Arabic - Knowledge

2675: 2084:(ANA), which was theorized to have been the regional tongue for many centuries. ANA, despite its name, was considered a very distinct language, and mutually unintelligible, from "Arabic". Scholars named its variant dialects after the towns where the inscriptions were discovered (Dadanitic, Taymanitic, Hismaic, Safaitic). However, most arguments for a single ANA language or language family were based on the shape of the definite article, a prefixed h-. It has been argued that the h- is an archaism and not a shared innovation, and thus unsuitable for language classification, rendering the hypothesis of an ANA language family untenable. Safaitic and Hismaic, previously considered ANA, should be considered Old Arabic due to the fact that they participate in the innovations common to all forms of Arabic. 4592: 12394: 12322: 12037: 12012: 11987: 9014: 8989: 3013: 1380: 165: 1407: 151: 3582: 4188: 3365: 120: 3707: 3112: 1294: 3175: 15019: 8790: 5877: 2449:

conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories. According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from

56: 8776: 7553: 3067:, though it has experienced extensive changes as a result of sustained and intensive contact with Italo-Romance varieties, and more recently also with English. Due to "a mix of social, cultural, historical, political, and indeed linguistic factors", many Maltese people today consider their language Semitic but not a type of Arabic. Cypriot Arabic is recognized as a minority language in Cyprus. 2790: 7052:"meeting" (similar to a verbal noun) has turned into a noun referring to a particular type of social, often work-related event where people gather together to have a "discussion" (another lexicalized verbal noun). Another fairly common means of forming nouns is through one of a limited number of patterns that can be applied directly to roots, such as the "nouns of location" in 2823:'to go') that is not present in the spoken varieties, but deletes Classical words that sound obsolete in MSA. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined many terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve. Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g., 2781:, is written in a strongly determined word order and alternative orders that were used in CA for emphasis are rare. In addition, because of the lack of case marking in the spoken varieties, most speakers cannot consistently use the correct endings in extemporaneous speech. As a result, spoken MSA tends to drop or regularize the endings except when reading from a prepared text. 3152:

written language is a complicating factor: A single written form, differing sharply from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites several sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak a single language, despite mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions.

6663:, of which there are about fifteen, each with one or more characteristic meanings and each with its own templates for the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun. These are referred to by Western scholars as "Form I", "Form II", and so on through "Form XV", although Forms XI to XV are rare. 10216: 10059: 8511:. Most of these technologies originally had the ability to communicate using the Latin script only, and some of them still do not have the Arabic script as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text using the Latin script. 8911:

The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script,

8695:

agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in alphabet, he

6471:

Nouns, verbs, pronouns and adjectives agree with each other in all respects. Non-human plural nouns are grammatically considered to be feminine singular. A verb in a verb-initial sentence is marked as singular regardless of its semantic number when the subject of the verb is explicitly mentioned as a

4696:

that underlies all the modern dialects outside the Arabian peninsula. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely to have evolved independently more than once or twice and together suggest the existence of

3103:

In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native dialects, which depending on the region may be mutually unintelligible. Some of these dialects can be considered to constitute separate languages which may

12120:

Originally Maltese was an Arabic dialect but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but

3151:

While there is a minimum level of comprehension between all Arabic dialects, this level can increase or decrease based on geographic proximity: for example, Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each other much better than they do speakers from the Maghreb. The issue of diglossia between spoken and

8618:

is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in left-to-right scripts. Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern English usage. For example, 24

2726:

Due to its grounding in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic is removed over a millennium from everyday speech, which is construed as a multitude of dialects of this language. These dialects and Modern Standard Arabic are described by some scholars as not mutually comprehensible. The former are

2107:

king Imru' al-Qays bar 'Amro, dating to 328 CE, found at Namaraa, Syria. From the 4th to the 6th centuries, the Nabataean script evolved into the Arabic script recognizable from the early Islamic era. There are inscriptions in an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script dating to the 6th century CE, found

8683:

After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and re-emphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the

3270:

Software and books with tapes are an important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on

2448:

theory claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprang up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on the eve of the

8707:

The idea that Romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al-Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo. This effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the

7244:

The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes

3984:

has many Arabic loanwords, some directly, but most via other Mediterranean languages. Examples of such words include admiral, adobe, alchemy, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, alkaline, almanac, amber, arsenal, assassin, candy, carat, cipher, coffee, cotton, ghoul, hazard, jar, kismet, lemon, loofah,

3009:, and some linguists consider them distinct languages. However, research indicates a high degree of mutual intelligibility between closely related Arabic variants for native speakers listening to words, sentences, and texts; and between more distantly related dialects in interactional situations. 2776:

distinctions are very rare in Arabic vernaculars. As a result, MSA is generally composed without case distinctions in mind, and the proper cases are added after the fact, when necessary. Because most case endings are noted using final short vowels, which are normally left unwritten in the Arabic

9227:

Constitution of the Philippines, Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as

3222:

wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of the Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even

2714:

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties and has adopted certain new

4642:

One factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas, which have typically provided many new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order. However, a more weighty factor for most dialects is, as among

10208: 10051: 10033:""A glimpse of the development of the Nabataean script into Arabic based on old and new epigraphic material", in M.C.A. Macdonald (ed), The development of Arabic as a written language (Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 40). Oxford: 47–88" 2793: 8921:

The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan states in Article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language

2128:). The oldest surviving papyrus in Arabic dates to 643 CE, and it uses dots to produce the modern 28-letter Arabic alphabet. The language of that papyrus and of the Qur'an is referred to by linguists as "Quranic Arabic", as distinct from its codification soon thereafter into " 12189:

yet it is in its morphology that Maltese also shows the most elaborate and deeply embedded influence from the Romance languages, Sicilian and Italian, with which it has long been in intimate contact....As a result Maltese is unique and different from Arabic and other Semitic

4588:, whose features eventually spread to all newly conquered areas. These features are present to varying degrees inside the Arabian peninsula. Generally, the Arabian peninsula varieties have much more diversity than the non-peninsula varieties, but these have been understudied. 2792: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2154:, most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from the "learned" tradition (Classical Arabic). This variety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an 9403: 2802: 2797: 7689:

In modern times the intrinsically calligraphic nature of the written Arabic form is haunted by the thought that a typographic approach to the language, necessary for digitized unification, will not always accurately maintain meanings conveyed through calligraphy.

3050:

are only varieties of modern Arabic to have acquired official recognition. Hassaniya is official in Mali and recognized as a minority language in Morocco, while the Senegalese government adopted the Latin script to write it. Maltese is official in (predominantly

8655:, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. 2801: 12219:

To summarise our findings, we might observe that when it comes to the most basic everyday language, as reflected in our data sets, speakers of Maltese are able to understand less than a third of what is being said to them in either Tunisian or Benghazi Libyan

4579:

varieties. All the varieties outside of the Arabian peninsula, which include the large majority of speakers, have many features in common with each other that are not found in Classical Arabic. This has led researchers to postulate the existence of a prestige

2803: 2800: 2799: 11710: 10299:

Bernards, Monique, "Ibn Jinnī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 27 May 2021 First published online: 2021 First print edition: 9789004435964, 20210701,

2784:

The numeral system in CA is complex and heavily tied in with the case system. This system is never used in MSA, even in the most formal of circumstances; instead, a greatly simplified system is used, approximating the system of the conservative spoken

1477: 8424:

Some systems, e.g. for scholarly use, are intended to accurately and unambiguously represent the phonemes of Arabic, generally making the phonetics more explicit than the original word in the Arabic script. These systems are heavily reliant on

2795: 9948: 9305: 8912:

Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."

2745:

MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic"

8708:

Arabic alphabet. In particular, the older Egyptian generations believed that the Arabic alphabet had strong connections to Arab values and history, due to the long history of the Arabic alphabet (Shrivtiel, 189) in Muslim societies.

3159:. This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for the Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the 2596: 2727:

usually acquired in families, while the latter is taught in formal education settings. However, there have been studies reporting some degree of comprehension of stories told in the standard variety among preschool-aged children.

9354: 3147:

and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot.

2181:. During the first Islamic century, the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized 1551:

Arabic has influenced languages across the globe throughout its history, especially languages where Islam is the predominant religion and in countries that were conquered by Muslims. The most markedly influenced languages are

6456:. Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end of a verb, noun or preposition and indicate verbal and prepositional objects or possession of nouns. The first-person singular pronoun has a different enclitic form used for verbs ( 1956:

On the other hand, several Arabic varieties are closer to other Semitic languages and maintain features not found in Classical Arabic, indicating that these varieties cannot have developed from Classical Arabic. Thus, Arabic

10563: 3504: 12265: 12236: 12206: 69:

There seems to be some confusion surrounding the chronology of Arabic's origination, including notably in the paragraph on Qaryat Al-Faw (also discussed on talk). There are major sourcing gaps from "Literary Arabic"

12407: 8514:

To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter

2275:

an overhaul of the grammar of Arabic, but it would not come to pass for two centuries. The standardization of Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the

3004:

Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be

3215:– who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab – Medieval scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior. 3499: 3769:

The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as

9706:

Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011.

8529:

or IM Arabic. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization to represent the "emphatic" counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using capitalization, the letter

2591: 2605:(1993). They review language development, monitor new words and approve the inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts. 9668: 3171:, much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages. 2337:

By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, both for Muslims and non-Muslims. For example,

1447:. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as 5230:

dialect, with independent literary norms. Maltese has evolved independently of Modern Standard Arabic and its varieties into a standardized language over the past 800 years in a gradual process of

8381:, i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in 1381: 166: 10251: 7718: 523: 15048: 2794: 1668:. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Aramaic, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Persian and to a lesser extent Turkish, English, French, and other Semitic languages. 6621:(primarily encoding person) and suffixes (primarily encoding gender and number) are used. The passive voice uses the same person/number/gender affixes but changes the vowels of the stem. 8696:

believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words that made it difficult for non-native speakers to learn.

5826:

shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types.

6442:

in Literary Arabic are marked for case, number, gender and state, as for nouns. The plural of all non-human nouns is always combined with a singular feminine adjective, which takes the

2066:, in southern present-day Saudi Arabia. However, this inscription does not participate in several of the key innovations of the Arabic language group, such as the conversion of Semitic 1408: 152: 2384: 8635:

There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to Romanize the language. Currently, the only Arabic variety to use Latin script is

6428:‎ /al-/. Indefinite singular nouns, other than those that end in long ā, add a final /-n/ to the case-marking vowels, giving /-un/, /-an/ or /-in/, which is also referred to as 10555: 4940:. It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world. 3737:

system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like

13360: 7663:

finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.

4118:, Arabic loanwords are often transferred indirectly via other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic. For example, most Arabic loanwords in Hindustani and 3525: 12261: 12232: 12202: 7048:

The associated participles and verbal nouns of a verb are the primary means of forming new lexical nouns in Arabic. This is similar to the process by which, for example, the

12088:

In fact, Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although over the past 800 years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic

2674: 2609: 8761:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

3335: 2541:

in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted the need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial age (such as

12799: 3275:

provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries.

2378: 10909:"Journal officiel de la republique du mali secretariat general du gouvernement – decret n°2023-0401/pt-rm du 22 juillet 2023 portant promulgation de la constitution" 7743: 3104:

have "sub-dialects" of their own. When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers

1769:

after the first root consonant, probably a jussive formed by a stress shift) in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms (e.g.,

4161:

in Europe, many of the Arabic concepts in the fields of science, philosophy, commerce, etc. were coined from Arabic roots by non-native Arabic speakers, notably by

7682:. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is 10003:"Al-Jallad (Draft) Remarks on the classification of the languages of North Arabia in the 2nd edition of The Semitic Languages (eds. J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El)" 2624:

in Arabic to describe new concepts, toward the standardization of these new terms throughout the Arabic-speaking world, and toward the development of Arabic as a

2374: 12821: 8871: 8756:

Yūlad jamīʻ al-nās aḥrār-an mutasāwīn fil-karāma-ti wal-huqūq-i, wa-qad wuhibū ʻaql-an wa-ḍamīr-an wa-ʻalayhim an yuʻāmil-u baʻduhum baʻd-an bi-rūh al-ikhāʼ-i.

7590:

However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb itself, and remains in use mainly in the Quranic schools (

2498:

was a cultural and especially literary renaissance of the 19th century in which writers sought "to fuse Arabic and European forms of expression." According to

8483:

During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented text communication technologies have become prevalent in the Arab world, such as

2162:

was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of Old Higazi.

6613:), and use completely different sets of affixes for indicating person, number and gender: In the past, the person, number and gender are fused into a single 9678: 5282:

found between Maghrebi Arabic dialects. Maltese has its own dialects, with urban varieties of Maltese being closer to Standard Maltese than rural varieties.

2291:, is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qur'an usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the 1492:. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the world and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, governments and the media. During the 12107: 17003: 11851: 9276: 1735:

and the emergence of Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include:

8456:). These are usually simpler to read, but sacrifice the definiteness of the scientific systems, and may lead to ambiguities, e.g. whether to interpret 3457:

This lexicographic tradition was traditionalist and corrective in nature—holding that linguistic correctness and eloquence derive from Qurʾānic usage,

12607: 10243: 9548:... of the Qufdn; many Arabic loanwords in the indigenous languages, as in Urdu and Indonesian, were introduced mainly through the medium of Persian. 8814: 7670:

as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin script, Arabic script is used to write down a

5483:. Sudanese Arabic is quite distinct from the dialect of its neighbor to the north; rather, the Sudanese have a dialect similar to the Hejazi dialect. 3155:

From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the

2583: 1505: 805: 1675:

in the world, and the fourth most used language on the internet in terms of users. It also serves as the liturgical language of more than 2 billion

8851: 7579:. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Eastern versions of the alphabet—in particular, the 3659:, Seuil, L'Univers Historique, 2002. Some Arabic borrowings from Semitic or Persian languages are, as presented in De Prémare's above-cited book: 1496:, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture and learning, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have 10482: 7099:; variously derives terms for women from related terms for men, or more generally terms along the same lines as the corresponding masculine, e.g. 2050:

Linguists generally believe that "Old Arabic", a collection of related dialects that constitute the precursor of Arabic, first emerged during the

15055: 3458: 2602: 890: 3320:

that were unfamiliar or had a particular contextual meaning, and to identify words of non-Arabic origin that appear in the Quran. They gathered

2043:

with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered

17198: 17193: 17168: 10459: 6472:

noun. Numerals between three and ten show "chiasmic" agreement, in that grammatically masculine numerals have feminine marking and vice versa.

1432: 5270:. In terms of basic everyday language, speakers of Maltese are reported to be able to understand less than a third of what is said to them in 1672: 11882: 9152: 9115: 5274:, which is related to Siculo-Arabic, whereas speakers of Tunisian are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese. This 4169:

and Persian, to translate foreign concepts continued through to the 18th and 19th centuries, when swaths of Arab-inhabited lands were under

2391: 17123: 15152: 12184: 12150: 11090: 9078: 7245:(most often /bi-/ for indicative vs. unmarked subjunctive). They have also mostly lost the indefinite "nunation" and the internal passive. 12945: 11391: 1509: 15760: 12155:

Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia.

11120: 10366: 8861: 5958:), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. For example, the word for 'I wrote' is constructed by combining the root 2150:, which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the 11337: 11298: 11211: 11181: 11064: 10607: 6678:. Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs, albeit often semantically related, and each is the basis for its own 3694:, the name of a blue stone, lapis lazuli. This word was borrowed in several European languages to mean (light) blue – azure in English, 15379: 11267: 11238: 11154: 8627:, and 1975 is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy". 8437:) are intended to help readers who are neither Arabic speakers nor linguists with intuitive pronunciation of Arabic names and phrases. 1520:) owing to the proximity of Europe and the long-lasting Arabic cultural and linguistic presence, mainly in Southern Iberia, during the 1513: 9027:

Shachmon, Ori; Mack, Merav (2016). "Speaking Arabic, Writing Hebrew. Linguistic Transitions in Christian Arab Communities in Israel".

2715:

constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the

13424: 10833: 9331: 10815:

Trentman, E. and Shiri, S., 2020. The Mutual Intelligibility of Arabic Dialects. Critical Multilingualism Studies, 8(1), pp.104–134.

9302:"Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)" 6636:'to write'. In Modern Standard, the energetic mood, in either long or short form, which has the same meaning, is almost never used. 4145:

Arabic words made their way into several West African languages as Islam spread across the Sahara. Variants of Arabic words such as

3733:

manuscripts: (1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks;(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under the Abbasid dynasty,

16323: 12278:

In comparison, speakers of Libyan Arabic and speakers of Tunisian Arabic understand about two-thirds of what is being said to them.

11104: 10862: 7587:

a single dot above in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different (at least when they were used as numerals).

1481: 823: 10311: 16274: 16249: 13550: 11362: 9613: 3544: 2777:

script, it is unnecessary to determine the proper case of most words. The practical result of this is that MSA, like English and

2575: 2570:

were established with the aim of developing standardized additions to the Arabic lexicon to suit these transformations, first in

814: 9566:

Orissa Under the Mughals: From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa

5715:. As Jewish migration to Israel took hold, the language did not thrive and is now considered endangered. So-called Qəltu Arabic. 1980:

Arabia had a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. The term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the

16313: 16292: 13475: 13097:

Kirchhoff, Katrin; Vergyri, Dimitra (2005). "Cross-dialectal data sharing for acoustic modeling in Arabic speech recognition".

9510: 9203:"Niger : Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales" 6526:

and longer energetic); the fifth and sixth moods, the energetics, exist only in Classical Arabic but not in MSA. There are two

4543:

Solid area fill: variety natively spoken by at least 25% of the population of that area or variety indigenous to that area only

2882:'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing 16308: 13557: 13388: 13370: 13350: 13323: 13279: 13263: 13230: 13206: 13179: 13161: 13129: 13060: 13032: 13014: 12996: 12978: 12955: 12932: 12910: 12875: 12845: 12178: 12144: 12081: 11789: 11310: 11283: 11250: 11223: 11193: 11166: 11136: 11076: 10650: 10601: 10435: 10397: 10360: 10321: 10284: 10182: 10118: 9783: 9748: 8886: 8840: 8819: 8718: 7635: 7594:) of West Africa. Arabic, like all other Semitic languages (except for the Latin-written Maltese, and the languages with the 3531: 2461:

peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA.

2231: 1731:. Linguists still differ as to the best classification of Semitic language sub-groups. The Semitic languages changed between 9789: 7126:. This suffix is extremely productive, and forms adjectives meaning "related to X". It corresponds to English adjectives in 3757:

system (system used today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels.

13236: 9638: 7753: 3604:, which used to be the principal, international language of communication throughout the ancient Near and Middle East, and 4165:

and Persian translators, and then found their way into other languages. This process of using Arabic roots, especially in

3445: 2913: 1757:

The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms (e.g., a present tense formed by doubling the middle root, a

16343: 16338: 15691: 9145: 8891: 1339: 693: 11795: 9241: 17133: 17008: 15561: 15365: 15329: 14018: 11128: 10984:

Hadjioannou, Xenia; Tsiplakou, Stavroula; Kappler, Matthias (2011). "Language policy and language planning in Cyprus".

3558: 1722: 11527: 11446: 7633:) were added (which allowed readers to distinguish between letters such as b, t, th, n and y). Finally signs known as 3108:

back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence.

17143: 17038: 15472: 15355: 15216: 13259: 12815: 12427: 12298: 12057: 11037: 9942: 9908: 9541: 73: 13119: 8748:يولد جميع الناس أحراراً متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق، وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميراً وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضاً بروح الإخاء. 3123:

The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the

2000:(non-Central Semitic languages) were spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern 17103: 16264: 15675: 15643: 15462: 15437: 15303: 15283: 15145: 8128: 4591: 3467: 3463: 660: 12755: 3680:(جزيرة), as in the well-known form الجزيرة "Al-Jazeera", means "island" and has its origin in the Syriac ܓܵܙܲܪܬܵܐ 3239:

schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their

3084:, which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. 2506:

writers attempted to simplify the Arabic language and script so that it might be accessible to a wider audience."

1671:

Arabic is spoken by as many as 380 million speakers, both native and non-native, in the Arab world, making it the

17188: 17078: 17053: 16269: 16259: 15753: 15696: 15615: 15509: 15467: 15421: 15375: 15350: 15324: 15308: 14665: 13562: 7713: 7666:

Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still considered by

7641: 4572: 3754: 3385: 3080:

The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of

2244: 1329: 30:

This article is about the general language (macrolanguage). For specific varieties of Arabic and other uses, see

17: 12262:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study" 12233:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study" 12203:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study" 11555: 8570:(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the 3761:

A comprehensive overview of the influence of other languages on Arabic is found in Lucas & Manfredi (2020).

17043: 17028: 16598: 15545: 15504: 15488: 15416: 15385: 15041: 14192: 13458: 12617: 12101: 9588: 9228:

auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

8011: 6452:

in Literary Arabic are marked for person, number and gender. There are two varieties, independent pronouns and

5137: 5013: 3971: 1997: 1961:

do not descend from Classical Arabic: Classical Arabic is a sister language rather than their direct ancestor.

11843: 11636: 2054:. Previously, the earliest attestation of Old Arabic was thought to be a single 1st century CE inscription in 17173: 17153: 17138: 17108: 17088: 17048: 17023: 17018: 16254: 16166: 15594: 15589: 15360: 15252: 15247: 15221: 15196: 14640: 13417: 9267: 8876: 7972: 7960: 4785: 4198: 2766:

Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern vernacular dialect (e.g., the

916: 13272:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet

12549:

Rydin, Karin C. (2005). A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. New York: Cambridge University Press.

8937:

Al Malwi, Ibrahim; Herrero De Haro, Alfredo; Baker, Amanda (2023). "Abha Arabic". Illustrations of the IPA.

6412:‎ /-at/, which is pronounced as /-ah/ before a pause. Plural is indicated either through endings (the 3600:

The most important sources of borrowings into (pre-Islamic) Arabic are from the related (Semitic) languages

2968:'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine an older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g., 17148: 17083: 17073: 17058: 16333: 16318: 13957: 13508: 12249:

Speakers of Tunisian and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese.

11097: 10276:

Maimonides' "Guide of the Perplexed" in Translation: A History from the Thirteenth Century to the Twentieth

7660: 5351: 5347: 5317: 5313: 4091:, borrow some numbers from Arabic. Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as 1856: 1284: 934: 12623: 12121:

steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community.

7886: 7839: 5226:, is the only fully separate standardized language to have originated from an Arabic dialect, the extinct 4920: 4916: 1941: 1932: 1920: 1909: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1766: 17178: 17163: 17158: 17128: 17113: 17093: 17013: 16932: 16328: 16042: 15625: 15138: 9451: 8508: 8302: 6649: 5951: 5393: 5365: 4705:

except on nouns, with consistent plural agreement (cf. feminine singular agreement in plural inanimates).

4601: 3289: 2655: 786: 10474: 4549:

Dotted area fill: speakers of this variety are mixed with speakers of other Arabic varieties in the area

2074:

in the singular. It is best reassessed as a separate language on the Central Semitic dialect continuum.

17118: 17098: 17068: 17063: 17033: 16187: 16180: 15746: 15370: 14601: 14080: 12769: 12474: 8866: 8829: 8651:

pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin letters in 1922. The major head of this movement was

8434: 7921: 7881: 6486:

Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are

3511: 2762:

Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows:

15901: 10940: 10883: 4639:(although the converse is not true, in part due to the popularity of Egyptian films and other media). 16846: 16137: 16115: 16099: 15848: 15828: 15793: 14354: 14344: 14321: 9202: 9100: 8044: 7728: 5985:

Other verbs meaning 'I Xed' will typically have the same pattern but with different consonants, e.g.

5433: 5403: 5323: 4702: 4154:("book") have spread to the languages of African groups who had no direct contact with Arab traders. 3734: 3553: 2579: 2193: 1989: 1800:

inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the

1728: 1686: 1420: 832: 503: 243: 12637: 12393: 12321: 12036: 12011: 11986: 9275:(2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. ch. 1, s. 6. 9013: 8988: 4635:, and the others. Moroccan Arabic in particular is hardly comprehensible to Arabic speakers east of 3100:

can express the needs of modern civilization in a manner that would appear to be originally Arabic.

3036:, as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising. 2632:

became a postcolonial nationalist policy in countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan.

16998: 16609: 16232: 15277: 15022: 14930: 14412: 13410: 13216: 11147: 9972:"Al-Jallad. 2014. On the genetic background of the Rbbl bn Hfʿm grave inscription at Qaryat al-Fāw" 9096: 9082: 6653: 6420:). Definite nouns include all proper nouns, all nouns in "construct state" and all nouns which are 5943: 5734: 5251: 5212:

between the end of the 9th century and the end of the 12th century and eventually evolved into the

3092:

lexicographically means the one whose sound is heard but whose person remains unseen. Now the term

2587: 2571: 1278: 880: 841: 11354: 444: 17183: 16651: 16588: 16412: 15798: 15345: 15085: 14177: 14120: 13523: 11874: 9477: 9123: 8856: 8571: 8567: 8089: 6683: 6487: 5355: 5035: 5017: 3351:) who were perceived to speak the "purest," most eloquent form of Arabic—initiating a process of 3218:

In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view.

2720: 2565: 2113: 495: 31: 14479: 11819:"Rasmī or aslī?: Arabic's impact on modern Israeli Hebrew by D Gershon Lewental, PhD (DGLnotes)" 11087: 2759:) are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic. 2730:

The relation between Modern Standard Arabic and these dialects is sometimes compared to that of

1225: 15974: 15811: 15788: 15783: 15722: 15717: 15620: 15395: 15161: 14285: 14245: 14170: 14165: 13929: 13465: 11532: 11275: 9084:

Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979. – Article: 16 Official or national languages

8725: 8390: 8378: 8344: 7699: 5937: 5819: 5704: 5279: 5275: 5231: 4596: 4585: 3975: 3252: 3244: 3212: 3006: 2645: 2308: 2146:

In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the

1792:

There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the

1732: 1681: 1440: 440: 314: 238: 210: 16369: 15130: 12712:

The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East

12168: 12134: 11117: 10350: 10108: 9561: 2165:

In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal "poetic koine" distinct from the

482: 452: 16976: 16548: 16221: 15887: 15873: 15582: 15411: 15298: 15095: 15011: 14844: 14796: 14606: 14588: 14581: 14571: 14566: 14558: 14378: 14113: 14085: 14075: 13879: 13503: 12559:

Tabbaa, Yasser (1991). "The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur'ānic Calligraphy".

12071: 11916: 11334: 11295: 11208: 11178: 11061: 10682:"Arabization and Islamization in the Making of the Sudanese "Postcolonial" State (1946-1964)" 10591: 8701: 8496: 8445: 7169:'cooperation, participation' can be formed. This in turn can be made into a nisbah adjective 5895: 5389: 3993:

derive ultimately from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary or grammatical rules.

3803: 3548: 3028:

The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as

2716: 2526: 2510: 2453:

Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent

2372:, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology and phonology in works such as 2346: 2264: 2081: 1424: 228: 11262: 11235: 11151: 10082: 9054: 3340: 16903: 16614: 15952: 15712: 15577: 15390: 15231: 15211: 15186: 14747: 14507: 14427: 13907: 12662:

Osborn, J.R. (2009). "Narratives of Arabic Script: Calligraphic Design and Modern Spaces".

11100: 10134: 8697: 8526: 7966: 7763: 5752: 5520: 3795: 3775: 3255:

exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic

3124: 2667:

and Modern Standard Arabic. It could also refer to any of a variety of regional vernacular

2534: 2023:

In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in a script derived from ASA attest to a language known as

1797: 1702: 1625: 640: 359: 290: 13548: 10825: 10018:"One wāw to rule them all: the origins and fate of wawation in Arabic and its orthography" 9327: 6327: 6313: 6299: 6285: 6271: 6257: 6243: 6229: 6215: 6201: 6187: 6173: 6159: 6145: 6131: 6117: 6103: 6089: 6075: 6061: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5987: 3747: 3739: 3726: 2949: 2936: 2923: 2876: 2863: 2843: 2830: 2817: 1448: 1394: 8: 16917: 16555: 16498: 16426: 16387: 16363: 16208: 16023: 15984: 15100: 14806: 14616: 14489: 14312: 13863: 13777: 13714: 8881: 8656: 8615: 8500: 7239: 5815: 5570: 5415: 5383: 5289: 4977: 4812: 4689: 4648: 4182: 4049: 3899: 3863: 3495: 2668: 2649: 2441: 2419: 2272: 1597: 1561: 1501: 1436: 349: 200: 13705: 12337:"Aramaic ?k?, lyk? and Iraqi Arabic ?aku, maku: The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence" 10856: 8704:, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for Romanization. 7045:(verbs built from nouns); Form V is the equivalent used for intransitive denominatives. 6033:'I spoke', where the subpattern used to signal the past tense may change but the suffix 3557:, tracing the changes of meanings and uses of Arabic words over time. A first volume of 15530: 15288: 15268: 15226: 15201: 15165: 14974: 14660: 14576: 14373: 14298: 14037: 14023: 13086: 12921: 12889: 12679: 12576: 12364: 11958: 11691: 11618: 11610: 11509: 11501: 11043: 11011: 10908: 10707: 10656: 10453: 9395: 9036: 7654: 7629:

without diacritical marks Later diacritical points (which in Arabic are referred to as

7556: 6554: 6398: 6390: 5947: 5841: 5536: 5429: 5361: 5305: 5023: 5005: 4959: 4627:

Within the non-peninsula varieties, the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian

3859: 3815: 3811: 3088:

is the process of giving a new shade of meaning to an old classical word. For example,

3021: 3017: 2690: 2628:. This gave rise to what Western scholars call Modern Standard Arabic. From the 1950s, 2117: 2096: 2088: 1605: 1601: 1541: 605: 16741: 16619: 14043: 13840: 13822: 13615: 10162: 9731:

Huehnergard, John (2017). "Arabic in Its Semitic Context". In Al-Jallad, Ahmad (ed.).

8525:. There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it 6401:). The cases of singular nouns, other than those that end in long ā, are indicated by 3985:

magazine, mattress, sherbet, sofa, sumac, tariff, and zenith. Other languages such as

2706: 1996:

family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It is believed that the ancestors of the

1544:, have also acquired many words of Arabic origin, mainly through direct contact with 1270: 16889: 16683: 16562: 16435: 16196: 16154: 16028: 15821: 15769: 15659: 15599: 15514: 15273: 15206: 15191: 14721: 14394: 14334: 14097: 13989: 13900: 13543: 13384: 13366: 13346: 13329: 13319: 13275: 13255: 13226: 13202: 13175: 13157: 13125: 13056: 13028: 13010: 12992: 12974: 12951: 12928: 12906: 12893: 12881: 12871: 12841: 12683: 12613: 12568: 12496: 12423: 12356: 12294: 12174: 12140: 12077: 12053: 11785: 11683: 11622: 11602: 11513: 11493: 11306: 11279: 11246: 11219: 11189: 11162: 11132: 11072: 11033: 11015: 10761: 10711: 10699: 10660: 10646: 10597: 10536: 10511: 10441: 10431: 10403: 10393: 10356: 10317: 10280: 10178: 10174: 10114: 9938: 9904: 9846: 9779: 9754: 9744: 9569: 9537: 9399: 9387: 8846: 8824: 8504: 8484: 8266: 8260: 8227: 8194: 8161: 7564: 7134: 7119: 7042: 6645: 6550: 6519: 6499: 5917: 5784: 5592: 5449: 5425: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5187: 4999: 4838: 4644: 4568: 4564: 4166: 3959: 3935: 3903: 3883: 3879: 3827: 3807: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3585:

The Qur'an has served and continues to serve as a fundamental reference for Arabic. (

3451: 3264: 3248: 3240: 3232: 3156: 3140: 2739: 2694: 2538: 2530: 2481: 2320: 2218: 2109: 2077:

It was also thought that Old Arabic coexisted alongside—and then gradually displaced—

2020:

and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested.

1993: 1981: 1758: 1621: 1617: 1577: 1573: 1517: 354: 270: 233: 14474: 14004: 13831: 11541: 11458: 9502: 8659:, a member of the academy, mentioned that the movement to Romanize the script was a 6589:

onto the non-past. The past and non-past differ in the form of the stem (e.g., past

5954:"root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually 4693: 4581: 3515:

by translating material from earlier Arabic lexica into English. The German Arabist

3012: 2445: 2403: 1335: 1175: 16969: 16924: 16910: 16720: 16671: 16634: 16539: 16525: 16491: 16461: 16442: 16407: 16173: 16147: 16121: 16081: 16074: 16014: 15997: 15969: 15945: 15837: 15540: 15442: 15293: 15105: 14742: 14540: 14521: 14484: 14363: 14293: 14236: 14148: 13994: 13979: 13924: 13886: 13590: 13533: 13493: 13106: 13078: 13069:

Kaye, Alan S. (1991), "The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic",

12863: 12855: 12675: 12671: 12486: 12415: 12348: 12170:

Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology

12136:

Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology

11950: 11775: 11675: 11594: 11537: 11485: 11454: 11001: 10993: 10751: 10741: 10694: 10689: 10681: 10638: 10170: 9983: 9836: 9736: 9669:"Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English - Bloomberg Business" 9379: 9369: 9177: 8942: 8636: 8624: 6722: 6679: 6503: 6394: 5921: 5909: 5823: 5805: 5532: 5445: 5327: 5259: 5243: 5219: 5213: 5157: 5065: 5009: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4943: 4655: 4157:

Since, throughout the Islamic world, Arabic occupied a position similar to that of

4123: 4119: 4088: 4073: 4038: 4034: 3997: 3986: 3981: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3911: 3907: 3895: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3843: 3819: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3601: 3372: 3236: 3179: 3136: 3060: 3043: 3039: 2853: 2778: 2773: 2664: 2641: 2316: 2248: 2182: 2151: 2141: 2129: 1665: 1629: 1613: 1589: 1581: 1557: 1553: 1525: 1444: 1095: 1075: 462: 448: 403: 339: 14884: 14221: 5234:. Maltese is therefore considered an exceptional descendant of Arabic that has no 1165: 398: 16937: 16841: 16815: 16764: 16629: 16569: 16477: 16470: 16454: 16448: 16375: 16126: 16002: 15992: 15090: 14925: 14854: 14791: 14785: 14654: 14529: 14469: 14329: 14273: 14258: 14253: 14226: 14216: 14160: 14133: 14108: 14009: 13966: 13948: 13538: 13518: 13453: 13220: 13110: 11341: 11302: 11271: 11242: 11215: 11185: 11158: 11124: 11094: 11068: 10997: 10631:"Arabization and linguistic domination: Berber and Arabic in the North of Africa" 10274: 10083:"ترجمة و معنى نحو بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1" 9825:"Connecting the Lines between Old (Epigraphic) Arabic and the Modern Vernaculars" 9773: 8804: 8795: 8668: 8652: 8382: 7683: 7595: 7572: 7568: 7543: 7253: 6511: 6382: 6378: 5849: 5770: 5608: 5584: 5472: 5364:, also known as Iraqi Judeo Arabic and Yahudic, is a variety of Arabic spoken by 5271: 5239: 5201: 5147: 5123: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5073: 5045: 4973: 4933: 4733: 4662: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4567:. The main dialectal division is between the varieties within and outside of the 4135: 4131: 4084: 4062: 4023: 3951: 3919: 3915: 3887: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3823: 3586: 3256: 3183: 3164: 3052: 2731: 2499: 2350: 2331: 2027:. On the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as 1690: 1657: 1641: 1633: 1585: 1545: 1485: 1415: 1401: 1374: 1245: 1215: 1205: 1115: 1065: 1035: 975: 965: 468: 458: 421: 385: 369: 344: 334: 329: 220: 159: 145: 16088: 12449: 9646: 7559:

written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.

5852:

in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through

5569:. With its oil wealth and mobility it has spread to various areas of the former 3361:'compiling the language') which took place over the 8th and early 9th centuries. 3267:

are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language.

16897: 16851: 16821: 16798: 16792: 16676: 16624: 16505: 16279: 16108: 15121: 15080: 15005: 14935: 14869: 14774: 14548: 14437: 14432: 14417: 14402: 14368: 14153: 13528: 13470: 13311: 12941: 10313:

The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition: From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century

9673: 8488: 8473: 7615: 7576: 7547: 7145:

onto nisba adjectives to form abstract nouns. For example, from the basic root

7049: 6675: 6523: 5891: 5885: 5857: 5845: 5718: 5682: 5678: 5660: 5600: 5558: 5455: 5375: 5165: 4170: 4139: 4127: 3963: 3955: 3855: 3831: 3613: 3593: 3581: 3368:

Arabic from the Quran in the old Hijazi dialect (Hijazi script, 7th century AD)

3219: 3144: 3128: 3105: 3047: 2852:

The current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use

2767: 2625: 2312: 2204: 1985: 1924: 1820:. The following features of Proto-Arabic can be reconstructed with confidence: 1813: 1645: 1593: 1537: 1529: 1155: 1145: 1025: 1015: 1005: 985: 698: 478: 414: 393: 364: 132: 12961: 12885: 11818: 11598: 11489: 10928:

Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.

10540: 10445: 9987: 9740: 9122:. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from 8946: 8684:

Latin alphabet would be used. There was also the idea of finding a way to use

7598:), is written from right to left. There are several styles of scripts such as 3655:

For the origin of the last three borrowed words, see Alfred-Louis de Prémare,

3364: 16992: 16831: 16826: 16736: 16483: 16008: 15535: 15110: 14967: 14962: 14948: 14894: 14829: 14811: 14697: 14682: 14676: 14645: 14464: 14459: 14444: 14407: 14268: 14263: 14187: 14143: 13999: 13973: 13498: 13485: 13333: 12572: 12500: 12419: 12381: 12360: 12309: 12024: 11999: 11974: 11687: 11606: 11497: 11296:

Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India

11209:

Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture

11204: 10765: 10703: 10630: 10515: 10407: 9850: 9841: 9824: 9758: 9573: 9391: 9245: 8729: 8685: 8614:‎) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued 6417: 6386: 5925: 5646: 5614: 5578: 5227: 5197: 5099: 5085: 5069: 3967: 3711: 3435: 3331: 3132: 3064: 2324: 2061: 1706: 1698: 1637: 1255: 1235: 1195: 1185: 1105: 1085: 995: 683: 377: 275: 15922: 13362:

Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart: Arabisch-Deutsch

12491: 11766: 11587:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

10746: 10729: 10642: 9931:"Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification" 9374: 8809: 8688:

instead of the Latin alphabet, but this was seen as too complicated to use.

6453: 6405:

short vowels (/-u/ for nominative, /-a/ for accusative, /-i/ for genitive).

4187: 3966:, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken. 1528:

is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the

119: 16757: 14940: 14899: 14839: 14819: 14779: 14692: 14687: 14454: 14449: 14339: 14062: 14048: 13752: 13662: 13635: 11780: 11047: 10425: 10157: 10155: 8781: 7782: 7248:

The following is an example of a regular verb paradigm in Egyptian Arabic.

6660: 6562: 6546: 6481: 6413: 5865: 5654: 5640: 5632: 5622: 5550: 5544: 5516: 5267: 5133: 4861: 4559:

is a collective term for the spoken dialects of Arabic used throughout the

3629: 3564: 3520: 3393: 3300: 3260: 2883: 2808: 2735: 2454: 2399: 2123: 1817: 1685:

ranked Arabic the fourth most useful language for business, after English,

1135: 1125: 1045: 858: 775: 615: 432: 280: 14765: 13850: 13841: 13832: 13823: 13814: 13805: 13804: 13796: 13787: 13778: 13769: 13760: 13750: 13742: 13732: 13724: 13715: 13706: 13697: 13688: 13678: 13670: 13660: 13652: 13643: 13633: 13625: 13616: 13607: 13606: 12867: 10505: 9001: 8976: 3706: 3111: 1250: 1240: 1230: 1220: 1210: 1200: 1190: 1180: 1170: 1160: 1150: 1140: 1130: 1120: 1110: 1100: 1090: 1080: 1070: 1060: 1050: 1040: 1030: 1020: 1010: 1000: 990: 980: 970: 960: 951: 16382: 16067: 14834: 14764: 14726: 14670: 14422: 13583: 13135: 8692: 6531: 6515: 5764: 5730: 5694: 5626: 5604: 5554: 5500: 5490: 5486: 5459: 5437: 5081: 4529: 4518: 4507: 4496: 4485: 4474: 4463: 4452: 4441: 4430: 4419: 4408: 4397: 4386: 4375: 4364: 4353: 4342: 4331: 4320: 4309: 4298: 4287: 4276: 4265: 4254: 4243: 4232: 4221: 4210: 3397: 3116: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2522: 2518: 2458: 1710: 1493: 1055: 765: 688: 206: 15033: 13723: 13669: 13642: 12756:"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Arabic (Alarabia)" 12052:

Borg, Albert J.; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (1997). Maltese. Routledge.

11505: 11473: 10152: 9040: 6397:(masculine and feminine); and three "states" (indefinite, definite, and 3608:. Many cultural, religious and political terms have entered Arabic from 3569: 3567:. The project is not yet complete; its 15th volume, covering the letter 3063:. Linguists agree that it is a variety of spoken Arabic, descended from 1293: 15929: 15880: 13984: 13893: 13759: 12580: 12472: 12386: 12368: 12336: 12314: 12029: 12004: 11979: 11006: 10756: 9733:

Arabic in Context: Celebrating 400 Years of Arabic at Leiden University

9383: 9006: 8981: 8441: 6687: 6558: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6507: 5955: 5913: 5861: 5774: 5760: 5756: 5712: 5596: 5588: 5161: 4560: 4193: 4115: 3441: 3389: 3304: 3029: 2663:

usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into

2475: 2465: 2430: 2414: 2342: 2338: 2166: 2155: 2078: 2044: 2028: 2009: 1975: 1958: 1805: 1521: 1428: 666: 590: 285: 178: 13849: 13795: 13786: 13741: 13734: 13687: 13680: 13651: 13090: 11962: 11695: 11663: 11614: 11582: 10530: 4647:, retention (or change of meaning) of different classical forms. Thus 2406:(1116–1196) realized the overhaul of Arabic grammar first proposed by 15894: 14889: 11748:

See for instance Wilhelm Eilers, "Iranisches Lehngut im Arabischen",

11441: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11431: 10352:

Diathesis in the Semitic Languages: A Comparative Morphological Study

10273:

Stern, Josef; Robinson, James T.; Shemesh, Yonatan (15 August 2019).

9568:. Orissan studies project, 10. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. p. 213. 8472:

romanization solves this problem by separating the two sounds with a

8426: 7748: 7733: 7619: 6717:'red' for Form IX, which is limited to colors and physical defects): 6682:

paradigm. As a result, these derived stems are part of the system of

6671: 6667: 6439: 6374: 5830: 5811: 5795:. It has about 60,000 speakers according to a rough estimate in 2010. 5788: 5235: 3725: 3516: 3206: 3174: 3081: 3033: 2900: 2698: 2621: 2529:(1819), dramatically changed the diffusion and consumption of Arabic 2369: 2361: 2005: 1913: 1801: 1747: 1661: 1263: 944: 926: 908: 15738: 13813: 13624: 12793: 12352: 11750:

Actas IV. Congresso des Estudos Árabes et Islâmicos, Coimbra, Lisboa

10966: 10017: 10002: 9930: 9877: 9301: 9120:

Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

6549:, indicating the fact that they actually represent a combination of 6433: 3970:

has been also influenced by Arabic especially during the process of

2705:) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the 16532: 15936: 15908: 14874: 14864: 13567: 13082: 11954: 11679: 10032: 9971: 9896: 9562:"Appendix B Persian, Turkish, Arabic words generally used in Oriya" 9444:"What are the official languages of the United Nations? - Ask DAG!" 8789: 8664: 7603: 6495: 6429: 5905: 5853: 5778: 5746: 5574: 3483: 3272: 2702: 2678: 2514: 2407: 2281: 2268: 2178: 2102: 2071: 2067: 2051: 2040: 2032: 2024: 1949: 1793: 1653: 1497: 1347: 719: 654: 650: 550: 472: 16666: 14757: 13402: 12947:

L'arabe parlé à Mardin. Monographie d'un parler arabe périphérique

12408:"Central Asian Arabic: The Irano-Arabic Dynamics of a New Perfect" 11711:"معجم الدوحة التاريخي للغة العربية.. الواقع الحقيقي للغة والحضارة" 11583:"Review of A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English)" 11428: 3670:(مدينة, city or city square), a word of Aramaic origin ܡܕ݂ܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ 2701:

and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as

2608:

In 1997, a bureau of Arabization standardization was added to the

1500:

words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in

16715: 16051: 15915: 15727: 14909: 13573: 12609:

What the Koran Really Says : Language, Text & Commentary

11556:"Hedwig Klein and "Mein Kampf": The unknown Arabist - Qantara.de" 11385: 10202: 10200: 9878:"The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification" 8834: 8660: 7758: 7738: 7679: 7599: 7202: 6648:, and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of 6449: 5833: 5742: 5686: 5664: 5562: 5508: 5462: 5397: 5379: 5181: 5177: 5151: 5141: 5127: 5117: 5113: 5077: 5057: 5053: 5049: 4985: 4947: 4576: 4162: 3716: 3168: 3160: 2869:'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; 2328: 2170: 2036: 1676: 1649: 1533: 1343: 886: 864: 852: 801: 770: 635: 620: 595: 580: 560: 545: 535: 530: 436: 42: 38: 13124:(2003 reprint ed.), New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 10037:

Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies

9102:

Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 – Article: 31 Islamic way of life

5942:

As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual

5848:) consonants and non-emphatic ones. Some of these phonemes have 2091:

are three lines of poetry by a man named Garm(')allāhe found in

16943: 15160: 14824: 14752: 13252:

Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement

11071:, Introduction, p. xix. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 9639:"Top Ten Internet Languages in The World - Internet Statistics" 8734: 8469: 7723: 7675: 7611: 7591: 7552: 6618: 6614: 6421: 6402: 6052:, numerous words can be formed by applying different patterns: 5876: 5504: 5466: 5343: 5309: 5205: 5169: 5039: 5027: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4778: 4692:, the following are some of the characteristic features of the 4668:

all mean 'there is', and all come from Classical Arabic forms (

3990: 3667: 2635: 2450: 2055: 1609: 837: 819: 750: 745: 575: 570: 12612:. Translated by Ibn Warraq. New York: Prometheus. p. 64. 11664:"Review of Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, Murad Kāmil, Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī" 11353:

M. Ed., Loyola University-Maryland; B. S., Child Development.

10806:"Arabic Language." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 10244:"Examining the origins of Arabic ahead of Arabic Language Day" 10197: 10169:, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 140–152, 1997, 9443: 8397:

of Arabic. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter

4584:

dialect in the one or two centuries immediately following the

4539: Sparsely populated area or no indigenous Arabic speakers 3535:(1961), based on established usage, especially in literature. 14904: 14859: 14849: 13768: 13696: 13578: 12854:

Birnstiel, Daniel (2019). "Chapter 15: Classical Arabic". In

8492: 7667: 7607: 5837: 5814:, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a 5738: 5726: 5690: 5668: 5650: 5618: 5540: 5524: 5494: 5480: 5476: 5419: 5411: 5369: 5339: 5297: 5223: 5209: 5191: 5103: 5096:

can be considered in between the two in terms of difficulty.

5061: 5048:, also called "Darija", spoken by about 70 million people in 4951: 4937: 4636: 4158: 4005: 3978:

was used as a source for modern Hebrew vocabulary and roots.

3835: 3721: 3589: 3317: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3178:

Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language (Flag of the

3056: 2686: 2494: 2470: 2365: 2304: 2159: 2147: 2092: 2001: 1809: 1762: 1694: 1565: 1489: 876: 870: 846: 810: 760: 645: 630: 625: 610: 585: 555: 189: 12971:

Writing Arabic: A Linguistic Approach, from Sounds to Script

12901:

Durand, Olivier; Langone, Angela D.; Mion, Giuliano (2010),

12069: 8936: 8619:

is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (

7705:

Examples of different transliteration/transcription schemes

7107:'library' (also a writing-related place, but different from 3494:

In the second half of the 19th century, the British Arabist

2562:

In response, a number of Arabic academies modeled after the

15072: 14879: 11390:(Atlanta ed.). Madisonville: Peter Jones. p. 49. 11245:, p. 3. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004. 10983: 9897:"Arabians, Arabias, and the Greeks_Contact and Perceptions" 9146:"Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State of the Jewish People" 7671: 7645:

and other uses such as final postnasalized or long vowels.

6491: 5898:. Some of the typical differences between Standard Arabic ( 5810:

While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in

5792: 5767:

by around 8,000 people. Tajiki Arabic is highly endangered.

5722: 5708: 5698: 5672: 5636: 5566: 5528: 5512: 5407: 5335: 5331: 5301: 5293: 5173: 3947: 2616:. These academies and organizations have worked toward the 2260: 2174: 2015: 1739:

The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation (

1569: 1439:, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as 828: 755: 714: 600: 565: 540: 9714: 9712: 9090: 8400: 7872: 7773: 4804:, where certain words have a special plural with prefixed 3526:

Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart

3263:

countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all

3223:

education through a mélange of code-switching practises."

2263:"), and is credited with establishing the rules of Arabic 1346:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12473:

Evi Nurus Suroiyah; Dewi Anisatuz Zakiyah (7 June 2021).

10532:رفاعة الطهطاوي : زعيم النهضة الفكرية في عصر محمد علي 7802: 7161:'to cooperate, participate', and in turn its verbal noun 6624:

The following shows a paradigm of a regular Arabic verb,

5503:, spoken by around four million people, predominantly in 4191:

Geographical distribution of the varieties of Arabic per

4083:, "galore, in quantity"). Most Berber varieties (such as 3764: 3199: 2327:

terms entered Arabic through translations carried out at

2087:

The earliest attestation of continuous Arabic text in an

13297:] (in Italian), Rome: I.P.O. – via Harassowitz 12048: 12046: 11765:

Lucas C, Manfredi S (2020). Lucas C, Manfredi S (eds.).

11315: 11305:, pp. 14–15. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. 10330: 9857: 9804: 7185:'socialism' can be derived. Other recent formations are 5076:

is very hard to understand for Arabic speakers from the

1320: Not an official language, Arabic-speaking minority 10475:"Early Arabic Printing: Movable Type & Lithography" 9709: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9020: 7847: 7807: 7793: 5635:, spoken by around 10 million people, mainly spoken in 5382:, and the surrounding cities and it is a subvariety of 1812:. These features are evidence of common descent from a 13197:

Ryding, Karin Christina; Wilmsen, David, eds. (2021).

11413: 10637:, Berlin, München, Boston: DE GRUYTER, pp. 1–16, 9775:

An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions

9362:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics

8872:

List of countries where Arabic is an official language

8313: 5587:, spoken by around 8 million people, predominantly in 3996:

Terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like

3628:, meaning in that language the melting of metals; see 2095:, and dated to around 125 CE. This is followed by the 1302: Sole official language, Arabic-speaking majority 12043: 11218:, p. 32. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. 9935:

Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming

8429:

marks such as "š" for the sound equivalently written

7798: 7567:, to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of 7563:

The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through

6693:

Examples of the different verbs formed from the root

6666:

These stems encode grammatical functions such as the

6541:

The past and non-past paradigms are sometimes termed

6009:'I went', although other patterns are possible, e.g. 5880:

Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works

5020:

and in most Palestinian populations around the world.

4994:

is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of

3334:

and the speech of the Arabs—particularly the Bedouin

2697:. Classical Arabic is prescriptive, according to the 10734:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory and Language Politics

10510:(in French). Publications de l'Université de Tunis. 10272: 10238: 10236: 10234: 9693: 9236: 9234: 9072: 8771: 8308: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7195: 7187: 7179: 7171: 7163: 7155: 7147: 7109: 7101: 7082: 7074: 7066: 7058: 7027: 7015: 6998: 6986: 6969: 6957: 6940: 6928: 6911: 6899: 6880: 6866: 6849: 6837: 6820: 6808: 6791: 6779: 6762: 6750: 6711: 6699: 6659:

For verbs, a given root can occur in many different

6630: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6355: 6341: 6046: 6035: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5406:(Basrawi dialect) is the dialect spoken in southern 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4851: 4843: 4828: 4820: 4798: 4790: 4760: 4752: 4016: 3634:

Histoire de la Médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle

2988: 2975: 2962: 2893: 2753: 1461: 1367: 1314: Co-official language, Arabic-speaking minority 1308: Co-official language, Arabic-speaking majority 388: 380: 372: 125: 108: 27:

Semitic language and lingua franca of the Arab world

13025:

Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties

11875:"Maltese language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 11236:

Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties

11118:

Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity

8754: 5643:. Most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi). 4546:

Hatched area fill: minority scattered over the area

3096:is used for a telephone. Therefore, the process of 12950:, Bucharest: Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti, 12920: 12714:. Mediterranean Language Review. pp. 179–196. 12099: 11264:Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing 9559: 9531: 8630: 8377:There are a number of different standards for the 7788: 6617:morpheme, while in the non-past, a combination of 3620:, and (Classical) Persian, and Hellenistic Greek ( 3207:Status in the Arab world vis-à-vis other languages 3167:is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the 2770:) are almost never used in Modern Standard Arabic. 2671:, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible. 2610:Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization 2158:register. It is clear that the orthography of the 2012:held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In 12900: 12166: 12132: 10231: 10163:"Ibn Maḍâ' and the refutation of the grammarians" 9231: 9029:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 8939:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8815:Arabic language influence on the Spanish language 6656:words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words. 5946:, i.e. method of constructing words from a basic 5693:, the dialect exhibits many big differences from 5266:. It is the only Semitic language written in the 5008:is a name of several dialects of the subgroup of 3489: 3294: 2981:'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)'; 806:Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria 16990: 13365:(1985 reprint (English) ed.), Harassowitz, 13096: 12741: 12739: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12525: 12513: 11355:"The Importance of the Arabic Language in Islam" 10390:The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history 9269:The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 9260: 8852:International Association of Arabic Dialectology 7091:The only three genuine suffixes are as follows: 6373:Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical 5707:dialects – these are the dialects spoken by the 3472:, and Bedouin speech—positioning itself against 3024:, considered a direct precursor of Arabic script 2247:(718–786) compiled the first Arabic dictionary, 1701:, although non-standard varieties are sometimes 13051:Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. (2007), 11474:"Edward Lane's Surviving Arabic Correspondence" 10560:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10213:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10056:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 7618:, which is used in print and by computers, and 7141:. This is formed by adding the feminine suffix 7041:Form II is sometimes used to create transitive 6919:'he corresponds (with someone, esp. mutually)' 6907:'he corresponded (with someone, esp. mutually)' 6652:, applying many templates applied to roots, to 4716:in many affixes (e.g., non-past-tense prefixes 13009:(Illustrated ed.), Taylor & Francis, 12477:[Development of Arabic in Indonesia]. 12334: 11941:Ferguson, Charles (1959), "The Arabic Koine", 11637:"المعجم التاريخي للعربية.. ضوء في عتمة الهوان" 10585: 10583: 10581: 10419: 10417: 9525: 9320: 9138: 8440:These less "scientific" systems tend to avoid 8405:is used to represent both a consonant, as in " 7213:'people's republic' (lit. "masses-ness", < 6460:‎ /-nī/) and for nouns or prepositions ( 4266:Libyan Arabic – Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic 4114:In languages not directly in contact with the 3563:was published in 1956 under the leadership of 3163:, a linguistically innovative variety such as 2685:Classical Arabic is the language found in the 849:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya 15754: 15146: 15049: 13418: 13304:Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba 13196: 13050: 12986: 12903:Corso di Arabo Contemporaneo. Lingua Standard 12862:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 367–402. 12734: 12718: 12690: 11764: 11760: 11758: 11661: 9614:"Internet: most common languages online 2020" 9532:Versteegh, Kees; Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997). 7622:, which is commonly used for correspondence. 5539:provinces. Although Gulf Arabic is spoken in 5246:. Maltese is different from Arabic and other 4680:respectively), but now sound very different. 4077: 4056: 4042: 4029:, "logic"), and economic items (like English 3538: 867:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu 65:needs attention from an expert in linguistics 13199:The Cambridge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics 12795:A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic 11735:See the seminal study by Siegmund Fraenkel, 11560:Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World 10730:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?" 10723: 10721: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9882:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics 9355:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?" 9079:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 9061:, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 April 2023 9026: 8746: 8547: 8533: 8518: 8398: 8335: 8293: 8251: 8218: 8185: 8152: 8119: 8080: 8035: 8002: 7951: 7912: 7870: 7831: 7771: 5899: 5860:. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to 4612: 4606: 4146: 4102: 4092: 4066: 4010: 3477: 3429: 3419: 3405: 3356: 3346: 3325: 3308: 3119:, used in some cases for the Arabic language 2982: 2969: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2904: 2887: 2870: 2857: 2837: 2824: 2747: 2636:Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic 2563: 2554: 2545: 2424: 2254: 2235: 2222: 2212: 2121: 2100: 2059: 2013: 1468: 1454: 1387: 1360: 873:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartoum 101: 12291:Studies in Islamic History and Civilization 11179:Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States 10858:Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages 10679: 10635:Language Empires in Comparative Perspective 10578: 10414: 10387: 9901:Literacy and Identity in Pre-Islamic Arabia 9730: 9589:"The 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World" 9328:"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara" 8862:List of Arabic-language television channels 6828:'he corresponds with, writes to (someone)' 3303:extended for about a millennium before the 3211:With the sole example of Medieval linguist 2177:, probably in connection with the court of 2039:are attested. The last two share important 17004:Languages attested from the 9th century BC 15761: 15747: 15153: 15139: 15056: 15042: 13425: 13411: 12968: 12791: 12593: 12412:Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion 11850:. Arabic Language Blog. 21 February 2012. 11755: 11580: 11177:Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier, 10458:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9718: 7153:'share' can be derived the Form VIII verb 6816:'he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)' 5711:that had lived or continue to live in the 5697:. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in 2815:MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g., 1292: 861:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh 118: 15063: 13310: 13274:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13215: 13187: 12918: 12853: 12709: 12490: 12442: 11903: 11844:"Top 50 English Words – of Arabic Origin" 11779: 11737:Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen 11321: 11005: 10755: 10745: 10727: 10718: 10693: 10628: 10430:(Fifth ed.). New York. p. 112. 10336: 10206: 9969: 9917: 9863: 9840: 9822: 9810: 9771: 9553: 9373: 9352: 9116:"Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus" 8566:In most of present-day North Africa, the 7177:'socialist', from which an abstract noun 6408:The feminine singular is often marked by 5904:) and vernacular varieties are a loss of 5840:phonemes. All phonemes contrast between " 5292:, spoken by about 41.2 million people in 4575:varieties and the much more conservative 3529:(1952), later translated into English as 3396:; it sought to exhaust all possible root 3231:Arabic has been taught worldwide in many 2521:, pioneering Arabic presses, such as the 2464:In around the 11th and 12th centuries in 1689:, and French. Arabic is written with the 855:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat 13269: 13190:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 13142: 13071:Journal of the American Oriental Society 12479:Muhadasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 12341:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11940: 11641:Hespress – هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية 11471: 11188:, p. 41. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009. 11105:United States Government Printing Office 10884:"Morocco 2011 Constitution – Constitute" 10503: 10309: 10135:"Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad | Arab philologist" 9471: 9469: 9438: 9436: 8464:, or a combination of two sounds, as in 7551: 5875: 5296:(where it is called "Aamiyah"), eastern 5026:, spoken by only several hundred in the 4590: 4186: 4072:, meaning "cup"), and expressions (like 3705: 3580: 3363: 3226: 3173: 3110: 3011: 2788: 2673: 2429:, "Tongue of Arabs"), a major reference 1777:for subjunctive, no ending for jussive, 1746:The conversion of the prefix-conjugated 1482:official languages of the United Nations 824:Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel 13004: 12940: 12835: 12770:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 12475:"Perkembangan Bahasa Arab di Indonesia" 11993: 11752:, Leiden 1971, with earlier references. 11352: 10855:Jenkins, Orville Boyd (18 March 2000), 10854: 10848: 10777: 10775: 10593:بناء مجتمعات المعرفة في المنطقة العربية 10472: 10427:The modern Middle East : a history 9242:"Decret n° 2005-980 du 21 octobre 2005" 8671:and used it in a newspaper he founded, 7233: 6368: 4946:, spoken by about 44 million people in 3545:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo 3182:1916–1925). The flag contains the four 2742:) in medieval and early modern Europe. 2230:"pointing for non-Arabs") and indicate 2217:"the way"), and pioneering a system of 1788:The development of an internal passive. 1628:, Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian, 1478:third most widespread official language 1340:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 815:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo 14: 16991: 13378: 13343:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic 13340: 13288: 13169: 13053:Language Planning and Policy in Africa 12969:Hanna, Sami A.; Greis, Naguib (1972), 12661: 12558: 12283: 11394:from the original on 27 September 2007 11062:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic 10941:"Morocco 2011 Constitution, Article 5" 10589: 10553: 10423: 10106: 10049: 9875: 9513:from the original on 24 September 2019 9427: 8950:, with supplementary sound recordings. 7625:Originally Arabic was made up of only 7201:'multitude, general public'), and the 5791:, especially along the north coast of 3765:Influence of Arabic on other languages 3690:(لازورد) is taken from Persian لاژورد 2345:Jewish philosopher, authored works in 76:may be able to help recruit an expert. 17169:Languages of the United Arab Emirates 15768: 15742: 15134: 15037: 13406: 13345:, New York: Oxford University Press, 13041: 13022: 12802:from the original on 21 December 2019 12606:Ibn Warraq (2002). Ibn Warraq (ed.). 12537: 12414:, Routledge, 2004, pp. 121–134, 12187:from the original on 4 October 2018. 12153:from the original on 4 October 2018. 12070:Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander (1997). 11854:from the original on 15 December 2018 11032:. Georgetown University Press. 2012. 10964: 10958: 10680:Seri-Hersch, Iris (2 December 2020). 10566:from the original on 27 February 2021 10485:from the original on 18 February 2020 10348: 10030: 10015: 10000: 9928: 9894: 9466: 9433: 9409:from the original on 12 December 2019 8972: 8970: 8887:List of French words of Arabic origin 8841:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 8820:Arabic Language International Council 8719:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8675:, as well as in some books he wrote. 7193:'republic' (lit. "public-ness", < 4750:Reformation of geminate verbs, e.g., 4048:, "so-and-so"), everyday terms (like 3532:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 3414:calling those that are actually used 2994:'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk'). 2203:–689) is credited with standardizing 1480:after English and French, one of six 1414: 1400: 1373: 158: 144: 13358: 13301: 13151: 13117: 13068: 12268:from the original on 11 October 2017 12239:from the original on 11 October 2017 12209:from the original on 11 October 2017 12110:from the original on 8 December 2015 12100:Brincat, Joseph M. (February 2005). 11968: 11872: 11798:from the original on 16 January 2021 11478:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11365:from the original on 1 February 2009 10794: 10772: 10209:"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects" 9951:from the original on 23 October 2017 9586: 9454:from the original on 5 February 2016 9308:from the original on 23 October 2017 8433:in English. Other systems (e.g. the 8324: 7639:were used for short vowels known as 7252:Example of a regular Form I verb in 6721:Most of these forms are exclusively 6561:occur only in the non-past, and the 5787:, spoken in Arab ethnic enclaves in 5448:, spoken in the Iranian province of 5428:, spoken in the Iranian province of 4777:'to you', etc. into indirect-object 3498:, working with the Egyptian scholar 3330:'instances of attested usage') from 2089:ancestor of the modern Arabic script 49: 17124:Languages of the State of Palestine 13432: 13295:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 12605: 11383: 11022: 10986:Current Issues in Language Planning 10507:L'Academie de Langue Arabe du Caire 10369:from the original on 4 October 2018 10219:from the original on 15 August 2016 10167:Landmarks in linguistic thought III 10062:from the original on 15 August 2016 9282:from the original on 23 August 2018 8892:Replacement of loanwords in Turkish 8747: 8667:created a Latin-based alphabet for 8548: 8534: 8519: 8399: 8336: 8294: 8252: 8219: 8186: 8153: 8120: 8081: 8036: 8003: 7952: 7913: 7871: 7832: 7772: 5900: 5042:by around 9,800 people (2013 UNSD). 4739:Loss of third-weak verbs ending in 4613: 4607: 4176: 4147: 4103: 4093: 4011: 3478: 3430: 3420: 3406: 3357: 3347: 3326: 3309: 3070: 2983: 2970: 2957: 2944: 2931: 2918: 2905: 2888: 2871: 2858: 2838: 2825: 2748: 2555: 2546: 2425: 2255: 2236: 2223: 2213: 2185:elements in morphology and syntax. 2135: 1984:, as perceived by geographers from 1469: 1455: 1388: 1361: 694:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 199:380 million native speakers of all 102: 24: 16975:Languages between parentheses are 15010:Languages between parentheses are 13270:Thelwall, Robin (2003). "Arabic". 13188:Procházka, S. (2006), ""Arabic"", 12824:from the original on 25 April 2016 11774:. Berlin: Language Science Press. 11129:Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies 10965:Čéplö, Slavomír (1 January 2020). 10865:from the original on 18 March 2009 10836:from the original on 20 April 2021 10728:Kamusella, Tomasz Dominik (2017). 10528: 10254:from the original on 20 April 2021 9158:from the original on 10 April 2021 8995: 8967: 8929: 7820: 7812: 5931: 5896:grammar of other Semitic languages 4743:(which merge with verbs ending in 4563:, which differ radically from the 3636:, Tallandier, 2008, p. 251), 2188: 1992:both belonging to and outside the 1727:Arabic is usually classified as a 1723:Classification of Arabic languages 25: 17210: 13398: 13254:. Oxford University Press, 2011. 13239:from the original on 3 April 2013 12310:Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken 11917:"Cairo Genizah : Philosophy" 11768:Arabic and contact-induced change 11708: 11161:, p. 1. London: Routledge, 2007. 10971:Arabic and Contact-induced Change 10610:from the original on 5 April 2021 9970:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (January 2014). 9792:from the original on 23 July 2016 9475: 9334:from the original on 3 March 2016 9035:. University of Vienna: 223–224. 8389:of Arabic, while others focus on 8343: 8301: 8265: 8259: 8226: 8193: 8160: 8127: 8088: 8043: 8010: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7920: 7880: 7781: 7537: 6393:(singular, dual and plural); two 6137:'we corresponded with each other' 5625:by 15 million people. Similar to 5475:, spoken by 17 million people in 4936:, spoken by 67 million people in 4927: 3674:(in which it means "state/city"). 3316:) sought to explain words in the 2303:Arabic spread with the spread of 1716: 1459:"the eloquent Arabic") or simply 15018: 15017: 12836:Bateson, Mary Catherine (2003), 12762: 12748: 12655: 12630: 12599: 12587: 12552: 12543: 12531: 12519: 12507: 12466: 12400: 12392: 12375: 12335:Müller-Kessler, Christa (2003). 12328: 12320: 12303: 12254: 12225: 12195: 12160: 12126: 12093: 12063: 12035: 12018: 12010: 11985: 11934: 11909: 11897: 11885:from the original on 5 June 2008 11866: 11836: 11810: 11742: 10596:(in Arabic). UNESCO Publishing. 10554:Sawaie, Mohammed (30 May 2011). 10207:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (30 May 2011). 10175:10.4324/9780203444153_chapter_11 10080: 9012: 8987: 8788: 8774: 6416:) or internal modification (the 5649:(6 million speakers), spoken in 5519:coastal areas and some parts of 5378:is the Arabic dialect spoken in 5160:(3 million speakers), spoken in 5084:, the most comprehensible being 4998:spoken by the population of the 3500:Ibrāhīm Abd al-Ghaffār ad-Dasūqī 2311:, Arabic gained vocabulary from 661:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 54: 13381:The New York Times Almanac 2002 13027:. Georgetown University Press. 12840:, Georgetown University Press, 11816: 11729: 11702: 11668:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11655: 11629: 11574: 11548: 11542:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35793 11520: 11465: 11459:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35848 11406: 11377: 11346: 11327: 11288: 11278:: Morgan & Claypool, 2010. 11255: 11228: 11198: 11171: 11152:Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon 11141: 11110: 11081: 11054: 11030:Arabic Language and Linguistics 10977: 10933: 10901: 10876: 10818: 10809: 10800: 10788: 10673: 10622: 10547: 10522: 10497: 10466: 10381: 10342: 10310:Baalbaki, Ramzi (28 May 2014). 10303: 10293: 10279:. University of Chicago Press. 10266: 10127: 10100: 10074: 10043: 10024: 10009: 9994: 9963: 9888: 9869: 9816: 9765: 9724: 9677:. 29 March 2015. Archived from 9661: 9631: 9606: 9580: 9495: 9421: 9346: 9294: 9221: 9195: 9170: 8631:Arabic alphabet and nationalism 7693: 6464:‎ /-ī/ after consonants, 6095:'I corresponded (with someone)' 5278:is considerably lower than the 3386:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi 3283: 2245:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi 483:Cypriot Maronite Greek alphabet 453:Cypriot Maronite Latin alphabet 16979:of the language on their left. 15014:of the language on their left. 13318:. Edinburgh University Press. 13225:, Asian Educational Services, 12676:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643292 11088:Proceedings and Debates of the 10783:Modern Arabic Sociolinguistics 10695:10.4000/etudesafricaines.32202 10392:. Princeton University Press. 10050:Lentin, Jérôme (30 May 2011). 9108: 9105:, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018 9087:, 1979, retrieved 25 July 2018 9047: 8915: 8905: 8711: 7648: 6502:(active and passive); and six 5829:Modern Standard Arabic has 28 5681:(800,000 speakers), spoken by 5254:has been deeply influenced by 5012:spoken by the Palestinians in 4818:Adjective plurals of the form 4288:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic 3490:Western lexicography of Arabic 3424:) and those that are not used 3295:Pre-modern Arabic lexicography 2723:, especially in modern times. 2537:proposed the establishment of 2480:poetry forms developed in the 2356: 2122: 2101: 2060: 2014: 1998:Modern South Arabian languages 1939:independent object pronoun in 1644:and African languages such as 708:Special status in Constitution 13: 1: 17199:Verb–subject–object languages 17194:Subject–verb–object languages 13156:(in Italian), Rome: Carocci, 13118:Lane, Edward William (1893), 12905:(in Italian), Milan: Hoepli, 12526:Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005 12514:Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005 11662:von Grunebaum, G. E. (1959). 11643:(in Arabic). 15 November 2020 11451:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE 11414:"Reviews of Language Courses" 11103:, p. 10,462. Washington, DC: 10388:Ibn Khaldūn (27 April 2015). 10031:Nehmé, Laila (January 2010). 9536:. Columbia University Press. 8955: 8877:Arabic-based creole languages 7035:'he asks (someone) to write' 7023:'he asked (someone) to write' 6639: 6468:‎ /-ya/ after vowels). 6179:'I correspond (with someone)' 5781:until the 1930s, now extinct. 5543:, most Qatari citizens speak 5392:is the dialect spoken by the 5308:) and in the southeastern of 5064:. It also forms the basis of 4769:Conversion of separate words 3714:(9th–11th century), with the 3551:of Arabic in the vein of the 3378: 3278: 2482:dialectical Arabic of Cordoba 2436: 2221:to differentiate consonants ( 2197: 1969: 1435:assigns language codes to 32 663:(partially recognized state) 13509:Ancient South Arabian script 13476:Influence on other languages 13111:10.1016/j.specom.2005.01.004 12919:Gregersen, Edgar A. (1977), 12710:Shrivtiel, Shraybom (1998). 12103:Maltese – an unusual formula 11098:107th United States Congress 10998:10.1080/14664208.2011.629113 8960: 8755: 8544:. Its emphatic counterpart, 7661:Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi 6530:, active and passive, and a 6165:'I have (something) written' 5924:, and loss of the inflected 5799: 5434:Southern Mesopotamian Arabic 5352:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5318:Southeastern Anatolia Region 4126:. Older Arabic loanwords in 3576: 3259:in the Arab world and other 3075: 2108:at four locations in Syria ( 1988:. In the southwest, various 1936:- to introduce modal clauses 1697:script that is written from 7: 14766: 13851: 13842: 13833: 13824: 13815: 13806: 13797: 13788: 13779: 13770: 13761: 13751: 13743: 13733: 13725: 13716: 13707: 13698: 13689: 13679: 13671: 13661: 13653: 13644: 13634: 13626: 13617: 13608: 13549: 12076:. Routledge. p. xiii. 10686:Cahiers d'études africaines 10590:UNESCO (31 December 2019). 10110:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia 9587:Lane, James (2 June 2021). 9560:Bhabani Charan Ray (1981). 8767: 8561: 8509:mobile phone text messaging 7224: 7216: 7208: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7110: 7102: 7083: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7028: 7016: 6999: 6987: 6970: 6958: 6941: 6929: 6912: 6900: 6881: 6867: 6850: 6838: 6821: 6809: 6799:"he makes (someone) write" 6792: 6780: 6763: 6751: 6712: 6700: 6650:nonconcatenative morphology 6631: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6557:. The moods other than the 6356: 6342: 6328: 6314: 6300: 6286: 6272: 6258: 6244: 6230: 6216: 6202: 6188: 6174: 6160: 6146: 6132: 6118: 6104: 6090: 6081:'I had (something) written' 6076: 6062: 6047: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5479:and some parts of southern 4907: 4899: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4852: 4844: 4829: 4821: 4799: 4791: 4761: 4753: 4602:The Guide for the Perplexed 4571:, followed by that between 4134:. Most Arabic loanwords in 4017: 3748: 3740: 3727: 3290:List of Arabic dictionaries 2989: 2976: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2894: 2877: 2864: 2844: 2831: 2818: 2754: 2656:List of Arabic dictionaries 2413:The Maghrebi lexicographer 1462: 1449: 1425:Afroasiatic language family 1395: 1368: 677:International Organizations 126: 109: 67:. The specific problem is: 10: 17215: 12991:, London: Lund Humphries, 12792:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2020a). 12784: 12167:Robert D Hoberman (2007). 12133:Robert D Hoberman (2007). 11817:PhD, D. Gershon Lewental. 11739:, Leiden 1886 (repr. 1962) 11581:Abu-Haidar, J. A. (1983). 10781:Abdulkafi Albirini. 2016. 10629:Tilmatine, Mohand (2015), 9643:www.internetworldstats.com 9353:Kamusella, Tomasz (2017). 8867:List of Arabic given names 8663:plan to dominate Lebanon. 8642: 8413:et", and a vowel, as in "m 7697: 7652: 7541: 7237: 6479: 6221:'we correspond each other' 5935: 5894:has similarities with the 5883: 5871: 5803: 5276:asymmetric intelligibility 5106:and neighboring countries. 4620:), in Arabic written with 4180: 3702:in Portuguese and Spanish. 3539:Modern Arabic lexicography 3519:, with contributions from 3388:, is considered the first 3287: 2738:vernaculars (which became 2689:, used from the period of 2653: 2639: 2139: 1973: 1964: 1720: 1673:fifth most spoken language 1456:اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ 504:(different national forms) 36: 29: 17134:Languages of Saudi Arabia 17009:Central Semitic languages 16961: 16888: 16807: 16784: 16777: 16729: 16708: 16699: 16692: 16659: 16650: 16643: 16596: 16587: 16517: 16425: 16400: 16356: 16301: 16242: 16231: 16220: 16135: 16098: 16059: 16050: 16041: 15983: 15962: 15865: 15856: 15847: 15809: 15776: 15705: 15684: 15668: 15652: 15636: 15608: 15570: 15554: 15523: 15497: 15481: 15455: 15430: 15404: 15338: 15317: 15261: 15240: 15179: 15172: 15119: 15071: 14997: 14990:Islam and Arabic language 14983: 14918: 14805: 14735: 14714: 14639: 14557: 14539: 14500: 14393: 14353: 14320: 14311: 14284: 14244: 14235: 14209: 14096: 13956: 13947: 13938: 13917: 13871: 13862: 13599: 13484: 13441: 13222:Arabic–English Dictionary 13217:Steingass, Francis Joseph 13143:Lipinski, Edward (1997), 12858:; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.). 11921:Cambridge Digital Library 11599:10.1017/S0041977X00079040 11490:10.1017/S135618630001590X 10945:www.constituteproject.org 10888:www.constituteproject.org 10504:Hamzaoui, Rached (1975). 10424:Gelvin, James L. (2020). 9988:10.1017/S0041977X14000524 9895:Macdonald, Michael C. A. 9823:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2021). 9772:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015). 9741:10.1163/9789004343047_002 9151:. Knesset. 19 July 2018. 8947:10.1017/S0025100323000269 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8460:as a single sound, as in 8355: 8349: 8312: 8307: 8274: 8235: 8202: 8169: 8136: 8133: 8097: 8094: 8049: 8019: 7980: 7977: 7929: 7926: 7893: 7843: 7787: 7583:had a dot underneath and 7507: 7477: 7449: 7444: 7412: 7384: 7317: 7289: 7284: 7264: 6787:'he made (someone) write' 6706: 6694: 6625: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6565:is signaled by prefixing 6465: 6461: 6457: 6443: 6425: 6409: 6350: 6336: 6322: 6308: 6294: 6280: 6266: 6252: 6238: 6224: 6210: 6196: 6182: 6168: 6154: 6140: 6126: 6112: 6098: 6084: 6070: 6056: 5966:'write' with the pattern 5404:South Mesopotamian Arabic 5362:Judeo-Mesopotamian Arabic 5326:is a spoken north of the 5324:North Mesopotamian Arabic 4896:'what' (or similar) < 4365:North Mesopotamian Arabic 4022:)), academic terms (like 3573:, was published in 2022. 3554:Oxford English Dictionary 3444:gives 9,273 roots, while 2298: 1990:Central Semitic languages 1326: 1291: 1277: 1261: 942: 924: 906: 901: 833:Iraqi Academy of Sciences 785: 728: 524:27 states and territories 516:Official language in 514: 509: 492: 411: 323: 305: 263: 217: 195: 185: 174: 140: 117: 100: 95: 17144:Languages of South Sudan 17039:Languages of the Comoros 16972:or historical languages. 14931:Arabic script in Unicode 14666:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin 14026:(North-Eastern Tunisian) 13379:Wright, John W. (2001), 13302:Vaglieri, Laura Veccia, 13170:Mumisa, Michael (2003), 13055:, Multilingual Matters, 13005:Hetzron, Robert (1997), 12987:Haywood; Nahmad (1965), 12838:Arabic Language Handbook 12420:10.4324/9780203327715-12 11472:Richards, D. S. (1999). 11127:, p. 124. Philadelphia: 10113:. Taylor & Francis. 9842:10.3390/languages6040173 9097:Constitution of Pakistan 8898: 8745: 8678: 8540:, may be represented by 8393:, i.e. representing the 8385:, i.e. representing the 6490:in two major paradigms ( 6475: 6424:by the definite article 5735:Central African Republic 5663:spoken in some parts of 4683: 3753:; (4) 11th century, in 3624:has as origin the Greek 3486:it viewed as defective. 3307:. Early lexicographers ( 3299:The tradition of Arabic 2487: 2259:"The Book of the Letter 1729:Central Semitic language 1443:, which is derived from 1427:spoken primarily in the 1421:Central Semitic language 891:Beit Al-Hikma Foundation 881:Arab Academy of Damascus 842:Jordan Academy of Arabic 37:Not to be confused with 17104:Languages of Mauritania 15086:Al-Alfiyya of Ibn Malik 14193:Western Egyptian Bedawi 13201:. New York: Cambridge. 13152:Mion, Giuliano (2007), 12594:Hanna & Greis (1972 12492:10.51339/muhad.v3i1.302 11975:Arabic, Egyptian Spoken 11301:2 November 2022 at the 11270:2 November 2022 at the 11241:2 November 2022 at the 10747:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006 10643:10.1515/9783110408362.1 10479:Yale University Library 10139:Encyclopedia Britannica 10107:Leaman, Oliver (2006). 9507:Encyclopedia Britannica 9375:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006 9207:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 9182:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 8857:List of Arab newspapers 8572:Eastern Arabic numerals 8568:Western Arabic numerals 7128:-ic, -al, -an, -y, -ist 6684:derivational morphology 5639:, central and northern 5356:Eastern Anatolia Region 5194:until the 16th century. 5088:and the most difficult 5036:Cypriot Maronite Arabic 5018:Arab citizens of Israel 4784:Certain changes in the 4233:Algerian Saharan Arabic 3253:Arabic language schools 3007:mutually unintelligible 2929:'university', based on 2169:developed based on the 1754:) into a present tense. 1508:and to a lesser extent 181:and surrounding regions 74:WikiProject Linguistics 32:Arabic (disambiguation) 17189:Stress-timed languages 17079:Languages of Kurdistan 17054:Languages of Gibraltar 13341:Watson, Janet (2002), 13121:Arabic–English Lexicon 13042:Irwin, Robert (2006), 12642:Barjeel Art Foundation 12450:"Tajiki Spoken Arabic" 12025:Arabic, Cypriot Spoken 11781:10.5281/zenodo.3744565 11533:Encyclopaedia of Islam 11528:"Lane, Edward William" 11447:"Lexicography, Arabic" 10740:(2). De Gruyter: 117. 9876:Jallad, Ahmad (2018). 8830:Arabic–English Lexicon 8726:Modern Standard Arabic 8717:From Article 1 of the 8497:bulletin board systems 8379:romanization of Arabic 7700:Romanization of Arabic 7560: 6446:‎ /-at/ suffix. 5938:Modern Standard Arabic 5920:morphosyntax, loss of 5916:, a shift toward more 5906:morphological markings 5881: 5820:Modern Standard Arabic 5816:continuum of varieties 5591:, and in parts of the 5342:, and in southeastern 5280:mutual intelligibility 4629:North African dialects 4624: 4553: 4332:Sudanese Creole Arabic 4078: 4067: 4057: 4043: 3758: 3597: 3512:Arabic–English Lexicon 3369: 3245:Middle Eastern studies 3213:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 3203: 3120: 3025: 2812: 2682: 2646:Modern Standard Arabic 2564: 2309:early Muslim conquests 2271:(776–868) proposed to 2194:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali 1916:of the feminine ending 1703:written in ASCII Latin 1682:Bloomberg Businessweek 1450:al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā 1441:Modern Standard Arabic 1375:[alʕaraˈbijːa] 1328:This article contains 315:Modern Standard Arabic 211:Modern Standard Arabic 160:[alʕaraˈbijːa] 17044:Languages of Djibouti 17029:Languages of Cameroon 16167:Christian Palestinian 15888:Ancient North Arabian 15096:Poem of Sidi Boushaki 15065:Arabic language books 14797:Quranic Arabic Corpus 13504:Ancient North Arabian 13023:Holes, Clive (2004). 13007:The Semitic languages 12868:10.4324/9780429025563 12860:The Semitic Languages 12810:– via Academia. 12382:Arabic, Tajiki Spoken 11848:blogs.transparent.com 11340:14 April 2016 at the 11214:14 April 2016 at the 11184:14 April 2016 at the 11157:13 April 2016 at the 11123:14 April 2016 at the 11093:14 April 2016 at the 11067:14 April 2016 at the 10992:(4). Routledge: 508. 10473:Okerson, Ann (2009). 9735:. Brill. p. 13. 8647:The Beirut newspaper 7555: 7221:'the masses', pl. of 6480:Further information: 5879: 5390:Baghdad Jewish Arabic 5134:Judeo-Algerian Arabic 5092:. The others such as 4811:Loss of the feminine 4594: 4190: 3709: 3584: 3549:historical dictionary 3367: 3227:As a foreign language 3177: 3114: 3059:and written with the 3015: 2955:'republic', based on 2912:'death' put into the 2806: 2677: 2640:Further information: 2511:industrial revolution 2082:Ancient North Arabian 1994:Ancient South Arabian 1814:hypothetical ancestor 1721:Further information: 1709:with no standardized 1536:languages, including 669:(unrecognized state) 17174:Languages of Tunisia 17154:Languages of Somalia 17139:Languages of Senegal 17109:Languages of Morocco 17089:Languages of Lebanon 17049:Languages of Eritrea 17024:Languages of Bahrain 17019:Languages of Algeria 16265:Koy Sanjaq Christian 15953:Pre-classical Arabic 14748:Sun and moon letters 13908:Pre-classical Arabic 13291:Vocabolario di arabo 13099:Speech Communication 13046:, London: Allen Lane 12989:A new Arabic grammar 12964:on 27 September 2007 12454:Endangered Languages 11101:Congressional Record 10967:"Chapter 13 Maltese" 10556:"Language Academies" 10529:الشيال, جمال الدين. 10250:. 15 December 2016. 8698:Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid 8554:, may be written as 8527:Arabic Chat Alphabet 8476:symbol ( ′ ); e.g., 7271:Present Subjunctive 7234:Colloquial varieties 7205:-specific variation 7095:The feminine suffix 7064:'desk, office' < 6369:Nouns and adjectives 5753:Central Asian Arabic 5565:, spoken in Central 5553:, distinct from the 5348:Mediterranean Region 5180:, and south-western 5168:, some parts of the 4984:spoken primarily in 4464:Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic 4111:), "prayer leader". 4055:, "but", or Spanish 3720:as an example, from 3657:Foundations of Islam 3547:sought to publish a 3454:gives 11,978 roots. 3125:varieties of Chinese 2942:'to gather, unite'; 2433:of Arabic, in 1290. 2099:, an epitaph of the 1853:G-passive participle 1844:to Classical Arabic 1743:) into a past tense. 1226:Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic 641:United Arab Emirates 291:Pre-classical Arabic 17149:Languages of Sicily 17084:Languages of Kuwait 17074:Languages of Jordan 17059:Languages of Israel 16109:Ashurian and Hatran 14602:Judeo-Tripolitanian 14081:Judeo-Tripolitanian 13359:Wehr, Hans (1952), 13316:The Arabic Language 13312:Versteegh, C. H. M. 13289:Traini, R. (1961), 13138:on 10 December 2013 13044:For Lust of Knowing 11384:Quesada, Thomas C. 11060:Janet C.E. Watson, 10349:Retsö, Jan (1989). 10215:. Brill Reference. 10058:. Brill Reference. 9649:on 7 September 2019 9534:The Arabic Language 8882:Varieties of Arabic 8721: 7706: 7274:Present Indicative 7261: 7240:Varieties of Arabic 6725: 6361:'library, bookshop' 6044:From a single root 5571:Sultanate of Muscat 5432:. This is a mix of 5384:Mesopotamian Arabic 5290:Mesopotamian Arabic 4912:(relative pronoun). 4690:Charles A. Ferguson 4376:Mesopotamian Arabic 4183:Varieties of Arabic 4130:were borrowed from 3710:Evolution of early 3596:, 9th–10th century) 3496:Edward William Lane 2721:post-industrial era 2650:Varieties of Arabic 2509:In the wake of the 2349:—Arabic written in 2273:Al-Akhfash al-Akbar 1824:negative particles 1486:liturgical language 1437:varieties of Arabic 730:Recognised minority 441:Said Akl's alphabet 131:in written Arabic ( 17179:Languages of Yemen 17164:Languages of Syria 17159:Languages of Sudan 17129:Languages of Qatar 17114:Languages of Niger 17094:Languages of Libya 17014:Fusional languages 16730:Harari–East Gurage 16181:Jewish Palestinian 14975:MacArabic encoding 13174:, Goodword Books, 13172:Introducing Arabic 12923:Language in Africa 12664:Design and Culture 10826:"linteau de porte" 10016:Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 10001:Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 9929:Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 9903:. pp. 16–17. 9503:"Maltese language" 9126:on 24 October 2011 9059:The World Factbook 8716: 8485:personal computers 8435:Bahá'í orthography 7704: 7655:Arabic calligraphy 7561: 7557:Arabic calligraphy 7251: 7043:denominative verbs 6720: 6686:, not part of the 6661:derived verb stems 5882: 5238:relationship with 5116:and north-eastern 5006:Palestinian Arabic 4625: 4618:Dalālatu‿l-ḥāʾirīn 4554: 3759: 3598: 3560:Al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr 3459:pre-Islamic poetry 3382: 8th century 3370: 3204: 3121: 3026: 3018:Namara inscription 2903:', using the root 2813: 2691:Pre-Islamic Arabia 2683: 2566:Académie française 2533:and publications. 2167:spoken vernaculars 2097:Namara inscription 1891:a subjunctive in - 1750:-tense formation ( 1502:European languages 1416:[ʕaraˈbij] 1402:[ˈʕarabiː] 1146:Qeltu Iraqi Arabic 1046:Gelet Iraqi Arabic 445:Hassaniya alphabet 146:[ˈʕarabiː] 17119:Languages of Oman 17099:Languages of Mali 17069:Languages of Iraq 17064:Languages of Iran 17034:Languages of Chad 16986: 16985: 16957: 16956: 16953: 16952: 16884: 16883: 16880: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16773: 16772: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16421: 16420: 16396: 16395: 16352: 16351: 16324:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 16116:Jewish Babylonian 16037: 16036: 15770:Semitic languages 15736: 15735: 15451: 15450: 15166:world's languages 15128: 15127: 15031: 15030: 15006:extinct languages 14945:MS-DOS codepages 14710: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14389: 14388: 14307: 14306: 14205: 14204: 13901:Old Hijazi Arabic 13390:978-1-57958-348-4 13372:978-3-447-01998-9 13352:978-0-19-824137-9 13325:978-0-7486-4528-2 13281:978-0-521-63751-0 13264:978-0-19-974701-6 13250:Suileman, Yasir. 13232:978-81-206-0855-9 13208:978-1-108-41730-3 13181:978-81-7898-211-3 13163:978-88-430-4394-1 13147:, Leuven: Peeters 13145:Semitic Languages 13131:978-81-206-0107-9 13062:978-1-85359-726-8 13034:978-1-58901-022-2 13016:978-0-415-05767-7 12998:978-0-85331-585-8 12980:978-90-04-03589-8 12973:, Brill Archive, 12957:978-973-737-249-9 12934:978-0-677-04380-7 12912:978-88-203-4552-5 12877:978-0-415-73195-9 12856:Huehnergard, John 12847:978-0-87840-386-8 12745:Shrivtiel, p. 189 12731:Shrivtiel, p. 188 12638:"Hassan Massoudy" 12626:on 11 April 2019. 12481:(in Indonesian). 12390:(25th ed., 2022) 12318:(25th ed., 2022) 12289:Isserlin (1986). 12180:978-1-57506-109-2 12146:978-1-57506-109-2 12083:978-0-415-02243-9 12033:(25th ed., 2022) 12008:(25th ed., 2022) 11983:(25th ed., 2022) 11791:978-3-96110-252-5 11715:www.aljazeera.net 11311:978-0-231-51940-3 11284:978-1-59829-795-9 11251:978-1-58901-022-2 11224:978-0-8014-6630-4 11194:978-0-313-33659-1 11167:978-1-134-10392-8 11137:978-0-944190-05-0 11077:978-0-19-160775-2 10652:978-3-11-040836-2 10603:978-92-3-600090-9 10437:978-0-19-007406-7 10399:978-0-691-16628-5 10362:978-90-04-08818-4 10323:978-90-04-27401-3 10286:978-0-226-45763-5 10184:978-0-203-27565-8 10120:978-0-415-32639-1 9785:978-90-04-28982-6 9750:978-90-04-34304-7 9010:(27th ed., 2024) 8985:(27th ed., 2024) 8847:Glossary of Islam 8825:Arabic literature 8765: 8764: 8505:instant messaging 8375: 8374: 7535: 7534: 7420: 7390: 7355: 7323: 7039: 7038: 6646:Semitic languages 6249:'it was dictated' 5892:grammar of Arabic 5785:Indonesian Arabic 5593:Arabian Peninsula 5527:. Also spoken in 5493:and southern far 5426:Khuzestani Arabic 5300:and southwestern 5256:Romance languages 5248:Semitic languages 5204:), was spoken in 5188:Andalusian Arabic 5000:Kingdom of Jordan 4645:Romance languages 4569:Arabian peninsula 4565:literary language 4557:Colloquial Arabic 4101:), "prayer", and 4003:, "prayer", from 3884:Romance languages 3640:(distiller) from 3610:Iranian languages 3452:Murtada az-Zabidi 3384:), attributed to 3249:religious studies 3241:foreign languages 3157:Romance languages 2854:loan translations 2804: 2740:Romance languages 2695:Abbasid Caliphate 2620:of the sciences, 2539:Madrasat al-Alsun 2535:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 2484:and the Maghreb. 2410:200 years prior. 2385:Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ 2379:Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab 1982:Arabian Peninsula 1907:leveling of the - 1808:languages of the 1354: 1353: 1336:rendering support 1332:phonetic symbols. 957:Individual codes: 787:Regulated by 271:Proto-Afroasiatic 91: 90: 16:(Redirected from 17206: 16782: 16781: 16706: 16705: 16697: 16696: 16657: 16656: 16648: 16647: 16594: 16593: 16462:northern dialect 16240: 16239: 16229: 16228: 16082:Biblical Aramaic 16075:Imperial Aramaic 16057: 16056: 16048: 16047: 15946:Nabataean Arabic 15863: 15862: 15854: 15853: 15829:Canaano-Akkadian 15763: 15756: 15749: 15740: 15739: 15626:Standard Chinese 15177: 15176: 15155: 15148: 15141: 15132: 15131: 15058: 15051: 15044: 15035: 15034: 15021: 15020: 14769: 14318: 14317: 14242: 14241: 14178:Western Algerian 14125:Eastern Algerian 14121:Algerian Saharan 14051:(Lesser Kabylia) 13954: 13953: 13945: 13944: 13887:Nabataean Arabic 13869: 13868: 13854: 13845: 13836: 13827: 13818: 13809: 13800: 13791: 13782: 13773: 13764: 13756: 13746: 13738: 13728: 13719: 13710: 13701: 13692: 13684: 13674: 13666: 13656: 13647: 13639: 13629: 13620: 13611: 13591:Maltese alphabet 13554: 13534:Algerian Braille 13524:Eastern numerals 13494:Nabataean script 13427: 13420: 13413: 13404: 13403: 13393: 13375: 13355: 13337: 13307: 13298: 13285: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13212: 13193: 13184: 13166: 13148: 13139: 13134:, archived from 13114: 13093: 13065: 13047: 13038: 13019: 13001: 12983: 12965: 12960:, archived from 12937: 12926: 12915: 12897: 12850: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12811: 12809: 12807: 12778: 12777: 12766: 12760: 12759: 12752: 12746: 12743: 12732: 12729: 12716: 12715: 12707: 12688: 12687: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12622:. Archived from 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12584: 12556: 12550: 12547: 12541: 12535: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12494: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12446: 12440: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12307: 12301: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12273: 12258: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12229: 12223: 12222: 12216: 12214: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12130: 12124: 12123: 12117: 12115: 12106:. MED Magazine. 12097: 12091: 12090: 12067: 12061: 12050: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12022: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12000:Levantine Arabic 11997: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11913: 11907: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11783: 11773: 11762: 11753: 11746: 11740: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11633: 11627: 11626: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11443: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11350: 11344: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11292: 11286: 11261:Nizar Y. Habash, 11259: 11253: 11232: 11226: 11202: 11196: 11175: 11169: 11145: 11139: 11114: 11108: 11085: 11079: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11009: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10925: 10923: 10913: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10822: 10816: 10813: 10807: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10779: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10749: 10725: 10716: 10715: 10697: 10688:(240): 779–804. 10677: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10587: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10457: 10449: 10421: 10412: 10411: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10346: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10307: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10240: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10159: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10013: 10007: 10006: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9926: 9915: 9914: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9873: 9867: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9844: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9707: 9704: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9681:on 29 March 2015 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9645:. Archived from 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9473: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9440: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9408: 9377: 9359: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9281: 9274: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9244:. Archived from 9238: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9157: 9150: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9112: 9106: 9094: 9088: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9002:Arabic, Standard 8999: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8974: 8949: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8909: 8810:Arabic diglossia 8798: 8793: 8792: 8784: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8758: 8750: 8749: 8737:transliteration 8722: 8715: 8625:Classical Hebrew 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8404: 8403: 8347: 8339: 8338: 8326: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8297: 8296: 8269: 8263: 8255: 8254: 8230: 8222: 8221: 8197: 8189: 8188: 8164: 8156: 8155: 8131: 8123: 8122: 8092: 8084: 8083: 8047: 8039: 8038: 8014: 8006: 8005: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7955: 7954: 7924: 7916: 7915: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7875: 7849: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7822: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7777: 7776: 7707: 7703: 7674:of the Quran, a 7573:Cyrillic scripts 7418: 7388: 7353: 7321: 7262: 7250: 7227: 7219: 7211: 7199: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7151: 7113: 7105: 7086: 7078: 7070: 7062: 7031: 7019: 7002: 6990: 6973: 6961: 6948:'he subscribes' 6944: 6932: 6915: 6903: 6884: 6870: 6853: 6841: 6824: 6812: 6795: 6783: 6766: 6754: 6726: 6723:Classical Arabic 6719: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6634: 6627: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6568: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6445: 6427: 6411: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6235:'it was written' 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6041:is always used. 6039: 6031: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5980: 5974:'I Xed' to form 5972: 5964: 5952:nonconcatenative 5922:grammatical mood 5910:grammatical case 5903: 5902: 5824:standard variety 5806:Arabic phonology 5729:, some parts of 5511:, some parts of 5446:Khorasani Arabic 5346:(in the eastern 5328:Hamrin Mountains 5312:(in the eastern 5244:Classical Arabic 5222:, spoken on the 5214:Maltese language 5158:Hassaniya Arabic 5068:via the extinct 5024:Samaritan Arabic 5010:Levantine Arabic 4996:Levantine Arabic 4992:Jordanian Arabic 4982:Levantine Arabic 4944:Levantine Arabic 4922: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4855: 4847: 4832: 4824: 4802: 4794: 4764: 4756: 4728:'the'; feminine 4616: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4538: 4527: 4516: 4505: 4494: 4483: 4472: 4461: 4450: 4439: 4428: 4417: 4406: 4395: 4384: 4373: 4362: 4354:Levantine Arabic 4351: 4340: 4329: 4318: 4307: 4296: 4285: 4274: 4263: 4252: 4241: 4230: 4219: 4208: 4177:Spoken varieties 4150: 4149: 4138:entered through 4122:entered through 4106: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4081: 4070: 4060: 4046: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3751: 3743: 3730: 3508: 3481: 3480: 3471: 3433: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3409: 3408: 3383: 3380: 3360: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3329: 3328: 3312: 3311: 3257:language schools 3180:Kingdom of Hejaz 3071:Status and usage 3040:Hassaniya Arabic 3022:Nabataean script 2992: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2805: 2779:Standard Chinese 2757: 2751: 2750: 2665:Classical Arabic 2642:Classical Arabic 2600: 2574:(1919), then in 2569: 2558: 2557: 2550:'automobile' or 2549: 2548: 2457:among Arabs and 2442:Charles Ferguson 2428: 2427: 2395: 2307:. Following the 2258: 2257: 2239: 2238: 2226: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2202: 2199: 2183:Classical Arabic 2142:Classical Arabic 2136:Classical Arabic 2130:Classical Arabic 2127: 2126: 2106: 2105: 2093:En Avdat, Israel 2065: 2064: 2019: 2018: 1943: 1934: 1927:and subordinator 1922: 1911: 1902: 1895: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1773:for indicative, 1768: 1687:Mandarin Chinese 1472: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1445:Classical Arabic 1418: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1364: 1363: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1296: 1287: 1273: 1253: 1243: 1233: 1223: 1213: 1203: 1193: 1183: 1173: 1163: 1153: 1143: 1133: 1123: 1113: 1103: 1096:Levantine Arabic 1093: 1083: 1076:Hassaniya Arabic 1073: 1063: 1053: 1043: 1033: 1023: 1013: 1003: 993: 983: 973: 963: 955:– inclusive code 954: 947: 938: 937: 929: 920: 919: 911: 732:language in 498: 449:Maltese alphabet 417: 390: 382: 374: 223: 170: 169: 168: 162: 156: 155: 154: 148: 129: 122: 112: 105: 104: 93: 92: 86: 83: 77: 58: 57: 50: 21: 17214: 17213: 17209: 17208: 17207: 17205: 17204: 17203: 16999:Arabic language 16989: 16988: 16987: 16982: 16949: 16872: 16803: 16769: 16725: 16709:Amharic–Argobba 16701: 16688: 16639: 16600: 16575: 16513: 16417: 16392: 16348: 16297: 16293:Urmia Christian 16234: 16223: 16216: 16131: 16094: 16033: 15993:Egyptian Arabic 15979: 15975:Modern Standard 15958: 15843: 15805: 15772: 15767: 15737: 15732: 15701: 15680: 15664: 15648: 15632: 15604: 15566: 15550: 15519: 15493: 15477: 15447: 15426: 15400: 15334: 15313: 15257: 15236: 15168: 15159: 15129: 15124: 15115: 15091:Nahj al-Balagha 15067: 15062: 15032: 15027: 14993: 14979: 14926:Arabic keyboard 14914: 14809: 14801: 14786:Mater lectionis 14780:Triliteral root 14731: 14702: 14643: 14635: 14553: 14535: 14496: 14385: 14349: 14303: 14280: 14231: 14201: 14092: 14072:Judeo-Maghrebi 13940: 13934: 13930:Modern Standard 13913: 13858: 13595: 13539:Maltese Braille 13519:Arabic numerals 13480: 13437: 13431: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13373: 13353: 13326: 13282: 13242: 13240: 13233: 13209: 13182: 13164: 13154:La Lingua Araba 13132: 13063: 13035: 13017: 12999: 12981: 12958: 12942:Grigore, George 12935: 12913: 12878: 12848: 12827: 12825: 12814: 12805: 12803: 12787: 12782: 12781: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12754: 12753: 12749: 12744: 12735: 12730: 12719: 12708: 12691: 12660: 12656: 12646: 12644: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12592: 12588: 12557: 12553: 12548: 12544: 12536: 12532: 12524: 12520: 12512: 12508: 12471: 12467: 12458: 12456: 12448: 12447: 12443: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12406: 12405: 12401: 12391: 12380: 12376: 12353:10.2307/3217756 12333: 12329: 12319: 12308: 12304: 12288: 12284: 12271: 12269: 12260: 12259: 12255: 12242: 12240: 12231: 12230: 12226: 12212: 12210: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12181: 12165: 12161: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12113: 12111: 12098: 12094: 12084: 12068: 12064: 12051: 12044: 12034: 12023: 12019: 12009: 11998: 11994: 11984: 11973: 11969: 11939: 11935: 11925: 11923: 11915: 11914: 11910: 11904:Gregersen (1977 11902: 11898: 11888: 11886: 11871: 11867: 11857: 11855: 11842: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11815: 11811: 11801: 11799: 11792: 11771: 11763: 11756: 11747: 11743: 11734: 11730: 11720: 11718: 11707: 11703: 11660: 11656: 11646: 11644: 11635: 11634: 11630: 11579: 11575: 11565: 11563: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11536:. Brill. 2020. 11526: 11525: 11521: 11470: 11466: 11453:. Brill. 2020. 11445: 11444: 11429: 11419: 11417: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11387:Arabic Keyboard 11382: 11378: 11368: 11366: 11359:Learn Religions 11351: 11347: 11342:Wayback Machine 11332: 11328: 11320: 11316: 11303:Wayback Machine 11293: 11289: 11272:Wayback Machine 11260: 11256: 11243:Wayback Machine 11233: 11229: 11216:Wayback Machine 11203: 11199: 11186:Wayback Machine 11176: 11172: 11159:Wayback Machine 11146: 11142: 11125:Wayback Machine 11115: 11111: 11095:Wayback Machine 11086: 11082: 11069:Wayback Machine 11059: 11055: 11040: 11028: 11027: 11023: 10982: 10978: 10963: 10959: 10949: 10947: 10939: 10938: 10934: 10921: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10890: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10868: 10866: 10853: 10849: 10839: 10837: 10830:Musée du Louvre 10824: 10823: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10805: 10801: 10793: 10789: 10780: 10773: 10726: 10719: 10678: 10674: 10665: 10663: 10653: 10627: 10623: 10613: 10611: 10604: 10588: 10579: 10569: 10567: 10552: 10548: 10527: 10523: 10502: 10498: 10488: 10486: 10471: 10467: 10451: 10450: 10438: 10422: 10415: 10400: 10386: 10382: 10372: 10370: 10363: 10347: 10343: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10271: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10242: 10241: 10232: 10222: 10220: 10205: 10198: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10161: 10160: 10153: 10143: 10141: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10087:www.almaany.com 10081:Team, Almaany. 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10052:"Middle Arabic" 10048: 10044: 10029: 10025: 10014: 10010: 9999: 9995: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9945: 9927: 9918: 9911: 9893: 9889: 9874: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9821: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9751: 9729: 9725: 9719:Al-Jallad 2020a 9717: 9710: 9705: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9637: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9620: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9597: 9595: 9585: 9581: 9558: 9554: 9544: 9530: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9474: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9442: 9441: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9337: 9335: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9251: 9249: 9240: 9239: 9232: 9226: 9222: 9212: 9210: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9095: 9091: 9077: 9073: 9064: 9062: 9053: 9052: 9048: 9025: 9021: 9011: 9000: 8996: 8986: 8975: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8932: 8930:Further reading 8927: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8805:Arabic Ontology 8796:Language portal 8794: 8787: 8780: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8751: 8714: 8681: 8653:Louis Massignon 8645: 8633: 8564: 8545: 8531: 8516: 8383:transliteration 8340: 8298: 8256: 8223: 8190: 8157: 8124: 8107: 8085: 8040: 8007: 7956: 7917: 7906:y; i/ee; ei/ai 7877: 7836: 7778: 7702: 7696: 7684:Hassan Massoudy 7657: 7651: 7550: 7544:Arabic alphabet 7542:Main articles: 7540: 7538:Writing system 7254:Egyptian Arabic 7242: 7236: 7080:'kitchen' < 7006:'he turns red' 6994:'he turned red' 6936:'he subscribed' 6705:'write' (using 6642: 6484: 6478: 6371: 5950:. Arabic has a 5940: 5934: 5932:Literary Arabic 5888: 5874: 5858:phonemic splits 5808: 5802: 5771:Shirvani Arabic 5621:, and southern 5585:Hadhrami Arabic 5473:Sudanese Arabic 5354:, and southern 5272:Tunisian Arabic 5240:Standard Arabic 5224:island of Malta 5202:Sicilian Arabic 5148:Moroccan Arabic 5124:Algerian Arabic 5110:Tunisian Arabic 5094:Algerian Arabic 5090:Moroccan Arabic 5074:Maghrebi Arabic 5070:Sicilian Arabic 5046:Maghrebi Arabic 4974:Lebanese Arabic 4934:Egyptian Arabic 4930: 4904:'which thing'; 4800:kham(a)s tiyyām 4786:cardinal number 4734:construct state 4686: 4633:Moroccan Arabic 4552: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4323: 4321:Sudanese Arabic 4316: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4277:Egyptian Arabic 4272: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4255:Tunisian Arabic 4250: 4246: 4244:Algerian Arabic 4239: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4222:Moroccan Arabic 4217: 4213: 4206: 4185: 4179: 3767: 3648:(climate) from 3579: 3541: 3523:, compiled the 3509:, compiled the 3502: 3492: 3461: 3392:to include all 3381: 3338: 3297: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3229: 3209: 3184:Pan-Arab colors 3165:Moroccan Arabic 3078: 3073: 2789: 2732:Classical Latin 2693:to that of the 2669:Arabic dialects 2658: 2652: 2638: 2594: 2525:established by 2500:James L. Gelvin 2490: 2439: 2389: 2375:Kitāb Al-Munṣif 2368:, a pioneer in 2359: 2332:House of Wisdom 2325:Classical Greek 2319:. In the early 2301: 2200: 2191: 2189:Standardization 2144: 2138: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1904:-demonstratives 1785:for energetic). 1725: 1719: 1691:Arabic alphabet 1546:Ottoman Turkish 1406: 1405: 1379: 1378: 1362:اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ 1334:Without proper 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1283: 1269: 1249: 1248: 1246:Tunisian Arabic 1239: 1238: 1229: 1228: 1219: 1218: 1216:Sudanese Arabic 1209: 1208: 1206:Standard Arabic 1199: 1198: 1189: 1188: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1148: 1139: 1138: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1116:Moroccan Arabic 1109: 1108: 1099: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1079: 1078: 1069: 1068: 1066:Hadhrami Arabic 1059: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1036:Egyptian Arabic 1029: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1009: 1008: 999: 998: 989: 988: 979: 978: 976:Andalusi Arabic 969: 968: 966:Algerian Arabic 959: 958: 956: 950: 943: 933: 932: 925: 915: 914: 907: 897: 796: 795: 781: 780: 742: 741: 733: 731: 724: 711: 710: 703: 680: 679: 672: 527: 526: 517: 510:Official status 499: 494: 488: 469:Syriac alphabet 461:(in Israel for 459:Hebrew alphabet 429: 428: 422:Arabic alphabet 418: 413: 319: 308: 301: 266: 259: 244:Central Semitic 224: 221:Language family 219: 204: 164: 163: 157: 150: 149: 136: 106: 103:اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ 87: 81: 78: 72: 59: 55: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Arabic language 15: 12: 11: 5: 17212: 17202: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17184:Lingua francas 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16980: 16973: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16955: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16948: 16947: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16914: 16907: 16900: 16894: 16892: 16886: 16885: 16882: 16881: 16878: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16867: 16866: 16863: 16860: 16857: 16854: 16844: 16839: 16838: 16837: 16824: 16819: 16811: 16809: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16801: 16796: 16788: 16786: 16779: 16775: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16761: 16760: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16750: 16747: 16733: 16731: 16727: 16726: 16724: 16723: 16718: 16712: 16710: 16703: 16694: 16690: 16689: 16687: 16686: 16681: 16680: 16679: 16674: 16663: 16661: 16654: 16645: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16606: 16604: 16591: 16585: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16545: 16544: 16543: 16536: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16495: 16488: 16487: 16486: 16481: 16474: 16467: 16466: 16465: 16446: 16439: 16431: 16429: 16423: 16422: 16419: 16418: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16404: 16402: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16379: 16378: 16373: 16360: 16358: 16354: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16290: 16289: 16288: 16285: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16246: 16244: 16237: 16226: 16218: 16217: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16212: 16200: 16193: 16192: 16191: 16184: 16177: 16170: 16158: 16151: 16143: 16141: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16112: 16104: 16102: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16092: 16089:Middle Aramaic 16085: 16078: 16071: 16063: 16061: 16054: 16045: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16032: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16000: 15995: 15989: 15987: 15985:Dialect groups 15981: 15980: 15978: 15977: 15972: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15949: 15942: 15941: 15940: 15933: 15926: 15919: 15912: 15905: 15898: 15884: 15877: 15869: 15867: 15860: 15851: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15841: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15817: 15815: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15802: 15801: 15796: 15786: 15780: 15778: 15774: 15773: 15766: 15765: 15758: 15751: 15743: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15709: 15707: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15699: 15694: 15688: 15686: 15682: 15681: 15679: 15678: 15672: 15670: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15662: 15656: 15654: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15646: 15640: 15638: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15628: 15623: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15586: 15585: 15574: 15572: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15564: 15558: 15556: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15527: 15525: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15501: 15499: 15495: 15494: 15492: 15491: 15485: 15483: 15482:Other European 15479: 15478: 15476: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15459: 15457: 15453: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15434: 15432: 15428: 15427: 15425: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15408: 15406: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15342: 15340: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15332: 15327: 15321: 15319: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15271: 15265: 15263: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15255: 15250: 15244: 15242: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15183: 15181: 15174: 15170: 15169: 15158: 15157: 15150: 15143: 15135: 15126: 15125: 15122:Arabic grammar 15120: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15081:Al-Ajurrumiyya 15077: 15075: 15069: 15068: 15061: 15060: 15053: 15046: 15038: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15025: 15015: 15008: 14998: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14987: 14985: 14981: 14980: 14978: 14977: 14972: 14971: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14943: 14938: 14936:ISO/IEC 8859-6 14933: 14928: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14870:Naskh (script) 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14816: 14814: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14762: 14761: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14739: 14737: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14718: 14716: 14712: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14704: 14703: 14701: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14650: 14648: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14625: 14622: 14614: 14613: 14612: 14607:Judeo-Tunisian 14604: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14594: 14589:Judeo-Moroccan 14586: 14585: 14584: 14574: 14572:Judeo-Egyptian 14569: 14567:Judeo-Algerian 14563: 14561: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14551: 14549:Bedouin Arabic 14545: 14543: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14533: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14519: 14516: 14513: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14497: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14441: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14399: 14397: 14391: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14371: 14366: 14360: 14358: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14326: 14324: 14315: 14309: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14301: 14296: 14290: 14288: 14282: 14281: 14279: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14261: 14256: 14250: 14248: 14239: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14213: 14211: 14207: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14199: 14198: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14175: 14174: 14173: 14168: 14161:Moroccan koiné 14158: 14157: 14156: 14146: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14134:Tunisian koiné 14130:Eastern Hilal 14128: 14127: 14126: 14123: 14118: 14117: 14116: 14114:Judeo-Algerian 14109:Algerian koiné 14105:Central Hilal 14102: 14100: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14088: 14086:Judeo-Tunisian 14083: 14078: 14076:Judeo-Moroccan 14070: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14046: 14041: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14016: 14015: 14014: 14013: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13970: 13962: 13960: 13951: 13942: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13911: 13904: 13897: 13890: 13883: 13875: 13873: 13866: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13856: 13847: 13838: 13829: 13820: 13811: 13802: 13793: 13784: 13775: 13766: 13757: 13748: 13739: 13730: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13694: 13685: 13676: 13667: 13658: 13649: 13640: 13631: 13622: 13613: 13603: 13601: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13593: 13588: 13587: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13529:Arabic Braille 13526: 13521: 13516: 13515: 13514: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13490: 13488: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13438: 13430: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13407: 13400: 13399:External links 13397: 13395: 13394: 13389: 13376: 13371: 13356: 13351: 13338: 13324: 13308: 13306:, Rome: I.P.O. 13299: 13286: 13280: 13267: 13248: 13231: 13213: 13207: 13194: 13192:(2nd ed.) 13185: 13180: 13167: 13162: 13149: 13140: 13130: 13115: 13094: 13083:10.2307/604273 13077:(3): 572–574, 13066: 13061: 13048: 13039: 13033: 13020: 13015: 13002: 12997: 12984: 12979: 12966: 12956: 12938: 12933: 12916: 12911: 12898: 12876: 12851: 12846: 12833: 12812: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12774:United Nations 12761: 12747: 12733: 12717: 12689: 12670:(3): 289–306. 12654: 12629: 12618: 12598: 12586: 12561:Ars Orientalis 12551: 12542: 12530: 12518: 12506: 12465: 12441: 12428: 12399: 12374: 12347:(3): 641–646. 12327: 12302: 12282: 12253: 12224: 12194: 12179: 12173:. Eisenbrown. 12159: 12145: 12139:. Eisenbrown. 12125: 12092: 12082: 12062: 12042: 12017: 11992: 11967: 11955:10.2307/410601 11949:(4): 616–630, 11933: 11908: 11896: 11879:Britannica.com 11865: 11835: 11809: 11790: 11754: 11741: 11728: 11701: 11680:10.1086/371525 11674:(2): 157–159. 11654: 11628: 11593:(2): 351–353. 11573: 11562:. 7 April 2018 11547: 11519: 11464: 11427: 11405: 11376: 11345: 11326: 11324:, p. 107. 11322:Versteegh 2014 11314: 11294:Bernard Bate, 11287: 11276:San Rafael, CA 11254: 11227: 11197: 11170: 11140: 11116:Shalom Staub, 11109: 11080: 11053: 11038: 11021: 10976: 10957: 10932: 10918:. 22 July 2023 10900: 10875: 10847: 10817: 10808: 10799: 10787: 10771: 10717: 10672: 10651: 10621: 10602: 10577: 10546: 10521: 10496: 10465: 10436: 10413: 10398: 10380: 10361: 10341: 10339:, p. 299. 10337:Versteegh 2014 10329: 10322: 10302: 10292: 10285: 10265: 10230: 10196: 10183: 10151: 10126: 10119: 10099: 10073: 10042: 10023: 10008: 9993: 9982:(3): 445–465. 9962: 9943: 9916: 9909: 9887: 9868: 9866:, p. 172. 9864:Versteegh 2014 9856: 9815: 9813:, p. 368. 9811:Birnstiel 2019 9803: 9784: 9764: 9749: 9723: 9708: 9692: 9674:Bloomberg News 9660: 9630: 9605: 9579: 9552: 9542: 9524: 9494: 9465: 9432: 9420: 9368:(2): 117–145. 9345: 9319: 9293: 9259: 9248:on 18 May 2015 9230: 9220: 9194: 9169: 9137: 9107: 9089: 9071: 9046: 9019: 8994: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8914: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8785: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8752: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8732: 8713: 8710: 8680: 8677: 8644: 8641: 8632: 8629: 8621:vierundzwanzig 8563: 8560: 8489:World Wide Web 8373: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8257: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7957: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7878: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7845: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7818: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7698:Main article: 7695: 7692: 7653:Main article: 7650: 7647: 7614:, and notably 7548:Arabic Braille 7539: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7238:Main article: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7131: 7116: 7050:English gerund 7037: 7036: 7033: 7024: 7021: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7004: 6995: 6992: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6966: 6963: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6937: 6934: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6908: 6905: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6877: 6872: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6857:'he dictates' 6855: 6846: 6843: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6817: 6814: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6788: 6785: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6759: 6756: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6641: 6638: 6477: 6474: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6348: 6347:'desk, office' 6334: 6320: 6306: 6292: 6278: 6264: 6250: 6236: 6222: 6208: 6194: 6180: 6166: 6152: 6138: 6124: 6123:'I subscribed' 6110: 6096: 6082: 6068: 5936:Main article: 5933: 5930: 5886:Arabic grammar 5884:Main article: 5873: 5870: 5846:pharyngealized 5822:(MSA), is the 5804:Main article: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5782: 5768: 5750: 5719:Chadian Arabic 5716: 5702: 5679:Baharna Arabic 5676: 5661:Saharan Arabic 5658: 5644: 5630: 5612: 5601:Southeast Asia 5582: 5559:Eastern Arabia 5548: 5498: 5484: 5470: 5456:Kuwaiti Arabic 5453: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5423: 5401: 5387: 5376:Baghdad Arabic 5373: 5359: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5195: 5185: 5166:Western Sahara 5155: 5145: 5136:was spoken by 5131: 5121: 5107: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5021: 5003: 4989: 4941: 4929: 4928:Dialect groups 4926: 4925: 4924: 4913: 4858: 4835: 4816: 4815:(comparative). 4809: 4796:'five days' → 4788:system, e.g., 4782: 4767: 4748: 4737: 4706: 4685: 4682: 4622:Hebrew letters 4614:دلالة الحائرين 4608:דלאלת אלחאירין 4551: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4508:Cypriot Arabic 4502: 4500: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4478: 4475:Hadrami Arabic 4469: 4467: 4458: 4456: 4453:Sanaani Arabic 4447: 4445: 4442:Dhofari Arabic 4436: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4398:Baharna Arabic 4392: 4390: 4381: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4310:Chadian Arabic 4304: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4202: 4181:Main article: 4178: 4175: 4087:), along with 3766: 3763: 3735:Abu al-Aswad's 3704: 3703: 3698:in French and 3685: 3675: 3614:Middle Persian 3578: 3575: 3540: 3537: 3491: 3488: 3474:laḥnu‿l-ʿāmmah 3437:Lisān al-ʿArab 3400:—later called 3296: 3293: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3228: 3225: 3220:Yasir Suleiman 3208: 3205: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3048:Cypriot Arabic 3020:, a sample of 2849:'democracy'). 2787: 2786: 2782: 2771: 2768:energetic mood 2708:Lisān al-ʻArab 2637: 2634: 2626:world language 2622:creating terms 2559:'steamship'). 2489: 2486: 2438: 2435: 2420:Lisān al-ʿArab 2358: 2355: 2321:Abbasid period 2313:Middle Persian 2300: 2297: 2228:nuqaṭu‿l-i'jām 2205:Arabic grammar 2190: 2187: 2140:Main article: 2137: 2134: 2031:, Thamudic D, 1986:ancient Greece 1974:Main article: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1937: 1928: 1925:complementizer 1917: 1905: 1897: 1889: 1854: 1848: 1810:northern Hejaz 1790: 1789: 1786: 1755: 1744: 1718: 1717:Classification 1715: 1530:Latin alphabet 1476:Arabic is the 1352: 1351: 1338:, you may see 1324: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1176:Sanʽani Arabic 1156:Saharan Arabic 1026:Dhofari Arabic 1016:Cypriot Arabic 1006:Chadian Arabic 986:Bahrani Arabic 948: 940: 939: 930: 922: 921: 912: 904: 903: 902:Language codes 899: 898: 896: 895: 894: 893: 884: 874: 868: 862: 856: 850: 844: 835: 826: 817: 808: 793: 792: 791: 789: 783: 782: 779: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 739: 738: 737: 736: 734: 729: 726: 725: 723: 722: 717: 706: 705: 704: 702: 701: 699:United Nations 696: 691: 686: 675: 674: 673: 671: 670: 664: 658: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 522: 521: 520: 518: 515: 512: 511: 507: 506: 502:Signed Arabic 500: 493: 490: 489: 487: 486: 479:Greek alphabet 476: 466: 456: 426: 425: 424: 419: 415:Writing system 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 383: 375: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 325: 321: 320: 318: 317: 311: 309: 307:Standard forms 306: 303: 302: 300: 299: 298: 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 269: 267: 264: 261: 260: 258: 257: 256: 255: 254: 253: 252: 251: 227: 225: 218: 215: 214: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 176: 175:Native to 172: 171: 142: 138: 137: 123: 115: 114: 98: 97: 89: 88: 62: 60: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17211: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16978: 16974: 16971: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16960: 16946: 16945: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16926: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16919: 16915: 16913: 16912: 16908: 16906: 16905: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16891: 16887: 16864: 16861: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16835: 16834: 16833: 16830: 16829: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16817: 16813: 16812: 16810: 16806: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16794: 16790: 16789: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16776: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16756: 16751: 16748: 16745: 16744: 16743: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16735: 16734: 16732: 16728: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16698: 16695: 16691: 16685: 16682: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16652:Ethio-Semitic 16649: 16646: 16642: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16586: 16572: 16571: 16567: 16565: 16564: 16560: 16558: 16557: 16553: 16551: 16550: 16546: 16542: 16541: 16537: 16535: 16534: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16527: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16516: 16508: 16507: 16503: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16496: 16494: 16493: 16489: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16479: 16475: 16473: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16463: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16456: 16452: 16451: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16444: 16440: 16438: 16437: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16428: 16424: 16414: 16413:Judeo-Aramaic 16411: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16367: 16366: 16365: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16355: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16300: 16294: 16291: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16219: 16211: 16210: 16206: 16205: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16189: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16171: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16163: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16156: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16140: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16117: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16106: 16105: 16103: 16101: 16097: 16091: 16090: 16086: 16084: 16083: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16072: 16070: 16069: 16065: 16064: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16040: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16010: 16009:Siculo-Arabic 16006: 16005: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15986: 15982: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15954: 15950: 15948: 15947: 15943: 15939: 15938: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15927: 15925: 15924: 15920: 15918: 15917: 15913: 15911: 15910: 15906: 15904: 15903: 15899: 15897: 15896: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15889: 15885: 15883: 15882: 15878: 15876: 15875: 15871: 15870: 15868: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15846: 15840: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15830: 15826: 15825: 15824: 15823: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15808: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15781: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15764: 15759: 15757: 15752: 15750: 15745: 15744: 15741: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15710: 15708: 15704: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15683: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15671: 15667: 15661: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15651: 15645: 15642: 15641: 15639: 15635: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15607: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15584: 15581: 15580: 15579: 15576: 15575: 15573: 15569: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15557: 15555:Austroasiatic 15553: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15522: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15502: 15500: 15496: 15490: 15487: 15486: 15484: 15480: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15454: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15429: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15403: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15381: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15337: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15316: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15279: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15260: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15239: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15178: 15175: 15173:Indo-European 15171: 15167: 15163: 15156: 15151: 15149: 15144: 15142: 15137: 15136: 15133: 15123: 15118: 15112: 15111:Lisan al-Arab 15109: 15107: 15106:Kitab al-'Ayn 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15078: 15076: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15059: 15054: 15052: 15047: 15045: 15040: 15039: 15036: 15024: 15016: 15013: 15009: 15007: 15003: 15000: 14999: 14996: 14989: 14988: 14986: 14982: 14976: 14973: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14958: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14895:Sini (script) 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14885:Ruqʿah script 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14830:Hijazi script 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14813: 14808: 14804: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14787: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14763: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14734: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14713: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14678: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14656: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14647: 14642: 14638: 14629: 14626: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14587: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14560: 14556: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14542: 14538: 14532: 14531: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14517: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14509: 14508:Central Asian 14506: 14505: 14503: 14499: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14480:Taʽizzi-Adeni 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14392: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14310: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14287: 14283: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14208: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14159: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14115: 14112: 14111: 14110: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14095: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14064: 14061: 14059:Traras-Msirda 14058: 14057: 14055: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14020: 14017: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13946: 13943: 13937: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13909: 13905: 13903: 13902: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13891: 13889: 13888: 13884: 13882: 13881: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13861: 13855: 13853: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13839: 13837: 13835: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13821: 13819: 13817: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13794: 13792: 13790: 13785: 13783: 13781: 13776: 13774: 13772: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13704: 13702: 13700: 13695: 13693: 13691: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13677: 13675: 13673: 13668: 13665: 13664: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13630: 13628: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13598: 13592: 13589: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13499:Arabic script 13497: 13495: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13435: 13428: 13423: 13421: 13416: 13414: 13409: 13408: 13405: 13392: 13386: 13383:, Routledge, 13382: 13377: 13374: 13368: 13364: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13348: 13344: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13287: 13283: 13277: 13273: 13268: 13265: 13261: 13260:0-19-974701-6 13257: 13253: 13249: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13224: 13223: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13200: 13195: 13191: 13186: 13183: 13177: 13173: 13168: 13165: 13159: 13155: 13150: 13146: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13095: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13067: 13064: 13058: 13054: 13049: 13045: 13040: 13036: 13030: 13026: 13021: 13018: 13012: 13008: 13003: 13000: 12994: 12990: 12985: 12982: 12976: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12949: 12948: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12930: 12927:, CRC Press, 12925: 12924: 12917: 12914: 12908: 12904: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12852: 12849: 12843: 12839: 12834: 12823: 12819: 12818: 12813: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12757: 12751: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12713: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12658: 12643: 12639: 12633: 12625: 12621: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12602: 12595: 12590: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12555: 12546: 12539: 12534: 12527: 12522: 12515: 12510: 12502: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12431: 12429:9780203327715 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12300: 12299:965-264-014-X 12296: 12292: 12286: 12279: 12267: 12264:. p. 1. 12263: 12257: 12250: 12238: 12235:. p. 1. 12234: 12228: 12221: 12208: 12205:. p. 1. 12204: 12198: 12191: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12172: 12171: 12163: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12138: 12137: 12129: 12122: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12096: 12089: 12085: 12079: 12075: 12074: 12066: 12059: 12058:0-415-02243-6 12055: 12049: 12047: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11905: 11900: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11869: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11839: 11824: 11820: 11813: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11770: 11769: 11761: 11759: 11751: 11745: 11738: 11732: 11716: 11712: 11709:الجبر, خالد. 11705: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11658: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11577: 11561: 11557: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11523: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11468: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11432: 11415: 11409: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11380: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11349: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11333:Suleiman, p. 11330: 11323: 11318: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11297: 11291: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11258: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11234:Clive Holes, 11231: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11206: 11205:Walter J. Ong 11201: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11148:Daniel Newman 11144: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11113: 11106: 11102: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11084: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11057: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11039:9781589018853 11035: 11031: 11025: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10980: 10972: 10968: 10961: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10929: 10917: 10910: 10904: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10851: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10821: 10812: 10803: 10796: 10791: 10784: 10778: 10776: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10724: 10722: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10676: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10550: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10525: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10508: 10500: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10469: 10461: 10455: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10420: 10418: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10345: 10338: 10333: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10306: 10296: 10288: 10282: 10278: 10277: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10203: 10201: 10186: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10140: 10136: 10130: 10122: 10116: 10112: 10111: 10103: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10046: 10038: 10034: 10027: 10019: 10012: 10004: 9997: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9966: 9950: 9946: 9944:9781315147062 9940: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9912: 9910:9781003278818 9906: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9807: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9768: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9715: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9680: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9664: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9545: 9543:9780231111522 9539: 9535: 9528: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9483: 9479: 9476:World, I. H. 9472: 9470: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9437: 9429: 9424: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9278: 9271: 9270: 9263: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9235: 9224: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9183: 9179: 9173: 9154: 9147: 9141: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9023: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8971: 8966: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8918: 8908: 8904: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8791: 8786: 8783: 8772: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8730:Arabic script 8727: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8709: 8705: 8703: 8702:Muhammad Azmi 8699: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8686:Hieroglyphics 8676: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8657:Sa'id Afghani 8654: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8543: 8528: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8395:pronunciation 8392: 8391:transcription 8388: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8342: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8304: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8271: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8130: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8091: 8087: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7923: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7890: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7846: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7797: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7662: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7241: 7228: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7181:ishtirākiyyah 7176: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7133:The feminine 7132: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6847: 6845:'he dictated' 6844: 6842: 6840: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6680:conjugational 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6601:vs. non-past 6600: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6473: 6469: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6418:broken plural 6415: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6207:'I subscribe' 6206: 6204: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5926:passive voice 5923: 5919: 5915: 5912:, changes in 5911: 5907: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683:Bahrani Shias 5680: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5647:Hejazi Arabic 5645: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5615:Yemeni Arabic 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5579:Swahili Coast 5576: 5573:, especially 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5334:, in western 5333: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314:Mediterranean 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5228:Siculo-Arabic 5225: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5198:Siculo-Arabic 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5100:Libyan Arabic 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5086:Libyan Arabic 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4880:'come with'; 4879: 4877: 4872:'bring' < 4871: 4869: 4863: 4862:lexical items 4859: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4792:khamsat ayyām 4787: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4758:'I untied' → 4757: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688:According to 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663:North African 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4631:, especially 4630: 4623: 4619: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4586:Arab conquest 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4534: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4512: 4509: 4501: 4498: 4497:Tajiki Arabic 4490: 4487: 4486:Uzbeki Arabic 4479: 4476: 4468: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4446: 4443: 4435: 4432: 4424: 4421: 4420:Shihhi Arabic 4413: 4410: 4409:Hijazi Arabic 4402: 4399: 4391: 4388: 4380: 4377: 4369: 4366: 4358: 4355: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4303: 4300: 4292: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4259: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4237: 4234: 4226: 4223: 4215: 4212: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4199:other sources 4196: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4100: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4019: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968:Modern Hebrew 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3762: 3756: 3755:al-Farāhidi's 3752: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3712:Arabic script 3708: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3650:almenichiakon 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3427: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3376: 3375: 3374:Kitāb al-'Ayn 3366: 3362: 3354: 3353:jamʿu‿l-luɣah 3342: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3305:modern period 3302: 3291: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3265:Islamic terms 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3068: 3066: 3065:Siculo-Arabic 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2980: 2978: 2967: 2965: 2954: 2952: 2941: 2939: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2845:dīmuqrāṭiyyah 2835: 2833: 2822: 2820: 2810: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513:and European 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2352: 2351:Hebrew script 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2251: 2250:Kitāb al-'Ayn 2246: 2242: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2210: 2206: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2062:Qaryat al-Faw 2057: 2056:Sabaic script 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1962: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1839: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1733:Proto-Semitic 1730: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707:left to right 1704: 1700: 1699:right to left 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1466: 1464: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1369:al-ʿarabiyyah 1358: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1256:Uzbeki Arabic 1254: – 1252: 1247: 1244: – 1242: 1237: 1236:Tajiki Arabic 1234: – 1232: 1227: 1224: – 1222: 1217: 1214: – 1212: 1207: 1204: – 1202: 1197: 1196:Siculo-Arabic 1194: – 1192: 1187: 1186:Shihhi Arabic 1184: – 1182: 1177: 1174: – 1172: 1167: 1166:Saʽidi Arabic 1164: – 1162: 1157: 1154: – 1152: 1147: 1144: – 1142: 1137: 1134: – 1132: 1127: 1124: – 1122: 1117: 1114: – 1112: 1107: 1106:Libyan Arabic 1104: – 1102: 1097: 1094: – 1092: 1087: 1086:Hejazi Arabic 1084: – 1082: 1077: 1074: – 1072: 1067: 1064: – 1062: 1057: 1054: – 1052: 1047: 1044: – 1042: 1037: 1034: – 1032: 1027: 1024: – 1022: 1017: 1014: – 1012: 1007: 1004: – 1002: 997: 996:Bedawi Arabic 994: – 992: 987: 984: – 982: 977: 974: – 972: 967: 964: – 962: 953: 949: 946: 941: 936: 931: 928: 923: 918: 913: 910: 905: 900: 892: 888: 885: 882: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 843: 839: 836: 834: 830: 827: 825: 821: 818: 816: 812: 809: 807: 803: 800: 799: 798: 797: 790: 788: 784: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 735: 727: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 709: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 684:African Union 682: 681: 678: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 525: 519: 513: 508: 505: 501: 497: 491: 484: 480: 477: 474: 470: 467: 464: 460: 457: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 431: 430: 423: 420: 416: 410: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 387: 384: 379: 376: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 360:Central Asian 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 326: 322: 316: 313: 312: 310: 304: 292: 289: 288: 287: 284: 283: 282: 279: 278: 277: 276:Proto-Semitic 274: 273: 272: 268: 262: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 241: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 230: 226: 222: 216: 212: 208: 202: 198: 194: 191: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 167: 161: 153: 147: 143: 141:Pronunciation 139: 134: 130: 128: 127:al-ʿarabiyyah 121: 116: 113: 111: 110:al-ʿarabiyyah 99: 94: 85: 75: 71: 66: 63:This article 61: 52: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 16965: 16942: 16923: 16916: 16909: 16902: 16814: 16791: 16568: 16561: 16554: 16547: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16504: 16497: 16490: 16476: 16469: 16460: 16453: 16441: 16434: 16368: 16339:Urmia Jewish 16207: 16202: 16195: 16186: 16179: 16172: 16165: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16136: 16114: 16107: 16087: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16024:Mesopotamian 16007: 15951: 15944: 15935: 15928: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15879: 15874:Proto-Arabic 15872: 15857: 15836: 15827: 15820: 15810: 15609:Sino–Tibetan 15571:Austronesian 15405:Indo-Iranian 15101:Qatr al-Nada 15064: 15001: 14941:Windows-1256 14900:Taliq script 14840:Jeli Thuluth 14820:Ajami script 14784: 14688:Pidgin madam 14675: 14653: 14617:Judeo-Yemeni 14559:Judeo-Arabic 14541:Sociological 14528: 14490:Judeo-Yemeni 14313:Mesopotamian 14188:Libyan koiné 13972: 13965: 13958:Pre-Hilalian 13906: 13899: 13892: 13885: 13880:Proto-Arabic 13878: 13513:Zabūr script 13466:Romanization 13448: 13433: 13380: 13361: 13342: 13315: 13303: 13294: 13290: 13271: 13251: 13243:21 September 13241:, retrieved 13221: 13198: 13189: 13171: 13153: 13144: 13136:the original 13120: 13105:(1): 37–51. 13102: 13098: 13074: 13070: 13052: 13043: 13024: 13006: 12988: 12970: 12962:the original 12946: 12922: 12902: 12859: 12837: 12826:, retrieved 12816: 12804:. Retrieved 12794: 12773: 12764: 12750: 12711: 12667: 12663: 12657: 12645:. Retrieved 12641: 12632: 12624:the original 12608: 12601: 12589: 12564: 12560: 12554: 12545: 12533: 12521: 12509: 12485:(1): 60–69. 12482: 12478: 12468: 12457:, retrieved 12453: 12444: 12433:, retrieved 12411: 12402: 12385: 12377: 12344: 12340: 12330: 12313: 12305: 12290: 12285: 12277: 12272:23 September 12270:. Retrieved 12256: 12248: 12243:23 September 12241:. Retrieved 12227: 12218: 12213:23 September 12211:. Retrieved 12197: 12188: 12169: 12162: 12154: 12135: 12128: 12119: 12112:. Retrieved 12102: 12095: 12087: 12072: 12065: 12028: 12020: 12003: 11995: 11978: 11970: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11924:. Retrieved 11920: 11911: 11899: 11887:. Retrieved 11878: 11868: 11856:. Retrieved 11847: 11838: 11826:. Retrieved 11822: 11812: 11800:. Retrieved 11767: 11749: 11744: 11736: 11731: 11719:. Retrieved 11714: 11704: 11671: 11667: 11657: 11645:. Retrieved 11640: 11631: 11590: 11586: 11576: 11564:. Retrieved 11559: 11550: 11531: 11522: 11481: 11477: 11467: 11450: 11420:12 September 11418:. Retrieved 11408: 11396:. Retrieved 11386: 11379: 11367:. Retrieved 11358: 11348: 11329: 11317: 11290: 11263: 11257: 11230: 11200: 11173: 11143: 11112: 11083: 11056: 11029: 11024: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10970: 10960: 10948:. Retrieved 10944: 10935: 10927: 10920:. Retrieved 10915: 10903: 10893:25 September 10891:. Retrieved 10887: 10878: 10867:, retrieved 10857: 10850: 10838:. Retrieved 10829: 10820: 10811: 10802: 10790: 10785:(pp. 34–35). 10782: 10737: 10733: 10685: 10675: 10664:, retrieved 10634: 10624: 10612:. Retrieved 10592: 10568:. Retrieved 10559: 10549: 10531: 10524: 10506: 10499: 10487:. Retrieved 10478: 10468: 10426: 10389: 10383: 10371:. Retrieved 10351: 10344: 10332: 10312: 10305: 10295: 10275: 10268: 10256:. Retrieved 10248:The National 10247: 10221:. Retrieved 10212: 10188:, retrieved 10166: 10142:. Retrieved 10138: 10129: 10109: 10102: 10090:. Retrieved 10086: 10076: 10064:. Retrieved 10055: 10045: 10036: 10026: 10011: 9996: 9979: 9975: 9965: 9953:. Retrieved 9934: 9900: 9890: 9881: 9871: 9859: 9832: 9828: 9818: 9806: 9794:. Retrieved 9774: 9767: 9732: 9726: 9721:, p. 8. 9683:. Retrieved 9679:the original 9672: 9663: 9651:. Retrieved 9647:the original 9642: 9633: 9621:. Retrieved 9617: 9608: 9596:. Retrieved 9592: 9582: 9565: 9555: 9547: 9533: 9527: 9515:. Retrieved 9506: 9497: 9485:. Retrieved 9481: 9456:. Retrieved 9447: 9428:Wright (2001 9423: 9411:. Retrieved 9365: 9361: 9348: 9336:. Retrieved 9322: 9310:. Retrieved 9296: 9284:. Retrieved 9268: 9262: 9250:. Retrieved 9246:the original 9223: 9211:. Retrieved 9206: 9197: 9185:. Retrieved 9181: 9172: 9160:. Retrieved 9140: 9128:. Retrieved 9124:the original 9119: 9110: 9101: 9092: 9083: 9074: 9063:, retrieved 9058: 9049: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9005: 8997: 8980: 8938: 8917: 8907: 8839: 8782:Islam portal 8706: 8690: 8682: 8672: 8648: 8646: 8634: 8620: 8565: 8555: 8541: 8513: 8482: 8477: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8439: 8430: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8394: 8386: 8376: 7694:Romanization 7688: 7665: 7658: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7624: 7596:Ge'ez script 7589: 7584: 7580: 7577:Greek script 7562: 7527:ḥa-yi-ktíb-u 7526: 7522:bi-yi-ktíb-u 7521: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7497:ḥa-ti-ktíb-u 7496: 7492:bi-ti-ktíb-u 7491: 7486: 7481: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7378: 7374:ḥa-ti-ktíb-i 7373: 7369:bi-ti-ktíb-i 7368: 7363: 7358: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7258:kátab/yíktib 7257: 7247: 7243: 7229:, as above). 7222: 7214: 7209:jamāhīriyyah 7206: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7170: 7162: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7127: 7123: 7115:, as above). 7108: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7081: 7073: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7040: 7026: 7014: 6997: 6985: 6977:'he copies' 6968: 6956: 6939: 6927: 6910: 6898: 6888: 6879: 6874: 6865: 6848: 6836: 6819: 6807: 6790: 6778: 6770:'he writes' 6761: 6749: 6710: 6698: 6692: 6688:inflectional 6665: 6658: 6643: 6629: 6623: 6606: 6594: 6582: 6570: 6563:future tense 6547:imperfective 6540: 6485: 6482:Arabic verbs 6470: 6448: 6438: 6414:sound plural 6407: 6372: 6354: 6340: 6326: 6312: 6298: 6284: 6270: 6256: 6242: 6228: 6214: 6200: 6186: 6172: 6158: 6144: 6130: 6127:تَكَاتَبْنَا 6116: 6113:اِكْتَتَبْتُ 6109:'I dictated' 6102: 6088: 6074: 6060: 6045: 6043: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5984: 5975: 5967: 5959: 5941: 5889: 5828: 5809: 5773:, spoken in 5755:, spoken in 5721:, spoken in 5705:Judeo-Arabic 5655:Saudi Arabia 5641:Saudi Arabia 5633:Najdi Arabic 5623:Saudi Arabia 5617:, spoken in 5611:descendants. 5551:Omani Arabic 5545:Najdi Arabic 5517:Saudi Arabia 5489:, spoken in 5268:Latin script 5232:Latinisation 5190:, spoken in 5172:in northern 5150:, spoken in 5126:, spoken in 5112:, spoken in 5102:, spoken in 5038:, spoken in 4905: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4850: 4842: 4827: 4819: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4774: 4770: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4701:Loss of the 4687: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4641: 4626: 4617: 4600: 4595:Maimonides' 4556: 4555: 4431:Omani Arabic 4343:Najdi Arabic 4299:Saidi Arabic 4192: 4171:Ottoman rule 4156: 4151: 4144: 4113: 4108: 4098: 4076: 4065: 4052: 4041: 4035:placeholders 4030: 4026: 4015: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3980: 3804:Chittagonian 3768: 3760: 3746: 3738: 3724: 3715: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3652:(calendar). 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:Roger Dachez 3625: 3621: 3599: 3568: 3565:Taha Hussein 3559: 3552: 3542: 3530: 3524: 3521:Hedwig Klein 3510: 3493: 3479:لَحْن العامة 3473: 3456: 3447:Tāj al-ʿArūs 3446: 3436: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3398:permutations 3394:Arabic roots 3373: 3371: 3352: 3321: 3313: 3301:lexicography 3298: 3284:Lexicography 3269: 3230: 3217: 3210: 3154: 3150: 3122: 3115:Flag of the 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3061:Latin script 3038: 3027: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2987: 2974: 2961: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2892: 2875: 2862: 2851: 2842: 2829: 2816: 2814: 2809:Swadesh list 2761: 2752: 2744: 2736:Vulgar Latin 2729: 2725: 2713: 2707: 2684: 2660: 2659: 2607: 2601:(1993), and 2561: 2551: 2542: 2527:Muhammad Ali 2508: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2455:creolization 2440: 2418: 2412: 2398: 2383: 2373: 2360: 2347:Judeo-Arabic 2336: 2302: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2249: 2240: 2232:vocalization 2227: 2208: 2192: 2173:dialects of 2164: 2145: 2124:Umm el-Jimal 2086: 2076: 2049: 2022: 1979: 1955: 1948: 1947:vestiges of 1940: 1931: 1919: 1908: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1859:and adverbs 1857:prepositions 1835: 1825: 1818:Proto-Arabic 1791: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1751: 1740: 1726: 1680: 1670: 1550: 1475: 1470:اَلْفُصْحَىٰ 1460: 1393: 1366: 1356: 1355: 1327: 1279:Linguasphere 1262: 1136:Omani Arabic 1126:Najdi Arabic 883:(the oldest) 859:Saudi Arabia 776:South Africa 707: 676: 616:Saudi Arabia 496:Signed forms 433:Latin script 350:Mesopotamian 281:Proto-Arabic 248: 239:West Semitic 229:Afro-Asiatic 205:330 million 203: (2024) 133:Naskh script 124: 107: 79: 68: 64: 47: 16904:Hadramautic 16890:Old Arabian 16827:West Gurage 16737:East Gurage 16383:Neo-Mandaic 16161:Palestinian 16068:Old Aramaic 15723:Interlingue 15718:Interlingua 15706:constructed 15621:Gan Chinese 15498:Afroasiatic 14835:Jawi script 14807:Calligraphy 14736:Linguistics 14661:Gulf Pidgin 14577:Judeo-Iraqi 14518:Kashkadarya 14374:Judeo-Iraqi 14299:Palestinian 14210:Nile Valley 13872:Pre-Islamic 13584:Dagger alif 12567:: 119–148. 12538:Holes (2004 12114:17 February 11858:14 December 11828:27 November 11717:(in Arabic) 11484:(1): 1–25. 11274:, pp. 1–2. 11048:j.ctt2tt3zh 11007:10278/29371 10916:sgg-mali.ml 10757:10023/12443 10570:20 February 10489:20 February 9653:26 November 9623:26 November 9517:21 December 9458:21 December 9384:10023/12443 9252:10 December 9209:(in French) 8712:Sample text 8693:Salama Musa 8691:A scholar, 8427:diacritical 7649:Calligraphy 7280:Imperative 7265:Tense/Mood 7189:jumhūriyyah 6965:'he copied' 6889:nonexistent 6882:yatakattabu 6875:nonexistent 6644:Like other 6532:verbal noun 6528:participles 6516:subjunctive 6193:'I dictate' 6017:'I drank', 5982:'I wrote'. 5864:as well as 5765:Afghanistan 5731:South Sudan 5695:Gulf Arabic 5627:Gulf Arabic 5605:East Africa 5555:Gulf Arabic 5501:Gulf Arabic 5491:South Sudan 5487:Juba Arabic 5460:Gulf Arabic 5438:Gulf Arabic 5338:, northern 5176:, southern 5144:until 1962. 5082:Mesopotamia 4718:ti- yi- ni- 4703:dual number 4697:the koine: 4387:Gulf Arabic 3776:Azerbaijani 3594:Blue Qur'an 3503: [ 3462: [ 3339: [ 3314:lughawiyyūn 3310:لُغَوِيُّون 3117:Arab League 3106:code-switch 3030:soap operas 2951:jumhūriyyah 2681:inscription 2630:Arabization 2618:Arabization 2614:Arab League 2595: [ 2523:Amiri Press 2519:colonialism 2390: [ 2357:Development 2282:Sībawayhi's 2224:نقط الإعجام 2114:Jebel Usays 1959:vernaculars 1930:the use of 1711:orthography 1679:. In 2011, 1626:Azerbaijani 1494:Middle Ages 1342:instead of 1056:Gulf Arabic 766:Philippines 689:Arab League 265:Early forms 82:August 2022 16993:Categories 16933:Rijal Alma 16918:Qatabanian 16556:Himyaritic 16499:Phoenician 16060:Historical 16029:Peninsular 15930:Taymanitic 15881:Old Arabic 15866:Historical 15562:Vietnamese 15412:Hindustani 15380:in Ukraine 15366:Macedonian 15346:Belarusian 15330:Lithuanian 15299:Portuguese 14722:Literature 14395:Peninsular 14335:Khuzestani 14065:(Mountain) 13985:Australian 13894:Old Arabic 13544:Diacritics 13471:Numerology 12886:1103311755 12619:157392945X 12459:14 January 12435:14 January 12387:Ethnologue 12315:Ethnologue 12190:languages. 12030:Ethnologue 12005:Ethnologue 11980:Ethnologue 11873:EB staff. 11416:. Lang1234 11398:11 October 10795:Kaye (1991 10541:1041872985 10446:1122689432 9448:ask.un.org 9312:27 October 9162:13 January 9007:Ethnologue 8982:Ethnologue 8956:References 8610:‎ – 8606:‎ – 8602:‎ – 8598:‎ – 8594:‎ – 8590:‎ – 8586:‎ – 8582:‎ – 8578:‎ – 8480:'easier'. 8442:diacritics 7469:ḥá-ní-ktib 7464:bi-ní-ktib 7439:ḥa-tí-ktib 7434:bi-tí-ktib 7409:ḥa-yí-ktib 7404:bi-yí-ktib 7342:ḥa-tí-ktib 7337:bi-tí-ktib 7173:ištirākiyy 7029:yastaktibu 6913:yatakātabu 6758:'he wrote' 6640:Derivation 6559:indicative 6543:perfective 6536:infinitive 6522:, shorter 6512:imperative 6508:indicative 6488:conjugated 6440:Adjectives 6383:accusative 6379:nominative 6357:maktabatun 6351:مَكْتَبَةٌ 6277:'dictated' 6217:natakātabu 6211:نَتَكَتِبُ 6197:أَكْتَتِبُ 6099:أَكْتَبْتُ 6029:takallamtu 6025:'I said', 5993:'I read', 5944:morphology 5914:word order 5862:consonants 5775:Azerbaijan 5761:Tajikistan 5757:Uzbekistan 5713:Arab World 5653:, western 5589:Hadhramaut 5515:, eastern 5465:spoken in 5410:, such as 5394:Iraqi Jews 5366:Iraqi Jews 5252:morphology 5250:since its 5162:Mauritania 4915:Merger of 4900:ayyu shayʼ 4837:Change of 4708:Change of 4561:Arab world 4528: 30: 4517: 29: 4506: 28: 4495: 27: 4484: 26: 4473: 25: 4462: 24: 4451: 23: 4440: 22: 4429: 21: 4418: 20: 4407: 19: 4396: 18: 4385: 17: 4374: 16: 4363: 15: 4352: 14: 4341: 13: 4330: 12: 4319: 11: 4308: 10: 4211:Hassaniyya 4194:Ethnologue 4116:Arab world 4050:Hindustani 3900:Portuguese 3864:Indonesian 3672:məḏī(n)ttā 3612:, notably 3450:(1774) by 3442:Ibn Manzur 3440:(1290) by 3288:See also: 3279:Vocabulary 3233:elementary 3034:talk shows 2998:Colloquial 2836:'film' or 2785:varieties. 2717:industrial 2654:See also: 2531:literature 2466:al-Andalus 2451:pidginized 2437:Neo-Arabic 2431:dictionary 2426:لسان العرب 2415:Ibn Manzur 2339:Maimonides 2280:"Arabic", 2256:كتاب العين 2241:at-tashkīl 2219:diacritics 2201: 603 2156:Old Higazi 2079:epigraphic 2045:Old Arabic 2041:isoglosses 2029:Thamudic B 2010:Taymanitic 1976:Old Arabic 1970:Old Arabic 1806:Taymanitic 1761:formed by 1598:Indonesian 1562:Hindustani 1522:Al-Andalus 1510:Portuguese 1484:, and the 1429:Arab world 667:Somaliland 591:Mauritania 355:Peninsular 286:Old Arabic 179:Arab world 16977:varieties 16968:indicate 16847:Sebat Bet 16597:Eastern ( 16549:Deir Alla 16427:Canaanite 16334:Trans-Zab 16319:Inter-Zab 16243:Christian 16197:Palmyrene 16188:Samaritan 16155:Nabataean 16043:Northwest 15998:Levantine 15970:Classical 15895:Dadanitic 15713:Esperanto 15669:Iroquoian 15595:Sundanese 15536:Malayalam 15524:Dravidian 15473:Hungarian 15396:Ukrainian 15356:Bulgarian 15217:Norwegian 15212:Icelandic 15187:Afrikaans 15162:Histories 15012:varieties 15004:indicate 14919:Technical 14890:Shahmukhi 14845:Kairouani 14743:Phonology 14522:Khorasani 14512:Bakhtiari 14364:Anatolian 14294:Jordanian 14274:Damascene 14237:Levantine 14149:Hassaniya 13990:Cottenera 13925:Classical 13864:Varieties 13442:Overviews 13334:872980196 12894:166512720 12684:147422407 12573:0571-1371 12501:2721-9488 12361:0003-0279 11802:7 January 11688:0022-2968 11623:162954225 11607:0041-977X 11514:161420127 11498:1356-1863 11369:7 January 11016:143966308 10766:2570-5857 10712:229407091 10704:0008-0055 10661:132791029 10516:462880236 10454:cite book 10408:913459792 10355:. Brill. 10316:. BRILL. 9851:2226-471X 9829:Languages 9778:. Brill. 9759:967854618 9685:2 January 9574:461886299 9400:158624482 9392:2570-5857 9055:"Eritrea" 8961:Citations 7517:yi-ktíb-u 7487:ti-ktíb-u 7389:masculine 7364:ti-ktíb-i 7322:masculine 7285:Singular 7157:ishtaraka 7088:'cook'). 7072:'write', 7017:istaktaba 6971:yaktatibu 6942:yankatibu 6868:takattaba 6793:yukattibu 6676:reflexive 6672:intensive 6668:causative 6534:, but no 6524:energetic 6454:enclitics 6399:construct 6389:); three 6333:'writers' 6263:'written' 6253:مَكْتُوبٌ 6203:'aktatibu 6169:أُكَاتِبُ 6161:'ukattibu 6155:أُكَتِّبُ 6151:'I write' 6133:takātabnā 6119:iktatabtu 6085:كَاتَبْتُ 6071:كَتَّبْتُ 6067:'I wrote' 6001:'I ate', 5854:borrowing 5850:coalesced 5831:consonant 5812:phonology 5800:Phonology 5789:Indonesia 5547:(Bedawi). 5537:Hormozgan 5430:Khuzestan 5306:Khuzestan 5236:diglossic 5072:dialect. 5014:Palestine 4960:Palestine 4781:suffixes. 4773:'to me', 4656:Levantine 4599:draft of 4597:autograph 4573:sedentary 4297: 9: 4286: 8: 4275: 7: 4264: 6: 4253: 5: 4242: 4: 4231: 3: 4220: 2: 4209: 1: 3860:Malaysian 3812:Dagestani 3577:Loanwords 3517:Hans Wehr 3416:mustaʿmal 3358:جمع اللغة 3251:courses. 3237:secondary 3082:diglossia 3076:Diglossia 3002:dialectal 2901:apoptosis 2895:istimātah 2839:ديمقراطية 2699:syntactic 2547:سَيَّارَة 2417:compiled 2400:Ibn Mada' 2370:phonology 2362:Ibn Jinni 2329:Baghdad's 2293:ʿarabiyya 2278:ʿarabiyya 2006:Dadanitic 1914:allomorph 1802:Dadanitic 1748:preterite 1662:Tamazight 1606:Maldivian 1602:Malaysian 1542:Bulgarian 1264:Glottolog 945:ISO 639-3 927:ISO 639-2 909:ISO 639-1 606:Palestine 463:Levantine 340:Levantine 201:varieties 186:Ethnicity 16925:Awsanian 16808:Tt-group 16684:Tigrinya 16563:Samalian 16540:Galilean 16533:Ugaritic 16478:Medieval 16471:Mishnaic 16455:Biblical 16436:Ammonite 16329:Sanandaj 16314:Betanure 16287:Chaldean 16284:Assyrian 16270:Qaraqosh 16260:Hértevin 16174:Galilean 16148:Lebanese 16003:Maghrebi 15963:Literary 15937:Thamudic 15923:Safaitic 15909:Hasaitic 15902:Dumaitic 15822:Akkadian 15777:Branches 15676:Cherokee 15653:Koreanic 15644:Japanese 15583:Filipino 15463:Estonian 15438:Albanian 15304:Romanian 15284:Galician 15180:Germanic 15023:Category 14875:Nastaliq 14865:Muhaqqaq 14855:Maghrebi 14715:Academic 14655:Bimbashi 14611:Tunisene 14582:Baghdadi 14530:Shirvani 14470:Hadhrami 14428:Bahraini 14379:Baghdadi 14330:Baghdadi 14269:Aleppine 14259:Lebanese 14254:Cilician 14227:Sudanese 14217:Egyptian 14098:Hilalian 14056:Western 14034:Eastern 14031:Village 14010:Żurrieqi 13974:Sicilian 13967:Andalusi 13949:Maghrebi 13918:Literary 13570:(tanwin) 13568:Nunation 13454:Alphabet 13449:Language 13436:language 13314:(2014). 13237:archived 13219:(1993), 12944:(2007), 12822:archived 12817:As-Sabil 12800:Archived 12266:Archived 12237:Archived 12207:Archived 12185:Archived 12151:Archived 12108:Archived 11943:Language 11883:Archived 11852:Archived 11823:DGLnotes 11796:Archived 11647:31 March 11506:25183625 11392:Archived 11363:Archived 11338:Archived 11299:Archived 11268:Archived 11239:Archived 11212:Archived 11182:Archived 11155:Archived 11131:, 1989. 11121:Archived 11091:Archived 11065:Archived 10869:12 March 10863:archived 10840:20 April 10834:Archived 10666:19 April 10614:31 March 10608:Archived 10564:Archived 10483:Archived 10367:Archived 10258:20 April 10252:Archived 10217:Archived 10060:Archived 9949:Archived 9835:(4): 1. 9790:Archived 9618:Statista 9511:Archived 9482:IH World 9478:"Arabic" 9452:Archived 9404:Archived 9338:20 March 9332:Archived 9306:Archived 9286:17 April 9277:Archived 9213:29 April 9187:29 April 9153:Archived 9065:29 April 9041:26449346 8941:: 1–19. 8768:See also 8740:English 8669:Lebanese 8665:Said Akl 8649:La Syrie 8616:position 8562:Numerals 8552:⟩ 8546:⟨ 8538:⟩ 8532:⟨ 8523:⟩ 8517:⟨ 8466:gashouse 8446:digraphs 8444:and use 8409:ou" or " 8387:spelling 8371:gh/3'/8 8287:z/dh/6' 8113:z/dh/th 8074:kh/7'/5 7604:muhaqqaq 7565:Nabatean 7502:i-ktíb-u 7482:katáb-tu 7454:katáb-na 7424:kátab-it 7419:feminine 7379:i-ktíb-i 7359:katáb-ti 7354:feminine 7260:"write" 7103:maktabah 7000:yaḥmarru 6959:iktataba 6930:inkataba 6901:takātaba 6822:yukātibu 6741:Meaning 6738:Non-past 6709:‎ 6697:‎ 6690:system. 6628:‎ 6619:prefixes 6615:suffixal 6605:‎ 6593:‎ 6581:‎ 6569:‎ 6496:non-past 6450:Pronouns 6430:nunation 6422:prefixed 6403:suffixed 6387:genitive 6353:‎ 6343:maktabun 6339:‎ 6337:مَكْتَبٌ 6329:kuttābun 6325:‎ 6323:كُتَّابٌ 6319:'writer' 6311:‎ 6297:‎ 6283:‎ 6273:muktabun 6269:‎ 6267:مُكْتَبٌ 6259:maktūbun 6255:‎ 6241:‎ 6239:أُكْتِبَ 6227:‎ 6213:‎ 6199:‎ 6185:‎ 6183:أُكْتِبُ 6175:'ukātibu 6171:‎ 6157:‎ 6143:‎ 6141:أَكْتُبُ 6129:‎ 6115:‎ 6105:'aktabtu 6101:‎ 6087:‎ 6077:kattabtu 6073:‎ 6059:‎ 6057:كَتَبْتُ 6013:sharibtu 6005:dhahabtu 5918:analytic 5842:emphatic 5834:phonemes 5779:Dagestan 5747:Cameroon 5609:Hadhrami 5577:and the 5575:Zanzibar 5450:Khorasan 5264:Sicilian 4876:jāʼa bi- 4864:, e.g., 4860:Certain 4826:'big' → 4762:ḥalēt(u) 4079:a betzef 4001:taẓallit 3936:Tigrinya 3910:, etc.) 3904:Sicilian 3880:Rohingya 3828:Gujarati 3808:Croatian 3796:Chaldean 3688:lāzaward 3618:Parthian 3606:Ethiopic 3592:script, 3587:Maghrebi 3484:solecism 3327:شَوَاهِد 3322:shawāhid 3273:Internet 3141:Croatian 3094:al-hatif 3090:al-hatif 3053:Catholic 2914:Xth form 2703:Sibawayh 2679:Safaitic 2590:(1977), 2586:(1960), 2582:(1948), 2578:(1932), 2572:Damascus 2552:bākhirah 2543:sayyārah 2515:hegemony 2477:muwashah 2459:arabized 2408:Al-Jahiz 2343:Andalusi 2269:Al-Jahiz 2072:nunation 2068:mimation 2052:Iron Age 2033:Safaitic 2025:Hasaitic 1950:nunation 1842:/lā-ʾan/ 1794:Safaitic 1763:infixing 1654:Tigrigna 1622:Armenian 1618:Albanian 1574:Kashmiri 1518:Sicilian 1504:(mainly 1498:borrowed 1463:al-fuṣḥā 1389:عَرَبِيّ 1348:Help:IPA 1271:arab1395 720:Pakistan 655:Tanzania 651:Zanzibar 551:Djibouti 473:Garshuni 386:Andalusi 378:Sicilian 370:Shirvani 345:Maghrebi 335:Sudanese 330:Egyptian 324:Dialects 207:L2 users 196:Speakers 70:onwards. 16970:extinct 16966:Italics 16911:Minaean 16836:Endegen 16785:N-group 16746:Inneqor 16721:Argobba 16716:Amharic 16672:Dahalik 16644:Western 16635:Soqotri 16615:Ḥarsusi 16610:Baṭḥari 16601:Arabian 16526:Amorite 16492:Moabite 16443:Edomite 16408:Armazic 16388:Western 16364:Central 16309:Barzani 16235:eastern 16224:Aramaic 16138:Western 16122:Mandaic 16100:Eastern 16052:Aramaic 16015:Maltese 15916:Hismaic 15849:Central 15838:Eblaite 15794:Central 15697:Turkish 15637:Japonic 15616:Chinese 15600:Cebuano 15578:Tagalog 15531:Kannada 15510:Aramaic 15468:Finnish 15422:Persian 15391:Slovene 15376:Russian 15351:Bosnian 15325:Latvian 15309:Spanish 15289:Italian 15269:Catalan 15232:Yiddish 15227:Swedish 15202:English 15164:of the 15002:Italics 14910:Thuluth 14775:Grammar 14646:pidgins 14641:Creoles 14630:Sanʽani 14515:Bukhara 14475:Sanʽani 14438:Kuwaiti 14433:Emirati 14418:Dhofari 14403:Bahrani 14369:Cypriot 14357:(Qeltu) 14184:Sulaym 14171:Western 14166:Eastern 14044:Sfaxian 14040:(Sahel) 13995:Gozitan 13980:Maltese 13600:Letters 13574:Shaddah 13563:Harakat 13558:Tashkil 13486:Scripts 13459:History 12828:22 June 12806:16 July 12785:Sources 12581:4629416 12528::38–39) 12369:3217756 12220:Arabic. 12073:Maltese 11926:17 June 11721:17 June 11566:15 June 11107:, 2002. 10950:18 July 10922:26 July 10832:. 328. 10223:17 July 10066:17 July 9955:15 July 9796:17 July 9598:29 June 9413:28 June 8835:Arabist 8673:Lebnaan 8661:Zionist 8643:Lebanon 8637:Maltese 7996:j/g/dj 7858:aa / A 7759:ArabTeX 7710:Letter 7680:proverb 7678:, or a 7642:harakat 7636:Tashkil 7600:thuluth 7592:zaouias 7512:kátab-u 7459:ní-ktib 7445:Plural 7429:tí-ktib 7399:yí-ktib 7332:tí-ktib 7327:katáb-t 7309:ḥá-ktib 7304:bá-ktib 7294:katáb-t 7277:Future 7217:jamāhīr 7203:Gaddafi 7165:ištirāk 7137:suffix 7122:suffix 7076:maṭbakh 6988:iḥmarra 6851:yuktibu 6839:ʾaktaba 6781:kattaba 6764:yaktubu 6735:Meaning 6603:ـكْتُبـ 6520:jussive 6498:); two 6395:genders 6391:numbers 6315:kātibun 6309:كَاتِبٌ 6305:'books' 6301:kutubun 6287:kitābun 6281:كِتَابٌ 6245:'uktiba 6189:'uktibu 6147:'aktubu 6091:kātabtu 6063:katabtu 5989:qaraʼtu 5978:katabtu 5970:-a-a-tu 5901:فُصْحَى 5872:Grammar 5743:Nigeria 5687:Bahrain 5665:Algeria 5563:Bahrain 5533:Bushehr 5509:Bahrain 5463:dialect 5416:Dhi Qar 5398:Baghdad 5380:Baghdad 5260:Italian 5220:Maltese 5182:Algeria 5178:Morocco 5152:Morocco 5142:Algeria 5128:Algeria 5118:Algeria 5114:Tunisia 5078:Mashriq 5066:Maltese 5058:Tunisia 5054:Algeria 5050:Morocco 5030:region. 4986:Lebanon 4978:variety 4948:Lebanon 4888:'see'; 4841:suffix 4813:elative 4754:ḥalaltu 4732:in the 4724:'and'; 4577:Bedouin 4519:Maltese 4167:Kurdish 4163:Aramaic 4124:Persian 4120:Turkish 4089:Swahili 4074:Catalan 4039:Spanish 3987:Maltese 3982:English 3972:revival 3960:Visayan 3944:Turkmen 3940:Turkish 3932:Tagalog 3928:Swahili 3924:Sylheti 3912:Saraiki 3908:Spanish 3896:Italian 3892:Catalan 3876:Punjabi 3872:Persian 3844:Kurdish 3820:English 3816:Dhivehi 3800:Chechen 3792:Bosnian 3784:Bengali 3780:Baluchi 3772:Amharic 3717:Basmala 3692:lājvard 3682:gāzartā 3678:jazīrah 3664:madīnah 3646:almanac 3644:(cup), 3638:alembic 3622:kīmiyāʼ 3602:Aramaic 3482:), the 3421:مستعمَل 3402:taqālīb 3390:lexicon 3348:أَعْراب 3169:Mashriq 3161:Maghreb 3137:Serbian 3098:tawleed 3086:Tawleed 3044:Maltese 2990:jarīdah 2945:جمهورية 2925:jāmiʻah 2889:استماتة 2856:(e.g., 2819:dhahaba 2811:(1–100) 2807:Arabic 2749:فُصْحَى 2612:of the 2592:Khartum 2580:Baghdad 2404:Cordoba 2387: 2323:, many 2317:Turkish 2265:prosody 2237:التشكيل 2214:النَّحو 2209:an-naḥw 2179:al-Ḥīra 2171:Bedouin 2103:Lakhmid 2037:Hismaic 1965:History 1798:Hismaic 1759:perfect 1752:yajlis- 1677:Muslims 1666:Swahili 1650:Amharic 1630:Tagalog 1614:Punjabi 1590:Bengali 1582:Bosnian 1578:Kurdish 1558:Turkish 1554:Persian 1526:Maltese 1514:Catalan 1506:Spanish 1423:of the 1419:) is a 1396:ʿarabīy 1344:Unicode 887:Tunisia 865:Somalia 853:Morocco 802:Algeria 771:Senegal 636:Tunisia 621:Somalia 596:Morocco 581:Lebanon 561:Eritrea 546:Comoros 536:Bahrain 531:Algeria 437:Arabizi 404:Maltese 394:Cypriot 365:Chadian 234:Semitic 43:Aramaic 39:Amharic 16944:Sabaic 16938:Razihi 16842:Mesqan 16816:Mesmes 16765:Harari 16752:Wolane 16749:Ulbare 16742:Siltʼe 16702:versal 16700:Trans- 16630:Shehri 16620:Hobyot 16599:Modern 16570:Sutean 16518:Others 16484:Modern 16449:Hebrew 16401:Others 16376:Turoyo 16370:Mlaḥsô 16357:Others 16302:Jewish 16275:Senaya 16255:Bohtan 16250:Barwar 16233:North- 16209:Siryon 16203:Syrian 16127:Syriac 15858:Arabic 15685:Turkic 15660:Korean 15546:Telugu 15515:Hebrew 15505:Arabic 15489:Basque 15456:Uralic 15417:Nepali 15386:Slovak 15371:Polish 15339:Slavic 15318:Baltic 15278:Quebec 15274:French 15262:Italic 15241:Celtic 15207:German 15192:Danish 14825:Diwani 14812:Script 14770:(case) 14767:ʾIʿrāb 14753:Tajwid 14698:Bongor 14677:Maridi 14627:Habban 14501:Others 14485:Tihami 14465:Yemeni 14460:Shihhi 14445:Hejazi 14413:Bedawi 14408:Bareqi 14264:Syrian 14222:Saʽidi 14154:Nemadi 14140:Maqil 14038:Sahili 14005:Żejtun 13941:spoken 13939:Modern 13434:Arabic 13387: 13369: 13349: 13332: 13322: 13278: 13258: 13229: 13205: 13178: 13160: 13128: 13091:604273 13089: 13059: 13031: 13013: 12995: 12977: 12954: 12931: 12909: 12892: 12884: 12874: 12844: 12682: 12647:1 June 12616: 12579: 12571: 12499: 12426: 12367: 12359: 12297: 12177: 12143: 12080: 12056: 11963:410601 11961: 11788: 11696:543279 11694: 11686: 11621: 11615:615409 11613: 11605: 11512: 11504: 11496: 11309: 11282: 11249: 11222: 11192: 11165: 11135: 11075: 11046: 11036: 11014: 10764: 10710: 10702: 10659: 10649: 10600: 10539: 10514: 10444: 10434: 10406: 10396: 10373:16 May 10359: 10320: 10300:2021–4 10283: 10190:28 May 10181: 10144:27 May 10117: 10092:26 May 9941: 9907: 9849: 9782: 9757: 9747: 9593:Babbel 9572: 9540: 9487:7 July 9398: 9390: 9178:"Mali" 9130:20 May 9039: 8977:Arabic 8735:ALA-LC 8623:) and 8487:, the 8478:as′hal 8470:ALA-LC 8468:. The 8448:(like 8417:" or " 8146:sh/ch 7900:y; ii 7864:a/e/é 7724:ALA-LC 7719:UNGEGN 7676:hadith 7659:After 7620:ruqʻah 7612:rayhan 7569:Coptic 7347:í-ktib 7299:á-ktib 7225:jumhūr 7197:jumhūr 7139:-iyyah 7135:nisbah 7130:, etc. 7120:nisbah 7111:maktab 7084:ṭ-b-kh 7060:maktab 7056:(e.g. 6810:kātaba 6752:kataba 6654:derive 6632:kataba 6626:كَتَبَ 6609:-ktub- 6597:katab- 6591:كَتَبـ 6579:سَوْفَ 6555:aspect 6500:voices 6434:tanwīn 6385:, and 6295:كُتُبٌ 6291:'book' 6231:kutiba 6225:كُتِبَ 5997:akaltu 5866:vowels 5836:and 6 5763:, and 5745:, and 5603:, and 5505:Kuwait 5467:Kuwait 5418:, and 5344:Turkey 5310:Turkey 5206:Sicily 5170:Azawad 5040:Cyprus 5028:Nablus 4968:Turkey 4966:, and 4964:Israel 4956:Jordan 4779:clitic 4537: 4526: 4515: 4504: 4493: 4482: 4471: 4460: 4449: 4438: 4427: 4416: 4405: 4394: 4383: 4372: 4361: 4350: 4339: 4328: 4317: 4306: 4295: 4284: 4273: 4262: 4251: 4240: 4229: 4218: 4207: 4136:Yoruba 4132:Kanuri 4085:Kabyle 4063:French 4044:fulano 4037:(like 4031:coffee 4027:mentiq 4024:Uyghur 3998:Berber 3991:Kinubi 3952:Uyghur 3920:Somali 3916:Sindhi 3888:French 3868:Pashto 3852:Kyrgyz 3848:Kutchi 3840:Kazakh 3824:German 3788:Berber 3728:Qur'ān 3668:medina 3626:khymia 3431:مُهمَل 3426:muhmal 3407:تقاليب 3336:ʾaʿrāb 3332:poetry 3261:Muslim 3247:, and 3046:, and 2964:jumhūr 2938:jamaʻa 2661:Arabic 2648:, and 2556:باخِرة 2468:, the 2341:, the 2299:Spread 2118:Harran 2035:, and 1851:mafʿūl 1741:jalas- 1664:, and 1658:Somali 1642:Hebrew 1634:Sindhi 1610:Pashto 1586:Kazakh 1534:Balkan 1532:. The 1516:, and 1431:. The 1357:Arabic 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1285:12-AAC 838:Jordan 820:Israel 751:Israel 746:Cyprus 576:Kuwait 571:Jordan 427:Others 399:Saʽidi 249:Arabic 213:(2023) 96:Arabic 16898:Faifi 16865:Gyeto 16859:Gumer 16852:Chaha 16822:Muher 16799:Soddo 16793:Gafat 16778:Outer 16693:South 16677:Tigre 16667:Geʽez 16660:North 16625:Mehri 16589:South 16506:Punic 16344:Zakho 16280:Suret 15799:South 15692:Azeri 15590:Malay 15541:Tamil 15443:Greek 15431:other 15361:Czech 15294:Latin 15253:Welsh 15248:Irish 15222:Scots 15197:Dutch 15073:Books 14984:Other 14905:Tawqi 14860:Mashq 14850:Kufic 14758:Imāla 14727:Names 14693:Turku 14621:Adeni 14455:Omani 14450:Najdi 14355:North 14345:South 14340:Shawi 14322:Gilit 14286:South 14246:North 14144:Fessi 14063:Jebli 14049:Jijel 14024:Tunis 14019:Urban 14000:Qormi 13609:ʾAlif 13579:Hamza 13551:i‘jām 13293:[ 13087:JSTOR 12890:S2CID 12680:S2CID 12577:JSTOR 12365:JSTOR 11959:JSTOR 11906::237) 11889:4 May 11772:(pdf) 11692:JSTOR 11619:S2CID 11611:JSTOR 11510:S2CID 11502:JSTOR 11044:JSTOR 11012:S2CID 10912:(PDF) 10708:S2CID 10657:S2CID 9976:BSOAS 9430::492) 9407:(PDF) 9396:S2CID 9358:(PDF) 9280:(PDF) 9273:(PDF) 9156:(PDF) 9149:(PDF) 9037:JSTOR 8899:Notes 8679:Egypt 8493:email 8474:prime 8421:t".) 8212:d/9' 7945:s/th 7897:y; e 7894:y; ī 7672:verse 7668:Arabs 7631:nuqaṯ 7616:naskh 7608:tawqi 7394:kátab 7268:Past 7149:š-r-k 7124:-iyy- 7068:k-t-b 6713:ḥ-m-r 6701:k-t-b 6585:sawfa 6551:tense 6504:moods 6476:Verbs 6426:اَلْـ 6375:cases 6048:k-t-b 6021:qultu 5962:k-t-b 5956:three 5838:vowel 5739:Niger 5727:Sudan 5691:Qatif 5669:Niger 5651:Hejaz 5619:Yemen 5597:South 5541:Qatar 5525:Qatar 5495:Sudan 5481:Egypt 5477:Sudan 5458:is a 5420:Najaf 5412:Basra 5370:Mosul 5340:Syria 5298:Syria 5210:Malta 5192:Spain 5104:Libya 5062:Libya 5016:, by 4976:is a 4952:Syria 4938:Egypt 4849:> 4839:nisba 4830:kubār 4822:kibār 4694:koiné 4684:Koiné 4678:kā'in 4670:yakūn 4666:kayən 4649:Iraqi 4637:Libya 4582:koine 4159:Latin 4152:kitāb 4140:Hausa 4128:Hausa 4099:ṣalāh 4068:tasse 4053:lekin 4033:) to 4018:ṣalāh 4006:salat 3974:, as 3964:Wolof 3956:Uzbek 3856:Malay 3836:Hindi 3832:Hausa 3722:kufic 3642:ambix 3590:Kufic 3507:] 3470:] 3343:] 3318:Quran 3196:green 3192:white 3188:black 3145:Scots 3129:Hindi 3057:Malta 2984:جريدة 2977:hātif 2958:جمهور 2919:جامعة 2916:, or 2910:m/w/t 2884:roots 2878:janāḥ 2826:فِلْم 2755:fuṣḥá 2687:Quran 2603:Tunis 2599:] 2588:Amman 2584:Rabat 2576:Cairo 2504:Nahda 2495:Nahda 2488:Nahda 2471:zajal 2446:koine 2394:] 2381:, and 2366:Mosul 2305:Islam 2289:Kitāb 2207:, or 2160:Quran 2152:Hijra 2148:Hejaz 2110:Zabad 2002:Hejaz 1783:-anna 1705:from 1695:abjad 1693:, an 1646:Hausa 1594:Malay 1566:Hindi 1538:Greek 1524:era. 1490:Islam 877:Syria 871:Sudan 847:Libya 811:Egypt 761:Niger 646:Yemen 631:Syria 626:Sudan 611:Qatar 586:Libya 556:Egypt 190:Arabs 16862:Gura 16856:Ezha 16832:Inor 16222:Neo- 15812:East 15789:West 15784:East 14880:Rasm 14683:Nubi 14671:Juba 14644:and 14624:Beda 14596:Wqal 14593:Kjal 14423:Gulf 13771:Ġayn 13762:ʿAyn 13385:ISBN 13367:ISBN 13347:ISBN 13330:OCLC 13320:ISBN 13276:ISBN 13256:ISBN 13245:2020 13227:ISBN 13203:ISBN 13176:ISBN 13158:ISBN 13126:ISBN 13057:ISBN 13029:ISBN 13011:ISBN 12993:ISBN 12975:ISBN 12952:ISBN 12929:ISBN 12907:ISBN 12882:OCLC 12872:ISBN 12842:ISBN 12830:2016 12808:2021 12649:2024 12614:ISBN 12569:ISSN 12540::57) 12516::38) 12497:ISSN 12461:2023 12437:2023 12424:ISBN 12357:ISSN 12295:ISBN 12274:2017 12245:2017 12215:2017 12175:ISBN 12141:ISBN 12116:2018 12078:ISBN 12054:ISBN 11928:2023 11891:2010 11860:2018 11830:2021 11804:2021 11786:ISBN 11723:2023 11684:ISSN 11649:2021 11603:ISSN 11568:2023 11494:ISSN 11422:2012 11400:2012 11371:2021 11307:ISBN 11280:ISBN 11247:ISBN 11220:ISBN 11190:ISBN 11163:ISBN 11133:ISBN 11073:ISBN 11034:ISBN 10952:2021 10924:2023 10895:2022 10871:2009 10842:2021 10762:ISSN 10700:ISSN 10668:2021 10647:ISBN 10616:2021 10598:ISBN 10572:2020 10537:OCLC 10512:OCLC 10491:2020 10460:link 10442:OCLC 10432:ISBN 10404:OCLC 10394:ISBN 10375:2017 10357:ISBN 10318:ISBN 10281:ISBN 10260:2021 10225:2016 10192:2021 10179:ISBN 10146:2021 10115:ISBN 10094:2021 10068:2016 9957:2016 9939:ISBN 9905:ISBN 9847:ISSN 9798:2016 9780:ISBN 9755:OCLC 9745:ISBN 9687:2022 9655:2021 9625:2021 9600:2021 9570:OCLC 9538:ISBN 9519:2019 9489:2021 9460:2019 9415:2019 9388:ISSN 9340:2018 9314:2016 9288:2020 9254:2021 9215:2023 9189:2023 9164:2021 9132:2013 9067:2023 8922:..." 8700:and 8507:and 8462:gash 8452:and 8245:t/6 8242:.tu 8179:s/9 7764:chat 7754:BATR 7729:Wehr 7627:rasm 7546:and 7508:3rd 7478:2nd 7450:1st 7385:3rd 7318:2nd 7290:1st 7118:The 6953:VIII 6732:Past 6729:Form 6674:and 6553:and 6545:and 6494:and 6492:past 6458:ـنِي 6364:etc. 5948:root 5890:The 5793:Java 5777:and 5723:Chad 5709:Jews 5699:Oman 5689:and 5673:Mali 5671:and 5637:Najd 5599:and 5567:Oman 5561:and 5535:and 5529:Iran 5523:and 5513:Oman 5436:and 5408:Iraq 5336:Iran 5332:Iraq 5302:Iran 5294:Iraq 5262:and 5208:and 5174:Mali 5138:Jews 5060:and 4921:/ðˤ/ 4919:and 4917:/ɮˤ/ 4908:illi 4884:shāf 4845:-iyy 4775:laka 4674:fīhi 4661:and 4530:Nubi 4197:and 4148:كتاب 4109:imām 4104:إمام 4094:صلاة 4061:and 4058:taza 4012:صلاة 3989:and 3962:and 3948:Urdu 3862:and 3745:and 3700:azul 3696:azur 3543:The 3271:the 3235:and 3198:and 3139:and 3133:Urdu 3131:and 3032:and 3016:The 2971:هاتف 2872:جناح 2865:farʻ 2832:film 2774:Case 2734:and 2719:and 2517:and 2492:The 2474:and 2315:and 2175:Najd 2016:Najd 2008:and 1942:(ʾ)y 1886:ʿkdy 1832:/mā/ 1804:and 1796:and 1638:Odia 1600:and 1570:Urdu 1568:and 1540:and 829:Iraq 794:List 756:Mali 740:List 715:Iran 601:Oman 566:Iraq 541:Chad 16758:Zay 15728:Ido 14968:864 14963:720 14959:711 14956:710 14953:709 14949:708 14792:IPA 13852:Yāʾ 13843:Wāw 13834:Hāʾ 13825:Nūn 13816:Mīm 13807:Lām 13798:Kāf 13789:Qāf 13780:Fāʾ 13753:Ẓāʾ 13744:Ṭāʾ 13735:Ḍād 13726:Ṣād 13717:Šīn 13708:Sīn 13699:Zāy 13690:Rāʾ 13681:Ḏāl 13672:Dāl 13663:Ḫāʾ 13654:Ḥāʾ 13645:Ǧīm 13636:Ṯāʾ 13627:Tāʾ 13618:Bāʾ 13107:doi 13079:doi 13075:111 12864:doi 12672:doi 12596::2) 12487:doi 12416:doi 12384:at 12349:doi 12345:123 12312:at 12027:at 12002:at 11977:at 11951:doi 11776:doi 11676:doi 11595:doi 11538:doi 11486:doi 11455:doi 11002:hdl 10994:doi 10797::?) 10752:hdl 10742:doi 10690:doi 10639:doi 10171:doi 9984:doi 9837:doi 9737:doi 9380:hdl 9370:doi 9033:106 9004:at 8979:at 8943:doi 8501:IRC 8368:.g 8350:gh 8284:.z 8278:đ̣ 8272:z̧ 8209:.d 8176:.s 8143:^s 8134:sh 8110:_d 8095:dh 8071:_h 8050:kh 8026:.h 7993:^g 7961:d͡ʒ 7942:_t 7927:th 7855:aa 7749:- 2 7744:SAS 7739:ISO 7734:DIN 7714:IPA 7585:qaf 7581:faʼ 7575:to 7571:or 7143:-ah 7097:-ah 7054:ma- 6924:VII 6804:III 6707:حمر 6695:كتب 6577:or 6573:sa- 6567:سَـ 6466:ـيَ 6462:ـِي 6444:ـَة 6432:or 6410:ـَة 6037:-tu 5908:of 5856:or 5844:" ( 5685:in 5607:by 5557:of 5531:'s 5521:UAE 5396:of 5368:of 5330:in 5320:). 5242:or 5140:in 5080:or 4980:of 4892:ēsh 4868:jāb 4730:-it 4726:il- 4722:wi- 4712:to 4659:fīh 4652:aku 3976:MSA 3866:), 3749:qāf 3741:fā' 3570:ṣād 3434:). 3200:red 3000:or 2932:جمع 2906:موت 2859:فرع 2711:). 2502:, " 2444:'s 2402:of 2364:of 2243:). 2132:". 2070:to 2058:at 1874:ʿnd 1846:lan 1837:lʾn 1781:or 1779:-an 1767:/t/ 1604:), 1572:), 1488:of 1473:). 1433:ISO 1413:or 1386:or 1330:IPA 1251:auz 1241:aeb 1231:abh 1221:acq 1211:apd 1201:arb 1191:sqr 1181:ssh 1171:ayn 1161:aec 1151:aao 1141:ayp 1131:acx 1121:ars 1111:ary 1101:ayl 1091:apc 1081:acw 1071:mey 1061:ayh 1051:afb 1041:acm 1031:arz 1021:adf 1011:acy 1001:shu 991:avl 981:abv 971:xaa 961:arq 952:ara 935:ara 455:) 209:of 41:or 16995:: 14810:· 13328:. 13262:, 13235:, 13103:46 13101:. 13085:, 13073:, 12888:. 12880:. 12870:. 12820:, 12798:. 12772:. 12736:^ 12720:^ 12692:^ 12678:. 12666:. 12640:. 12575:. 12565:21 12563:. 12495:. 12452:, 12422:, 12410:, 12363:. 12355:. 12343:. 12339:. 12293:, 12276:. 12247:. 12217:. 12183:. 12149:. 12118:. 12086:. 12045:^ 11957:, 11947:35 11945:, 11919:. 11881:. 11877:. 11846:. 11821:. 11794:. 11784:. 11757:^ 11713:. 11690:. 11682:. 11672:18 11670:. 11666:. 11639:. 11617:. 11609:. 11601:. 11591:46 11589:. 11585:. 11558:. 11530:. 11508:. 11500:. 11492:. 11480:. 11476:. 11449:. 11430:^ 11361:. 11357:. 11335:93 11207:, 11150:, 11042:. 11010:. 11000:. 10990:12 10988:. 10969:. 10943:. 10926:. 10914:. 10886:. 10861:, 10828:. 10774:^ 10760:. 10750:. 10738:11 10736:. 10732:. 10720:^ 10706:. 10698:. 10684:. 10655:, 10645:, 10633:, 10606:. 10580:^ 10562:. 10558:. 10535:. 10481:. 10477:. 10456:}} 10452:{{ 10440:. 10416:^ 10402:. 10365:. 10246:. 10233:^ 10211:. 10199:^ 10177:, 10165:, 10154:^ 10137:. 10085:. 10054:. 10035:. 9980:77 9978:. 9974:. 9947:. 9937:. 9933:. 9919:^ 9899:. 9880:. 9845:. 9831:. 9827:. 9788:. 9753:. 9743:. 9711:^ 9695:^ 9671:. 9641:. 9616:. 9591:. 9564:. 9546:. 9509:. 9505:. 9480:. 9468:^ 9450:. 9446:. 9435:^ 9402:. 9394:. 9386:. 9378:. 9366:11 9364:. 9360:. 9330:. 9304:. 9233:^ 9205:. 9180:. 9118:. 9099:: 9081:: 9057:, 9031:. 8969:^ 8728:, 8639:. 8558:. 8503:, 8499:, 8495:, 8491:, 8458:sh 8454:kh 8450:sh 8431:sh 8419:ea 8365:g 8362:j 8359:g 8356:ġ 8353:ḡ 8329:3 8321:E 8318:ř 8281:Z 8275:ẓ 8267:zˤ 8261:ðˤ 8239:T 8236:ṭ 8233:ţ 8228:tˤ 8206:D 8203:ḍ 8200:ḑ 8195:dˤ 8173:S 8170:ṣ 8167:ş 8162:sˤ 8140:x 8137:š 8101:đ 8098:ḏ 8068:K 8065:x 8062:j 8059:ẖ 8053:ḵ 8029:7 8023:H 8020:ḥ 8017:ḩ 7990:j 7987:j 7984:ŷ 7981:ǧ 7978:j 7939:c 7936:ṯ 7933:ç 7930:ṯ 7903:y 7891:y 7887:iː 7885:, 7861:a 7852:ā 7844:ā 7840:aː 7825:2 7817:e 7801:, 7686:. 7610:, 7606:, 7602:, 7531:" 7473:" 7413:" 7313:" 7256:, 6982:IX 6895:VI 6833:IV 6775:II 6670:, 6538:. 6518:, 6514:, 6510:, 6436:. 6381:, 5928:. 5868:. 5818:. 5759:, 5741:, 5737:, 5733:, 5725:, 5667:, 5595:, 5507:, 5414:, 5358:). 5350:, 5316:, 5258:, 5216:. 5164:, 5056:, 5052:, 4970:. 4962:, 4958:, 4954:, 4950:, 4771:lī 4747:). 4736:). 4720:; 4676:, 4672:, 4654:, 4611:, 4201:: 4173:. 4142:. 3958:, 3954:, 3950:, 3946:, 3942:, 3938:, 3934:, 3930:, 3926:, 3922:, 3918:, 3914:, 3906:, 3902:, 3898:, 3894:, 3890:, 3882:, 3878:, 3874:, 3870:, 3854:, 3850:, 3846:, 3842:, 3838:, 3834:, 3830:, 3826:, 3822:, 3818:, 3814:, 3810:, 3806:, 3802:, 3798:, 3794:, 3790:, 3786:, 3782:, 3778:, 3774:, 3632:, 3616:, 3505:ar 3468:ar 3466:; 3464:fr 3379:c. 3341:ar 3243:, 3202:. 3194:, 3190:, 3186:: 3143:, 3135:, 3127:, 3055:) 3042:, 2644:, 2597:ar 2396:. 2392:ar 2377:, 2353:. 2334:. 2295:. 2285:al 2267:. 2198:c. 2120:, 2116:, 2112:, 2047:. 2004:, 1921:ʾn 1910:at 1883:, 1880:ḥt 1877:, 1871:, 1868:ʿn 1865:, 1834:; 1830:* 1816:, 1775:-a 1771:-u 1765:a 1713:. 1660:, 1656:, 1652:, 1648:, 1640:, 1636:, 1632:, 1624:, 1620:, 1616:, 1612:, 1608:, 1592:, 1588:, 1584:, 1580:, 1576:, 1560:, 1556:, 1548:. 1512:, 1392:, 1365:, 917:ar 889:: 879:: 840:: 831:: 822:: 813:: 804:: 657:) 485:) 475:) 465:) 451:, 447:, 443:, 439:, 16603:) 15762:e 15755:t 15748:v 15382:) 15378:( 15280:) 15276:( 15154:e 15147:t 15140:v 15057:e 15050:t 15043:v 13426:e 13419:t 13412:v 13336:. 13284:. 13266:. 13211:. 13113:. 13109:: 13081:: 13037:. 12896:. 12866:: 12776:. 12758:. 12686:. 12674:: 12668:1 12651:. 12583:. 12503:. 12489:: 12483:3 12418:: 12371:. 12351:: 12060:. 11953:: 11930:. 11893:. 11862:. 11832:. 11806:. 11778:: 11725:. 11698:. 11678:: 11651:. 11625:. 11597:: 11570:. 11544:. 11540:: 11516:. 11488:: 11482:9 11461:. 11457:: 11424:. 11402:. 11373:. 11050:. 11018:. 11004:: 10996:: 10973:. 10954:. 10897:. 10844:. 10768:. 10754:: 10744:: 10714:. 10692:: 10641:: 10618:. 10574:. 10543:. 10518:. 10493:. 10462:) 10448:. 10410:. 10377:. 10326:. 10289:. 10262:. 10227:. 10173:: 10148:. 10123:. 10096:. 10070:. 10039:. 10020:. 10005:. 9990:. 9986:: 9959:. 9913:. 9884:. 9853:. 9839:: 9833:6 9800:. 9761:. 9739:: 9689:. 9657:. 9627:. 9602:. 9576:. 9521:. 9491:. 9462:. 9417:. 9382:: 9372:: 9342:. 9316:. 9290:. 9256:. 9217:. 9191:. 9166:. 9134:. 9043:. 8945:: 8612:٩ 8608:٨ 8604:٧ 8600:٦ 8596:٥ 8592:٤ 8588:٣ 8584:٢ 8580:١ 8576:٠ 8574:( 8556:D 8549:ض 8542:d 8535:د 8520:ع 8415:e 8411:y 8407:y 8401:ي 8345:ɣ 8337:غ 8325:' 8314:ʿ 8309:ʻ 8303:ʕ 8295:ع 8264:~ 8253:ظ 8220:ط 8187:ض 8154:ص 8129:ʃ 8121:ش 8106:' 8104:z 8090:ð 8082:ذ 8056:ḫ 8045:x 8037:خ 8012:ħ 8004:ح 7973:ʒ 7970:~ 7967:ɡ 7964:~ 7953:ج 7922:θ 7914:ث 7882:j 7873:ي 7848:ʾ 7833:ا 7821:' 7813:' 7808:ʾ 7803:ˌ 7799:ˈ 7794:ʾ 7789:ʼ 7783:ʔ 7774:ء 7011:X 6862:V 6746:I 6506:( 6377:( 5749:. 5701:. 5675:. 5657:. 5629:. 5581:. 5497:. 5469:. 5452:. 5440:. 5422:. 5400:. 5386:. 5372:. 5304:( 5200:( 5184:. 5154:. 5130:. 5120:. 5002:. 4988:. 4923:. 4857:. 4853:i 4834:. 4808:. 4806:t 4766:. 4745:y 4741:w 4714:i 4710:a 4605:( 4107:( 4097:( 4009:( 3886:( 3858:( 3684:. 3666:/ 3476:( 3428:( 3418:( 3412:— 3410:) 3404:( 3377:( 3355:( 3345:( 3324:( 2899:' 2886:( 2746:( 2423:( 2287:- 2261:ع 2253:( 2234:( 2211:( 2196:( 1933:f 1901:t 1894:a 1862:f 1840:* 1827:m 1596:( 1564:( 1467:( 1453:( 1359:( 1350:. 653:( 481:( 471:( 435:( 389:† 381:† 373:† 135:) 84:) 80:( 45:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index