Arabic - Knowledge

2664: 2073:(ANA), which was theorized to have been the regional tongue for many centuries. ANA, despite its name, was considered a very distinct language, and mutually unintelligible, from "Arabic". Scholars named its variant dialects after the towns where the inscriptions were discovered (Dadanitic, Taymanitic, Hismaic, Safaitic). However, most arguments for a single ANA language or language family were based on the shape of the definite article, a prefixed h-. It has been argued that the h- is an archaism and not a shared innovation, and thus unsuitable for language classification, rendering the hypothesis of an ANA language family untenable. Safaitic and Hismaic, previously considered ANA, should be considered Old Arabic due to the fact that they participate in the innovations common to all forms of Arabic. 4581: 12383: 12311: 12026: 12001: 11976: 9003: 8978: 3002: 1369: 154: 1396: 140: 3571: 4177: 3354: 109: 3696: 3101: 1283: 3164: 15008: 8779: 5866: 2438:

conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories. According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from

45: 8765: 7542: 3056:, though it has experienced extensive changes as a result of sustained and intensive contact with Italo-Romance varieties, and more recently also with English. Due to "a mix of social, cultural, historical, political, and indeed linguistic factors", many Maltese people today consider their language Semitic but not a type of Arabic. Cypriot Arabic is recognized as a minority language in Cyprus. 2779: 7041:"meeting" (similar to a verbal noun) has turned into a noun referring to a particular type of social, often work-related event where people gather together to have a "discussion" (another lexicalized verbal noun). Another fairly common means of forming nouns is through one of a limited number of patterns that can be applied directly to roots, such as the "nouns of location" in 2812:'to go') that is not present in the spoken varieties, but deletes Classical words that sound obsolete in MSA. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined many terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve. Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g., 2770:, is written in a strongly determined word order and alternative orders that were used in CA for emphasis are rare. In addition, because of the lack of case marking in the spoken varieties, most speakers cannot consistently use the correct endings in extemporaneous speech. As a result, spoken MSA tends to drop or regularize the endings except when reading from a prepared text. 3141:

written language is a complicating factor: A single written form, differing sharply from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites several sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak a single language, despite mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions.

6652:, of which there are about fifteen, each with one or more characteristic meanings and each with its own templates for the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun. These are referred to by Western scholars as "Form I", "Form II", and so on through "Form XV", although Forms XI to XV are rare. 10205: 10048: 8500:. Most of these technologies originally had the ability to communicate using the Latin script only, and some of them still do not have the Arabic script as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text using the Latin script. 8900:

The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script,

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agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in alphabet, he

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Nouns, verbs, pronouns and adjectives agree with each other in all respects. Non-human plural nouns are grammatically considered to be feminine singular. A verb in a verb-initial sentence is marked as singular regardless of its semantic number when the subject of the verb is explicitly mentioned as a

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that underlies all the modern dialects outside the Arabian peninsula. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely to have evolved independently more than once or twice and together suggest the existence of

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In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native dialects, which depending on the region may be mutually unintelligible. Some of these dialects can be considered to constitute separate languages which may

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Originally Maltese was an Arabic dialect but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but

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While there is a minimum level of comprehension between all Arabic dialects, this level can increase or decrease based on geographic proximity: for example, Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each other much better than they do speakers from the Maghreb. The issue of diglossia between spoken and

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is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in left-to-right scripts. Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern English usage. For example, 24

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Due to its grounding in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic is removed over a millennium from everyday speech, which is construed as a multitude of dialects of this language. These dialects and Modern Standard Arabic are described by some scholars as not mutually comprehensible. The former are

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king Imru' al-Qays bar 'Amro, dating to 328 CE, found at Namaraa, Syria. From the 4th to the 6th centuries, the Nabataean script evolved into the Arabic script recognizable from the early Islamic era. There are inscriptions in an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script dating to the 6th century CE, found

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After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and re-emphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the

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Software and books with tapes are an important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on

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theory claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprang up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on the eve of the

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The idea that Romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al-Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo. This effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the

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The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes

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has many Arabic loanwords, some directly, but most via other Mediterranean languages. Examples of such words include admiral, adobe, alchemy, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, alkaline, almanac, amber, arsenal, assassin, candy, carat, cipher, coffee, cotton, ghoul, hazard, jar, kismet, lemon, loofah,

2998:, and some linguists consider them distinct languages. However, research indicates a high degree of mutual intelligibility between closely related Arabic variants for native speakers listening to words, sentences, and texts; and between more distantly related dialects in interactional situations. 2765:

distinctions are very rare in Arabic vernaculars. As a result, MSA is generally composed without case distinctions in mind, and the proper cases are added after the fact, when necessary. Because most case endings are noted using final short vowels, which are normally left unwritten in the Arabic

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Constitution of the Philippines, Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as

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wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of the Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even

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Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties and has adopted certain new

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One factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas, which have typically provided many new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order. However, a more weighty factor for most dialects is, as among

10197: 10040: 10022:""A glimpse of the development of the Nabataean script into Arabic based on old and new epigraphic material", in M.C.A. Macdonald (ed), The development of Arabic as a written language (Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 40). Oxford: 47–88" 2782: 8910:

The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan states in Article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language

2117:). The oldest surviving papyrus in Arabic dates to 643 CE, and it uses dots to produce the modern 28-letter Arabic alphabet. The language of that papyrus and of the Qur'an is referred to by linguists as "Quranic Arabic", as distinct from its codification soon thereafter into " 12178:

yet it is in its morphology that Maltese also shows the most elaborate and deeply embedded influence from the Romance languages, Sicilian and Italian, with which it has long been in intimate contact....As a result Maltese is unique and different from Arabic and other Semitic

4577:, whose features eventually spread to all newly conquered areas. These features are present to varying degrees inside the Arabian peninsula. Generally, the Arabian peninsula varieties have much more diversity than the non-peninsula varieties, but these have been understudied. 2781: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2143:, most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from the "learned" tradition (Classical Arabic). This variety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an 9392: 2791: 2786: 7678:

In modern times the intrinsically calligraphic nature of the written Arabic form is haunted by the thought that a typographic approach to the language, necessary for digitized unification, will not always accurately maintain meanings conveyed through calligraphy.

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are only varieties of modern Arabic to have acquired official recognition. Hassaniya is official in Mali and recognized as a minority language in Morocco, while the Senegalese government adopted the Latin script to write it. Maltese is official in (predominantly

8644:, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. 2790: 12208:

To summarise our findings, we might observe that when it comes to the most basic everyday language, as reflected in our data sets, speakers of Maltese are able to understand less than a third of what is being said to them in either Tunisian or Benghazi Libyan

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varieties. All the varieties outside of the Arabian peninsula, which include the large majority of speakers, have many features in common with each other that are not found in Classical Arabic. This has led researchers to postulate the existence of a prestige

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Bernards, Monique, "Ibn Jinnī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 27 May 2021 First published online: 2021 First print edition: 9789004435964, 20210701,

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The numeral system in CA is complex and heavily tied in with the case system. This system is never used in MSA, even in the most formal of circumstances; instead, a greatly simplified system is used, approximating the system of the conservative spoken

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Some systems, e.g. for scholarly use, are intended to accurately and unambiguously represent the phonemes of Arabic, generally making the phonetics more explicit than the original word in the Arabic script. These systems are heavily reliant on

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Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."

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MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic"

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Arabic alphabet. In particular, the older Egyptian generations believed that the Arabic alphabet had strong connections to Arab values and history, due to the long history of the Arabic alphabet (Shrivtiel, 189) in Muslim societies.

3148:. This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for the Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the 2585: 2716:

usually acquired in families, while the latter is taught in formal education settings. However, there have been studies reporting some degree of comprehension of stories told in the standard variety among preschool-aged children.

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and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot.

2170:. During the first Islamic century, the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized 1540:

Arabic has influenced languages across the globe throughout its history, especially languages where Islam is the predominant religion and in countries that were conquered by Muslims. The most markedly influenced languages are

6445:. Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end of a verb, noun or preposition and indicate verbal and prepositional objects or possession of nouns. The first-person singular pronoun has a different enclitic form used for verbs ( 1945:

On the other hand, several Arabic varieties are closer to other Semitic languages and maintain features not found in Classical Arabic, indicating that these varieties cannot have developed from Classical Arabic. Thus, Arabic

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There seems to be some confusion surrounding the chronology of Arabic's origination, including notably in the paragraph on Qaryat Al-Faw (also discussed on talk). There are major sourcing gaps from "Literary Arabic"

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To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter

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an overhaul of the grammar of Arabic, but it would not come to pass for two centuries. The standardization of Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the

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Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be

3204:– who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab – Medieval scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior. 3488: 3758:

The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as

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Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011.

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or IM Arabic. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization to represent the "emphatic" counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using capitalization, the letter

2580: 2594:(1993). They review language development, monitor new words and approve the inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts. 9657: 3160:, much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages. 2326:

By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, both for Muslims and non-Muslims. For example,

1436:. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as 5219:

dialect, with independent literary norms. Maltese has evolved independently of Modern Standard Arabic and its varieties into a standardized language over the past 800 years in a gradual process of

8370:, i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in 1370: 155: 10240: 7707: 512: 15037: 2783: 1657:. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Aramaic, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Persian and to a lesser extent Turkish, English, French, and other Semitic languages. 6610:(primarily encoding person) and suffixes (primarily encoding gender and number) are used. The passive voice uses the same person/number/gender affixes but changes the vowels of the stem. 8685:

believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words that made it difficult for non-native speakers to learn.

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shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types.

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in Literary Arabic are marked for case, number, gender and state, as for nouns. The plural of all non-human nouns is always combined with a singular feminine adjective, which takes the

2055:, in southern present-day Saudi Arabia. However, this inscription does not participate in several of the key innovations of the Arabic language group, such as the conversion of Semitic 1397: 141: 2373: 8624:

There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to Romanize the language. Currently, the only Arabic variety to use Latin script is

6417:‎ /al-/. Indefinite singular nouns, other than those that end in long ā, add a final /-n/ to the case-marking vowels, giving /-un/, /-an/ or /-in/, which is also referred to as 10544: 4929:. It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world. 3726:

system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like

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finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.

4107:, Arabic loanwords are often transferred indirectly via other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic. For example, most Arabic loanwords in Hindustani and 3514: 12250: 12221: 12191: 7037:

The associated participles and verbal nouns of a verb are the primary means of forming new lexical nouns in Arabic. This is similar to the process by which, for example, the

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In fact, Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although over the past 800 years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted the need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial age (such as

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provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries.

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have "sub-dialects" of their own. When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers

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after the first root consonant, probably a jussive formed by a stress shift) in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms (e.g.,

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in Europe, many of the Arabic concepts in the fields of science, philosophy, commerce, etc. were coined from Arabic roots by non-native Arabic speakers, notably by

7671:. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is 9992:"Al-Jallad (Draft) Remarks on the classification of the languages of North Arabia in the 2nd edition of The Semitic Languages (eds. J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El)" 2613:

in Arabic to describe new concepts, toward the standardization of these new terms throughout the Arabic-speaking world, and toward the development of Arabic as a

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Yūlad jamīʻ al-nās aḥrār-an mutasāwīn fil-karāma-ti wal-huqūq-i, wa-qad wuhibū ʻaql-an wa-ḍamīr-an wa-ʻalayhim an yuʻāmil-u baʻduhum baʻd-an bi-rūh al-ikhāʼ-i.

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However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb itself, and remains in use mainly in the Quranic schools (

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was a cultural and especially literary renaissance of the 19th century in which writers sought "to fuse Arabic and European forms of expression." According to

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During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented text communication technologies have become prevalent in the Arab world, such as

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was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of Old Higazi.

6602:), and use completely different sets of affixes for indicating person, number and gender: In the past, the person, number and gender are fused into a single 9667: 5271:

found between Maghrebi Arabic dialects. Maltese has its own dialects, with urban varieties of Maltese being closer to Standard Maltese than rural varieties.

2280:, is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qur'an usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the 1481:. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the world and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, governments and the media. During the 12096: 16992: 11840: 9265: 1724:

and the emergence of Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include:

8445:). These are usually simpler to read, but sacrifice the definiteness of the scientific systems, and may lead to ambiguities, e.g. whether to interpret 3446:

This lexicographic tradition was traditionalist and corrective in nature—holding that linguistic correctness and eloquence derive from Qurʾānic usage,

12596: 10232: 9537:... of the Qufdn; many Arabic loanwords in the indigenous languages, as in Urdu and Indonesian, were introduced mainly through the medium of Persian. 8803: 7659:

as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin script, Arabic script is used to write down a

5472:. Sudanese Arabic is quite distinct from the dialect of its neighbor to the north; rather, the Sudanese have a dialect similar to the Hejazi dialect. 3144:

From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the

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in the world, and the fourth most used language on the internet in terms of users. It also serves as the liturgical language of more than 2 billion

8840: 7568:. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Eastern versions of the alphabet—in particular, the 3648:, Seuil, L'Univers Historique, 2002. Some Arabic borrowings from Semitic or Persian languages are, as presented in De Prémare's above-cited book: 1485:, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture and learning, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have 10471: 7088:; variously derives terms for women from related terms for men, or more generally terms along the same lines as the corresponding masculine, e.g. 2039:

Linguists generally believe that "Old Arabic", a collection of related dialects that constitute the precursor of Arabic, first emerged during the

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that were unfamiliar or had a particular contextual meaning, and to identify words of non-Arabic origin that appear in the Quran. They gathered

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with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered

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noun. Numerals between three and ten show "chiasmic" agreement, in that grammatically masculine numerals have feminine marking and vice versa.

1421: 5259:. In terms of basic everyday language, speakers of Maltese are reported to be able to understand less than a third of what is said to them in 1661: 11871: 9141: 9104: 5263:, which is related to Siculo-Arabic, whereas speakers of Tunisian are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese. This 4158:

and Persian, to translate foreign concepts continued through to the 18th and 19th centuries, when swaths of Arab-inhabited lands were under

2380: 17112: 15141: 12173: 12139: 11079: 9067: 7234:(most often /bi-/ for indicative vs. unmarked subjunctive). They have also mostly lost the indefinite "nunation" and the internal passive. 12934: 11380: 1498: 15749: 12144:

Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia.

11109: 10355: 8850: 5947:), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. For example, the word for 'I wrote' is constructed by combining the root 2139:, which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the 11326: 11287: 11200: 11170: 11053: 10596: 6667:. Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs, albeit often semantically related, and each is the basis for its own 3683:, the name of a blue stone, lapis lazuli. This word was borrowed in several European languages to mean (light) blue – azure in English, 15368: 11256: 11227: 11143: 8616:, and 1975 is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy". 8426:) are intended to help readers who are neither Arabic speakers nor linguists with intuitive pronunciation of Arabic names and phrases. 1509:) owing to the proximity of Europe and the long-lasting Arabic cultural and linguistic presence, mainly in Southern Iberia, during the 1502: 9016:

Shachmon, Ori; Mack, Merav (2016). "Speaking Arabic, Writing Hebrew. Linguistic Transitions in Christian Arab Communities in Israel".

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constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the

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Trentman, E. and Shiri, S., 2020. The Mutual Intelligibility of Arabic Dialects. Critical Multilingualism Studies, 8(1), pp.104–134.

9291:"Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)" 6625:'to write'. In Modern Standard, the energetic mood, in either long or short form, which has the same meaning, is almost never used. 4134:

Arabic words made their way into several West African languages as Islam spread across the Sahara. Variants of Arabic words such as

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manuscripts: (1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks;(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under the Abbasid dynasty,

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In comparison, speakers of Libyan Arabic and speakers of Tunisian Arabic understand about two-thirds of what is being said to them.

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a single dot above in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different (at least when they were used as numerals).

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script, it is unnecessary to determine the proper case of most words. The practical result of this is that MSA, like English and

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were established with the aim of developing standardized additions to the Arabic lexicon to suit these transformations, first in

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Orissa Under the Mughals: From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa

5704:. As Jewish migration to Israel took hold, the language did not thrive and is now considered endangered. So-called Qəltu Arabic. 1969:

Arabia had a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. The term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the

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Kirchhoff, Katrin; Vergyri, Dimitra (2005). "Cross-dialectal data sharing for acoustic modeling in Arabic speech recognition".

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and longer energetic); the fifth and sixth moods, the energetics, exist only in Classical Arabic but not in MSA. There are two

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Solid area fill: variety natively spoken by at least 25% of the population of that area or variety indigenous to that area only

2871:'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing 16297: 13546: 13377: 13359: 13339: 13312: 13268: 13252: 13219: 13195: 13168: 13150: 13118: 13049: 13021: 13003: 12985: 12967: 12944: 12921: 12899: 12864: 12834: 12167: 12133: 12070: 11778: 11299: 11272: 11239: 11212: 11182: 11155: 11125: 11065: 10639: 10590: 10424: 10386: 10349: 10310: 10273: 10171: 10107: 9772: 9737: 8875: 8829: 8808: 8707: 7624: 7583:) of West Africa. Arabic, like all other Semitic languages (except for the Latin-written Maltese, and the languages with the 3520: 2450:

peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA.

2220: 1720:. Linguists still differ as to the best classification of Semitic language sub-groups. The Semitic languages changed between 9778: 7115:. This suffix is extremely productive, and forms adjectives meaning "related to X". It corresponds to English adjectives in 3746:

system (system used today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels.

13225: 9627: 7742: 3593:, which used to be the principal, international language of communication throughout the ancient Near and Middle East, and 4154:

and Persian translators, and then found their way into other languages. This process of using Arabic roots, especially in

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The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms (e.g., a present tense formed by doubling the middle root, a

16332: 16327: 15680: 9134: 8880: 1328: 682: 11784: 9230: 17122: 16997: 15550: 15354: 15318: 14007: 11117: 10973:

Hadjioannou, Xenia; Tsiplakou, Stavroula; Kappler, Matthias (2011). "Language policy and language planning in Cyprus".

3547: 1711: 11516: 11435: 7622:) were added (which allowed readers to distinguish between letters such as b, t, th, n and y). Finally signs known as 3097:

back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence.

17132: 17027: 15461: 15344: 15205: 13248: 12804: 12416: 12287: 12046: 11026: 9931: 9897: 9530: 62: 13108: 8737:يولد جميع الناس أحراراً متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق، وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميراً وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضاً بروح الإخاء. 3112:

The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the

1989:(non-Central Semitic languages) were spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern 17092: 16253: 15664: 15632: 15451: 15426: 15292: 15272: 15134: 8117: 4580: 3456: 3452: 649: 12744: 3669:(جزيرة), as in the well-known form الجزيرة "Al-Jazeera", means "island" and has its origin in the Syriac ܓܵܙܲܪܬܵܐ 3228:

schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their

3073:, which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. 2495:

writers attempted to simplify the Arabic language and script so that it might be accessible to a wider audience."

1660:

Arabic is spoken by as many as 380 million speakers, both native and non-native, in the Arab world, making it the

17177: 17067: 17042: 16258: 16248: 15742: 15685: 15604: 15498: 15456: 15410: 15364: 15339: 15313: 15297: 14654: 13551: 7702: 7655:

Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still considered by

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The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of

2233: 1318: 19:

This article is about the general language (macrolanguage). For specific varieties of Arabic and other uses, see

12251:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study" 12222:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study" 12192:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study" 11544: 8559:(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the 3750:

A comprehensive overview of the influence of other languages on Arabic is found in Lucas & Manfredi (2020).

17032: 17017: 16587: 15534: 15493: 15477: 15405: 15374: 15030: 14181: 13447: 12606: 12090: 9577: 9217:

auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

8000: 6441:

in Literary Arabic are marked for person, number and gender. There are two varieties, independent pronouns and

5126: 5002: 3960: 1986: 1950:

do not descend from Classical Arabic: Classical Arabic is a sister language rather than their direct ancestor.

11832: 11625: 2043:. Previously, the earliest attestation of Old Arabic was thought to be a single 1st century CE inscription in 17162: 17142: 17127: 17097: 17077: 17037: 17012: 17007: 16243: 16155: 15583: 15578: 15349: 15241: 15236: 15210: 15185: 14629: 13406: 9256: 8865: 7961: 7949: 4774: 4187: 2755:

Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern vernacular dialect (e.g., the

905: 13261:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet

12538:

Rydin, Karin C. (2005). A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. New York: Cambridge University Press.

8926:

Al Malwi, Ibrahim; Herrero De Haro, Alfredo; Baker, Amanda (2023). "Abha Arabic". Illustrations of the IPA.

6401:‎ /-at/, which is pronounced as /-ah/ before a pause. Plural is indicated either through endings (the 3589:

The most important sources of borrowings into (pre-Islamic) Arabic are from the related (Semitic) languages

2957:'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine an older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g., 17137: 17072: 17062: 17047: 16322: 16307: 13946: 13497: 12238:

Speakers of Tunisian and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese.

11086: 10265:

Maimonides' "Guide of the Perplexed" in Translation: A History from the Thirteenth Century to the Twentieth

7649: 5340: 5336: 5306: 5302: 4080:, borrow some numbers from Arabic. Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as 1845: 1273: 923: 12612: 12110:

steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community.

7875: 7828: 5215:, is the only fully separate standardized language to have originated from an Arabic dialect, the extinct 4909: 4905: 1930: 1921: 1909: 1898: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1755: 17167: 17152: 17147: 17117: 17102: 17082: 17002: 16921: 16317: 16031: 15614: 15127: 9440: 8497: 8291: 6638: 5940: 5382: 5354: 4694:

except on nouns, with consistent plural agreement (cf. feminine singular agreement in plural inanimates).

4590: 3278: 2644: 775: 10463: 4538:

Dotted area fill: speakers of this variety are mixed with speakers of other Arabic varieties in the area

2063:

in the singular. It is best reassessed as a separate language on the Central Semitic dialect continuum.

17107: 17087: 17057: 17052: 17022: 16176: 16169: 15735: 15359: 14590: 14069: 12758: 12463: 8855: 8818: 8640:

pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin letters in 1922. The major head of this movement was

8423: 7910: 7870: 6475:

Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are

3500: 2751:

Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows:

15890: 10929: 10872: 4628:(although the converse is not true, in part due to the popularity of Egyptian films and other media). 16835: 16126: 16104: 16088: 15837: 15817: 15782: 14343: 14333: 14310: 9191: 9089: 8033: 7717: 5974:

Other verbs meaning 'I Xed' will typically have the same pattern but with different consonants, e.g.

5422: 5392: 5312: 4691: 4143:("book") have spread to the languages of African groups who had no direct contact with Arab traders. 3723: 3542: 2568: 2182: 1978: 1789:

inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the

1717: 1675: 1409: 821: 492: 232: 12626: 12382: 12310: 12025: 12000: 11975: 9264:(2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. ch. 1, s. 6. 9002: 8977: 4624:, and the others. Moroccan Arabic in particular is hardly comprehensible to Arabic speakers east of 3089:

can express the needs of modern civilization in a manner that would appear to be originally Arabic.

3025:, as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising. 2621:

became a postcolonial nationalist policy in countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan.

16987: 16598: 16221: 15266: 15011: 14919: 14401: 13399: 13205: 11136: 9961:"Al-Jallad. 2014. On the genetic background of the Rbbl bn Hfʿm grave inscription at Qaryat al-Fāw" 9085: 9071: 6642: 6409:). Definite nouns include all proper nouns, all nouns in "construct state" and all nouns which are 5932: 5723: 5240: 5201:

between the end of the 9th century and the end of the 12th century and eventually evolved into the

3081:

lexicographically means the one whose sound is heard but whose person remains unseen. Now the term

2576: 2560: 1267: 869: 830: 11343: 433: 17172: 16640: 16577: 16401: 15787: 15334: 15074: 14166: 14109: 13512: 11863: 9466: 9112: 8845: 8560: 8556: 8078: 6672: 6476: 5344: 5024: 5006: 3340:) who were perceived to speak the "purest," most eloquent form of Arabic—initiating a process of 3207:

In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view.

2709: 2554: 2102: 484: 20: 14468: 11808:"Rasmī or aslī?: Arabic's impact on modern Israeli Hebrew by D Gershon Lewental, PhD (DGLnotes)" 11076: 2748:) are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic. 2719:

The relation between Modern Standard Arabic and these dialects is sometimes compared to that of

1214: 15963: 15800: 15777: 15772: 15711: 15706: 15609: 15384: 15150: 14274: 14234: 14159: 14154: 13918: 13454: 11521: 11264: 9073:

Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979. – Article: 16 Official or national languages

8714: 8379: 8367: 8333: 7688: 5926: 5808: 5693: 5268: 5264: 5220: 4585: 4574: 3964: 3241: 3233: 3201: 2995: 2634: 2297: 2135:

In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the

1781:

There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the

1721: 1670: 1429: 429: 303: 227: 199: 16358: 15119: 12701:

The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East

12157: 12123: 11106: 10339: 10097: 9550: 2154:

In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal "poetic koine" distinct from the

471: 441: 16965: 16537: 16210: 15876: 15862: 15571: 15400: 15287: 15084: 15000: 14833: 14785: 14595: 14577: 14570: 14560: 14555: 14547: 14367: 14102: 14074: 14064: 13868: 13492: 12548:

Tabbaa, Yasser (1991). "The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur'ānic Calligraphy".

12060: 11905: 11323: 11284: 11197: 11167: 11050: 10671:"Arabization and Islamization in the Making of the Sudanese "Postcolonial" State (1946-1964)" 10580: 8690: 8485: 8434: 7158:'cooperation, participation' can be formed. This in turn can be made into a nisbah adjective 5884: 5378: 3982:

derive ultimately from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary or grammatical rules.

3792: 3537: 3017:

The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as

2705: 2515: 2499: 2442:

Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent

2361:, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology and phonology in works such as 2335: 2253: 2070: 1413: 217: 11251: 11224: 11140: 10071: 9043: 3329: 16892: 16603: 15941: 15701: 15566: 15379: 15220: 15200: 15175: 14736: 14496: 14416: 13896: 12651:

Osborn, J.R. (2009). "Narratives of Arabic Script: Calligraphic Design and Modern Spaces".

11089: 10123: 8686: 8515: 7955: 7752: 5741: 5509: 3784: 3764: 3244:

exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic

3113: 2656:

and Modern Standard Arabic. It could also refer to any of a variety of regional vernacular

2523: 2012:

In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in a script derived from ASA attest to a language known as

1786: 1691: 1614: 629: 348: 279: 13537: 10814: 10007:"One wāw to rule them all: the origins and fate of wawation in Arabic and its orthography" 9316: 6316: 6302: 6288: 6274: 6260: 6246: 6232: 6218: 6204: 6190: 6176: 6162: 6148: 6134: 6120: 6106: 6092: 6078: 6064: 6050: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 3736: 3728: 3715: 2938: 2925: 2912: 2865: 2852: 2832: 2819: 2806: 1437: 1383: 8: 16906: 16544: 16487: 16415: 16376: 16352: 16197: 16012: 15973: 15089: 14795: 14605: 14478: 14301: 13852: 13766: 13703: 8870: 8645: 8604: 8489: 7228: 5804: 5559: 5404: 5372: 5278: 4966: 4801: 4678: 4637: 4171: 4038: 3888: 3852: 3484: 2657: 2638: 2430: 2408: 2261: 1586: 1550: 1490: 1425: 338: 189: 13694: 12326:"Aramaic ?k?, lyk? and Iraqi Arabic ?aku, maku: The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence" 10845: 8693:, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for Romanization. 7034:(verbs built from nouns); Form V is the equivalent used for intransitive denominatives. 6022:'I spoke', where the subpattern used to signal the past tense may change but the suffix 3546:, tracing the changes of meanings and uses of Arabic words over time. A first volume of 15519: 15277: 15257: 15215: 15190: 15154: 14963: 14649: 14565: 14362: 14287: 14026: 14012: 13075: 12910: 12878: 12668: 12565: 12353: 11947: 11680: 11607: 11599: 11498: 11490: 11032: 11000: 10897: 10696: 10645: 10442: 9384: 9025: 7643: 7618:

without diacritical marks Later diacritical points (which in Arabic are referred to as

7545: 6543: 6387: 6379: 5936: 5830: 5525: 5418: 5350: 5294: 5012: 4994: 4948: 4616:

Within the non-peninsula varieties, the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian

3848: 3804: 3800: 3077:

is the process of giving a new shade of meaning to an old classical word. For example,

3010: 3006: 2679: 2617:. This gave rise to what Western scholars call Modern Standard Arabic. From the 1950s, 2106: 2085: 2077: 1594: 1590: 1530: 594: 16730: 16608: 14032: 13829: 13811: 13604: 10151: 9720:

Huehnergard, John (2017). "Arabic in Its Semitic Context". In Al-Jallad, Ahmad (ed.).

8514:. There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it 6390:). The cases of singular nouns, other than those that end in long ā, are indicated by 3974:

magazine, mattress, sherbet, sofa, sumac, tariff, and zenith. Other languages such as

2695: 1985:

family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It is believed that the ancestors of the

1533:, have also acquired many words of Arabic origin, mainly through direct contact with 1259: 16878: 16672: 16551: 16424: 16185: 16143: 16017: 15810: 15758: 15648: 15588: 15503: 15262: 15195: 15180: 14710: 14383: 14323: 14086: 13978: 13889: 13532: 13373: 13355: 13335: 13318: 13308: 13264: 13244: 13215: 13191: 13164: 13146: 13114: 13045: 13017: 12999: 12981: 12963: 12940: 12917: 12895: 12882: 12870: 12860: 12830: 12672: 12602: 12557: 12485: 12412: 12345: 12283: 12163: 12129: 12066: 12042: 11774: 11672: 11611: 11591: 11502: 11482: 11295: 11268: 11235: 11208: 11178: 11151: 11121: 11061: 11022: 11004: 10750: 10700: 10688: 10649: 10635: 10586: 10525: 10500: 10430: 10420: 10392: 10382: 10345: 10306: 10269: 10167: 10163: 10103: 9927: 9893: 9835: 9768: 9743: 9733: 9558: 9526: 9388: 9376: 8835: 8813: 8493: 8473: 8255: 8249: 8216: 8183: 8150: 7553: 7123: 7108: 7031: 6634: 6539: 6508: 6488: 5906: 5773: 5581: 5438: 5414: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5176: 4988: 4827: 4633: 4557: 4553: 4155: 3948: 3924: 3892: 3872: 3868: 3816: 3796: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3574:

The Qur'an has served and continues to serve as a fundamental reference for Arabic. (

3440: 3253: 3237: 3229: 3221: 3145: 3129: 2728: 2683: 2527: 2519: 2470: 2309: 2207: 2098: 2066:

It was also thought that Old Arabic coexisted alongside—and then gradually displaced—

2009:

and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested.

1982: 1970: 1747: 1610: 1606: 1566: 1562: 1506: 343: 259: 222: 14463: 13993: 13820: 11530: 11447: 9491: 8648:, a member of the academy, mentioned that the movement to Romanize the script was a 6578:

onto the non-past. The past and non-past differ in the form of the stem (e.g., past

5943:"root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually 4682: 4570: 3504:

by translating material from earlier Arabic lexica into English. The German Arabist

3001: 2434: 2392: 1324: 1164: 16958: 16913: 16899: 16709: 16660: 16623: 16528: 16514: 16480: 16450: 16431: 16396: 16162: 16136: 16110: 16070: 16063: 16003: 15986: 15958: 15934: 15826: 15529: 15431: 15282: 15094: 14731: 14529: 14510: 14473: 14352: 14282: 14225: 14137: 13983: 13968: 13913: 13875: 13579: 13522: 13482: 13095: 13067: 13058:

Kaye, Alan S. (1991), "The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic",

12852: 12844: 12664: 12660: 12475: 12404: 12337: 12159:

Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology

12125:

Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology

11939: 11764: 11664: 11583: 11526: 11474: 11443: 10990: 10982: 10740: 10730: 10683: 10678: 10670: 10627: 10159: 9972: 9825: 9725: 9658:"Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English - Bloomberg Business" 9368: 9358: 9166: 8931: 8625: 8613: 6711: 6668: 6492: 6383: 5910: 5898: 5812: 5794: 5521: 5434: 5316: 5248: 5232: 5208: 5202: 5146: 5054: 4998: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4932: 4644: 4146:

Since, throughout the Islamic world, Arabic occupied a position similar to that of

4112: 4108: 4077: 4062: 4027: 4023: 3986: 3975: 3970: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3900: 3896: 3884: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3832: 3808: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3590: 3361: 3225: 3168: 3125: 3049: 3032: 3028: 2842: 2767: 2762: 2653: 2630: 2305: 2237: 2171: 2140: 2130: 2118: 1654: 1618: 1602: 1578: 1570: 1546: 1542: 1514: 1433: 1084: 1064: 451: 437: 392: 328: 14873: 14210: 5223:. Maltese is therefore considered an exceptional descendant of Arabic that has no 1154: 387: 16926: 16830: 16804: 16753: 16618: 16558: 16466: 16459: 16443: 16437: 16364: 16115: 15991: 15981: 15079: 14914: 14843: 14780: 14774: 14643: 14518: 14458: 14318: 14262: 14247: 14242: 14215: 14205: 14149: 14122: 14097: 13998: 13955: 13937: 13527: 13507: 13442: 13209: 13099: 11330: 11291: 11260: 11231: 11204: 11174: 11147: 11113: 11083: 11057: 10986: 10620:"Arabization and linguistic domination: Berber and Arabic in the North of Africa" 10263: 10072:"ترجمة و معنى نحو بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1" 9814:"Connecting the Lines between Old (Epigraphic) Arabic and the Modern Vernaculars" 9762: 8793: 8784: 8657: 8641: 8371: 7672: 7584: 7561: 7557: 7532: 7242: 6500: 6371: 6367: 5838: 5759: 5597: 5573: 5461: 5353:, also known as Iraqi Judeo Arabic and Yahudic, is a variety of Arabic spoken by 5260: 5228: 5190: 5136: 5112: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5062: 5034: 4962: 4922: 4722: 4651: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4556:. The main dialectal division is between the varieties within and outside of the 4124: 4120: 4073: 4051: 4012: 3940: 3908: 3904: 3876: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3812: 3575: 3245: 3172: 3153: 3041: 2720: 2488: 2339: 2320: 2016:. On the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as 1679: 1646: 1630: 1622: 1574: 1534: 1474: 1404: 1390: 1363: 1234: 1204: 1194: 1104: 1054: 1024: 964: 954: 457: 447: 410: 374: 358: 333: 323: 318: 209: 148: 134: 16077: 12438: 9635: 7548:

written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.

5841:

in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through

5558:. With its oil wealth and mobility it has spread to various areas of the former 3350:'compiling the language') which took place over the 8th and early 9th centuries. 3256:

are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language.

16886: 16840: 16810: 16787: 16781: 16665: 16613: 16494: 16268: 16097: 15110: 15069: 14994: 14924: 14858: 14763: 14537: 14426: 14421: 14406: 14391: 14357: 14142: 13517: 13459: 13300: 12930: 10302:

The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition: From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century

9662: 8477: 8462: 7604: 7565: 7536: 7134:

onto nisba adjectives to form abstract nouns. For example, from the basic root

7038: 6664: 6512: 5880: 5874: 5846: 5834: 5707: 5671: 5667: 5649: 5589: 5547: 5444: 5364: 5154: 4159: 4128: 4116: 3952: 3944: 3844: 3820: 3602: 3582: 3570: 3357:

Arabic from the Quran in the old Hijazi dialect (Hijazi script, 7th century AD)

3208: 3133: 3117: 3094: 3036: 2841:

The current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use

2756: 2614: 2301: 2193: 1974: 1913: 1809:. The following features of Proto-Arabic can be reconstructed with confidence: 1802: 1634: 1582: 1526: 1518: 1144: 1134: 1014: 1004: 994: 974: 687: 467: 403: 382: 353: 121: 12950: 12874: 11807: 11587: 11478: 10917:

Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.

10529: 10434: 9976: 9729: 9111:. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from 8935: 8673:

Latin alphabet would be used. There was also the idea of finding a way to use

7587:), is written from right to left. There are several styles of scripts such as 3644:

For the origin of the last three borrowed words, see Alfred-Louis de Prémare,

3353: 16981: 16820: 16815: 16725: 16472: 15997: 15524: 15099: 14956: 14951: 14937: 14883: 14818: 14800: 14686: 14671: 14665: 14634: 14453: 14448: 14433: 14396: 14257: 14252: 14176: 14132: 13988: 13962: 13487: 13474: 13322: 12561: 12489: 12408: 12370: 12349: 12298: 12013: 11988: 11963: 11676: 11595: 11486: 11285:

Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India

11198:

Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture

11193: 10754: 10692: 10619: 10504: 10396: 9839: 9830: 9813: 9747: 9562: 9380: 9234: 8718: 8674: 8603:‎) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued 6406: 6375: 5914: 5635: 5603: 5567: 5216: 5186: 5088: 5074: 5058: 3956: 3700: 3424: 3320: 3121: 3053: 2313: 2050: 1695: 1687: 1626: 1244: 1224: 1184: 1174: 1094: 1074: 984: 672: 366: 264: 15911: 13351:

Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart: Arabisch-Deutsch

12480: 11755: 11576:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

10735: 10718: 10631: 9920:"Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification" 9363: 8798: 8677:

instead of the Latin alphabet, but this was seen as too complicated to use.

6442: 6394:

short vowels (/-u/ for nominative, /-a/ for accusative, /-i/ for genitive).

4176: 3955:, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken. 1517:

is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the

108: 16746: 14929: 14888: 14828: 14808: 14768: 14681: 14676: 14443: 14438: 14328: 14051: 14037: 13741: 13651: 13624: 11769: 11036: 10414: 10146: 10144: 8770: 7771: 7237:

The following is an example of a regular verb paradigm in Egyptian Arabic.

6649: 6551: 6535: 6470: 6402: 5854: 5643: 5629: 5621: 5611: 5539: 5533: 5505: 5256: 5122: 4850: 4548:

is a collective term for the spoken dialects of Arabic used throughout the

3618: 3553: 3509: 3382: 3289: 3249: 2872: 2797: 2724: 2443: 2388: 2112: 1806: 1674:

ranked Arabic the fourth most useful language for business, after English,

1124: 1114: 1034: 847: 764: 604: 421: 269: 14754: 13839: 13830: 13821: 13812: 13803: 13794: 13793: 13785: 13776: 13767: 13758: 13749: 13739: 13731: 13721: 13713: 13704: 13695: 13686: 13677: 13667: 13659: 13649: 13641: 13632: 13622: 13614: 13605: 13596: 13595: 12856: 10494: 8990: 8965: 3695: 3100: 1239: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1189: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1089: 1079: 1069: 1059: 1049: 1039: 1029: 1019: 1009: 999: 989: 979: 969: 959: 949: 940: 16371: 16056: 14823: 14753: 14715: 14659: 14411: 13572: 13124: 8681: 6520: 6504: 5753: 5719: 5683: 5615: 5593: 5543: 5489: 5479: 5475: 5448: 5426: 5070: 4518: 4507: 4496: 4485: 4474: 4463: 4452: 4441: 4430: 4419: 4408: 4397: 4386: 4375: 4364: 4353: 4342: 4331: 4320: 4309: 4298: 4287: 4276: 4265: 4254: 4243: 4232: 4221: 4210: 4199: 3386: 3105: 2618: 2606: 2602: 2511: 2507: 2447: 1699: 1482: 1044: 754: 677: 195: 15022: 13712: 13658: 13631: 12745:"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Arabic (Alarabia)" 12041:

Borg, Albert J.; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (1997). Maltese. Routledge.

11494: 11462: 10141: 9029: 6386:(masculine and feminine); and three "states" (indefinite, definite, and 3597:. Many cultural, religious and political terms have entered Arabic from 3558: 3556:. The project is not yet complete; its 15th volume, covering the letter 3052:. Linguists agree that it is a variety of spoken Arabic, descended from 1282: 15918: 15869: 13973: 13882: 13748: 12569: 12461: 12375: 12357: 12325: 12303: 12018: 11993: 11968: 10995: 10745: 9722:

Arabic in Context: Celebrating 400 Years of Arabic at Leiden University

9372: 8995: 8970: 8430: 6676: 6547: 6531: 6524: 6516: 6496: 5944: 5902: 5850: 5763: 5749: 5745: 5701: 5585: 5577: 5150: 4549: 4182: 4104: 3430: 3378: 3293: 3018: 2652:

usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into

2464: 2454: 2419: 2403: 2331: 2327: 2155: 2144: 2067: 2033: 2017: 1998: 1964: 1947: 1794: 1510: 1417: 655: 579: 274: 167: 13838: 13784: 13775: 13730: 13723: 13676: 13669: 13640: 13079: 11951: 11684: 11652: 11603: 11571: 10519: 4636:, retention (or change of meaning) of different classical forms. Thus 2395:(1116–1196) realized the overhaul of Arabic grammar first proposed by 15883: 14878: 11737:

See for instance Wilhelm Eilers, "Iranisches Lehngut im Arabischen",

11430: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11420: 10341:

Diathesis in the Semitic Languages: A Comparative Morphological Study

10262:

Stern, Josef; Robinson, James T.; Shemesh, Yonatan (15 August 2019).

9557:. Orissan studies project, 10. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. p. 213. 8461:

romanization solves this problem by separating the two sounds with a

8415: 7737: 7722: 7608: 6706:'red' for Form IX, which is limited to colors and physical defects): 6671:

paradigm. As a result, these derived stems are part of the system of

6660: 6656: 6428: 6363: 5819: 5800: 5784:. It has about 60,000 speakers according to a rough estimate in 2010. 5777: 5224: 3714: 3505: 3195: 3163: 3070: 3022: 2889: 2687: 2610: 2518:(1819), dramatically changed the diffusion and consumption of Arabic 2358: 2350: 1994: 1902: 1790: 1736: 1650: 1252: 933: 915: 897: 15727: 13802: 13613: 12782: 12341: 11739:

Actas IV. Congresso des Estudos Árabes et Islâmicos, Coimbra, Lisboa

10955: 10006: 9991: 9919: 9866: 9290: 9109:

Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

6538:, indicating the fact that they actually represent a combination of 6422: 3959:

has been also influenced by Arabic especially during the process of

2694:) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the 16521: 15925: 15897: 14863: 14853: 13556: 13071: 11943: 11668: 10021: 9960: 9885: 9551:"Appendix B Persian, Turkish, Arabic words generally used in Oriya" 9433:"What are the official languages of the United Nations? - Ask DAG!" 8778: 8653: 7592: 6484: 6418: 5894: 5842: 5767: 5735: 5563: 3472: 3261: 2691: 2667: 2503: 2396: 2270: 2257: 2167: 2091: 2060: 2056: 2040: 2029: 2021: 2013: 1938: 1782: 1642: 1486: 1336: 708: 643: 639: 539: 461: 16655: 14746: 13391: 12936:

L'arabe parlé à Mardin. Monographie d'un parler arabe périphérique

12397:"Central Asian Arabic: The Irano-Arabic Dynamics of a New Perfect" 11700:"معجم الدوحة التاريخي للغة العربية.. الواقع الحقيقي للغة والحضارة" 11572:"Review of A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English)" 11417: 3659:(مدينة, city or city square), a word of Aramaic origin ܡܕ݂ܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ 2690:

and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as

2597:

In 1997, a bureau of Arabization standardization was added to the

1489:

words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in

16704: 16040: 15904: 15716: 14898: 13562: 12598:

What the Koran Really Says : Language, Text & Commentary

11545:"Hedwig Klein and "Mein Kampf": The unknown Arabist - Qantara.de" 11374: 10191: 10189: 9867:"The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification" 8823: 8649: 7747: 7727: 7668: 7588: 7191: 6637:, and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of 6438: 5822: 5731: 5675: 5653: 5551: 5497: 5451: 5386: 5368: 5170: 5166: 5140: 5130: 5116: 5106: 5102: 5066: 5046: 5042: 5038: 4974: 4936: 4565: 4151: 3705: 3157: 3149: 2858:'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; 2317: 2159: 2025: 1665: 1638: 1522: 1332: 875: 853: 841: 790: 759: 624: 609: 584: 569: 549: 534: 524: 519: 425: 31: 27: 13113:(2003 reprint ed.), New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 10026:

Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies

9091:

Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 – Article: 31 Islamic way of life

5931:

As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual

5837:) consonants and non-emphatic ones. Some of these phonemes have 2080:

are three lines of poetry by a man named Garm(')allāhe found in

16932: 15149: 14813: 14741: 13241:

Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement

11060:, Introduction, p. xix. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 9628:"Top Ten Internet Languages in The World - Internet Statistics" 8723: 8458: 7712: 7664: 7600: 7580: 7541: 6607: 6603: 6410: 6391: 6041:, numerous words can be formed by applying different patterns: 5865: 5493: 5455: 5332: 5298: 5194: 5158: 5028: 5016: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4767: 4681:, the following are some of the characteristic features of the 4657:

all mean 'there is', and all come from Classical Arabic forms (

3979: 3656: 2624: 2439: 2044: 1598: 826: 808: 739: 734: 564: 559: 12601:. Translated by Ibn Warraq. New York: Prometheus. p. 64. 11653:"Review of Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, Murad Kāmil, Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī" 11342:

M. Ed., Loyola University-Maryland; B. S., Child Development.

10795:"Arabic Language." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 10233:"Examining the origins of Arabic ahead of Arabic Language Day" 10186: 10158:, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 140–152, 1997, 9432: 8386:

of Arabic. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter

4573:

dialect in the one or two centuries immediately following the

4528: Sparsely populated area or no indigenous Arabic speakers 3524:(1961), based on established usage, especially in literature. 14893: 14848: 14838: 13757: 13685: 13567: 12843:

Birnstiel, Daniel (2019). "Chapter 15: Classical Arabic". In

8481: 7656: 7596: 5826: 5803:, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a 5727: 5715: 5679: 5657: 5639: 5607: 5529: 5513: 5483: 5469: 5465: 5408: 5400: 5358: 5328: 5286: 5212: 5198: 5180: 5092: 5085:

can be considered in between the two in terms of difficulty.

5050: 5037:, also called "Darija", spoken by about 70 million people in 4940: 4926: 4625: 4147: 3994: 3967:

was used as a source for modern Hebrew vocabulary and roots.

3824: 3710: 3578: 3306: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3167:

Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language (Flag of the

3045: 2675: 2483: 2459: 2354: 2293: 2148: 2136: 2081: 1990: 1798: 1751: 1683: 1554: 1478: 865: 859: 835: 799: 749: 634: 619: 614: 599: 574: 544: 178: 12960:

Writing Arabic: A Linguistic Approach, from Sounds to Script

12890:

Durand, Olivier; Langone, Angela D.; Mion, Giuliano (2010),

12058: 8925: 8608:

is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (

7694:

Examples of different transliteration/transcription schemes

7096:'library' (also a writing-related place, but different from 3483:

In the second half of the 19th century, the British Arabist

2551:

In response, a number of Arabic academies modeled after the

15061: 14868: 11379:(Atlanta ed.). Madisonville: Peter Jones. p. 49. 11234:, p. 3. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004. 10972: 9886:"Arabians, Arabias, and the Greeks_Contact and Perceptions" 9135:"Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State of the Jewish People" 7660: 7634:

and other uses such as final postnasalized or long vowels.

6480: 5887:. Some of the typical differences between Standard Arabic ( 5799:

While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in

5781: 5756:

by around 8,000 people. Tajiki Arabic is highly endangered.

5711: 5697: 5687: 5661: 5625: 5555: 5517: 5501: 5396: 5324: 5320: 5290: 5282: 5162: 3936: 2605:. These academies and organizations have worked toward the 2249: 2163: 2004: 1728:

The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation (

1558: 1428:, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as 817: 744: 703: 589: 554: 529: 9703: 9701: 9079: 8389: 7861: 7762: 4793:, where certain words have a special plural with prefixed 3515:

Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart

3252:

countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all

3212:

education through a mélange of code-switching practises."

2252:"), and is credited with establishing the rules of Arabic 1335:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12462:

Evi Nurus Suroiyah; Dewi Anisatuz Zakiyah (7 June 2021).

10521:رفاعة الطهطاوي : زعيم النهضة الفكرية في عصر محمد علي 7791: 7150:'to cooperate, participate', and in turn its verbal noun 6613:

The following shows a paradigm of a regular Arabic verb,

5492:, spoken by around four million people, predominantly in 4180:

Geographical distribution of the varieties of Arabic per

4072:, "galore, in quantity"). Most Berber varieties (such as 3753: 3188: 2316:

terms entered Arabic through translations carried out at

2076:

The earliest attestation of continuous Arabic text in an

13286:] (in Italian), Rome: I.P.O. – via Harassowitz 12037: 12035: 11754:

Lucas C, Manfredi S (2020). Lucas C, Manfredi S (eds.).

11304: 11294:, pp. 14–15. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. 10319: 9846: 9793: 7174:'socialism' can be derived. Other recent formations are 5065:

is very hard to understand for Arabic speakers from the

1309: Not an official language, Arabic-speaking minority 10464:"Early Arabic Printing: Movable Type & Lithography" 9698: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9009: 7836: 7796: 7782: 5624:, spoken by around 10 million people, mainly spoken in 5371:, and the surrounding cities and it is a subvariety of 1801:. These features are evidence of common descent from a 13186:

Ryding, Karin Christina; Wilmsen, David, eds. (2021).

11402: 10626:, Berlin, München, Boston: DE GRUYTER, pp. 1–16, 9764:

An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions

9351:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics

8861:

List of countries where Arabic is an official language

8302: 5576:, spoken by around 8 million people, predominantly in 3985:

Terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like

3617:, meaning in that language the melting of metals; see 2084:, and dated to around 125 CE. This is followed by the 1291: Sole official language, Arabic-speaking majority 12032: 11207:, p. 32. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. 9924:

Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming

8418:

marks such as "š" for the sound equivalently written

7787: 7556:, to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of 7552:

The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through

6682:

Examples of the different verbs formed from the root

6655:

These stems encode grammatical functions such as the

6530:

The past and non-past paradigms are sometimes termed

5998:'I went', although other patterns are possible, e.g. 5869:

Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works

5009:

and in most Palestinian populations around the world.

4983:

is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of

3323:

and the speech of the Arabs—particularly the Bedouin

2686:. Classical Arabic is prescriptive, according to the 10723:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory and Language Politics

10499:(in French). Publications de l'Université de Tunis. 10261: 10227: 10225: 10223: 9682: 9225: 9223: 9061: 8760: 8297: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7152: 7144: 7136: 7098: 7090: 7071: 7063: 7055: 7047: 7016: 7004: 6987: 6975: 6958: 6946: 6929: 6917: 6900: 6888: 6869: 6855: 6838: 6826: 6809: 6797: 6780: 6768: 6751: 6739: 6700: 6688: 6648:

For verbs, a given root can occur in many different

6619: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6344: 6330: 6035: 6024: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5395:(Basrawi dialect) is the dialect spoken in southern 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4855: 4840: 4832: 4817: 4809: 4787: 4779: 4749: 4741: 4005: 3623:

Histoire de la Médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle

2977: 2964: 2951: 2882: 2742: 1450: 1356: 1303: Co-official language, Arabic-speaking minority 1297: Co-official language, Arabic-speaking majority 377: 369: 361: 114: 97: 16:

Semitic language and lingua franca of the Arab world

13014:

Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties

11864:"Maltese language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 11225:

Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties

11107:

Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity

8743: 5632:. Most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi). 4535:

Hatched area fill: minority scattered over the area

3085:is used for a telephone. Therefore, the process of 12939:, Bucharest: Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti, 12909: 12703:. Mediterranean Language Review. pp. 179–196. 12088: 11253:Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing 9548: 9520: 8619: 8366:There are a number of different standards for the 7777: 6606:morpheme, while in the non-past, a combination of 3609:, and (Classical) Persian, and Hellenistic Greek ( 3196:Status in the Arab world vis-à-vis other languages 3156:is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the 2759:) are almost never used in Modern Standard Arabic. 2660:, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible. 2599:Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization 2147:register. It is clear that the orthography of the 2001:held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In 12889: 12155: 12121: 10220: 10152:"Ibn Maḍâ' and the refutation of the grammarians" 9220: 9018:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 8928:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8804:Arabic language influence on the Spanish language 6645:words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words. 5935:, i.e. method of constructing words from a basic 5682:, the dialect exhibits many big differences from 5255:. It is the only Semitic language written in the 4997:is a name of several dialects of the subgroup of 3478: 3283: 2970:'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)'; 795:Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria 16979: 13354:(1985 reprint (English) ed.), Harassowitz, 13085: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12710: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12514: 12502: 11344:"The Importance of the Arabic Language in Islam" 10379:The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history 9258:The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 9249: 8841:International Association of Arabic Dialectology 7080:The only three genuine suffixes are as follows: 6362:Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical 5696:dialects – these are the dialects spoken by the 3461:, and Bedouin speech—positioning itself against 3013:, considered a direct precursor of Arabic script 2236:(718–786) compiled the first Arabic dictionary, 1690:, although non-standard varieties are sometimes 13040:Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. (2007), 11463:"Edward Lane's Surviving Arabic Correspondence" 10549:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10202:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10045:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 7607:, which is used in print and by computers, and 7130:. This is formed by adding the feminine suffix 7030:Form II is sometimes used to create transitive 6908:'he corresponds (with someone, esp. mutually)' 6896:'he corresponded (with someone, esp. mutually)' 6641:, applying many templates applied to roots, to 4705:in many affixes (e.g., non-past-tense prefixes 12998:(Illustrated ed.), Taylor & Francis, 12466:[Development of Arabic in Indonesia]. 12323: 11930:Ferguson, Charles (1959), "The Arabic Koine", 11626:"المعجم التاريخي للعربية.. ضوء في عتمة الهوان" 10574: 10572: 10570: 10408: 10406: 9514: 9309: 9127: 8429:These less "scientific" systems tend to avoid 8394:is used to represent both a consonant, as in " 7202:'people's republic' (lit. "masses-ness", < 6449:‎ /-nī/) and for nouns or prepositions ( 4255:Libyan Arabic – Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic 4103:In languages not directly in contact with the 3552:was published in 1956 under the leadership of 3152:, a linguistically innovative variety such as 2674:Classical Arabic is the language found in the 838:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya 15743: 15135: 15038: 13407: 13293:Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba 13185: 13039: 12975: 12892:Corso di Arabo Contemporaneo. Lingua Standard 12851:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 367–402. 12723: 12707: 12679: 11753: 11749: 11747: 11650: 9603:"Internet: most common languages online 2020" 9521:Versteegh, Kees; Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997). 7611:, which is commonly used for correspondence. 5528:provinces. Although Gulf Arabic is spoken in 5235:. Maltese is different from Arabic and other 4669:respectively), but now sound very different. 4066: 4045: 4031: 4018:, "logic"), and economic items (like English 3527: 856:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu 54:needs attention from an expert in linguistics 13188:The Cambridge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics 12784:A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic 11724:See the seminal study by Siegmund Fraenkel, 11549:Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World 10719:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?" 10712: 10710: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9871:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics 9344:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?" 9068:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 9050:, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 April 2023 9015: 8735: 8536: 8522: 8507: 8387: 8324: 8282: 8240: 8207: 8174: 8141: 8108: 8069: 8024: 7991: 7940: 7901: 7859: 7820: 7760: 5888: 5849:. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to 4601: 4595: 4135: 4091: 4081: 4055: 3999: 3466: 3418: 3408: 3394: 3345: 3335: 3314: 3297: 3108:, used in some cases for the Arabic language 2971: 2958: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2906: 2893: 2876: 2859: 2846: 2826: 2813: 2736: 2625:Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic 2552: 2543: 2534: 2413: 2243: 2224: 2211: 2201: 2110: 2089: 2048: 2002: 1457: 1443: 1376: 1349: 862:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartoum 90: 12280:Studies in Islamic History and Civilization 11168:Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States 10847:Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages 10668: 10624:Language Empires in Comparative Perspective 10567: 10403: 10376: 9890:Literacy and Identity in Pre-Islamic Arabia 9719: 9578:"The 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World" 9317:"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara" 8851:List of Arabic-language television channels 6817:'he corresponds with, writes to (someone)' 3292:extended for about a millennium before the 3200:With the sole example of Medieval linguist 2166:, probably in connection with the court of 2028:are attested. The last two share important 16993:Languages attested from the 9th century BC 15750: 15736: 15142: 15128: 15045: 15031: 13414: 13400: 12957: 12780: 12582: 12401:Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion 11839:. Arabic Language Blog. 21 February 2012. 11744: 11569: 11166:Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier, 10447:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9707: 7142:'share' can be derived the Form VIII verb 6805:'he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)' 5700:that had lived or continue to live in the 5686:. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in 2804:MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g., 1281: 850:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh 107: 15052: 13299: 13263:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13204: 13176: 12907: 12842: 12698: 12479: 12431: 11892: 11833:"Top 50 English Words – of Arabic Origin" 11768: 11726:Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen 11310: 10994: 10744: 10734: 10716: 10707: 10682: 10617: 10419:(Fifth ed.). New York. p. 112. 10325: 10195: 9958: 9906: 9852: 9829: 9811: 9799: 9760: 9542: 9362: 9341: 9105:"Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus" 8555:In most of present-day North Africa, the 7166:'socialist', from which an abstract noun 6397:The feminine singular is often marked by 5893:) and vernacular varieties are a loss of 5829:phonemes. All phonemes contrast between " 5281:, spoken by about 41.2 million people in 4564:varieties and the much more conservative 3518:(1952), later translated into English as 3385:; it sought to exhaust all possible root 3220:Arabic has been taught worldwide in many 2510:, pioneering Arabic presses, such as the 2453:In around the 11th and 12th centuries in 1678:, and French. Arabic is written with the 844:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat 13258: 13179:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 13131: 13060:Journal of the American Oriental Society 12468:Muhadasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 12330:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11929: 11630:Hespress – هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية 11460: 11177:, p. 41. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009. 11094:United States Government Printing Office 10873:"Morocco 2011 Constitution – Constitute" 10492: 10298: 10124:"Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad | Arab philologist" 9460: 9458: 9427: 9425: 8453:, or a combination of two sounds, as in 7540: 5864: 5285:(where it is called "Aamiyah"), eastern 5015:, spoken by only several hundred in the 4579: 4175: 4061:, meaning "cup"), and expressions (like 3694: 3569: 3352: 3215: 3162: 3099: 3000: 2777: 2662: 2418:, "Tongue of Arabs"), a major reference 1766:for subjunctive, no ending for jussive, 1735:The conversion of the prefix-conjugated 1471:official languages of the United Nations 813:Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel 12993: 12929: 12824: 12759:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 12464:"Perkembangan Bahasa Arab di Indonesia" 11982: 11741:, Leiden 1971, with earlier references. 11341: 10844:Jenkins, Orville Boyd (18 March 2000), 10843: 10837: 10766: 10764: 10582:بناء مجتمعات المعرفة في المنطقة العربية 10461: 10416:The modern Middle East : a history 9231:"Decret n° 2005-980 du 21 octobre 2005" 8660:and used it in a newspaper he founded, 7222: 6357: 4935:, spoken by about 44 million people in 3534:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo 3171:1916–1925). The flag contains the four 2731:) in medieval and early modern Europe. 2219:"pointing for non-Arabs") and indicate 2206:"the way"), and pioneering a system of 1777:The development of an internal passive. 1617:, Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian, 1467:third most widespread official language 1329:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 804:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo 16980: 13367: 13332:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic 13329: 13277: 13158: 13042:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 12958:Hanna, Sami A.; Greis, Naguib (1972), 12650: 12547: 12272: 11383:from the original on 27 September 2007 11051:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic 10930:"Morocco 2011 Constitution, Article 5" 10578: 10542: 10412: 10095: 10038: 9864: 9502:from the original on 24 September 2019 9416: 8939:, with supplementary sound recordings. 7614:Originally Arabic was made up of only 7190:'multitude, general public'), and the 5780:, especially along the north coast of 3754:Influence of Arabic on other languages 3679:(لازورد) is taken from Persian لاژورد 2334:Jewish philosopher, authored works in 65:may be able to help recruit an expert. 17158:Languages of the United Arab Emirates 15757: 15731: 15123: 15026: 13395: 13334:, New York: Oxford University Press, 13030: 13011: 12791:from the original on 21 December 2019 12595:Ibn Warraq (2002). Ibn Warraq (ed.). 12526: 12403:, Routledge, 2004, pp. 121–134, 12176:from the original on 4 October 2018. 12142:from the original on 4 October 2018. 12059:Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander (1997). 11843:from the original on 15 December 2018 11021:. Georgetown University Press. 2012. 10953: 10947: 10669:Seri-Hersch, Iris (2 December 2020). 10555:from the original on 27 February 2021 10474:from the original on 18 February 2020 10337: 10019: 10004: 9989: 9917: 9883: 9455: 9422: 9398:from the original on 12 December 2019 8961: 8959: 8876:List of French words of Arabic origin 8830:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 8809:Arabic Language International Council 8708:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8664:, as well as in some books he wrote. 7182:'republic' (lit. "public-ness", < 4739:Reformation of geminate verbs, e.g., 4037:, "so-and-so"), everyday terms (like 3521:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 3403:calling those that are actually used 2983:'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk'). 2192:–689) is credited with standardizing 1469:after English and French, one of six 1403: 1389: 1362: 147: 133: 13347: 13290: 13140: 13106: 13057: 12257:from the original on 11 October 2017 12228:from the original on 11 October 2017 12198:from the original on 11 October 2017 12099:from the original on 8 December 2015 12089:Brincat, Joseph M. (February 2005). 11957: 11861: 11787:from the original on 16 January 2021 11467:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11354:from the original on 1 February 2009 10783: 10761: 10198:"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects" 9940:from the original on 23 October 2017 9575: 9443:from the original on 5 February 2016 9297:from the original on 23 October 2017 8422:in English. Other systems (e.g. the 8313: 7628:were used for short vowels known as 7241:Example of a regular Form I verb in 6710:Most of these forms are exclusively 6550:occur only in the non-past, and the 5776:, spoken in Arab ethnic enclaves in 5437:, spoken in the Iranian province of 5417:, spoken in the Iranian province of 4766:'to you', etc. into indirect-object 3487:, working with the Egyptian scholar 3319:'instances of attested usage') from 2078:ancestor of the modern Arabic script 38: 17113:Languages of the State of Palestine 13421: 13284:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 12594: 11372: 11011: 10975:Current Issues in Language Planning 10496:L'Academie de Langue Arabe du Caire 10358:from the original on 4 October 2018 10208:from the original on 15 August 2016 10156:Landmarks in linguistic thought III 10051:from the original on 15 August 2016 9271:from the original on 23 August 2018 8881:Replacement of loanwords in Turkish 8736: 8656:created a Latin-based alphabet for 8537: 8523: 8508: 8388: 8325: 8283: 8241: 8208: 8175: 8142: 8109: 8070: 8025: 7992: 7941: 7902: 7860: 7821: 7761: 5889: 5031:by around 9,800 people (2013 UNSD). 4728:Loss of third-weak verbs ending in 4602: 4596: 4165: 4136: 4092: 4082: 4000: 3467: 3419: 3409: 3395: 3346: 3336: 3315: 3298: 3059: 2972: 2959: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2907: 2894: 2877: 2860: 2847: 2827: 2814: 2737: 2544: 2535: 2414: 2244: 2225: 2212: 2202: 2174:elements in morphology and syntax. 2124: 1973:, as perceived by geographers from 1458: 1444: 1377: 1350: 683:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 188:380 million native speakers of all 91: 13: 16964:Languages between parentheses are 14999:Languages between parentheses are 13259:Thelwall, Robin (2003). "Arabic". 13177:Procházka, S. (2006), ""Arabic"", 12813:from the original on 25 April 2016 11763:. Berlin: Language Science Press. 11118:Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies 10954:Čéplö, Slavomír (1 January 2020). 10854:from the original on 18 March 2009 10825:from the original on 20 April 2021 10717:Kamusella, Tomasz Dominik (2017). 10517: 10243:from the original on 20 April 2021 9147:from the original on 10 April 2021 8984: 8956: 8918: 7809: 7801: 5920: 5885:grammar of other Semitic languages 4732:(which merge with verbs ending in 4552:, which differ radically from the 3625:, Tallandier, 2008, p. 251), 2177: 1981:both belonging to and outside the 1716:Arabic is usually classified as a 1712:Classification of Arabic languages 14: 17199: 13387: 13243:. Oxford University Press, 2011. 13228:from the original on 3 April 2013 12299:Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken 11906:"Cairo Genizah : Philosophy" 11757:Arabic and contact-induced change 11697: 11150:, p. 1. London: Routledge, 2007. 10960:Arabic and Contact-induced Change 10599:from the original on 5 April 2021 9959:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (January 2014). 9781:from the original on 23 July 2016 9464: 9323:from the original on 3 March 2016 9024:. University of Vienna: 223–224. 8378:of Arabic, while others focus on 8332: 8290: 8254: 8248: 8215: 8182: 8149: 8116: 8077: 8032: 7999: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7909: 7869: 7770: 7526: 6382:(singular, dual and plural); two 6126:'we corresponded with each other' 5614:by 15 million people. Similar to 5464:, spoken by 17 million people in 4925:, spoken by 67 million people in 4916: 3663:(in which it means "state/city"). 3305:) sought to explain words in the 2292:Arabic spread with the spread of 1705: 1448:"the eloquent Arabic") or simply 15007: 15006: 12825:Bateson, Mary Catherine (2003), 12751: 12737: 12644: 12619: 12588: 12576: 12541: 12532: 12520: 12508: 12496: 12455: 12389: 12381: 12364: 12324:Müller-Kessler, Christa (2003). 12317: 12309: 12292: 12243: 12214: 12184: 12149: 12115: 12082: 12052: 12024: 12007: 11999: 11974: 11923: 11898: 11886: 11874:from the original on 5 June 2008 11855: 11825: 11799: 11731: 10585:(in Arabic). UNESCO Publishing. 10543:Sawaie, Mohammed (30 May 2011). 10196:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (30 May 2011). 10164:10.4324/9780203444153_chapter_11 10069: 9001: 8976: 8777: 8763: 6405:) or internal modification (the 5638:(6 million speakers), spoken in 5508:coastal areas and some parts of 5367:is the Arabic dialect spoken in 5149:(3 million speakers), spoken in 5073:, the most comprehensible being 4987:spoken by the population of the 3489:Ibrāhīm Abd al-Ghaffār ad-Dasūqī 2300:, Arabic gained vocabulary from 650:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 43: 13370:The New York Times Almanac 2002 13016:. Georgetown University Press. 12829:, Georgetown University Press, 11805: 11718: 11691: 11657:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11644: 11618: 11563: 11537: 11531:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35793 11509: 11454: 11448:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35848 11395: 11366: 11335: 11316: 11277: 11267:: Morgan & Claypool, 2010. 11244: 11217: 11187: 11160: 11141:Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon 11130: 11099: 11070: 11043: 11019:Arabic Language and Linguistics 10966: 10922: 10890: 10865: 10807: 10798: 10789: 10777: 10662: 10611: 10536: 10511: 10486: 10455: 10370: 10331: 10299:Baalbaki, Ramzi (28 May 2014). 10292: 10282: 10268:. University of Chicago Press. 10255: 10116: 10089: 10063: 10032: 10013: 9998: 9983: 9952: 9877: 9858: 9805: 9754: 9713: 9666:. 29 March 2015. Archived from 9650: 9620: 9595: 9569: 9484: 9410: 9335: 9283: 9210: 9184: 9159: 8620:Arabic alphabet and nationalism 7682: 6453:‎ /-ī/ after consonants, 6084:'I corresponded (with someone)' 5267:is considerably lower than the 3375:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi 3272: 2234:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi 472:Cypriot Maronite Greek alphabet 442:Cypriot Maronite Latin alphabet 16968:of the language on their left. 15003:of the language on their left. 13307:. Edinburgh University Press. 13214:, Asian Educational Services, 12665:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643292 11077:Proceedings and Debates of the 10772:Modern Arabic Sociolinguistics 10684:10.4000/etudesafricaines.32202 10381:. Princeton University Press. 10039:Lentin, Jérôme (30 May 2011). 9097: 9094:, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018 9076:, 1979, retrieved 25 July 2018 9036: 8904: 8894: 8700: 7637: 6491:(active and passive); and six 5818:Modern Standard Arabic has 28 5670:(800,000 speakers), spoken by 5243:has been deeply influenced by 5001:spoken by the Palestinians in 4807:Adjective plurals of the form 4277:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic 3479:Western lexicography of Arabic 3413:) and those that are not used 3284:Pre-modern Arabic lexicography 2712:, especially in modern times. 2526:proposed the establishment of 2469:poetry forms developed in the 2345: 2111: 2090: 2049: 2003: 1987:Modern South Arabian languages 1928:independent object pronoun in 1633:and African languages such as 697:Special status in Constitution 1: 17188:Verb–subject–object languages 17183:Subject–verb–object languages 13145:(in Italian), Rome: Carocci, 13107:Lane, Edward William (1893), 12894:(in Italian), Milan: Hoepli, 12515:Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005 12503:Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005 11651:von Grunebaum, G. E. (1959). 11632:(in Arabic). 15 November 2020 11440:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE 11403:"Reviews of Language Courses" 11092:, p. 10,462. Washington, DC: 10377:Ibn Khaldūn (27 April 2015). 10020:Nehmé, Laila (January 2010). 9525:. Columbia University Press. 8944: 8866:Arabic-based creole languages 7024:'he asks (someone) to write' 7012:'he asked (someone) to write' 6628: 6457:‎ /-ya/ after vowels). 6168:'I correspond (with someone)' 5770:until the 1930s, now extinct. 5532:, most Qatari citizens speak 5381:is the dialect spoken by the 5297:) and in the southeastern of 5053:. It also forms the basis of 4758:Conversion of separate words 3703:(9th–11th century), with the 3540:of Arabic in the vein of the 3367: 3267: 2471:dialectical Arabic of Cordoba 2425: 2210:to differentiate consonants ( 2186: 1958: 1424:assigns language codes to 32 652:(partially recognized state) 13498:Ancient South Arabian script 13465:Influence on other languages 13100:10.1016/j.specom.2005.01.004 12908:Gregersen, Edgar A. (1977), 12699:Shrivtiel, Shraybom (1998). 12092:Maltese – an unusual formula 11087:107th United States Congress 10987:10.1080/14664208.2011.629113 8949: 8744: 8533:. Its emphatic counterpart, 7650:Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi 6519:, active and passive, and a 6154:'I have (something) written' 5913:, and loss of the inflected 5788: 5423:Southern Mesopotamian Arabic 5341:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5307:Southeastern Anatolia Region 4115:. Older Arabic loanwords in 3565: 3248:in the Arab world and other 3064: 2097:at four locations in Syria ( 1977:. In the southwest, various 1925:- to introduce modal clauses 1686:script that is written from 7: 14755: 13840: 13831: 13822: 13813: 13804: 13795: 13786: 13777: 13768: 13759: 13750: 13740: 13732: 13722: 13714: 13705: 13696: 13687: 13678: 13668: 13660: 13650: 13642: 13633: 13623: 13615: 13606: 13597: 13538: 12065:. Routledge. p. xiii. 10675:Cahiers d'études africaines 10579:UNESCO (31 December 2019). 10099:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia 9576:Lane, James (2 June 2021). 9549:Bhabani Charan Ray (1981). 8756: 8550: 8498:mobile phone text messaging 7213: 7205: 7197: 7185: 7177: 7169: 7161: 7153: 7145: 7137: 7099: 7091: 7072: 7064: 7056: 7048: 7017: 7005: 6988: 6976: 6959: 6947: 6930: 6918: 6901: 6889: 6870: 6856: 6839: 6827: 6810: 6798: 6788:"he makes (someone) write" 6781: 6769: 6752: 6740: 6701: 6689: 6639:nonconcatenative morphology 6620: 6597: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6546:. The moods other than the 6345: 6331: 6317: 6303: 6289: 6275: 6261: 6247: 6233: 6219: 6205: 6191: 6177: 6163: 6149: 6135: 6121: 6107: 6093: 6079: 6070:'I had (something) written' 6065: 6051: 6036: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5966: 5958: 5950: 5468:and some parts of southern 4896: 4888: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4841: 4833: 4818: 4810: 4788: 4780: 4750: 4742: 4591:The Guide for the Perplexed 4560:, followed by that between 4123:. Most Arabic loanwords in 4006: 3737: 3729: 3716: 3279:List of Arabic dictionaries 2978: 2965: 2952: 2939: 2926: 2913: 2883: 2866: 2853: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2743: 2645:List of Arabic dictionaries 2402:The Maghrebi lexicographer 1451: 1438: 1414:Afroasiatic language family 1384: 1357: 666:International Organizations 115: 98: 56:. The specific problem is: 10: 17204: 12980:, London: Lund Humphries, 12781:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2020a). 12773: 12156:Robert D Hoberman (2007). 12122:Robert D Hoberman (2007). 11806:PhD, D. Gershon Lewental. 11728:, Leiden 1886 (repr. 1962) 11570:Abu-Haidar, J. A. (1983). 10770:Abdulkafi Albirini. 2016. 10618:Tilmatine, Mohand (2015), 9632:www.internetworldstats.com 9342:Kamusella, Tomasz (2017). 8856:List of Arabic given names 8652:plan to dominate Lebanon. 8631: 8402:et", and a vowel, as in "m 7686: 7641: 7530: 7226: 6468: 6210:'we correspond each other' 5924: 5883:has similarities with the 5872: 5860: 5792: 5265:asymmetric intelligibility 5095:and neighboring countries. 4609:), in Arabic written with 4169: 3691:in Portuguese and Spanish. 3528:Modern Arabic lexicography 3508:, with contributions from 3377:, is considered the first 3276: 2727:vernaculars (which became 2678:, used from the period of 2642: 2628: 2128: 1962: 1953: 1709: 1662:fifth most spoken language 1445:اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ 493:(different national forms) 25: 18: 17123:Languages of Saudi Arabia 16998:Central Semitic languages 16950: 16877: 16796: 16773: 16766: 16718: 16697: 16688: 16681: 16648: 16639: 16632: 16585: 16576: 16506: 16414: 16389: 16345: 16290: 16231: 16220: 16209: 16124: 16087: 16048: 16039: 16030: 15972: 15951: 15854: 15845: 15836: 15798: 15765: 15694: 15673: 15657: 15641: 15625: 15597: 15559: 15543: 15512: 15486: 15470: 15444: 15419: 15393: 15327: 15306: 15250: 15229: 15168: 15161: 15108: 15060: 14986: 14979:Islam and Arabic language 14972: 14907: 14794: 14724: 14703: 14628: 14546: 14528: 14489: 14382: 14342: 14309: 14300: 14273: 14233: 14224: 14198: 14085: 13945: 13936: 13927: 13906: 13860: 13851: 13588: 13473: 13430: 13211:Arabic–English Dictionary 13206:Steingass, Francis Joseph 13132:Lipinski, Edward (1997), 12847:; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.). 11910:Cambridge Digital Library 11588:10.1017/S0041977X00079040 11479:10.1017/S135618630001590X 10934:www.constituteproject.org 10877:www.constituteproject.org 10493:Hamzaoui, Rached (1975). 10413:Gelvin, James L. (2020). 9977:10.1017/S0041977X14000524 9884:Macdonald, Michael C. A. 9812:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2021). 9761:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015). 9730:10.1163/9789004343047_002 9140:. Knesset. 19 July 2018. 8936:10.1017/S0025100323000269 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8449:as a single sound, as in 8344: 8338: 8301: 8296: 8263: 8224: 8191: 8158: 8125: 8122: 8086: 8083: 8038: 8008: 7969: 7966: 7918: 7915: 7882: 7832: 7776: 7572:had a dot underneath and 7496: 7466: 7438: 7433: 7401: 7373: 7306: 7278: 7273: 7253: 6776:'he made (someone) write' 6695: 6683: 6614: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6554:is signaled by prefixing 6454: 6450: 6446: 6432: 6414: 6398: 6339: 6325: 6311: 6297: 6283: 6269: 6255: 6241: 6227: 6213: 6199: 6185: 6171: 6157: 6143: 6129: 6115: 6101: 6087: 6073: 6059: 6045: 5955:'write' with the pattern 5393:South Mesopotamian Arabic 5351:Judeo-Mesopotamian Arabic 5315:is a spoken north of the 5313:North Mesopotamian Arabic 4885:'what' (or similar) < 4354:North Mesopotamian Arabic 4011:)), academic terms (like 3562:, was published in 2022. 3543:Oxford English Dictionary 3433:gives 9,273 roots, while 2287: 1979:Central Semitic languages 1315: 1280: 1266: 1250: 931: 913: 895: 890: 822:Iraqi Academy of Sciences 774: 717: 513:27 states and territories 505:Official language in 503: 498: 481: 400: 312: 294: 252: 206: 184: 174: 163: 129: 106: 89: 84: 17133:Languages of South Sudan 17028:Languages of the Comoros 16961:or historical languages. 14920:Arabic script in Unicode 14655:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin 14015:(North-Eastern Tunisian) 13368:Wright, John W. (2001), 13291:Vaglieri, Laura Veccia, 13159:Mumisa, Michael (2003), 13044:, Multilingual Matters, 12994:Hetzron, Robert (1997), 12976:Haywood; Nahmad (1965), 12827:Arabic Language Handbook 12409:10.4324/9780203327715-12 11461:Richards, D. S. (1999). 11116:, p. 124. Philadelphia: 10102:. Taylor & Francis. 9831:10.3390/languages6040173 9086:Constitution of Pakistan 8887: 8734: 8667: 8529:, may be represented by 8382:, i.e. representing the 8374:, i.e. representing the 6479:in two major paradigms ( 6464: 6413:by the definite article 5724:Central African Republic 5652:spoken in some parts of 4672: 3742:; (4) 11th century, in 3613:has as origin the Greek 3475:it viewed as defective. 3296:. Early lexicographers ( 3288:The tradition of Arabic 2476: 2248:"The Book of the Letter 1718:Central Semitic language 1432:, which is derived from 1416:spoken primarily in the 1410:Central Semitic language 880:Beit Al-Hikma Foundation 870:Arab Academy of Damascus 831:Jordan Academy of Arabic 26:Not to be confused with 17093:Languages of Mauritania 15075:Al-Alfiyya of Ibn Malik 14182:Western Egyptian Bedawi 13190:. New York: Cambridge. 13141:Mion, Giuliano (2007), 12583:Hanna & Greis (1972 12481:10.51339/muhad.v3i1.302 11964:Arabic, Egyptian Spoken 11290:2 November 2022 at the 11259:2 November 2022 at the 11230:2 November 2022 at the 10736:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006 10632:10.1515/9783110408362.1 10468:Yale University Library 10128:Encyclopedia Britannica 10096:Leaman, Oliver (2006). 9496:Encyclopedia Britannica 9364:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006 9196:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 9171:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 8846:List of Arab newspapers 8561:Eastern Arabic numerals 8557:Western Arabic numerals 7117:-ic, -al, -an, -y, -ist 6673:derivational morphology 5628:, central and northern 5345:Eastern Anatolia Region 5183:until the 16th century. 5077:and the most difficult 5025:Cypriot Maronite Arabic 5007:Arab citizens of Israel 4773:Certain changes in the 4222:Algerian Saharan Arabic 3242:Arabic language schools 2996:mutually unintelligible 2918:'university', based on 2158:developed based on the 1743:) into a present tense. 1497:and to a lesser extent 170:and surrounding regions 63:WikiProject Linguistics 21:Arabic (disambiguation) 17178:Stress-timed languages 17068:Languages of Kurdistan 17043:Languages of Gibraltar 13330:Watson, Janet (2002), 13110:Arabic–English Lexicon 13031:Irwin, Robert (2006), 12631:Barjeel Art Foundation 12439:"Tajiki Spoken Arabic" 12014:Arabic, Cypriot Spoken 11770:10.5281/zenodo.3744565 11522:Encyclopaedia of Islam 11517:"Lane, Edward William" 11436:"Lexicography, Arabic" 10729:(2). De Gruyter: 117. 9865:Jallad, Ahmad (2018). 8819:Arabic–English Lexicon 8715:Modern Standard Arabic 8706:From Article 1 of the 8486:bulletin board systems 8368:romanization of Arabic 7689:Romanization of Arabic 7549: 6435:‎ /-at/ suffix. 5927:Modern Standard Arabic 5909:morphosyntax, loss of 5905:, a shift toward more 5895:morphological markings 5870: 5809:Modern Standard Arabic 5805:continuum of varieties 5580:, and in parts of the 5331:, and in southeastern 5269:mutual intelligibility 4618:North African dialects 4613: 4542: 4321:Sudanese Creole Arabic 4067: 4056: 4046: 4032: 3747: 3586: 3501:Arabic–English Lexicon 3358: 3234:Middle Eastern studies 3202:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 3192: 3109: 3014: 2801: 2671: 2635:Modern Standard Arabic 2553: 2298:early Muslim conquests 2260:(776–868) proposed to 2183:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali 1905:of the feminine ending 1692:written in ASCII Latin 1671:Bloomberg Businessweek 1439:al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā 1430:Modern Standard Arabic 1364:[alʕaraˈbijːa] 1317:This article contains 304:Modern Standard Arabic 200:Modern Standard Arabic 149:[alʕaraˈbijːa] 17033:Languages of Djibouti 17018:Languages of Cameroon 16156:Christian Palestinian 15877:Ancient North Arabian 15085:Poem of Sidi Boushaki 15054:Arabic language books 14786:Quranic Arabic Corpus 13493:Ancient North Arabian 13012:Holes, Clive (2004). 12996:The Semitic languages 12857:10.4324/9780429025563 12849:The Semitic Languages 12799:– via Academia. 12371:Arabic, Tajiki Spoken 11837:blogs.transparent.com 11329:14 April 2016 at the 11203:14 April 2016 at the 11173:14 April 2016 at the 11146:13 April 2016 at the 11112:14 April 2016 at the 11082:14 April 2016 at the 11056:14 April 2016 at the 10981:(4). Routledge: 508. 10462:Okerson, Ann (2009). 9724:. Brill. p. 13. 8636:The Beirut newspaper 7544: 7210:'the masses', pl. of 6469:Further information: 5868: 5379:Baghdad Jewish Arabic 5123:Judeo-Algerian Arabic 5081:. The others such as 4800:Loss of the feminine 4583: 4179: 3698: 3573: 3538:historical dictionary 3356: 3216:As a foreign language 3166: 3103: 3048:and written with the 3004: 2944:'republic', based on 2901:'death' put into the 2795: 2666: 2629:Further information: 2500:industrial revolution 2071:Ancient North Arabian 1983:Ancient South Arabian 1803:hypothetical ancestor 1710:Further information: 1698:with no standardized 1525:languages, including 658:(unrecognized state) 17163:Languages of Tunisia 17143:Languages of Somalia 17128:Languages of Senegal 17098:Languages of Morocco 17078:Languages of Lebanon 17038:Languages of Eritrea 17013:Languages of Bahrain 17008:Languages of Algeria 16254:Koy Sanjaq Christian 15942:Pre-classical Arabic 14737:Sun and moon letters 13897:Pre-classical Arabic 13280:Vocabolario di arabo 13088:Speech Communication 13035:, London: Allen Lane 12978:A new Arabic grammar 12953:on 27 September 2007 12443:Endangered Languages 11090:Congressional Record 10956:"Chapter 13 Maltese" 10545:"Language Academies" 10518:الشيال, جمال الدين. 10239:. 15 December 2016. 8687:Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid 8543:, may be written as 8516:Arabic Chat Alphabet 8465:symbol ( ′ ); e.g., 7260:Present Subjunctive 7223:Colloquial varieties 7194:-specific variation 7084:The feminine suffix 7053:'desk, office' < 6358:Nouns and adjectives 5742:Central Asian Arabic 5554:, spoken in Central 5542:, distinct from the 5337:Mediterranean Region 5169:, and south-western 5157:, some parts of the 4973:spoken primarily in 4453:Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic 4100:), "prayer leader". 4044:, "but", or Spanish 3709:as an example, from 3646:Foundations of Islam 3536:sought to publish a 3443:gives 11,978 roots. 3114:varieties of Chinese 2931:'to gather, unite'; 2422:of Arabic, in 1290. 2088:, an epitaph of the 1842:G-passive participle 1833:to Classical Arabic 1732:) into a past tense. 1215:Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic 630:United Arab Emirates 280:Pre-classical Arabic 17138:Languages of Sicily 17073:Languages of Kuwait 17063:Languages of Jordan 17048:Languages of Israel 16098:Ashurian and Hatran 14591:Judeo-Tripolitanian 14070:Judeo-Tripolitanian 13348:Wehr, Hans (1952), 13305:The Arabic Language 13301:Versteegh, C. H. M. 13278:Traini, R. (1961), 13127:on 10 December 2013 13033:For Lust of Knowing 11373:Quesada, Thomas C. 11049:Janet C.E. Watson, 10338:Retsö, Jan (1989). 10204:. Brill Reference. 10047:. Brill Reference. 9638:on 7 September 2019 9523:The Arabic Language 8871:Varieties of Arabic 8710: 7695: 7263:Present Indicative 7250: 7229:Varieties of Arabic 6714: 6350:'library, bookshop' 6033:From a single root 5560:Sultanate of Muscat 5421:. This is a mix of 5373:Mesopotamian Arabic 5279:Mesopotamian Arabic 4901:(relative pronoun). 4679:Charles A. Ferguson 4365:Mesopotamian Arabic 4172:Varieties of Arabic 4119:were borrowed from 3699:Evolution of early 3585:, 9th–10th century) 3485:Edward William Lane 2710:post-industrial era 2639:Varieties of Arabic 2498:In the wake of the 2338:—Arabic written in 2262:Al-Akhfash al-Akbar 1813:negative particles 1475:liturgical language 1426:varieties of Arabic 719:Recognised minority 430:Said Akl's alphabet 120:in written Arabic ( 17168:Languages of Yemen 17153:Languages of Syria 17148:Languages of Sudan 17118:Languages of Qatar 17103:Languages of Niger 17083:Languages of Libya 17003:Fusional languages 16719:Harari–East Gurage 16170:Jewish Palestinian 14964:MacArabic encoding 13163:, Goodword Books, 13161:Introducing Arabic 12912:Language in Africa 12653:Design and Culture 10815:"linteau de porte" 10005:Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 9990:Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 9918:Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 9892:. pp. 16–17. 9492:"Maltese language" 9115:on 24 October 2011 9048:The World Factbook 8705: 8474:personal computers 8424:Bahá'í orthography 7693: 7644:Arabic calligraphy 7550: 7546:Arabic calligraphy 7240: 7032:denominative verbs 6709: 6675:, not part of the 6650:derived verb stems 5871: 5227:relationship with 5105:and north-eastern 4995:Palestinian Arabic 4614: 4607:Dalālatu‿l-ḥāʾirīn 4543: 3748: 3587: 3549:Al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr 3448:pre-Islamic poetry 3371: 8th century 3359: 3193: 3110: 3015: 3007:Namara inscription 2892:', using the root 2802: 2680:Pre-Islamic Arabia 2672: 2555:Académie française 2522:and publications. 2156:spoken vernaculars 2086:Namara inscription 1880:a subjunctive in - 1739:-tense formation ( 1491:European languages 1405:[ʕaraˈbij] 1391:[ˈʕarabiː] 1135:Qeltu Iraqi Arabic 1035:Gelet Iraqi Arabic 434:Hassaniya alphabet 135:[ˈʕarabiː] 17108:Languages of Oman 17088:Languages of Mali 17058:Languages of Iraq 17053:Languages of Iran 17023:Languages of Chad 16975: 16974: 16946: 16945: 16942: 16941: 16873: 16872: 16869: 16868: 16865: 16864: 16762: 16761: 16572: 16571: 16568: 16567: 16410: 16409: 16385: 16384: 16341: 16340: 16313:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 16105:Jewish Babylonian 16026: 16025: 15759:Semitic languages 15725: 15724: 15440: 15439: 15155:world's languages 15117: 15116: 15020: 15019: 14995:extinct languages 14934:MS-DOS codepages 14699: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14378: 14377: 14296: 14295: 14194: 14193: 13890:Old Hijazi Arabic 13379:978-1-57958-348-4 13361:978-3-447-01998-9 13341:978-0-19-824137-9 13314:978-0-7486-4528-2 13270:978-0-521-63751-0 13253:978-0-19-974701-6 13239:Suileman, Yasir. 13221:978-81-206-0855-9 13197:978-1-108-41730-3 13170:978-81-7898-211-3 13152:978-88-430-4394-1 13136:, Leuven: Peeters 13134:Semitic Languages 13120:978-81-206-0107-9 13051:978-1-85359-726-8 13023:978-1-58901-022-2 13005:978-0-415-05767-7 12987:978-0-85331-585-8 12969:978-90-04-03589-8 12962:, Brill Archive, 12946:978-973-737-249-9 12923:978-0-677-04380-7 12901:978-88-203-4552-5 12866:978-0-415-73195-9 12845:Huehnergard, John 12836:978-0-87840-386-8 12734:Shrivtiel, p. 189 12720:Shrivtiel, p. 188 12627:"Hassan Massoudy" 12615:on 11 April 2019. 12470:(in Indonesian). 12379:(25th ed., 2022) 12307:(25th ed., 2022) 12278:Isserlin (1986). 12169:978-1-57506-109-2 12135:978-1-57506-109-2 12072:978-0-415-02243-9 12022:(25th ed., 2022) 11997:(25th ed., 2022) 11972:(25th ed., 2022) 11780:978-3-96110-252-5 11704:www.aljazeera.net 11300:978-0-231-51940-3 11273:978-1-59829-795-9 11240:978-1-58901-022-2 11213:978-0-8014-6630-4 11183:978-0-313-33659-1 11156:978-1-134-10392-8 11126:978-0-944190-05-0 11066:978-0-19-160775-2 10641:978-3-11-040836-2 10592:978-92-3-600090-9 10426:978-0-19-007406-7 10388:978-0-691-16628-5 10351:978-90-04-08818-4 10312:978-90-04-27401-3 10275:978-0-226-45763-5 10173:978-0-203-27565-8 10109:978-0-415-32639-1 9774:978-90-04-28982-6 9739:978-90-04-34304-7 8999:(27th ed., 2024) 8974:(27th ed., 2024) 8836:Glossary of Islam 8814:Arabic literature 8754: 8753: 8494:instant messaging 8364: 8363: 7524: 7523: 7409: 7379: 7344: 7312: 7028: 7027: 6635:Semitic languages 6238:'it was dictated' 5881:grammar of Arabic 5774:Indonesian Arabic 5582:Arabian Peninsula 5516:. Also spoken in 5482:and southern far 5415:Khuzestani Arabic 5289:and southwestern 5245:Romance languages 5237:Semitic languages 5193:), was spoken in 5177:Andalusian Arabic 4989:Kingdom of Jordan 4634:Romance languages 4558:Arabian peninsula 4554:literary language 4546:Colloquial Arabic 4090:), "prayer", and 3992:, "prayer", from 3873:Romance languages 3629:(distiller) from 3599:Iranian languages 3441:Murtada az-Zabidi 3373:), attributed to 3238:religious studies 3230:foreign languages 3146:Romance languages 2843:loan translations 2793: 2729:Romance languages 2684:Abbasid Caliphate 2609:of the sciences, 2528:Madrasat al-Alsun 2524:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 2473:and the Maghreb. 2399:200 years prior. 2374:Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ 2368:Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab 1971:Arabian Peninsula 1896:leveling of the - 1797:languages of the 1343: 1342: 1325:rendering support 1321:phonetic symbols. 946:Individual codes: 776:Regulated by 260:Proto-Afroasiatic 80: 79: 17195: 16771: 16770: 16695: 16694: 16686: 16685: 16646: 16645: 16637: 16636: 16583: 16582: 16451:northern dialect 16229: 16228: 16218: 16217: 16071:Biblical Aramaic 16064:Imperial Aramaic 16046: 16045: 16037: 16036: 15935:Nabataean Arabic 15852: 15851: 15843: 15842: 15818:Canaano-Akkadian 15752: 15745: 15738: 15729: 15728: 15615:Standard Chinese 15166: 15165: 15144: 15137: 15130: 15121: 15120: 15047: 15040: 15033: 15024: 15023: 15010: 15009: 14758: 14307: 14306: 14231: 14230: 14167:Western Algerian 14114:Eastern Algerian 14110:Algerian Saharan 14040:(Lesser Kabylia) 13943: 13942: 13934: 13933: 13876:Nabataean Arabic 13858: 13857: 13843: 13834: 13825: 13816: 13807: 13798: 13789: 13780: 13771: 13762: 13753: 13745: 13735: 13727: 13717: 13708: 13699: 13690: 13681: 13673: 13663: 13655: 13645: 13636: 13628: 13618: 13609: 13600: 13580:Maltese alphabet 13543: 13523:Algerian Braille 13513:Eastern numerals 13483:Nabataean script 13416: 13409: 13402: 13393: 13392: 13382: 13364: 13344: 13326: 13296: 13287: 13274: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13201: 13182: 13173: 13155: 13137: 13128: 13123:, archived from 13103: 13082: 13054: 13036: 13027: 13008: 12990: 12972: 12954: 12949:, archived from 12926: 12915: 12904: 12886: 12839: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12767: 12766: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12741: 12735: 12732: 12721: 12718: 12705: 12704: 12696: 12677: 12676: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12623: 12617: 12616: 12611:. Archived from 12592: 12586: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12545: 12539: 12536: 12530: 12524: 12518: 12512: 12506: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12483: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12393: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12368: 12362: 12361: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12296: 12290: 12276: 12270: 12269: 12264: 12262: 12247: 12241: 12240: 12235: 12233: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12205: 12203: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12095:. MED Magazine. 12086: 12080: 12079: 12056: 12050: 12039: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12011: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11989:Levantine Arabic 11986: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11829: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11803: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11772: 11762: 11751: 11742: 11735: 11729: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11567: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11432: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11339: 11333: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11281: 11275: 11250:Nizar Y. Habash, 11248: 11242: 11221: 11215: 11191: 11185: 11164: 11158: 11134: 11128: 11103: 11097: 11074: 11068: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11015: 11009: 11008: 10998: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10912: 10902: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10811: 10805: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10768: 10759: 10758: 10748: 10738: 10714: 10705: 10704: 10686: 10677:(240): 779–804. 10666: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10576: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10459: 10453: 10452: 10446: 10438: 10410: 10401: 10400: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10296: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10229: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10193: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10148: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9915: 9904: 9903: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9862: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9833: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9696: 9693: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9670:on 29 March 2015 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9634:. Archived from 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9462: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9429: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9397: 9366: 9348: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9270: 9263: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9233:. Archived from 9227: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9139: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9101: 9095: 9083: 9077: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9013: 9007: 9006: 9005: 8991:Arabic, Standard 8988: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8963: 8938: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8898: 8799:Arabic diglossia 8787: 8782: 8781: 8773: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8747: 8739: 8738: 8726:transliteration 8711: 8704: 8614:Classical Hebrew 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8393: 8392: 8336: 8328: 8327: 8315: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8286: 8285: 8258: 8252: 8244: 8243: 8219: 8211: 8210: 8186: 8178: 8177: 8153: 8145: 8144: 8120: 8112: 8111: 8081: 8073: 8072: 8036: 8028: 8027: 8003: 7995: 7994: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7944: 7943: 7913: 7905: 7904: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7864: 7838: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7811: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7766: 7765: 7696: 7692: 7663:of the Quran, a 7562:Cyrillic scripts 7407: 7377: 7342: 7310: 7251: 7239: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7140: 7102: 7094: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7051: 7020: 7008: 6991: 6979: 6962: 6950: 6937:'he subscribes' 6933: 6921: 6904: 6892: 6873: 6859: 6842: 6830: 6813: 6801: 6784: 6772: 6755: 6743: 6715: 6712:Classical Arabic 6708: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6623: 6616: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6434: 6416: 6400: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6224:'it was written' 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6030:is always used. 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5969: 5963:'I Xed' to form 5961: 5953: 5941:nonconcatenative 5911:grammatical mood 5899:grammatical case 5892: 5891: 5813:standard variety 5795:Arabic phonology 5718:, some parts of 5500:, some parts of 5435:Khorasani Arabic 5335:(in the eastern 5317:Hamrin Mountains 5301:(in the eastern 5233:Classical Arabic 5211:, spoken on the 5203:Maltese language 5147:Hassaniya Arabic 5057:via the extinct 5013:Samaritan Arabic 4999:Levantine Arabic 4985:Levantine Arabic 4981:Jordanian Arabic 4971:Levantine Arabic 4933:Levantine Arabic 4911: 4907: 4899: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4844: 4836: 4821: 4813: 4791: 4783: 4753: 4745: 4717:'the'; feminine 4605: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4527: 4516: 4505: 4494: 4483: 4472: 4461: 4450: 4439: 4428: 4417: 4406: 4395: 4384: 4373: 4362: 4351: 4343:Levantine Arabic 4340: 4329: 4318: 4307: 4296: 4285: 4274: 4263: 4252: 4241: 4230: 4219: 4208: 4197: 4166:Spoken varieties 4139: 4138: 4127:entered through 4111:entered through 4095: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4070: 4059: 4049: 4035: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3740: 3732: 3719: 3497: 3470: 3469: 3460: 3422: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3372: 3369: 3349: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3318: 3317: 3301: 3300: 3246:language schools 3169:Kingdom of Hejaz 3060:Status and usage 3029:Hassaniya Arabic 3011:Nabataean script 2981: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2794: 2768:Standard Chinese 2746: 2740: 2739: 2654:Classical Arabic 2631:Classical Arabic 2589: 2563:(1919), then in 2558: 2547: 2546: 2539:'automobile' or 2538: 2537: 2446:among Arabs and 2431:Charles Ferguson 2417: 2416: 2384: 2296:. Following the 2247: 2246: 2228: 2227: 2215: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2191: 2188: 2172:Classical Arabic 2131:Classical Arabic 2125:Classical Arabic 2119:Classical Arabic 2116: 2115: 2095: 2094: 2082:En Avdat, Israel 2054: 2053: 2008: 2007: 1932: 1923: 1916:and subordinator 1911: 1900: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1762:for indicative, 1757: 1676:Mandarin Chinese 1461: 1460: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1434:Classical Arabic 1407: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1353: 1352: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1285: 1276: 1262: 1242: 1232: 1222: 1212: 1202: 1192: 1182: 1172: 1162: 1152: 1142: 1132: 1122: 1112: 1102: 1092: 1085:Levantine Arabic 1082: 1072: 1065:Hassaniya Arabic 1062: 1052: 1042: 1032: 1022: 1012: 1002: 992: 982: 972: 962: 952: 944:– inclusive code 943: 936: 927: 926: 918: 909: 908: 900: 721:language in 487: 438:Maltese alphabet 406: 379: 371: 363: 212: 159: 158: 157: 151: 145: 144: 143: 137: 118: 111: 101: 94: 93: 82: 81: 75: 72: 66: 47: 46: 39: 17203: 17202: 17198: 17197: 17196: 17194: 17193: 17192: 16988:Arabic language 16978: 16977: 16976: 16971: 16938: 16861: 16792: 16758: 16714: 16698:Amharic–Argobba 16690: 16677: 16628: 16589: 16564: 16502: 16406: 16381: 16337: 16286: 16282:Urmia Christian 16223: 16212: 16205: 16120: 16083: 16022: 15982:Egyptian Arabic 15968: 15964:Modern Standard 15947: 15832: 15794: 15761: 15756: 15726: 15721: 15690: 15669: 15653: 15637: 15621: 15593: 15555: 15539: 15508: 15482: 15466: 15436: 15415: 15389: 15323: 15302: 15246: 15225: 15157: 15148: 15118: 15113: 15104: 15080:Nahj al-Balagha 15056: 15051: 15021: 15016: 14982: 14968: 14915:Arabic keyboard 14903: 14798: 14790: 14775:Mater lectionis 14769:Triliteral root 14720: 14691: 14632: 14624: 14542: 14524: 14485: 14374: 14338: 14292: 14269: 14220: 14190: 14081: 14061:Judeo-Maghrebi 13929: 13923: 13919:Modern Standard 13902: 13847: 13584: 13528:Maltese Braille 13508:Arabic numerals 13469: 13426: 13420: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13362: 13342: 13315: 13271: 13231: 13229: 13222: 13198: 13171: 13153: 13143:La Lingua Araba 13121: 13052: 13024: 13006: 12988: 12970: 12947: 12931:Grigore, George 12924: 12902: 12867: 12837: 12816: 12814: 12803: 12794: 12792: 12776: 12771: 12770: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12743: 12742: 12738: 12733: 12724: 12719: 12708: 12697: 12680: 12649: 12645: 12635: 12633: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12609: 12593: 12589: 12581: 12577: 12546: 12542: 12537: 12533: 12525: 12521: 12513: 12509: 12501: 12497: 12460: 12456: 12447: 12445: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12395: 12394: 12390: 12380: 12369: 12365: 12342:10.2307/3217756 12322: 12318: 12308: 12297: 12293: 12277: 12273: 12260: 12258: 12249: 12248: 12244: 12231: 12229: 12220: 12219: 12215: 12201: 12199: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12170: 12154: 12150: 12136: 12120: 12116: 12102: 12100: 12087: 12083: 12073: 12057: 12053: 12040: 12033: 12023: 12012: 12008: 11998: 11987: 11983: 11973: 11962: 11958: 11928: 11924: 11914: 11912: 11904: 11903: 11899: 11893:Gregersen (1977 11891: 11887: 11877: 11875: 11860: 11856: 11846: 11844: 11831: 11830: 11826: 11816: 11814: 11804: 11800: 11790: 11788: 11781: 11760: 11752: 11745: 11736: 11732: 11723: 11719: 11709: 11707: 11696: 11692: 11649: 11645: 11635: 11633: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11568: 11564: 11554: 11552: 11543: 11542: 11538: 11525:. Brill. 2020. 11515: 11514: 11510: 11459: 11455: 11442:. Brill. 2020. 11434: 11433: 11418: 11408: 11406: 11401: 11400: 11396: 11386: 11384: 11376:Arabic Keyboard 11371: 11367: 11357: 11355: 11348:Learn Religions 11340: 11336: 11331:Wayback Machine 11321: 11317: 11309: 11305: 11292:Wayback Machine 11282: 11278: 11261:Wayback Machine 11249: 11245: 11232:Wayback Machine 11222: 11218: 11205:Wayback Machine 11192: 11188: 11175:Wayback Machine 11165: 11161: 11148:Wayback Machine 11135: 11131: 11114:Wayback Machine 11104: 11100: 11084:Wayback Machine 11075: 11071: 11058:Wayback Machine 11048: 11044: 11029: 11017: 11016: 11012: 10971: 10967: 10952: 10948: 10938: 10936: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10910: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10881: 10879: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10857: 10855: 10842: 10838: 10828: 10826: 10819:Musée du Louvre 10813: 10812: 10808: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10769: 10762: 10715: 10708: 10667: 10663: 10654: 10652: 10642: 10616: 10612: 10602: 10600: 10593: 10577: 10568: 10558: 10556: 10541: 10537: 10516: 10512: 10491: 10487: 10477: 10475: 10460: 10456: 10440: 10439: 10427: 10411: 10404: 10389: 10375: 10371: 10361: 10359: 10352: 10336: 10332: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10231: 10230: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10194: 10187: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10150: 10149: 10142: 10132: 10130: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10094: 10090: 10080: 10078: 10076:www.almaany.com 10070:Team, Almaany. 10068: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10041:"Middle Arabic" 10037: 10033: 10018: 10014: 10003: 9999: 9988: 9984: 9957: 9953: 9943: 9941: 9934: 9916: 9907: 9900: 9882: 9878: 9863: 9859: 9851: 9847: 9810: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9784: 9782: 9775: 9759: 9755: 9740: 9718: 9714: 9708:Al-Jallad 2020a 9706: 9699: 9694: 9683: 9673: 9671: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9641: 9639: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9601: 9600: 9596: 9586: 9584: 9574: 9570: 9547: 9543: 9533: 9519: 9515: 9505: 9503: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9475: 9473: 9463: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9431: 9430: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9326: 9324: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9274: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9240: 9238: 9229: 9228: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9084: 9080: 9066: 9062: 9053: 9051: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9014: 9010: 9000: 8989: 8985: 8975: 8964: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8921: 8919:Further reading 8916: 8915: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8794:Arabic Ontology 8785:Language portal 8783: 8776: 8769: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8740: 8703: 8670: 8642:Louis Massignon 8634: 8622: 8553: 8534: 8520: 8505: 8372:transliteration 8329: 8287: 8245: 8212: 8179: 8146: 8113: 8096: 8074: 8029: 7996: 7945: 7906: 7895:y; i/ee; ei/ai 7866: 7825: 7767: 7691: 7685: 7673:Hassan Massoudy 7646: 7640: 7539: 7533:Arabic alphabet 7531:Main articles: 7529: 7527:Writing system 7243:Egyptian Arabic 7231: 7225: 7069:'kitchen' < 6995:'he turns red' 6983:'he turned red' 6925:'he subscribed' 6694:'write' (using 6631: 6473: 6467: 6360: 5939:. Arabic has a 5929: 5923: 5921:Literary Arabic 5877: 5863: 5847:phonemic splits 5797: 5791: 5760:Shirvani Arabic 5610:, and southern 5574:Hadhrami Arabic 5462:Sudanese Arabic 5343:, and southern 5261:Tunisian Arabic 5229:Standard Arabic 5213:island of Malta 5191:Sicilian Arabic 5137:Moroccan Arabic 5113:Algerian Arabic 5099:Tunisian Arabic 5083:Algerian Arabic 5079:Moroccan Arabic 5063:Maghrebi Arabic 5059:Sicilian Arabic 5035:Maghrebi Arabic 4963:Lebanese Arabic 4923:Egyptian Arabic 4919: 4893:'which thing'; 4789:kham(a)s tiyyām 4775:cardinal number 4723:construct state 4675: 4622:Moroccan Arabic 4541: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4310:Sudanese Arabic 4305: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4266:Egyptian Arabic 4261: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4244:Tunisian Arabic 4239: 4235: 4233:Algerian Arabic 4228: 4224: 4217: 4213: 4211:Moroccan Arabic 4206: 4202: 4195: 4174: 4168: 3756: 3637:(climate) from 3568: 3530: 3512:, compiled the 3498:, compiled the 3491: 3481: 3450: 3381:to include all 3370: 3327: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3218: 3198: 3173:Pan-Arab colors 3154:Moroccan Arabic 3067: 3062: 2778: 2721:Classical Latin 2682:to that of the 2658:Arabic dialects 2647: 2641: 2627: 2583: 2514:established by 2489:James L. Gelvin 2479: 2428: 2378: 2364:Kitāb Al-Munṣif 2357:, a pioneer in 2348: 2321:House of Wisdom 2314:Classical Greek 2308:. In the early 2290: 2189: 2180: 2178:Standardization 2133: 2127: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1893:-demonstratives 1774:for energetic). 1714: 1708: 1680:Arabic alphabet 1535:Ottoman Turkish 1395: 1394: 1368: 1367: 1351:اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ 1323:Without proper 1311: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1272: 1258: 1238: 1237: 1235:Tunisian Arabic 1228: 1227: 1218: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1205:Sudanese Arabic 1198: 1197: 1195:Standard Arabic 1188: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1158: 1157: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1128: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1108: 1107: 1105:Moroccan Arabic 1098: 1097: 1088: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1057: 1055:Hadhrami Arabic 1048: 1047: 1038: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1025:Egyptian Arabic 1018: 1017: 1008: 1007: 998: 997: 988: 987: 978: 977: 968: 967: 965:Andalusi Arabic 958: 957: 955:Algerian Arabic 948: 947: 945: 939: 932: 922: 921: 914: 904: 903: 896: 886: 785: 784: 770: 769: 731: 730: 722: 720: 713: 700: 699: 692: 669: 668: 661: 516: 515: 506: 499:Official status 488: 483: 477: 458:Syriac alphabet 450:(in Israel for 448:Hebrew alphabet 418: 417: 411:Arabic alphabet 407: 402: 308: 297: 290: 255: 248: 233:Central Semitic 213: 210:Language family 208: 193: 153: 152: 146: 139: 138: 125: 95: 92:اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ 76: 70: 67: 61: 48: 44: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17201: 17191: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17173:Lingua francas 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16969: 16962: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16943: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16936: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16903: 16896: 16889: 16883: 16881: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16870: 16867: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16859: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16855: 16852: 16849: 16846: 16843: 16833: 16828: 16827: 16826: 16813: 16808: 16800: 16798: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16790: 16785: 16777: 16775: 16768: 16764: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16736: 16722: 16720: 16716: 16715: 16713: 16712: 16707: 16701: 16699: 16692: 16683: 16679: 16678: 16676: 16675: 16670: 16669: 16668: 16663: 16652: 16650: 16643: 16634: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16595: 16593: 16580: 16574: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16533: 16532: 16525: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16499: 16498: 16484: 16477: 16476: 16475: 16470: 16463: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16435: 16428: 16420: 16418: 16412: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16404: 16399: 16393: 16391: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16368: 16367: 16362: 16349: 16347: 16343: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16294: 16292: 16288: 16287: 16285: 16284: 16279: 16278: 16277: 16274: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16235: 16233: 16226: 16215: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16189: 16182: 16181: 16180: 16173: 16166: 16159: 16147: 16140: 16132: 16130: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16101: 16093: 16091: 16085: 16084: 16082: 16081: 16078:Middle Aramaic 16074: 16067: 16060: 16052: 16050: 16043: 16034: 16028: 16027: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16009: 16008: 16007: 16006: 15989: 15984: 15978: 15976: 15974:Dialect groups 15970: 15969: 15967: 15966: 15961: 15955: 15953: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15930: 15929: 15922: 15915: 15908: 15901: 15894: 15887: 15873: 15866: 15858: 15856: 15849: 15840: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15830: 15823: 15822: 15821: 15806: 15804: 15796: 15795: 15793: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15785: 15775: 15769: 15767: 15763: 15762: 15755: 15754: 15747: 15740: 15732: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15698: 15696: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15688: 15683: 15677: 15675: 15671: 15670: 15668: 15667: 15661: 15659: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15651: 15645: 15643: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15635: 15629: 15627: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15617: 15612: 15601: 15599: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15575: 15574: 15563: 15561: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15553: 15547: 15545: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15516: 15514: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15490: 15488: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15480: 15474: 15472: 15471:Other European 15468: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15423: 15421: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15397: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15316: 15310: 15308: 15304: 15303: 15301: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15260: 15254: 15252: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15227: 15226: 15224: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15172: 15170: 15163: 15159: 15158: 15147: 15146: 15139: 15132: 15124: 15115: 15114: 15111:Arabic grammar 15109: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15070:Al-Ajurrumiyya 15066: 15064: 15058: 15057: 15050: 15049: 15042: 15035: 15027: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15004: 14997: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14981: 14980: 14976: 14974: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14966: 14961: 14960: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14946: 14943: 14940: 14932: 14927: 14925:ISO/IEC 8859-6 14922: 14917: 14911: 14909: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14859:Naskh (script) 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14805: 14803: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14751: 14750: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14728: 14726: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14707: 14705: 14701: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14693: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14639: 14637: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14617: 14614: 14611: 14603: 14602: 14601: 14596:Judeo-Tunisian 14593: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14583: 14578:Judeo-Moroccan 14575: 14574: 14573: 14563: 14561:Judeo-Egyptian 14558: 14556:Judeo-Algerian 14552: 14550: 14544: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14538:Bedouin Arabic 14534: 14532: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14508: 14505: 14502: 14493: 14491: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14430: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14388: 14386: 14380: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14360: 14355: 14349: 14347: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14315: 14313: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14290: 14285: 14279: 14277: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14260: 14250: 14245: 14239: 14237: 14228: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14202: 14200: 14196: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14157: 14150:Moroccan koiné 14147: 14146: 14145: 14135: 14127: 14126: 14125: 14123:Tunisian koiné 14119:Eastern Hilal 14117: 14116: 14115: 14112: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14103:Judeo-Algerian 14098:Algerian koiné 14094:Central Hilal 14091: 14089: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14077: 14075:Judeo-Tunisian 14072: 14067: 14065:Judeo-Moroccan 14059: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14035: 14030: 14018: 14017: 14016: 14005: 14004: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13959: 13951: 13949: 13940: 13931: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13916: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13903: 13901: 13900: 13893: 13886: 13879: 13872: 13864: 13862: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13836: 13827: 13818: 13809: 13800: 13791: 13782: 13773: 13764: 13755: 13746: 13737: 13728: 13719: 13710: 13701: 13692: 13683: 13674: 13665: 13656: 13647: 13638: 13629: 13620: 13611: 13602: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13582: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13518:Arabic Braille 13515: 13510: 13505: 13504: 13503: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13479: 13477: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13440: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13419: 13418: 13411: 13404: 13396: 13389: 13388:External links 13386: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13365: 13360: 13345: 13340: 13327: 13313: 13297: 13295:, Rome: I.P.O. 13288: 13275: 13269: 13256: 13237: 13220: 13202: 13196: 13183: 13181:(2nd ed.) 13174: 13169: 13156: 13151: 13138: 13129: 13119: 13104: 13083: 13072:10.2307/604273 13066:(3): 572–574, 13055: 13050: 13037: 13028: 13022: 13009: 13004: 12991: 12986: 12973: 12968: 12955: 12945: 12927: 12922: 12905: 12900: 12887: 12865: 12840: 12835: 12822: 12801: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12763:United Nations 12750: 12736: 12722: 12706: 12678: 12659:(3): 289–306. 12643: 12618: 12607: 12587: 12575: 12550:Ars Orientalis 12540: 12531: 12519: 12507: 12495: 12454: 12430: 12417: 12388: 12363: 12336:(3): 641–646. 12316: 12291: 12271: 12242: 12213: 12183: 12168: 12162:. Eisenbrown. 12148: 12134: 12128:. Eisenbrown. 12114: 12081: 12071: 12051: 12031: 12006: 11981: 11956: 11944:10.2307/410601 11938:(4): 616–630, 11922: 11897: 11885: 11868:Britannica.com 11854: 11824: 11798: 11779: 11743: 11730: 11717: 11690: 11669:10.1086/371525 11663:(2): 157–159. 11643: 11617: 11582:(2): 351–353. 11562: 11551:. 7 April 2018 11536: 11508: 11453: 11416: 11394: 11365: 11334: 11315: 11313:, p. 107. 11311:Versteegh 2014 11303: 11283:Bernard Bate, 11276: 11265:San Rafael, CA 11243: 11216: 11186: 11159: 11129: 11105:Shalom Staub, 11098: 11069: 11042: 11027: 11010: 10965: 10946: 10921: 10907:. 22 July 2023 10889: 10864: 10836: 10806: 10797: 10788: 10776: 10760: 10706: 10661: 10640: 10610: 10591: 10566: 10535: 10510: 10485: 10454: 10425: 10402: 10387: 10369: 10350: 10330: 10328:, p. 299. 10326:Versteegh 2014 10318: 10311: 10291: 10281: 10274: 10254: 10219: 10185: 10172: 10140: 10115: 10108: 10088: 10062: 10031: 10012: 9997: 9982: 9971:(3): 445–465. 9951: 9932: 9905: 9898: 9876: 9857: 9855:, p. 172. 9853:Versteegh 2014 9845: 9804: 9802:, p. 368. 9800:Birnstiel 2019 9792: 9773: 9753: 9738: 9712: 9697: 9681: 9663:Bloomberg News 9649: 9619: 9594: 9568: 9541: 9531: 9513: 9483: 9454: 9421: 9409: 9357:(2): 117–145. 9334: 9308: 9282: 9248: 9237:on 18 May 2015 9219: 9209: 9183: 9158: 9126: 9096: 9078: 9060: 9035: 9008: 8983: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8903: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8774: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8741: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8721: 8702: 8699: 8669: 8666: 8633: 8630: 8621: 8618: 8610:vierundzwanzig 8552: 8549: 8478:World Wide Web 8362: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8246: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7946: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7867: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7834: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7807: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7687:Main article: 7684: 7681: 7642:Main article: 7639: 7636: 7603:, and notably 7537:Arabic Braille 7528: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7227:Main article: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7120: 7105: 7039:English gerund 7026: 7025: 7022: 7013: 7010: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6984: 6981: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6955: 6952: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6926: 6923: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6897: 6894: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6866: 6861: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6846:'he dictates' 6844: 6835: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6806: 6803: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6777: 6774: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6748: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6630: 6627: 6466: 6463: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6337: 6336:'desk, office' 6323: 6309: 6295: 6281: 6267: 6253: 6239: 6225: 6211: 6197: 6183: 6169: 6155: 6141: 6127: 6113: 6112:'I subscribed' 6099: 6085: 6071: 6057: 5925:Main article: 5922: 5919: 5875:Arabic grammar 5873:Main article: 5862: 5859: 5835:pharyngealized 5811:(MSA), is the 5793:Main article: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5771: 5757: 5739: 5708:Chadian Arabic 5705: 5691: 5668:Baharna Arabic 5665: 5650:Saharan Arabic 5647: 5633: 5619: 5601: 5590:Southeast Asia 5571: 5548:Eastern Arabia 5537: 5487: 5473: 5459: 5445:Kuwaiti Arabic 5442: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5412: 5390: 5376: 5365:Baghdad Arabic 5362: 5348: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5184: 5174: 5155:Western Sahara 5144: 5134: 5125:was spoken by 5120: 5110: 5096: 5032: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5010: 4992: 4978: 4930: 4918: 4917:Dialect groups 4915: 4914: 4913: 4902: 4847: 4824: 4805: 4804:(comparative). 4798: 4785:'five days' → 4777:system, e.g., 4771: 4756: 4737: 4726: 4695: 4674: 4671: 4611:Hebrew letters 4603:دلالة الحائرين 4597:דלאלת אלחאירין 4540: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4500: 4497:Cypriot Arabic 4491: 4489: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4467: 4464:Hadrami Arabic 4458: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4442:Sanaani Arabic 4436: 4434: 4431:Dhofari Arabic 4425: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4387:Baharna Arabic 4381: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4302: 4299:Chadian Arabic 4293: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4191: 4170:Main article: 4167: 4164: 4076:), along with 3755: 3752: 3724:Abu al-Aswad's 3693: 3692: 3687:in French and 3674: 3664: 3603:Middle Persian 3567: 3564: 3529: 3526: 3480: 3477: 3463:laḥnu‿l-ʿāmmah 3426:Lisān al-ʿArab 3389:—later called 3285: 3282: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3217: 3214: 3209:Yasir Suleiman 3197: 3194: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3037:Cypriot Arabic 3009:, a sample of 2838:'democracy'). 2776: 2775: 2771: 2760: 2757:energetic mood 2697:Lisān al-ʻArab 2626: 2623: 2615:world language 2611:creating terms 2548:'steamship'). 2478: 2475: 2427: 2424: 2409:Lisān al-ʿArab 2347: 2344: 2310:Abbasid period 2302:Middle Persian 2289: 2286: 2217:nuqaṭu‿l-i'jām 2194:Arabic grammar 2179: 2176: 2129:Main article: 2126: 2123: 2020:, Thamudic D, 1975:ancient Greece 1963:Main article: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1917: 1914:complementizer 1906: 1894: 1886: 1878: 1843: 1837: 1799:northern Hejaz 1779: 1778: 1775: 1744: 1733: 1707: 1706:Classification 1704: 1519:Latin alphabet 1465:Arabic is the 1341: 1340: 1327:, you may see 1313: 1312: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1165:Sanʽani Arabic 1145:Saharan Arabic 1015:Dhofari Arabic 1005:Cypriot Arabic 995:Chadian Arabic 975:Bahrani Arabic 937: 929: 928: 919: 911: 910: 901: 893: 892: 891:Language codes 888: 887: 885: 884: 883: 882: 873: 863: 857: 851: 845: 839: 833: 824: 815: 806: 797: 782: 781: 780: 778: 772: 771: 768: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 728: 727: 726: 725: 723: 718: 715: 714: 712: 711: 706: 695: 694: 693: 691: 690: 688:United Nations 685: 680: 675: 664: 663: 662: 660: 659: 653: 647: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 511: 510: 509: 507: 504: 501: 500: 496: 495: 491:Signed Arabic 489: 482: 479: 478: 476: 475: 468:Greek alphabet 465: 455: 445: 415: 414: 413: 408: 404:Writing system 401: 398: 397: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 372: 364: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 314: 310: 309: 307: 306: 300: 298: 296:Standard forms 295: 292: 291: 289: 288: 287: 286: 285: 284: 283: 282: 258: 256: 253: 250: 249: 247: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 216: 214: 207: 204: 203: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 165: 164:Native to 161: 160: 131: 127: 126: 112: 104: 103: 87: 86: 78: 77: 51: 49: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17200: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16967: 16963: 16960: 16956: 16953: 16952: 16949: 16935: 16934: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16915: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16908: 16904: 16902: 16901: 16897: 16895: 16894: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16884: 16882: 16880: 16876: 16853: 16850: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16838: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16806: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16795: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16783: 16779: 16778: 16776: 16772: 16769: 16765: 16755: 16752: 16748: 16745: 16740: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16732: 16729: 16728: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16717: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16702: 16700: 16696: 16693: 16687: 16684: 16680: 16674: 16671: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16641:Ethio-Semitic 16638: 16635: 16631: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16575: 16561: 16560: 16556: 16554: 16553: 16549: 16547: 16546: 16542: 16540: 16539: 16535: 16531: 16530: 16526: 16524: 16523: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16505: 16497: 16496: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16485: 16483: 16482: 16478: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16468: 16464: 16462: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16452: 16448: 16447: 16446: 16445: 16441: 16440: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16433: 16429: 16427: 16426: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16417: 16413: 16403: 16402:Judeo-Aramaic 16400: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16392: 16388: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16360: 16356: 16355: 16354: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16344: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16289: 16283: 16280: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16208: 16200: 16199: 16195: 16194: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16187: 16183: 16179: 16178: 16174: 16172: 16171: 16167: 16165: 16164: 16160: 16158: 16157: 16153: 16152: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16145: 16141: 16139: 16138: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16129: 16128: 16123: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16106: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16075: 16073: 16072: 16068: 16066: 16065: 16061: 16059: 16058: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16029: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16005: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15998:Siculo-Arabic 15995: 15994: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15979: 15977: 15975: 15971: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15944: 15943: 15939: 15937: 15936: 15932: 15928: 15927: 15923: 15921: 15920: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15909: 15907: 15906: 15902: 15900: 15899: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15881: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15874: 15872: 15871: 15867: 15865: 15864: 15860: 15859: 15857: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15835: 15829: 15828: 15824: 15820: 15819: 15815: 15814: 15813: 15812: 15808: 15807: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15797: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15753: 15748: 15746: 15741: 15739: 15734: 15733: 15730: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15697: 15693: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15672: 15666: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15656: 15650: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15640: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15607: 15606: 15603: 15602: 15600: 15596: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15573: 15570: 15569: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15558: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15544:Austroasiatic 15542: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15515: 15511: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15469: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15443: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15418: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15392: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15326: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15311: 15309: 15305: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15228: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15167: 15164: 15162:Indo-European 15160: 15156: 15152: 15145: 15140: 15138: 15133: 15131: 15126: 15125: 15122: 15112: 15107: 15101: 15100:Lisan al-Arab 15098: 15096: 15095:Kitab al-'Ayn 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15048: 15043: 15041: 15036: 15034: 15029: 15028: 15025: 15013: 15005: 15002: 14998: 14996: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14985: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14962: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14947: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14912: 14910: 14906: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14884:Sini (script) 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14874:Ruqʿah script 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14819:Hijazi script 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14802: 14797: 14793: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14776: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14752: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14702: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14667: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14636: 14631: 14627: 14618: 14615: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14576: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14545: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14531: 14527: 14521: 14520: 14516: 14512: 14509: 14506: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14497:Central Asian 14495: 14494: 14492: 14488: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14469:Taʽizzi-Adeni 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14341: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14299: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14276: 14272: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14223: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14197: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14088: 14084: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14053: 14050: 14048:Traras-Msirda 14047: 14046: 14044: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14014: 14011: 14010: 14009: 14006: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13960: 13958: 13957: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13926: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13909: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13880: 13878: 13877: 13873: 13871: 13870: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13837: 13835: 13833: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13792: 13790: 13788: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13774: 13772: 13770: 13765: 13763: 13761: 13756: 13754: 13752: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13702: 13700: 13698: 13693: 13691: 13689: 13684: 13682: 13680: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13639: 13637: 13635: 13630: 13627: 13626: 13621: 13619: 13617: 13612: 13610: 13608: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13587: 13581: 13578: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13488:Arabic script 13486: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13424: 13417: 13412: 13410: 13405: 13403: 13398: 13397: 13394: 13381: 13375: 13372:, Routledge, 13371: 13366: 13363: 13357: 13353: 13352: 13346: 13343: 13337: 13333: 13328: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13276: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13257: 13254: 13250: 13249:0-19-974701-6 13246: 13242: 13238: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13184: 13180: 13175: 13172: 13166: 13162: 13157: 13154: 13148: 13144: 13139: 13135: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13084: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13056: 13053: 13047: 13043: 13038: 13034: 13029: 13025: 13019: 13015: 13010: 13007: 13001: 12997: 12992: 12989: 12983: 12979: 12974: 12971: 12965: 12961: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12928: 12925: 12919: 12916:, CRC Press, 12914: 12913: 12906: 12903: 12897: 12893: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12841: 12838: 12832: 12828: 12823: 12812: 12808: 12807: 12802: 12790: 12786: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12746: 12740: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12702: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12683: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12647: 12632: 12628: 12622: 12614: 12610: 12604: 12600: 12599: 12591: 12584: 12579: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12544: 12535: 12528: 12523: 12516: 12511: 12504: 12499: 12491: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12458: 12444: 12440: 12434: 12420: 12418:9780203327715 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12384: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12320: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12289: 12288:965-264-014-X 12285: 12281: 12275: 12268: 12256: 12253:. p. 1. 12252: 12246: 12239: 12227: 12224:. p. 1. 12223: 12217: 12210: 12197: 12194:. p. 1. 12193: 12187: 12180: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12161: 12160: 12152: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12118: 12111: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12085: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12064: 12063: 12055: 12048: 12047:0-415-02243-6 12044: 12038: 12036: 12027: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11977: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11926: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11894: 11889: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11858: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11813: 11809: 11802: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11759: 11758: 11750: 11748: 11740: 11734: 11727: 11721: 11705: 11701: 11698:الجبر, خالد. 11694: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11647: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11566: 11550: 11546: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11512: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11457: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11404: 11398: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11369: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11338: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11322:Suleiman, p. 11319: 11312: 11307: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11280: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11223:Clive Holes, 11220: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11194:Walter J. Ong 11190: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11137:Daniel Newman 11133: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11102: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11028:9781589018853 11024: 11020: 11014: 11006: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10918: 10906: 10899: 10893: 10878: 10874: 10868: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10840: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10801: 10792: 10785: 10780: 10773: 10767: 10765: 10756: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10713: 10711: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10614: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10489: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10450: 10444: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10418: 10417: 10409: 10407: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10334: 10327: 10322: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10295: 10285: 10277: 10271: 10267: 10266: 10258: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10192: 10190: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10129: 10125: 10119: 10111: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10092: 10077: 10073: 10066: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10008: 10001: 9993: 9986: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9955: 9939: 9935: 9933:9781315147062 9929: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9901: 9899:9781003278818 9895: 9891: 9887: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9849: 9841: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9801: 9796: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9766: 9765: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9704: 9702: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9653: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9534: 9532:9780231111522 9528: 9524: 9517: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9472: 9468: 9465:World, I. H. 9461: 9459: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9426: 9418: 9413: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9267: 9260: 9259: 9252: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9143: 9136: 9130: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9012: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8960: 8955: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8907: 8897: 8893: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8775: 8772: 8761: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719:Arabic script 8716: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8698: 8694: 8692: 8691:Muhammad Azmi 8688: 8683: 8678: 8676: 8675:Hieroglyphics 8665: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8646:Sa'id Afghani 8643: 8639: 8629: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8562: 8558: 8548: 8546: 8532: 8517: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8384:pronunciation 8381: 8380:transcription 8377: 8373: 8369: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8293: 8289: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8119: 8115: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8092: 8089: 8080: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7912: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7879: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7835: 7827: 7818: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7786: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7690: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7235: 7230: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7170:ishtirākiyyah 7165: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7122:The feminine 7121: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6836: 6834:'he dictated' 6833: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6669:conjugational 6666: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6599: 6590:vs. non-past 6589: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6462: 6458: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6407:broken plural 6404: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6198: 6196:'I subscribe' 6195: 6193: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5915:passive voice 5912: 5908: 5904: 5901:, changes in 5900: 5896: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5672:Bahrani Shias 5669: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5636:Hejazi Arabic 5634: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604:Yemeni Arabic 5602: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5568:Swahili Coast 5565: 5562:, especially 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323:, in western 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303:Mediterranean 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217:Siculo-Arabic 5214: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187:Siculo-Arabic 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5089:Libyan Arabic 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075:Libyan Arabic 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4869:'come with'; 4868: 4866: 4861:'bring' < 4860: 4858: 4852: 4851:lexical items 4848: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4781:khamsat ayyām 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4747:'I untied' → 4746: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677:According to 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4652:North African 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4620:, especially 4619: 4612: 4608: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4575:Arab conquest 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4512: 4509: 4501: 4498: 4490: 4487: 4486:Tajiki Arabic 4479: 4476: 4475:Uzbeki Arabic 4468: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4446: 4443: 4435: 4432: 4424: 4421: 4413: 4410: 4409:Shihhi Arabic 4402: 4399: 4398:Hijazi Arabic 4391: 4388: 4380: 4377: 4369: 4366: 4358: 4355: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4303: 4300: 4292: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4259: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4237: 4234: 4226: 4223: 4215: 4212: 4204: 4201: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4188:other sources 4185: 4184: 4178: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4089: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4008: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957:Modern Hebrew 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3744:al-Farāhidi's 3741: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3701:Arabic script 3697: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3639:almenichiakon 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3416: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3365: 3364: 3363:Kitāb al-'Ayn 3355: 3351: 3343: 3342:jamʿu‿l-luɣah 3331: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3294:modern period 3291: 3280: 3265: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3254:Islamic terms 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3057: 3055: 3054:Siculo-Arabic 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2969: 2967: 2956: 2954: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2928: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2834:dīmuqrāṭiyyah 2824: 2822: 2811: 2809: 2799: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502:and European 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2421: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2340:Hebrew script 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2240: 2239:Kitāb al-'Ayn 2235: 2231: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2199: 2195: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2051:Qaryat al-Faw 2046: 2045:Sabaic script 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1828: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1722:Proto-Semitic 1719: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696:left to right 1693: 1689: 1688:right to left 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1455: 1453: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1358:al-ʿarabiyyah 1347: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1314: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1245:Uzbeki Arabic 1243: – 1241: 1236: 1233: – 1231: 1226: 1225:Tajiki Arabic 1223: – 1221: 1216: 1213: – 1211: 1206: 1203: – 1201: 1196: 1193: – 1191: 1186: 1185:Siculo-Arabic 1183: – 1181: 1176: 1175:Shihhi Arabic 1173: – 1171: 1166: 1163: – 1161: 1156: 1155:Saʽidi Arabic 1153: – 1151: 1146: 1143: – 1141: 1136: 1133: – 1131: 1126: 1123: – 1121: 1116: 1113: – 1111: 1106: 1103: – 1101: 1096: 1095:Libyan Arabic 1093: – 1091: 1086: 1083: – 1081: 1076: 1075:Hejazi Arabic 1073: – 1071: 1066: 1063: – 1061: 1056: 1053: – 1051: 1046: 1043: – 1041: 1036: 1033: – 1031: 1026: 1023: – 1021: 1016: 1013: – 1011: 1006: 1003: – 1001: 996: 993: – 991: 986: 985:Bedawi Arabic 983: – 981: 976: 973: – 971: 966: 963: – 961: 956: 953: – 951: 942: 938: 935: 930: 925: 920: 917: 912: 907: 902: 899: 894: 889: 881: 877: 874: 871: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 832: 828: 825: 823: 819: 816: 814: 810: 807: 805: 801: 798: 796: 792: 789: 788: 787: 786: 779: 777: 773: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 724: 716: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 698: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 673:African Union 671: 670: 667: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 514: 508: 502: 497: 494: 490: 486: 480: 473: 469: 466: 463: 459: 456: 453: 449: 446: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 420: 419: 412: 409: 405: 399: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 376: 373: 368: 365: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 349:Central Asian 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 311: 305: 302: 301: 299: 293: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265:Proto-Semitic 263: 262: 261: 257: 251: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 220: 219: 215: 211: 205: 201: 197: 191: 187: 183: 180: 177: 173: 169: 166: 162: 156: 150: 142: 136: 132: 130:Pronunciation 128: 123: 119: 117: 116:al-ʿarabiyyah 110: 105: 102: 100: 99:al-ʿarabiyyah 88: 83: 74: 64: 60: 55: 52:This article 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 29: 22: 16954: 16931: 16912: 16905: 16898: 16891: 16803: 16780: 16557: 16550: 16543: 16536: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16493: 16486: 16479: 16465: 16458: 16449: 16442: 16430: 16423: 16357: 16328:Urmia Jewish 16196: 16191: 16184: 16175: 16168: 16161: 16154: 16149: 16142: 16135: 16125: 16103: 16096: 16076: 16069: 16062: 16055: 16013:Mesopotamian 15996: 15940: 15933: 15924: 15917: 15910: 15903: 15896: 15889: 15882: 15875: 15868: 15863:Proto-Arabic 15861: 15846: 15825: 15816: 15809: 15799: 15598:Sino–Tibetan 15560:Austronesian 15394:Indo-Iranian 15090:Qatr al-Nada 15053: 14990: 14930:Windows-1256 14889:Taliq script 14829:Jeli Thuluth 14809:Ajami script 14773: 14677:Pidgin madam 14664: 14642: 14606:Judeo-Yemeni 14548:Judeo-Arabic 14530:Sociological 14517: 14479:Judeo-Yemeni 14302:Mesopotamian 14177:Libyan koiné 13961: 13954: 13947:Pre-Hilalian 13895: 13888: 13881: 13874: 13869:Proto-Arabic 13867: 13502:Zabūr script 13455:Romanization 13437: 13422: 13369: 13350: 13331: 13304: 13292: 13283: 13279: 13260: 13240: 13232:21 September 13230:, retrieved 13210: 13187: 13178: 13160: 13142: 13133: 13125:the original 13109: 13094:(1): 37–51. 13091: 13087: 13063: 13059: 13041: 13032: 13013: 12995: 12977: 12959: 12951:the original 12935: 12911: 12891: 12848: 12826: 12815:, retrieved 12805: 12793:. Retrieved 12783: 12762: 12753: 12739: 12700: 12656: 12652: 12646: 12634:. Retrieved 12630: 12621: 12613:the original 12597: 12590: 12578: 12553: 12549: 12543: 12534: 12522: 12510: 12498: 12474:(1): 60–69. 12471: 12467: 12457: 12446:, retrieved 12442: 12433: 12422:, retrieved 12400: 12391: 12374: 12366: 12333: 12329: 12319: 12302: 12294: 12279: 12274: 12266: 12261:23 September 12259:. Retrieved 12245: 12237: 12232:23 September 12230:. Retrieved 12216: 12207: 12202:23 September 12200:. Retrieved 12186: 12177: 12158: 12151: 12143: 12124: 12117: 12108: 12101:. Retrieved 12091: 12084: 12076: 12061: 12054: 12017: 12009: 11992: 11984: 11967: 11959: 11935: 11931: 11925: 11913:. Retrieved 11909: 11900: 11888: 11876:. Retrieved 11867: 11857: 11845:. Retrieved 11836: 11827: 11815:. Retrieved 11811: 11801: 11789:. Retrieved 11756: 11738: 11733: 11725: 11720: 11708:. Retrieved 11703: 11693: 11660: 11656: 11646: 11634:. Retrieved 11629: 11620: 11579: 11575: 11565: 11553:. Retrieved 11548: 11539: 11520: 11511: 11470: 11466: 11456: 11439: 11409:12 September 11407:. Retrieved 11397: 11385:. Retrieved 11375: 11368: 11356:. Retrieved 11347: 11337: 11318: 11306: 11279: 11252: 11246: 11219: 11189: 11162: 11132: 11101: 11072: 11045: 11018: 11013: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10959: 10949: 10937:. Retrieved 10933: 10924: 10916: 10909:. Retrieved 10904: 10892: 10882:25 September 10880:. Retrieved 10876: 10867: 10856:, retrieved 10846: 10839: 10827:. Retrieved 10818: 10809: 10800: 10791: 10779: 10774:(pp. 34–35). 10771: 10726: 10722: 10674: 10664: 10653:, retrieved 10623: 10613: 10601:. Retrieved 10581: 10557:. Retrieved 10548: 10538: 10520: 10513: 10495: 10488: 10476:. Retrieved 10467: 10457: 10415: 10378: 10372: 10360:. Retrieved 10340: 10333: 10321: 10301: 10294: 10284: 10264: 10257: 10245:. Retrieved 10237:The National 10236: 10210:. Retrieved 10201: 10177:, retrieved 10155: 10131:. Retrieved 10127: 10118: 10098: 10091: 10079:. Retrieved 10075: 10065: 10053:. Retrieved 10044: 10034: 10025: 10015: 10000: 9985: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9942:. Retrieved 9923: 9889: 9879: 9870: 9860: 9848: 9821: 9817: 9807: 9795: 9783:. Retrieved 9763: 9756: 9721: 9715: 9710:, p. 8. 9672:. Retrieved 9668:the original 9661: 9652: 9640:. Retrieved 9636:the original 9631: 9622: 9610:. Retrieved 9606: 9597: 9585:. Retrieved 9581: 9571: 9554: 9544: 9536: 9522: 9516: 9504:. Retrieved 9495: 9486: 9474:. Retrieved 9470: 9445:. Retrieved 9436: 9417:Wright (2001 9412: 9400:. Retrieved 9354: 9350: 9337: 9325:. Retrieved 9311: 9299:. Retrieved 9285: 9273:. Retrieved 9257: 9251: 9239:. Retrieved 9235:the original 9212: 9200:. Retrieved 9195: 9186: 9174:. Retrieved 9170: 9161: 9149:. Retrieved 9129: 9117:. Retrieved 9113:the original 9108: 9099: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9063: 9052:, retrieved 9047: 9038: 9021: 9017: 9011: 8994: 8986: 8969: 8927: 8906: 8896: 8828: 8771:Islam portal 8695: 8679: 8671: 8661: 8637: 8635: 8623: 8609: 8554: 8544: 8530: 8502: 8471: 8466: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8383: 8375: 8365: 7683:Romanization 7677: 7654: 7647: 7629: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7613: 7585:Ge'ez script 7578: 7573: 7569: 7566:Greek script 7551: 7516:ḥa-yi-ktíb-u 7515: 7511:bi-yi-ktíb-u 7510: 7505: 7500: 7490: 7486:ḥa-ti-ktíb-u 7485: 7481:bi-ti-ktíb-u 7480: 7475: 7470: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7367: 7363:ḥa-ti-ktíb-i 7362: 7358:bi-ti-ktíb-i 7357: 7352: 7347: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7247:kátab/yíktib 7246: 7236: 7232: 7218:, as above). 7211: 7203: 7198:jamāhīriyyah 7195: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7116: 7112: 7104:, as above). 7097: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7062: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7029: 7015: 7003: 6986: 6974: 6966:'he copies' 6957: 6945: 6928: 6916: 6899: 6887: 6877: 6868: 6863: 6854: 6837: 6825: 6808: 6796: 6779: 6767: 6759:'he writes' 6750: 6738: 6699: 6687: 6681: 6677:inflectional 6654: 6647: 6632: 6618: 6612: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6552:future tense 6536:imperfective 6529: 6474: 6471:Arabic verbs 6459: 6437: 6427: 6403:sound plural 6396: 6361: 6343: 6329: 6315: 6301: 6287: 6273: 6259: 6245: 6231: 6217: 6203: 6189: 6175: 6161: 6147: 6133: 6119: 6116:تَكَاتَبْنَا 6105: 6102:اِكْتَتَبْتُ 6098:'I dictated' 6091: 6077: 6063: 6049: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5956: 5948: 5930: 5878: 5817: 5798: 5762:, spoken in 5744:, spoken in 5710:, spoken in 5694:Judeo-Arabic 5644:Saudi Arabia 5630:Saudi Arabia 5622:Najdi Arabic 5612:Saudi Arabia 5606:, spoken in 5600:descendants. 5540:Omani Arabic 5534:Najdi Arabic 5506:Saudi Arabia 5478:, spoken in 5257:Latin script 5221:Latinisation 5179:, spoken in 5161:in northern 5139:, spoken in 5115:, spoken in 5101:, spoken in 5091:, spoken in 5027:, spoken in 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4839: 4831: 4816: 4808: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4690:Loss of the 4676: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4630: 4615: 4606: 4589: 4584:Maimonides' 4545: 4544: 4420:Omani Arabic 4332:Najdi Arabic 4288:Saidi Arabic 4181: 4160:Ottoman rule 4145: 4140: 4133: 4102: 4097: 4087: 4065: 4054: 4041: 4030: 4024:placeholders 4019: 4015: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3969: 3793:Chittagonian 3757: 3749: 3735: 3727: 3713: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641:(calendar). 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619:Roger Dachez 3614: 3610: 3588: 3557: 3554:Taha Hussein 3548: 3541: 3531: 3519: 3513: 3510:Hedwig Klein 3499: 3482: 3468:لَحْن العامة 3462: 3445: 3436:Tāj al-ʿArūs 3435: 3425: 3414: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3387:permutations 3383:Arabic roots 3362: 3360: 3341: 3310: 3302: 3290:lexicography 3287: 3273:Lexicography 3258: 3219: 3206: 3199: 3143: 3139: 3111: 3104:Flag of the 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3050:Latin script 3027: 3016: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2976: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2898: 2881: 2864: 2851: 2840: 2831: 2818: 2805: 2803: 2798:Swadesh list 2750: 2741: 2733: 2725:Vulgar Latin 2718: 2714: 2702: 2696: 2673: 2649: 2648: 2596: 2590:(1993), and 2550: 2540: 2531: 2516:Muhammad Ali 2497: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2444:creolization 2429: 2407: 2401: 2387: 2372: 2362: 2349: 2336:Judeo-Arabic 2325: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2238: 2229: 2221:vocalization 2216: 2197: 2181: 2162:dialects of 2153: 2134: 2113:Umm el-Jimal 2075: 2065: 2038: 2011: 1968: 1944: 1937: 1936:vestiges of 1929: 1920: 1908: 1897: 1888: 1881: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1848:and adverbs 1846:prepositions 1824: 1814: 1807:Proto-Arabic 1780: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1740: 1729: 1715: 1669: 1659: 1539: 1464: 1459:اَلْفُصْحَىٰ 1449: 1382: 1355: 1345: 1344: 1316: 1268:Linguasphere 1251: 1125:Omani Arabic 1115:Najdi Arabic 872:(the oldest) 848:Saudi Arabia 765:South Africa 696: 665: 605:Saudi Arabia 485:Signed forms 422:Latin script 339:Mesopotamian 270:Proto-Arabic 237: 228:West Semitic 218:Afro-Asiatic 194:330 million 192: (2024) 122:Naskh script 113: 96: 68: 57: 53: 36: 16893:Hadramautic 16879:Old Arabian 16816:West Gurage 16726:East Gurage 16372:Neo-Mandaic 16150:Palestinian 16057:Old Aramaic 15712:Interlingue 15707:Interlingua 15695:constructed 15610:Gan Chinese 15487:Afroasiatic 14824:Jawi script 14796:Calligraphy 14725:Linguistics 14650:Gulf Pidgin 14566:Judeo-Iraqi 14507:Kashkadarya 14363:Judeo-Iraqi 14288:Palestinian 14199:Nile Valley 13861:Pre-Islamic 13573:Dagger alif 12556:: 119–148. 12527:Holes (2004 12103:17 February 11847:14 December 11817:27 November 11706:(in Arabic) 11473:(1): 1–25. 11263:, pp. 1–2. 11037:j.ctt2tt3zh 10996:10278/29371 10905:sgg-mali.ml 10746:10023/12443 10559:20 February 10478:20 February 9642:26 November 9612:26 November 9506:21 December 9447:21 December 9373:10023/12443 9241:10 December 9198:(in French) 8701:Sample text 8682:Salama Musa 8680:A scholar, 8416:diacritical 7638:Calligraphy 7269:Imperative 7254:Tense/Mood 7178:jumhūriyyah 6954:'he copied' 6878:nonexistent 6871:yatakattabu 6864:nonexistent 6633:Like other 6521:verbal noun 6517:participles 6505:subjunctive 6182:'I dictate' 6006:'I drank', 5971:'I wrote'. 5853:as well as 5754:Afghanistan 5720:South Sudan 5684:Gulf Arabic 5616:Gulf Arabic 5594:East Africa 5544:Gulf Arabic 5490:Gulf Arabic 5480:South Sudan 5476:Juba Arabic 5449:Gulf Arabic 5427:Gulf Arabic 5327:, northern 5165:, southern 5133:until 1962. 5071:Mesopotamia 4707:ti- yi- ni- 4692:dual number 4686:the koine: 4376:Gulf Arabic 3765:Azerbaijani 3583:Blue Qur'an 3492: [ 3451: [ 3328: [ 3303:lughawiyyūn 3299:لُغَوِيُّون 3106:Arab League 3095:code-switch 3019:soap operas 2940:jumhūriyyah 2670:inscription 2619:Arabization 2607:Arabization 2603:Arab League 2584: [ 2512:Amiri Press 2508:colonialism 2379: [ 2346:Development 2271:Sībawayhi's 2213:نقط الإعجام 2103:Jebel Usays 1948:vernaculars 1919:the use of 1700:orthography 1668:. In 2011, 1615:Azerbaijani 1483:Middle Ages 1331:instead of 1045:Gulf Arabic 755:Philippines 678:Arab League 254:Early forms 71:August 2022 16982:Categories 16922:Rijal Alma 16907:Qatabanian 16545:Himyaritic 16488:Phoenician 16049:Historical 16018:Peninsular 15919:Taymanitic 15870:Old Arabic 15855:Historical 15551:Vietnamese 15401:Hindustani 15369:in Ukraine 15355:Macedonian 15335:Belarusian 15319:Lithuanian 15288:Portuguese 14711:Literature 14384:Peninsular 14324:Khuzestani 14054:(Mountain) 13974:Australian 13883:Old Arabic 13533:Diacritics 13460:Numerology 12875:1103311755 12608:157392945X 12448:14 January 12424:14 January 12376:Ethnologue 12304:Ethnologue 12179:languages. 12019:Ethnologue 11994:Ethnologue 11969:Ethnologue 11862:EB staff. 11405:. Lang1234 11387:11 October 10784:Kaye (1991 10530:1041872985 10435:1122689432 9437:ask.un.org 9301:27 October 9151:13 January 8996:Ethnologue 8971:Ethnologue 8945:References 8599:‎ – 8595:‎ – 8591:‎ – 8587:‎ – 8583:‎ – 8579:‎ – 8575:‎ – 8571:‎ – 8567:‎ – 8469:'easier'. 8431:diacritics 7458:ḥá-ní-ktib 7453:bi-ní-ktib 7428:ḥa-tí-ktib 7423:bi-tí-ktib 7398:ḥa-yí-ktib 7393:bi-yí-ktib 7331:ḥa-tí-ktib 7326:bi-tí-ktib 7162:ištirākiyy 7018:yastaktibu 6902:yatakātabu 6747:'he wrote' 6629:Derivation 6548:indicative 6532:perfective 6525:infinitive 6511:, shorter 6501:imperative 6497:indicative 6477:conjugated 6429:Adjectives 6372:accusative 6368:nominative 6346:maktabatun 6340:مَكْتَبَةٌ 6266:'dictated' 6206:natakātabu 6200:نَتَكَتِبُ 6186:أَكْتَتِبُ 6088:أَكْتَبْتُ 6018:takallamtu 6014:'I said', 5982:'I read', 5933:morphology 5903:word order 5851:consonants 5764:Azerbaijan 5750:Tajikistan 5746:Uzbekistan 5702:Arab World 5642:, western 5578:Hadhramaut 5504:, eastern 5454:spoken in 5399:, such as 5383:Iraqi Jews 5355:Iraqi Jews 5241:morphology 5239:since its 5151:Mauritania 4904:Merger of 4889:ayyu shayʼ 4826:Change of 4697:Change of 4550:Arab world 4517: 30: 4506: 29: 4495: 28: 4484: 27: 4473: 26: 4462: 25: 4451: 24: 4440: 23: 4429: 22: 4418: 21: 4407: 20: 4396: 19: 4385: 18: 4374: 17: 4363: 16: 4352: 15: 4341: 14: 4330: 13: 4319: 12: 4308: 11: 4297: 10: 4200:Hassaniyya 4183:Ethnologue 4105:Arab world 4039:Hindustani 3889:Portuguese 3853:Indonesian 3661:məḏī(n)ttā 3601:, notably 3439:(1774) by 3431:Ibn Manzur 3429:(1290) by 3277:See also: 3268:Vocabulary 3222:elementary 3023:talk shows 2987:Colloquial 2825:'film' or 2774:varieties. 2706:industrial 2643:See also: 2520:literature 2455:al-Andalus 2440:pidginized 2426:Neo-Arabic 2420:dictionary 2415:لسان العرب 2404:Ibn Manzur 2328:Maimonides 2269:"Arabic", 2245:كتاب العين 2230:at-tashkīl 2208:diacritics 2190: 603 2145:Old Higazi 2068:epigraphic 2034:Old Arabic 2030:isoglosses 2018:Thamudic B 1999:Taymanitic 1965:Old Arabic 1959:Old Arabic 1795:Taymanitic 1750:formed by 1587:Indonesian 1551:Hindustani 1511:Al-Andalus 1499:Portuguese 1473:, and the 1418:Arab world 656:Somaliland 580:Mauritania 344:Peninsular 275:Old Arabic 168:Arab world 16966:varieties 16957:indicate 16836:Sebat Bet 16586:Eastern ( 16538:Deir Alla 16416:Canaanite 16323:Trans-Zab 16308:Inter-Zab 16232:Christian 16186:Palmyrene 16177:Samaritan 16144:Nabataean 16032:Northwest 15987:Levantine 15959:Classical 15884:Dadanitic 15702:Esperanto 15658:Iroquoian 15584:Sundanese 15525:Malayalam 15513:Dravidian 15462:Hungarian 15385:Ukrainian 15345:Bulgarian 15206:Norwegian 15201:Icelandic 15176:Afrikaans 15151:Histories 15001:varieties 14993:indicate 14908:Technical 14879:Shahmukhi 14834:Kairouani 14732:Phonology 14511:Khorasani 14501:Bakhtiari 14353:Anatolian 14283:Jordanian 14263:Damascene 14226:Levantine 14138:Hassaniya 13979:Cottenera 13914:Classical 13853:Varieties 13431:Overviews 13323:872980196 12883:166512720 12673:147422407 12562:0571-1371 12490:2721-9488 12350:0003-0279 11791:7 January 11677:0022-2968 11612:162954225 11596:0041-977X 11503:161420127 11487:1356-1863 11358:7 January 11005:143966308 10755:2570-5857 10701:229407091 10693:0008-0055 10650:132791029 10505:462880236 10443:cite book 10397:913459792 10344:. Brill. 10305:. BRILL. 9840:2226-471X 9818:Languages 9767:. Brill. 9748:967854618 9674:2 January 9563:461886299 9389:158624482 9381:2570-5857 9044:"Eritrea" 8950:Citations 7506:yi-ktíb-u 7476:ti-ktíb-u 7378:masculine 7353:ti-ktíb-i 7311:masculine 7274:Singular 7146:ishtaraka 7077:'cook'). 7061:'write', 7006:istaktaba 6960:yaktatibu 6931:yankatibu 6857:takattaba 6782:yukattibu 6665:reflexive 6661:intensive 6657:causative 6523:, but no 6513:energetic 6443:enclitics 6388:construct 6378:); three 6322:'writers' 6252:'written' 6242:مَكْتُوبٌ 6192:'aktatibu 6158:أُكَاتِبُ 6150:'ukattibu 6144:أُكَتِّبُ 6140:'I write' 6122:takātabnā 6108:iktatabtu 6074:كَاتَبْتُ 6060:كَتَّبْتُ 6056:'I wrote' 5990:'I ate', 5843:borrowing 5839:coalesced 5820:consonant 5801:phonology 5789:Phonology 5778:Indonesia 5536:(Bedawi). 5526:Hormozgan 5419:Khuzestan 5295:Khuzestan 5225:diglossic 5061:dialect. 5003:Palestine 4949:Palestine 4770:suffixes. 4762:'to me', 4645:Levantine 4588:draft of 4586:autograph 4562:sedentary 4286: 9: 4275: 8: 4264: 7: 4253: 6: 4242: 5: 4231: 4: 4220: 3: 4209: 2: 4198: 1: 3849:Malaysian 3801:Dagestani 3566:Loanwords 3506:Hans Wehr 3405:mustaʿmal 3347:جمع اللغة 3240:courses. 3226:secondary 3071:diglossia 3065:Diglossia 2991:dialectal 2890:apoptosis 2884:istimātah 2828:ديمقراطية 2688:syntactic 2536:سَيَّارَة 2406:compiled 2389:Ibn Mada' 2359:phonology 2351:Ibn Jinni 2318:Baghdad's 2282:ʿarabiyya 2267:ʿarabiyya 1995:Dadanitic 1903:allomorph 1791:Dadanitic 1737:preterite 1651:Tamazight 1595:Maldivian 1591:Malaysian 1531:Bulgarian 1253:Glottolog 934:ISO 639-3 916:ISO 639-2 898:ISO 639-1 595:Palestine 452:Levantine 329:Levantine 190:varieties 175:Ethnicity 16914:Awsanian 16797:Tt-group 16673:Tigrinya 16552:Samalian 16529:Galilean 16522:Ugaritic 16467:Medieval 16460:Mishnaic 16444:Biblical 16425:Ammonite 16318:Sanandaj 16303:Betanure 16276:Chaldean 16273:Assyrian 16259:Qaraqosh 16249:Hértevin 16163:Galilean 16137:Lebanese 15992:Maghrebi 15952:Literary 15926:Thamudic 15912:Safaitic 15898:Hasaitic 15891:Dumaitic 15811:Akkadian 15766:Branches 15665:Cherokee 15642:Koreanic 15633:Japanese 15572:Filipino 15452:Estonian 15427:Albanian 15293:Romanian 15273:Galician 15169:Germanic 15012:Category 14864:Nastaliq 14854:Muhaqqaq 14844:Maghrebi 14704:Academic 14644:Bimbashi 14600:Tunisene 14571:Baghdadi 14519:Shirvani 14459:Hadhrami 14417:Bahraini 14368:Baghdadi 14319:Baghdadi 14258:Aleppine 14248:Lebanese 14243:Cilician 14216:Sudanese 14206:Egyptian 14087:Hilalian 14045:Western 14023:Eastern 14020:Village 13999:Żurrieqi 13963:Sicilian 13956:Andalusi 13938:Maghrebi 13907:Literary 13559:(tanwin) 13557:Nunation 13443:Alphabet 13438:Language 13425:language 13303:(2014). 13226:archived 13208:(1993), 12933:(2007), 12811:archived 12806:As-Sabil 12789:Archived 12255:Archived 12226:Archived 12196:Archived 12174:Archived 12140:Archived 12097:Archived 11932:Language 11872:Archived 11841:Archived 11812:DGLnotes 11785:Archived 11636:31 March 11495:25183625 11381:Archived 11352:Archived 11327:Archived 11288:Archived 11257:Archived 11228:Archived 11201:Archived 11171:Archived 11144:Archived 11120:, 1989. 11110:Archived 11080:Archived 11054:Archived 10858:12 March 10852:archived 10829:20 April 10823:Archived 10655:19 April 10603:31 March 10597:Archived 10553:Archived 10472:Archived 10356:Archived 10247:20 April 10241:Archived 10206:Archived 10049:Archived 9938:Archived 9824:(4): 1. 9779:Archived 9607:Statista 9500:Archived 9471:IH World 9467:"Arabic" 9441:Archived 9393:Archived 9327:20 March 9321:Archived 9295:Archived 9275:17 April 9266:Archived 9202:29 April 9176:29 April 9142:Archived 9054:29 April 9030:26449346 8930:: 1–19. 8757:See also 8729:English 8658:Lebanese 8654:Said Akl 8638:La Syrie 8605:position 8551:Numerals 8541:⟩ 8535:⟨ 8527:⟩ 8521:⟨ 8512:⟩ 8506:⟨ 8455:gashouse 8435:digraphs 8433:and use 8398:ou" or " 8376:spelling 8360:gh/3'/8 8276:z/dh/6' 8102:z/dh/th 8063:kh/7'/5 7593:muhaqqaq 7554:Nabatean 7491:i-ktíb-u 7471:katáb-tu 7443:katáb-na 7413:kátab-it 7408:feminine 7368:i-ktíb-i 7348:katáb-ti 7343:feminine 7249:"write" 7092:maktabah 6989:yaḥmarru 6948:iktataba 6919:inkataba 6890:takātaba 6811:yukātibu 6730:Meaning 6727:Non-past 6698:‎ 6686:‎ 6679:system. 6617:‎ 6608:prefixes 6604:suffixal 6594:‎ 6582:‎ 6570:‎ 6558:‎ 6485:non-past 6439:Pronouns 6419:nunation 6411:prefixed 6392:suffixed 6376:genitive 6342:‎ 6332:maktabun 6328:‎ 6326:مَكْتَبٌ 6318:kuttābun 6314:‎ 6312:كُتَّابٌ 6308:'writer' 6300:‎ 6286:‎ 6272:‎ 6262:muktabun 6258:‎ 6256:مُكْتَبٌ 6248:maktūbun 6244:‎ 6230:‎ 6228:أُكْتِبَ 6216:‎ 6202:‎ 6188:‎ 6174:‎ 6172:أُكْتِبُ 6164:'ukātibu 6160:‎ 6146:‎ 6132:‎ 6130:أَكْتُبُ 6118:‎ 6104:‎ 6094:'aktabtu 6090:‎ 6076:‎ 6066:kattabtu 6062:‎ 6048:‎ 6046:كَتَبْتُ 6002:sharibtu 5994:dhahabtu 5907:analytic 5831:emphatic 5823:phonemes 5768:Dagestan 5736:Cameroon 5598:Hadhrami 5566:and the 5564:Zanzibar 5439:Khorasan 5253:Sicilian 4865:jāʼa bi- 4853:, e.g., 4849:Certain 4815:'big' → 4751:ḥalēt(u) 4068:a betzef 3990:taẓallit 3925:Tigrinya 3899:, etc.) 3893:Sicilian 3869:Rohingya 3817:Gujarati 3797:Croatian 3785:Chaldean 3677:lāzaward 3607:Parthian 3595:Ethiopic 3581:script, 3576:Maghrebi 3473:solecism 3316:شَوَاهِد 3311:shawāhid 3262:Internet 3130:Croatian 3083:al-hatif 3079:al-hatif 3042:Catholic 2903:Xth form 2692:Sibawayh 2668:Safaitic 2579:(1977), 2575:(1960), 2571:(1948), 2567:(1932), 2561:Damascus 2541:bākhirah 2532:sayyārah 2504:hegemony 2466:muwashah 2448:arabized 2397:Al-Jahiz 2332:Andalusi 2258:Al-Jahiz 2061:nunation 2057:mimation 2041:Iron Age 2022:Safaitic 2014:Hasaitic 1939:nunation 1831:/lā-ʾan/ 1783:Safaitic 1752:infixing 1643:Tigrigna 1611:Armenian 1607:Albanian 1563:Kashmiri 1507:Sicilian 1493:(mainly 1487:borrowed 1452:al-fuṣḥā 1378:عَرَبِيّ 1337:Help:IPA 1260:arab1395 709:Pakistan 644:Tanzania 640:Zanzibar 540:Djibouti 462:Garshuni 375:Andalusi 367:Sicilian 359:Shirvani 334:Maghrebi 324:Sudanese 319:Egyptian 313:Dialects 196:L2 users 185:Speakers 59:onwards. 16959:extinct 16955:Italics 16900:Minaean 16825:Endegen 16774:N-group 16735:Inneqor 16710:Argobba 16705:Amharic 16661:Dahalik 16633:Western 16624:Soqotri 16604:Ḥarsusi 16599:Baṭḥari 16590:Arabian 16515:Amorite 16481:Moabite 16432:Edomite 16397:Armazic 16377:Western 16353:Central 16298:Barzani 16224:eastern 16213:Aramaic 16127:Western 16111:Mandaic 16089:Eastern 16041:Aramaic 16004:Maltese 15905:Hismaic 15838:Central 15827:Eblaite 15783:Central 15686:Turkish 15626:Japonic 15605:Chinese 15589:Cebuano 15567:Tagalog 15520:Kannada 15499:Aramaic 15457:Finnish 15411:Persian 15380:Slovene 15365:Russian 15340:Bosnian 15314:Latvian 15298:Spanish 15278:Italian 15258:Catalan 15221:Yiddish 15216:Swedish 15191:English 15153:of the 14991:Italics 14899:Thuluth 14764:Grammar 14635:pidgins 14630:Creoles 14619:Sanʽani 14504:Bukhara 14464:Sanʽani 14427:Kuwaiti 14422:Emirati 14407:Dhofari 14392:Bahrani 14358:Cypriot 14346:(Qeltu) 14173:Sulaym 14160:Western 14155:Eastern 14033:Sfaxian 14029:(Sahel) 13984:Gozitan 13969:Maltese 13589:Letters 13563:Shaddah 13552:Harakat 13547:Tashkil 13475:Scripts 13448:History 12817:22 June 12795:16 July 12774:Sources 12570:4629416 12517::38–39) 12358:3217756 12209:Arabic. 12062:Maltese 11915:17 June 11710:17 June 11555:15 June 11096:, 2002. 10939:18 July 10911:26 July 10821:. 328. 10212:17 July 10055:17 July 9944:15 July 9785:17 July 9587:29 June 9402:28 June 8824:Arabist 8662:Lebnaan 8650:Zionist 8632:Lebanon 8626:Maltese 7985:j/g/dj 7847:aa / A 7748:ArabTeX 7699:Letter 7669:proverb 7667:, or a 7631:harakat 7625:Tashkil 7589:thuluth 7581:zaouias 7501:kátab-u 7448:ní-ktib 7434:Plural 7418:tí-ktib 7388:yí-ktib 7321:tí-ktib 7316:katáb-t 7298:ḥá-ktib 7293:bá-ktib 7283:katáb-t 7266:Future 7206:jamāhīr 7192:Gaddafi 7154:ištirāk 7126:suffix 7111:suffix 7065:maṭbakh 6977:iḥmarra 6840:yuktibu 6828:ʾaktaba 6770:kattaba 6753:yaktubu 6724:Meaning 6592:ـكْتُبـ 6509:jussive 6487:); two 6384:genders 6380:numbers 6304:kātibun 6298:كَاتِبٌ 6294:'books' 6290:kutubun 6276:kitābun 6270:كِتَابٌ 6234:'uktiba 6178:'uktibu 6136:'aktubu 6080:kātabtu 6052:katabtu 5978:qaraʼtu 5967:katabtu 5959:-a-a-tu 5890:فُصْحَى 5861:Grammar 5732:Nigeria 5676:Bahrain 5654:Algeria 5552:Bahrain 5522:Bushehr 5498:Bahrain 5452:dialect 5405:Dhi Qar 5387:Baghdad 5369:Baghdad 5249:Italian 5209:Maltese 5171:Algeria 5167:Morocco 5141:Morocco 5131:Algeria 5117:Algeria 5107:Algeria 5103:Tunisia 5067:Mashriq 5055:Maltese 5047:Tunisia 5043:Algeria 5039:Morocco 5019:region. 4975:Lebanon 4967:variety 4937:Lebanon 4877:'see'; 4830:suffix 4802:elative 4743:ḥalaltu 4721:in the 4713:'and'; 4566:Bedouin 4508:Maltese 4156:Kurdish 4152:Aramaic 4113:Persian 4109:Turkish 4078:Swahili 4063:Catalan 4028:Spanish 3976:Maltese 3971:English 3961:revival 3949:Visayan 3933:Turkmen 3929:Turkish 3921:Tagalog 3917:Swahili 3913:Sylheti 3901:Saraiki 3897:Spanish 3885:Italian 3881:Catalan 3865:Punjabi 3861:Persian 3833:Kurdish 3809:English 3805:Dhivehi 3789:Chechen 3781:Bosnian 3773:Bengali 3769:Baluchi 3761:Amharic 3706:Basmala 3681:lājvard 3671:gāzartā 3667:jazīrah 3653:madīnah 3635:almanac 3633:(cup), 3627:alembic 3611:kīmiyāʼ 3591:Aramaic 3471:), the 3410:مستعمَل 3391:taqālīb 3379:lexicon 3337:أَعْراب 3158:Mashriq 3150:Maghreb 3126:Serbian 3087:tawleed 3075:Tawleed 3033:Maltese 2979:jarīdah 2934:جمهورية 2914:jāmiʻah 2878:استماتة 2845:(e.g., 2808:dhahaba 2800:(1–100) 2796:Arabic 2738:فُصْحَى 2601:of the 2581:Khartum 2569:Baghdad 2393:Cordoba 2376: 2312:, many 2306:Turkish 2254:prosody 2226:التشكيل 2203:النَّحو 2198:an-naḥw 2168:al-Ḥīra 2160:Bedouin 2092:Lakhmid 2026:Hismaic 1954:History 1787:Hismaic 1748:perfect 1741:yajlis- 1666:Muslims 1655:Swahili 1639:Amharic 1619:Tagalog 1603:Punjabi 1579:Bengali 1571:Bosnian 1567:Kurdish 1547:Turkish 1543:Persian 1515:Maltese 1503:Catalan 1495:Spanish 1412:of the 1408:) is a 1385:ʿarabīy 1333:Unicode 876:Tunisia 854:Somalia 842:Morocco 791:Algeria 760:Senegal 625:Tunisia 610:Somalia 585:Morocco 570:Lebanon 550:Eritrea 535:Comoros 525:Bahrain 520:Algeria 426:Arabizi 393:Maltese 383:Cypriot 354:Chadian 223:Semitic 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