Maghreb - Knowledge

2959:, Tunisia. Over the following two or three centuries, such Jewish traders became known as the Maghribi, a distinctive social group who traveled throughout the Mediterranean world. They passed this identification on from father to son. Their tight-knit pan-Maghreb community had the ability to use social sanctions as a credible alternative to legal recourse, which was weak at the time anyway. This unique institutional alternative permitted the Maghribis to very successfully participate in the Mediterranean trade. This facilitated contacts between the Maghrebi and European Jewish communities, particularly in trade in the pre-colonial period. The most important points of contact were Livorno in Italy with its harbour frequented by Tunisian merchants and Marseille in France with its counterpart, the harbour for Algeria and Morocco. The Maghreb region produced spices and leather, from shoes to handbags. As many of the Maghrebi Jews were craftsmen and merchants, they had contact with their European customers. Today, among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in Morocco with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000. 1425: 3262: 814: 321: 4479:"One of the most striking climate changes of the past 11,000 years caused the abrupt desertification of the Saharan and Arabia regions midway through that period. The resulting loss of the Sahara to agricultural pursuits may be an important reason that civilizations were founded along the valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. German scientists, employing a new climate system model, have concluded that this desertification was initiated by subtle changes in the Earth's orbit and strongly amplified by resulting atmospheric and vegetation feedbacks in the subtropics." 1264: 51: 3925: 2703:(1073–85) consecrated a new bishop for Hippo. Christianity seems to have suffered several shocks that led to its demise. First, many upper-class, urban-dwelling, Latin-speaking Christians left for Europe after the Muslim conquest. The second major influence was the large-scale conversions to Islam from the end of the 9th century. Many Christians of a much reduced community departed in the mid-11th century, and remnants were evacuated in the 12th by the Norman rulers of Sicily. The Latin-African language lingered a while longer. 2928:, Jewish communities expanded across the Maghreb, with archaeological evidence, including synagogues and inscriptions, indicating their presence in what are now Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the early centuries CE. Under early Muslim rule, Jews flourished in major urban centers such as Kairouan, Fez, and Tunis, with the Jewish community in Kairouan particularly noted for its significant intellectual and cultural contributions. However, Jews also encountered periods of persecution, particularly under the 9312: 3000: 2659: 1086: 1406: 2746: 1685: 1386: 2560: 1730:. The recent gene flow caused by the Arab migrations to the Maghreb increased genetic similarities between Maghrebis and Middle Easterners. Haplogroup J1-M267 accounts for around 30% of Maghrebis and has spread from the Arabian Peninsula, second after E1b1b1b which accounts for 45% of Maghrebis. A study from 2021 has shown that the highest frequency of the Middle Eastern component ever observed in North Africa so far was observed in the Arabs of 871: 2687:

Although there were numerous conversions after the conquest, Muslims did not become a majority until some time late in the 9th century. During the 10th century, Islam became by far the dominant religion in the region. Christian bishoprics and dioceses continued to be active and continued their relations with the Christian Church of Rome. As late as the reign of Pope

1715:, during which both southern Qahtanite and northern Adnanite Arabs added to the heterogenous Maghrebi ethnic melting pot. A study from 2017 suggested that these Arab migrations were a demographic process that heavily implied gene flow and remodeled the genetic structure of the Maghreb, rather than a mere cultural replacement as claimed by older studies. 4493:, by Hsain Ilahiane, (2006), p. 112. Quote: "The Siwan people are mostly Berbers, the indigenous people who once roamed the North African coast between Tunisia and Morocco. They inhabited the area as early as 10,000 B.C., first moving toward the coast but later inland as conquering powers pushed them to take refuge in the desert." 5755:

Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.

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Historic records of religion in the Maghreb region show its gradual inclusion in the Classical World, with coastal colonies established first by Phoenicians, some Greeks, and later extensive conquest and colonization by the Romans. By the 2nd century of the common era, the area had become a center of

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in what is now Libya, although Jewish presence may have begun even earlier. Jewish communities continued to develop throughout the Roman period in present-day Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, with evidence of their existence during the early centuries CE. During the early Muslim era, Jews flourished in

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Today, more than two and a half million Maghrebi immigrants live in France, many from Algeria and Morocco. In addition, as of 1999 there were 3 million French of Maghrebi origin (defined as having at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia). A 2003 estimate suggests six million French

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control. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals and Carthaginians the Kabyle people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent. The Kabyle people were incredibly resistible so much so that even during the Arab conquest of North Africa they still

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Cruciani, Fulvio; La Fratta, Roberta; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Zaharova, Boriana; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio;

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Partially isolated from the rest of the continent by the Atlas Mountains (stretching from present-day Morocco to present-day Tunisia) and by the Sahara desert, inhabitants of the northern parts of the Maghreb have long had commercial and cultural ties across the Mediterranean Sea to the inhabitants

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The Sahara extends across northern Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Its central part is hyper-arid and supports little plant or animal life, but the northern portion of the desert receives occasional winter rains, while the strip along the Atlantic coast receives moisture from marine

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van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias; Haak,

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From the end of the 7th century, over a period of more than 400 years, the region's peoples converted to Islam. Many left during this time for Italy, although surviving letters showed correspondence from regional Christians to Rome up until the 12th century. Christianity was still a living faith.

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and the Atlas Mountains in the south. It often also included the territory of eastern Libya, but not modern Mauritania. As recently as the late 19th century, the term "Maghreb" was used to refer to the western Mediterranean region of coastal North Africa in general, and to Algeria, Morocco, and

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The Islamic forces continued to conquer North Africa, bringing most of the region under its control by 689. The conquest of the entirety of North Africa in a short period was made possible in large part because of its flat geography, allowing Islamic forces to move swiftly on their Arabian

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by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized. As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The

619:. The union implicitly included Western Sahara under Morocco's membership. However, this progress was short-lived, and the union is now largely dormant. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco over Western Sahara re-emerged, reinforced by the unresolved 2788:(100,750). Most of the Roman Catholics in Greater Maghreb are of French, Spanish, and Italian descent, with ancestors who immigrated during the colonial era. Some are foreign missionaries or immigrant workers. There are also Christian communities of 1659:

has been observed at low to moderate frequencies among Berber populations with significantly higher frequencies observed in Northeast Africa relative to Northwest Africa. Loosdrecht et al. 2018 demonstrated that E1b1b is most likely indigenous to

322: 5704: 7021:"Refworld | Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)" 1699:, and its highest frequency of 30%–62.5% has been observed in Muslim Arab populations in the Middle East. A study found out that the majority of J1 (Eu10) chromosomes in the Maghreb are due to the recent gene flow caused by the 1620:(E1b1b1b1a), which has reached its highest documented levels in the world at 95–100% in some populations of the Maghreb, it has often been termed the "Berber marker" in the scientific literature. The second most common marker, 5993:

Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Martinez-Cruz, Begoña; Khodjet-el-khil, Houssein; Mendizabal, Isabel; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Comas, David (October 2011). "Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages".

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In comparison to the population of France, the Maghrebi population was one-eighth of France's population in 1800, one-quarter in 1900, and equal in 2000. The Maghreb is home to 1% of the global population as of 2010.

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Various other influences are also prominent throughout the Maghreb. In northern coastal towns, in particular, several waves of European immigrants influenced the population in the Medieval era. Most notable were the

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Robino, C; Crobu, F; Di Gaetano, C; Bekada, A; Benhamamouch, S; Cerutti, N; Piazza, A; Inturri, S; Torre, C (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample".

2932:(12th–13th centuries), which imposed severe restrictions on non-Muslims. In the 14th to 16th centuries, the Maghreb experienced an influx of Jews fleeing from Spain and Portugal due to growing persecution and the 7184: 1566:", immigrated to the region, settling under French colonial rule in the late 19th century. As of the last census in French-ruled Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly 5081:"Estimé à six millions d'individus, l'histoire de leur enracinement, processus toujours en devenir, suscite la mise en avant de nombreuses problématiques...", « Être Maghrébins en France » in 2721:

and saints' tombs is found throughout regions inhabited by Berbers. This practice was also common among the Jews of the region. Any map of the region demonstrates the tradition by the proliferation of "

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Kujanová, Martina; Pereira, Luísa; Fernandes, Verónica; Pereira, Joana B.; Černý, Viktor (October 2009). "Near Eastern Neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert".

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Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, et al. (August 2008). "Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations".

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and includes the districts of which the country of the Berbers was composed in former times. Later Maghribi writers repeated the definition of Ibn Khaldun, with a few variations in details.

1574:) in Algeria, 10 per cent of the population. They established farms and businesses. The overwhelming majority of these, however, left Algeria during and following the war for independence. 6886: 7361: 5696: 1647:

is thought to have emerged in prehistoric North Africa or East Africa, and would have later dispersed into West Asia. The major subclades of haplogroup E found amongst Berbers belong to

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does not accept this definition because, he says, the inhabitants of the Maghreb do not consider Egypt and Barqa as forming part of Maghrib. The latter commences only at the province of

4154:"The Moors were simply Maghrebis, inhabitants of the Maghreb, the western part of the Islamic world, that extends from Spain to Tunisia, and represents a homogeneous cultural entity", 3056: 1636:, a Eurasian marker, has also been observed in the Maghreb, though with lower frequency. The Y-DNA haplogroups shown above are observed in both Arabic speakers and Berber-speakers. 1201:

in the 11th century. Throughout this period, the Maghreb most often was divided into three states, roughly corresponding to modern Morocco, western Algeria, and eastern Algeria and

7328: 1522:, who predated the 7th-century introduction and conversion of the region to Islam. The earliest recorded Jewish settlement in the region dates back to the third century BCE under 402:

and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya — was expanded in modern times to include Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara. During the era of

3168:: This ecoregion covers the hyper-arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. Vegetation is rare, and this ecoregion consists mostly of sand dunes 7731: 564:

since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope of the Maghreb in favor of the Arabs. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the region was ruled by European powers: France (

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who converted to Christianity (most of them secret worshipers) are estimated between 40,000-150,000. The International Religious Freedom Report for 2007 estimates thousands of

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fog, which nourishes a greater variety of plants and animals. The northern edge of the Sahara corresponds to the 100 mm isohyet, which is also the northern range of the

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nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually

5758:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area" 7154: 953:(146 BC) and to control many of these ports. Rome eventually took control of the entire Maghreb north of the Atlas Mountains. Rome was greatly helped by the defection of 4026: 3292:

women and made of silver, beads and other applications was a common trait of Berber identities in large areas of the Maghreb up to the second half of the 20th century.

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Arabs in the 11th century played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the

7176: 6856: 756:) to the Atlantic Ocean. Historians and geographers disagreed, however, over the definition of the eastern boundary. Some authors place it at the sea of Kulzum (the 7294: 7208: 1738:, who had a Middle Eastern component frequency of 71.8%. According to a study from 2004, Haplogroup J1 had a frequency of 35% in Algerians and 34.2% in Tunisians. 1628:, which is typically Middle Eastern and originates in the Arabian peninsula, can reach frequencies of up to 35% in the region. Its highest density is found in the 6302:"High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula" 5638: 5511: 1535:

from Spain and Portugal, fleeing pogroms, forced conversions and expulsions in the 14th to 16th centuries, further augmented the Jewish presence in North Africa.

7355:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos – Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta" 4692:. Vol. 1: The Precolonial Period: From Ancient Egypt to the Zulu Kingdom (Earliest Times to ca. 1870). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 17–18. 4079: 2941: 1311: 2856:, Morocco, and in Tunisia. The Catholic population in Libya is estimated to number 100,000, The Catholics are the largest Christian denomination, followed by 7227: 6714: 6632: 1137:

and more. While restricted due to the cost and dangers, the trade was highly profitable. Commodities traded included such goods as salt, gold, ivory, and

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was consecrated. From the 10th century, Christianity declined in the region. By the end of the 11th century, only two bishops were left in Carthage and

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were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized. These Arabs had been set upon the Berbers by the

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Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Lochman, Jan Milie; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Barrett, David B.; Vischer, Lukas (24 July 1999).

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Some 9,000 years ago, Earth's tilt was 24.14 degrees, as compared with the current 23.45 degrees. Around 3,500 BC, these changes in the tilt of the

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in the south. The Maghreb's variations in elevation, rainfall, temperature, and soils give rise to distinct communities of plants and animals. The

1509:. In some cases, they were returned to families after being ransomed; in others, they were used as slaves or assimilated and adopted into tribes. 6878: 7354: 7802: 6987: 5060: 2841:

than in Greater Maghreb. Prior to independence, the European Catholic settlers had historic legacy and powerful presence in Maghreb countries.

2898:, in 2019, the proportion of Ceutans that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 60.0%. The Roman Catholic churches in Ceuta belong to the 114: 4468: 3108:

ecoregions of the Mediterranean Maghreb and Cyrenaica. Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry woodlands that form a transition between the

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was noted by his local accent. Roman settlers and Romanized populations converted to Christianity. Carthage subsequently exercised informal

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arrived in 647 and challenged the domination of Christianity. The first permanent foothold of Islam was the founding in 667 of the city of

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and the Maghreb. This constituted the earliest documented differentiation between the terms Maghreb and Gharb (Muslim lands west of the

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Muslims have converted to Christianity. A 2015 study estimate some 1,500 believers in Christ from a Muslim background living in Libya.

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pool (including both Arab and Berber populations) may be summarized for most of the populations as follows, where only two haplogroups

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Influences—Christian influences in Mauritanian society are limited to the approximately 10,000 foreign nationals living in the country

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Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013).

9262: 4757: 721:). The former referred to the present-day Maghreb whereas the latter incorporated the Levant and Egypt in addition to the Maghreb. 7494: 3074: 1695:

is another very common haplogroup in the Maghreb, being the second most-frequent haplogroup in the Maghreb. It originated in the

861: 1501:(Moors) who were forcibly converted to Catholicism and later expelled, together with ethnic Arab and Berber Muslims, during the 9069: 8955: 3062: 1592:

The Y-chromosome genetic structure of the Maghreb population seems to be modulated chiefly by geography. The Y-DNA Haplogroups

6245:"Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: High prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population" 5911:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" 9064: 8998: 7674: 7547: 7474: 7122: 6949: 6601: 5680: 5632: 5605: 5531: 5392: 5293: 5255: 5216: 5174: 4923: 4884: 4845: 4806: 4736: 4450: 4358: 4331: 4301: 118: 4929: 4890: 4703: 4189: 3112:

regions to the north and the hyper-arid Sahara proper to the south. It covers 1,675,300 square km (646,800 square miles) in

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The original religions of the peoples of the Maghreb seem to have been based in and related to fertility cults of a strong

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in the west. Etymologically, it means both "the western place/land" and "the place where the sun sets", in contrast to the

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Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks

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http://content.schweitzer-ne.de/static/content/catalog/newbooks/978/052/165/9780521651714/9780521651714_Excerpt_001.pdf

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The countries of the Maghreb share many cultural similarities and traditions. Among these is a culinary tradition that

3101: 4089: 3226:, or salt-adapted, plant communities. The Saharan halophytics cover 54,000 square km (20,800 square miles), including 1655:

is distributed along a west-to-east cline with frequencies that can reach as high as 100 percent in Northwest Africa.

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The Maghreb is usually defined as encompassing much of the northern part of Africa, including a large portion of the

4231: 398:— the eastern part of the Arab world. The traditional definition of the Maghreb — which restricted its scope to the 9018: 9008: 8950: 8928: 8911: 8906: 8825: 7770: 4010: 3285: 3281:

are the staple foods. In terms of food, some similarities beyond the starches are found throughout the Arab world.

1477:(1%). Ethnic French, Spanish, West African, and Sephardic Jewish populations also inhabit the region. Centuries of 7224: 6722: 2916:

The earliest documented Jewish presence in the Maghreb dates to the third century BCE, with Jews being settled in

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Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment

2725:"s, showing places named after the marabouts. This tradition has declined through the 20th century. A network of 2706:

There was a small but thriving Jewish community, as well as a small Christian community. Most Muslims follow the

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origins, and has its highest distribution among populations in Arabia and the Levant. Due to the distribution of

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region. On the Saharan southern edge of the Maghreb are small communities of black populations, sometimes called

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major urban centers such as Kairouan, Fez, and Tunis, despite facing intermittent persecution, notably under the

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Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Haber, M.; Martínez-Cruz, B.; Zalloua, P.; Benammar Elgaaied, A.; Comas, D. (November 2013).

9349: 8972: 5848:*Alshamali et al. 2009 81% (84/104) *Malouf et al. 2008: 70% (28/40) *Cadenas et al. 2008:45/62 = 72.6% J1-M267 2844:

Recently, the Protestant community of Berber or Arab descent has grown significantly as additional individuals

1700: 1571: 1301: 1293: 650: 573: 569: 5447: 5351: 9282: 9267: 7788: 7403: 1482: 1333: 1110: 879: 561: 445:, the region was somewhat unified as an independent political entity. This period was followed by one of the 2948:

settled in North Africa, establishing new communities and integrating with the existing Jewish populations.

1651:, which is believed to have emerged in North Africa. Common subclades include E1b1b1a, E1b1b1b and E1b1b1*. 913:

Phoenicians and Carthaginians arrived for trade. The main Berber and Phoenician settlements centered in the

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that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 65.0%, the Roman Catholic churches in Melilla belong to the

1505:. Other European contributions included French, Italian, and English crews and passengers taken captive by 1329: 791:

is abbreviated. Certain politicians seek a political union of the North African countries, which they call

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Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History

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cultures that antedated all Egyptian and eastern Asian, northern Mediterranean, and European influences.

122: 6667: 6509:"The central position of women in the life of the Berbers of Northern-Africa exemplified by the Kabyles" 5518:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–70, 9997: 9880: 9833: 8632: 8617: 7915: 7900: 7423:. See also Greif's "Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi Traders", in 6443:"Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape" 2984: 2845: 620: 2792:

in Greater Maghreb, made up of persons who converted mostly during the modern era, or under and after

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Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),

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in the first millennium CE. The J-M267 chromosome pool in the Maghreb is derived not only from early

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Nebel, Almut; Landau-Tasseron, Ella; Filon, Dvora; Oppenheim, Ariella; Faerman, Marina (June 2002).

5056: 9423: 8602: 8519: 8102: 7815: 7398: 7391:"Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders' Coalition" 6546:. Facts on File library of world history (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts On File. pp. 97–98. 3261: 2683:

fell to Muslims in 698 and the remainder of the region fell by 709. Islamization proceeded slowly.

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Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

3034:. The southern extent of the Mediterranean Maghreb corresponds with the 100 mm (3.9 in) 1093:, founded by the Arab general Uqba Ibn Nafi (in 670), is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb city of 623:

between the two countries. These two conflicts have hindered progress on the union's joint goals.

9550: 9535: 9378: 9249: 8940: 8847: 8524: 8234: 8229: 7256: 4465: 4034: 3135: 2868: 2692: 2599: 1319: 808: 7390: 6186:"Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa" 6088:"Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa" 494: 9430: 9226: 9033: 8627: 8430: 7177:"'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret" 6032:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations" 5672: 4607: 4413: 4291: 1315: 453:

invaded after that, followed by the equally brief re-establishment of a weak Roman rule by the

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became increasingly hostile to Jews, some Jewish traders emigrated to the Maghreb, especially

9445: 9319: 9183: 9103: 8746: 8647: 8256: 7464: 7002: 6909: 6539: 6137:"Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa" 5382: 5283: 5245: 5206: 5018: 4952: 4835: 4796: 4726: 4660: 4645: 4348: 3109: 2973: 1625: 1567: 1177: 1017: 938: 7438: 6744: 5664: 5321: 5164: 4135: 4017:. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic's administrative control is limited to approximately 813: 425:

Before the establishment of modern nation states in the region during the 20th century, the

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in Iberia) in the 5th century AD reduced Roman control and led to the establishment of the

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in the 1st millennium BC. (According to tradition, the Phoenicians founded their colony of

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since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope of the Maghreb in favor of the Arabs.

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population, and from the late fifth and early sixth century, the region included several

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Recent genome-wide analysis of North Africans found substantial shared ancestry with the

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Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

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Medieval Muslim historians and geographers divided the Maghreb region into three areas:

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region forming a natural barrier that severely limited contact between the Maghreb and

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of the region continued in the decades thereafter, with violent conflicts such as the

9934: 9870: 9823: 9490: 9211: 8830: 8657: 8622: 8483: 8478: 8459: 8268: 8095: 7855: 7670: 7543: 7520: 7470: 7290: 7278: 7118: 7055: 6945: 6921: 6879:"Rising numbers of Christians in Islamic countries could pose threat to social order" 6846: 6819: 6691: 6655: 6597: 6572: 6547: 6490: 6472: 6396: 6378: 6339: 6321: 6282: 6225: 6166: 6117: 6061: 6011: 5975: 5940: 5879: 5828: 5787: 5676: 5665: 5628: 5601: 5575: 5527: 5487: 5388: 5289: 5251: 5212: 5170: 5138: 5126: 5121: 5024: 4985: 4958: 4919: 4880: 4841: 4802: 4763: 4732: 4693: 4613: 4575: 4509: 4446: 4419: 4391: 4381: 4354: 4327: 4297: 4179: 4111: 3896: 3200:, and salt flats. It covers 4,639,900 square km (1,791,500 square miles) of Algeria, 3015: 2929: 2921: 2891: 2647: 2607: 2591: 1712: 1692: 1648: 1629: 1609: 1528: 1523: 1268: 1210: 1206: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1044: 714: 706: 702: 698: 654: 526: 522: 510: 470: 466: 462: 430: 422:

referred to the region as the "Land of the Atlas", referring to its Atlas Mountains.

407: 5891: 5570: 1600:

make up the vast majority of the genetic markers of the populations of the Maghreb.

50: 9987: 9939: 9729: 9622: 9545: 9540: 9530: 9413: 9292: 9287: 9277: 9206: 8883: 8837: 8780: 8709: 8572: 8466: 8415: 8393: 8246: 8193: 8132: 7705:

Paris: ACR ed. and Rabaté, Marie-Rose; Jacques Rabaté; Dominique Champault (1996).

7268: 7260: 6480: 6462: 6423: 6386: 6370: 6329: 6313: 6272: 6264: 6215: 6205: 6156: 6148: 6107: 6099: 6051: 6003: 5992: 5967: 5930: 5922: 5871: 5818: 5777: 5769: 5565: 5519: 5116: 5108: 4155: 3256: 3030:. These ecoregions share many species of plants and animals with other portions of 2731:

traditionally helped teach basic literacy and knowledge of Islam in rural regions.

2700: 2635: 2595: 1506: 1341: 1238: 1218: 1138: 1080: 1076: 865: 833: 783:

in a sense near to that which it had in medieval times, but it also denotes simply

674: 550: 542: 530: 498: 486: 454: 257: 211: 201: 19:

This article is about the North African subregion. For Islamic evening prayer, see

7637: 7611: 7585: 7559: 6359:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa" 5523: 4210: 2837:

in the 1960s, more North African Christians of Berber or Arab descent now live in

9801: 9714: 9704: 9699: 9647: 9627: 9555: 9418: 9178: 8679: 8667: 8652: 8607: 8557: 8497: 8439: 8400: 8388: 8381: 8290: 8107: 8090: 8065: 7231: 7212: 7112: 7087: 6991: 6916: 6467: 6427: 6210: 5486:. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 120. 4913: 4874: 4687: 4488: 4472: 4440: 4173: 4142: 4056: 3949: 3270: 3187: 3151: 3011: 2876: 2809:(ethnic French who were mostly Catholic), and Morocco was home to half a million 2761: 2611: 1652: 1604:

is the most frequent among Maghrebi groups, especially the downstream lineage of

1285: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1126: 1072: 1052: 1024: 888: 837: 690: 638: 538: 518: 506: 482: 399: 332: 315: 287: 206: 195: 7709:. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud/Le Fennec, as well as Gargouri-Sethom, Samira (1986). 7020: 6775: 5697:"France and Maghreb – An enhanced partnership with the Maghreb (March 20, 2007)" 5420: 3277:

are the staple foods, as opposed to Eastern Arab, where bread, crushed wheat or

1545:

Africans from south of the Sahara joined the population mix during centuries of

1125:. In addition, several Arab dynasties formed in the Maghreb region, such as the 1000:

of North Africa in 430 A.D., with its capital at Carthage. A century later, the

9914: 9907: 9890: 9772: 9734: 9637: 9612: 9525: 9495: 9478: 9455: 9391: 9323: 9272: 9171: 9135: 9115: 9098: 9038: 8802: 8694: 8672: 8662: 8514: 8492: 8376: 8371: 8356: 8351: 8278: 8224: 8176: 8147: 8053: 8043: 7321:"El 37% de las declaraciones de la Renta en Málaga marcan la X para la Iglesia" 6643: 6569:

Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition

6268: 4221:, B. A., Vol. II, North-West Africa, Appleton and company, 1880, New York, p.95 4014: 4002: 3954: 3171: 3155: 3143: 3139: 2999: 2945: 2861: 2849: 2658: 1539: 1532: 1297: 1289: 1272: 1090: 1068: 997: 942: 922: 773: 737: 666: 661:

in the 7th century AD. The term was used to refer to the region extending from

589: 565: 554: 546: 502: 376: 89: 20: 5875: 4067: 3234:

in Algeria, and other areas of Egypt, Algeria, Mauritania, and Western Sahara.

9981: 9897: 9875: 9694: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9642: 9632: 9567: 9440: 9403: 9297: 9166: 9158: 9125: 8862: 8812: 8704: 8699: 8689: 8539: 8502: 8410: 8405: 8307: 8212: 7282: 7264: 7097: 6671: 6661: 6476: 6382: 6325: 5807:"Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity" 5579: 5130: 5112: 5057:"An Estimation of the Foreign-Origin Populations of France, Michèle Tribalat" 4395: 4265: 3970: 3959: 3930: 3856: 3231: 3154:, and shrubs. It covers 39,900 square kilometres (15,400 sq mi) in 2911: 2765: 2643: 2631: 1633: 1305: 1234: 1230: 1214: 1186: 1020:

lasted for 150 years. The Berbers contested the extent of Byzantine control.

914: 849: 616: 581: 534: 383: 102: 7519:. California Native Plant Society/University of California Press, Berkeley. 6152: 6056: 6031: 1612:

is the second most frequent among Maghrebi groups and is more indicative of

1085: 9966: 9959: 9739: 9724: 9709: 9617: 9602: 9562: 9515: 9483: 9463: 9201: 9140: 9120: 9110: 8820: 8792: 8547: 8285: 8219: 8188: 8137: 8009: 7938: 7875: 7865: 6776:"The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today" 6494: 6400: 6343: 6286: 6229: 6170: 6121: 6065: 6015: 5979: 5944: 5883: 5832: 5791: 3901: 3860: 3019: 2925: 2745: 2696: 2688: 2603: 1747: 1665: 1661: 1538:

Another significant group is Turks, who migrated with the expansion of the

1405: 1169: 1013: 973: 892: 593: 585: 446: 348: 238: 6665: 5516:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

968:

client-allies. Some of the most mountainous regions, such as the Moroccan

9744: 9664: 9657: 9607: 9574: 9257: 9216: 9147: 8852: 8741: 8684: 8612: 8562: 8449: 8425: 8314: 8152: 8070: 8048: 8024: 7870: 7860: 7386: 4876:

Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches

4235: 4218: 3104:: This ecoregion lies along the northern edge of the Sahara, next to the 2805: 1719: 1696: 1673: 1613: 1502: 1478: 1385: 1161: 1005: 896: 769: 745: 234: 106: 6028: 9929: 9902: 9762: 9689: 9597: 8787: 8756: 8582: 8577: 8241: 8202: 8164: 8082: 7955: 7840: 7835: 7439:"Who were the Jews of North Africa? Four Questions to Daniel Zisenwine" 7273: 6007: 5971: 3881: 3683: 3595: 3422: 3334: 3278: 3223: 3159: 3003: 2773: 2615: 2559: 1684: 1411: 1157: 1009: 954: 946: 733: 682: 662: 458: 403: 360: 344: 74: 7666:

Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set

7199: 6183: 5823: 5806: 2578:. This theory is based on the social and linguistic structures of the 379:. As of 2018, the region had a population of over 100 million people. 9885: 9780: 9500: 9386: 9234: 8893: 8867: 8797: 8775: 8768: 8552: 8329: 8263: 8159: 7982: 7965: 7850: 7845: 7819: 7066:. In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity 5907: 4415:

Early Mahdism: Politics and Religion in the Formative Period of Islam

4375: 3091: 3023: 2988: 2917: 2883: 2872: 2826: 2789: 2610:, corresponding to most of today's Mediterranean coast and inland of 2568: 2564: 1731: 1704: 1669: 1561: 1518: 1498: 1375: 1221:

also managed to conquer land in all countries in the Maghreb region.

1130: 934: 765: 514: 478: 411: 9840: 9334: 7142: 6628:

Insoll, T. (2003) "The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa",

2618:(c. 155 – c. 202); and Christian martyrs or leading figures such as 1205:. The Maghreb region was occasionally briefly unified, as under the 9865: 9652: 9473: 9398: 8761: 8366: 8302: 8273: 8183: 8142: 7950: 7930: 7810: 7711:

Le bijou traditionnel en Tunisie: femmes parées, femmes enchaînées.

6374: 6317: 6103: 5926: 5773: 4918:. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. 3876: 3848: 3296: 3274: 3222:: Seasonally flooded saline depressions in the Maghreb are home to 2956: 2718: 2717:

communities remain in some areas. A strong tradition of venerating

2680: 2672: 2639: 2619: 1707:

dispersions but to a much greater extent from recent expansions of

1608:, which is typical of the indigenous Berbers of North-West Africa. 1554: 1494: 1094: 1040: 993: 965: 926: 918: 900: 729: 658: 597: 221: 6594:

A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present

6085: 5624:

France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation

5509: 4798:

The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation)

9860: 9818: 9719: 9669: 9592: 9505: 9468: 8733: 8471: 8361: 8319: 8207: 8019: 7943: 7096:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6660:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4006: 3964: 3852: 3657: 3644: 3631: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3289: 3129: 3125: 3113: 3057:

Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets

3046: 2952: 2853: 2814: 2800: 2785: 2777: 2769: 2754: 2750: 2676: 2623: 2586:

Phoenician-speaking Christianity. Its bishops spoke and wrote in

2579: 1735: 1656: 1490: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1415: 1395: 1391: 1202: 1190: 1173: 1114: 1106: 1098: 989: 875: 784: 780: 757: 718: 670: 607:

Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia established the

442: 438: 395: 368: 364: 352: 242: 216: 84: 79: 64: 27: 7662: 5738:

combined (Semino et al. 2004 30%) & (Arredi et al. 2004 32%)

5727:

Maghreb regional and global integration: a dream to be fulfilled

4442:

The Nationalist Movements in the Maghrib: A Comparative Approach

3967:, "place of sunrise", which contrasts Maghreb, "place of sunset" 3138:: The Atlantic coastal desert occupies a narrow strip along the 2951:

In the 10th century, as the social and political environment in

1560:

In Algeria especially, a large European minority, known as the "

9949: 9520: 9510: 9435: 9239: 8343: 8297: 8004: 7991: 7756:

Politics, economics, and human affairs analysis in the Maghhreb

7755: 7143:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 6818:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 105. 5957: 5805:

Alshamali F, Pereira L, Budowle B, Poloni ES, Currat M (2009).

4912:

Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar.

3912:

Maghreb al-Adna (Eastern Maghreb – currently Libya and Tunisia)

3906:

Maghreb al-Awsat (Central Maghreb – currently Northern Algeria)

3866: 3300: 3179: 3147: 2980: 2838: 2727: 2710: 1727: 1351: 1350:

After the 19th century, areas of the Maghreb were colonized by

1198: 1182: 1165: 1150: 841: 753: 646: 450: 419: 191: 7111:

Morgan, Jason; Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola Adeyemi (2012).

6357:

Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, et al. (August 2004).

2614:. The region produced figures such as Christian church writer 1168:. It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into 852:

have inhabited western North Africa since at least 10,000 BC.

9806: 9796: 9408: 9090: 8985: 8529: 7827: 7811: 7765: 6838: 5804: 3886: 3670: 3409: 3213: 3209: 3121: 3117: 3039: 2895: 2822: 2781: 2714: 2707: 2668: 2587: 1708: 1617: 1605: 1550: 1466: 1450: 1438: 1359: 1355: 1194: 1149:, were adopted by some Berbers, often leading to scorning of 1142: 1118: 1028: 870: 761: 744:(the middle Maghrib), which extended from Tripoli to Bijaya ( 710: 474: 415: 391: 387: 356: 266: 69: 7540:

Ecophysiology of Economic Plants in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands

7243: 8124: 7724:"UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage" 6030:

Wolfgang; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (4 May 2018).

5860: 4319: 4027:

United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara

3871: 3205: 3201: 3195: 2977: 2722: 1758:

comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes:

1512:

Historically, the Maghreb was home to significant historic

1146: 275: 16:

Major region of Northern Africa; western half of Arab world

6440: 6416:

Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series

4686:

Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). "North Africa to ca. 1870".

4175:

The Maghreb in the modern world: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco

1027:

in Mediterranean Africa in the period from 639 to 700 AD,

5452: 3891: 1513: 969: 584:). Italy was expelled from North Africa by the Allies in 269: 6413: 6300:

Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, et al. (April 2001).

4445:. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. p. 8. 1153:

control in favour of their own interpretation of Islam.

7703:

Les bijoux du Maroc: du Haut-Atlas à la vallée du Draa.

5600:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 42–44. 5598:

After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry

7669:. New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 378. 7244:

Ponce Herrero, Gabino; Martí Ciriquián, Pablo (2019).

7225:

Osservatorio Internazionale: "La tentazione di Cristo"

7081:"International Religious Freedom Report 2007": Tunisia 6356: 4347:

Sénac, Philippe; Cressier, Patrice (10 October 2012).

4005:

up to 1976, administration is currently split between

1312:

Military operations in North Africa during World War I

429:

most commonly referred to a smaller area, between the

6022: 5754: 3909:

Maghreb al-Aqsa (Western Maghreb – currently Morocco)

3146:

provides sufficient moisture to sustain a variety of

649:

term that the first Muslim Arab settlers gave to the

7141:

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015).

6690:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 497. 4911: 4438: 4068:

City Population: Western Sahara (disputed territory)

3920: 2867:

A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to

1271:, including the Maghreb. After the Middle Ages, the 301: 278: 272: 7491:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide" 7353:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 7110: 4411: 410:(711–1492), the Maghreb's inhabitants — the Muslim 263: 260: 7707:Bijoux du Maroc: du Haut Atlas à la vallée du Draa 7246:"El complejo urbano transfronterizo Melilla-Nador" 6811: 6299: 6293: 5909:Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). 5627:. University Press of Florida. pp. 9–23, 14. 4315: 4313: 2852:. This has occurred in Algeria, especially in the 2833:in Maghreb are Catholic. Due to the exodus of the 1549:. Traders and slaves went to the Maghreb from the 937:. They dominated the trade and intercourse of the 895:. These trade relations date back at least to the 557:also controlled parts of the region for a period. 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 5101:Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4648:. Virtue. 10 April 1865 – via Google Books. 4407: 4405: 4262:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05 3315: 3080:Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe (Morocco) 3059:(Morocco, Canary Islands (Spain), Western Sahara) 1437:The Maghreb is primarily inhabited by peoples of 1197:former Berber clients who defected and abandoned 977:had control and possession over their mountains. 9979: 7517:Plant Life in the World's Mediterranean Climates 7019:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 6871: 6687:Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South 5662: 5328:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 December 2022, 5204: 5020:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 4915:An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria 4490:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 3142:coast, where fog generated offshore by the cool 2642:Christianity mainly spread among the indigenous 553:, extending from the 8th to 13th centuries. The 7140: 6815:Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity 5903: 5901: 5701:French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs 5243: 4977: 4377:The best divisions for knowledge of the regions 4310: 752:(the far Maghrib), which extended from Tahart ( 473:. The most enduring rule was that of the local 7054:. University of Cambridge Press. p. 253. 6937: 6794: 6773: 4402: 3284:Among other cultural and artistic traditions, 949:(264 to 146 BC) enabled Rome to establish the 9350: 7796: 7701:See, for example, Rabaté, Marie-Rose (2015). 7052:Al-Maghred, the Barbary Lion: A Look at Islam 6812:Greenberg, Udi; A. Foster, Elizabeth (2023). 6745:"Africa :: Morocco — The World Factbook" 5844: 5842: 4350:Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle 4346: 4088:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 148:6,045,741 km (2,334,274 sq mi) 115:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 7771:Peacekeeping mission in Maghreb: The MINURSO 5898: 5244:Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004). 4373: 4289: 1275:loosely controlled the area east of Morocco. 1109:times in the 7th century, and from then the 394:, which are considered to be located in the 40: 7776:Total population of the MENA countries 2018 7663:Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). 7534: 7532: 7385: 7092:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor 6513:www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com 5205:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). 4543:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War" 4432: 4290:Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (4 July 2013). 3106:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 3028:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 1113:began. Islamic Berber kingdoms such as the 1031:took control of the entire Maghreb region. 732:), which included the lands extending from 347:. The region comprises western and central 9357: 9343: 7803: 7789: 7009:, page 12, 2005, Editions de Paris, Paris. 6683: 6596:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 42. 6571:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 344–345. 5839: 4755: 4541:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (10 April 1858). 4293:The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology 1141:. Various Islamic variations, such as the 779:The term Maghrib is used in opposition to 7463:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009). 7462: 7318: 7272: 7076: 7074: 6985:, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001 6484: 6466: 6390: 6333: 6276: 6219: 6209: 6160: 6111: 6055: 5996:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5960:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5934: 5822: 5781: 5569: 5481: 5120: 4978:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (2004). 4685: 4374:al-Muqaddasī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2001). 3065:(Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia) 2741:Christianity in the Roman Africa province 7529: 5016: 4833: 4540: 4323:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 3601: 3592: 3583: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3273:defined as Western Arab, where bread or 3260: 3010:The portions of the Maghreb between the 2998: 2994: 2744: 2657: 2558: 1683: 1423: 1262: 1084: 869: 812: 7436: 7427:Vol. XLIX, No. 4 (Dec. 1989) pp.857–882 7319:Rodríguez, José Vicente (31 May 2014). 6910:Migration and development co-operation. 6619:Jonathan Conant, pp. 362–368, 2012 6591: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 5864:International Journal of Legal Medicine 5658: 5656: 5094: 4879:. Oxford University Press. p. 42. 4080:"COUNTRY COMPARISON :: POPULATION" 3075:Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests 1224: 1105:The Arabs reached the Maghreb in early 862:North Africa during classical antiquity 677:and eastern part of the Arab world. In 517:, as well as the Berber empires of the 9980: 7351:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 7206:Morocco: No more hiding for Christians 7071: 7049: 6782:from the original on 19 September 2018 6566: 6537: 6519:from the original on 28 September 2010 6363:The American Journal of Human Genetics 6350: 6306:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5915:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5762:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5707:from the original on 29 September 2007 5620: 5591: 5589: 5505: 5503: 5477: 5475: 5380: 4567: 4320:Idris El Hareir; Ravane Mbaye (2011). 4136:English for Students: Northwest Africa 3063:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe 1445:mixed ancestral origin. Arabs inhabit 681:(c. 985 AD), medieval Arab geographer 679:Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma'rifat al-Aqālīm 9364: 9338: 7784: 7300:from the original on 19 December 2022 7187:from the original on 8 September 2020 7136: 7134: 6958:from the original on 16 February 2023 5856: 5854: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5555: 5551: 5549: 5448:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast" 5200: 5198: 5063:from the original on 20 December 2008 4950: 4872: 4659:Field, Henry Martyn (10 April 1893). 4658: 4505:The Middle East and North Africa 2003 4418:. Brill Archive. pp. 1183–1184. 4285: 4283: 4204: 2634:, Bishop of Hippo I (+ 430) (1); and 2602:, being the most important center of 964:) and of Carthage's eastern Numidian 933:and the Libyan coast east of ancient 314: 7560:"North Saharan steppe and woodlands" 7493:. Jewish agency. 15 September 2021. 7413:from the original on 24 January 2012 7367:from the original on 4 February 2020 7018: 6938:Angus Maddison (20 September 2007). 6907:De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) 6755:from the original on 2 December 2022 6134: 6128: 6072: 5653: 5427:from the original on 12 January 2018 5362:from the original on 29 January 2023 5349: 5332:from the original on 10 January 2021 4794: 4728:The History of Piracy and Navigation 4568:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). 4171: 3989: 3987: 1688:Distribution of Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) 7437:Lubrich, Naomi (30 November 2023). 6242: 6236: 5595: 5586: 5512:"The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce" 5500: 5472: 5381:Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). 4981:Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614 4834:el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (1 May 2019). 4724: 3842: 3069:Mediterranean woodlands and forests 2942:forced mass conversions in Portugal 694: 642: 611:in 1989 to promote cooperation and 449:'s rule or influence. The Germanic 336: 291: 41: 13: 7734:from the original on 8 August 2021 7331:from the original on 23 April 2022 7157:from the original on 13 March 2021 7131: 6889:from the original on 20 March 2016 6092:American Journal of Human Genetics 5851: 5741: 5667:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia 5546: 5460:from the original on 25 April 2011 5401:from the original on 15 March 2023 5264:from the original on 10 April 2023 5225:from the original on 26 March 2023 5195: 5183:from the original on 10 April 2023 4827: 4788: 4759:Art of Islam: Language and Meaning 4756:Burckhardt, Titus (24 July 2009). 4667:from the original on 15 March 2023 4626:from the original on 15 March 2023 4588:from the original on 15 March 2023 4549:from the original on 15 March 2023 4522:from the original on 15 March 2023 4280: 3102:North Saharan steppe and woodlands 3084: 3077:(Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain) 3071:(Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia) 2987:(WWF) identifies several distinct 2905: 2760:Communities of Christians, mostly 1121:contributed to the development of 414:— were known by Europeans as the " 14: 10009: 7749: 7683:from the original on 20 June 2023 7497:from the original on 25 July 2023 7031:from the original on 1 March 2019 7007:Le monde arabe existe-t-il ? 6859:from the original on 30 July 2023 5641:from the original on 30 July 2023 5621:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2000). 5445: 5302:from the original on 7 March 2023 5145:from the original on 19 July 2023 5085:, n° 71, troisième trimestre 2003 5037:from the original on 30 July 2023 4998:from the original on 30 July 2023 4951:Baadj, Amar S. (11 August 2015). 4893:from the original on 30 July 2023 4854:from the original on 19 July 2023 4840:. Algora Publishing. p. 82. 4776:from the original on 30 July 2023 4725:Kim, Dr Suk Kyoon (13 May 2020). 4706:from the original on 30 July 2023 4192:from the original on 30 July 2023 3984: 3305:Intangible Cultural Heritage list 2864:and a small number of Anglicans. 1279: 1008:sent (533) a force under General 728:(the near Maghrib; also known as 119:Community of Sahel–Saharan States 9311: 9310: 8643:West South Central United States 7716: 7695: 7656: 7630: 7604: 7578: 7552: 7509: 7483: 7456: 7430: 7379: 7343: 7312: 6842:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 6544:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 6135:Evol, Mol Biol (February 2017). 5017:Ilahiane, Hsain (17 July 2006). 4932:from the original on 30 May 2023 4815:from the original on 30 May 2023 4057:BBC News: Western Sahara profile 4011:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 3923: 3286:jewellery of the Berber cultures 1679: 1432: 1404: 1384: 1366:residents were ethnic Maghrebi. 1267:1707 map of Northwest Africa by 1185:were pushed to the west and the 580:and Western Sahara), and Italy ( 371:. The Maghreb also includes the 256: 49: 8858:Latin America and the Caribbean 8724:Latin America and the Caribbean 7237: 7218: 7169: 7104: 7043: 7012: 6996: 6970: 6931: 6901: 6832: 6767: 6737: 6707: 6677: 6637: 6622: 6610: 6585: 6560: 6531: 6501: 6434: 6407: 6177: 6141:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5986: 5951: 5798: 5732: 5729:, Peterson Institute, 2008, p.1 5719: 5689: 5614: 5571:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.949 5439: 5413: 5374: 5343: 5314: 5288:. Oxford Business Group. 2012. 5276: 5237: 5169:. Oxford Business Group. 2007. 5157: 5088: 5075: 5049: 5010: 4971: 4944: 4905: 4873:Holes, Clive (30 August 2018). 4866: 4749: 4718: 4679: 4652: 4638: 4600: 4561: 4534: 4496: 4482: 4459: 4367: 4340: 4250: 4224: 3769: 3697: 3615: 3508: 3436: 3354: 3038:, or the southern range of the 2734: 1639: 1588:Genetic history of North Africa 959: 817:Maghreb head ornament (Morocco) 7466:The Rebirth of the Middle East 6845:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 5671:. New York: Garland. pp. 5596:Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). 5352:"Berbers fear ethnic conflict" 4165: 4148: 4129: 4104: 4072: 4061: 4050: 4033:mission to the territory (see 3316:Maghreb countries by GDP (PPP) 2972:The Maghreb is divided into a 1701:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 1302:French Protectorate of Tunisia 1294:French protectorate of Morocco 1034: 836:appear to have caused a rapid 626: 1: 7766:News and Views of the Maghreb 7404:American Economic Association 6650:. Federal Research Division, 5564:(in French) (26): 3952–3962. 5524:10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 4801:. Routledge. pp. 70–74. 4439:Hassan Sayed Suliman (1987). 4044: 3999:undetermined political status 3006:, grown in Maghrebi countries 2976:region in the north, and the 2967: 2857: 1483:Arab migration to the Maghreb 1369: 1334:History of Algeria since 1962 1111:Arab migration to the Maghreb 962: 202 – 148 BC 945:'s defeat of Carthage in the 904: 821: 562:Arab migration to the Maghreb 343:, is the western part of the 9955:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians 8325:Middle East and North Africa 8030:Middle East and North Africa 7114:Culture and Customs of Libya 6920:. Council of Europe. p. 25. 6630:Cambridge World Archaeology, 6468:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 6428:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173 6211:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293 4689:A Military History of Africa 4412:Jan-Olaf Blichfeldt (1985). 4326:. UNESCO. pp. 375–376. 4296:. OUP Oxford. p. 1071. 3945:Maghreb place name etymology 2962: 2938:expulsion of Jews from Spain 2924:rulers of Egypt. During the 1503:Spanish Catholic Reconquista 1330:Algerian War of Independence 1117:expansion and the spread of 855: 99:Major regional organizations 7: 7425:Journal of Economic History 7253:Investigaciones Geográficas 6944:. OUP Oxford. p. 214. 6749:Central Intelligence Agency 6592:Isichei, Elizabeth (1995). 5482:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). 4353:(in French). Armand Colin. 4162:. Suhail Academy. 1997, p.7 4031:United Nations peacekeeping 3916: 3587:International Monetary Fund 3326:International Monetary Fund 2894:is the largest religion in 2882:In 2019, the proportion of 2829:. In religion, most of the 2554: 1581: 1016:the Vandal Kingdom in 534. 697:) to refer to the lands of 302: 123:Union for the Mediterranean 10: 10014: 8618:Northeastern United States 7538:Wickens, Gerald E. (1998) 7360:(in Spanish). p. 20. 6646:. "Religious minorities", 6269:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x 5095:Drouhot, Lucas G. (2020). 4612:. Grolier. 10 April 1990. 4609:The Encyclopedia Americana 4232:"L'Union du Maghreb arabe" 4013:, both of which claim the 3611: 3350: 3310: 3242: 3238: 2985:World Wide Fund for Nature 2909: 2738: 2630:; her son the philosopher 1585: 1497:, that is, the indigenous 1373: 1323: 1309: 1283: 1228: 1038: 925:) along the North African 859: 825: 806: 802: 25: 18: 9993:Geography of North Africa 9853: 9789: 9771: 9753: 9583: 9454: 9377: 9370: 9306: 9248: 9225: 9192: 9156: 9089: 8983: 8891: 8882: 8811: 8732: 8538: 8342: 8123: 8081: 7990: 7981: 7929: 7886: 7826: 7586:"Atlantic coastal desert" 7515:Dallman, Peter R. (1998) 6867:– via Google Books. 6684:A. Lamport, Mark (2021). 5876:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 5663:Cook, Bernard A. (2001). 5484:The Jews under Roman Rule 5122:21.11116/0000-0005-95C8-1 5045:– via Google Books. 4967:– via Google Books. 4784:– via Google Books. 4675:– via Google Books. 4634:– via Google Books. 4596:– via Google Books. 4557:– via Google Books. 4530:– via Google Books. 4025:occupied by Morocco. The 1722:, and to a lesser extent 1338:History of modern Tunisia 903:(in present-day Tunisia) 736:to Tarabulus (modern-day 337:اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ 230: 184: 176: 168: 160: 152: 144: 136: 128: 98: 58:Countries and territories 57: 48: 37: 9099:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 8103:Transantarctic Mountains 7713:Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. 7443:Jüdisches Museum Schweiz 7399:American Economic Review 7265:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05 7211:14 November 2017 at the 7117:. ABC-CLIO. p. 40. 6538:Bunson, Matthew (2002). 6243:Rep, Sci (August 2021). 5556:Taïeb, J. (1 May 2004). 5285:The Report: Morocco 2012 5166:The Report: Algeria 2007 5113:10.1177/2378023119899585 4646:"The art journal London" 4160:Moorish Culture in Spain 4145:english-for-students.com 3977: 2900:Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta 2803:was home to 1.4 million 2653: 1741: 1570:, but including 130,000 1193:in punishment for their 1091:Great Mosque of Kairouan 980:The pressure put on the 957:(later King of Numidia, 828:Prehistoric North Africa 461:came to power under the 172:$ 382.780 billion (2020) 26:Not to be confused with 8848:Caribbean South America 7257:San Vicente del Raspeig 6990:18 October 2017 at the 6983:Christianity in Kabylie 6648:Algeria (Country Study) 6057:10.1126/science.aar8380 5083:Les Cahiers de l’Orient 4837:Killing the Arab Spring 4178:. Penguin. p. 10. 4116:www.merriam-webster.com 4112:"Definition of MAGHREB" 4035:Western Sahara conflict 3136:Atlantic coastal desert 2869:Christianity in Algeria 2846:convert to Christianity 2799:Prior to independence, 2624:St. Cyprian of Carthage 1461:(98%). Berbers inhabit 1320:Western Desert campaign 1014:succeeded in destroying 809:History of North Africa 795:(the grand Maghrib) or 651:recently conquered area 437:During the rule of the 434:Tunisia in particular. 156:$ 1.299 trillion (2020) 8628:Southern United States 8431:Scandinavian Peninsula 7761:Maghreb Radio Stations 7642:Terrestrial Ecoregions 7616:Terrestrial Ecoregions 7590:Terrestrial Ecoregions 7564:Terrestrial Ecoregions 6567:Falola, Toyin (2017). 5421:"Q&A: The Berbers" 5250:. Marshall Cavendish. 4663:. C. Scribner's Sons. 3266: 3026:in Libya, are home to 3007: 2790:Berber or Arab descent 2757: 2693:Archbishop of Carthage 2665: 2622:(martyrs, c. 200 CE); 2620:Perpetua, and Felicity 2571: 1689: 1429: 1316:North African campaign 1276: 1213:and briefly under the 1102: 883: 818: 177:GDP nominal per capita 9104:Antarctic Convergence 8648:Western United States 7644:. World Wildlife Fund 7638:"Saharan halophytics" 7618:. World Wildlife Fund 7592:. World Wildlife Fund 7566:. World Wildlife Fund 7230:27 April 2015 at the 7094:(14 September 2007). 6915:29 April 2023 at the 6153:10.1093/molbev/msw218 4762:. World Wisdom, Inc. 4021:, with the remaining 3264: 3243:Further information: 3132:, and Western Sahara. 3110:Mediterranean climate 3095:(Phoenix dactylifera) 3018:, along with coastal 3002: 2995:Mediterranean Maghreb 2974:Mediterranean climate 2748: 2661: 2636:St. Julia of Carthage 2562: 1687: 1586:Further information: 1427: 1324:Further information: 1310:Further information: 1284:Further information: 1266: 1088: 939:Western Mediterranean 873: 816: 807:Further information: 653:situated west of the 327:), also known as the 8170:Greater Central Asia 7730:. 16 December 2020. 7542:. Springer, Berlin. 7325:La Opinión de Málaga 7086:9 March 2021 at the 7050:Carnes, Nat (2012). 6778:. Orthodox England. 6774:Fr Andrew Phillips. 5756:Silvana (May 2004). 5562:Encyclopédie berbère 4795:Duri, A. A. (2012). 4545:. Chapman and Hall. 4508:. Psychology Press. 4471:7 March 2014 at the 4428:. GGKEY:T7DEYT42F5R. 4268:on 29 September 2007 4172:Amin, Samir (1970). 4141:21 July 2018 at the 4092:on 27 September 2011 4023:70% of the territory 4019:30% of the territory 3230:of central Tunisia, 2825:was home to 145,000 2817:was home to 255,000 2663:al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 2576:matriarchal pantheon 1259:Ottoman Tripolitania 1243:Kingdom of Ait Abbas 1225:Early modern history 1156:The invasion of the 982:Western Roman Empire 799:(the Arab Maghrib). 695:أَقَالِيمُ ٱلْعَرَبِ 613:economic integration 9316:Continents of Earth 8843:Brazilian Highlands 8252:Indian subcontinent 8113:Antarctic Peninsula 7911:Southern Hemisphere 7906:Northern Hemisphere 7215:, Evangelical Focus 6751:. 9 November 2021. 6652:Library of Congress 6459:2013PLoSO...856775B 6261:2021NatSR..1115728E 6202:2013PLoSO...880293F 6048:2018Sci...360..548V 5107:: 237802311989958. 5023:. Scarecrow Press. 4661:"The Barbary Coast" 3228:Tunisian salt lakes 3220:Saharan halophytics 3050:(Stipa tenacissima) 3032:Mediterranean Basin 2934:Spanish Inquisition 2772:(100,000–380,000), 1547:trans-Saharan trade 1516:communities called 1346:Libya under Gaddafi 1123:trans-Saharan trade 986:Barbarian invasions 972:, remained outside 931:Pillars of Hercules 878:on a mosaic in the 797:al-Maghrib al-Arabi 793:al-Maghrib al-Kabir 760:) and thus include 742:al-Maghrib al-Awsat 665:in the east to the 495:Umayyads of Cordoba 316:[ælˈmaɣrɪb] 313:'the west' 132:105,095,436 (2021*) 9834:in the Netherlands 9424:in the Netherlands 9131:Great Barrier Reef 8752:Mainland Australia 8460:Apennine Peninsula 7921:Western Hemisphere 7896:Eastern Hemisphere 7728:Al Jazeera English 7469:. Hamilton Books. 6249:Scientific Reports 6008:10.1002/ajpa.21581 5972:10.1002/ajpa.21078 5558:"Juifs du Maghreb" 5350:Zurutuza, Karlos. 5326:The World Factbook 4574:. Read Books Ltd. 4085:The World Factbook 3995:disputed territory 3940:Arab Maghreb Union 3605:CIA World Factbook 3344:CIA World Factbook 3267: 3253:Culture of Tunisia 3249:Culture of Algeria 3245:Culture of Morocco 3008: 2794:French colonialism 2758: 2666: 2572: 1724:sub-Saharan Africa 1690: 1664:and migrated from 1430: 1326:Western Sahara War 1277: 1103: 951:Province of Africa 887:of the regions of 884: 846:sub-Saharan Africa 819: 789:al-Maghrib al-Aqsa 768:) in the Maghreb. 750:al-Maghrib al-Aqsa 726:al-Maghrib al-Adna 609:Arab Maghreb Union 602:Western Sahara War 373:disputed territory 161:GDP PPP per capita 137:Population density 111:Arab Maghreb Union 9998:Regions of Africa 9975: 9974: 9935:Megleno-Romanians 9849: 9848: 9365:Muslims in Europe 9332: 9331: 9212:Mediterranean Rim 9085: 9084: 9024:Mediterranean Sea 8878: 8877: 8831:Amazon Rainforest 8658:Canadian Prairies 8623:Pacific Northwest 8484:Iberian Peninsula 8269:Arabian Peninsula 8096:Antarctic Plateau 7856:Three/Four Worlds 7676:978-0-19-530991-1 7548:978-3-540-52171-6 7476:978-0-7618-4846-2 7183:. 23 March 2015. 7124:978-0-313-37860-7 6951:978-0-19-922721-1 6658:, December 1993. 6656:Helen Chapin Metz 6603:978-1-4674-2081-5 6042:(6388): 548–552. 5824:10.1159/000210448 5682:978-0-8153-4057-7 5634:978-0-8130-3096-8 5607:978-0-8147-2911-3 5533:978-0-521-77248-8 5423:. 12 March 2004. 5394:978-1-317-46400-6 5356:www.aljazeera.com 5295:978-1-907065-54-5 5257:978-0-7614-1702-6 5218:978-3-658-11633-0 5176:978-1-902339-70-2 4925:978-3-902966-14-8 4886:978-0-19-100506-0 4847:978-1-62894-349-8 4808:978-0-415-62286-8 4738:978-1-64268-136-9 4571:The Kabyle People 4452:978-91-7106-266-6 4360:978-2-200-28342-1 4333:978-92-3-104153-2 4303:978-0-19-162615-9 3840: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3764: 3763: 3692: 3691: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3503: 3502: 3431: 3430: 3176:, stone plateaus 3016:Mediterranean Sea 2930:Almohad Caliphate 2892:Roman Catholicism 2888:Diocese of Málaga 2691:(974–983), a new 2675:, in present-day 2592:Septimius Severus 2552: 2551: 1770:Sahara/Mauritania 1713:Arabian Peninsula 1693:Haplogroup J-M267 1630:Arabian Peninsula 1428:People of Maghreb 1269:Guillaume Delisle 1207:Almohad Caliphate 1065:Almohad Caliphate 1061:Kingdom of Africa 1057:Almoravid dynasty 1049:Abbasid Caliphate 1045:Umayyad Caliphate 707:Upper Mesopotamia 572:, Mauritania and 471:Fatimid Caliphate 467:Abbasid Caliphate 463:Umayyad Caliphate 431:Mediterranean Sea 408:Iberian Peninsula 312: 300: 248: 247: 10005: 9551:Western Thracian 9375: 9374: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9336: 9335: 9314: 9313: 9293:Global Southwest 9288:Global Southeast 9278:Global Northwest 9273:Global Northeast 9263:Global Heartland 9207:Indian Ocean Rim 8889: 8888: 8781:Island Melanesia 8472:Balkan Peninsula 8247:Himalayan states 8194:Russian Far East 7988: 7987: 7916:Water Hemisphere 7805: 7798: 7791: 7782: 7781: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7720: 7714: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7556: 7550: 7536: 7527: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7395: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7359: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7299: 7276: 7255:(72). Alicante: 7250: 7241: 7235: 7222: 7216: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7108: 7102: 7090:. United States 7078: 7069: 7068: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7016: 7010: 7000: 6994: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6935: 6929: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6809: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6721:. Archived from 6711: 6705: 6704: 6681: 6675: 6670:10 July 2012 at 6641: 6635: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6488: 6470: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6337: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6223: 6213: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6164: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6098:(6): 1594–1596. 6083: 6070: 6069: 6059: 6026: 6020: 6019: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5938: 5921:(5): 1014–1022. 5905: 5896: 5895: 5858: 5849: 5846: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5785: 5768:(5): 1023–1034. 5752: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5725:Brunel, Claire, 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5670: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5507: 5498: 5497: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5124: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4264:. Archived from 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4238:on 20 April 2010 4234:. Archived from 4228: 4222: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4169: 4163: 4156:Titus Burckhardt 4152: 4146: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4076: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4038: 4015:entire territory 3991: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3843:Medieval regions 3768: 3767: 3696: 3695: 3614: 3613: 3581: 3580: 3507: 3506: 3435: 3434: 3353: 3352: 3320: 3319: 3257:Culture of Libya 3204:, Egypt, Libya, 3184:, gravel plains 2991:in the Maghreb. 2940:in 1492 and the 2936:. Following the 2871:. The number of 2859: 2848:, especially to 2701:Pope Gregory VII 2648:Christian Berber 2606:in the whole of 1761: 1760: 1711:tribes from the 1602:Haplogroup E1b1b 1531:. The influx of 1408: 1388: 1342:Kingdom of Libya 1239:Alaouite dynasty 1081:Wattasid dynasty 1077:Ziyyanid dynasty 988:(notably by the 963: 961: 909: 906: 866:Ancient Carthage 696: 675:Fertile Crescent 644: 578:northern Morocco 455:Byzantine Empire 386:, but excluding 341:Northwest Africa 338: 326: 325: 324: 318: 307: 305: 295: 293: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 202:Berber languages 53: 44: 43: 35: 34: 10013: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9845: 9785: 9767: 9749: 9585:North Caucasian 9579: 9491:Dobrujan Tatars 9450: 9366: 9363: 9333: 9328: 9302: 9244: 9221: 9188: 9152: 9081: 9070:South China Sea 8979: 8922:Central America 8874: 8807: 8728: 8680:Northern Mexico 8668:Northern Canada 8653:Atlantic Canada 8608:Mountain states 8534: 8389:European Russia 8382:Southern Russia 8338: 8291:Iranian Plateau 8119: 8108:West Antarctica 8091:East Antarctica 8077: 7977: 7925: 7901:Land Hemisphere 7882: 7822: 7809: 7752: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7612:"Sahara desert" 7610: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7537: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7435: 7431: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7393: 7384: 7380: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7348: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7317: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7232:Wayback Machine 7223: 7219: 7213:Wayback Machine 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7109: 7105: 7088:Wayback Machine 7079: 7072: 7062: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7017: 7013: 7003:Lucien Oulahbib 7001: 6997: 6992:Wayback Machine 6977: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6952: 6936: 6932: 6917:Wayback Machine 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6810: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6725:on 1 April 2019 6713: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6682: 6678: 6644:Deeb, Mary Jane 6642: 6638: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6439: 6435: 6412: 6408: 6355: 6351: 6298: 6294: 6241: 6237: 6182: 6178: 6133: 6129: 6084: 6073: 6027: 6023: 5991: 5987: 5956: 5952: 5906: 5899: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5803: 5799: 5753: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5661: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5635: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5594: 5587: 5554: 5547: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5480: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5446:Davis, Robert. 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5333: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5296: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5219: 5203: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5177: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4992: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4809: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4620: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4516: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4483: 4473:Wayback Machine 4464: 4460: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4410: 4403: 4388: 4380:. Garnet publ. 4372: 4368: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4288: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4170: 4166: 4153: 4149: 4143:Wayback Machine 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4041: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3950:Maghrebi script 3929: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3845: 3318: 3313: 3271:Habib Bourguiba 3259: 3241: 3087: 3085:Saharan Maghreb 3012:Atlas Mountains 2997: 2970: 2965: 2914: 2908: 2906:Jewish presence 2784:(170,000), and 2743: 2737: 2656: 2638:(5th century). 2612:Northern Africa 2557: 1744: 1682: 1642: 1590: 1584: 1435: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1389: 1378: 1372: 1348: 1322: 1308: 1286:Spanish Morocco 1282: 1261: 1255:Ottoman Tunisia 1251:Ottoman Algeria 1247:Kingdom of Kuku 1229:Main articles: 1227: 1083: 1073:Marinid dynasty 1053:Idrisid dynasty 1039:Main articles: 1037: 1025:advent of Islam 958: 941:for centuries. 907: 889:Southern Europe 868: 860:Main articles: 858: 838:desertification 830: 824: 811: 805: 740:) in the west; 629: 574:most of Morocco 477:empires of the 400:Atlas Mountains 320: 319: 259: 255: 226: 196:Maghrebi Arabic 164:$ 12,628 (2020) 94: 39: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10011: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9888: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9857: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9759: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9589: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9496:Finnish Tatars 9493: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9479:Crimean Tatars 9476: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9392:Cham Albanians 9383: 9381: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9324:Physical Earth 9307: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9231: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9163: 9161: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9138: 9136:Mariana Trench 9133: 9123: 9118: 9116:Atlantic Ocean 9113: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9095: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9077:Southern Ocean 9074: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9065:East China Sea 9057: 9056: 9055: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 8999:Atlantic Ocean 8996: 8990: 8988: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8904: 8898: 8896: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8817: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8803:Remote Oceania 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8738: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8673:Western Canada 8670: 8665: 8663:Eastern Canada 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8447: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8377:South Caucasus 8374: 8372:North Caucasus 8364: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8279:South Caucasus 8271: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8148:Aralkum Desert 8145: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8046: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7939:Africa-Eurasia 7935: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7808: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7750:External links 7748: 7746: 7745: 7715: 7694: 7675: 7655: 7629: 7603: 7577: 7551: 7528: 7508: 7482: 7475: 7455: 7429: 7378: 7342: 7311: 7236: 7217: 7198: 7168: 7130: 7123: 7103: 7070: 7060: 7042: 7011: 6995: 6981:Sadek Lekdja, 6969: 6950: 6930: 6900: 6870: 6851: 6831: 6824: 6793: 6766: 6736: 6719:Open Doors USA 6706: 6696: 6676: 6636: 6621: 6617:Staying Roman, 6609: 6602: 6584: 6577: 6559: 6552: 6530: 6500: 6433: 6406: 6375:10.1086/423147 6369:(2): 338–345. 6349: 6318:10.1086/319521 6312:(4): 1019–29. 6292: 6235: 6196:(11): e80293. 6176: 6147:(2): 318–329. 6127: 6104:10.1086/340669 6071: 6021: 6002:(2): 271–280. 5985: 5966:(2): 336–346. 5950: 5927:10.1086/386294 5897: 5850: 5838: 5797: 5774:10.1086/386295 5740: 5731: 5718: 5688: 5681: 5652: 5633: 5613: 5606: 5585: 5545: 5532: 5499: 5492: 5471: 5438: 5412: 5393: 5373: 5342: 5313: 5294: 5275: 5256: 5236: 5217: 5194: 5175: 5156: 5087: 5074: 5048: 5029: 5009: 4990: 4970: 4963: 4943: 4924: 4904: 4885: 4865: 4846: 4826: 4807: 4787: 4768: 4748: 4737: 4717: 4698: 4678: 4651: 4637: 4618: 4599: 4580: 4560: 4533: 4514: 4495: 4481: 4477:Science Daily. 4458: 4451: 4431: 4424: 4401: 4386: 4366: 4359: 4339: 4332: 4309: 4302: 4279: 4249: 4223: 4203: 4184: 4164: 4147: 4128: 4103: 4071: 4060: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4003:Spanish Sahara 3982: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3957: 3955:Maghrebi Arabs 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3777:GDP (PPP) $ M 3775: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3705:GDP (PPP) $ M 3703: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3623:GDP (PPP) $ M 3621: 3618: 3610: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3516:GDP (PPP) $ M 3514: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3444:GDP (PPP) $ M 3442: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3362:GDP (PPP) $ M 3360: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3217: 3208:, Mauritania, 3192:, dry valleys 3163: 3156:Western Sahara 3144:Canary Current 3133: 3124:, Mauritania, 3086: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3043:(Olea europea) 3040:European Olive 3004:Dwarf fan palm 2996: 2993: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2946:Sephardic Jews 2944:in 1497, many 2907: 2904: 2850:Evangelicalism 2736: 2733: 2713:school. Small 2655: 2652: 2590:, and Emperor 2556: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1743: 1740: 1681: 1678: 1641: 1638: 1583: 1580: 1540:Ottoman Empire 1533:Sephardic Jews 1524:Ptolemaic rule 1449:(70% to 80%), 1434: 1431: 1410: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1374:Main article: 1371: 1368: 1298:French Algeria 1290:Spanish Sahara 1281: 1280:Modern history 1278: 1273:Ottoman Empire 1226: 1223: 1069:Hafsid dynasty 1036: 1033: 1018:Byzantine rule 998:Vandal Kingdom 929:, between the 923:Utica, Tunisia 857: 854: 826:Main article: 823: 820: 804: 801: 787:when the full 685:used the term 667:Atlantic Ocean 628: 625: 621:border dispute 590:Decolonization 555:Ottoman Empire 457:. The Islamic 377:Western Sahara 246: 245: 232: 228: 227: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 188: 186: 182: 181: 180:$ 3,720 (2020) 178: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 100: 96: 95: 93: 92: 90:Western Sahara 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 61: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 21:Maghrib prayer 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10010: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9568:Mishar Tatars 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9379:Indo-European 9376: 9373: 9369: 9360: 9355: 9353: 9348: 9346: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9126:Pacific Ocean 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9060:Pacific Ocean 9058: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9014:Caribbean Sea 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8982: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8956:by population 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8929:South America 8927: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8912:North America 8910: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8863:Southern Cone 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8838:Andean States 8836: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8813:South America 8810: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8540:North America 8537: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8503:Low Countries 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8479:South-western 8477: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8467:South-eastern 8465: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8455:South-central 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445:Mediterranean 8443: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8411:British Isles 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8308:Levantine Sea 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8003: 8001: 8000:Mediterranean 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7526: 7525:0-520-20809-9 7522: 7518: 7512: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7478: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7459: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7389:(June 1993). 7388: 7382: 7363: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7202: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7098:public domain 7093: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7061:9781475903423 7057: 7053: 7046: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6934: 6927: 6926:92-871-2611-9 6923: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6904: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6858: 6854: 6852:9780802824158 6848: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6825:9781512824971 6821: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6699: 6697:9781442271579 6693: 6689: 6688: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6672:archive.today 6669: 6666: 6663: 6662:public domain 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6578:9781135121426 6574: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6553:9781438110271 6549: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6453:(2): e56775. 6452: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5981: 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Routledge. 5386: 5385: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5201: 5199: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5030:9780810864900 5026: 5022: 5021: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4991:9783833111785 4987: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4966: 4964:9789004298576 4960: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4869: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4769:9781933316659 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4699:9780313395703 4695: 4691: 4690: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4641: 4625: 4621: 4619:9780717201211 4615: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4581:9781447483526 4577: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4515:9781857431322 4511: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4425:9789004078376 4421: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4387:1-85964-136-9 4383: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4286: 4284: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211:Elisée Reclus 4207: 4191: 4187: 4185:9780140410297 4181: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3972: 3971:Barbary Coast 3969: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3960:Maghrebi Jews 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3931:Africa portal 3921: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3857:Constantinois 3854: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3599: 3597: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3299:was added to 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3233: 3232:Chott Melghir 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3167: 3166:Sahara desert 3164: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047:Esparto Grass 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:eastern Libya 2913: 2912:Maghrebi Jews 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2768:, persist in 2767: 2763: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632:St. Augustine 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2194: 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1702: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1680:Haplogroup J1 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1634:Haplogroup R1 1631: 1627: 1624:, especially 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Haplogroup J1 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1572:Algerian Jews 1569: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433:Ethnic groups 1426: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1377: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1306:Italian Libya 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:Saadi dynasty 1232: 1231:Barbary Coast 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1172:, and spread 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 975: 971: 967: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Gulf of Tunis 911: 908: 800 BC 902: 898: 894: 890: 881: 877: 872: 867: 863: 853: 851: 850:Berber people 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:Earth's orbit 829: 815: 810: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 640: 636: 635: 624: 622: 618: 617:common market 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560:Centuries of 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Sahara Desert 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 334: 330: 323: 317: 310: 304: 298: 289: 283: 253: 244: 240: 236: 233: 229: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 197: 193: 190: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:African Union 101: 97: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 60: 56: 52: 47: 36: 33: 29: 22: 9960:Crimean Roma 9924: 9563:Volga Tatars 9516:Lipka Tatars 9484:Crimean Roma 9464:Azerbaijanis 9322: / 9320:List of seas 9318: / 9283:Global South 9268:Global North 9202:Atlantic Rim 9141:Ring of Fire 9121:Indian Ocean 9111:Arctic Ocean 9053:Persian Gulf 9048:Indian Ocean 9029:Adriatic Sea 8994:Arctic Ocean 8826:Amazon Basin 8821:Amazon Plain 8793:Near Oceania 8598:Mid-Atlantic 8548:Aridoamerica 8508:Northwestern 8421:Northwestern 8394:Southeastern 8286:Greater Iran 8225:Southeastern 8220:Pacific Asia 8189:Pacific Asia 8177:Northeastern 8133:Asia–Pacific 8014: 7876:Fourth World 7866:Second World 7736:. 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Retrieved 4090:the original 4083: 4074: 4063: 4052: 3902:Tripolitania 3861:Tripolitania 3603:List by the 3602: 3594:List by the 3593: 3585:List by the 3584: 3342:List by the 3341: 3333:List by the 3332: 3324:List by the 3323: 3294: 3283: 3268: 3193: 3185: 3177: 3169: 3094: 3088: 3049: 3042: 3020:Tripolitania 3009: 2971: 2950: 2926:Roman Empire 2915: 2881: 2866: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2804: 2798: 2780:(~380,000), 2759: 2753:family from 2735:Christianity 2726: 2705: 2697:Hippo Regius 2689:Benedict VII 2685: 2667: 2608:Roman Africa 2604:Christianity 2584: 2573: 1748:Y chromosome 1746:The Maghreb 1745: 1717: 1691: 1666:North Africa 1662:North Africa 1645:Haplogroup E 1643: 1640:Haplogroup E 1622:Haplogroup J 1591: 1576: 1562: 1559: 1544: 1537: 1517: 1511: 1487: 1436: 1364: 1358:, and later 1349: 1170:Arab culture 1155: 1104: 1022: 979: 912: 893:Western Asia 885: 880:Bardo Museum 831: 796: 792: 788: 778: 749: 741: 725: 723: 687:Arab regions 686: 678: 633: 631:The toponym 630: 606: 594:Algerian War 586:World War II 559: 447:Roman Empire 436: 426: 424: 381: 351:, including 349:North Africa 340: 329:Arab Maghreb 328: 292:ْاَلْمَغْرِب 251: 249: 239:Christianity 32: 9665:Circassians 9298:Global West 9258:Global East 9217:Pacific Rim 9159:waterbodies 9148:World Ocean 8973:New Zealand 8853:The Guianas 8742:Australasia 8685:West Indies 8613:New England 8593:Great Lakes 8563:Mesoamerica 8450:Middle East 8426:Scandinavia 8315:Middle East 8153:Caspian Sea 8059:Great Lakes 8039:Sub-Saharan 8025:Middle East 7888:Hemispheres 7871:Third World 7861:First World 7814:'s primary 7648:31 December 7622:31 December 7596:31 December 7570:31 December 7448:15 December 7387:Avner Greif 7274:10045/99969 7259:: 101–124. 6978:(in French) 5431:12 December 5366:12 December 5336:12 December 5067:31 December 4219:A. H. Keane 4001:. Formerly 3882:Draa Valley 3851:(currently 2835:pieds-noirs 2831:pieds-noirs 2806:pieds-noirs 2600:archdiocese 1720:Middle East 1697:Middle East 1674:Paleolithic 1672:during the 1614:Middle East 1479:Arabization 1473:(35%), and 1457:(67%), and 1178:assimilated 1162:Banu Sulaym 1135:Sulaymanids 1035:Middle Ages 1006:Justinian I 897:Phoenicians 770:Ibn Khaldun 764:and Barqa ( 657:capital of 627:Terminology 491:Sulaymanids 441:kingdom of 235:Sunni Islam 169:GDP nominal 107:Arab League 9982:Categories 9930:Pakistanis 9920:Macedonian 9903:Vallahades 9829:in Belgium 9755:Kartvelian 9730:Tabasarans 9598:Abkhazians 9546:Meskhetian 9536:Dodecanese 9414:in Germany 9039:Ionian Sea 9034:Aegean Sea 9004:Baltic Sea 8936:Antarctica 8788:Micronesia 8757:New Guinea 8715:Portuguese 8638:West Coast 8588:East Coast 8583:Bible Belt 8578:Appalachia 8257:Subregions 8165:Inner Asia 8083:Antarctica 7983:Continents 7956:Antarctica 7931:Landmasses 7841:Down Under 7836:Arab World 7820:subregions 7371:4 February 7234:April 2010 7161:30 October 6962:26 January 6893:6 December 6863:18 October 6759:24 January 6729:21 January 6540:"Carthage" 6523:29 January 5811:Hum. Hered 5464:5 November 5405:30 January 5306:30 January 5268:30 January 5229:30 January 5187:30 January 4780:18 October 4045:References 3829:Mauritania 3757:Mauritania 3684:Mauritania 3596:World Bank 3568:Mauritania 3496:Mauritania 3423:Mauritania 3335:World Bank 3279:white rice 3224:halophytic 3160:Mauritania 3152:succulents 2989:ecoregions 2968:Ecoregions 2910:See also: 2776:(10,000), 2774:Mauritania 2766:Protestant 2749:Christian 2739:See also: 2650:kingdoms. 2628:St. Monica 2616:Tertullian 2012:E1b1b1a1b 1764:Haplogroup 1563:pied noirs 1412:Casablanca 1370:Population 1158:Banu Hilal 1023:After the 1010:Belisarius 955:Massinissa 947:Punic Wars 822:Prehistory 734:Alexandria 683:Al-Maqdisi 663:Alexandria 576:), Spain ( 523:Almoravids 459:caliphates 404:al-Andalus 361:Mauritania 345:Arab world 303:al-Maghrib 129:Population 75:Mauritania 9940:Ossetians 9925:Maghrebis 9915:Hemshenis 9886:Adjarians 9881:Georgians 9871:Bulgarian 9824:in France 9802:in Europe 9781:Besermyan 9705:Khwarshis 9700:Khinalugs 9648:Chamalals 9628:Bagvalals 9501:Karachays 9419:in France 9387:Albanians 9235:Antarctic 9019:Irish Sea 9009:Black Sea 8968:Australia 8917:Caribbean 8894:continent 8868:Patagonia 8798:Polynesia 8776:Melanesia 8769:Zealandia 8747:Australia 8633:Southwest 8553:Caribbean 8330:Near East 7971:submerged 7966:Zealandia 7961:Australia 7851:Old World 7846:New World 7291:213966829 7283:1989-9890 6786:8 January 6477:1932-6203 6383:0002-9297 6326:0002-9297 5580:1015-7344 5322:"Tunisia" 5139:211257408 5131:2378-0231 4957:. BRILL. 4396:469513651 4258:"Maghreb" 4196:27 August 3295:In 2020, 3092:date palm 3024:Cyrenaica 2963:Geography 2922:Ptolemaic 2884:Melillans 2873:Moroccans 2827:Europeans 2819:Europeans 2811:Europeans 2762:Catholics 2719:marabouts 2626:(+ 258); 2569:Madghacen 2565:mausoleum 2081:E1b1b1a4 2058:E1b1b1a3 2035:E1b1b1a2 1989:E1b1b1a1 1705:Neolithic 1670:Near East 1606:E1b1b1b1a 1519:Maghrebim 1499:Spaniards 1376:Maghrebis 1219:Hammadids 1131:Aghlabids 1002:Byzantine 994:Visigoths 935:Cyrenaica 882:, Tunisia 856:Antiquity 766:Cyrenaica 717:capital, 551:Wattasids 543:Zayyanids 531:Hammadids 515:Sennusids 499:Hammudids 479:Aghlabids 412:Maghrebis 297:romanized 185:Languages 9891:Ingiloys 9866:Bengalis 9854:Minority 9812:in Spain 9735:Tsakhurs 9653:Chechens 9613:Akhvakhs 9474:Bashkirs 9399:Bosniaks 9371:Majority 8762:Tasmania 8710:Hispanic 8573:Northern 8520:Germanic 8498:Atlantic 8440:Southern 8401:Northern 8367:Caucasus 8303:Dead Sea 8274:Caucasus 8242:Southern 8235:Maritime 8230:Mainland 8203:Northern 8184:Far East 8143:Aral Sea 8066:Southern 8010:Northern 7732:Archived 7681:Archived 7495:Archived 7408:Archived 7362:Archived 7329:Archived 7295:Archived 7228:Archived 7209:Archived 7185:Archived 7155:Archived 7084:Archived 7029:Archived 7025:Refworld 6988:Archived 6956:Archived 6913:Archived 6887:Archived 6857:Archived 6780:Archived 6753:Archived 6668:Archived 6517:Archived 6495:23431392 6447:PLOS ONE 6401:15202071 6344:11254456 6287:34344940 6230:24312208 6190:PLOS ONE 6171:27744413 6122:11992266 6066:29545507 6016:21915847 5980:19425100 5945:15042509 5892:11556974 5884:17909833 5833:19339785 5792:15069642 5705:Archived 5639:Archived 5539:7 August 5458:Archived 5425:Archived 5399:Archived 5360:Archived 5330:archived 5300:Archived 5262:Archived 5223:Archived 5181:Archived 5143:Archived 5061:Archived 5041:15 April 5035:Archived 5002:15 April 4996:Archived 4930:Archived 4891:Archived 4852:Archived 4813:Archived 4774:Archived 4704:Archived 4671:15 April 4665:Archived 4630:15 April 4624:Archived 4592:15 April 4586:Archived 4553:15 April 4547:Archived 4526:15 April 4520:Archived 4469:Archived 4190:Archived 4139:Archived 4121:17 March 4096:6 August 4009:and the 3917:See also 3849:Ifriqiya 3810:135,900 3799:300,100 3788:629,300 3749:125,142 3738:137,358 3727:298,230 3716:631,150 3662:149,190 3649:328,651 3636:681,396 3549:108,400 3538:180,000 3527:284,700 3488:120,755 3477:132,695 3466:241,757 3455:421,626 3401:108,430 3388:179,240 3375:285,541 3297:couscous 3288:worn by 3275:couscous 3140:Atlantic 3014:and the 2957:Kairouan 2877:Tunisian 2681:Carthage 2673:Kairouan 2640:Donatist 2555:Religion 2127:E1b1b1c 2104:E1b1b1b 1966:E1b1b1a 1732:Wesletia 1582:Genetics 1568:Catholic 1555:Haratine 1529:Almohads 1507:corsairs 1495:muladies 1491:moriscos 1211:Fatimids 1191:Fatimids 1151:Caliphal 1145:and the 1127:Idrisids 1115:Almohads 1095:Kairouan 1041:Ifriqiya 1004:emperor 966:Massylii 927:littoral 919:Carthage 901:Carthage 730:Ifriqiya 659:Damascus 645:) is an 600:and the 598:Ifni War 539:Marinids 527:Almohads 519:Ifranids 513:and the 511:Alawites 507:Saadians 487:Salihids 483:Idrisids 469:and the 390:and the 231:Religion 222:Korandje 140:16.72/km 9988:Maghreb 9861:Afghans 9819:Berbers 9720:Lezgins 9670:Dargins 9638:Botlikh 9593:Abazins 9531:Cypriot 9506:Kazakhs 9469:Balkars 9431:Muslims 8963:Oceania 8951:by area 8907:America 8884:Islands 8734:Oceania 8603:Midwest 8558:Central 8525:Romance 8493:Western 8362:Balkans 8357:Eastern 8352:Central 8320:Mashriq 8264:Western 8208:Siberia 8160:Eastern 8138:Central 8071:Western 8044:Central 8020:Mashriq 8015:Maghreb 8005:Saharan 7951:America 7944:Eurasia 7816:regions 7687:20 June 7501:20 June 7417:11 July 7335:26 June 7304:26 June 7191:24 July 7035:24 July 6654:; ed., 6486:3576335 6455:Bibcode 6392:1216069 6335:1275654 6278:8333252 6257:Bibcode 6221:3842387 6198:Bibcode 6162:5644363 6044:Bibcode 6036:Science 5936:1181964 5783:1181965 5711:11 July 5645:20 June 5149:26 June 4744:horses. 4272:11 July 4029:is the 4007:Morocco 3965:Mashriq 3897:Tamesna 3853:Tunisia 3832:17,370 3821:63,140 3807:Tunisia 3796:Morocco 3785:Algeria 3774:Country 3760:17,458 3735:Tunisia 3724:Morocco 3713:Algeria 3702:Country 3688:19,811 3675:61,559 3658:Tunisia 3645:Morocco 3632:Algeria 3620:Country 3560:73,600 3546:Tunisia 3535:Morocco 3524:Algeria 3513:Country 3499:11,835 3485:Tunisia 3463:Morocco 3452:Algeria 3441:Country 3414:70,386 3397:Tunisia 3384:Morocco 3371:Algeria 3359:Country 3311:Economy 3290:Amazigh 3239:Culture 3148:lichens 3130:Tunisia 3126:Morocco 3114:Algeria 3036:isohyet 2953:Baghdad 2920:by the 2860:60,000 2854:Kabylie 2815:Tunisia 2801:Algeria 2786:Tunisia 2778:Morocco 2770:Algeria 2755:Kabylia 2728:zaouias 2677:Tunisia 2596:primacy 2580:Amazigh 1943:E1b1b1 1779:Tunisia 1776:Algeria 1773:Morocco 1736:Tunisia 1668:to the 1657:E1b1b1a 1653:E1b1b1b 1475:Tunisia 1471:Morocco 1469:(10%), 1465:(20%), 1463:Algeria 1459:Tunisia 1455:Morocco 1453:(97%), 1447:Algeria 1416:Morocco 1396:Algeria 1392:Algiers 1203:Tunisia 1187:Kabyles 1174:Bedouin 1107:Umayyad 1099:Tunisia 990:Vandals 984:by the 876:trireme 840:of the 803:History 785:Morocco 781:Mashriq 774:Tripoli 758:Red Sea 748:); and 738:Tripoli 719:Baghdad 715:Abbasid 671:Mashriq 655:Umayyad 634:maghrib 570:Tunisia 566:Algeria 547:Hafsids 503:Nasrids 451:Vandals 443:Numidia 427:Maghreb 418:". The 406:on the 396:Mashriq 369:Tunisia 365:Morocco 353:Algeria 311: 299:: 252:Maghreb 243:Judaism 217:Haketia 212:Spanish 153:GDP PPP 85:Tunisia 80:Morocco 65:Algeria 38:Maghreb 28:Mashriq 9950:Arlije 9945:Romani 9908:Cretan 9876:Croats 9841:Dönmeh 9773:Uralic 9740:Tindis 9725:Rutuls 9695:Karata 9685:Ingush 9680:Hunzib 9675:Hinukh 9643:Budukh 9633:Bezhta 9618:Archis 9603:Aghuls 9575:Yörüks 9541:German 9521:Nogais 9511:Kumyks 9456:Turkic 9441:Talysh 9436:Pomaks 9404:Gorani 9250:Global 9240:Arctic 9179:Rivers 9157:Other 9091:Oceans 8946:Europe 8902:Africa 8695:French 8568:Middle 8530:Slavic 8515:Celtic 8416:Nordic 8406:Baltic 8344:Europe 8298:Levant 7992:Africa 7828:Worlds 7738:19 May 7673: 7546: 7523: 7473: 7289: 7281: 7121: 7058: 6948: 6924: 6849: 6822: 6694: 6600: 6575: 6550: 6493: 6483: 6475: 6399: 6389: 6381: 6342: 6332: 6324: 6285: 6275: 6228: 6218: 6169: 6159: 6120: 6113:379148 6110: 6064: 6014: 5978: 5943: 5933: 5890: 5882: 5831: 5790: 5780: 5679: 5631: 5604: 5578: 5530: 5490: 5391: 5292: 5254: 5215: 5173: 5137: 5129: 5027: 4988: 4961: 4936:31 May 4922: 4897:31 May 4883: 4858:31 May 4844: 4819:31 May 4805: 4766: 4735: 4696: 4616: 4578: 4512: 4449: 4422: 4394: 4384: 4357: 4330: 4300: 4242:17 May 4215:Africa 4182: 3867:Djerid 3607:(2017) 3598:(2017) 3589:(2019) 3571:8,204 3427:8,241 3346:(2013) 3337:(2013) 3328:(2013) 3301:UNESCO 3265:Cuscus 3255:, and 3212:, and 3180:hamada 2981:Sahara 2839:France 2821:, and 2751:Berber 2711:Maliki 2644:Berber 2598:as an 2485:R1b1b 2462:R1b1a 1920:E1b1a 1782:Libya 1767:Marker 1728:Europe 1649:E-Z827 1514:Jewish 1443:Berber 1352:France 1344:, and 1318:, and 1304:, and 1257:, and 1217:. The 1215:Zirids 1199:Shiism 1183:Zenata 1166:Sahara 1143:Ibadis 1139:slaves 1079:, and 874:Roman 848:. 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