Berbers - Knowledge

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and Caliph, which posed a direct challenge to the Umayyad's own claim. The Fatimids gained overlordship over the Idrisids, then launched a conquest of the Maghreb. To counter the threat, the Umayyads crossed the strait to take Ceuta in 931, and actively formed alliances with Berber confederacies, such as the Zenata and the Awraba. Rather than fighting each other directly, the Fatimids and Umayyads competed for Berber allegiances. In turn, this provided a motivation for the further conversion of Berbers to Islam, many of the Berbers, particularly farther south, away from the Mediterranean, being still Christian and pagan. In turn, this would contribute to the establishment of the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad Caliphate, which would have a major impact on al-Andalus and contribute to the end of the Umayyad caliphate.

4471: 4736: 4198:. It is variously referred to as Amazighism, Berberism, the Berber identity movement, or the Berber Culture Movement. The movement does not have a specific organization and cuts across both modern national boundaries and traditional tribal divisions. It is generally consistent in its demands, which include greater linguistic rights for Berber languages and greater official and social recognition of Amazigh culture. These Berberists also aimed to counter the image that Berbers were a mere collection of disparate tribes speaking mutually incomprehensible languages. They did this by introducing "Imazighen" as a collective term of self-referral and claimed that the various Berber languages once constituted a single language. 2766:

true, but shows that hostile anti-Berber propaganda was being used to discredit the sons of al-Mansur. In 1009, Sanchuelo had himself proclaimed Hisham II's successor, and then went on military campaign. However, while he was away a revolt took place. Sanchuelo's palace was sacked and his support fell away. As he marched back to Cordoba his own Berber mercenaries abandoned him. Knowing the strength of ill feeling against them in Cordoba, they thought Sanchuelo would be unable to protect them, and so they went elsewhere in order to survive and secure their own interests. Sanchuelo was left with only a few followers, and was captured and killed in 1009. Hisham II abdicated and was succeeded by

4775: 5489: 2630: 1599:(240–237 BC). The city-state also seemed to reward those leaders known to deal ruthlessly with its subject peoples, hence the frequent Berber insurrections. Moderns fault Carthage for failure "to bind her subjects to herself, as Rome did ", yet Rome and the Italians held far more in common perhaps than did Carthage and the Berbers. Nonetheless, a modern criticism is that the Carthaginians "did themselves a disservice" by failing to promote the common, shared quality of "life in a properly organized city" that inspires loyalty, particularly with regard to the Berbers. Again, the tribute demanded by Carthage was onerous. 2109: 4999: 2798:. Deciding that he was about to lose, Wadih overthrew al-Mahdi and sent his head to the Berbers, replacing him with Hisham II. However, the Berbers did not end the siege. They methodically destroyed Cordoba's suburbs, pinning the inhabitants inside the old Roman walls and destroying the Madinat al-Zahra. Wadih's allies killed him, and the Cordoba garrison surrendered with the expectation of amnesty. However, "a massacre ensued in which the Berbers took revenge for many personal and collective injuries and permanently settled several feuds in the process". The Berbers made Sulayman caliph once again. 4983: 5109: 3211: 2011: 4940: 1009: 4916: 5267: 1792: 1613: 5015: 4962: 4756: 5503: 3012: 5759: 4280: 4159: 845: 831: 2575:

the Banu Mahsa faction in Toledo, promising them the governorship if they betrayed Ibn Hamir. The Banu Mahsa brought Ibn Hamir's head to Amrus in Talavera. However, there was a feud between the Banu Mahsa and the Berbers of Talavera, who killed all the Banu Mahsa. Amrus sent the heads of the Banu Mahsa along with that of Ibn Hamir to Al-Hakam in Cordoba. The Toledo rebellion was sufficiently weakened that Amrus was able to enter Toledo and convince its inhabitants to submit.

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the Arabs already employed forces of the defeated Berbers to carry out their next invasion. This would explain the predominance of Berbers over Arabs in the initial invasion. In addition, Collins argues that Berber social organization made it possible for the Arabs to recruit entire tribal units into their armies, making the defeated Berbers excellent military auxiliaries. The Berber forces in the invasion of Iberia came from Ifriqiya or as far away as Tripolitania.

1962: 1846: 4288: 5236: 5208: 2140:, were elected by leading citizens. The imams gained a reputation for honesty, piety, and justice. The court at Tahert was noted for its support of scholarship in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, theology, and law. The Rustamid imams failed, by choice or by neglect, to organize a reliable standing army. This important factor, accompanied by the dynasty's eventual collapse into decadence, opened the way for Tahert's demise under the assault of the Fatimids. 3665: 3393: 4456: 5224: 1441: 2536:. He was besieged by Umayyads in 774, but the revolt near Seville forced the besieging troops to withdraw. In 775, a Berber garrison in Coria declared allegiance to Shaqya, but Abd ar-Rahman retook the town and chased the Berbers into the mountains. In 776, Shaqya resisted sieges of his two main fortresses at Santaver and Shebat'ran (near Toledo); but in 777 he was betrayed and killed by his own followers, who sent his head to Abd ar-Rahman. 663:. Historically, Berbers across the region did not see themselves as a single cultural or linguistic unit, nor was there a greater "Berber community", due to their differing cultures. They also did not refer to themselves as Berbers/Amazigh but had their own terms to refer to their own groups and communities. They started being referred to collectively as Berbers after the Arab conquests of the 7th century and this distinction was revived by 3728: 3598: 3952: 3899: 3829: 3759: 3693: 3629: 3559: 3524: 3489: 2918: 1526:

mixed ancestry, Berber and Punic, evolved there, and there would develop recognized niches in which Berbers had proven their utility. For example, the Punic state began to field Berber–Numidian cavalry under their commanders on a regular basis. The Berbers eventually were required to provide soldiers (at first "unlikely" paid "except in booty"), which by the fourth century BC became "the largest single element in the Carthaginian army".

2663: 5527: 5298: 2169: 5167:, originally worn by women and girls of different rural Berber groups of Morocco, Algeria and other North African countries. It is usually made of silver and includes elaborate triangular plates and pins, originally used as clasps for garments, necklaces, bracelets, earrings and similar items. In modern times, these types of jewellery are produced also in contemporary variations and sold as a commercial product of ethnic-style 3987: 3923: 3864: 3794: 1484:, later establishing control over productive farmlands for several hundred kilometres. Appropriation of such wealth in land by the Phoenicians would surely provoke some resistance from the Berbers; although in warfare, too, the technical training, social organization, and weaponry of the Phoenicians would seem to work against the tribal Berbers. This social-cultural interaction in early Carthage has been summarily described: 1977:, which was spread by Arabs, was to have extensive and long-lasting effects on the Maghreb. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of Berber society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics, and in large part replacing tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms. A further Arabization of the region was in large part due to the arrival of the 3106: 3389:. Berbers comprise 15% to 25% the population of Algeria, 10% of Libya, 31% to 35% of Morocco, and 1% of Tunisia. Berber language speakers in the Maghreb comprise 30% to 40% of the Moroccan population, and 15% to 35% of the Algerian population, with smaller communities in Libya and very small groups in Tunisia, Egypt and Mauritania. Berber languages in total are spoken by around 14 million to 16 million people in Africa. 3911: 1460:'s rule of Egypt (945–715 BC), the Berbers near Carthage commanded significant respect (yet probably appearing more rustic than the elegant Libyan pharaohs on the Nile). Correspondingly, in early Carthage, careful attention was given to securing the most favourable treaties with the Berber chieftains, "which included intermarriage between them and the Punic aristocracy". In this regard, perhaps the legend about 123: 1714: 1199: 1530: 2438:

invaded the peninsula, Berber groups were situated in the northwest. However, due to the Berber revolt, the Umayyad governors were forced to protect their southern flank and were unable to mount an offense against the Asturians. Some presence of Berbers in the northwest may have been maintained at first, but after the 740s there is no more mention of the northwestern Berbers in the sources.

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invasion "was to be stigmatized as of inferior birth". Reilly notes, however, that in practice the two groups had by the 11th century become almost indistinguishable: "both groups gradually ceased to be distinguishable parts of the Muslim population, except when one of them actually ruled a taifa, in which case his low origins were well publicized by his rivals".

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only look to the Umayyad regime for support and patronage and developed solid ties of loyalty to the emirs. However, they were also difficult to control, and by the end of the ninth century the Berber frontier garrisons disappear from the sources. Collins says this might be because they migrated back to north Africa or gradually assimilated.

2559:, where he held out for two years. Finally, Sulayman came to terms with Hisham and went into exile in 790, together with other brothers who had rebelled with him. In north Africa, Sulayman and his brothers forged alliances with local Berbers, especially the Kharijite ruler of Tahert. After the death of Hisham and the accession of 4909:) also has distinctive mosques and houses that are completely whitewashed, but built in rammed earth. The structures here also make frequent use of domes and barrel vaults. Unlike in Jerba, the distinctive minarets in this region are tall and have a square base, tapering towards the end and crowned with "horn"-like corners. 5474: 2466:, but was defeated by forces loyal to Abd ar-Rahman. Yusuf fled to Toledo, and was killed either on the way or after reaching that place. Yusuf's cousin Hisham ibn Urwa continued to resist Abd ar-Rahman from Toledo until 764, and the sons of Yusuf revolted again in 785. These family members of Yusuf, members of the 4202:

Morocco, where Amazigh populations are spread across a wider area, the movement has been less overtly political and confrontational. In the 1990s, both states made concessions to this movement or attempted to ally itself with it, partly in response to the challenge of other political forces such as Islamism.

2277:, it was against a Berber governor. This revolt challenged As-Samh's plans to settle Berbers in the Galician and Cantabrian mountains, and by the middle of the eighth century it seems there was no more Berber presence in Galicia. The expulsion of the Berber garrisons from central Asturias, following the 4605:

Some of the earliest evidence of original Amazigh culture in North Africa has been found in the highlands of the Sahara and dates from the second millennium BC, when the region was much less arid than it is today and when the Amazigh population was most likely in the process of spreading across North

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had its roots before the independence of these countries, it was limited to the Berber elite. It only began to succeed among the greater populace when North African states replaced their European colonial languages with Arabic and identified exclusively as Arabian nations, downplaying or ignoring the

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era, the petty kings came from a variety of ethnic groups; some—for instance the Zirid kings of Granada—were of Berber origin. The Taifa period ended when a Berber dynasty—the Moroccan Almoravids—took over al-Andalus; they were succeeded by the Almohad dynasty of Morocco, during which time al-Andalus

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and forced Muhammad II al-Mahdi to flee to Toledo. They then installed Sulayman as caliph, and based themselves in the Madinat al-Zahra to avoid friction with the local population. Wadih and al-Mahdi formed an alliance with the Counts of Barcelona and Urgell and marched back on Cordoba. They defeated

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The Berbers marched south in three columns, simultaneously attacking Toledo, Cordoba, and the ports on the Gibraltar strait. However, Ibn Qatan's sons defeated the army attacking Toledo, the governor's forces defeated the attack on Cordoba, and Balj defeated the attack on the strait. After this, Balj

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The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate, due to the discriminatory attitude of the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily, treating converts as second-class Muslims, and, worst of all, by enslaving them. As a

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The first Arabian military expeditions into the Maghreb, between 642 and 669, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. But when the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus,

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he most ruinous tribute was imposed and exacted with unsparing rigour from the subject native states, and no slight one either from the cognate Phoenician states. ... Hence arose that universal disaffection, or rather that deadly hatred, on the part of her foreign subjects, and even of the Phoenician

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Eventually, the Phoenician trading stations would evolve into permanent settlements, and later into small towns, which would presumably require a wide variety of goods as well as sources of food, which could be satisfied through trade with the Berbers. Yet, here too, the Phoenicians probably would be

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Additionally, genomic analysis found that Berber and other Maghreb communities have a high frequency of an ancestral component that originated in the Near East. This Maghrebi element peaks among Tunisian Berbers. This ancestry is related to the Coptic/Ethio-Somali component, which diverged from these

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textile designs include a wide variety of stripes and, more rarely, geometrical patterns such as triangles and diamonds. Additional decorations such as sequins or fringes, are typical of Berber weave in Morocco. The nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Berbers is suitable for weaving kilims. In

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In marriages, the man usually selects the woman, and depending on the tribe, the family often makes the decision. In contrast, in the Tuareg culture, the woman chooses her future husband. The rites of marriage are different for each tribe. Families are either patriarchal or matriarchal, according to

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in western Algeria. This structure consists of columns, a dome, and spiral pathways that lead to a single chamber. A number of "tower tombs" from the Numidian period can also be found in sites from Algeria to Libya. Despite their wide geographic range, they often share a similar style: a three-story

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The Berber identity encompasses language, religion, and ethnicity, and is rooted in the entire history and geography of North Africa. Berbers are not an entirely homogeneous ethnicity, and they include a range of societies, ancestries, and lifestyles. The unifying forces for the Berber people may be

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Throughout the ninth century, the Berber garrisons were one of the main military supports of the Umayyad regime. Although they had caused numerous problems for Abd ar-Rahman I, Collins suggests that by the reign of Al-Hakam the Berber conflicts with Arabs and native Iberians meant that Berbers could

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Collins argues that unassimilated Berber garrisons in al-Andalus engaged in local vendettas and feuds, such as the conflict with the Banu Mahsa. This was due to the limited power of the Umayyad emir's central authority. Collins states that "the Berbers, despite being fellow Muslims, were despised by

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In 797, the Berbers of Talavera played a major part in defeating a revolt against Al-Hakam in Toledo. A certain Ubayd Allah ibn Hamir of Toledo rebelled against Al-Hakam, who ordered Amrus ibn Yusuf, the commander of the Berbers in Talavera, to suppress the rebellion. Amrus negotiated in secret with

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to argue that Berber groups in Iberia retained their own distinctive social organization. According to this traditional view of Arab and Berber culture in the Iberian peninsula, Berber society was highly impermeable to outside influences, whereas Arabs became assimilated and Hispanized. Some support

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of the frontier and beyond, where a minority continued as free 'tribal republics'. While benefiting from Punic material culture and political-military institutions, these peripheral Berbers (also called Libyans)—while maintaining their own identity, culture, and traditions—continued to develop their

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The earliest Phoenician coastal outposts were probably meant merely to resupply and service ships bound for the lucrative metals trade with the Iberians, and perhaps at first regarded trade with the Berbers as unprofitable. However, the Phoenicians eventually established strategic colonial cities in

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In recent decades, Berber communities and culture have become involved in the tourism industries of some North African countries, such as Morocco and Tunisia. Images and descriptions of Berber culture play a central role in the tourism industry of Morocco, where they are prominently featured in the

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In Cordoba, conflicts continued between the Berber rulers and those of the citizenry who saw themselves as Arab. After being installed as caliph with Berber support, Sulayman was pressured into distributing southern provinces to his Berber allies. The Sanhaja departed from Cordoba at this time. The

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Considerable resentment arose in Cordoba against the increasing numbers of Berbers brought from north Africa by al-Mansur and his children Abd al-Malik and Sanchuelo. It was said that Sanchuelo ordered anyone attending his court to wear Berber turbans, which Roger Collins suggests may not have been

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Umayyad influence in western North Africa spread through diplomacy rather than conquest. The Umayyads sought out alliances with various Berber confederacies. These would declare loyalty to the Umayyad caliphate in opposition to the Fatimids. The Umayyads would send gifts, including embroidered silk

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In the 900s, the Umayyad caliphate faced a challenge from the Fatimids in North Africa. The Fatimid Caliphate of the 10th century was established by the Kutama Berbers. After taking the city of Kairouan and overthrowing the Aghlabids in 909, the Mahdi Ubayd Allah was installed by the Kutama as Imam

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was seeking him, he then fled to the more powerful Zenata Berber confederacy, who were enemies of Ibn Habib. Since the Zenata had been part of the initial invasion force of al-Andalus, and were still present in the Iberian peninsula, this gave Abd ar-Rahman a base of support in al-Andalus, although

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suggests that if the forces that invaded the Iberian peninsula were predominantly Berber, it is because there were insufficient Arab forces in Africa to maintain control of Africa and attack Iberia at the same time. Thus, although north Africa had only been conquered about a dozen years previously,

1996:, of Europeans, with some estimates placing the number of European slaves brought to North Africa during the Ottoman period to be as high as 1.25 million. Interactions with neighboring Sudanic empires, traders, and nomads from other parts of Africa also left impressions upon the Berber people. 1488:

Lack of contemporary written records makes the drawing of conclusions here uncertain, which can only be based on inference and reasonable conjecture about matters of social nuance. Yet it appears that the Phoenicians generally did not interact with the Berbers as economic equals, but employed their

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Trombetta, Beniamino; D'Atanasio, Eugenia; Massaia, Andrea; Ippoliti, Marco; Coppa, Alfredo; Candilio, Francesca; Coia, Valentina; Russo, Gianluca; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Moral, Pedro; Akar, Nejat; Sellitto, Daniele; Valesini, Guido; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio (24 June

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regions of Morocco, the Aurès and M'zab regions of Algeria, and southern Tunisia. They do not form one single architectural style but rather a diverse variety of local vernacular styles. Berber ruling dynasties also contributed to the formation and patronage of western Islamic art and architecture

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The Punic relationship with the majority of the Berbers continued throughout the life of Carthage. The unequal development of material culture and social organization perhaps fated the relationship to be an uneasy one. A long-term cause of Punic instability, there was no melding of the peoples. It

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Nevertheless, distinctions between Arab, Berber, and slave were not the stuff of serious politics, either within or between the taifas. It was the individual family that was the unit of political activity." The Berber that arrived towards the end of the caliphate as mercenary forces, says Reilly,

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According to Bernard Reilly, during the taifa period genealogy continued to be an obsession of the upper classes in al-Andalus. Most wanted to trace their lineage back to the Syrian and Yemeni Arabs who accompanied the invasion. In contrast, tracing descent from the Berbers who came with the same

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In Morocco, after the constitutional reforms of 2011, Berber has become an official language, and is now taught as a compulsory language in all schools regardless of the area or the ethnicity. In 2016, Algeria followed suit and changed the status of Berber from "national" to "official" language.

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With the help of his new mercenary forces, Abd ar-Rahman launched a series of attacks on parts of the Iberian peninsula that had fallen away from Umayyad allegiance. In the 920s he campaigned against the areas that rebelled under Umar ibn Hafsun and refused to submit until the 920s. He conquered

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from 880 to 915. Ibn Hafsun rebelled in 880, was captured, then escaped in 883 to his base in Bobastro. There he formed an alliance with the Banu Rifa' tribe of Berbers, who had a stronghold in Alhama. He then formed alliances with other local Berber clans, taking the towns of Osuna, Estepa, and

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Roger Collins notes that both modern historians and ancient Arab authors have had a tendency to portray Shaqya as a fanatic followed by credulous fanatics, and to argue that he was either self-deluded or fraudulent in his claim of Fatimid descent. However, Collins considers him an example of the

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emerged there. This term later came to be applied also to Berbers acculturated to urban Phoenician culture. Yet the whole notion of a Berber apprenticeship to the Punic civilization has been called an exaggeration sustained by a point of view fundamentally foreign to the Berbers. A population of

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The Berbers had become involuntary 'hosts' to the settlers from the east, and were obliged to accept the dominance of Carthage for centuries. Nonetheless, therein they persisted largely unassimilated, as a separate, submerged entity, as a culture of mostly passive urban and rural poor within the

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The political outcomes have been different in each country of the Maghreb and are shaped by other factors such as geography and socioeconomic circumstances. In Algeria, the politics of the movement were focused in Kabylie, were more overtly political, and have sometimes been confrontational. In

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New waves of Berber settlers arrived in al-Andalus in the 10th century, brought as mercenaries by Abd ar-Rahman III, who proclaimed himself caliph in 929, to help him in his campaigns to restore Umayyad authority in areas that had overthrown it during the reigns of the previous emirs. These new

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When the Fatimids moved their capital to Egypt in 969, they left north Africa in charge of viceroys from the Zirid clan of Sanhaja Berbers, who were Fatimid loyalists and enemies of the Zenata. The Zirids in turn divided their territories, assigning some to the Hammadid branch of the family to

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Roger Collins argues that the Great Berber revolt facilitated the establishment of the Kingdom of Asturias and altered the demographics of the Berber population in the Iberian peninsula, specifically contributing to the Berber departure from the northwest of the peninsula. When the Arabs first

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After Jugurtha defeated him in open battle, Adherbal fled to Rome for help. The Roman officials, allegedly due to bribes but perhaps more likely out of a desire to quickly end conflict in a profitable client kingdom, sought to settle the quarrel by dividing Numidia into two parts. Jugurtha was

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In 206 BC, the new king of the Massylii, Masinissa, allied himself with Rome, and Syphax, of the Masaesyli, switched his allegiance to the Carthaginian side. At the end of the war, the victorious Romans gave all of Numidia to Masinissa. At the time of his death in 148 BC, Masinissa's territory

4230:, the Libyan leader warned Berber minorities: "You can call yourselves whatever you want inside your homes – Berbers, Children of Satan, whatever – but you are only Libyans when you leave your homes." He denied the existence of Berbers as a separate ethnicity, and called Berbers a "product of 2300:

and was involved in military operations against rebels in Toledo in the late 700s and early 800s. Berbers were also initially settled in the eastern Pyrenees and Catalonia. They were not settled in the major cities of the south, and were generally kept in the frontier zones away from Cordoba.

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distributed land to the conquering forces, apparently by tribe, though it is difficult to determine from the few historical sources available. It was at this time that the positions of Arabs and Berbers were regularized across the Iberian peninsula. Berbers were positioned in many of the most

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and his army crossed from Iberia to North Africa where his army intermarried with the local populace and settled the region permanently, the Medes of his army that married the Libyans formed the Maur people, while the other part of his Army formed the Nomadas or as they are today known as the

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For some years, Hammudids and Umayyads fought one another and the caliphate passed between them several times. Hammudids also fought among themselves. The last Hammudid caliph reigned until 1027. The Hammudids were then expelled from Cordoba, where there was still a great deal of anti-Berber

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Yet the Berbers lacked cohesion; and although 200,000 strong at one point, they succumbed to hunger, their leaders were offered bribes, and "they gradually broke up and returned to their homes". Thereafter, "a series of revolts took place among the Libyans from the fourth century onwards".

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Although they are the original inhabitants of North Africa, and in spite of numerous incursions by Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Ottomans, and French, Berber groups lived in very contained communities. Having been subject to limited external influences, these populations lived free from

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Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, Andre E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra;

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Following Christian missions, the Kabyle community in Algeria has a recently constituted Christian minority, both Protestant and Roman Catholic; and a 2015 study estimates that 380,000 Muslim Algerians have converted to Christianity in Algeria. There are Berbers among the 8,000–40,000

4218:) and North African governments, partly over linguistic and social issues. For example, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, giving children Berber names was banned. In Morocco, the Arabic language and Arab culture occupied a superior position in official and social domains. The 3331:

by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized. As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The

2563:, Hisham's brothers challenged Al-Hakam for the succession. Abd Allah crossed over to Valencia first in 796, calling on the allegiance of the same Berber garrison that sheltered Sulayman years earlier. Crossing to al-Andalus in 798, Sulayman based himself in Elvira (now Granada), 739:". Historically, Berbers did not refer to themselves as Berbers/Amazigh but had their own terms to refer to themselves. For example, the Kabyles use the term "Leqbayel" to refer to their own people, while the Chaouis identified themselves as "Ishawiyen" instead of Berber/Amazigh. 3172:, replacing French, Spanish, and Italian; although the shift from European colonial languages to Arabic for official purposes continues even to this day. As a result, most Berbers had to study and know Arabic, and had no opportunities until the twenty-first century to use their 2976:

After their loss of Cordoba, the Hammudids had occupied Algeciras and Ceuta. In the mid-11th century, the Hammudids lost control of their Iberian possessions, but retained a small taifa kingdom based in Ceuta. In 1083, Yusuf ibn Tashufin conquered Ceuta. In the same year,

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received the important districts of Ceuta and Algeciras. The Hammudids claimed a family relation to the Idrisids, and thus traced their ancestry to the caliph Ali. In 1016 they rebelled in Ceuta, claiming to be supporting the restoration of Hisham II. They took control of

2532:), and subsequently ravaged the district surrounding Coria. Abd ar-Rahman sent out armies to fight him in 769, 770, and 771; but Shaqya avoided them by moving into the mountains. In 772, Shaqya defeated an Umayyad force by a ruse and killed the governor of the fortress of 4905:. The mosques are often described as "fortified mosques" because the island's flat topography made it vulnerable to attacks and as a result the mosques were designed in part to act as watch posts along the coast or in the countryside. The M'zab region of Algeria (e.g. 3196:

existence and the social specificity of Berbers. However, Berberism's distribution remains uneven. In response to its demands, Morocco and Algeria have both modified their policies, with Algeria redefining itself constitutionally as an "Arab, Berber, Muslim nation".

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Carthage was faulted by her ancient rivals for the "harsh treatment of her subjects" as well as for "greed and cruelty". Her Libyan Berber sharecroppers, for example, were required to pay half of their crops as tribute to the city-state during the emergency of the

2450:, Abd ar-Rahman, escaped to north Africa and hid among the Berbers of north Africa for five years. A persistent tradition states that this is because his mother was Berber and that he first took refuge with the Nafsa Berbers, his mother's people. As the governor 3327:. It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually 1099:

They belong to a powerful, formidable, brave and numerous people; a true people like so many others the world has seen – like the Arabs, the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans. The men who belong to this family of peoples have inhabited the Maghreb since the

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Hoffman, Katherine E.; Miller, Susan Gilson; McDougall, James; El Mansour, Mohamed; Silverstein, Paul A.; Goodman, Jane E.; Crawford, David; Ghambou, Mokhtar; Bernasek, Lisa; Becker, Cynthia (June 2010). Hoffman, Katherine E.; Miller, Susan Gilson (eds.).

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Berbers "lacked any familiarity with the pattern of relationships" that had existed in al-Andalus in the 700s and 800s; thus they were not involved in the same web of traditional conflicts and loyalties as the previously already existing Berber garrisons.

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The areas of North Africa that have retained the Berber language and traditions best have been, in general, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Much of Berber culture is still celebrated among the cultural elite in Morocco and Algeria, especially in the

2855:

sentiment. The Hammudids remained in Málaga until expelled by the Zirids in 1056. The Zirids of Granada controlled Málaga until 1073, after which separate Zirid kings retained control over the taifas of Granada and Malaga until the Almoravid conquest.

3035:, and the principality of Aït Jubar. The Kingdom of Ait Abbas was a Berber state of North Africa, controlling Lesser Kabylie and its surroundings from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. It is referred to in the Spanish historiography as 2096:

and Tlemcen, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750, the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing

1753:), about 160 kilometres (100 mi) west of Oran. The Numidians were conceived of as two great groups: the Massylii in eastern Numidia, and the Masaesyli in the west. During the first part of the Second Punic War, the eastern Massylii, under King 1559:

Yet in times of stress at Carthage, when a foreign force might be pushing against the city-state, some Berbers would see it as an opportunity to advance their interests, given their otherwise low status in Punic society. Thus, when the Greeks under

2153:

in 921, and made the capital city of Ifriqiya by caliph Abdallah El Fatimi. It was chosen as the capital because of its proximity to the sea, and the promontory on which an important military settlement had been since the time of the Phoenicians.

2427:

seized power by marching on Cordoba and executing Ibn Qatan. Collins points out that Balj's troops were away from Syria just when the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads broke out, and this may have contributed to the fall of the Umayyad regime.

2220:. Due to subsequent antagonism between Arabs and Berbers, and due to the fact that most of the histories of al-Andalus were written from an Arab perspective, the Berber role is understated in the available sources. The biographical dictionary of 11354:

Zavadovskij gives statistics for the percentage of Berber words in North African Muslim Arabic dialects: 10–15 percent Berber components in the Moroccan Arabic lexicon, 8–9 percent in Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and only 2–3 percent in Libyan

5186:, curated by Susan Gilson Miller and Lisa Bernasek, with an accompanying catalogue on artifacts from the Berber regions Kabylia in northeastern Algeria, the Rif mountains of northeastern Morocco and the Tuareg regions of the Algerian Sahara. 2703:, and al-Nakur—occasionally issued coins with the names of Umayyad caliphs, showing the extent of Umayyad diplomatic influence. The text of a letter of friendship from a Berber leader to the Umayyad caliph has been preserved in the work of 7953:

Henn, Brenna M.; Botigué, Laura R.; Gravel, Simon; Wang, Wei; Brisbin, Abra; Byrnes, Jake K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David (12 January 2012).

5128:, and seeking water and shelter. They are thus assured of an abundance of wool, cotton, and plants used for dyeing. For their part, women look after the family and handicrafts – first for their personal use, and secondly for sale in the 2481:

faced persistent opposition from Berber groups, including the Zenata. Berbers provided much of Yusuf's support in fighting Abd ar-Rahman. In 774, Zenata Berbers were involved in a Yemeni revolt in the area of Seville. Andalusi Berber

2403:, Uqba carried out an attack against Berber fortresses in Africa. Initially, these attacks were unsuccessful; but eventually Uqba destroyed the rebels, secured all the crossing points to Spain, and then returned to his governorship. 3176:

at school or university. This may have accelerated the existing process of Arabization of Berbers, especially in already bilingual areas, such as among the Chaouis of Algeria. Tamazight is now taught in Aurès since the march led by

2347:

was occupied by a Berber garrison. An eighth-century cemetery has been discovered with 190 burials all according to Islamic custom, testifying to the presence of this garrison. In 798, however, Pamplona is recorded as being under a

4433:). These Berber speakers are mainly concentrated in Morocco and Algeria, followed by Mali, Niger, and Libya. Smaller Berber-speaking communities are also found as far east as Egypt, with a southwestern limit today at Burkina Faso. 2571:, apparently drawing support from the Berbers in these mountainous southern regions. Sulayman was defeated in battle in 800 and fled to the Berber stronghold in Mérida, but was captured before reaching it and executed in Cordoba. 5644:

dances, which each begin with a chanted prayer. Ritual music is performed at regular ceremonies to celebrate marriages and other important life events, and is also used as protection against evil spirits. Professional musicians

2726:

noble families also became common. However, an "immediately detrimental consequence of this acute consciousness of ancestry was the revival of ethnic disparagement, directed in particular against the Berbers and the Saqaliba".

2309:

for the view that Berbers assimilated less comes from an excavation of an Islamic cemetery in northern Spain, which reveals that the Berbers accompanying the initial invasion brought their families with them from north Africa.

2224:

preserves the record of the Berber predominance in the invasion of 711, in the entry on Tariq ibn Ziyad. A second mixed army of Arabs and Berbers came in 712 under Ibn Nusayr himself. They supposedly helped the Umayyad caliph

1001: 2802:

said that the installation of Sulayman in 1013 was the moment when "the rule of the Berbers began in Cordoba and that of the Umayyads ended, after it had existed for two hundred and sixty eight years and forty-three days".

6692:"Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II" 4093:– 17th century). The results of a study from 2017 suggest that these Arab migrations to the Maghreb were mainly a demographic process that heavily implied gene flow and remodeled the genetic structure of the Maghreb. 2027:(a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under 3261:

who openly show their political orientations rarely reach high positions, Berbers have reached high positions in the social and political hierarchies across the Maghreb. Examples are the former president of Algeria,

1393:. Hence, the interactions between Berbers and Phoenicians were often asymmetrical. The Phoenicians worked to keep their cultural cohesion and ethnic solidarity, and continuously refreshed their close connection with 1587:(d. 202 BC) had supported Carthage. The Romans, too, read these cues, so that they cultivated their Berber alliances and, subsequently, favored the Berbers who advanced their interests following the Roman victory. 900:

and richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer paintings, developed and predominated in the Saharan and Mediterranean region (the Maghreb) of northern Africa between 6000 and 2000 BC (until the classical period).

4610:

have been found in the Fezzan (in present-day Libya), attesting to the existence of small villages, towns, and tombs. At least one settlement dates from as early as 1000 BC. The structures were initially built in

2793:

Al-Mahdi swore to exterminate the Berbers and pursued them. However, he was defeated in battle near Marbella. With Wadih, he fled back to Cordoba while his Catalan allies went home. The Berbers turned around and

1326: 10994: 7090:

It is difficult to speak of any cultural unity among the Berbers. Historically the indigenous Berbers of Morocco did not see themselves as a single linguistic unit, nor was there any greater "Berber community".

4674:

structure topped by a convex pyramid. They may have initially been inspired by Greek monuments but they constitute an original type of structure associated with Numidian culture. Examples of these are found at

4174:

According to a 2004 estimate, there were about 2.2 million Berber immigrants in Europe, especially the Riffians in Belgium, the Netherlands, and France; and Algerians of Kabyles and Chaouis heritage in France.

2419:. By this time, the Berbers controlled most of the north of the Iberian peninsula, except for the Ebro valley, and were menacing Toledo. Ibn Qatan invited Balj and his Syrian troops, who were at that time in 1501:

Thousands of rebels streamed down from the mountains and invaded Punic territory, carrying the serfs of the countryside along with them. The Carthaginians were obliged to withdraw within their walls and were

5092:

in Kabylie gives tribes the right to fine criminal offenders. In areas of Chaoui, tribal leaders enact sanctions against criminals. The Tuareg have a king who decides the fate of the tribe and is known as

2406:

Although Masayra was killed by his own followers, the revolt spread and the Berber rebels defeated three Arab armies. After the defeat of the third army, which included elite units of Syrians commanded by

2579:

those who claimed Arab descent". As well as having feuds with Arab factions, the Berbers sometimes had major conflicts with the local communities where they were stationed. In 794, the Berber garrison of

3083:

broke out in 1871 in the Kabylie and spread through much of Algeria. By April 1871, 250 tribes had risen, or nearly a third of Algeria's population. In the aftermath of this revolt and until 1892, the

2640:

New frontier settlements were built for the new Berber mercenaries. Written sources state that some of the mercenaries were placed in Calatrava, which was refortified. Another Berber settlement called

1780:, of Berber origin, who was very popular among the Numidians. Hiempsal and Jugurtha quarreled immediately after the death of Micipsa. Jugurtha had Hiempsal killed, which led to open war with Adherbal. 720:

appear in Egyptian inscriptions of 1700 and 1300 B.C, and the Berbers were probably intimately related with the Egyptians in very early times. Thus the true ethnical name may have become confused with

2834:, attempted to seize Granada from the Zirids in 1018, but failed. Khayran then executed Abd ar-Rahman IV. Khayran's son, Zuhayr, also made war on the Zirid kingdom of Granada, but was killed in 1038. 4038: 1583:

BC) joined with the invading Roman general Scipio, resulting in the war-ending defeat of Carthage at Zama, despite the presence of their renowned general Hannibal; on the other hand, the Berber King

1868:(known also as Botr and Barnès), descended from Mazigh ancestors, who were themselves divided into tribes and subtribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several fully independent tribes (e.g., 1609:

remained a source of stress and a point of weakness for Carthage. Yet there were degrees of convergence on several particulars, discoveries of mutual advantage, occasions of friendship, and family.

1604:

dependencies, toward Carthage, on which every invader of Africa could safely count as his surest support. ... This was the fundamental, the ineradicable weakness of the Carthaginian Empire ...

4560:

Until the 1960s, there was also a significant Jewish Berber minority in Morocco, but emigration (mostly to Israel and France) dramatically reduced their number to only a few hundred individuals.

1595:. The normal exaction taken by Carthage was likely "an extremely burdensome" one-quarter. Carthage once famously attempted to reduce the number of its Libyan and foreign soldiers, leading to the 5636:). There are three varieties of Berber folk music: village music, ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. Village music is performed collectively for dancing, including 4819:, some architectural styles and structures in North Africa are distinctively associated with areas that have maintained strong Berber populations and cultures, including but not limited to the 604:

dynasties came to rule parts of the Maghreb after the 7th century, Berber tribes remained powerful political forces and founded new ruling dynasties in the 10th and 11th centuries, such as the

2993:

to Alfonso VI in 1085, al-Mutamid appealed again to Yusuf. This time, financed by the taifa kings of Iberia, Yusuf crossed to al-Andalus and took direct personal control of Algeciras in 1086.

727:

The plural form Imazighen is sometimes also used in English. While Berber is more widely known among English-speakers, its usage is a subject of debate, due to its historical background as an

2687:, and met Ramiro II in an inconclusive battle. From 935 to 937, he confronted the Tujibids, defeating them in 937. In 939, Ramiro II defeated the combined Umayyad and Tujibid armies in the 4194:

Since the 1970s, a political movement, initially led by the Kabyles of Algeria, has developed among various parts of the Berber populations of North Africa to promote a collective Amazigh

2902:

amounted to only about 20 thousand people in a total al-Andalusi population of six million. Their high visibility was due to their foundation of taifa dynasties rather than large numbers.

2053:, became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan. This harmony was short-lived; Arabian and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. Umayyad forces 11865: 4998: 1989:. The Banu Hilal reduced the Zirids to a few coastal towns and took over much of the plains, resulting in the spread of nomadism to areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. 4774: 11038: 5043:

The traditional social structure of the Berbers has been tribal. A leader is appointed to command the tribe. In the Middle Ages, many women had the power to govern, such as Dihya and

5148:-woven carpets), whose designs maintain the traditional appearance and distinctiveness of the region of origin of each tribe, which has in effect its own repertoire of drawings. The 3296:

which began since the 7th century, in addition to changing the population's demographics. The early wave of migration prior to the 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of

4807:

developed in the region. Various dynasties, either based in North Africa or beyond it, contributed to the architecture of the region, including the Aghlabids, the Fatimids, and the

2826:

Among the Berbers who were brought to al-Andalus by al-Mansur were the Zirid family of Sanhaja Berbers. After the fall of Cordoba, the Zirids took over Granada in 1013, forming the

1667:

doctrine and being a Berber, ascribed to the doctrine matching their culture, as well as their being alienated from the dominant Roman culture of the Catholic church), some perhaps

1079:(1332–1406), recounting the oral traditions prevalent in his day, sets down two popular opinions as to the origin of the Berbers: according to one opinion, they are descended from 667:

administrators in the 19th century. Today, the term "Berber" is viewed as pejorative by many who prefer the term "Amazigh". Since the late 20th century, a trans-national movement

2754:(chief justice) to the Berber groups that had accepted Umayyad authority. Ibn Abī ‘Āmir was treasurer of the household of the caliph's wife and children, director of the mint at 7904:"Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent" 4735: 7314: 3161:, being as it was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle. From the moment of Algerian independence, tensions developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government. 3363: 12726:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area" 5014: 1821:

In antiquity, Mauretania (3rd century BC – 44 BC) was an ancient Mauri Berber kingdom in modern Morocco and part of Algeria. It became a client state of the

1761:

extended from Mauretania to the boundary of Carthaginian territory, and southeast as far as Cyrenaica, so that Numidia entirely surrounded Carthage except towards the sea.

1355:, now Morocco and central Algeria). The Numidians occupied the regions between the Mauri and the city-state of Carthage. Both the Mauri and the Numidians had significant 10502:↑ Turchi et al. (2009), "Polymorphisms of mtDNA control region in Tunisian and Moroccan populations: An enrichment of forensic mtDNA databases with Northern Africa data" 6726:

Berber: A collective term for the indigenous peoples of North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs during the expansion of the Arab empire in the seventeenth century.

4897:

in Tunisia, traditionally dominated by Ibadi Berbers, has a traditional style of mosque architecture that consists of low-lying structures built in stone and covered in

11002: 4824:

through their political domination of the region between the 11th and 16th centuries (during the rule of the Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids and Hafsids, among others).

1564:(361–289 BC) of Sicily landed at Cape Bon and threatened Carthage (in 310 BC), there were Berbers, under Ailymas, who went over to the invading Greeks. During the long 1476:

drawn into organizing and directing such local trade, and also into managing agricultural production. In the 5th century BC, Carthage expanded its territory, acquiring

1732:. The kingdom was located on the eastern border of modern Algeria, bordered by the Roman province of Mauretania (in modern Algeria and Morocco) to the west, the Roman 2909:

populace. Ethnic rivalry was one of the most important factors driving Andalusi politics. Berbers made up as much as 20% of the population of the occupied territory.

2261:. Collins suggests this may be because some Berbers were familiar with mountain terrain, whereas the Arabs were not. By the late 710s, there was a Berber governor in 1339:

The great tribes of Berbers in classical antiquity (when they were often known as ancient Libyans) were said to be three (roughly, from west to east): the Mauri, the

644:– continued to rule until the 16th century. From the 16th century onward, the process continued in the absence of Berber dynasties; in Morocco, they were replaced by 10389: 1236:

Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. Additionally, fossils excavated at the

4915: 13457: 3408:, a historical autonomous region of northern Algeria—who number about six million and have kept, to a large degree, their original language and society; and the 1749:

and other historians during the third century BC to indicate the territory west of Carthage, including the entire north of Algeria as far as the river Mulucha (

1359:

populations living in villages, and their peoples both tilled the land and tended herds. The Gaetulians lived to the near south, on the northern margins of the

9241:

Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne musulmane intitulée Kitab al-Bayan al-Mughrib par Ibn 'Idhari al-Marrakushi et fragments de la chronique de 'Arib

8759: 3308:

into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centres through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them.

2316:. Munnuza attempted a Berber uprising against the Arabs in Spain, citing mistreatment of Berbers by Arabic judges in north Africa, and made an alliance with 11832:

Polimeni, Beniamino (2018). "Describing a Unique Urban Culture: Ibadi Settlements of North Africa". In Calabrò, F.; Della Spina, L.; Bevilacqua, C. (eds.).

3234:

were quick to revolt against the Gaddafi regime. The mountains became a stronghold of the rebel movement, and were a focal point of the conflict, with much

11409: 9849: 1511:

civil structures created by Punic rule. In addition, and most importantly, the Berber peoples also formed quasi-independent satellite societies along the

13237: 12557:

Myles, S; Bouzekri; Haverfield; Cherkaoui; Dugoujon; Ward (June 2005). "Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin".

9364:

Lazreg, Marnia. “The Reproduction of Colonial Ideology: The Case of the Kabyle Berbers.” Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 4, 1983, pp. 380–95. JSTOR,

4961: 4568:

who have converted to Christianity in the last decades, some of whom explain their conversion as an attempt to go back to their "Christian sources". The

1433:

dye at Mogador. For their part, most Berbers maintained their independence as farmers or semi-pastorals, although, due to the example of Carthage, their

9156: 13122: 13060: 5071: 5044: 2641: 2462:, refused to submit. After losing the initial battle near Cordoba, Yusuf fled to Mérida, where he raised a large Berber army, with which he marched on 13070: 3123: 2548:

in 788, and to Salih ibn Tarif, who ruled the Bargawata Berber in the 770s. He also compares these leaders to pre-Islamic leaders Dihya and Kusaila.

2065:. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from 6318: 13217: 10777:

Arauna, Lara R.; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Mas-Sandoval, Alex; Izaabel, Hassan; Bekada, Asmahan; Benhamamouch, Soraya; et al. (February 2017).

2583:

massacred the inhabitants of the city. Tarragona was uninhabited for seven years until the Frankish conquest of Barcelona led to its reoccupation.

2395:

in 739, governor Uqba planned a punitive attack against the Franks, but news of a Berber revolt in north Africa made him turn back when he reached

11390: 6256: 6251: 4323:

is a generic name for all of the Berber languages, which consist of many closely related varieties and dialects. Among these Berber languages are

2742: 2415:, the Berber revolt spread further. At this time, the Berber military colonies in Spain revolted. At the same time, Uqba died and was replaced by 13227: 8185: 5978:

Warmington uses "Libyans of Tunisia" (an anachronistic term) on page 46; compare with page 61 (citing Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and Polybius).

5358:

Berber cuisine is a traditional cuisine that has evolved little over time. It differs from one area to another between and within Berber groups.

2957:

where he trained a highly motivated and disciplined fighting force. In 1054 and 1055, employing these specially trained forces, Almoravid leader

2092:

After the revolt, Ibadis established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. But others, such as

11274: 5060: 12925: 12419: 11857: 9254: 9225: 6533: 1389:. Accordingly, the material culture of Phoenicia was likely more functional and efficient, and their knowledge more advanced, than that of the 11686: 1724:

Numidia (202 – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom in modern Algeria and part of Tunisia. It later alternated between being a

1268:. These ancient individuals likewise bore the Berber-associated Maghrebi genomic component. This altogether indicates that the late-Neolithic 9556: 5197:(Art of Berber women), and published an accompanying catalogue. The exhibition highlighted the originality of these pieces compared to urban 3178: 3451:), Niger, and Burkina Faso number some 850,000, 1,620,000, and 50,000, respectively. Tuaregs are a Berber ethnic group with a traditionally 11456: 8114:

Secher, Bernard; Fregel, Rosa; Larruga, José M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Endicott, Phillip; Pestano, José J.; González, Ana M. (19 May 2014).

8082: 10565:; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (7 June 2004). 10217: 5190: 2722:

tribe. This led to a fashion, in Cordoba, for claiming pure Arab ancestry as opposed to descent from freed slaves. Claims of descent from

1295:. The authors of the study suggested that the Berbers of Morocco carried a substantial amount of EEF ancestry before the establishment of 13392: 13055: 12950: 12888: 6999: 5175: 4570: 4557:

during the medieval period. Some of the ancient Berber beliefs still subtly exist today within the Berber popular culture and tradition.

1425:(now in Morocco). As in Tunisia, these centres were trading hubs, and later offered support for resource development, such as processing 12833: 7204: 4982: 2679:, after inconclusively confronting al-Tujibi on the Ebro, Abd ar-Rahman briefly forced the Kingdom of Pamplona into submission, ravaged 10720:

Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; et al. (August 2021).

4063:. E1b1b1b accounts for 45% of North Africans, while Haplogroup J1-M267 accounts for 30% of North Africans, and has spread from Arabia. 3226:

was a series of violent disturbances and political demonstrations by Kabyle activists in the Kabylie region of Algeria in 2001. In the

2710:

During Abd ar-Rahman's reign, tensions increased between the three distinct components of the Muslim community in al-Andalus: Berbers,

2518: 3319:

in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization of the population. It played a major role in spreading

2089:. The Ibadi had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's seemingly egalitarian precepts. 1907:. Berber Christian communities within the Maghreb all but disappeared under Islamic rule. The indigenous Christian population in some 13462: 13177: 13127: 13105: 13085: 13065: 13040: 13030: 13020: 6756:

Berber is a generic name given to numerous heterogenous ethnic groups that share similar cultural, political, and economic practices.

6004:

The Picards, however, remark that the resulting Greek defeat showed "how strong was the hold of Carthage over her African territory".

2332:. Because of the alliance with Munnuza, Abd ar-Rahman wanted to punish Eudo, and his punitive expedition ended in the Arab defeat at 1896: 9401:

Miller, S. (2013). France and Spain in Morocco. In A History of Modern Morocco (pp. 88–119). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

7322: 3242:

was waged against the Malian government by rebels with the goal of attaining independence for the northern region of Mali, known as

2989:

of Castile. Earlier, in 1079, the king of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil, had appealed to Yusuf for help against Alfonso. After the fall of

13422: 13035: 13025: 8636:"Berbers: ... The best known of them were the Roman author Apuleius, the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, and St. Augustine", 5056: 1168:. All of the specimens belonged to maternal clades associated with either North Africa or the northern and southern Mediterranean 13050: 2969:

pursued an Almoravid expansion. Forced to resolve a Sanhaja civil war, he left control of the Moroccan conquests to his brother,

2430:

In Africa, the Berbers were hampered by divided leadership. Their attack on Kairouan was defeated, and a new governor of Africa,

2352:

governor, Mutarrif ibn Musa. Ibn Musa lost control of Pamplona to a popular uprising. In 806 Pamplona gave its allegiance to the

1736:(modern Tunisia) to the east, the Mediterranean to the north, and the Sahara Desert to the south. Its people were the Numidians. 9428: 3199:

There is an identity-related debate about the persecution of Berbers by the Arab-dominated regimes of North Africa through both

1141:

analysis has established ties between Berbers and other Afroasiatic speakers in Africa. Most of these populations belong to the

13452: 13432: 12377:

Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752

10946: 8116:"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents" 5266: 4470: 2325: 2296:, Mérida becoming a major Berber stronghold in the eighth century. The Berber garrison in Talavera would later be commanded by 12323:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" 10722:"Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population" 9486: 6458: 4939: 2819:

After the fall of Cordoba in 1013, the Saqaliba fled from the city to secure their own fiefdoms. One group of Saqaliba seized

2517:, an area of Spain that is mountainous and difficult to traverse. Shaqya first killed the Umayyad governor of the fortress of 12238: 12190: 12161: 12132: 12122: 12105: 12070: 12037: 11841: 11567: 11347: 11294: 11257: 11230: 11203: 11173: 11143: 11116: 11089: 10978: 10892: 10863: 10369: 9938: 9793: 9766: 9642: 9615: 9588: 9542: 9470: 9386: 9353: 7614: 7550: 7458: 7265: 7230: 7181: 7145: 7118: 7083: 7056: 6875: 6842: 6782: 6749: 6719: 6054: 4755: 4234:" created by the West to divide Libya. As a result of the persecution suffered under Gaddafi's rule, many Berbers joined the 12149: 12095: 11367: 11079: 4222:

ideology was popular among Moroccan society, as well as within bureaucratic cadres and the political parties. The regime of

2762:

of the frontier. During his time as qadi in north Africa, Ibn Abi Amir developed close ties with the North African Berbers.

2379:

calls these rebels Arures, which Collins translates as 'heretics', arguing it is a reference to the Berber rebels' Ibadi or

13402: 12178: 7475: 6102: 5450:(brains, tripe, lungs, and heart) rolled up with the intestines on an oak stick and cooked on embers in specially designed 4227: 2459: 2434:, proceeded to defeat the rebels in Africa and then to impose peace between Balj's troops and the existing Andalusi Arabs. 1453: 1434: 403: 11970: 11106: 10828: 5105:

between the Maliki and Ibadite movements, the heads of each tribe began talks to end the crisis and resolved the problem.

4529:. Many ancient Berber beliefs were developed locally. Whereas others were influenced over time through contact with other 3207:. Some activists have claimed that "t is time—long past overdue—to confront the racist arabization of the Amazigh lands." 10927: 10397: 9112: 5089: 4033: 3150: 2714:(European slaves), and those of Arab or mixed Arab and Gothic descent. Following Abd ar-Rahman's proclamation of the new 1516:

own agricultural skills and village societies, while living with the newcomers from the east in an asymmetric symbiosis.

407: 2312:

In 731, the eastern Pyrenees were under the control of Berber forces garrisoned in the major towns under the command of

13467: 11887: 8785: 8605:(1996) at 24–25 (Berber adoption of elements of Punic culture), 49–50 (Berber persistence in their traditional belief). 7135: 7009: 6626: 6565: 3154: 1279:

The late-Neolithic Kehf el Baroud inhabitants were modelled as being of about 50% local North African ancestry and 50%

1083:, and have for ancestors Berber, son of Temla, son of Mazîgh, son of Canaan, son of Ham, a son of Noah; alternatively, 13417: 13407: 13397: 12784: 12714: 12695: 12547: 12528: 12509: 12489: 12470: 12440: 12403: 12384: 12284: 12219: 11816: 11696: 11654: 11592: 11542: 10704: 10678: 10652: 10625: 10235: 9965: 9181: 9139: 8722:. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. J. Currey. p. 34. 8520: 8316: 7765: 7739: 7697: 7639: 7298: 5900: 5574: 5345: 4378:, as well as from other languages. For example, Arabic loanwords represent 35% to 46% of the total vocabulary of the 2782: 2458:

Abd ar-Rahman crossed to Spain in 756 and declared himself the legitimate Umayyad ruler of al-Andalus. The governor,

1569: 73: 5556: 5488: 5327: 2986: 12860: 8763: 5987:"Pro-Berber" viewpoints (contrary to prevailing "Punicophilia" literature) are presented by Abdullah Laroui in his 5160: 4780: 4679: 4258: 2451: 816:

populations of antiquity are typically understood to refer to approximately the same population as modern Berbers.

8181:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 7448: 6291: 3164:

Soon after gaining independence in the middle of the twentieth century, the countries of North Africa established

44: 13442: 13437: 13412: 11428: 9516: 8179:

Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (12 June 2018).

5624:

music of Algeria, and the widespread Tuareg music of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali. Instruments used include the

3274:, a feminist and Berberist militant, who has been nominated as head of the Ministry of Communication in Algeria. 3087:, which supposed a variety of stereotypes based on a binary between Arabs and Kabyle people, reached its climax. 2416: 1296: 1232:, all of which are frequent among present-day communities in the Maghreb. These ancient individuals also bore an 991: 929: 7858: 7654:

Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècle: réalités culturelles ... De Karina Slimani-Direche

6639:

Ehret, C; Keita, SOY; Newman, P (2004). "The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003)".

6619:

The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic.

3134:, a former officer of the Spanish administration. In July 1921, the Spanish army in northeastern Morocco, under 2973:. Yusuf continued to conquer territory; and following Abu Bakr's death in 1087, he became the Almoravid leader. 13427: 11738: 9853: 8727: 6139: 5552: 5323: 5250: 4800: 4554: 4083: 3293: 3235: 2455:

he seems to have drawn most of his support from portions of Balj's army that were still loyal to the Umayyads.

1452:

In fact, for a time their numerical and military superiority (the best horse riders of that time) enabled some

1272:

inhabitants were ancestral to contemporary populations in the area, but also likely experienced gene flow from

979: 597: 450: 10335: 9731: 8694: 6867:

We are Imazigen : the development of Algerian Berber identity in twentieth-century literature and culture

6789:

It must be said that modern Berbers are a very diverse group of peoples whose main connections are linguistic.

2101:

as governor in Kairouan. Though nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, the

753:, this definition remains disputed and is largely seen as an undue extrapolation. The term Amazigh also has a 5223: 4670: 3250:

have spread across Moroccan Berber communities in the Rif region. Another escalation took place in May 2017.

2773:

Having abandoned Sanchuelo, the Berbers who had formed his army turned to support another ambitious Umayyad,

2408: 2241: 1457: 7494:

Bereberes y Hebreos en Marruecos: sus orígenes, según las leyendas, tradiciones y fuentes hebraicas antiguas

6985: 3135: 13387: 12724:

Semino, O.; Magri, P. J.; Benuzzi; Lin; Al-Zahery; Battaglia; MacCioni; Triantaphyllidis; Shen (May 2004).

12674: 8501: 7908: 4880: 4637:

Further west, the kingdom of Numidia was contemporary with the Phoenician civilization of Carthage and the

4530: 2431: 1308: 1220:

BC. Ancient DNA analysis of these specimens indicates that they carried paternal haplotypes related to the

1000: 9212:

Anales Palatinos del Califa de Córdoba al-Hakam II, por 'Isa ibn Ahmad al-Razi (360–364 H. = 971–975 J.C.)

7632:

The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies: Social, Economic, Political, and Ideological Challenges

5201:, underlining their African roots as well as close relationship with the ancient art of the Mediterranean. 2929:

During the taifa period, the Almoravid empire developed in northwest Africa, whose core was formed by the

872:

region in northwestern Africa is believed to have been inhabited by Berbers from at least 10,000 BC.

679:

has emerged among various parts of the Berber populations of North Africa to promote a collective Amazigh

13290: 10540: 9955: 8361:

The Life and Death of Carthage: A Survey of Punic History and Culture from Its Birth to Its Final Tragedy

6196:. Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord. 4514: 4446: 4391: 4296: 3157:'s reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, 2680: 1754: 1672: 1445: 580:

of the 7th and 8th centuries CE. This started a process of cultural and linguistic assimilation known as

11632:, 6 (1989), document A264, published online on December 1, 2012, accessed on April 10, 2020. URL : 1849: 771:

Abraham Isaac Laredo proposes that the term Amazigh could be derived from "Mezeg", which is the name of

13332: 12321:

Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, B.; Santolamazza; Sellitto; Pascone; Moral; Watson; Guida; Colomb (May 2004).

11975: 11180:

Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing from Arabic, as well as from other languages.

6583: 4710: 4650: 4641:. Among other things, the Numidians have left thousands of pre-Christian tombs. The oldest of these is 4262: 4114: 3203:

and Islamism, their issue of identity is due to the pan-Arabist ideology of former Egyptian president,

2621:. The site was used during the Muslim period from about 785 until the fall of the Caliphate of Cordova. 2540:

messianic leaders that were not uncommon among Berbers at that time and earlier. He compares Shaqya to

2412: 1773: 1084: 912:

region. During the pre-Roman era, several successive independent states (Massylii) existed before King

692: 9101:

Excavaciones en la ciudad hispanomusulmana de Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo) : campañas 1983-1988

2795: 2555:

succeeded Abd ar-Rahman as emir; but his brother Sulayman revolted and fled to the Berber garrison of

2105:, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center of learning and culture. 1456:

to impose a tribute on Carthage, a condition that continued into the 5th century BC. Also, due to the

1287:

colonists from Iberia sometime between 5000 and 3000 BC. They were found to be closely related to the

13382: 12801: 9658: 7450:

Essai sur les origines des Touaregs: herméneutique culturelle des Touaregs de la région de Tombouctou

5502: 4534: 4348: 4304: 4210:

Over the past few decades, political tensions have arisen between some Berber groups (especially the

3340:

were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.

3158: 2958: 2470:

tribe, were effective in obtaining support from Berbers in their revolts against the Umayyad regime.

1221: 1142: 10855:

Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring

6526: 5235: 2704: 2671:

Mérida in 928–929, Ceuta in 931, and Toledo in 932. In 934 he began a campaign in the north against

1757:, were allied with Carthage, while the western Masaesyli, under King Syphax, were allied with Rome. 1519:

As the centuries passed, a society of Punic people of Phoenician descent but born in Africa, called

12806: 11935: 9107:] (in Spanish). Toledo: Servicio de Publicaciones, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. 8561: 8120: 5548: 5537: 5319: 5308: 5207: 4044: 2778: 2185: 2121: 2054: 1390: 1381:) came from perhaps the most advanced multicultural sphere then existing, the western coast of the 1034: 955:

were one of the few peoples in North Africa who remained independent during successive rule by the

825: 512:

Descended from Stone Age tribes of North Africa, accounts of the Imazighen were first mentioned in

51: 20: 12814: 11777: 6998:

Fischer-Lichte, Erika; Sugiera, Małgorzata; Jost, Torsten; Hartung, Holger; Soltani, Omid (2022).

2735:. With the withdrawal of the Fatimids to Egypt, however, the rivalry with the Umayyads decreased. 2108: 11056: 9344:

Bernard Droz, «Insurrection de 1871: la révolte de Mokrani», dans Jeannine Verdès-Leroux (dir.),

6351: 5541: 5432:, light and spongy pancake made from flour, yeast, and salt; served hot and soaked in butter and 5312: 5082: 4591: 4587: 4502:

in Algeria and some Libyan Berbers in the Nafusa Mountains and Zuwara are primarily adherents of

4352: 3972: 3239: 2848: 2787: 2447: 2213: 2190: 1904: 1864:

According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches, Butr and

1800: 1733: 1138: 933: 897: 765: 12604:"Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa" 11999:"Artistry of the Everyday: Beauty and Craftsmanship in Berber Art Lisa Bernasek Susan G. Miller" 9198:"Algeria, a Country StudyBy American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies: Pg 15" 8089: 4808: 2715: 2629: 2608: 2045:, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with 1145:

paternal haplogroup, with Berber speakers having among the highest frequencies of this lineage.

565: 8638: 7755: 7497:(in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 5838: 4714: 4630:

and more sophisticated tombs associated with the aristocracy of this society, in particular at

3223: 3142:. The Spaniards may have lost up to 22,000 soldiers at Annual and in subsequent fighting. 2049:, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusaila, who had been based in 1631: 698: 592:

among the Berbers, leading to the adoption of Arabic as the primary language and conversion to

577: 374: 11410:"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses—The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret" 11337: 11163: 10968: 10853: 9318: 8742: 7729: 7714: 7687: 7604: 6739: 6709: 6193: 4430: 4429:

Berber languages in total are spoken by around 14 million to 16 million people in Africa (see

4139: 3323:

to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the

2552: 1401:

many Berber areas, including sites outside of present-day Tunisia, such as the settlements at

13283: 13154: 12150:"Dancing for the Moroccan state: ethnic folk dances and the production of national hybridity" 11247: 11220: 11193: 11133: 10880: 10779:"Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa" 9928: 9783: 9756: 9605: 9578: 9197: 9129: 8717: 7796: 7781: 7073: 6832: 6772: 6044: 5473: 5108: 4595: 4239: 3352: 3328: 3227: 3210: 3080: 2774: 2098: 1830: 1489:

agricultural labour, and their household services, whether by hire or indenture; many became

1280: 1195:, which points to population continuity in the region dating from the Iberomaurusian period. 1188: 1180: 995: 458: 10530: 9679: 7431: 7396: 7171: 7108: 5097:; it is a very hierarchical society. The Mozabites are governed by the spiritual leaders of 3061: 2163: 1325: 12853: 11633: 11460: 10733: 8202: 8194: 8129: 4812: 4804: 4794: 4706: 4550: 3028: 2767: 2655:

occupation of Toledo in 1085. The Berber inhabitants took all their possessions with them.

2289: 2270: 2042: 1660: 1316: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1229: 1225: 1192: 1184: 1124: 1008: 569: 513: 9981: 8504:

also met with instances of "disloyalty" by Berber leaders, witness their long war against

6917: 6226: 2672: 1497:

For a period, the Berbers were in constant revolt, and in 396 there was a great uprising.

1444:

Berber kingdoms in Numidia, c. 220 BC (green: Masaesyli under Syphax; gold: Massyli under

624:. Islam later provided the ideological stimulus for the rise of fresh Berber empires, the 8: 12654: 9306: 6276: 5076: 4518: 4410:

vocabulary, it contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of

4066:

The Semitic-speaking presence in the Maghreb is mainly due to the migratory movements of

2646: 2372: 2278: 2274: 2010: 1993: 1892: 1784:

assigned the western half. However, soon after, conflict broke out again, leading to the

790: 664: 12311: 12124:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

10737: 10258: 9785:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

9131:

African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92

8198: 8133: 6046:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

5713:

on rabab, which also gives the notes of the melody which follows. The next phase is the

5193:

in Paris showed an exhibition on the history of traditional ceramics in Algeria, titled

5088:

The majority of Berber tribes currently have men as heads of the tribe. In Algeria, the

2875: 13349: 13317: 12758: 12725: 12590: 12413: 12372: 12355: 12322: 12010: 10803: 10778: 10754: 10721: 10591: 10566: 10535: 9248: 9219: 8227: 8180: 8152: 8115: 8037: 8008: 7984: 7955: 7930: 7903: 7353:"Who Conquered Spain? The Role of the Berbers in the Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula" 7198: 6664: 6297: 5771: 5763: 5179: 4967: 4868: 4483:

their shared language or a collective identification with Berber heritage and history.

4110: 3204: 3139: 2950: 2883: 2688: 2652: 2618: 2541: 2357: 2340: 2321: 1947: 1680: 1656: 1624: 1616: 1233: 1115:

As of about 5000 BC, the populations of North Africa were descended primarily from the

1080: 877: 838: 789:

says the Berbers were descendants of Barbar, the son of Tamalla, son of Mazigh, son of

728: 462: 12636: 12603: 10046: 9494: 9214:(Spanish translation by Emilio García Gómez ed.). Madrid. 1967. pp. 160–161. 8083:"Mitochondrial DNA and Phylogenetic Analysis of Prehistoric North African Populations" 8066: 8053: 8007:

Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (12 June 2014).

7887:

Editora Vozes, Petrópolis (Brasil) 1985, pp. 42f., 77f. Giordani references Bousquet,

6376: 5048: 4884: 4653:

further east, or built with the help of Greek craftsmen, the tomb consists of a large

4051:, which is typical of the indigenous Berbers of North-West Africa. On the other hand, 3499: 2953:

accepted the invitation. Traveling to Morocco, he established a military monastery or

2533: 13327: 13295: 12828: 12780: 12763: 12745: 12710: 12691: 12685: 12641: 12623: 12582: 12574: 12543: 12524: 12505: 12485: 12466: 12451: 12436: 12399: 12380: 12360: 12342: 12280: 12234: 12215: 12186: 12157: 12128: 12101: 12076: 12066: 12043: 12033: 11959:

ABC Amazigh. An editorial experience in Algeria, 1996–2001 experience, Smaïl Medjeber

11837: 11812: 11758: 11692: 11650: 11563: 11538: 11343: 11290: 11253: 11226: 11199: 11169: 11139: 11112: 11085: 10974: 10888: 10859: 10808: 10759: 10700: 10674: 10648: 10621: 10596: 10562: 10365: 10231: 9961: 9934: 9899: 9875: 9789: 9762: 9638: 9611: 9584: 9466: 9436: 9382: 9349: 9177: 9135: 9108: 8723: 8585: 8312: 8232: 8157: 8042: 7989: 7935: 7838: 7761: 7735: 7693: 7635: 7610: 7556: 7546: 7521: 7454: 7412: 7408: 7374: 7294: 7271: 7261: 7236: 7226: 7177: 7141: 7114: 7079: 7052: 7005: 6881: 6871: 6838: 6778: 6745: 6715: 6656: 6622: 6600: 6561: 6499: 6326: 6135: 6050: 4930: 4546: 4475: 4442: 4403: 4395: 4364: 4356: 4300: 4235: 4102: 4060: 4052: 3779: 3169: 2970: 2966: 2938: 2905:

In the power hierarchy, Berbers were situated between the Arabic aristocracy and the

2592: 2198: 2150: 2062: 2024: 2005: 1982: 1951: 1935: 1931: 1834: 1791: 1692: 1612: 1375: 1245: 1210: 1127:. The proto-Berber tribes evolved from these prehistoric communities during the late 1042: 834: 794: 651:

Berbers are divided into several diverse ethnic groups and Berber languages, such as

633: 629: 625: 561: 12594: 7588: 6681:

Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34

6451: 1695:, who was a North African of Roman/Punic ancestry (perhaps with some Berber blood). 1283:(EEF) ancestry. It was suggested that EEF ancestry had entered North Africa through 742: 13447: 13377: 13337: 13322: 12829:

Number Systems and Calendars of the Berber Populations of Grand Canary and Tenerife

12753: 12737: 12631: 12615: 12566: 12350: 12334: 12261: 11750: 11282: 11039:"Libyan rebels seize western border crossing, as fighting in mountains intensifies" 10798: 10790: 10749: 10741: 10586: 10578: 10444: 10284: 10223: 10191: 10166: 10141: 10097: 9534: 9402: 9105:

Excavations in the Spanish-Muslim city of Vascos (Navalmoralejo, Toledo): 1983-1988

9086:

Villes et campagnes de Tarraconaise et d'al-Andalus (VIe-XIe siècle): la transition

9071:

Villes et campagnes de Tarraconaise et d'al-Andalus (VIe-XIe siècle): la transition

8222: 8212: 8147: 8137: 8061: 8032: 8022: 7979: 7969: 7925: 7917: 7583: 7582:. Vol. 28–29 | Kirtēsii – Lutte. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. pp. 4361–4363. 7404: 7364: 6946: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6592: 6581:

Diakonoff, Igor (1 October 1998). "The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data".

6423: 6389: 5925: 5859: 5613: 5596: 5592: 4989: 4922: 4889: 4872: 4816: 4690: 4387: 4368: 4274: 4118: 4106: 3804: 3738: 3650: 3509: 3455:

pastoralist lifestyle and are the principal inhabitants of the vast Sahara Desert.

3437: 3231: 3099: 3091: 3041:; sometimes more commonly referred to by its ruling family, the Mokrani, in Berber 2982: 2922: 2887: 2863: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2755: 2732: 2580: 2364: 2133: 1969:

Before the eleventh century, most of Northwest Africa had become a Berber-speaking

1955: 1943: 1927: 1804: 1565: 1382: 1344: 1013: 964: 956: 876:, which have been dated to twelve millennia before present, have been found in the 758: 750: 637: 517: 454: 319: 12266: 12249: 11375: 10567:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa" 7509: 5065: 4952: 4846: 4398:/ṣ/. In turn, Berber languages have influenced local dialects of Arabic. Although 3027:

rule in North Africa. They lived primarily in three states or confederations: the

3011: 2675:

of Leon and Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tujibi, the governor of Zaragoza. According to

2293: 13312: 13307: 13222: 12999: 12846: 12818: 12687:

Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history

11024: 10832: 10694: 10668: 10642: 10615: 9704: 9632: 9406: 9171: 8311:. Translated by Manheim, Ralph. Princeton University Press. pp. 55, 60, 65. 8027: 7974: 7492: 7046: 6551: 6537: 6260: 6208: 6129: 5829: 5672: 5242: 4820: 4575: 4491: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4399: 4379: 4374:

Most Berber languages have a high percentage of borrowing and influence from the

4360: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4312: 4223: 4195: 4163: 4047:

is the most frequent among Maghrebi groups, especially the downstream lineage of

3814: 3786: 3751: 3713: 3544: 3433: 3344: 3283: 3263: 3138:, were routed by the forces of Abd el-Krim, in what became known in Spain as the 3114: 3048: 3032: 3002: 2990: 2879: 2859: 2587: 2545: 2483: 2478: 2333: 2305: 2297: 2258: 2226: 2217: 2202: 1974: 1592: 1465: 1237: 1120: 948: 680: 469:

region of North Africa, where they live in scattered communities across parts of

10021: 9995: 9809: 9333:

Afrique barbaresque dans la littérature française aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles (l')

8616: 6319:"Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain" 5779: 5758: 4697:

left their mark in the material culture of North Africa as well. Phoenician and

50:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

12154:

North African Mosaic: A Cultural Reappraisal of Ethnic and Religious Minorities

11739:"Mission scientifique de Masqueray dans l'Aurès et ses dépendances (1875-1878)" 10825: 10745: 9831: 8702: 8676: 7834: 6557: 5287: 4638: 4538: 4279: 4158: 3720: 3380: 3320: 3183: 3173: 3076: 3072: 3024: 2384: 2173: 1939: 1796: 1785: 1725: 1708: 1292: 1269: 1173: 1116: 1041:

and the Libyans, they were the prehistoric peoples that crossed to Africa from

972: 968: 885: 873: 641: 600:

from the 7th century to the 17th century accelerated this process. While local

55: 12570: 11317: 10122: 9058:(Spanish translation of French original ed.). Barcelona: Barral Editores. 8416:(New York: Simon & Schuster 1990) at 18–20, observes imperial pretensions. 7715:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118" 7560: 6596: 4026:

Genetically, the Berbers form the principal indigenous ancestry in the region.

2568: 2262: 1209:

Human fossils excavated at the Ifri n'Amr ou Moussa site in Morocco have been

1072:, the Barber (i.e. Berbers) comprised one of seven principal races in Africa. 844: 13371: 13257: 13242: 13212: 13182: 12918: 12749: 12627: 12578: 12346: 12080: 12047: 12032:. Cambridge Mass: Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University. pp. 60–111. 11762: 11479: 11286: 11165:

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Aaronsohn-Cyril VI

9440: 9243:(French translation by Edmond Fagnan ed.). Algiers. pp. II, ah 403. 8699:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale

8673:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale

8426: 8142: 8013: 7960: 7842: 7831:

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale

7525: 7416: 7378: 7275: 7240: 6885: 6691: 6604: 6503: 6330: 5464: 4411: 4340: 4328: 4211: 4167: 4029: 4007: 3979: 3891: 3884: 3685: 3551: 3534: 3481: 3444: 3425: 3409: 3401: 3337: 3271: 3215: 2871: 2514: 2498: 2368: 2317: 2285: 2281:, contributed to the eventual formation of the independent Asturian kingdom. 2233: 2221: 2113: 2082: 2028: 1919: 1903:(present-day Algeria) which controlled much of the ancient Roman province of 1688: 1596: 1552: 1490: 1481: 1430: 1394: 1161: 1054:

which later on united all of Berber tribes of North Africa under the rule of

893: 772: 746: 656: 652: 584:, which influenced the Berber population. Arabization involved the spread of 377: 304: 11891: 11584: 11455: 10794: 10022:"Who are the Tuareg? | Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World" 8789: 8217: 7575: 7029:"Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts | Britannica" 6438:

The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village

4059:

origins, and has its highest distribution among populations in the southern

4055:

is the second most frequent among Maghrebi groups and is more indicative of

2933:

branch of the Sanhaja Berber. In the mid-11th century, they allied with the

2847:, then marched on Cordoba, taking it and executing Sulayman and his family. 830: 13202: 12767: 12645: 12586: 12364: 10812: 10763: 10600: 10419: 10309: 10072: 8617:"The Last Christians of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today" 8236: 8161: 8046: 7993: 7939: 7540: 6660: 5704: 5609: 5588: 4842: 4698: 4694: 3962: 3590: 3420:

Valley of Morocco—who number about eight million. Other groups include the

3297: 3267: 3146: 2962: 2696: 2695:

ceremonial cloaks. During this time, mints in cities on the Moroccan coast—

2510: 2074: 1914:

Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and

1822: 1729: 1620: 1406: 1320: 1284: 1017: 960: 809: 762: 706: 589: 498: 442: 438: 350: 231: 12183:

Between Resistance and Expansion: Explorations of Local Vitality in Africa

10469: 10227: 9056:

Al-andalus: estructura antropológica de una sociedad islámica en occidente

8054:"Supplementary Text S1: Affinities of the Ethio-Somali ancestry component" 7255: 7220: 7075:

Between Resistance and Expansion: Explorations of Local Vitality in Africa

7028: 6865: 6806: 6076: 4021: 2613: 2328:

attacked Munnuza before he was ready, and, besieging him, defeated him at

13354: 13302: 13247: 13207: 11754: 10520:↑ Fadhlaoui-Zid et al., 2004; Cherni et al., 2005; Loueslati et al., 2006 8690: 8668: 8544:(Paris: Hachette 1958; London: Geo. Allen & Unwin 1961), p. 123. The 7921: 7826: 7477:

Catalogue des tribus africaines de l'antiquité classique à l'ouest du Nil

7048:

Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches

7001:

Entangled Performance Histories: New Approaches to Theater Historiography

6902:

Vourlias, Christopher (25 January 2010). "Moroccan minority's net gain".

5657:). The amydaz recites improvised poems, often accompanied by drums and a 5617: 5198: 5149: 5098: 4845:

and decorated with local geometric motifs, as with the famous example of

4662: 4503: 4487: 4450: 4250: 4231: 4219: 4079: 4056: 3856: 3316: 3289: 3200: 3131: 3109: 3095: 3084: 2738: 2523: 2086: 1845: 1829:, then a full Roman province in AD 40, after the death of its last king, 1668: 1652:

area of modern-day Libya in the Sahara desert between 400 BC and 600 AD.

1364: 1312: 1165: 1076: 786: 581: 358: 354: 336: 221: 128: 12014: 11998: 11319:

Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne

10776: 9417:

David S. Woolman, page 96 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press

7673: 7663:

Les cultures du Maghreb. Maria Àngels Roque, Paul Balta, Mohammed Arkoun

5021: 4906: 4499: 4127: 3292:

of the indigenous Berber populations was a result of the centuries-long

3105: 2870:

valley. The area of Aftasid control was very large, stretching from the

2731:

govern. The Hammadids became independent in 1014, with their capital at

2718:, the Umayyads placed a great emphasis on the Umayyad membership of the 1992:

Besides the Arabian influence, North Africa also saw an influx, via the

1768:. When Micipsa died in 118 BC, he was succeeded jointly by his two sons 1087:(947 CE) held that they are descended from Berber, the son of Keloudjm ( 683:

and to militate for greater linguistic rights and cultural recognition.

13149: 13045: 12955: 12935: 12898: 12823: 9365: 9301: 8088:. International Society for Applied Biological Sciences. Archived from 7956:"Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations" 6162: 4828: 4746: 4607: 4522: 4455: 4287: 4075: 3874: 3670: 3573: 3569: 3413: 3392: 3312: 3258: 3023:

The Kabylians were independent of outside control during the period of

3016: 2978: 2949:

preachers in Kairouan, and invited them to his land. Malikite disciple

2799: 2790:

in 1010. To avoid being destroyed, the Berbers fled towards Algeciras.

2676: 2560: 2487: 2380: 2206: 1978: 1961: 1915: 1885: 1826: 1816: 1769: 1645: 1561: 1352: 1203: 1177: 1128: 1068: 1055: 1038: 621: 557: 549: 506: 486: 251: 12030:

Artistry of the everyday : beauty and craftsmanship in Berber art

11712: 11391:"Christian Converts in Morocco Fear Fatwa Calling for Their Execution" 9957:

Berbers and Blacks: Impressions of Morocco, Timbuktu and Western Sudan

9520: 7900: 7369: 7352: 7291:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

7260:(First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 979, 990. 7173:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

7137:

The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States

4226:

in Libya also banned the teaching of Berber languages, and, in a 2008

3238:

occurring between rebels and loyalists for control of the region. The

2591:

Ecija in 889. He captured Jaen in 892. He was only defeated in 915 by

2544:, a descendant of Ali accepted by the Zenata Berbers, who founded the 13344: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12945: 12428: 12320: 11413: 10644:

Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey

8448:

General History of Africa, volume II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa

7870:

J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in

5810: 5164: 5121: 5052: 4926: 4898: 4765: 4726: 4646: 4642: 4612: 4565: 4510: 4464: 4460: 4254: 4246: 4189: 4067: 3247: 3192: 3006: 2723: 2392: 2388: 2349: 2254: 2102: 2093: 1641: 1533: 1529: 1426: 1414: 1386: 1371: 1356: 1340: 1051: 913: 889: 805: 736: 672: 645: 609: 541: 533: 11494: 10394:

Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc

8573:

The Mercenary revolt occurred after the First Punic War (see below).

8446:

B. H. Warmington, "The Carthaginian Period" at 246–260, 248–249, in

8414:

Carthage. Uncovering the mysteries and splendours of ancient Tunisia

6487: 5743:. There is some variation in the order of the presentation, but the 5526: 5297: 4893:

s of which numerous examples can be found in Morocco. The island of

4831:

valleys and oases of the Atlas and the south are marked by numerous

2917: 2844: 2662: 2284:

Many Berbers were settled in what were then the frontier lands near

2168: 1440: 982:, the Kabyle people still maintained possession of their mountains. 745:

proposed the translation "noble/free" for the term Amazigh based on

13278: 13232: 13192: 13187: 13159: 13100: 13080: 12987: 12962: 12930: 12908: 12741: 12619: 12602:

Nebel, A.; Landau-Tasseron; Filon; Oppenheim; Faerman (June 2002).

12338: 11433: 10582: 9637:. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. 8557: 8505: 8207: 7872:

General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa

6106: 6014: 5775: 5494: 5458:

to make it even tastier. This dish is served mainly at festivities.

5381: 5369: 5365: 5257: 5154: 5145: 5102: 5094: 5025: 4864: 4718: 4702: 4683: 4623: 4495: 4394:/ʕ/ and /ħ/, the (nongeminated) uvular stop /q/, and the voiceless 3821: 3769: 3621: 3516: 3448: 3429: 2906: 2867: 2820: 2711: 2556: 2529: 2396: 2344: 2329: 2250: 2210: 2066: 2032: 1973:

area. Unlike the conquests of previous religions and cultures, the

1923: 1908: 1857: 1853: 1777: 1746: 1676: 1664: 1477: 1410: 1329: 1288: 1265: 1169: 1157: 1150: 1132: 1088: 1046: 905: 881: 761:"Amajegh", meaning noble. "Mazigh" was used as a tribal surname in 411: 397: 12601: 9580:

The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation)

2564: 2513:, who wrote that Shaqya's revolt originated in the area of modern 2423:, to cross to the Iberian peninsula to fight against the Berbers. 2266: 2077:(the western part of modern Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. 944: 749:'s translation of "awal amazigh" as "noble language" referring to 13262: 13197: 13137: 13132: 13115: 13110: 13090: 12992: 12893: 12883: 12097:

Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa

11478:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

10908: 10617:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z

9173:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa: Pg 329

8524: 8281: 6253:

Les langues de France: un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante

6019: 5990: 5805: 5800: 5641: 5629: 5421: 5273: 5168: 5125: 4902: 4854: 4761: 4666: 4654: 4542: 4526: 4383: 4324: 4215: 4071: 3997: 3957: 3904: 3849: 3834: 3764: 3733: 3703: 3698: 3634: 3603: 3564: 3529: 3494: 3421: 3405: 3386: 3367: 3127: 2930: 2719: 2634: 2502: 2494: 2467: 2463: 2246: 2129: 2057:

in 698, expelling the Byzantines, and in 703 decisively defeated

2050: 2046: 1985:

of Egypt to punish the Berber Zirid dynasty for having abandoned

1970: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1765: 1718: 1704: 1548: 1422: 1418: 1348: 1333: 1123:

cultures, with a more recent intrusion being associated with the

1092: 952: 940: 917: 869: 754: 702: 660: 553: 545: 537: 482: 474: 470: 466: 427: 241: 211: 161: 151: 12556: 12498: 11802: 11800: 11798: 8080: 6997: 6849:

Most languages of the Berber branch are mutually unintelligible.

4901:. Their prayer halls are domed and they have short, often round 2823:

from its Berber garrison and took control of the entire region.

2446:

When the Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown in 750, a grandson of

1472:

might be indicative of the complexity of the politics involved.

1244:

were found to carry the broadly-distributed paternal haplogroup

1156:

In 2013, Iberomaurusian skeletons from the prehistoric sites of

13144: 13095: 13075: 13004: 12903: 11495:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 11105:

Lyovin, Anatole; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (2017).

9631:

Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar.

8651: 7257:

Oxford Arabic dictionary : Arabic-English · English-Arabic

6488:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 5694: 5680: 5662: 5637: 5625: 5509: 5480: 5455: 5375: 5005: 4972: 4894: 4859: 4841:(fortified villages), typically flat-roofed structures made of 4832: 4722: 4658: 4486:

As a legacy of the spread of Islam, the Berbers are now mostly

4407: 4375: 4308: 3933: 3657: 3608: 3333: 3324: 3301: 3243: 3165: 3065: 2985:, traveled to Morocco to appeal to Yusuf for help against King 2946: 2934: 2353: 2313: 2147: 2143: 2125: 2070: 1986: 1900: 1881: 1873: 1750: 1713: 1649: 1584: 1512: 1469: 1378: 1360: 1273: 1261: 1198: 861: 780: 732: 613: 605: 585: 525: 323: 294: 284: 261: 181: 10947:"The Amazigh of Libya revive their previously banned language" 9705:"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language" 8601:

Compare the contradictions described in Brett & Fentress,

8177: 7197: 6209:"Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language" 6061:

The Berber population numbers approximately 36 million people.

5889: 5880: 2965:

and the Zenata Berber. After Yahya ibn Umar died, his brother

2360:. These events put an end to the Berber garrison in Pamplona. 1260:, the latter of which were common mtDNA lineages in Neolithic 457:, most of them mutually unintelligible, which are part of the 122: 13252: 12940: 11807:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Berber".

11795: 10995:"Small rebel victory big moment for persecuted Berber tribes" 9073:. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi. pp. 114–124. 5676: 5658: 5621: 5447: 5410: 5406: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5214: 5141: 5085:

was a Berber woman in Kabylie who fought against the French.

4742: 4631: 4627: 4626:

instead. By the second century AD there is evidence of large

4048: 3992: 3928: 3869: 3799: 3452: 3348: 3305: 2954: 2891: 2812: 2684: 2602: 2420: 2058: 2036: 2015: 1448:, father of Masinissa; further east: city-state of Carthage). 1241: 976: 849: 776: 632:

in the 11th to 13th centuries. Their Berber successors – the

617: 601: 593: 573: 529: 502: 494: 478: 446: 370: 342: 274: 201: 171: 10560: 10493:↑ Rando et al., 1998; Brakez et al., 2001; Kéfi et al., 2005 9088:. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Midi. pp. 97–138. 8006: 7225:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2180: 2157: 12913: 12313:

Grammaire de la langue basque (d'apres celle de Larramendi)

11111:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 198–208. 11025:"Libya: Gaddafi Rails Against 'No Fly' Attacks and Berbers" 10390:"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004" 8081:

Kefi, R.; Bouzaid, E.; Stevanovitch, A.; Beraud-Colomb, E.

6711:

The Missiology behind the Story: Voices from the Arab World

6403:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017).

5892: 5871: 5690: 5633: 5451: 5129: 4947: 4876: 4837: 4675: 4513:

faiths into North Africa, the Berber people adhered to the

3916: 3577: 3447:

in Mali (early settlement near the old imperial capital of

3417: 2942: 2851:

declared himself caliph, a position he held for two years.

2759: 2748: 2700: 2474: 2441: 2137: 2018:, a 7th-century female Berber religious and military leader 1684: 1461: 909: 853: 813: 798: 521: 490: 346: 191: 12838: 12502:

Berbers and Others: Beyond Tribe and Nation in the Maghrib

12179:"Trading Cultures: Berbers and Tuareg as Souvenir Vendors" 11368:"Udayen imazighen — Les Juifs amazighs — The Amazigh Jews" 11249:

Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook

10719: 8113: 5612:

has a wide variety of regional styles. The best known are

4645:

in present-day Algeria, believed to date from the time of

4606:

Africa. Numerous archaeological sites associated with the

3385:

Ethnically, Berbers comprise a minority population in the

724:, the designation naturally used by classical conquerors. 453:. Their main connections are identified by their usage of 11913: 11192:

Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).

9557:"Scores arrested in connection with Morocco Rif protests" 6906:. Vol. 417, no. 10. Penske Business Media, LLC. 5865: 5601: 5008:(Tunisia), an example of a traditional "fortified mosque" 4070:

in the 3rd century BC and large scale migrations of Arab

3839: 3640: 2509:. He is mainly known from the work of the Arab historian 2506: 1402: 1149:

and other West Eurasian-affiliated components before the

709:

are collectively known as Berbers or Amazigh in English.

528:

into the Maghreb. A series of Berber peoples such as the

11834:

International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives

11634:

http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582

10641:

Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Ewing, Winifred Crum (1975).

8548:

contract "gave the landowner four-fifths of the income".

8009:"Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa" 7110:

Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video

6263:, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr. 5964: 5958: 5939: 5933: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5698: 5684: 5666: 5652: 5646: 5441: 5433: 5427: 5415: 5400: 4871:, which are typically built with loose stone bound by a 4318: 3042: 2830:. The Saqaliba Khayran, with his own Umayyad figurehead 2497:

Berber named Shaqya ibn Abd al-Walid declared himself a

1663:(there is a strong correlation between adherence to the 1468:

is apposite. Her refusal to wed the Mauritani chieftain

1004:

Berber ancient Libyan; as depicted in the tomb of Seti I

646:

Arabs claiming descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad

105: 12003:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

7510:"Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja" 4283:

Areas in North Africa where Berber languages are spoken

4245:

In contrast, many Berber students in Morocco supported

2937:

and Massufa Berber. At that time, the Almoravid leader

12824:

The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity

12811: 11809:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

11057:"Amid a Berber Reawakening in Libya, Fears of Revenge" 9953: 9535:"Mali Tuareg rebels declare independence in the north" 7208:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 764–767. 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7023: 7021: 6377:

Tunisia Population. (2023-03-12). Retrieved 2020-02-27

4257:. Many educated Berbers were attracted to the leftist 2781:. Marching on Cordoba, they defeated Saqaliba general 2201:

in 711 were mainly Berbers, and were led by a Berber,

1640:(Amazigh) as tribal people raiding the monasteries of 12723: 10259:"Algérie: situation géographique et démolinguistique" 9487:"Official request for an autonomy status for Kabylia" 9320:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

7952: 6973:

Siwa: Jewelry, Costume, and Life in an Egyptian Oasis

6807:"Berber | Definition, People, Languages, & Facts" 6611: 6188: 6186: 6184: 5901: 5883: 5877: 5862: 2912: 1176:. The ancient Taforalt individuals carried the mtDNA 1172:, indicating gene flow between these areas since the 560:. Other kingdoms appeared in late antiquity, such as 11493:

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015).

11461:

Tunisia: International Religious Freedom Report 2007

10835:, Les Actes du Colloque Paris – Inalco, octobre 2004 9894: 9892: 9836:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples

9630: 7480:(in French). Dakar: Université de Dakar. p. 63. 6801: 6799: 6797: 6486:

Miller, Duane Alexander; Johnstone, Patrick (2015).

6402: 6271: 6269: 5919: 5843: 4849:. Likewise, southern Tunisia is dotted with hilltop 2806: 1648:

was a notable Berber kingdom that flourished in the

576:. Berber kingdoms were eventually suppressed by the 12156:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 215–216. 11342:. State University of New York Press. p. 174. 10909:"Amazigh: Morocco Upholds Ban of Traditional Names" 9974: 9842: 9824: 8288:(c. 42 BC), 19–20, translated by S. A. Handford as 7154: 7018: 6121: 6103:"North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring" 5874: 5868: 4390:. Almost all Berber languages took from Arabic the 616:principalities in the western Maghreb, and several 12777:Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation 11104: 9933:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 45. 9157:"An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11" 8173: 8171: 7630:Tiliouine, Habib; Estes, Richard J., eds. (2016). 6181: 5388:(fledgling pigeon); today often made using chicken 4082:, as well as other waves that occurred during the 1630:The Berbers gain historicity gradually during the 11499:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 11388: 9889: 9028:(Paperback ed.). Wiley Blackwell. p. 9. 8359:Picard, Gilbert Charles; Picard, Colette (1968). 8309:The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 6794: 6492:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 6266: 6097: 6095: 6093: 5124:. They migrate by following the natural cycle of 13369: 11806: 11420: 11245: 10511:↑ Côrte-Real et al., 1996; Macaulay et al., 1999 10364:. Amsterdam; Heidelberg: Elsevier. p. 155. 9634:An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria 9460: 9291:(1995 Paperback ed.). Blackwell. p. 4. 9098: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8271:(2nd ed.). London: Robert Hale. p. 46. 7885:História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos. 7797:"The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93" 7672:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne à l'Université de 7606:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 7222:Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 6970: 6897: 6895: 6870:. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. 6638: 6163:"Le berbère enseigné dans les écoles marocaines" 6042: 5707:. These performances begin with an instrumental 5184:Imazighen! Beauty and Artisanship in Berber Life 4553:. The most recent influence came from Islam and 3936:, northern Mali and Niger, and southern Algeria 2586:Berber groups were involved in the rebellion of 2229:in al-Andalus, because his mother was a Berber. 1520: 12054: 11628:L. Golvin, « Architecture berbère », 11624: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11492: 11157: 11155: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 9461:Le Saout, Didier; Rollinde, Marguerite (1999). 9323:, Volume 4, publié par M. Th. Houtsma, Page 600 9289:Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8719:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 8477:(in French). Paris: Librairie François Maspero. 8186:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8168: 7542:Amazigh politics in the wake of the Arab Spring 7113:. Indiana University Press. pp. 7 and 11. 7102: 7100: 7098: 6831:Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007). 6485: 6071: 6069: 5697:, with any number of vocalists. The leader, or 4578:Berber Muslims have converted to Christianity. 4382:and represent 51.7% of the total vocabulary of 3347:identify as Berber, although the prominence of 2866:, controlled a large territory centered on the 2176:, a Berber empire that lasted from 1121 to 1269 2081:result, widespread opposition took the form of 497:. Smaller Berber communities are also found in 13458:Ethnic groups divided by international borders 11996: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11520: 10962: 10960: 10826:Pour une histoire sociale du berbèRe en France 10647:. Vol. 1. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 263. 10640: 9922: 9920: 9348:, Paris, Robert Laffont 2009, p. 474–475 9282: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 8581: 8579: 7821: 7819: 7629: 7602: 7538: 7433:Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord. Tome 5 7390: 7388: 7337: 7315:""Respecting Identity: Amazigh Versus Berber"" 7288: 7169: 7133: 7071: 6766: 6764: 6090: 5737:, a dance, and finally the rhythmically swift 5101:and lead communal lives. During the crisis of 2777:. They obtained logistical support from Count 2184:Castillian ambassadors meeting Almohad caliph 2039:and used it as a base for further operations. 1899:Berber kingdom centred in the capital city of 1224:(E-M81) subclade and the maternal haplogroups 1037:, the original people of North Africa are the 12854: 12209: 12176: 11532: 11309: 11191: 11108:An Introduction to the Languages of the World 10858:. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–217. 9572: 9570: 8592:(London: Longmans, Green 1878, 1908) at 45–46 8334: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 7894: 7293:. University of Texas Press. pp. 14–17. 6892: 6859: 6857: 6830: 6684: 6481: 6479: 6344: 6127: 4478:, a custom dating from the pre-Abrahamic era. 3036: 2490:Berber confederation in Morocco in the 770s. 12435:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 12247: 12210:Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). 12152:. In Boudraa, Nabil; Krause, Joseph (eds.). 11607: 11533:Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1996). 11457:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 11339:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews 11152: 11077: 10838: 10383: 10381: 10333: 8916: 8912:(Paperback ed.). Blackwell. p. 97. 8804: 8358: 8330: 8328: 7757:The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568 7596: 7508:Stepanova, Anastasia V. (5 September 2018). 7095: 6449: 6128:Bhatia, Tej K.; Ritchie, William C. (2006). 6066: 4788: 4783:, example of a "tower tomb" (2nd century BC) 4713:can be found across the region, such as the 3358: 3055: 2746: 2343:, and possibly as early as 714, the city of 1363:, and were less settled, with predominantly 1351:. The Mauri inhabited the far west (ancient 111: 12774: 12652: 12424:(as cited in Michael Harrison's work, 1974) 12181:. In Probst, Peter; Spittler, Gerd (eds.). 11736: 11517: 11279:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 10973:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. 10957: 10673:. Oxford Business Group. 2008. p. 10. 10215: 9930:Language Empires in Comparative Perspective 9917: 9686:, Central Intelligence Agency, 14 June 2023 9261: 8689: 8576: 8475:L'Histoire du Maghreb: Un essai de synthèse 8335:Brett, Michael; Fentress, E. W. B. (1996). 8000: 7825: 7816: 7385: 7253: 7176:. University of Texas Press. pp. 7–9. 7040: 7038: 6761: 6553:Archaeology, Language, and the African Past 5683:Berbers have professional musicians called 5651:) travel in groups of four, led by a poet ( 5555:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5326:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4615:, but around the middle of the millennium ( 3400:Prominent Berber ethnic groups include the 1911:villages persisted until the 14th century. 1740: 1691:, served during the reign of Roman emperor 1635: 1464:, the foundress of Carthage, as related by 12861: 12847: 12704: 12683: 12418:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12065:(in French). Paris: Musée du quai Branly. 12061:Vivier, Marie-France; et al. (2007). 11078:Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2020). 10699:. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 9. 10362:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 9666:International Journal of Frontier Missions 9567: 9253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9238: 9224:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8450:(UNESCO 1981, 1990), edited by G. Mokhtar. 8266: 8243: 7854: 7852: 7676:, Centre de recherches d'histoire ancienne 7648: 7573: 7436:(in French). Paris: Hachette. p. 119. 6940: 6938: 6854: 6675: 6543: 6476: 6421: 6387: 6219: 5176:Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology 5024:, an example of local architecture in the 4295:The Berber languages form a branch of the 2925:realm at its greatest extent, c. 1120 2603:In al-Andalus during the Umayyad caliphate 1020:depicting a tattooed ancient Libyan chief 121: 12779:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 12757: 12659:. New York: New York, C. Scribner's sons. 12635: 12456:(in French). Beyonne: Bayonne Lamaignère. 12393: 12354: 12265: 12250:"The Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa" 10802: 10753: 10590: 10378: 9169: 8705:. Imprimerie du Gouvernement. p. ii. 8388:History of Ancient Egypt. An introduction 8354: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8325: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8226: 8216: 8206: 8151: 8141: 8065: 8036: 8026: 7983: 7973: 7929: 7861:, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa 7782:"The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45" 7587: 7507: 7368: 7350: 6632: 6580: 6531:, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001 6036: 5575:Learn how and when to remove this message 5346:Learn how and when to remove this message 4827:In Morocco, the largely Berber-inhabited 4537:), or borrowed during antiquity from the 2486:declared himself a prophet and ruled the 2158:In al-Andalus under the Umayyad governors 1938:(Morocco and al-Andalus, 1147–1248), the 1934:(Morocco and al-Andalus, 1040–1147), the 74:Learn how and when to remove this message 12479: 12371: 12274: 12229:Celenko, Theodore, ed. (December 1996). 12027: 11969:Stewart, Courtney A. (4 December 2017). 11831: 11644: 11557: 11272: 11246:Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009). 11218: 11168:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 463. 11084:(3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 223. 10928:"Morocco lifts the ban on Amazigh names" 10263:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde 9603: 9463:Émeutes et Mouvements sociaux au Maghreb 9170:Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). 9053: 9038: 8701:(in French). Vol. 1. Translated by 7946: 7833:(in French). Vol. 1. Translated by 7712: 7689:The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156 7473: 7218: 7140:. University of Texas Press. p. 2. 7035: 6901: 5757: 5600: 5107: 4469: 4454: 4286: 4278: 4157: 3391: 3362: 3266:; the former prime minister of Morocco, 3209: 3104: 3010: 2916: 2661: 2628: 2612: 2442:In al-Andalus during the Umayyad emirate 2179: 2167: 2107: 2009: 1960: 1844: 1790: 1712: 1611: 1568:(218–201 BC) with Rome (see below), the 1528: 1439: 1324: 1197: 1007: 999: 843: 829: 12668:(in French). Paris: La société berbère. 12537: 12228: 12093: 11968: 11669: 11582: 11449: 11407: 11222:The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber 11131: 10219:Languages of the World: An Introduction 9876:"Historical Dictionaries: North Africa" 9358: 9127: 9041:Tribus arabes et berbères en al-Andalus 9023: 8907: 8762:. Commune-mahdia.gov.tn. Archived from 8667: 8531:(Penguin 1963), translated by Handford. 8390:(; Cornell University 1999) at 128–131. 8363:. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 15ff. 7849: 7446: 7106: 7051:. Oxford University Press. p. 42. 6935: 6737: 6707: 5424:containing flour, eggs, yeast, and salt 5174:From December 2004 to August 2006, the 4701:(Carthaginian) remains can be found at 4517:. This traditional religion emphasized 2890:in the northwest, and nearly as far as 2758:, commander of the Cordoba police, and 2124:ruled most of the central Maghreb from 1776:and Masinissa's illegitimate grandson, 1655:Roman-era Cyrenaica became a center of 1437:increased in scope and sophistication. 408:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 16:Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa 13370: 12684:Ryan, William; Pitman, Walter (1998). 12672: 12518: 12460: 12214:(1996 hardcover ed.). Blackwell. 12185:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 70–77. 12120: 12060: 11971:"Remarkable Berber Jewelry at The Met" 11775: 11688:Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc 11595:from the original on 12 September 2014 11585:"North Africa's Roman art. Its future" 11426: 11335: 11315: 11195:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 11161: 10878: 10851: 10613: 10216:Pereltsvaig, Asya (3 September 2020). 9781: 9312: 9286: 8778: 8472: 8343: 8306: 8295: 7727: 7490: 7394: 7072:Probst, Peter; Spittler, Gerd (2004). 6834:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 6770: 6741:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 6549: 6405:"Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada" 6316: 6279:. The World Factbook. 5 November 2021. 6134:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. 5689:s who play in ensembles consisting of 5157:is typical Berber masculine clothing. 5140:The Berber tribes traditionally weave 4571:International Religious Freedom Report 4074:tribes in the 11th century AD such as 2245:mountainous regions of Spain, such as 2146:was founded by the Fatimids under the 2073:(province) of Ifriqiya, which covered 1164:in the Maghreb were also analyzed for 880:region of southeastern Algeria. Other 686: 552:gave rise to Berber kingdoms, such as 12842: 12663: 12653:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1915–1923). 12309: 12177:Scholze, Marko; Bartha, Ingo (2004). 10970:Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco 10966: 10561:Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; 10359: 9926: 9545:from the original on 30 October 2012. 9426: 9083: 9068: 8715: 8339:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 24f. 7794: 7567: 7545:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 7429: 7351:Stepanova, Anastasia (15 June 2018). 7044: 6975:. American University in Cairo Press. 6863: 5791:marketing of products and locations. 5770:Traditional Berber festivals include 5384:, a meat pie traditionally made with 5229:Detail of a traditional Berber carpet 4887:region of Algeria, or in the form of 4815:prevalent in North Africa during the 4649:(202–148 BC). Possibly influenced by 4574:for 2007 estimates that thousands of 4205: 3396:Berber village in the Atlas mountains 2745:to north Africa in 973–974 to act as 2035:about 160 kilometres south of modern 860:II (19th Dynasty) in 1279–1213 BCE. ( 437:, are a diverse grouping of distinct 12523:. London & New York: Routledge. 12449: 12427: 12248:Cabot-Briggs, L. (28 October 2009). 12147: 11684: 11674:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 11562:. Simon & Schuster. p. 50. 11431:[Morocco invisible church]. 11427:Topper, Ilya U. (27 December 2008). 11132:Strazny, Philipp (1 February 2013). 10944: 10523: 10387: 10142:"Berber, Southern Shilha in Morocco" 9852:. The World Factbook. Archived from 9729: 9576: 9371: 9366:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857696 9154: 8614: 7731:The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner 7728:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). 6837:. Multilingual Matters. p. 49. 6464:from the original on 13 January 2004 6440:. Manchester University Press, 1971. 6367:, Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million 6293:Libya's Berbers fear ethnic conflict 6289: 5749:is always at the beginning, and the 5553:adding citations to reliable sources 5520: 5324:adding citations to reliable sources 5291: 4803:in the 7th and early 8th centuries, 4509:In antiquity, before the arrival of 4299:, a large family that also includes 4122: 3355:them into the Arab cultural sphere. 3304:spread during this period and drove 2786:Sulayman and the Berber forces in a 2666:Origin and conquests of the Fatimids 2356:, and in 824 became the independent 2120:Just to the west of Aghlabid lands, 1965:Berber dynasties in the 15th century 1683:were born in Numidia, as were three 1248:as well as the maternal haplogroups 146:Regions with significant populations 27: 12538:Martins, J. P. de Oliveira (1930). 12212:The Berbers (The Peoples of Africa) 11691:. Editions la Croisée des Chemins. 11672:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 11273:Kossmann, Maarten (29 March 2017), 11081:Compendium of the World's Languages 10925: 10620:. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. 10139: 9984:. The World Factbook. 3 March 2022. 9782:Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). 9604:el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (1 May 2019). 8786:"MAHDIA:Finger pointing at the sea" 8752: 8307:Laroui, Abdallah (19 April 2016) . 8267:Warmington, Brian Herbert (1969) . 7837:. Paris: P. Geuthner. p. 176. 7447:Hureiki, Jacques (1 January 2003). 7321:. 23 September 2019. Archived from 7319:Society for Linguistic Anthropology 6944: 5912: 5833: 5766:festival, 19th-century illustration 5703:, leads the group in its music and 5033: 4801:Arab-Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 3126:into French and Spanish zones. The 3090:In 1902, the French penetrated the 3052: 2371:in north Africa in 740–741, led by 1999: 1930:(Western Ifriqiya, 1014–1152), the 1764:Masinissa was succeeded by his son 268:(including those of mixed ancestry) 112: 13: 13393:Indigenous peoples of North Africa 12730:American Journal of Human Genetics 12690:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12608:American Journal of Human Genetics 12327:American Journal of Human Genetics 12202: 11219:Kossmann, Maarten (18 July 2013). 10571:American Journal of Human Genetics 9099:Izquierdo Bonito, Ricardo (1994). 9026:Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 8403:(Cambridge University 1971) at 20. 7078:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 71. 5785: 2913:In al-Andalus under the Almoravids 2188:, contemporary depiction from the 1825:in 33 BC, after the death of king 14: 13479: 12795: 12679:. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 12540:A History of Iberian Civilization 11997:Cynthia Becker (1 January 2010). 11647:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 11252:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 56. 9927:Stolz, Christel (10 March 2015). 9610:. Algora Publishing. p. 82. 8788:. Lexicorient.com. Archived from 8489:Le Berbère, lumière de l'Occident 8067:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393.s017 7713:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1858). 6317:Truong, Nicolas (23 March 2016). 6194:"Les Berbères en Afrique du Nord" 5189:From June to September 2007, the 5038: 2996: 2807:In al-Andalus in the Taifa period 2136:imamate (761–909), each an Ibadi 1332:wrestling with the Libyan giant 1033:According to the Roman historian 731:and present equivalence with the 13463:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 12170: 12141: 12114: 12094:Timothy, Dallen J., ed. (2018). 12087: 12021: 11990: 11962: 11953: 11928: 11906: 11880: 11868:from the original on 7 June 2021 11850: 11825: 11769: 11730: 11705: 11678: 11663: 11638: 11576: 11551: 11486: 11401: 11389:Morning Star News (9 May 2013). 11382: 11360: 11336:Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). 11329: 11275:"Berber-Arabic Language Contact" 11266: 11239: 11212: 11185: 11125: 11098: 11071: 11049: 11031: 11017: 10987: 10938: 10919: 10901: 10885:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 10872: 10819: 10770: 10713: 10687: 10661: 10634: 10607: 10554: 10514: 10505: 10496: 10487: 10462: 10437: 10412: 10353: 10327: 10302: 10277: 10251: 10209: 10184: 10159: 10133: 10115: 10090: 10065: 10039: 10014: 9988: 9947: 9868: 9802: 9775: 9749: 9723: 9697: 9672: 9651: 9624: 9597: 9549: 9527: 9519:. 9 October 2008. Archived from 9509: 9479: 9454: 9420: 9411: 9395: 9381:. OUP India. 2018. p. 250. 9338: 9326: 9295: 9232: 9204: 9190: 9163: 9148: 9121: 9092: 9077: 9062: 9047: 9032: 8736: 8709: 8683: 8661: 8645: 8630: 8608: 8595: 8567: 8551: 8534: 8494: 8481: 8386:The 22nd Dynasty. Erik Hornung, 7609:. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. 7453:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. 7409:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2465 6390:"Tuareg, Tamasheq in Mauritania" 6198:, Université Laval Québec, 2016. 6007: 5998: 5858: 5525: 5501: 5487: 5472: 5296: 5265: 5249: 5234: 5222: 5206: 5120:Traditionally, men take care of 5013: 4997: 4981: 4960: 4938: 4914: 4773: 4754: 4734: 4717:and the archaeological sites of 4669:. Another famous example is the 4259:National Union of Popular Forces 4126: 3985: 3971:Including 2,300,000 speakers of 3950: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3862: 3848:Including 1,271,000 speakers of 3827: 3792: 3757: 3726: 3712:Including 3,000,000 speakers of 3691: 3663: 3627: 3596: 3557: 3522: 3508:Including 2,130,000 speakers of 3487: 3374: 3336:were pushed to the west and the 3064:, an impregnable citadel in the 2304:Roger Collins cites the work of 1659:. Some pre-Islamic Berbers were 1634:. Byzantine authors mention the 1061: 1016:tile from the throne of Pharaoh 856:Berber from the reign of Rameses 852:statuette representing a Libyan 388: 32: 13423:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara 12802:Portail des Amazighs (Berbères) 12484:. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. 11936:"The Berber Community, a story" 11778:"Collective Granaries, Morocco" 11776:Strebe, Matthew (12 May 2018). 11408:Goverde, Rick (23 March 2015). 11027:. allAfrica.com. 20 March 2011. 10887:. Scarecrow Press. p. 76. 10783:Molecular Biology and Evolution 10051:www.centrederechercheberbere.fr 9954:David Prescott Barrows (2004). 9900:"Berber languages | Britannica" 9761:. Oxford Business Group. 2012. 9427:Stora, Benjamin (5 July 2004). 9335:. Par Guy Turbet-Delof. page 25 8910:Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 8760:"Mahdia: Historical Background" 8743:European slaves in North Africa 8466: 8453: 8440: 8419: 8412:E.g., Soren, Ben Khader, Slim, 8406: 8393: 8380: 8367: 8275: 8107: 8074: 7877: 7864: 7803: 7788: 7774: 7748: 7721: 7706: 7685: 7679: 7666: 7657: 7623: 7603:Hsain Ilahiane (17 July 2006). 7589:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.319 7532: 7501: 7484: 7467: 7440: 7423: 7395:Chaker, S. (1 September 1986). 7357:Written Monuments of the Orient 7307: 7282: 7247: 7212: 7190: 7127: 7065: 6991: 6979: 6964: 6910: 6824: 6731: 6701: 6621:Leiden University Press, 2010. 6574: 6517: 6443: 6430: 6415: 6396: 6381: 6370: 6310: 6283: 5981: 5972: 5947: 5851: 5823: 4581: 4386:. The least influenced are the 3428:people of eastern Algeria, the 2216:and his North African Viceroy, 2085:in 739–740 under the banner of 1860:to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1497 1673:traditional polytheist religion 1458:Berbero-Libyan Meshwesh dynasty 1297:Roman colonies in Berber Africa 1213:to the Early Neolithic period, 992:Genetic history of North Africa 930:Genetic history of North Africa 908:inscriptions were found in the 675:or the Berber Culture Movement 12394:Entwistle, William J. (1936). 12279:. People of the world series. 12233:. Indianapolis Museum of Art. 12063:Ideqqi, art de femmes berbères 11836:. Springer. pp. 416–425. 11649:. Edinburgh University Press. 10445:"Berber, Imazighen in Morocco" 10222:. Cambridge University Press. 9732:"Berbers fear ethnic conflict" 9493:. 28 June 2004. Archived from 8590:Carthage and the Carthaginians 7539:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2022). 7491:Laredo, Abraham Isaac (1954). 7289:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). 7170:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). 7134:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011). 6653:10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c 6556:. African Archaeology Series. 6245: 6201: 6155: 5378:, a stew made in various forms 5195:Ideqqi, art de femmes berbères 5135: 4970:, an example of a multi-level 4665:columns and an Egyptian-style 4622:) they began to be built with 4600: 4084:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 3813:Including 140,000 speakers of 3778:Including 150,000 speakers of 3294:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 3277: 1840: 1075:The medieval Tunisian scholar 598:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 451:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 1: 13453:Ethnic groups in North Africa 13433:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso 12775:Silverstein, Paul A. (2004). 12267:10.1525/aa.1956.58.3.02a00390 11429:"Marokkos unsichtbare Kirche" 10285:"Berber, Mozabite in Algeria" 10053:. Centre de Recherche Berbère 9583:. Routledge. pp. 70–74. 8509: 6986:History of the Amazigh People 6774:Roman Conquests: North Africa 6030: 5409:soaked in butter and natural 4811:. In addition to the general 4616: 4531:traditional African religions 4261:rather than the Berber-based 4087: 3883:Including 20,000 speakers of 3649:Including 10,000 speakers of 3543:Including 76,000 speakers of 3459:List of Berber ethnic groups 2858:During the taifa period, the 2367:wrote that there was a major 1954:(Morocco, 1248–1465) and the 1810: 1573: 1537: 1214: 1202:Ancient Libyan delegation at 1110: 1021: 819: 12504:. Indiana University Press. 12453:Eléments de grammaire basque 11743:Études et Documents Berbères 11737:Ould-Braham, Ouahmi (1999). 11717:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 11589:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 11583:Ennabli, Abdelmajid (2000). 10192:"Berber, Ghomara in Morocco" 10167:"Amazigh, Djerba in Tunisia" 9429:"Veillée d'armes en Kabylie" 9407:10.1017/CBO9781139045834.008 9128:Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). 8028:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393 7975:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397 7909:Genome Biology and Evolution 7795:Field, Henry Martyn (1893). 6242:, Niger: 11% of 23.6 million 6131:The Handbook of Bilingualism 5954: 5929: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5699: 5685: 5667: 5653: 5647: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5416: 5401: 5361:Principal Berber foods are: 4781:Numidian mausoleum of Dougga 4661:masonry and featuring sixty 4268: 4183: 3381:Maghreb § Ethnic groups 3043: 2716:Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba 2501:imam, claiming descent from 2399:. Instead, according to the 2363:Medieval Egyptian historian 2339:By the time of the governor 2197:The Muslims who invaded the 1671:, and some adhered to their 1309:History of Roman-era Tunisia 1302: 1028: 106: 7: 13403:Ethnic groups in Mauritania 12868: 12542:. Oxford University Press. 11811:. Oxford University Press. 11645:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 11135:Encyclopedia of Linguistics 10879:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006). 10541:Central Intelligence Agency 10396:(in French). Archived from 9287:Reilly, Bernard F. (1992). 9043:. Paris: De Gruyter Mouton. 8703:de Slane, William MacGuckin 8677:de Slane, William MacGuckin 8675:(in French). Translated by 8491:(Nouvelles Editions, 1984). 7835:de Slane, William MacGuckin 6697:. Moscow. pp. 339–408. 6452:"The Arab Population: 2000" 6356:Central Intelligence Agency 6231:Central Intelligence Agency 6013:Warmington page 83, citing 5920: 5844: 5794: 5719:, or sung poetry, and then 4863:), such as the examples in 4671:Tomb of the Christian Woman 4515:traditional Berber religion 4447:Traditional Berber religion 4436: 4355:(Central Atlas Tamazight), 4297:Afroasiatic language family 4178: 4096: 4015: 3432:in western Algeria and the 3056: 2832:Abd ar-Rahman IV al-Murtada 2747: 2061:'s Berber coalition at the 1942:(Ifriqiya, 1229–1574), the 1918:. The most notable are the 1085:Abou-Bekr Mohammed es-Souli 459:Afroasiatic language family 445:who predate the arrival of 10: 13484: 12812:Culture Amazighe (Berbère) 12480:Harrison, Michael (1974). 12121:Danver, Steven L. (2015). 11976:Metropolitan Museum of Art 11890:. El Watan. Archived from 10746:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x 8461:Carthage must be destroyed 7403:(in French) (4): 562–568. 6744:. Routledge. p. 211. 6708:Andrews, Jonathan (2019). 6584:Journal of Semitic Studies 5965: 5959: 5940: 5934: 5586: 5454:. The meat is coated with 5285: 5281: 5161:Traditional Berber jewelry 4853:and multi-story fortified 4792: 4585: 4440: 4272: 4187: 4115:Berbers in the Netherlands 4100: 4034:Excessive citations inline 4019: 3378: 3281: 3075:against colonial power in 3000: 2606: 2161: 2003: 1814: 1795:Mauretanian cavalry under 1788:between Rome and Numidia. 1702: 1698: 1306: 989: 985: 927: 923: 823: 693:Names of the Berber people 690: 18: 13468:Ancient peoples of Africa 13271: 13170: 13013: 12876: 12571:10.1007/s00439-005-1266-3 11940:African American Registry 11670:Marçais, Georges (1954). 11138:. Routledge. p. 35. 10336:"Nefusa Berbers of Libya" 9054:Guichard, Pierre (1976). 9039:Guichard, Pierre (1973). 8473:Laroui, Abdullah (1970). 8463:(NY: Viking 2010), p. 80. 8429:was anciently called the 7634:. Springer. p. 115. 7254:Tressy Arts, ed. (2014). 7107:Goodman, Jane E. (2005). 6971:Margaret M. Vale (2015). 6513:– via academia.edu. 6049:. Routledge. p. 23. 6043:Steven L. Danver (2015). 5182:presented the exhibition 5112:Berber wedding in Morocco 4789:After the Muslim conquest 4689:Mediterranean empires of 4555:pre-Islamic Arab religion 4535:Ancient Egyptian religion 4367:, as well as the ancient 4305:Ancient Egyptian language 4162:French former footballer 3580:valley, southern Morocco 3443:Outside the Maghreb, the 3424:of northern Morocco, the 3370:Berber women in the 1970s 3359:Contemporary demographics 3112:featured in the magazine 2945:. On his way back he met 520:spread westward from the 514:Ancient Egyptian writings 481:, and to a lesser extent 369: 364: 334: 329: 318: 313: 303: 293: 283: 273: 260: 250: 240: 230: 220: 210: 200: 190: 180: 170: 160: 150: 145: 140: 135: 120: 104: 103: 13418:Ethnic groups in Tunisia 13408:Ethnic groups in Algeria 13398:Ethnic groups in Morocco 12817:25 February 2021 at the 12709:. New York: Croom Helm. 12656:Men of the Old Stone Age 11713:"Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou" 11558:Davidson, Basil (1995). 11465:U.S. Department of State 11198:. Multilingual Matters. 11059:. NYTimes. 8 August 2011 10852:Willis, Michael (2014). 10696:The Report: Algeria 2011 10670:The Report: Algeria 2008 9996:"Q&A: Tuareg unrest" 9758:The Report: Morocco 2012 9465:. Karthala. p. 46. 9368:. Accessed 31 Aug. 2022. 9084:Sénac, Philippe (2007). 9069:Sénac, Philippe (2007). 8401:A History of the Maghrib 8143:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 8121:BMC Evolutionary Biology 7813:, Book I, pp. 35–36 7474:Desanges, Jehan (1962). 7430:Gsell, Stéphane (1929). 7397:"Amaziɣ (le/un Berbère)" 7219:Ilahiane, Hsain (2017). 7004:. Taylor & Francis. 5816: 5516: 5153:Algeria, the cloak-like 4657:constructed in well-cut 4396:pharyngealized consonant 3772:Valley, central Algeria 3240:Tuareg Rebellion of 2012 2828:Zirid kingdom of Granada 2779:Sancho Garcia of Castile 2186:Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada 2122:Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam 2031:established the town of 1852:presenting the captured 1675:. The Roman-era authors 1035:Gaius Sallustius Crispus 980:conquest of North Africa 888:in the Libyan desert. A 826:Prehistoric North Africa 166:9 million to ~13 million 156:15 million to 20 million 21:Berbers (disambiguation) 12705:Saltarelli, M. (1988). 12666:De l'Origine du Langage 12664:Renan, Ernest (1873) . 12482:The Roots of Witchcraft 12461:Hachid, Malika (2001). 12295:Encyclopædia Britannica 12275:Hiernaux, Jean (1975). 12254:American Anthropologist 12028:Bernasek, Lisa (2008). 11162:Mattar, Philip (2004). 9607:Killing the Arab Spring 9134:. Bloomsbury Academic. 9024:Collins, Roger (2014). 8908:Collins, Roger (1994). 8292:(Penguin 1963), p. 55f. 8218:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 7883:Mário Curtis Giordani, 7574:Zimmermann, K. (2008). 7205:Encyclopædia Britannica 6947:"Berber, Siwa in Egypt" 6922:Encyclopædia Britannica 6777:. Casemate Publishers. 6597:10.1093/jss/XLIII.2.209 6529:Christianity in Kabylie 6424:"Berber, Siwa in Egypt" 5004:The Fadhloun Mosque in 4592:Architecture of Algeria 4588:Architecture of Tunisia 4319: 4228:leaked diplomatic cable 4039:considered for deletion 4022:Maghreb § Genetics 3973:Central Atlas Tamazight 3060:). Its capital was the 2849:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir 2633:An old Amazigh room in 2214:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 2191:Cantigas de Santa Maria 1905:Mauretania Caesariensis 1521: 934:History of North Africa 898:subsistence agriculture 884:has been discovered at 766:Mauretania Caesariensis 516:. From about 2000 BCE, 426:, also called by their 13443:Ethnic groups in Egypt 13438:Ethnic groups in Niger 13413:Ethnic groups in Libya 12834:World Haplogroups Maps 12807:Amazigh/Berber Culture 12673:Ripley, W. Z. (1899). 12519:Hualde, J. I. (1991). 12433:The Origin of Language 11316:Elimam, Abdou (2009). 11287:10.14711/spcol/b706487 10614:Stokes, Jamie (2009). 9810:"Q&A: The Berbers" 9659:"The Arabized Berbers" 9346:L'Algérie et la France 8639:Encyclopedia Americana 8542:Daily life in Carthage 8521:Berber King of Numidia 6738:Skutsch, Carl (2013). 6714:. Langham Publishing. 6550:Blench, Roger (2006). 5993:: Un essai de synthèse 5778:marriage festival and 5767: 5628:(large drums) and the 5606: 5394:made with traditional 5113: 5020:The central mosque in 4988:Subterranean house in 4715:amphitheatre of El Jem 4709:. Numerous remains of 4678:, Soumaa d'el Khroub, 4479: 4467: 4292: 4284: 4171: 3476:Linguistic population 3412:or Chleuh—in High and 3397: 3371: 3219: 3119: 3037: 3020: 3015:Berber village in the 2926: 2743:Muhammad Ibn Abī ‘Āmir 2667: 2637: 2622: 2209:of the Arab Caliph of 2194: 2177: 2117: 2112:The Maghreb after the 2019: 1981:, a tribe sent by the 1966: 1958:(Morocco, 1471–1554). 1861: 1807: 1741: 1721: 1636: 1627: 1606: 1556: 1504: 1495: 1449: 1336: 1206: 1108: 1025: 1005: 916:unified the people of 865: 841: 712:Tribal titles such as 699:indigenous populations 396:This article contains 13428:Ethnic groups in Mali 12904:Koidamousii/Ucutumani 12463:Les Premiers Berberes 12310:Blanc, S. H. (1854). 11858:"Sites and monuments" 11685:Naji, Salima (2009). 11459:(14 September 2007). 11225:. BRILL. p. 98. 10967:Aslan, Senem (2015). 10795:10.1093/molbev/msw218 10360:Brown, E. K. (2006). 10228:10.1017/9781108783071 8437:(1992, 1995), p. 270. 7045:Holes, Clive (2018). 6864:Aïtel, Fazia (2014). 5761: 5731:, an energetic song, 5725:, a danced overture, 5604: 5111: 4793:Further information: 4749:(first millennium BC) 4596:Moroccan architecture 4473: 4458: 4431:population estimation 4392:pharyngeal fricatives 4307:. Most Berbers speak 4290: 4282: 4240:2011 Libyan civil war 4161: 4000:, northwestern Libya 3946:Central Atlas Amazigh 3395: 3366: 3351:influences has fully 3228:2011 Libyan civil war 3213: 3108: 3014: 3001:Further information: 2920: 2882:in the south, to the 2665: 2632: 2616: 2183: 2171: 2111: 2099:Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab 2069:, capital of the new 2013: 1964: 1848: 1831:Ptolemy of Mauretania 1794: 1745:was first applied by 1716: 1615: 1601: 1532: 1499: 1486: 1443: 1328: 1307:Further information: 1281:Early European Farmer 1201: 1097: 1011: 1003: 996:Proto-Berber language 990:Further information: 847: 833: 375:Afro-Asiatic speaking 365:Related ethnic groups 12450:Gèze, Louis (1873). 12396:The Spanish Language 12316:. Lyons & Paris. 12277:The people of Africa 12148:Boum, Aomar (2009). 11888:"Honneur à la tribu" 11782:Global Heritage Fund 11755:10.3917/edb.017.0019 11630:Encyclopédie berbère 11325:. Synergies Tunisie. 11005:on 25 September 2015 10098:"Chenoua in Algeria" 9577:Duri, A. A. (2012). 9155:Fage, J. D. (1958). 8716:Hrbek, Ivan (1992). 8459:Cf., Richard Miles, 8399:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 7692:. Psychology Press. 7580:Encyclopédie berbère 7401:Encyclopédie berbère 6771:Fields, Nic (2011). 6352:"The World Factbook" 6227:"The World Factbook" 5549:improve this section 5320:improve this section 5191:Musée du quai Branly 5083:Lalla Fatma N'Soumer 4805:Islamic architecture 4795:Moorish architecture 4551:Hellenistic religion 4402:has a predominantly 4303:like Arabic and the 4291:Tifinagh in Tifinagh 4170:parents from Algeria 4006:247,000 speakers of 3675:Southern Mauritania 3218:in Paris, April 2016 3029:Kingdom of Ait Abbas 3019:mountains of Morocco 2768:Muhammad II al-Mahdi 2609:Caliphate of Córdoba 2324:. However, governor 2232:English medievalist 2132:. The rulers of the 2043:Abu al-Muhajir Dinar 1370:For their part, the 1317:Mauretania Tingitana 1125:Neolithic Revolution 524:across the northern 19:For other uses, see 13388:Afroasiatic peoples 12676:The Races of Europe 12429:Gans, Eric Lawrence 12379:. Lexington Books. 12373:Ekonomou, Andrew J. 11378:on 27 October 2005. 11043:The Washington Post 10738:2021NatSR..1115728E 10388:Maaroufi, Youssef. 9523:on 11 January 2010. 9497:on 20 February 2009 9307:Library of Congress 9239:Ibn Idhari (1901). 8792:on 26 December 2016 8199:2018PNAS..115.6774F 8134:2014BMCEE..14..109S 6409:www12.statcan.gc.ca 5755:always at the end. 5679:for the group. The 5132:in their locality. 4976:in southern Tunisia 4933:in the 12th century 4881:Fortified granaries 4809:Umayyads of Cordoba 4745:, a capital of the 4519:ancestor veneration 4474:Traditional Berber 3842:, northern Morocco 3741:, southern Tunisia 3706:, northern Algeria 3643:, northern Morocco 3611:, southern Tunisia 3460: 3300:. Furthermore, the 3246:. Since late 2016, 3124:Morocco was divided 2951:Abd Allah ibn Yasin 2788:battle near Cordoba 2387:attacked Arab ally 2358:Kingdom of Pamplona 2279:battle of Covadonga 1994:Barbary slave trade 1895:was an independent 1893:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 1397:, the mother city. 1045:, then much later, 892:society, marked by 687:Names and etymology 100: 13350:Kabyle nationalism 11395:Christianity Today 10999:The Globe and Mail 10945:Zurutuza, Karlos. 10915:. 2 November 2009. 10831:2012-11-12 at the 10726:Scientific Reports 10563:Paracchini, Silvia 10536:The World Factbook 10334:PeopleGroups.org. 10002:. 7 September 2007 9904:www.britannica.com 9832:"Morocco – Berber" 9730:Zurutuza, Karlos. 9684:The World Factbook 9302:Spain – Al Andalus 8766:on 9 November 2013 8642:, 2005, v.3, p.569 8615:Phillips, Andrew. 8529:The Jugurthine War 8290:The Jugurthine War 8286:Bellum Iugurthinum 7922:10.1093/gbe/evv118 7325:on 25 October 2022 6811:www.britannica.com 6617:Shirai, Noriyuki. 6536:2017-10-18 at the 6450:US Census Bureau. 6290:Zurutuza, Karlos, 6259:2014-09-29 at the 6215:. 7 February 2016. 5953:Berber languages: 5768: 5607: 5260:scripts in Algeria 5180:Harvard University 5114: 4968:Ksar Ouled Soltane 4883:also exist in the 4869:Ksar Ouled Soltane 4711:Roman architecture 4651:Greek architecture 4480: 4468: 4293: 4285: 4206:Political tensions 4172: 4138:. You can help by 4111:Berbers in Belgium 4091: 7th century 3537:, western Algeria 3502:, eastern Algeria 3473:Ethnic population 3458: 3398: 3372: 3220: 3205:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3140:Disaster of Annual 3120: 3079:since the time of 3062:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 3021: 2927: 2894:in the northeast. 2884:Campo de Calatrava 2874:and the taifas of 2733:Qal'at Beni-Hammad 2689:Battle of Simancas 2668: 2638: 2623: 2619:Calatrava la Vieja 2432:Hanzala ibn Safwan 2383:sympathies. After 2195: 2178: 2164:Emirate of Córdoba 2118: 2055:conquered Carthage 2020: 1967: 1950:, 1235–1556), the 1862: 1833:, a member of the 1808: 1734:province of Africa 1728:and being a Roman 1722: 1657:early Christianity 1628: 1625:Roman North Africa 1619:was the bishop of 1557: 1450: 1435:organized politics 1337: 1207: 1095:, the son of Ham. 1081:Canaan, son of Ham 1026: 1006: 866: 842: 129:Berber ethnic flag 89: 13365: 13364: 13238:Sanhajas de Srayr 12240:978-0-253-33269-1 12192:978-3-8258-6980-9 12163:978-1-4438-0768-5 12134:978-1-317-46399-3 12107:978-1-317-22923-0 12072:978-2-915133-59-2 12039:978-0-87365-405-0 11843:978-3-319-92101-3 11569:978-0-684-82667-7 11560:Africa in History 11349:978-1-4384-2393-7 11296:978-0-19-938465-5 11259:978-3-11-021843-5 11232:978-90-04-25309-4 11205:978-1-84769-011-1 11175:978-0-02-865769-1 11145:978-1-135-45522-4 11118:978-0-19-514988-3 11091:978-1-136-25846-6 10980:978-1-107-05460-8 10894:978-0-8108-6480-1 10865:978-0-19-936820-4 10531:"Africa: Algeria" 10371:978-0-08-044299-0 10140:Project, Joshua. 9940:978-3-11-040847-8 9856:on 6 January 2019 9795:978-1-317-46400-6 9768:978-1-907065-54-5 9736:www.aljazeera.com 9711:. 7 February 2016 9644:978-3-902966-14-8 9617:978-1-62894-349-8 9590:978-0-415-62286-8 9561:www.aljazeera.com 9472:978-2-865-37998-9 9388:978-0-19-909366-3 9379:Islam in the West 9354:978-2-221-10946-5 8586:R. Bosworth Smith 8193:(26): 6774–6779. 7760:. Grolier. 1990. 7616:978-0-8108-6490-0 7552:978-1-4773-2482-0 7460:978-2-84586-442-9 7370:10.17816/wmo35149 7267:978-0-19-958033-0 7232:978-1-4422-8182-0 7183:978-0-292-74505-6 7147:978-0-292-74505-6 7120:978-0-253-21784-4 7085:978-3-8258-6980-9 7058:978-0-19-100506-0 6951:joshuaproject.net 6945:Project, Joshua. 6877:978-0-8130-4895-6 6844:978-1-84769-011-1 6784:978-1-84884-704-0 6751:978-1-135-19388-1 6721:978-1-78368-599-8 6056:978-1-317-46400-6 5918: 5842: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5405:, fine yeastless 5356: 5355: 5348: 5090:el Kseur platform 5028:region (Algeria) 4835:(fortresses) and 4547:Iberian mythology 4476:penannular brooch 4443:Berbers and Islam 4301:Semitic languages 4236:Libyan opposition 4166:, born to Berber 4156: 4155: 4103:Berbers in France 4061:Arabian Peninsula 4013: 4012: 3780:Mozabite language 3311:The migration of 3230:, Berbers in the 3214:Demonstration of 3170:official language 3149:(1954–1962), the 3130:rebelled, led by 3098:in the battle of 3071:The most serious 2971:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 2967:Abu Bakr ibn Umar 2939:Yahya ibn Ibrahim 2886:in the west, the 2593:Abd ar-Rahman III 2199:Iberian Peninsula 2151:Abdallah al-Mahdi 2063:Battle of Tabarka 2006:Berbers and Islam 1932:Almoravid dynasty 1926:, 973–1148), the 1850:Fernández de Lugo 1835:Ptolemaic dynasty 1693:Septimius Severus 1429:at Volubilis and 1211:radiocarbon dated 1066:According to the 975:. Even after the 404:rendering support 384: 383: 269: 84: 83: 76: 13475: 13383:Arabized Berbers 13308:Arabized Berbers 12863: 12856: 12849: 12840: 12839: 12790: 12771: 12761: 12736:(5): 1023–1034. 12720: 12701: 12680: 12669: 12660: 12649: 12639: 12614:(6): 1594–1596. 12598: 12553: 12534: 12521:Basque Phonology 12515: 12495: 12476: 12457: 12446: 12423: 12417: 12409: 12390: 12368: 12358: 12333:(5): 1014–1022. 12317: 12306: 12298: 12290: 12271: 12269: 12244: 12225: 12197: 12196: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12091: 12085: 12084: 12058: 12052: 12051: 12025: 12019: 12018: 11994: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11966: 11960: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11854: 11848: 11847: 11829: 11823: 11822: 11804: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11642: 11636: 11626: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11530: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11490: 11484: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11374:. Archived from 11372:Mondeberbere.com 11364: 11358: 11357: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11243: 11237: 11236: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11189: 11183: 11182: 11159: 11150: 11149: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11045:. 21 April 2011. 11035: 11029: 11028: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11001:. Archived from 10991: 10985: 10984: 10964: 10955: 10954: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10926:Arbaoui, Larbi. 10923: 10917: 10916: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10849: 10836: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10806: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10757: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10594: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10527: 10521: 10518: 10512: 10509: 10503: 10500: 10494: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10385: 10376: 10375: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10340:peoplegroups.org 10331: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10043: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9924: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9896: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9663: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9574: 9565: 9564: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9541:. 6 April 2012. 9531: 9525: 9524: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9491:Kabylia Observer 9483: 9477: 9476: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9409: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9375: 9369: 9362: 9356: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9316: 9310: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9284: 9259: 9258: 9252: 9244: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9223: 9215: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9021: 8914: 8913: 8905: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8782: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8756: 8750: 8747:Washington Times 8740: 8734: 8733: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8665: 8659: 8649: 8643: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8612: 8606: 8599: 8593: 8583: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8555: 8549: 8540:Charles-Picard, 8538: 8532: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8498: 8492: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8470: 8464: 8457: 8451: 8444: 8438: 8423: 8417: 8410: 8404: 8397: 8391: 8384: 8378: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8356: 8341: 8340: 8332: 8323: 8322: 8304: 8293: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8264: 8241: 8240: 8230: 8220: 8210: 8175: 8166: 8165: 8155: 8145: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8095:on 11 March 2016 8094: 8087: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8050: 8040: 8030: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7977: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7933: 7916:(7): 1940–1950. 7898: 7892: 7881: 7875: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7847: 7846: 7823: 7814: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7683: 7677: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7514:Oriental Studies 7505: 7499: 7498: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7392: 7383: 7382: 7372: 7348: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7167: 7152: 7151: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7104: 7093: 7092: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7025: 7016: 7015: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6861: 6852: 6851: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6803: 6792: 6791: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6636: 6630: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6547: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6463: 6456: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6422:Joshua Project. 6419: 6413: 6412: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6388:Joshua Project. 6385: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6273: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6167:BBC News Afrique 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6073: 6064: 6063: 6040: 6024: 6011: 6005: 6002: 5996: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5926:Berber languages 5923: 5917:romanized: 5916: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5702: 5688: 5670: 5665:), along with a 5661:(a one-stringed 5656: 5650: 5597:music of Morocco 5593:music of Algeria 5580: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5560: 5529: 5521: 5505: 5491: 5476: 5445: 5437: 5431: 5419: 5404: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5331: 5300: 5292: 5269: 5253: 5238: 5226: 5210: 5080: 5072:Fatma Tazoughert 5069: 5045:Tazoughert Fatma 5034:Culture and arts 5017: 5001: 4985: 4964: 4942: 4923:Kutubiyya Mosque 4918: 4777: 4758: 4738: 4621: 4618: 4422:, and 10–15% of 4388:Tuareg languages 4369:Guanche language 4322: 4275:Berber languages 4263:Popular Movement 4151: 4148: 4130: 4123: 4119:Berber Americans 4107:Berber Canadians 4092: 4089: 4045:Haplogroup E1b1b 4042: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3877:, western Egypt 3868: 3866: 3865: 3850:Tarifit language 3833: 3831: 3830: 3807:, western Libya 3798: 3796: 3795: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3651:Ghomara language 3633: 3631: 3630: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3510:Shawiya language 3493: 3491: 3490: 3461: 3457: 3438:Nafusa Mountains 3345:Arabized Berbers 3343:Currently, most 3232:Nafusa Mountains 3187: 3136:Manuel Silvestre 3092:Hoggar Mountains 3068:mountain range. 3059: 3054: 3046: 3040: 2983:Taifa of Seville 2963:Kingdom of Ghana 2888:Montes de Toledo 2796:besieged Cordoba 2756:Madinat al-Zahra 2753: 2650: 2617:Old fortress at 2527: 2401:Chronicle of 754 2377:Chronicle of 754 2128:, south-west of 2000:Islamic conquest 1805:Column of Trajan 1799:fighting in the 1744: 1639: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1566:Second Punic War 1555:and Roman script 1546: 1542: 1539: 1524: 1480:and the fertile 1383:Fertile Crescent 1376:Semitic-speaking 1219: 1216: 1106: 1023: 859: 751:Berber languages 518:Berber languages 455:Berber languages 412:Tifinagh letters 410: instead of 392: 391: 322:(Tamazight) and 320:Berber languages 267: 136:Total population 125: 115: 114: 109: 101: 88: 79: 72: 68: 65: 59: 36: 35: 28: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13361: 13313:Berber diaspora 13267: 13166: 13009: 13000:Quinquegentiani 12872: 12867: 12819:Wayback Machine 12798: 12793: 12787: 12717: 12698: 12550: 12531: 12512: 12492: 12473: 12443: 12411: 12410: 12406: 12387: 12301: 12293: 12287: 12241: 12231:Egypt In Africa 12222: 12205: 12203:Further reading 12200: 12193: 12175: 12171: 12164: 12146: 12142: 12135: 12119: 12115: 12108: 12092: 12088: 12073: 12059: 12055: 12040: 12026: 12022: 11995: 11991: 11981: 11979: 11967: 11963: 11958: 11954: 11944: 11942: 11934: 11933: 11929: 11919: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11894:on 18 June 2010 11886: 11885: 11881: 11871: 11869: 11856: 11855: 11851: 11844: 11830: 11826: 11819: 11805: 11796: 11786: 11784: 11774: 11770: 11735: 11731: 11721: 11719: 11711: 11710: 11706: 11699: 11683: 11679: 11668: 11664: 11657: 11643: 11639: 11627: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11581: 11577: 11570: 11556: 11552: 11545: 11531: 11518: 11508: 11506: 11491: 11487: 11470: 11468: 11454: 11450: 11440: 11438: 11425: 11421: 11406: 11402: 11387: 11383: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11350: 11334: 11330: 11322: 11314: 11310: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11244: 11240: 11233: 11217: 11213: 11206: 11190: 11186: 11176: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11130: 11126: 11119: 11103: 11099: 11092: 11076: 11072: 11062: 11060: 11055: 11054: 11050: 11037: 11036: 11032: 11023: 11022: 11018: 11008: 11006: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10965: 10958: 10943: 10939: 10932:moroccoworldnew 10924: 10920: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10895: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10850: 10839: 10833:Wayback Machine 10824: 10820: 10775: 10771: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10693: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10667: 10666: 10662: 10655: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10612: 10608: 10559: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10478: 10476: 10468: 10467: 10463: 10453: 10451: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10428: 10426: 10418: 10417: 10413: 10403: 10401: 10386: 10379: 10372: 10358: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10332: 10328: 10318: 10316: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10293: 10291: 10283: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10214: 10210: 10200: 10198: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10175: 10173: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10138: 10134: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10077:Ethnologue Free 10071: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10054: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10030: 10028: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10005: 10003: 9994: 9993: 9989: 9980: 9979: 9975: 9968: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9925: 9918: 9908: 9906: 9898: 9897: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9857: 9850:"Ethnic groups" 9848: 9847: 9843: 9838:. 19 June 2015. 9830: 9829: 9825: 9815: 9813: 9812:. 12 March 2004 9808: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9780: 9776: 9769: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9740: 9738: 9728: 9724: 9714: 9712: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9689: 9687: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9629: 9625: 9618: 9602: 9598: 9591: 9575: 9568: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9459: 9455: 9445: 9443: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9363: 9359: 9343: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9313: 9300: 9296: 9285: 9262: 9246: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9217: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9184: 9168: 9164: 9153: 9149: 9142: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9114:978-847788301-2 9097: 9093: 9082: 9078: 9067: 9063: 9052: 9048: 9037: 9033: 9022: 8917: 8906: 8805: 8795: 8793: 8784: 8783: 8779: 8769: 8767: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8749:, 10 March 2004 8741: 8737: 8730: 8714: 8710: 8688: 8684: 8666: 8662: 8650: 8646: 8635: 8631: 8621: 8619: 8613: 8609: 8600: 8596: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8556: 8552: 8539: 8535: 8527:(86-c. 35 BC), 8516: 8512: 8499: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8471: 8467: 8458: 8454: 8445: 8441: 8424: 8420: 8411: 8407: 8398: 8394: 8385: 8381: 8372: 8368: 8357: 8344: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8305: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8265: 8244: 8176: 8169: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8052: 8021:(6): e1004393. 8005: 8001: 7968:(1): e1002397. 7951: 7947: 7899: 7895: 7882: 7878: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7850: 7824: 7817: 7808: 7804: 7793: 7789: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7726: 7722: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7684: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7601: 7597: 7572: 7568: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7506: 7502: 7489: 7485: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7445: 7441: 7428: 7424: 7393: 7386: 7349: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7287: 7283: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7199:"Berbers" 7196: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7168: 7155: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7096: 7086: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7043: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7019: 7012: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6943: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6900: 6893: 6878: 6862: 6855: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6804: 6795: 6785: 6769: 6762: 6752: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6637: 6633: 6616: 6612: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6548: 6544: 6538:Wayback Machine 6523: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6484: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6436:Moshe Shokeid: 6435: 6431: 6420: 6416: 6401: 6397: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6315: 6311: 6302: 6300: 6288: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6261:Wayback Machine 6250: 6246: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6191: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6077:"Berber people" 6075: 6074: 6067: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5952: 5948: 5906: 5902: 5888: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5797: 5788: 5786:Role in tourism 5673:double clarinet 5599: 5587:Main articles: 5581: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5546: 5530: 5519: 5512: 5506: 5497: 5492: 5483: 5477: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5317: 5301: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5276:region, Algeria 5270: 5261: 5254: 5245: 5243:Berber calendar 5239: 5230: 5227: 5218: 5211: 5138: 5074: 5063: 5055:in the Hoggar, 5049:Aurès Mountains 5041: 5036: 5029: 5018: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4986: 4977: 4965: 4956: 4943: 4934: 4929:, built by the 4919: 4813:"Moorish" style 4797: 4791: 4784: 4778: 4769: 4768:(c. 200-150 BC) 4759: 4750: 4739: 4729:, among others. 4619: 4603: 4598: 4584: 4498:in the town of 4494:Berbers of the 4490:. However, the 4453: 4441:Main articles: 4439: 4424:Moroccan Arabic 4420:Tunisian Arabic 4416:Algerian Arabic 4400:Maghrebi Arabic 4380:Kabyle language 4376:Arabic language 4277: 4271: 4224:Muammar Gaddafi 4208: 4196:ethnic identity 4192: 4186: 4181: 4164:Zinedine Zidane 4152: 4146: 4143: 4136:needs expansion 4121: 4099: 4090: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4008:Zuwara language 3986: 3984: 3951: 3949: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3863: 3861: 3828: 3826: 3815:Nafusi language 3793: 3791: 3758: 3756: 3727: 3725: 3714:Kabyle language 3692: 3690: 3664: 3662: 3628: 3626: 3597: 3595: 3558: 3556: 3545:Shenwa language 3523: 3521: 3500:Aurès Mountains 3488: 3486: 3383: 3377: 3361: 3302:Arabic language 3286: 3284:Arabized Berber 3280: 3264:Liamine Zeroual 3181: 3033:Kingdom of Kuku 3009: 3003:Arabized Berber 2999: 2915: 2860:Aftasid dynasty 2809: 2644: 2611: 2605: 2588:Umar ibn Hafsun 2546:Idrisid dynasty 2521: 2484:Salih ibn Tarif 2479:Abd ar-Rahman I 2477:of al-Andalus, 2444: 2306:Pierre Guichard 2298:Amrus ibn Yusuf 2227:Abd ar-Rahman I 2218:Musa ibn Nusayr 2203:Tariq ibn Ziyad 2166: 2160: 2008: 2002: 1975:coming of Islam 1843: 1819: 1813: 1711: 1703:Main articles: 1701: 1687:, one of whom, 1617:Saint Augustine 1593:First Punic War 1580: 1576: 1544: 1540: 1522:Libyphoenicians 1454:Berber kingdoms 1323: 1305: 1238:Kelif el Boroud 1217: 1139:Uniparental DNA 1113: 1107: 1104: 1064: 1031: 1024:1184 to 1153 BC 998: 988: 949:Atlas Mountains 936: 926: 878:Tassili n'Ajjer 857: 839:Tassili n'Ajjer 828: 822: 695: 689: 681:ethnic identity 665:French colonial 596:. Notably, the 586:Arabic language 417: 416: 415: 402:Without proper 393: 389: 340: 131: 116: 110: 99: 87: 80: 69: 63: 60: 49: 43:has an unclear 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13481: 13471: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13288: 13287: 13286: 13275: 13273: 13272:Related topics 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13174: 13172: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12880: 12878: 12874: 12873: 12866: 12865: 12858: 12851: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12809: 12804: 12797: 12796:External links 12794: 12792: 12791: 12785: 12772: 12742:10.1086/386295 12721: 12715: 12702: 12696: 12681: 12670: 12661: 12650: 12620:10.1086/340669 12599: 12559:Human Genetics 12554: 12548: 12535: 12529: 12516: 12510: 12496: 12490: 12477: 12471: 12458: 12447: 12441: 12425: 12404: 12391: 12385: 12369: 12339:10.1086/386294 12318: 12307: 12299: 12291: 12285: 12272: 12260:(3): 584–585. 12245: 12239: 12226: 12220: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12191: 12169: 12162: 12140: 12133: 12113: 12106: 12086: 12071: 12053: 12038: 12020: 12009:(1): 200–202. 11989: 11961: 11952: 11927: 11905: 11879: 11849: 11842: 11824: 11817: 11794: 11768: 11729: 11704: 11697: 11677: 11662: 11655: 11637: 11606: 11575: 11568: 11550: 11543: 11516: 11485: 11448: 11419: 11400: 11381: 11359: 11348: 11328: 11308: 11295: 11265: 11258: 11238: 11231: 11211: 11204: 11184: 11174: 11151: 11144: 11124: 11117: 11097: 11090: 11070: 11048: 11030: 11016: 10986: 10979: 10956: 10937: 10918: 10900: 10893: 10871: 10864: 10837: 10818: 10789:(2): 318–329. 10769: 10712: 10705: 10686: 10679: 10660: 10653: 10633: 10626: 10606: 10583:10.1086/423147 10553: 10522: 10513: 10504: 10495: 10486: 10461: 10449:Joshua Project 10436: 10411: 10400:on 5 July 2011 10377: 10370: 10352: 10326: 10301: 10289:Joshua Project 10276: 10250: 10236: 10208: 10196:Joshua Project 10183: 10171:Joshua Project 10158: 10146:Joshua Project 10132: 10114: 10102:Joshua Project 10089: 10064: 10038: 10013: 9987: 9973: 9966: 9946: 9939: 9916: 9888: 9867: 9841: 9823: 9801: 9794: 9774: 9767: 9748: 9722: 9696: 9671: 9650: 9643: 9623: 9616: 9596: 9589: 9566: 9563:. 30 May 2017. 9548: 9526: 9508: 9478: 9471: 9453: 9419: 9410: 9394: 9387: 9370: 9357: 9337: 9325: 9311: 9294: 9260: 9231: 9203: 9189: 9182: 9162: 9147: 9140: 9120: 9113: 9091: 9076: 9061: 9046: 9031: 8915: 8803: 8777: 8751: 8735: 8728: 8708: 8695:"Introduction" 8682: 8660: 8656:The Punic Wars 8644: 8629: 8607: 8594: 8575: 8566: 8550: 8533: 8493: 8480: 8465: 8452: 8439: 8418: 8405: 8392: 8379: 8377:(1986), p. 15. 8366: 8342: 8324: 8317: 8294: 8274: 8242: 8208:10.1101/191569 8167: 8106: 8073: 7999: 7945: 7893: 7876: 7874:(UNESCO 1990). 7863: 7848: 7815: 7809:Ibn al-Nadim. 7802: 7787: 7773: 7766: 7747: 7740: 7734:. Read Books. 7720: 7705: 7698: 7678: 7665: 7656: 7647: 7640: 7622: 7615: 7595: 7566: 7551: 7531: 7516:(in Russian). 7500: 7483: 7466: 7459: 7439: 7422: 7384: 7336: 7306: 7299: 7281: 7266: 7246: 7231: 7211: 7189: 7182: 7153: 7146: 7126: 7119: 7094: 7084: 7064: 7057: 7034: 7031:. 23 May 2023. 7017: 7011:978-1000825923 7010: 6990: 6978: 6963: 6934: 6909: 6891: 6876: 6853: 6843: 6823: 6793: 6783: 6760: 6750: 6730: 6720: 6700: 6683: 6674: 6647:(5702): 1680. 6631: 6627:978-9087280796 6610: 6591:(2): 209–219. 6573: 6567:978-0759104662 6566: 6558:AltaMira Press 6542: 6527:Sadek Lekdja: 6516: 6475: 6442: 6429: 6414: 6395: 6380: 6369: 6343: 6309: 6282: 6265: 6244: 6218: 6200: 6180: 6154: 6140: 6120: 6089: 6065: 6055: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6006: 5997: 5989:L'Histoire du 5980: 5971: 5946: 5850: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5693:, rababs, and 5675:and acts as a 5616:, the popular 5614:Moroccan music 5583: 5582: 5533: 5531: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5460: 5459: 5439: 5425: 5413: 5398: 5389: 5379: 5373: 5354: 5353: 5304: 5302: 5295: 5288:Berber cuisine 5286:Main article: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5163:is a style of 5137: 5134: 5081:in the Aurès. 5040: 5039:Social context 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4978: 4966: 4959: 4957: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4913: 4821:Atlas Mountain 4817:Islamic period 4790: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4740: 4733: 4705:itself and at 4639:Roman Republic 4602: 4599: 4583: 4580: 4539:Punic religion 4438: 4435: 4273:Main article: 4270: 4267: 4253:, rather than 4207: 4204: 4188:Main article: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4154: 4153: 4133: 4131: 4098: 4095: 4020:Main article: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3637: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3567: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3379:Main article: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3357: 3321:Bedouin Arabic 3282:Main article: 3279: 3276: 3096:Ahaggar Tuareg 3077:French Algeria 3038:reino de Labes 3025:Ottoman Empire 2998: 2997:Modern history 2995: 2981:, king of the 2959:Yahya ibn Umar 2914: 2911: 2868:Guadiana River 2838:Zenata Berber 2808: 2805: 2607:Main article: 2604: 2601: 2443: 2440: 2385:Charles Martel 2174:Almohad Empire 2162:Main article: 2159: 2156: 2001: 1998: 1842: 1839: 1815:Main article: 1812: 1809: 1797:Lusius Quietus 1786:Jugurthine War 1726:Roman province 1709:Jugurthine War 1700: 1697: 1304: 1301: 1293:Canary Islands 1270:Kehf el Baroud 1174:Epipaleolithic 1117:Iberomaurusian 1112: 1109: 1102: 1091:), the son of 1063: 1060: 1030: 1027: 987: 984: 925: 922: 886:Tadrart Acacus 874:Cave paintings 824:Main article: 821: 818: 743:Stéphane Gsell 691:Main article: 688: 685: 578:Arab conquests 441:indigenous to 424:Berber peoples 406:, you may see 394: 387: 386: 385: 382: 381: 367: 366: 362: 361: 335:Predominantly 332: 331: 327: 326: 316: 315: 311: 310: 307: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 281: 280: 277: 271: 270: 264: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 198: 197: 194: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 164: 158: 157: 154: 148: 147: 143: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 126: 118: 117: 98: 97: 94: 90: 85: 82: 81: 45:citation style 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13480: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13343: 13339: 13338:United States 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13289: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13270: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13143: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12864: 12859: 12857: 12852: 12850: 12845: 12844: 12841: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12816: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12788: 12786:0-253-34451-4 12782: 12778: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12722: 12718: 12716:0-7099-3353-3 12712: 12708: 12703: 12699: 12697:0-684-81052-2 12693: 12689: 12688: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12671: 12667: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12551: 12549:0-8154-0300-3 12545: 12541: 12536: 12532: 12530:0-415-05655-1 12526: 12522: 12517: 12513: 12511:9780253222008 12507: 12503: 12497: 12493: 12491:0-426-15851-2 12487: 12483: 12478: 12474: 12472:2-7449-0227-6 12468: 12464: 12459: 12455: 12454: 12448: 12444: 12442:0-520-04202-6 12438: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12421: 12415: 12407: 12405:0-571-06404-3 12401: 12397: 12392: 12388: 12386:9780739119778 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12319: 12315: 12314: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12286:0-684-14040-3 12282: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12246: 12242: 12236: 12232: 12227: 12223: 12221:0-631-16852-4 12217: 12213: 12208: 12207: 12194: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12165: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12144: 12136: 12130: 12127:. Routledge. 12126: 12125: 12117: 12109: 12103: 12100:. Routledge. 12099: 12098: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12064: 12057: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12031: 12024: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11993: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11965: 11956: 11941: 11937: 11931: 11915: 11909: 11893: 11889: 11883: 11867: 11863: 11862:Djerba Museum 11859: 11853: 11845: 11839: 11835: 11828: 11820: 11818:9780195309911 11814: 11810: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11783: 11779: 11772: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11749:(1): 19–129. 11748: 11745:(in French). 11744: 11740: 11733: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11700: 11698:9782352700579 11694: 11690: 11689: 11681: 11673: 11666: 11658: 11656:9780748646821 11652: 11648: 11641: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11571: 11565: 11561: 11554: 11546: 11544:9780631207672 11540: 11537:. Blackwell. 11536: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11489: 11483: 11481: 11480:public domain 11466: 11462: 11458: 11452: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11423: 11415: 11411: 11404: 11396: 11392: 11385: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11356: 11351: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11332: 11321: 11320: 11312: 11298: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11269: 11261: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11242: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11215: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11188: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11167: 11166: 11158: 11156: 11147: 11141: 11137: 11136: 11128: 11120: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11101: 11093: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11074: 11058: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11034: 11026: 11020: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10982: 10976: 10972: 10971: 10963: 10961: 10952: 10951:middleeasteye 10948: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10922: 10914: 10910: 10904: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10867: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10773: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10708: 10706:9781907065378 10702: 10698: 10697: 10690: 10682: 10680:9781902339092 10676: 10672: 10671: 10664: 10656: 10654:9789024717804 10650: 10646: 10645: 10637: 10629: 10627:9781438126760 10623: 10619: 10618: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10577:(2): 338–45. 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10542: 10538: 10537: 10532: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10499: 10490: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10425: 10421: 10415: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10382: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10356: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10254: 10239: 10237:9781108783071 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10220: 10212: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10147: 10143: 10136: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10027: 10026:africa.si.edu 10023: 10017: 10001: 9997: 9991: 9983: 9977: 9969: 9967:9781417917426 9963: 9960:. Kessinger. 9959: 9958: 9950: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9931: 9923: 9921: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9893: 9877: 9871: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9811: 9805: 9797: 9791: 9788:. Routledge. 9787: 9786: 9778: 9770: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9737: 9733: 9726: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9668:. April 1997. 9667: 9660: 9654: 9646: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9627: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9600: 9592: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9573: 9571: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9517:"Arabization" 9512: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9474: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9442: 9438: 9435:(in French). 9434: 9430: 9423: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9390: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9334: 9329: 9322: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9290: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9256: 9250: 9242: 9235: 9227: 9221: 9213: 9207: 9199: 9193: 9185: 9183:9781414448831 9179: 9175: 9174: 9166: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9141:9780313379826 9137: 9133: 9132: 9124: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9087: 9080: 9072: 9065: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9035: 9027: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8911: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8731: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8640: 8633: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8580: 8570: 8563: 8562:The Histories 8559: 8554: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8456: 8449: 8443: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8427:Wadi Majardah 8422: 8415: 8409: 8402: 8396: 8389: 8383: 8376: 8373:Cf. Perkins, 8370: 8362: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8320: 8318:9780691635859 8314: 8310: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8270: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8174: 8172: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8058:PLOS Genetics 8055: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8014:PLOS Genetics 8010: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7961:PLOS Genetics 7957: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7897: 7891:(Paris 1961). 7890: 7886: 7880: 7873: 7867: 7860: 7859:"The Berbers" 7855: 7853: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7812: 7806: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7769: 7767:9780717201211 7763: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7741:9781447483526 7737: 7733: 7732: 7724: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7699:9781857431322 7695: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7660: 7651: 7643: 7641:9783319247724 7637: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7599: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7576:"Lebou/Libou" 7570: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7478: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7443: 7435: 7434: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7389: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7302: 7300:9780292745056 7296: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7206: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7149: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7130: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7068: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7013: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6974: 6967: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6827: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6767: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6704: 6693: 6687: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6546: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6520: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6480: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6378: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6332: 6328: 6325:(in French). 6324: 6320: 6313: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6022: 6021: 6017:(46–120 CE), 6016: 6010: 6001: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5975: 5956: 5950: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5910: 5909: 5897: 5854: 5846: 5840: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5620:, Kabyle and 5619: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5579: 5576: 5568: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5534:This section 5532: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465:acculturating 5457: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5350: 5347: 5339: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5305:This section 5303: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5275: 5272:Jewelry from 5268: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4953:Aït Benhaddou 4950: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847:Ait Benhaddou 4844: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4782: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4620: 500 BC 4614: 4609: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533:(such as the 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4412:Libyan Arabic 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4281: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4134:This section 4132: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053:Haplogroup J1 4050: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3885:Siwi language 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3771: 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3185: 3180: 3175: 3174:mother tongue 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3094:and defeated 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:native revolt 3069: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3057:Ouled Moqrane 3050: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961:defeated the 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872:Sierra Morena 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2699:, Sijilmasa, 2698: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 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1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1689:Pope Victor I 1686: 1682: 1681:St. Augustine 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1597:Mercenary War 1594: 1588: 1586: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1550: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1491:sharecroppers 1485: 1483: 1482:Wadi Majardah 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431:Tyrian purple 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1391:early Berbers 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 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Retrieved 6060: 6045: 6038: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5988: 5983: 5974: 5949: 5944:), singular. 5853: 5825: 5789: 5780:Udayn n Acur 5769: 5705:choreography 5671:who plays a 5668:bou oughanim 5610:Berber music 5608: 5589:Berber music 5571: 5562: 5547:Please help 5535: 5461: 5360: 5357: 5342: 5333: 5318:Please help 5306: 5194: 5188: 5183: 5173: 5159: 5139: 5119: 5115: 5087: 5042: 4971: 4946: 4888: 4858: 4850: 4843:rammed earth 4836: 4826: 4798: 4688: 4636: 4604: 4582:Architecture 4569: 4562: 4559: 4508: 4496:M'zab Valley 4488:Sunni Muslim 4485: 4481: 4428: 4373: 4359:(Mozabite), 4317: 4294: 4244: 4209: 4200: 4193: 4173: 4147:October 2012 4144: 4140:adding to it 4135: 4065: 4032: 4025: 3963:Middle Atlas 3805:Jabal Nafusa 3442: 3399: 3384: 3342: 3310: 3298:Arab culture 3287: 3268:Driss Jettou 3256: 3252: 3224:Black Spring 3221: 3198: 3190: 3163: 3147:Algerian War 3144: 3121: 3113: 3089: 3081:Abd al-Qadir 3070: 3022: 2975: 2928: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2857: 2853: 2836: 2825: 2818: 2816:flourished. 2810: 2792: 2772: 2764: 2737: 2729: 2709: 2705:'Isa al-Razi 2693: 2669: 2657: 2639: 2624: 2597: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2550: 2538: 2528:(near Roman 2511:Ibn al-Athir 2492: 2472: 2457: 2445: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2405: 2400: 2376: 2362: 2338: 2311: 2303: 2283: 2273:revolted in 2239: 2231: 2205:, under the 2196: 2189: 2142: 2119: 2091: 2079: 2075:Tripolitania 2041: 2021: 2014:A statue of 1991: 1968: 1913: 1890: 1863: 1823:Roman empire 1820: 1782: 1763: 1759: 1738: 1730:client state 1723: 1654: 1629: 1621:Hippo Regius 1607: 1602: 1589: 1558: 1518: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1474: 1451: 1413:(in Libya), 1407:Leptis Magna 1399: 1369: 1338: 1321:Mauri people 1285:Cardial Ware 1278: 1218: 5,000 1208: 1155: 1147: 1137: 1131:- and early 1114: 1098: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1032: 1018:Ramesses III 937: 904:Prehistoric 903: 867: 803: 785: 770: 741: 726: 721: 717: 713: 711: 707:North Africa 696: 676: 668: 650: 620:kingdoms in 590:Arab culture 511: 499:Burkina Faso 443:North Africa 434: 430: 423: 419: 418: 395: 351:Christianity 232:Burkina Faso 86:Ethnic group 70: 61: 42: 25: 13333:Netherlands 13208:Berber Jews 11535:The Berbers 11463:. Archive. 11437:(in German) 10265:(in French) 9816:12 December 9741:12 December 9433:Le Monde.fr 8691:Ibn Khaldun 8669:Ibn Khaldun 8603:The Berbers 8560:(203–120), 8337:The Berbers 7827:Ibn Khaldun 7520:(2): 2–13. 6816:13 December 6524:(in French) 6336:16 November 6323:Le Monde.fr 6303:11 November 6169:(in French) 5479:Customized 5372:staple dish 5199:earthenware 5150:plain weave 5136:Visual arts 5117:the tribe. 5075: [ 5064: [ 4741:Remains of 4504:Ibadi Islam 4451:Berber Jews 4232:colonialism 4080:Banu Sulaym 4068:Phoenicians 4057:Middle East 3353:assimilated 3329:assimilated 3317:Banu Sulaym 3290:Arabization 3278:Arabization 3201:Pan-Arabism 3182: [ 3179:Salim Yezza 3145:During the 3132:Abd el-Krim 3128:Rif Berbers 3110:Abd el-Krim 3085:Kabyle myth 3053:أولاد مقران 2862:, based in 2811:During the 2739:Al-Hakam II 2645: [ 2522: [ 2087:Ibadi Islam 2083:open revolt 1872:, Houaras, 1841:Middle Ages 1803:, from the 1801:Dacian wars 1572:Masinissa ( 1570:Berber King 1547:), King of 1372:Phoenicians 1313:Roman Libya 1178:haplogroups 1166:ancient DNA 1105:Ibn Khaldun 1077:Ibn Khaldun 787:Ibn Khaldun 582:Arabization 522:Nile Valley 489:, northern 461:. They are 355:Catholicism 341:Minorities 337:Sunni Islam 222:Netherlands 176:2.6 million 13372:Categories 13150:Banu Ifran 13046:Barghawata 12956:Mauretania 12936:Marmaridae 12899:Garamantes 12465:. EdiSud. 12398:. London. 11982:30 January 11945:20 October 11916:. El Watan 11914:"A la une" 11787:11 January 11599:11 January 11509:30 October 11441:5 November 10546:7 December 10479:4 November 10474:Ethnologue 10424:Ethnologue 10314:Ethnologue 10127:Ethnologue 10073:"Tachawit" 9860:24 January 8729:0852550936 8517: 104 8515: – c. 8513: 160 8433:. Lancel, 7811:Al-Fiḥrist 7561:1255524815 7329:25 October 6361:12 October 6173:20 January 6141:0631227350 6113:8 December 6031:References 5969:), plural. 5911:; Arabic: 5438:('honey'). 5217:decoration 5061:Aït Iraten 4955:in Morocco 4799:After the 4747:Garamantes 4608:Garamantes 4586:See also: 4549:, and the 4523:polytheism 4414:, 8–9% of 4101:See also: 4076:Banu Hilal 3968:2,867,000 3965:, Morocco 3939:4,000,000 3875:Siwa Oasis 3845:1,500,000 3709:6,000,000 3583:3,500,000 3574:Anti-Atlas 3570:High Atlas 3505:2,870,000 3414:Anti-Atlas 3313:Banu Hilal 3259:Berberists 3159:wilaya III 3017:High Atlas 2987:Alfonso VI 2979:al-Mutamid 2941:went on a 2800:Ibn Idhari 2724:Visigothic 2677:Ibn Hayyan 2493:In 768, a 2207:suzerainty 2004:See also: 1979:Banu Hilal 1916:al-Andalus 1886:Barghawata 1884:, Awraba, 1827:Bocchus II 1817:Mauretania 1811:Mauretania 1770:Hiempsal I 1661:Christians 1646:Garamantia 1581: 148 1579: – c. 1577: 240 1562:Agathocles 1545: 148 1543: – c. 1541: 240 1385:region of 1379:Canaanites 1367:elements. 1353:Mauretania 1349:Gaetulians 1347:, and the 1240:site near 1204:Persepolis 1111:Scientific 1100:beginning. 1069:Al-Fiḥrist 1056:Massinissa 1039:Gaetulians 965:Byzantines 928:See also: 837:painting, 820:Prehistory 735:word for " 718:Beraberata 705:region of 640:, and the 626:Almoravids 622:al-Andalus 612:, various 558:Mauretania 550:Garamantes 507:Siwa Oasis 487:Mauritania 463:indigenous 373:and other 252:Mauritania 141:36 million 56:footnoting 13345:Berberism 13223:Mozabites 13056:Fendelawa 12983:Masaesyli 12973:Nasamones 12968:Musulamii 12951:Makanitae 12946:Bakouatae 12889:Banioubae 12750:0002-9297 12628:0002-9297 12579:0340-6717 12414:cite book 12347:0002-9297 12081:147638431 12048:182662537 11763:0295-5245 11414:Vice News 10310:"Tumzabt" 10243:26 August 10047:"Chaouia" 9680:"Algeria" 9441:1950-6244 9249:cite book 9220:cite book 8564:at I, 72. 8546:Khamessat 8519:BC), the 8284:(86–35), 7843:556514510 7526:2619-1008 7417:1015-7344 7379:2410-0145 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