1453:
3709:
394:"Sudanese Standard Arabic" due to the variety's comparative prestige and widespread use. Linguist Ibrahim Adam Ishaq identifies two varieties of Arabic spoken in Darfur besides Sudanese Standard Arabic, including Pastoral Arabic and what is generally termed Darfur Arabic, which refers to the Arabic primarily spoken by multilingual Darfuris living in rural parts of the region. A number of especially distinct tribal varieties, such as the Arabic spoken by the
1395:
505:
claimed that the Arabic spoken in Sudan was "a pure but archaic Arabic". This is related to
Sudanese Arabic's realization of the Modern Standard Arabic voiceless uvular plosive as the voiced velar stop , as is done in Sa'idi Arabic and other varieties of Sudanic Arabic, as well as Sudanese Arabic's
393:
groups of west Sudan). The most widely-spoken variety of
Sudanese is variably referred to as Central Sudanese Arabic, Central Urban Sudanese Arabic, or Khartoum Arabic, which more closely resembles varieties spoken by sedentary groups. Some, like researcher Stefano Manfredi, refer to this variety as
1960:, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, United Kingdom: This book is a good introduction to Sudanese colloquial Arabic as spoken in Khartoum. Text is in both Arabic and Latin scripts, making it accessible to those that do not read Arabic but want basic conversational skills.
1336:
Sudanese that know each other well will often use many of these greetings together, sometimes repeating themselves. It is also common to shake hands on first meeting, sometimes simultaneously slapping or tapping each other on the left shoulder before the handshake (particularly for good friends).
1221:
Because of the varying influence of local languages in different parts of Sudan, there is considerable regional variation in Arabic spoken throughout the country. Thus, the term 'Sudanese Arabic' typically refers to Arabic spoken in northern and central parts of Sudan. The other most commonly
1337:
Handshakes in Sudan can often last as long as greetings. A handshake between well-acquainted
Sudanese will often be preceded by raising one's right hand and touching each other's left shoulder simultaneously before engaging in the handshake, all while exchanging verbal greetings.
380:
noted that "it is difficult to speak of a 'Sudanese colloquial language' in general, simply because there is not a single dialect used simultaneously in all the regions where Arabic is the mother tongue. Every region, and almost every tribe, has its own brand of Arabic." However,
506:
realization of the Modern
Standard Arabic voiced alveopalatal fricative as the voiced palatal stop . However, Sudanese Arabic also retains the plethora of innovations on Classical Arabic found in other Egypto-Sudanic varieties, such as the loss of interdental fricatives.
1096:
Multilingualism in Arabic and indigenous
Sudanese languages has been the norm in Sudan since the entry of Arabic into the region, resulting in noticeable influences from Nubian, Beja, western Sudanese, and Nilotic languages on the vocabulary of Sudanese Arabic.
417:, indicate that Arabic coexisted alongside indigenous Sudanese languages, with multilingualism in Arabic and non-Arabic Sudanese languages being well-attested by travelers to the region up until the 19th-century. Sudanese Arabic has characteristics similar to
1109:
were dominant in medieval Sudan, and have thus made a noticeable impact on the lexicon of
Sudanese Arabic, particularly on vocabulary relating to agriculture and Nubian foods and traditions. Many of the Nubian influences on Sudanese Arabic hail from the
1242:
In northern Sudan, greetings are typically extended, and involve multiple questions about the other person's health, their family etc. When greeting an informal acquaintance, it is common to begin with the word
1652:
Hamad, Bushra Jarir. Wad Dayf Allah as a historian: Analytical, literary and linguistic study of "Kitab at-Tabaqat". The
University of Texas at Austin ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1992. 9225590.
479:, Sudanese Arabic is typically not used in formal writing or on Sudanese news channels. However, Sudanese Arabic is employed extensively on social media and various genres of Sudanese poetry (such as
2066:عون الشريف قاسم (ʿAwn al-Sharīf Qāsim), 1972, قاموس اللهجة العامية في السودان (A Dictionary of the Vernacular Dialect in the Sudan), الخرطوم: الدار السودانية للكتاب (Khartoum: Sudanese Publishers).
916:, the voiced velar stop /g/ corresponds to the Modern Standard Arabic voiced uvular plosive /q/ in Sudanese. Gasim also attests to the realization of Modern Standard Arabic /q/ as /ɣ/ in Sudanese.
224:
452:
emerged and adopted Arabic as an official language, employing the language in public documents and as an intermediary language between the myriad of languages spoken at the time. Under
1805:
1184:, also known as Bidawiyet, is one of Sudan's most spoken indigenous languages, and also contributes significantly to the Sudanese Arabic lexicon. Loanwords from Bidawiyet include:
421:. As a point of difference, though, the Sudanese dialect retains some archaic pronunciation patterns, such as the letter ج, and it also exhibits characteristics of the ancient
2076:
919:
Varieties of
Sudanese Arabic spoken by non-Arab groups, such as Darfur Arabic, substitute pharyngeal or emphatic consonants for non-pharyngeal counterparts, i.e. /
1122:, in particular terms relating to device and water wheel in the form of loanwords like "Kolay". Other words of Nubian origin identified by researchers include:
939:/ also have a marginal presence in Darfur Arabic and other varieties of Sudanese Arabic in loanwords from indigenous Sudanese languages. Some examples include:
2086:
1884:
Lexique des parlers arabes tchado-soudanais. An Arabic-English-French lexicon of dialects spoken in the Chad-Sudan area compiled by
Arlette Roth-Laly
807:
497:
1994:
Sudan courtesy customs; a foreigner's guide to polite phrases in common use among sophisticated Arabic speaking population of
Northern Sudan
1329:"God's blessing upon you". Additional greetings are appropriate for particular times and are standard in most varieties of Arabic, such as
1903:
James Dickins. 2008. Online Arabic/English Dictionary of Sudanese Arabic, and English/Arabic Dictionary of Sudanese Arabic available at
2114:
1588:ابراهيم آدم إسحاق. 2002. الأصول العربية للهجة دارفور العامية (القروية). كلية اللغة العربية, قسم اللسانيات, جامعة ام درمان الإسلامية.
2240:
2165:
643:
1404:, by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization), a publication from 1888, now in the
2247:
1780:
1742:
1533:
893:
853:
686:
243:
2708:
1294:"a little tired" if not so well. Of course, there can be many other responses but these are used in everyday language.
1604:. Methuen ; Distributed by Harper & Row Barnes & Noble Import Division. Retrieved August 27, 2022 from
405:
The variety evolved from the varieties of Arabic brought by Arabs who migrated to the region after the signing of the
2053:
2036:
1972:
468:) by Muhammad wad Dayf Allah. While the written Arabic used in these Sultanates more closely resembles the norms of
739:
1661:
967:
maintains an archaic pronunciation in Sudanese (other dialects typically have , or , while Cairene Arabic has .
3355:
2252:
1081:
1044:
724:
233:
1118:
which appears in many loanwords of Nubian origin. There is also influence of Nubian in Sudanese Arabic from the
2882:
2148:
749:
3330:
2107:
1859:
1926:
2647:
2198:
1085:
1051:
920:
901:
729:
472:, Dayf Allah's book features early attestations of some elements of modern Sudanese phonology and syntax.
3743:
2041:
1632:
1017:
1011:
787:
754:
3291:
2770:
1951:
Arabic in the Sudanese setting: A Sociolinguistic study (Language Planning, Diglossia, Standardisation)
1069:
1063:
885:
866:
848:
637:
3733:
3044:
3034:
3011:
932:
905:
881:
770:
744:
654:
141:
1452:
3712:
3620:
3102:
2100:
1029:
1023:
385:
broadly distinguishes between the varieties spoken by sedentary groups along the Nile (such as the
425:
that once covered the region. Accordingly, linguists have identified a variety of influences from
3738:
2867:
2810:
2213:
1937:
Grammar as a Window onto Arabic Humanism: A Collection of Articles in Honour of Michael G. Carter
1669:
874:
870:
836:
681:
3169:
2089:- Blog for learners of Sudanese Arabic, with transcript in Standard Arabic and explanatory notes
2975:
2935:
2860:
2855:
2619:
2155:
696:
476:
277:
136:
1904:
1266:, an exchange common to Muslims everywhere. However, other greetings typical to Sudan include
3701:
3534:
3486:
3296:
3278:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3068:
2803:
2775:
2765:
2569:
2193:
889:
597:
592:
456:, Arabic was also employed in the writing of historical and theological books, most famously
126:
3437:
3197:
3117:
2597:
1662:
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization) (1888).
928:
782:
701:
660:
605:
561:
2238:
8:
3496:
3306:
3179:
3002:
2553:
2467:
2404:
2082:
An online dictionary of Sudanese Arabic, plus a c. 6,000-word description of the language
1366:
1278:"Are you well? (to a male and a female, respectively)", the response to which is usually
718:
712:
630:
445:
146:
2395:
2048:, Hildesheim, New York: G. Olms (originally authors thesis, Freie Universität, Berlin),
1900:, New York: Columbia University Press, see glossary of Sudanese Arabic words pp 203–206.
1663:
3664:
3350:
3266:
3063:
2988:
2727:
2713:
2081:
1841:
1833:
1119:
1088:/ are equivalent respectively to the diphthongs and found in Modern Standard Arabic.
936:
865:
As with other Egypto-Sudanic varieties, Modern Standard Arabic interdental fricatives /
612:
546:
382:
377:
2733:
2530:
2512:
2305:
1665:
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17
1402:
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17
214:
3411:
3084:
3024:
2787:
2679:
2590:
2233:
2049:
2032:
1968:
1845:
1825:
1786:
1776:
1748:
1738:
1710:
1571:
1539:
1529:
1480:
924:
909:
897:
877:
842:
813:
775:
734:
691:
648:
579:
566:
551:
438:
131:
81:
3164:
2694:
2521:
880:/ are substituted by either their fricative or stop counterparts. As is the case in
409:, a 7th-century treaty between the Muslim rulers of Egypt and the Nubian kingdom of
239:
3432:
3230:
3211:
3174:
3053:
2983:
2926:
2838:
2684:
2669:
2614:
2576:
2280:
2223:
2183:
1925:(Vol. 2) (K. Versteegh et al. eds.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 559–571, available at
1817:
1702:
1106:
913:
762:
675:
541:
441:, and other Sudanese languages on the vocabulary and phonology of Sudanese Arabic.
426:
386:
371:
3574:
2911:
3615:
3544:
3481:
3475:
3344:
3219:
3159:
3019:
2963:
2948:
2943:
2906:
2850:
2823:
2798:
2699:
2656:
2638:
2228:
2208:
2143:
1605:
1111:
800:
556:
461:
422:
418:
413:. Testimonies by travelers to the areas that would become modern-day Sudan, like
355:
318:
301:
268:
178:
118:
106:
3695:
3625:
3559:
3464:
3238:
3127:
3122:
3107:
3092:
3058:
2843:
2218:
2160:
1371:
1114:, such as the word for cat, /kadiːsa/, as well as the Nobiin accusative suffix
962:
796:
624:
453:
449:
395:
171:
101:
91:
1939:(L. Edzard and Janet Watson, eds.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 155–195.
1790:
1752:
1575:
458:
The Tabaqat of the Walis, the Righteous, the 'Ulema and the Poets in the Sudan
3727:
3657:
3652:
3638:
3584:
3519:
3501:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3335:
3154:
3149:
3134:
3097:
2958:
2953:
2877:
2833:
2689:
2663:
2188:
2175:
1829:
1714:
1543:
1484:
1405:
1376:
1181:
502:
430:
390:
367:
77:
3630:
3589:
3529:
3509:
3469:
3382:
3377:
3144:
3139:
3029:
2752:
2738:
2442:
2352:
2325:
1965:
Chadian and Sudanese Arabic in the light of comparative Arabic dialectology
1772:
Chadian and Sudanese Arabic in the Light of Comparative Arabic Dialectology
1734:
Chadian and Sudanese Arabic in the Light of Comparative Arabic Dialectology
667:
434:
399:
69:
3455:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2440:
2432:
2422:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2368:
2360:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2296:
1440:
1422:
223:
198:
3524:
3454:
3416:
3360:
3112:
2273:
1927:
http://www.languages.salford.ac.uk/staff/KhartoumArabicArticleDickins.pdf
1706:
1381:
1231:
1223:
1006:
980:
829:
414:
363:
359:
55:
2413:
2359:
2332:
1690:
1619:
The Arabs and the Sudan: from the seventh to the early sixteenth century
2674:
2583:
2449:
1953:, Unpublished dissertation, Indiana University (available on Proquest).
1837:
1445:
1058:
985:
587:
2539:
2485:
2476:
2431:
2424:
2377:
2370:
2341:
1770:
1732:
1565:
3579:
1523:
1474:
1037:
207:
191:
2503:
2314:
1821:
1633:"One Thousand and One Dialects: On the different Dialects of Arabic"
466:كتاب الطبقات في خصوص الاولياء والصالحين والعلماء والشعراء في السودان
3564:
3554:
2257:
1886:, Paris: Editions du Centre Nationale de la recherche scientifique.
343:
326:
309:
292:
251:
73:
40:
3447:
2092:
1898:
Cultivating Workers, Peasants and Capitalism in a Sudanese Village
1234:, which is much more heavily influenced by other local languages.
3599:
2263:
1321:"How are you, Joseph?". Another standard response in addition to
410:
339:
247:
59:
3514:
3442:
2138:
2123:
1227:
1091:
469:
351:
350:. Sudanese Arabic has also influenced a number of Arabic-based
1313:
can also be formed using the person's first name, prefixed by
1165:/ɟirtig/ "a ceremonial occasion on the third night of wedding"
519:
330:) refers to the various related varieties of Arabic spoken in
3594:
3549:
3539:
2458:
2386:
2268:
2017:, Unpublished dissertation, Université de Montpelier, France.
1992:
Vincent Llewllyn Grifiths & Abdel Rahman Ali Taha, 1936,
335:
331:
51:
955:
Central Sudanese Arabic /kac.can/ for "to be disgusted with"
3569:
1905:
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/profile/40000/479/james_dickins
1274:(to women). A rather informal way to say "How are you", is
406:
376:
Sudanese Arabic is highly diverse. Famed Sudanese linguist
347:
250:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1525:
Sudanese Arabic : phonematics and syllable structure
1141:/waːsuːg/ "a special broad wooden shovel pulled by ropes"
1944:
Spoken Sudanese Arabic, Grammar, Dialogues and Glossary
1126:/kudeːk/ "excavation in river bank beneath water-wheel"
2015:
Les noms vernaculaires soudanais utiles à l'écologiste
1860:"The Influence of Dongolawi Nubian on Sudanese Arabic"
402:, have also elicited special interest from linguists.
1982:, Unpublished dissertation, University of London, UK.
1630:
282:
1956:Andrew and Janet Persson with Ahmad Hussein, 1979,
1923:
The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
1912:
Sudanese Arabic: Phonematics and Syllable Structure
1806:"The Old Shaiqi Language in Historical Perspective"
1282:"Praise God" assuming you are indeed feeling well,
912:/ in loans from Modern Standard Arabic. Similar to
1309:"how are the children". For friends, the question
1168:/suːmaːr/ "public praising of bridegroom's uncles"
444:By the 16th and 17th centuries, the Sultanates of
2029:Kauderwelsch, Sudanesisch-Arabisch Wort für Wort,
1989:, London, Oxford University Press, G. Cumberlege.
487:), as well as in Sudanese cinema and television.
3725:
1258:Formal greetings often begin with the universal
1153:/aːbreː/ "cooked sheets of fermented dura dough"
1237:
2046:Der arabische Dialekt der Šukriyya in Ostsudan
2031:Reise Know How-Verlag, Bielefeld, 1. Auflage,
1996:, Khartoum, published by the Sudan Government.
1933:The Verb Base in Central Urban Sudanese Arabic
1606:https://books.google.com/books?id=7h-QAAAAIAAJ
498:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
2108:
1980:The noun phrase in the spoken Arabic of Sudan
1691:"Basic Sentence Structure in Sudanese Arabic"
1600:O'Fahey R. S. & Spaulding J. (1974).
1105:Prior to the widespread adoption of Arabic,
1092:Influence from indigenous Sudanese languages
27:
1345:The Sudanese Arabic word for "yes" varies;
1222:mentioned derivative of Sudanese Arabic is
520:Consonants of Central Urban Sudanese Arabic
2115:
2101:
1865:. Taha A. Taha, Florida A&M University
1476:Some aspects of Sudanese colloquial Arabic
888:, interdental fricatives are realized as /
475:Like other varieties of Arabic outside of
222:
1803:
1340:
2077:Aramati – Sudanese Arabic
1958:Sudanese Colloquial Arabic for beginners
1171:/kabareːt/ "special method of perfuming"
952:Central Sudanese Arabic /ɲarr/ for "mew"
1688:
1521:
1247:, followed by the person's first name:
1156:/ɟalag/ "an animal similar to the wolf"
1129:/toːreːg/ "horizontal driving spindle "
244:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
16:Regional variety of the Arabic language
3726:
2003:, Cambridge, UK: The University Press.
1726:
1724:
1472:
946:Darfur Arabic /naŋnaŋ/ for "talkative"
325:
308:
291:
39:
2096:
1764:
1762:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1290:"half-half", if feeling only okay or
1216:
1138:/iŋgaːja/ "special agricultural plot"
1135:/gureːr/ "newly formed alluvial soil"
949:Sudanese Arabic /ʕaŋgareːb/ for "bed"
537:
372:Nubi communities of Kenya and Uganda.
1768:
1730:
1596:
1594:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1400:This article incorporates text from
1175:
1132:/is.sikaːk/ "beam supporting toreig"
2122:
1721:
1100:
465:
322:
305:
272:
28:
13:
3700:Languages between parentheses are
1946:, Springfield, VA, Dunwoody Press.
1759:
1429:
389:) and pastoralist groups (such as
14:
3755:
2070:
1769:Kaye, Alan S. (6 February 2015).
1731:Kaye, Alan S. (6 February 2015).
1591:
1563:
1550:
1491:
1459:
1297:Other everyday greetings include
1068:
1028:
1016:
3708:
3707:
1949:Abdel-Hadi Mohammed Omer, 1984,
1451:
1393:
310:[ˈʕaːmmijjasuːˈdaːnijja]
1852:
1804:Spaulding, Jay (January 1990).
1797:
1682:
1655:
1646:
1624:
1509:قاموس اللهجة العامية في السودان
943:Darfur Arabic /ŋaŋa/ for "baby"
3704:of the language on their left.
1985:J. Spenser Trimmingham, 1946,
1611:
1582:
1515:
1473:Gasim., Awn Al-Sharif (1965).
1415:
1162:/ʕanbaloːg/ "a young she-goat"
923:/ for Modern Standard Arabic /
900:/ in inherited words, and as /
1:
1387:
1331:Sabāh al-khēr? / Sabāh an-Nōr
514:
2199:Ancient South Arabian script
2166:Influence on other languages
1942:Elizabeth M. Bergman, 2004.
1238:Greetings in Sudanese Arabic
509:
293:[ˈlahɟasuːˈdaːnijja]
41:[ˈlahɟasuːˈdaːnijja]
7:
3456:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2441:
2433:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2369:
2361:
2351:
2343:
2334:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2239:
1360:
1197:/daːna/ "pumpkin container"
283:
10:
3760:
1914:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1890:
1695:Journal of Semitic Studies
1689:Dickins, J. (2010-03-01).
1631:Multilingual Connections.
1567:A grammar of Darfur Arabic
1276:Inta shadīd? Inti shadīda?
1191:/karkab/ "wooden slippers"
490:
3687:
3680:Islam and Arabic language
3673:
3608:
3495:
3425:
3404:
3329:
3247:
3229:
3190:
3083:
3043:
3010:
3001:
2974:
2934:
2925:
2899:
2786:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2607:
2561:
2552:
2289:
2174:
2131:
2060:
2021:
2007:
1978:El Rashid Abubakr, 1970,
1882:Arlette Roth, 1969–1972,
1668:. The Institute. p.
1507:قاسم, عون الشريف (1984).
1423:"Arabic, Sudanese Spoken"
1349:is widely used, although
1301:"Good, thanks to Allah",
1074:
984:
979:
977:
970:
828:
795:
711:
623:
586:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
230:
221:
205:
189:
184:
168:
115:
97:
87:
65:
47:
35:
26:
21:
3621:Arabic script in Unicode
3356:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2716:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
1357:are also commonly used.
1305:"how is the family?" or
1299:kwayyis(a), alhamdulilah
1194:/funduk/ "wooden mortar"
111:Total: 48 million (2022)
104:: 37 million (2022)
2883:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1987:Sudan Colloquial Arabic
1896:Victoria Bernal, 1991,
1528:. Harrassowitz Verlag.
1522:Dickins, James (2007).
1511:. المكتب المصري الحديث.
454:the Sultanate of Sennar
2027:Randolph Galla, 1997,
1917:James Dickins. 2007b.
1910:James Dickins. 2007a.
1617:Hassan Y. F. (1967).
1341:Assenting - saying yes
1203:/doːf/ "boneless meat"
477:Modern Standard Arabic
232:This article contains
3487:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2194:Ancient North Arabian
2013:Michel Baumer, 1968,
1967:, Mouton: The Hague,
1931:James Dickins, 2006.
1602:Kingdoms of the sudan
1408:in the United States.
3438:Sun and moon letters
2598:Pre-classical Arabic
1999:S. Hillelson, 1935,
1963:Alan S. Kaye, 1976,
1264:Wa ˤalaykom as-salām
1253:Ō, kēf ya Khalafalla
1230:of Arabic spoken in
1206:/gangar/ "corn ears"
1159:/ʕabalaːnɟ/ "monkey"
1107:the Nubian languages
1080:The long mid vowels
378:Awn ash-Sharif Gasim
334:as well as parts of
265:the Sudanese dialect
263:also referred to as
109:: 11 million (2022)
3292:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2771:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1367:Varieties of Arabic
927:/. The consonants /
298:Colloquial Sudanese
3744:Languages of Sudan
3665:MacArabic encoding
2001:Sudan Arabic texts
1707:10.1093/jss/fgq046
1217:Regional variation
1209:/marfaʕiːn/ "wolf"
1144:/koːreːg/ "shovel"
1120:Dongolawi language
959:The Arabic letter
327:[ˈdaːriɟi]
3721:
3720:
3696:extinct languages
3635:MS-DOS codepages
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3079:
3078:
2997:
2996:
2895:
2894:
2591:Old Hijazi Arabic
1810:History in Africa
1782:978-3-11-080336-5
1744:978-3-11-080336-5
1564:Roset, Caroline.
1535:978-3-447-05519-2
1449:(27th ed., 2024)
1260:As-salām ˤalaykom
1188:/ʕaŋgareːb/ "bed"
1176:The Beja language
1078:
1077:
863:
862:
765:
721:
678:
633:
582:
575:
362:, widely used in
281:
258:
257:
240:rendering support
236:phonetic symbols.
3751:
3734:Arabic languages
3711:
3710:
3459:
3008:
3007:
2932:
2931:
2868:Western Algerian
2815:Eastern Algerian
2811:Algerian Saharan
2741:(Lesser Kabylia)
2644:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2577:Nabataean Arabic
2559:
2558:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2446:
2436:
2428:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2364:
2356:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2281:Maltese alphabet
2244:
2224:Algerian Braille
2214:Eastern numerals
2184:Nabataean script
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2042:Stefan Reichmuth
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1621:. Edinburgh U.P.
1615:
1609:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1397:
1396:
1327:Allāh ybarik fik
1200:/suksuk/ "beads"
1150:/maːreːg/ "dura"
1101:Nubian languages
1072:
1032:
1020:
975:
974:
886:Levantine Arabic
761:
717:
674:
629:
578:
573:
535:
534:
532:
531:
527:
470:Classical Arabic
467:
400:Shukriyya tribes
370:, spoken by the
329:
324:
313:) or locally as
312:
307:
295:
290:
286:
284:Lahjat Sūdānīyah
276:
274:
261:Sudanese Arabic,
226:
217:
201:
194:
174:
121:
43:
31:
30:
19:
18:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3683:
3669:
3616:Arabic keyboard
3604:
3499:
3491:
3476:Mater lectionis
3470:Triliteral root
3421:
3392:
3333:
3325:
3243:
3225:
3186:
3075:
3039:
2993:
2970:
2921:
2891:
2782:
2762:Judeo-Maghrebi
2630:
2624:
2620:Modern Standard
2603:
2548:
2285:
2229:Maltese Braille
2209:Arabic numerals
2170:
2127:
2121:
2073:
2063:
2024:
2010:
1919:Khartoum Arabic
1893:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1822:10.2307/3171817
1802:
1798:
1783:
1767:
1760:
1745:
1729:
1722:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1562:
1551:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1492:
1471:
1460:
1450:
1441:Sudanese Arabic
1439:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1394:
1390:
1363:
1343:
1323:al-hamdu lillāh
1317:, for example;
1292:taˤban showayya
1280:al-Hamdo lillāh
1262:and the reply,
1240:
1219:
1212:/baʕʃuːm/ "fox"
1178:
1112:Nobiin language
1103:
1094:
973:
965:
882:Egyptian Arabic
533:
529:
525:
523:
522:
517:
512:
493:
423:Nobiin language
419:Egyptian Arabic
315:Common Sudanese
289:Sudanese Arabic
288:
238:Without proper
213:
197:
190:
179:Arabic alphabet
175:
170:
164:
152:Sudanese Arabic
142:Central Semitic
122:
119:Language family
117:
110:
105:
22:Sudanese Arabic
17:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3739:Sudanese Arabs
3736:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3698:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3626:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Naskh (script)
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:Judeo-Tunisian
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3279:Judeo-Moroccan
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3262:Judeo-Egyptian
3259:
3257:Judeo-Algerian
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3239:Bedouin Arabic
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2851:Moroccan koiné
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:Tunisian koiné
2820:Eastern Hilal
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:Judeo-Algerian
2799:Algerian koiné
2795:Central Hilal
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:Judeo-Tunisian
2773:
2768:
2766:Judeo-Moroccan
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Arabic Braille
2216:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:The Kisra Lady
2084:
2079:
2072:
2071:External links
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1929:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1851:
1796:
1781:
1758:
1743:
1720:
1701:(1): 237–261.
1681:
1654:
1645:
1623:
1610:
1590:
1581:
1549:
1534:
1514:
1490:
1458:
1428:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:Chadian Arabic
1369:
1362:
1359:
1342:
1339:
1239:
1236:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:/weːka/ "okra"
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:
983:
978:
972:
969:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
861:
860:
858:
856:
851:
846:
839:
834:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
810:
805:
803:
793:
792:
790:
785:
780:
778:
773:
768:
766:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
671:
670:
665:
663:
658:
651:
646:
641:
634:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
609:
602:
600:
595:
590:
584:
583:
576:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
492:
489:
407:Treaty of Baqt
256:
255:
242:, you may see
228:
227:
219:
218:
211:
203:
202:
195:
187:
186:
185:Language codes
182:
181:
176:
172:Writing system
169:
166:
165:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
125:
123:
116:
113:
112:
99:
95:
94:
92:Sudanese Arabs
89:
85:
84:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:Native to
45:
44:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Sini (script)
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Ruqʿah script
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Hijazi script
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:Central Asian
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2749:Traras-Msirda
2748:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
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2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Arabic script
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
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2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
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2134:
2130:
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2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2088:
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2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2054:3-487-07457-5
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:3-89416-302-X
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:90-279-3324-3
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
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1928:
1924:
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1916:
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1827:
1823:
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1696:
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1649:
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1597:
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1569:
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1527:
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1478:
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1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:public domain
1401:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Nubi language
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:kēf ya Yōsif?
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:kēf al awlād?
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:"not bad" or
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:Ō, Khalafalla
1246:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:Beja language
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
987:
982:
976:
968:
966:
964:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
914:Sa'idi Arabic
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
859:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
844:
840:
838:
835:
833:
831:
827:
824:
822:
820:
818:
815:
811:
809:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
720:
716:
714:
710:
707:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
664:
662:
659:
656:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
571:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
536:
528:
507:
504:
503:Great Britain
500:
499:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
379:
374:
373:
369:
366:, as well as
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
320:
316:
311:
306:عامية سودانية
303:
299:
294:
285:
279:
270:
266:
262:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
229:
225:
220:
216:
212:
210:
209:
204:
200:
196:
193:
188:
183:
180:
177:
173:
167:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
124:
120:
114:
108:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
36:Pronunciation
34:
25:
20:
3691:
3631:Windows-1256
3590:Taliq script
3530:Jeli Thuluth
3510:Ajami script
3474:
3378:Pidgin madam
3365:
3343:
3307:Judeo-Yemeni
3249:Judeo-Arabic
3231:Sociological
3218:
3180:Judeo-Yemeni
3003:Mesopotamian
2916:
2878:Libyan koiné
2662:
2655:
2648:Pre-Hilalian
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2570:Proto-Arabic
2568:
2203:Zabūr script
2156:Romanization
2045:
2028:
2014:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1883:
1867:. Retrieved
1854:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1771:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1664:
1657:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1626:
1618:
1613:
1601:
1584:
1566:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1475:
1444:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:Kēf al-usra?
1302:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:(to men) or
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1220:
1179:
1115:
1104:
1095:
1079:
960:
958:
918:
864:
496:
495:In 1889 the
494:
485:halamanteesh
484:
480:
474:
457:
443:
404:
375:
358:, including
314:
297:
273:لهجة سودانية
264:
260:
259:
231:
206:
151:
137:West Semitic
127:Afro-Asiatic
29:لهجة سودانية
3525:Jawi script
3497:Calligraphy
3426:Linguistics
3351:Gulf Pidgin
3267:Judeo-Iraqi
3208:Kashkadarya
3064:Judeo-Iraqi
2989:Palestinian
2900:Nile Valley
2562:Pre-Islamic
2274:Dagger alif
1816:: 283–292.
1638:19 November
1382:Juba Arabic
1232:South Sudan
1224:Juba Arabic
830:Approximant
415:Ibn Battuta
391:the Baggara
364:South Sudan
360:Juba Arabic
246:instead of
56:South Sudan
3728:Categories
3412:Literature
3085:Peninsular
3025:Khuzestani
2755:(Mountain)
2675:Australian
2584:Old Arabic
2234:Diacritics
2161:Numerology
1869:19 October
1791:1089408432
1753:1089408432
1675:2011-05-08
1576:1037340906
1446:Ethnologue
1388:References
562:Pharyngeal
515:Consonants
387:Ja'aliyyin
82:Gash-Barka
3702:varieties
3694:indicate
3609:Technical
3580:Shahmukhi
3535:Kairouani
3433:Phonology
3212:Khorasani
3202:Bakhtiari
3054:Anatolian
2984:Jordanian
2964:Damascene
2927:Levantine
2839:Hassaniya
2680:Cottenera
2615:Classical
2554:Varieties
2132:Overviews
1846:153767706
1830:0361-5413
1715:0022-4480
1544:912621449
1485:772550469
719:voiceless
713:Fricative
631:voiceless
510:Phonology
278:romanized
208:Glottolog
192:ISO 639-3
88:Ethnicity
3713:Category
3565:Nastaliq
3555:Muhaqqaq
3545:Maghrebi
3405:Academic
3345:Bimbashi
3301:Tunisene
3272:Baghdadi
3220:Shirvani
3160:Hadhrami
3118:Bahraini
3069:Baghdadi
3020:Baghdadi
2959:Aleppine
2949:Lebanese
2944:Cilician
2917:Sudanese
2907:Egyptian
2788:Hilalian
2746:Western
2724:Eastern
2721:Village
2700:Żurrieqi
2664:Sicilian
2657:Andalusi
2639:Maghrebi
2608:Literary
2260:(tanwin)
2258:Nunation
2144:Alphabet
2139:Language
2126:language
2044:, 1983,
1361:See also
1284:ma batal
935:/, and /
908:/, and /
896:/, and /
873:/, and /
580:emphatic
547:Alveolar
396:Shaigiya
344:Ethiopia
252:Help:IPA
215:suda1236
98:Speakers
74:Khartoum
3692:Italics
3600:Thuluth
3465:Grammar
3336:pidgins
3331:Creoles
3320:Sanʽani
3205:Bukhara
3165:Sanʽani
3128:Kuwaiti
3123:Emirati
3108:Dhofari
3093:Bahrani
3059:Cypriot
3047:(Qeltu)
2874:Sulaym
2861:Western
2856:Eastern
2734:Sfaxian
2730:(Sahel)
2685:Gozitan
2670:Maltese
2290:Letters
2264:Shaddah
2253:Harakat
2248:Tashkil
2176:Scripts
2149:History
1891:English
1838:3171817
1272:Izzēyik
1268:Izzēyak
567:Glottal
552:Palatal
538:
491:History
439:Nilotic
411:Makuria
368:Ki-Nubi
356:creoles
352:pidgins
340:Eritrea
280::
248:Unicode
132:Semitic
60:Eritrea
3515:Diwani
3502:Script
3460:(case)
3457:ʾIʿrāb
3443:Tajwid
3388:Bongor
3367:Maridi
3317:Habban
3191:Others
3175:Tihami
3155:Yemeni
3150:Shihhi
3135:Hejazi
3103:Bedawi
3098:Bareqi
2954:Syrian
2912:Saʽidi
2844:Nemadi
2830:Maqil
2728:Sahili
2695:Żejtun
2631:spoken
2629:Modern
2124:Arabic
2061:Arabic
2052:
2035:
2022:German
2008:French
1971:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1789:
1779:
1751:
1741:
1713:
1574:
1542:
1532:
1483:
1398:
1288:nosnos
1228:pidgin
1116:-ga/ka
1084:/ and
998:short
992:short
971:Vowels
763:voiced
676:voiced
542:Labial
524:": -->
481:dobeyt
462:Arabic
450:Sennar
446:Darfur
427:Nubian
346:, and
319:Arabic
302:Arabic
269:Arabic
147:Arabic
78:Anseba
70:Gezira
66:Region
3674:Other
3595:Tawqi
3550:Mashq
3540:Kufic
3448:Imāla
3417:Names
3383:Turku
3311:Adeni
3145:Omani
3140:Najdi
3045:North
3035:South
3030:Shawi
3012:Gilit
2976:South
2936:North
2834:Fessi
2753:Jebli
2739:Jijel
2714:Tunis
2709:Urban
2690:Qormi
2299:ʾAlif
2269:Hamza
2241:i‘jām
1935:. In
1921:. In
1863:(PDF)
1842:S2CID
1834:JSTOR
1355:na‘am
1007:Close
1001:long
995:long
981:Front
801:trill
588:Nasal
574:plain
557:Velar
383:Gasim
336:Egypt
332:Sudan
323:دارجى
52:Sudan
3570:Rasm
3373:Nubi
3361:Juba
3334:and
3314:Beda
3286:Wqal
3283:Kjal
3113:Gulf
2461:Ġayn
2452:ʿAyn
2050:ISBN
2033:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1871:2023
1826:ISSN
1787:OCLC
1777:ISBN
1749:OCLC
1739:ISBN
1711:ISSN
1640:2023
1572:OCLC
1540:OCLC
1530:ISBN
1481:OCLC
1351:aywa
1311:Kēf?
1226:, a
1180:The
1059:Open
986:Back
931:/, /
904:/, /
892:/, /
884:and
869:/, /
797:Flap
625:Stop
526:edit
483:and
448:and
431:Beja
398:and
354:and
348:Chad
3658:864
3653:720
3649:711
3646:710
3643:709
3639:708
3482:IPA
2542:Yāʾ
2533:Wāw
2524:Hāʾ
2515:Nūn
2506:Mīm
2497:Lām
2488:Kāf
2479:Qāf
2470:Fāʾ
2443:Ẓāʾ
2434:Ṭāʾ
2425:Ḍād
2416:Ṣād
2407:Šīn
2398:Sīn
2389:Zāy
2380:Rāʾ
2371:Ḏāl
2362:Dāl
2353:Ḫāʾ
2344:Ḥāʾ
2335:Ǧīm
2326:Ṯāʾ
2317:Tāʾ
2308:Bāʾ
1818:doi
1703:doi
1443:at
1353:or
1347:aye
1325:is
1251:or
1086:/oː
1082:/eː
1038:Mid
501:of
435:Fur
296:),
234:IPA
199:apd
3730::
3500:·
1840:.
1832:.
1824:.
1814:17
1812:.
1808:.
1785:.
1775:.
1761:^
1747:.
1737:.
1723:^
1709:.
1699:55
1697:.
1693:.
1670:11
1593:^
1570:.
1552:^
1538:.
1493:^
1479:.
1461:^
1431:^
1333:.
1315:ya
1255:.
1070:aː
1052:oː
1045:eː
1030:uː
1018:iː
925:sˤ
910:zˤ
898:dˤ
845:)
843:lˤ
816:)
814:rˤ
776:zˤ
735:sˤ
692:dˤ
657:)
649:tˤ
640:)
615:)
608:)
464::
437:,
433:,
429:,
342:,
338:,
321::
304::
287:,
275:,
271::
107:L2
102:L1
80:,
76:,
72:,
58:,
54:,
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
2056:.
1975:.
1907:.
1873:.
1848:.
1820::
1793:.
1755:.
1717:.
1705::
1678:.
1642:.
1608:.
1578:.
1546:.
1487:.
1425:.
1245:o
1064:a
1024:u
1012:i
963:ج
937:ŋ
933:c
929:ɲ
921:s
906:z
902:s
894:d
890:t
878:ˤ
875:ð
871:ð
867:θ
854:w
849:j
841:(
837:l
812:(
808:r
799:/
788:ʕ
783:ɣ
771:z
755:h
750:ħ
745:x
740:ʃ
730:s
725:f
702:ɡ
697:ɟ
687:d
682:b
668:ʔ
661:k
655:c
653:(
644:t
638:p
636:(
613:ŋ
611:(
606:ɲ
604:(
598:n
593:m
530:]
460:(
317:(
300:(
267:(
254:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
