests 3119: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064:Algeria held 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972:collectivised 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825:Vichy control 2822: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2797:Krim Belkacem 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2504:Faroe Islands 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:slave markets 2438: 2434: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237:Abd al-Mu'min 2234: 2233:Abd al-Mu'min 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1944:Berber people 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Abd Al Mu'min 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:Carthaginians 1486: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Ottoman Turks 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1282: 1270: 1265: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:African Union 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:ninth-largest 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1061:Algeria is a 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:the southwest 871: 867: 866:the southeast 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:the northeast 847: 843: 839: 835: 822: 817: 815: 812: 811: 809: 807: 803: 800: 797: 795: 794:ISO 3166 code 791: 788: 785: 783: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 728: 724: 708: 702: 698: 688: 682: 678: 674: 665: 659: 655: 646: 640: 636: 630: 626: 622: 613: 607: 603: 594: 588: 584: 580: 574: 570: 566: 562: 556: 552: 548: 542: 539: 535: 531: 527: 521: 518: 514: 510: 506: 503: 497: 493: 490: 484: 480: 477: 471: 467: 464: 458: 454: 451: 447: 444: 441: 438: 432: 429: 426: 423: 417: 414: 411: 407: 403: 400: 397: 394: 388: 385: 384:Salah Goudjil 382: 379: 373: 370: 367: 364: 358: 355: 352: 349: 343: 339: 336: 332: 330: 326: 323: 320: 318: 314: 308:<1% others 307: 304: 300: 296: 295: 293: 286: 280: 276: 274: 270: 268: 264: 263: 261: 256: 252: 249: 245: 242: 238: 235: 232: 228: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 211: 207: 202: 198:36.700; 3.217 173: 170: 163: 154: 149: 125: 124: 113: 109: 97: 93: 87: 81: 73: 67: 59: 53: 45: 29: 26: 22: 20233: 20136: 19940:Demographics 19830:Declarations 19663:Turkmenistan 19623:Sierra Leone 19613:Saudi Arabia 19436:Burkina Faso 19410: 18764: 18750:Abuja Treaty 18637:Institutions 18615:Demographics 18482:Saudi Arabia 18406: 18350:Headquarters 18166:Demographics 18146:Human rights 18050:Saudi Arabia 18035: 18029: 18022: 18010: 17895:Thracian Sea 17880:Sea of Crete 17875:Ligurian Sea 17855:Balearic Sea 17840:Adriatic Sea 17786:Dependencies 17657: 17595: 17592: 17589: 17583: 17580: 17577: 17574: 17567: 17540:Aouzou Strip 17270: 17247:North Africa 17201: 17189: 17031:Îles Éparses 16921:South Africa 16911:Sierra Leone 16715:Burkina Faso 16694: 16475:Demographics 16444:Trade unions 16328:Human rights 16308:Constitution 16157:Ottoman rule 16118: 16053:. Retrieved 16046:the original 16037: 16005: 15996: 15981: 15952: 15933: 15914: 15895: 15876: 15854:Viking Adult 15849: 15836: 15803: 15793: 15774: 15755: 15736: 15714:. Retrieved 15705: 15696: 15684:. Retrieved 15676:SmartScraper 15675: 15666: 15654:. Retrieved 15645: 15636: 15624:. Retrieved 15615: 15606: 15579: 15574: 15547: 15543: 15533: 15521:. Retrieved 15507: 15495:. Retrieved 15486: 15477: 15465:. Retrieved 15456: 15447: 15435:. Retrieved 15426: 15394: 15381: 15371: 15359:. Retrieved 15355:the original 15330:. Retrieved 15326:the original 15316: 15304:. Retrieved 15290: 15278:. Retrieved 15274:the original 15269: 15260: 15248:. Retrieved 15220: 15213: 15201:. Retrieved 15197:the original 15187: 15175:. Retrieved 15155: 15143:. Retrieved 15129: 15117:. Retrieved 15113:the original 15103: 15093:12 September 15091:. Retrieved 15082: 15073: 15061:. Retrieved 15041: 15034: 15024:20 September 15022:. Retrieved 15002: 14990:. Retrieved 14981: 14971: 14959:. Retrieved 14955:the original 14950: 14941: 14929:. Retrieved 14914: 14905: 14893:. Retrieved 14864:. Retrieved 14855: 14824: 14818: 14793: 14788: 14769: 14763: 14746: 14737: 14725:. Retrieved 14717:Toronto Star 14716: 14707: 14695:. Retrieved 14686: 14676: 14649: 14645: 14635: 14609:. Retrieved 14600: 14594: 14575: 14569: 14553:the original 14540: 14527:. Retrieved 14523:the original 14513: 14501:. Retrieved 14497:the original 14488: 14478: 14469:the original 14463: 14453: 14441:. Retrieved 14421: 14414: 14406:the original 14396: 14384:. Retrieved 14364: 14357: 14345:. Retrieved 14331: 14319:. Retrieved 14299: 14292: 14273: 14267: 14253: 14246: 14238: 14223: 14216: 14207: 14200:. Retrieved 14196: 14187: 14179: 14164: 14157: 14149: 14134: 14127: 14103: 14096: 14084:. Retrieved 14064: 14057: 14046:the original 14033: 14021:. Retrieved 14012: 14003: 13991:. Retrieved 13977: 13965:. Retrieved 13956: 13947: 13935:. Retrieved 13917: 13905:. Retrieved 13901:the original 13872:. Retrieved 13839:. Retrieved 13825: 13790: 13786: 13772: 13760:. Retrieved 13746: 13736:25 September 13734:. Retrieved 13719: 13707:. Retrieved 13703:the original 13693: 13681:. Retrieved 13672: 13663: 13651:. Retrieved 13642: 13633: 13614: 13610: 13600: 13588:. Retrieved 13560:the original 13547: 13539:the original 13528: 13516:. Retrieved 13512:the original 13502: 13490:. Retrieved 13481: 13472: 13460:. Retrieved 13446: 13434:. Retrieved 13430:the original 13425: 13415: 13407:the original 13397: 13385:. Retrieved 13376: 13367: 13355:. Retrieved 13346: 13337: 13325:. Retrieved 13316: 13307: 13295:. Retrieved 13256: 13242: 13230:. Retrieved 13225: 13216: 13192: 13180:. Retrieved 13166: 13154:. Retrieved 13140: 13128:. Retrieved 13119: 13110: 13098:. Retrieved 13089: 13080: 13068:. Retrieved 13054: 13042:. Retrieved 13031: 13022: 13014:the original 13009: 12999: 12987:. Retrieved 12978: 12968: 12956:. Retrieved 12947: 12938: 12921: 12909:. Retrieved 12891: 12879:. Retrieved 12865: 12853:. Retrieved 12844: 12823: 12811:. Retrieved 12787: 12780: 12768:. Retrieved 12757: 12748: 12736:. Retrieved 12732:the original 12722: 12710:. Retrieved 12696: 12684:. Retrieved 12675: 12666: 12656:25 September 12654:. Retrieved 12650:the original 12638: 12626:. Retrieved 12617: 12608: 12598:25 September 12596:. Retrieved 12592:the original 12580: 12568:. Retrieved 12559: 12550: 12538:. Retrieved 12530:The Guardian 12529: 12519: 12507:. Retrieved 12498: 12489: 12477:. Retrieved 12468: 12459: 12447:. Retrieved 12443: 12433: 12421:. Retrieved 12412: 12403: 12391:. Retrieved 12382: 12373: 12320: 12316: 12305: 12295: 12279: 12267:. Retrieved 12263:the original 12252: 12243: 12234: 12224: 12218: 12206:. Retrieved 12197: 12188: 12153: 12149: 12139: 12127:. Retrieved 12119:the Guardian 12118: 12091:. Retrieved 12087:the original 12058:. Retrieved 12049: 12040: 12028:. Retrieved 12019: 12010: 11998:. Retrieved 11984: 11972:. Retrieved 11968:the original 11935:. Retrieved 11931:the original 11921: 11909:. Retrieved 11894: 11886: 11870: 11858:. Retrieved 11843: 11835:the original 11800:. Retrieved 11780: 11773: 11754: 11748: 11724: 11717: 11705:. Retrieved 11685: 11678: 11666:. Retrieved 11646: 11639: 11627:. Retrieved 11618: 11609: 11597:. Retrieved 11587: 11580: 11561: 11555: 11538: 11533: 11514: 11508: 11489: 11483: 11459: 11452: 11444: 11439: 11427:. Retrieved 11419:lhistoire.fr 11418: 11409: 11397:. Retrieved 11388: 11383: 11376: 11356: 11349: 11337:. Retrieved 11317: 11310: 11298:. Retrieved 11294:the original 11289: 11279: 11261: 11249:. Retrieved 11229: 11222: 11210:. Retrieved 11190: 11182: 11153: 11148:Kiernan, Ben 11142: 11130:. Retrieved 11110: 11103: 11080: 11070: 11051: 11045: 11033:. Retrieved 11024: 11015: 11003:. Retrieved 10993: 10986: 10964:(1): 24–62. 10961: 10957: 10951: 10932: 10912: 10905: 10895: 10889: 10879: 10872: 10866:(in French). 10862: 10855: 10836:North Africa 10835: 10828: 10816:. Retrieved 10806: 10799: 10791: 10776: 10768: 10752: 10745:heimaslod.is 10744: 10729: 10721: 10706: 10698: 10683: 10663: 10656: 10648:the original 10643: 10634: 10622:. Retrieved 10613: 10603: 10591:. Retrieved 10577: 10565:. Retrieved 10550: 10539: 10496: 10465: 10458: 10449: 10428:. Retrieved 10397: 10390: 10380: 10373: 10364: 10352:. Retrieved 10342: 10335: 10323:. Retrieved 10319:the original 10296: 10286: 10267: 10248: 10229: 10210: 10191: 10172: 10152: 10145: 10137: 10132: 10124: 10096: 10089: 10075:du moyen age 10070: 10050: 10043: 10027: 10022: 10012:23 September 10010:. Retrieved 10001: 9992: 9982: 9976: 9956: 9949: 9930: 9921: 9902: 9893: 9873: 9843: 9836: 9817: 9808: 9789: 9770: 9764:Roshen Dalal 9748: 9736:. Retrieved 9721: 9709:. Retrieved 9693:. ABC-CLIO. 9689: 9682: 9670:. Retrieved 9650: 9643: 9627:. Könemann. 9623: 9616: 9596: 9589: 9577:. Retrieved 9568: 9563: 9556: 9544:. Retrieved 9535: 9530: 9523: 9513:13 September 9511:. Retrieved 9507:the original 9497: 9487:13 September 9485:. Retrieved 9481:the original 9471: 9459:. Retrieved 9450: 9441: 9403: 9384: 9365: 9346: 9327: 9322:Hachette UK, 9308: 9296:. Retrieved 9281: 9267: 9255:. Retrieved 9235: 9229: 9217:. Retrieved 9197: 9190: 9178:. Retrieved 9163: 9151:. Retrieved 9131: 9125: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9071: 9046:. Retrieved 9032: 9020:. Retrieved 9000: 8993: 8981:. Retrieved 8961: 8954: 8942:. Retrieved 8919: 8909: 8872: 8868: 8857: 8837: 8830: 8818:. Retrieved 8804: 8792:. Retrieved 8785:the original 8771: 8759:. Retrieved 8726:10072/383164 8700: 8696: 8663: 8656: 8636: 8629: 8617: 8597: 8590: 8570: 8563: 8543: 8536: 8516: 8482: 8475: 8455: 8448: 8428: 8421: 8401: 8394: 8370: 8363: 8353: 8331:. Retrieved 8323:alger-roi.fr 8322: 8313: 8304: 8298: 8291: 8286: 8274:. Retrieved 8254: 8247: 8235:. Retrieved 8225: 8218: 8209: 8200: 8188:. Retrieved 8184:the original 8179: 8170: 8158:. Retrieved 8154: 8145: 8136: 8126: 8107: 8095:. Retrieved 8091: 8082: 8070:. Retrieved 8061: 8052: 8040:. Retrieved 8031: 8022: 8010:. Retrieved 8001: 7992: 7980:. Retrieved 7956: 7944:. Retrieved 7930: 7918:. Retrieved 7914:the original 7903: 7894: 7882:. Retrieved 7874: 7847: 7836: 7825: 7809:. Retrieved 7799: 7779: 7764: 7736:. Retrieved 7726: 7683: 7676:. Retrieved 7672: 7663: 7655: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7610: 7603: 7595: 7588:. Retrieved 7572:. Springer. 7568: 7546: 7539:. Retrieved 7535: 7511: 7496: 7474: 7459: 7437: 7422: 7415: 7407: 7400:. Retrieved 7391: 7365:. Retrieved 7360: 7351: 7341:17 September 7339:. Retrieved 7335: 7325: 7313:. Retrieved 7309:the original 7299: 7287:. Retrieved 7283:the original 7273: 7249: 7218: 7131: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7061: 7044: 6989:martial arts 6970: 6960: 6937: 6896: 6876: 6847: 6841: 6834: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6736:Tahir Wattar 6732:Tahar Djaout 6728:Leila Sebbar 6717: 6698:Assia Djebar 6694:Frantz Fanon 6682:Malek Haddad 6670:Kateb Yacine 6665: 6662:Mohammed Dib 6657: 6655: 6652: 6644:Albert Camus 6642: 6634:Ibn Khaldoun 6607: 6593: 6586:Kateb Yacine 6534: 6525: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6482: 6466:Please help 6454: 6395: 6360: 6354:was born in 6334:, wrote the 6322:(modern-day 6318:was born in 6308:Frantz Fanon 6302: 6294:Tahar Djaout 6282:Assia Djebar 6274:Kateb Yacine 6270:Albert Camus 6266:Mohammed Dib 6251: 6190: 6183: 6171: 6167: 6138: 6114:tuberculosis 6110: 6075:Muslim world 6072: 6056: 6041: 6026: 6021: 5975: 5962: 5919: 5916:, and French 5885: 5863: 5825: 5765: 5294: 5280:live in the 5271: 5256: 5241:Demographics 5199: 5184: 5141:M'Zab Valley 5107: 5103: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5020: 4995: 4972: 4957: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4917: 3978: 3967: 3962:) and 1,541 3957: 3947: 3941: 3908: 3897: 3893: 3880: 3874: 3865:Human rights 3856: 3841: 3829: 3802: 3794: 3762: 3758: 3747: 3742:Yasuo Fukuda 3740:, left, and 3693: 3689:constitution 3674: 3624: 3596: 3567: 3496: 3465: 3463:of Algeria. 3453:Barbary stag 3422: 3405:forest cover 3402: 3387: 3317: 3310: 3306: 3259:Tamanghasset 3244: 3213: 3182: 3127: 3120: 3109: 3098: 3082: 3063: 3032: 2995: 2984: 2941: 2920: 2918: 2896: 2892:Raymond Aron 2885: 2871:(FLN) or by 2857:Algerian War 2845: 2818: 2806: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2725: 2716:Napoleon III 2693:invaded and 2688: 2671:Algerian War 2648:Lord Exmouth 2629: 2626: 2604: 2580:Spanish Navy 2574:launched an 2569: 2553: 2530: 2524:Algiers, by 2484:Jan Janszoon 2477: 2430: 2416: 2396: 2349: 2293: 2277: 2246: 2226: 2179: 2145: 2119:were living 2110: 2079: 2063: 1973: 1941: 1801: 1794:memorial in 1727: 1713: 1667: 1654:Leptis Magna 1637:Hippo Regius 1629: 1614:Roman Empire 1611: 1551: 1536: 1521: 1505:Hippo Regius 1482: 1436: 1405:Levalloisian 1402: 1398: 1318: 1312: 1261: 1207: 1160: 1152: 1085:middle power 1071: 1067:58 provinces 1065:composed of 1060: 1005: 993:Algerian War 971:in 1830 and 910: 902:largest city 846:North Africa 837: 833: 832: 806:Internet TLD 782:Calling code 643:• Total 591:• Total 524:• Total 502:Independence 121: 111: 96:Motto: 95: 25: 20311:G15 nations 20255: / 19796:Arab League 19758:communities 19511:Ivory Coast 19401:Afghanistan 19143:Enlargement 18918:Secretariat 18880:Chairperson 18862:Chairperson 18772:Chairperson 18760:Lome Summit 18655:Pan-Arabism 18564:South Sudan 18302:Arab League 18286:Arab League 18212:Archaeology 17942:Middle East 17850:Alboran Sea 17518:Kafia Kingi 17505:South Sudan 17371:Territories 17095:Pantelleria 17015:territories 16983:recognition 16926:South Sudan 16816:Ivory Coast 16239:Earthquakes 16197:Arab Spring 16162:French rule 16146:(Antiquity) 15955:. Farnham: 15900:Verso Books 15808:Grove Press 15467:19 December 15280:2 September 13762:24 December 13347:kuna.net.kw 12873:. Gwu.edu. 12855:24 December 12686:10 February 12570:10 February 12449:9 September 12323:(1): 5978. 12269:19 February 12257:Hodges, K. 12030:17 December 11937:27 February 11707:22 November 11668:17 February 11629:16 November 11399:14 February 11162:. pp. 11132:12 December 10624:14 February 10593:7 September 10567:7 September 10281:L. Arnolet, 9831:– J.D. Fage 8920:The Berbers 8761:22 November 8276:25 November 8042:19 December 7946:24 February 7920:1 September 7738:24 December 7402:25 December 6346:and Sheikh 6328:Ibn Khaldun 5976:The use of 5775:Phoenicians 5773:as well as 5477:Constantine 5423:Constantine 5051:biocapacity 5009:. The U.S. 4752:Constantine 4332:Tamanrasset 4014:Population 3807:(ANP), the 3519:Aleppo pine 3503:olive trees 3488:Atlas bears 3403:In Algeria 3396:and grassy 3394:mountainous 3267:Constantine 3261:. Algiers, 3209:Mount Tahat 2991:Arabisation 2954:led to the 2819:During the 2781:Rabah Bitat 2746:département 2703:Ben Kiernan 2578:, then the 2461:Turgut Reis 2392:janissaries 2218:Ibn Khaldun 2210:Arabization 2182:Constantine 2137:Nile Valley 2133:Banu Sulaym 1980:Ibn Khaldun 1880:Banu Sulaym 1828:Yāghmūrasen 1804:Middle Ages 1802:During the 1704:Middle Ages 1430:, south of 1428:Bir el Ater 1324:وطن الجزائر 1121:Arab League 1056:Sunni Islam 945:Arabization 917:Phoenicians 763:Date format 714: 0.745 507:5 July 1962 494:5 July 1830 437:Lower house 422:Upper house 409:Legislature 299:Sunni Islam 196: / 127:"We Pledge" 20270:Categories 19974:Population 19673:Uzbekistan 19643:Tajikistan 19571:Mozambique 19561:Mauritania 19531:Kyrgyzstan 19521:Kazakhstan 19426:Bangladesh 19416:Azerbaijan 19264:Africa Day 19218:Currencies 18872:Commission 18557:Candidates 18457:Mauritania 18391:Membership 18373:Arab Union 18368:Parliament 18194:Irreligion 17870:Libyan Sea 17860:Ionian Sea 17845:Aegean Sea 17723:Montenegro 17431:Chafarinas 17002:Somaliland 16906:Seychelles 16871:Mozambique 16856:Mauritania 16841:Madagascar 16796:The Gambia 16730:Cape Verde 16548:Literature 16408:(currency) 16355:Parliament 16251:(communes) 16244:Ecoregions 16139:Prehistory 16055:9 December 15898:. London: 15523:9 December 15457:WorldAtlas 15361:18 January 15306:17 January 15250:30 October 15203:18 January 15145:18 January 15119:18 January 14992:3 November 14895:2 November 14529:17 January 14023:27 January 13993:18 January 13967:17 January 13937:9 December 13907:9 December 13874:9 December 13841:17 January 13709:31 October 13518:17 January 13492:30 January 13387:29 January 13357:29 January 13327:29 January 12958:19 January 12795:. Europa. 12770:5 November 12712:3 November 12509:16 January 12479:16 January 11911:22 January 11429:15 January 9103:: 96–108. 8820:14 January 8794:14 January 8622:Nyrop 1972 8237:8 November 8072:9 February 8032:Britannica 7392:Britannica 7361:WorldAtlas 7336:Al Jazeera 7315:17 January 7289:17 January 7241:; French: 7210:; French: 7201:al-Jazāʾir 6981:volleyball 6829:Palme d'Or 6748:the attack 6712:Arab world 6664:, or even 6638:Muqaddimah 6630:Ibn Manzur 6602:era, when 6498:newspapers 6436:Literature 6324:Souk Ahras 6181:at 35.5%. 6052:Protestant 5994:See also: 5949:Phoenician 5865:Pied-Noirs 5807:Castillian 5793:, various 5697:Mostaganem 5251:See also: 5147:; and the 5049:Access to 4982:See also: 4886:In Guezzam 4812:Mostaganem 4736:Béni Abbès 4616:El M'Ghair 4579:1,496,150 4519:1,223,223 4489:2,947,461 4459:1,119,646 4452:Tizi Ouzou 4376:Souk Ahras 4286:Tissemsilt 4279:1,009,892 4159:1,128,030 4083:1,584,607 4069:1,013,718 3997:Population 3969:baladiyahs 3852:submarines 3825:occupation 3728:President 3612:Bouteflika 3553:with wild 3547:grape vine 3543:palm trees 3535:eucalyptus 3513:and other 3492:crocodiles 3457:fennec fox 3384:of Algeria 3378:fennec fox 3351:heat waves 3193:Tell Atlas 3074:referendum 3047:insurgency 2922:Pied-Noirs 2759:Pied-Noirs 2712:indigenous 2675:See also: 2473:Formentera 2403:Kouloughli 2324:Mostaganem 2222:Banu Hilal 2129:Banu Hilal 2075:Mauritania 2012:Abdalwadid 1876:Banu Hilal 1860:Levantines 1751:Almoravids 1696:and later 1579:Almoravids 1563:Mauretania 1547:Punic Wars 1499:, east of 1493:Phoenician 1420:Flake tool 1409:Mousterian 1296:Phoenician 1269:al-Jazāʾir 1223:; French: 1178:al-Jazāʾir 1135:, and the 1079:. It is a 1010:, and the 882:Mauritania 844:region of 766:dd/mm/yyyy 538:Population 413:Parliament 329:Government 317:Demonym(s) 20301:Republics 20212:Venezuela 20207:Sri Lanka 20167:Indonesia 20142:Argentina 19984:Education 19716:Countries 19708:Observers 19692:Suspended 19603:Palestine 19496:Indonesia 18789:Geography 18577:Diplomacy 18548:Venezuela 18521:Observers 18472:Palestine 18345:Geography 18227:Etiquette 18112:Democracy 18037:West Bank 18023:Palestine 17950:Countries 17807:Gibraltar 17776:Palestine 17491:Bir Tawil 17426:Alhucemas 17013:Dependent 16861:Mauritius 16505:Squatting 16490:Languages 16480:Education 16449:Transport 16401:Companies 16365:President 16318:Elections 16272:Volcanoes 16262:Provinces 16234:Districts 16212:Geography 16187:Civil War 16182:1962–1999 16029:from the 15760:Routledge 15566:1466-0970 15332:1 January 15177:7 January 14852:"Algeria" 14668:0266-0784 14621:cite book 14503:8 January 14443:1 January 14386:1 January 14209:heritage. 14202:18 August 14197:study.com 13985:. Insee. 13617:(3): 58. 13611:Resources 13462:6 January 13297:6 January 12911:31 August 12614:"Algeria" 12347:2041-1723 12194:"Algeria" 12180:1876-6102 11974:6 January 11964:"Algeria" 11802:12 August 10978:145628873 10469:. BRILL. 10430:4 January 10315:2340-1478 9600:. BRILL. 9579:22 August 9546:22 August 9477:"Qantara" 9461:29 August 9117:164294564 9022:6 January 8983:6 January 8944:22 August 8735:0036-8075 8492:cite book 8380:cite book 8160:17 August 7796:"Algeria" 7723:"Algeria" 7685:heritage. 7678:18 August 7673:study.com 7590:1 January 7541:18 August 7265:Citations 7232:romanized 7195:romanized 6973:athletics 6487:"Algeria" 6455:does not 6348:Ben Badis 6336:Muqaddima 6258:Tamazight 6219:in 2023. 6143:Education 6134:dysentery 6118:hepatitis 5876:Languages 5803:Aragonese 5397:2,364,230 5297:Algerians 5163:Transport 5044:Sonatrach 4796:Touggourt 4466:Ain Defla 4346:Khenchela 4196:Boumerdes 4106:El Bayadh 4011:Area (km) 3994:Area (km) 3954:districts 3944:provinces 3677:bicameral 3616:Sonatrach 3570:scorpions 3480:semi arid 3255:جبال هقار 3141:Geography 3023:Massacres 2968:socialist 2946:) leader 2723:in 1871. 2699:genocidal 2657:in 1830. 2388:beylerbey 2377:Hayreddin 2364:Spaniards 2316:Cherchell 2176:, Tlemcen 2148:Cyrenaica 2098:Sijilmasa 2090:El Mu'izz 2044:Hammadids 1996:Almoravid 1969:Berghwata 1909:Palestine 1884:Tāghribāt 1798:, Algeria 1796:Khenchela 1759:Zayyanids 1747:Hammadids 1735:Aghlabids 1731:Rustamids 1698:Kairaouan 1608:in pink)) 1583:Masinissa 1531:Masinissa 1501:Cherchell 1472:ruins of 1349:sovereign 1333:Algerians 1258:Etymology 1210:(Arabic: 1204:l'Algérie 1172:romanized 1105:Sonatrach 1097:sixteenth 1036:Tamazight 977:conquered 772:Drives on 745:Time zone 633:(nominal) 450:Formation 348:President 288:Religion 20252:28°N 2°E 20217:Zimbabwe 20187:Malaysia 19868:Sessions 19746:Thailand 19638:Suriname 19591:Pakistan 19551:Maldives 19546:Malaysia 19461:Djibouti 19446:Cameroon 19318:Category 19196:Passport 19111:Politics 18854:Assembly 18422:Djibouti 18360:Military 18322:Politics 18189:Religion 18179:Genetics 18134:Timeline 17733:Slovenia 17446:Portugal 17191:Category 17109:Portugal 16961:Zimbabwe 16936:Tanzania 16786:Ethiopia 16781:Eswatini 16760:Djibouti 16725:Cameroon 16710:Botswana 16615:Category 16570:Religion 16543:Football 16429:Taxation 16345:Military 16291:Politics 16277:Wildlife 16123:articles 16031:BBC News 15990:Archived 15848:(1977). 15710:Archived 15680:Archived 15650:Archived 15620:Archived 15517:Archived 15491:Archived 15487:ebin.pub 15461:Archived 15431:Archived 15403:Archived 15386:Archived 15300:Archived 15244:Archived 15168:Archived 15139:Archived 15087:Archived 15057:Archived 15015:Archived 14986:Archived 14925:Archived 14920:BBC News 14889:Archived 14860:Archived 14798:Archived 14755:Archived 14721:Archived 14691:Archived 14611:30 March 14437:Archived 14380:Archived 14347:21 April 14341:Archived 14315:Archived 14259:Archived 14119:Archived 14080:Archived 14017:Archived 13987:Archived 13961:Archived 13957:BBC News 13931:Archived 13868:Archived 13866:. 2013. 13835:Archived 13817:15202071 13756:Archived 13730:Archived 13724:UNESCO. 13683:14 April 13677:Archived 13673:POLITICO 13653:14 April 13647:Archived 13584:Archived 13486:Archived 13456:Archived 13436:22 April 13381:Archived 13351:Archived 13321:Archived 13288:Archived 13205:Archived 13182:29 April 13176:Archived 13150:Archived 13124:Archived 13094:Archived 13070:15 March 13064:Archived 13044:15 March 13038:Archived 12983:Archived 12952:Archived 12905:Archived 12881:14 March 12875:Archived 12849:Archived 12807:Archived 12764:Archived 12759:Upstream 12706:Archived 12680:Archived 12622:Archived 12564:Archived 12560:BBC News 12534:Archived 12503:Archived 12473:Archived 12417:Archived 12387:Archived 12365:33293507 12297:PLOS ONE 12288:Archived 12202:Archived 12123:Archived 12054:Archived 12024:Archived 11994:Archived 11905:Archived 11879:Archived 11860:10 March 11854:Archived 11796:Archived 11701:Archived 11662:Archived 11623:Archived 11619:BBC News 11599:18 March 11593:Archived 11475:Archived 11423:Archived 11393:Archived 11333:Archived 11269:Archived 11245:Archived 11150:(2007). 11126:Archived 11029:Archived 10999:Archived 10940:Archived 10818:4 August 10812:Archived 10784:Archived 10761:Archived 10737:Archived 10714:Archived 10691:Archived 10618:Archived 10587:Archived 10561:Archived 10528:(1911). 10424:Archived 10354:4 August 10348:Archived 10275:Archived 10256:Archived 10237:Archived 10218:Archived 10199:Archived 10180:Archived 10078:Archived 10032:Archived 10006:Archived 9938:Archived 9910:Archived 9825:Archived 9797:Archived 9778:Archived 9756:Archived 9738:16 April 9732:Archived 9711:16 April 9705:Archived 9672:16 April 9666:Archived 9573:Archived 9540:Archived 9455:Archived 9411:Archived 9392:Archived 9373:Archived 9354:Archived 9335:Archived 9316:Archived 9298:16 April 9292:Archived 9257:16 April 9251:Archived 9219:16 April 9213:Archived 9180:16 April 9174:Archived 9153:16 April 9147:Archived 9048:22 April 9042:Archived 9016:Archived 8977:Archived 8938:Archived 8901:22253600 8814:Archived 8755:Archived 8751:54166305 8743:30498166 8333:27 April 8327:Archived 8270:Archived 8231:Archived 8190:14 March 8180:El Watan 8131:Aps-dz. 8115:Archived 8097:2 August 8066:Archived 8062:Statista 8036:Archived 8006:Archived 7982:13 March 7973:Archived 7940:Archived 7884:16 April 7811:20 March 7584:Archived 7396:Archived 7255:codified 7003:See also 6985:handball 6962:Football 6952:fantasia 6948:checkers 6911:couscous 6907:couscous 6871:Couscous 6604:Apuleius 6596:Numidian 6572:Apuleius 6356:Madaurus 6352:Apuleius 6298:Islamist 6067:BBC News 6037:Ghardaia 5984:Religion 5860:European 5799:Andalusi 5740:158,812 5706:162,885 5672:165,241 5638:169,928 5604:173,531 5570:176,139 5536:178,915 5502:182,903 5468:186,525 5413:194,461 5352:Province 5336:Province 5274:Sahrawis 5123:empire; 5121:Hammadid 4935:remain. 4879:780,959 4856:In Salah 4849:991,846 4819:746,947 4803:247,221 4789:830,943 4773:122,019 4766:Timimoun 4759:943,112 4729:482,261 4699:640,050 4683:174,219 4669:603,369 4646:El Menia 4639:904,195 4623:162,267 4609:328,685 4593:733,060 4586:Relizane 4563:375,988 4556:Ghardaia 4549:634,412 4533:384,565 4503:209,470 4473:771,890 4443:768,419 4429:842,060 4413:617,661 4399:945,525 4383:440,299 4369:657,227 4353:384,268 4339:198,691 4323:673,934 4309:694,750 4293:296,366 4263:159,000 4249:274,866 4233:411,783 4226:El Taref 4219:730,262 4203:795,019 4189:915,835 4173:634,396 4129:644,364 4113:262,187 4099:477,328 4092:Laghouat 4053:552,539 4030:439,700 3848:636-type 3778:Military 3744:, right. 3710:won 33. 3696:May 2017 3653:and the 3643:suffrage 3620:protests 3515:conifers 3433:gazelles 3232:harbours 3205:Nememcha 3163:and the 2956:Sand War 2814:Caucasus 2750:European 2598:and the 2596:Portugal 2259:and the 2229:Almohads 2214:nomadism 2202:Almohads 2164:Kairouan 2152:Ifriqiya 2131:and the 2115:and the 2094:Maghrawa 2086:Ifriqiya 2059:Maghrawa 2048:Fatimids 2036:Fatimids 2028:Hammadid 2020:Meknassa 2016:Wattasid 2000:Hammadid 1992:Maghrawa 1974:Several 1961:Masmouda 1949:Sanhadja 1850:and the 1840:Muhammad 1832:Fatimids 1814:masters 1757:and the 1755:Almohads 1739:Fatimids 1658:Laguatan 1649:Geiseric 1625:Laghouat 1575:Almohads 1554:Carthage 1515:(modern 1513:Rusicade 1507:(modern 1485:Carthage 1468:Ancient 1337:military 1298:city of 1236:Tifinagh 981:pacified 890:the west 858:the east 821:.الجزائر 730:Currency 333:Unitary 322:Algerian 303:official 20276:Algeria 20202:Senegal 20197:Nigeria 20177:Jamaica 20137:Algeria 20130:Members 20044:Summits 19967:Imports 19962:Exports 19947:Economy 19912:Seventh 19823:History 19653:Tunisia 19628:Somalia 19618:Senegal 19581:Nigeria 19566:Morocco 19536:Lebanon 19456:Comoros 19421:Bahrain 19411:Algeria 19406:Albania 19394:Members 19257:Culture 19210:Economy 19173:Symbols 18812:Regions 18797:Borders 18717:History 18620:Economy 18538:Eritrea 18528:Armenia 18502:Tunisia 18487:Somalia 18462:Morocco 18447:Lebanon 18417:Comoros 18412:Bahrain 18407:Algeria 18399:Members 18355:History 18335:Council 18330:Charter 18244:Studies 18222:Cuisine 18205:Culture 18129:History 18117:Economy 18100:Society 18005:Lebanon 17958:Bahrain 17822:(Spain) 17819:Melilla 17748:Tunisia 17728:Morocco 17703:Lebanon 17668:Croatia 17658:Algeria 17653:Albania 17553:Perejil 17528:Morocco 17454:Madeira 17421:Alboran 17416:Melilla 17380:Morocco 17336:Tunisia 17310:Morocco 17271:Algeria 17168:Socotra 17147:Melilla 17116:Madeira 17079:Réunion 17074:Mayotte 16946:Tunisia 16916:Somalia 16901:Senegal 16886:Nigeria 16876:Namibia 16866:Morocco 16831:Liberia 16826:Lesotho 16776:Eritrea 16745:Comoros 16720:Burundi 16695:Algeria 16599:Outline 16580:Symbols 16528:Cuisine 16520:Culture 16463:Society 16439:Tourism 16384:Economy 16303:Cabinet 16224:Borders 16131:History 16119:Algeria 16018:Algeria 16002:Algeria 15835:(ed.). 15716:2 April 15686:2 April 15656:2 April 15626:2 April 15616:Algeria 15580:Algeria 15497:2 April 15437:2 April 15400:ALGÉRIE 15063:20 June 14961:17 July 14931:17 July 14866:6 April 14727:2 April 14697:2 April 14321:20 June 14086:20 June 13808:1216069 13590:23 June 13377:caci.dz 13286:. IMF. 13232:30 July 13156:17 July 13130:24 June 12813:16 July 12738:4 April 12628:8 March 12540:5 April 12423:12 July 12393:12 July 12356:7723057 12325:Bibcode 12158:Bibcode 12060:16 June 12050:esa.int 12000:7 April 11339:20 June 11035:24 June 11005:20 June 10559:. BBC. 10538:(ed.). 10325:19 June 9986:. 1979. 8892:3257290 8705:Bibcode 8697:Science 8571:Algeria 7875:IMF.org 7234:: 7212:Algérie 7197:: 7190:الجزائر 7120:Berbers 6903:tajines 6899:cereals 6894:roots. 6888:Turkish 6856:Cuisine 6512:scholar 6476:removed 6461:sources 6326:); and 6320:Tagaste 6239:Tlemcen 6223:Culture 6130:cholera 6122:measles 5929:Kabylie 5852:Tuaregs 5844:Kabylie 5840:Kabyles 5836:Berbers 5821:Morisco 5818:Catalan 5814:Catalan 5810:Morisco 5783:Vandals 5771:Berbers 5724:204,661 5690:210,146 5656:252,127 5629:Ouargla 5622:265,833 5595:Tlemcen 5588:289,504 5554:331,779 5520:342,703 5486:448,028 5459:El Oued 5452:803,329 5404:Tébessa 5388:Algiers 5370:Algiers 5290:Chinese 5267:nomadic 5235:Tunisia 5227:Nigeria 5211:Tlemcen 5181:project 5155:is the 5139:ruins; 5135:, both 5129:Djémila 5084:Tourism 4924:Algeria 4900:Economy 4893:11,202 4872:Mascara 4863:50,392 4860:131,220 4833:17,618 4743:50,163 4740:101,350 4713:16,437 4710:120,026 4653:57,276 4482:Algiers 4392:Tlemcen 4362:Tébessa 4336:556,200 4316:El Oued 4256:Tindouf 4246:161,400 4143:54,490 4140:285,000 4050:211,980 4046:Ouargla 4027:402,197 3952:), 553 3949:wilayas 3850:diesel 3551:Acacias 3523:juniper 3501:scrub, 3499:Macchia 3476:rodents 3459:is the 3441:jerboas 3437:fennecs 3429:jackals 3390:coastal 3380:is the 2839:in the 2770:Algiers 2561:Kabylia 2537:viceroy 2500:Morocco 2488:Iceland 2482:pirate 2381:Ottoman 2360:Hafsids 2206:Bedouin 2194:Algiers 2154:by the 2141:Fatimid 2121:Bedouin 2117:Red Sea 2008:Merinid 2004:Almohad 1988:Ifranid 1976:Amazigh 1929:Red Sea 1917:Lebanon 1900:Amazigh 1844:Maghreb 1781:Ismaili 1767:Normans 1765:by the 1721:of the 1686:Kusaila 1662:Amazigh 1645:Vandals 1606:vassals 1571:Morocco 1559:Numidia 1459:Berbers 1447:Maghreb 1432:Tebessa 1424:Aterian 1394:Djémila 1363:History 1315:Maghreb 1300:Icosium 1275:الجزائر 1264:Algiers 1174:: 1167:الجزائر 1157:of 1575 1072:wilayas 1052:Berbers 1050:, with 1020:fertile 963:of the 947:of the 925:Vandals 906:Algiers 894:Morocco 854:Tunisia 842:Maghreb 834:Algeria 721: ( 500:• 487:• 474:• 463:Numidia 461:• 435:• 420:• 391:• 376:• 361:• 346:• 273:Berbers 271:15–24% 265:75–85% 248:English 181:36°42′N 172:Algiers 165:Capital 123:Qasaman 117:قَسَمًا 112:Anthem: 20192:Mexico 20147:Brazil 19917:Eighth 19897:Fourth 19887:Second 19856:(2010) 19850:(2008) 19844:(1990) 19756:Muslim 19741:Russia 19668:Uganda 19658:Turkey 19526:Kuwait 19516:Jordan 19491:Guyana 19481:Guinea 19476:Gambia 19441:Brunei 19278:Theory 19186:Emblem 19181:Anthem 19076:AMISOM 19061:UNAMID 18913:Bureau 18822:Organs 18533:Brazil 18442:Kuwait 18437:Jordan 18217:Cinema 18122:Energy 18072:Turkey 18000:Kuwait 17995:Jordan 17990:Israel 17963:Cyprus 17753:Turkey 17718:Monaco 17693:Israel 17688:Greece 17683:France 17673:Cyprus 17333: 17320: 17307: 17294: 17281: 17268: 17067:France 17024:France 16956:Zambia 16951:Uganda 16891:Rwanda 16846:Malawi 16806:Guinea 16700:Angola 16679:Africa 16620:Portal 16533:Cinema 16424:Mining 16419:Health 16414:Energy 16406:Dinar 16267:Rivers 16229:Cities 16121: 15963: 15944: 15925: 15906: 15887: 15868: 15860: 15814: 15785: 15766: 15747: 15594: 15564: 15236: 15049: 14951:Fanack 14831: 14809: 14776: 14666: 14582: 14429: 14372: 14307: 14280: 14231: 14172: 14142: 14111: 14072: 13815: 13805: 13100:21 May 12989:21 May 12799: 12363: 12353: 12345: 12208:17 May 12178: 12129:17 May 12093:18 May 11788: 11761: 11736: 11693: 11654: 11568: 11547: 11521: 11496: 11467: 11364: 11325: 11300:9 June 11251:22 May 11237: 11212:21 May 11203: 11170: 11118: 11091: 11058: 10976: 10920: 10843: 10671: 10505: 10473: 10313: 10160: 10104: 10058: 9964: 9881: 9851: 9697: 9658: 9631: 9604: 9433: 9243: 9205: 9139: 9115: 9078: 9008: 8969: 8930: 8899: 8889: 8845: 8749: 8741: 8733: 8671: 8644: 8605: 8578: 8551: 8524: 8463: 8436: 8409: 8262: 8012:15 May 7817: 7772: 7744: 7648: 7618: 7576: 7504: 7467: 7430: 7367:7 July 7223:Arabic 7186:Arabic 6977:boxing 6954:) and 6917:Sports 6892:French 6884:Berber 6844:(1969) 6820:(2010) 6813:(2006) 6778:Cinema 6696:, and 6666:Nedjma 6606:wrote 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6340:Sanusi 6292:, and 6280:while 6254:Arabic 6199:, the 6193:Arabic 6101:Health 6033:Ibadis 6002:, and 5937:French 5933:Arabic 5925:Kabyle 5921:Berber 5914:Berber 5910:Arabic 5891:Berber 5848:Chaoui 5779:Romans 5715:Biskra 5663:Béchar 5613:Djelfa 5561:Béjaïa 5527:Tiaret 5511:Annaba 5493:Skikda 5433:Annaba 5310: 5307: 5233:, and 5207:Annaba 5149:Casbah 5133:Timgad 5125:Tipasa 5110:UNESCO 5099:Djanet 4966:, the 4932:Turkey 4890:88,126 4846:18,718 4842:M'Sila 4830:86,185 4826:Djanet 4800:17,428 4770:65,203 4722:Guelma 4692:Annaba 4680:11,410 4650:62,215 4632:Skikda 4560:86,105 4516:66,415 4512:Djelfa 4500:29,950 4426:20,673 4422:Tiaret 4406:Tipaza 4366:14,227 4320:54,573 4302:Bouïra 4260:58,193 4242:Béchar 4216:20,986 4212:Biskra 4182:Béjaïa 4156:12,192 4136:Illizi 4110:78,870 4096:25,057 4007:Wilaya 3990:Wilaya 3959:daïras 3936:, and 3844:MiG-29 3649:, the 3559:Sahara 3555:olives 3525:, and 3511:cedars 3431:, and 3416:, 18% 3398:desert 3343:Sahara 3271:Annaba 3269:, and 3251:Arabic 3236:steppe 3189:Sahara 3159:, the 3157:Sahara 2865:Harkis 2849:France 2829:Allies 2754:colons 2691:French 2592:Naples 2457:Lipari 2453:Ischia 2437:slaves 2418:Plague 2384:sultan 2125:Arabia 2102:Aghmat 2082:Zirids 2040:Zirids 2024:Hafsid 1965:Kutama 1957:Zenata 1953:Houara 1927:, the 1913:Jordan 1896:Zirids 1872:Zirids 1866:. The 1852:Levant 1836:Fatima 1763:Sicily 1743:Zirids 1716:Muslim 1674:Altava 1641:Africa 1517:Skikda 1511:) and 1509:Annaba 1497:Tipasa 1487:, the 1474:Timgad 1413:Levant 1233:Berber 1231:RADP; 1200:French 1195:dzāyer 1163:Arabic 1131:, the 1123:, the 1119:, the 1075:) and 1040:French 1032:Arabic 1016:Sahara 949:Berber 939:since 931:, and 921:Romans 884:, and 705:(2022) 703: 685:(2011) 683: 631: 575: 468:202 BC 290:(2012) 279:others 258:(2024) 244:French 221:Berber 216:Arabic 184:3°13′E 114: 86:Emblem 44:Arabic 40: 20257:28; 2 20182:Kenya 20162:India 20157:Egypt 20152:Chile 19922:Ninth 19907:Sixth 19902:Fifth 19892:Third 19882:First 19699:Syria 19683:Yemen 19633:Sudan 19608:Qatar 19576:Niger 19541:Libya 19471:Gabon 19466:Egypt 19431:Benin 19362:(OIC) 19238:NEPAD 19081:MISCA 19046:ACIRC 18642:Sport 18543:India 18512:Yemen 18497:Syria 18492:Sudan 18477:Qatar 18452:Libya 18427:Egypt 18312:Lists 18237:Dance 18232:Music 18082:Yemen 18055:Syria 18045:Qatar 17968:Egypt 17815:Ceuta 17743:Syria 17738:Spain 17713:Malta 17708:Libya 17698:Italy 17678:Egypt 17532:Spain 17513:Abyei 17501:Sudan 17473:Egypt 17469:Sudan 17411:Ceuta 17398:Spain 17323:Sudan 17297:Libya 17284:Egypt 17161:Yemen 17142:Ceuta 17130:Spain 17088:Italy 16931:Sudan 16881:Niger 16836:Libya 16821:Kenya 16801:Ghana 16791:Gabon 16765:Egypt 16705:Benin 16606:Index 16575:Sport 16565:Music 16558:films 16553:Media 16510:Women 16192:2000s 16076:from 16049:(PDF) 16042:(PDF) 15831:. In 15741:Hurst 15706:Devex 15171:(PDF) 15164:(PDF) 15018:(PDF) 15011:(PDF) 14605:(PDF) 14556:(PDF) 14549:(PDF) 14049:(PDF) 14042:(PDF) 13563:(PDF) 13556:(PDF) 13291:(PDF) 13284:(PDF) 13208:(PDF) 13201:(PDF) 12930:(PDF) 11387:[ 11166:–ff. 10974:S2CID 10534:. In 9762:, By 9567:[ 9534:[ 9113:S2CID 8788:(PDF) 8781:(PDF) 8747:S2CID 7976:(PDF) 7965:(PDF) 7181:-ee-ə 7165: 6944:chess 6940:Aures 6519:JSTOR 6505:books 6370:Media 6332:Tunis 6245:; by 6023:Islam 5953:Punic 5945:Greek 5941:Latin 5791:Turks 5767:Arabs 5647:Sétif 5579:Batna 5545:Blida 5343:Rank 5340:Pop. 5327:Rank 5276:from 5263:oases 5223:Niger 5145:oasis 5137:Roman 4920:dinar 4876:5,941 4816:2,269 4786:8,866 4782:Médéa 4756:2,187 4726:4,101 4696:1,439 4666:9,150 4636:4,026 4620:8,835 4606:6,764 4602:Saïda 4590:4,870 4576:6,504 4572:Sétif 4546:2,577 4542:Jijel 4530:2,376 4496:Naâma 4470:4,897 4456:3,568 4440:9,375 4410:2,166 4396:9,061 4380:4,541 4350:9,811 4306:4,439 4290:3,152 4276:1,696 4272:Blida 4230:3,339 4200:1,591 4186:3,268 4170:4,115 4152:Batna 4126:6,768 4080:2,114 4066:4,975 4062:Chlef 4023:Adrar 3539:agave 3425:boars 3201:Aures 2873:lynch 2644:Dutch 2640:Anglo 2632:First 2611:Oujda 2545:divan 2533:Odjak 2480:Dutch 2399:Hasan 2320:Jijel 2289:Tunis 2160:Zirid 2156:Gabes 2106:Oujda 2032:Zirid 1984:Zirid 1937:Yemen 1933:Hejaz 1925:Egypt 1921:Syria 1864:Cairo 1856:Arabs 1848:Hejaz 1792:Dihya 1719:Arabs 1694:Aurès 1470:Roman 1229:abbr. 1187:دزاير 1048:Arabs 933:Turks 888:; to 872:; to 870:Niger 864:; to 862:Libya 856:; to 776:right 673:109th 565:171th 517:Area 267:Arabs 20240:28°N 20172:Iran 20121:2012 20116:2010 20111:2006 20106:2004 20101:2001 20096:2000 20091:1999 20086:1998 20081:1997 20076:1996 20071:1995 20066:1994 20061:1992 20056:1991 20051:1990 19648:Togo 19586:Oman 19556:Mali 19506:Iraq 19501:Iran 19451:Chad 19285:Afro 19191:Flag 19123:APRM 19071:AMIS 19066:AMIB 18890:AUCC 18608:Life 18467:Oman 18432:Iraq 18340:Flag 18030:Gaza 18017:Oman 17978:Iraq 17973:Iran 17817:and 17810:(UK) 17570:SADR 17384:SADR 16941:Togo 16851:Mali 16740:Chad 16538:Flag 16333:LGBT 16057:2016 15961:ISBN 15942:ISBN 15923:ISBN 15904:ISBN 15885:ISBN 15866:ISBN 15858:ISBN 15812:ISBN 15783:ISBN 15764:ISBN 15745:ISBN 15718:2024 15688:2024 15658:2024 15628:2024 15592:ISBN 15562:ISSN 15525:2012 15499:2024 15469:2023 15439:2024 15363:2013 15334:2013 15308:2013 15282:2021 15252:2023 15234:ISBN 15205:2013 15179:2013 15147:2013 15121:2013 15095:2021 15065:2015 15047:ISBN 15026:2009 14994:2022 14963:2021 14933:2021 14897:2022 14868:2021 14829:ISBN 14807:ISBN 14774:ISBN 14729:2024 14699:2024 14664:ISSN 14627:link 14613:2024 14580:ISBN 14531:2013 14505:2010 14445:2023 14427:ISBN 14388:2023 14370:ISBN 14349:2021 14323:2015 14305:ISBN 14278:ISBN 14229:ISBN 14204:2024 14170:ISBN 14140:ISBN 14109:ISBN 14088:2015 14070:ISBN 14025:2023 13995:2013 13969:2013 13939:2013 13927:IRIN 13909:2013 13876:2013 13843:2013 13813:PMID 13764:2013 13738:2011 13711:2016 13685:2022 13655:2022 13592:2020 13520:2013 13494:2022 13464:2013 13438:2022 13389:2022 13359:2022 13329:2022 13299:2013 13234:2024 13184:2020 13158:2021 13132:2017 13102:2017 13072:2018 13046:2018 12991:2017 12960:2013 12913:2011 12883:2013 12857:2013 12815:2008 12797:ISBN 12772:2021 12740:2006 12714:2016 12688:2021 12658:2011 12630:2013 12600:2011 12572:2021 12542:2019 12511:2013 12481:2013 12451:2024 12425:2021 12395:2021 12361:PMID 12343:ISSN 12271:2014 12210:2020 12176:ISSN 12131:2020 12095:2013 12062:2023 12032:2021 12002:2019 11976:2013 11939:2011 11913:2014 11862:2012 11804:2015 11786:ISBN 11759:ISBN 11734:ISBN 11709:2022 11691:ISBN 11670:2023 11652:ISBN 11631:2009 11601:2021 11566:ISBN 11545:ISBN 11519:ISBN 11494:ISBN 11465:ISBN 11431:2021 11401:2013 11362:ISBN 11341:2015 11323:ISBN 11302:2012 11253:2019 11235:ISBN 11214:2017 11201:ISBN 11168:ISBN 11134:2023 11116:ISBN 11089:ISBN 11056:ISBN 11037:2017 11007:2015 10918:ISBN 10841:ISBN 10820:2021 10669:ISBN 10626:2017 10595:2008 10569:2008 10503:ISBN 10471:ISBN 10432:2013 10356:2021 10327:2021 10311:ISSN 10158:ISBN 10102:ISBN 10056:ISBN 10014:2019 9962:ISBN 9879:ISBN 9849:ISBN 9740:2021 9713:2021 9695:ISBN 9674:2021 9656:ISBN 9629:ISBN 9602:ISBN 9581:2020 9548:2020 9515:2013 9489:2013 9463:2013 9431:ISBN 9300:2021 9259:2021 9241:ISBN 9221:2021 9203:ISBN 9182:2021 9155:2021 9137:ISBN 9076:ISBN 9050:2023 9024:2019 9006:ISBN 8985:2019 8967:ISBN 8946:2020 8928:ISBN 8897:PMID 8843:ISBN 8822:2013 8796:2013 8763:2021 8739:PMID 8731:ISSN 8669:ISBN 8642:ISBN 8603:ISBN 8576:ISBN 8549:ISBN 8522:ISBN 8498:link 8461:ISBN 8434:ISBN 8407:ISBN 8386:link 8335:2023 8278:2018 8260:ISBN 8239:2020 8192:2021 8162:2024 8099:2024 8074:2022 8044:2023 8014:2024 7984:2024 7948:2019 7922:2009 7886:2024 7813:2021 7770:ISBN 7740:2013 7680:2024 7646:ISBN 7616:ISBN 7592:2023 7574:ISBN 7543:2024 7502:ISBN 7465:ISBN 7428:ISBN 7404:2022 7369:2024 7343:2024 7317:2013 7291:2013 7179:JEER 7116:Arab 7102:see 7090:see 7048:The 6931:The 6890:and 6880:Arab 6833:for 6815:and 6746:and 6734:and 6632:and 6620:and 6598:and 6554:and 6491:news 6459:any 6457:cite 6428:and 6420:and 6402:Baya 6400:and 6306:and 6276:and 6151:and 6132:and 6093:and 6017:Oran 5951:and 5889:and 5832:Arab 5805:and 5443:Oran 5380:Oran 5356:Pop. 5347:Name 5331:Name 5259:Arab 5231:Chad 5219:Mali 5131:and 4998:OPEC 4930:and 4436:Mila 4076:Oran 3974:seat 3732:and 3668:The 3647:army 3507:oaks 3490:and 3447:and 3376:The 3339:arid 3320:ergs 3263:Oran 3245:The 3228:12°E 3226:and 3220:37°N 3218:and 3203:and 3175:The 3155:The 2890:and 2799:and 2768:and 2766:Oran 2669:and 2634:and 2609:and 2588:1784 2586:and 2584:1783 2554:The 2496:Salé 2465:Gozo 2431:The 2412:agha 2408:Ojaq 2354:and 2352:Aruj 2318:and 2270:The 2227:The 2198:Oran 2196:and 2113:Nile 2071:Mali 2030:and 2022:and 1942:The 1935:and 1878:and 1858:and 1826:and 1818:and 1812:Sufi 1778:Shia 1577:and 1443:Oran 1407:and 1382:and 1339:and 1306:and 1143:Name 1129:OPEC 1099:and 1034:and 979:and 878:Mali 787:+213 723:93rd 718:high 689:27.6 681:Gini 654:50th 621:99th 602:39th 551:33rd 530:10th 481:1516 297:99% 72:Flag 20243:2°E 19952:GDP 18625:GDP 16677:of 15584:doi 15552:doi 15226:doi 14654:doi 13803:PMC 13795:doi 13619:doi 13482:APS 12351:PMC 12333:doi 12294:". 12166:doi 11885:". 11730:538 11197:374 11164:364 10966:doi 10301:doi 9105:doi 8887:PMC 8877:doi 8721:hdl 8713:doi 8701:362 7177:al- 7153:ɪər 6766:of 6758:of 6750:of 6668:of 6660:of 6470:by 6381:Art 6162:UIS 6015:in 4960:WTO 4486:273 4000:map 3752:'s 3700:FLN 3531:Fig 3224:9°W 3216:19° 2962:by 2944:FLN 2831:in 2607:Rif 2556:dey 2541:Dey 2498:in 1690:Fez 1647:of 1434:). 1310:. 1254:). 1125:OIC 904:is 892:by 876:by 868:by 860:by 852:by 814:.dz 756:CET 750:UTC 738:DZD 701:HDI 629:GDP 579:PPP 573:GDP 277:1% 20272:: 19374:: 17800:UK 16010:. 16004:. 15959:. 15940:. 15921:. 15902:. 15883:. 15864:, 15856:. 15852:. 15806:. 15781:. 15762:. 15758:. 15743:. 15708:. 15704:. 15674:. 15644:. 15618:. 15614:. 15590:. 15560:. 15548:23 15546:. 15542:. 15515:. 15485:. 15455:. 15425:. 15414:^ 15384:. 15380:. 15342:^ 15268:. 15242:. 15232:. 15081:. 15055:. 15013:. 14984:. 14980:. 14949:. 14918:, 14913:. 14887:. 14876:^ 14858:. 14854:. 14843:^ 14749:. 14745:. 14715:. 14689:. 14685:. 14662:. 14650:39 14648:. 14644:. 14623:}} 14619:{{ 14564:." 14487:. 14462:. 14435:. 14378:. 14339:. 14313:. 14237:. 14206:. 14195:. 14178:. 14148:. 14117:. 14078:. 14015:. 14011:. 13955:. 13925:. 13895:. 13884:^ 13862:. 13851:^ 13811:. 13801:. 13791:75 13789:. 13785:. 13728:. 13671:. 13641:. 13613:. 13609:. 13571:^ 13480:. 13424:. 13379:. 13375:. 13349:. 13345:. 13319:. 13315:. 13270:^ 13224:. 13203:. 13122:. 13118:. 13088:. 13030:. 13008:. 12981:. 12977:. 12950:. 12946:. 12899:. 12847:. 12843:. 12832:^ 12805:. 12791:. 12756:. 12704:. 12678:. 12674:. 12616:. 12558:. 12532:. 12528:. 12497:. 12467:. 12442:. 12415:. 12411:. 12381:. 12359:. 12349:. 12341:. 12331:. 12321:11 12319:. 12315:. 12242:. 12196:. 12174:. 12164:. 12154:36 12148:. 12121:. 12117:. 12103:^ 12081:. 12070:^ 12052:. 12048:. 12018:. 11947:^ 11812:^ 11794:. 11732:. 11699:. 11660:. 11617:. 11473:. 11417:. 11331:. 11288:. 11243:. 11199:. 11158:. 11124:. 11083:. 11027:. 11023:. 10972:. 10962:59 10960:. 10790:. 10767:. 10743:. 10720:. 10697:. 10642:. 10616:. 10612:. 10585:. 10517:^ 10485:^ 10440:^ 10407:^ 10309:. 10295:. 10116:^ 10000:. 9863:^ 9703:. 9664:. 9453:. 9449:. 9422:^ 9249:. 9211:. 9145:. 9111:. 9101:14 9099:. 9070:. 9058:^ 9040:. 9014:. 8975:. 8936:. 8926:. 8922:. 8918:. 8895:. 8885:. 8871:. 8867:. 8753:. 8745:. 8737:. 8729:. 8719:. 8711:. 8699:. 8695:. 8683:^ 8506:^ 8494:}} 8490:{{ 8382:}} 8378:{{ 8343:^ 8325:. 8321:. 8268:. 8208:. 8178:. 8153:. 8135:. 8090:. 8064:. 8060:. 8034:. 8030:. 8000:. 7967:. 7908:. 7902:. 7877:. 7873:. 7858:^ 7798:. 7787:^ 7778:. 7752:^ 7725:. 7692:^ 7682:. 7671:. 7654:. 7624:. 7594:. 7582:. 7554:^ 7545:. 7534:. 7519:^ 7510:. 7482:^ 7473:. 7445:^ 7436:. 7406:. 7394:. 7390:. 7377:^ 7359:. 7334:. 7229:, 7225:: 7204:, 7192:, 7188:: 7184:; 7150:dʒ 6983:, 6979:, 6975:, 6905:, 6886:, 6882:, 6852:. 6774:. 6762:, 6754:, 6738:. 6730:, 6726:, 6722:, 6700:. 6692:, 6684:, 6680:, 6676:, 6650:. 6628:, 6616:, 6416:, 6408:, 6314:; 6272:, 6268:, 6256:, 6241:, 6128:, 6124:, 6120:, 6116:, 6097:. 6089:, 6085:, 6081:, 6039:. 5998:, 5947:, 5943:, 5939:, 5935:, 5912:, 5789:, 5785:, 5781:, 5777:, 5727:20 5711:10 5693:19 5659:18 5625:17 5591:16 5557:15 5523:14 5489:13 5455:12 5400:11 5237:. 5229:, 5225:, 5221:, 5031:. 5017:10 4882:58 4868:29 4852:57 4838:28 4822:56 4808:27 4792:55 4778:26 4762:54 4748:25 4732:53 4718:24 4702:52 4688:23 4672:51 4658:22 4642:50 4628:21 4612:49 4598:20 4582:48 4568:19 4552:47 4538:18 4522:46 4508:17 4492:45 4478:16 4462:44 4448:15 4432:43 4418:14 4402:42 4388:13 4372:41 4358:12 4342:40 4328:11 4312:39 4298:10 4282:38 4252:37 4222:36 4192:35 4162:34 4132:33 4102:32 4072:31 4042:30 3932:, 3920:. 3861:. 3839:. 3792:A 3622:. 3537:, 3533:, 3521:, 3509:, 3505:, 3494:. 3486:, 3427:, 3392:, 3265:, 3253:: 2982:. 2905:. 2883:. 2843:. 2795:, 2791:, 2787:, 2783:, 2594:, 2551:. 2506:. 2490:, 2375:, 2104:, 2100:, 2077:. 2018:, 2014:, 2010:, 2006:, 2002:, 1998:, 1994:, 1990:, 1986:, 1963:, 1959:, 1955:, 1951:, 1923:, 1919:, 1915:, 1911:, 1753:, 1749:, 1745:, 1741:, 1737:, 1733:, 1616:. 1549:. 1503:, 1248:: 1244:, 1238:: 1227:, 1214:, 1202:: 1198:, 1189:, 1185:: 1181:, 1169:, 1165:: 1127:, 1038:; 927:, 923:, 919:, 880:, 799:DZ 752:+1 20029:e 20022:t 20015:v 19352:e 19345:t 19338:v 19224:) 19220:( 19154:) 19150:( 18701:e 18694:t 18687:v 18278:e 18271:t 18264:v 17934:e 17927:t 17920:v 17802:) 17798:( 17628:e 17621:t 17614:v 17572:. 17530:/ 17503:/ 17471:/ 17382:/ 17238:e 17231:t 17224:v 16998:) 16994:( 16667:e 16660:t 16653:v 16111:e 16104:t 16097:v 16059:. 16014:. 15967:. 15948:. 15929:. 15910:. 15891:. 15818:. 15789:. 15770:. 15751:. 15720:. 15690:. 15660:. 15630:. 15600:. 15586:: 15568:. 15554:: 15527:. 15501:. 15471:. 15441:. 15365:. 15336:. 15310:. 15284:. 15228:: 15207:. 15181:. 15149:. 15123:. 15097:. 15067:. 15028:. 14996:. 14965:. 14935:. 14899:. 14870:. 14837:. 14813:. 14782:. 14731:. 14701:. 14670:. 14656:: 14629:) 14615:. 14588:. 14533:. 14507:. 14447:. 14390:. 14325:. 14286:. 14090:. 14027:. 13997:. 13971:. 13941:. 13911:. 13878:. 13845:. 13819:. 13797:: 13766:. 13740:. 13713:. 13687:. 13657:. 13627:. 13621:: 13615:7 13594:. 13522:. 13496:. 13466:. 13440:. 13391:. 13361:. 13331:. 13301:. 13264:. 13250:. 13236:. 13186:. 13160:. 13134:. 13104:. 13074:. 13048:. 12993:. 12962:. 12932:. 12915:. 12885:. 12859:. 12817:. 12774:. 12742:. 12716:. 12690:. 12660:. 12632:. 12602:. 12574:. 12544:. 12513:. 12483:. 12453:. 12427:. 12397:. 12367:. 12335:: 12327:: 12283:" 12273:. 12246:. 12212:. 12182:. 12168:: 12160:: 12133:. 12097:. 12064:. 12034:. 12004:. 11978:. 11941:. 11915:. 11874:" 11864:. 11806:. 11767:. 11742:. 11711:. 11672:. 11633:. 11603:. 11574:. 11527:. 11502:. 11433:. 11403:. 11370:. 11343:. 11304:. 11255:. 11216:. 11176:. 11136:. 11097:. 11064:. 11039:. 11009:. 10980:. 10968:: 10926:. 10849:. 10822:. 10794:. 10771:. 10747:. 10724:. 10701:. 10677:. 10628:. 10597:. 10571:. 10511:. 10479:. 10434:. 10358:. 10329:. 10303:: 10166:. 10110:. 10064:. 10016:. 9970:. 9887:. 9857:. 9637:. 9583:. 9550:. 9517:. 9491:. 9465:. 9119:. 9107:: 9084:. 9052:. 9026:. 8987:. 8948:. 8903:. 8879:: 8873:8 8851:. 8824:. 8798:. 8765:. 8723:: 8715:: 8707:: 8677:. 8650:. 8611:. 8584:. 8557:. 8530:. 8500:) 8469:. 8442:. 8415:. 8388:) 8337:. 8307:. 8280:. 8241:. 8212:. 8194:. 8164:. 8139:. 8101:. 8076:. 8046:. 8016:. 7986:. 7950:. 7924:. 7888:. 7815:. 7742:. 7371:. 7345:. 7319:. 7293:. 7257:. 7162:/ 7159:ə 7156:i 7147:ˈ 7144:l 7141:æ 7138:/ 6842:Z 6714:. 6541:) 6535:( 6530:) 6526:( 6516:· 6509:· 6502:· 6495:· 6478:. 6464:. 6065:- 5677:9 5643:8 5609:7 5575:6 5541:5 5507:4 5473:3 5439:2 5384:1 5021:^ 5015:× 4268:9 4238:8 4208:7 4178:6 4148:5 4118:4 4088:3 4058:2 4019:1 4003:# 3986:# 3966:( 3956:( 3946:( 3357:. 3303:. 3249:( 2803:. 2761:. 2642:- 1604:( 1321:( 1284:( 1272:( 1069:( 758:) 754:( 740:) 736:( 725:) 675:) 656:) 623:) 604:) 581:) 577:( 567:) 553:) 532:) 305:) 301:( 46:) 42:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.