French language - Knowledge

1234: 1516:. The population remained 90% indigenous in origin; the Romanizing class were the local native elite (not Roman settlers), whose children learned Latin in Roman schools. At the time of the collapse of the Empire, this local elite had been slowly abandoning Gaulish entirely, but the rural and lower class populations remained Gaulish speakers who could sometimes also speak Latin or Greek. The final language shift from Gaulish to Vulgar Latin among rural and lower class populations occurred later, when both they and the incoming Frankish ruler/military class adopted the Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin speech of the urban intellectual elite. 1215: 2243: 2063: 13378: 7434: 7347: 2766:, French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains the preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the 2931: 12515: 1944: 2364: 954: 9385: 2112: 893: 5406:, and so the only difference in pronunciation is that the ⟨t⟩ on the end of masculine form is silent, whereas it is pronounced in the feminine. If the word was to be followed by a word starting with a vowel, then liaison would cause the ⟨t⟩ to be pronounced in both forms, resulting in identical pronunciation. There are also some situations where both the feminine and masculine form of a noun are the same and the article provides the only difference. For example, 2082: 2611: 7019: 9276:"Le français, langue en évolution. Dans beaucoup de pays francophones, surtout sur le continent africain, une proportion importante de la population ne parle pas couramment le français (même s'il est souvent la langue officielle du pays). Ce qui signifie qu'au fur et à mesure que les nouvelles générations vont à l'école, le nombre de francophones augmente : on estime qu'en 2015, ceux-ci seront deux fois plus nombreux qu'aujourd'hui. 9389: 12221: 9310:"C'est la variété du français la plus fluctuante. Le sabir franco-africain est instable et hétérogène sous toutes ses formes. Il existe des énoncés où les mots sont français mais leur ordre reste celui de la langue africaine. En somme, autant les langues africaines sont envahies par les structures et les mots français, autant la langue française se métamorphose en Afrique, donnant naissance à plusieurs variétés." 2676: 8299:"...sixty-eight or more Celtic words in standard Latin; not all of these came down into Romance.... did not survive among the people. Vulgar speech in Gaul used many others... at least 361 words of Gaulish provenance in French and Provençal. These Celtic words fell into more homely types than... borrowings from Germanː agriculture... household effects... animals... food and drink... trees... body -- 17 ( 4310:, many of its spelling rules are likely due to a consistency in morphemic patterns such as adding suffixes and prefixes. Many given spellings of common morphemes usually lead to a predictable sound. In particular, a given vowel combination or diacritic generally leads to one phoneme. However, there is not a one-to-one relation of a phoneme and a single related grapheme, which can be seen in how 34: 3115: 3117: 2269: 2169:. This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050. French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages). 2467:. It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language; the rest largely speak French as a first language. As a 1410:. Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language. French is the second-most taught foreign language in the EU. All institutions of the EU use French as a working language along with English and German; in certain institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the 2722:

the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census. In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census.

6670:) of the French language academies of France and Quebec has been to provide French equivalents to (mainly English) imported words, either by using existing vocabulary, extending its meaning or deriving a new word according to French morphological rules. The result is often two (or more) co-existing terms for describing the same phenomenon. 8315:, and the remainder divided among weapons, religion, literature, music, persons, sickness and mineral. It is evident that the peasants were the last to hold to their Celtic. The count on the Celtic element was made by Leslie Moss at the University of North Carolina... based on unanimity of agreement among the best lexicographers... 10328: 2667:

varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value.

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Il existe une autre variété de français, beaucoup plus répandue et plus permissive : le français local. C'est un français très influencé par les langues centrafricaines, surtout par le sango. Cette variété est parlée par les classes non-instruites, qui n'ont pu terminer leur scolarité. Ils usent

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French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. Moreover, some conscious changes were made to restore Latin orthography (as with some English

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In English-speaking Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages. In the United States, French is the second-most commonly taught foreign language in schools and universities, although well behind Spanish.

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language of the world, ahead of Spanish. His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations, the economic power of the countries using

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In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal (95% and 84% respectively), French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia,

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of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various

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Due to Roman rule, Latin was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti. This local variety evolved into the

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of the subject and verb, as in "Parlez-vous français ?" when asking a question rather than "Vous parlez français ?" Both formulations are used, and carry a rising inflection on the last word. The literal English translations are "Do you speak French?" and "You speak French?", respectively.

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and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as the other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural

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is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth. It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years. Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from

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Knowledge of French is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German

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and 40% Anglophone. The use of English is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French. Actual usage of French

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French is the second-most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. It is the first language of 9.5 million people or 29% and the second language for 2.07 million or 6% of the entire population of Canada. French is the sole official

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change which is found in all Western Romania... more reservations have been expressed about... ū > ..."; :"Summary on page 67: "There can be no doubt that the way French stands out from the other Western Romance languages (Vidos 1956: 363) is largely due to the intensity of its Celtic

8349: 5299:. According to the French lexicogrammatical system, French has a rank-scale hierarchy with clause as the top rank, which is followed by group rank, word rank, and morpheme rank. A French clause is made up of groups, groups are made up of words, and lastly, words are made up of morphemes. 1370:

French is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 80 million are native speakers. According to the OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" as of 2022, without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses.

9256: 2379:(2011), French is the fourth most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of 1604:

The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there. A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke

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associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige). In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged."

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dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period (14th–17th centuries). Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect. Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules.

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accepted some changes to French orthography. At the time the proposed changes were considered to be suggestions. In 2016, schoolbooks in France began to use the newer recommended spellings, with instruction to teachers that both old and new spellings be deemed correct.

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as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The

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ce qu'ils connaissent du français avec des emprunts massifs aux langues locales. Cette variété peut causer des problèmes de compréhension avec les francophones des autres pays, car les interférences linguistiques, d'ordre lexical et sémantique, sont très importantes.

1621:. Langue d'oïl grew into what is known as Old French. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of different possible word orders just as Latin did because 2557:. It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades. In colonial Vietnam, the elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as " 2294:, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80% (2006 Census) of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Quebec is also home to the city of 5370:, both the singular and plural form of a noun are pronounced identically. The article used for singular nouns is different from that used for plural nouns and the article provides a distinguishing factor between the two in speech. For example, the singular 3116: 1216: 1541:, the word for "yes"), sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, and influences in conjugation and word order. Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by the gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish. 8357: 7820: 3831:), or reduced to zero in some word-final positions. For other speakers, a uvular trill is also common, and an apical trill occurs in some dialects. The cluster /ʁw/ is generally pronounced as a labialised voiced uvular fricative , such as in 4529:: Within words, double consonants are generally not pronounced as geminates in modern French (but geminates can be heard in the cinema or TV news from as recently as the 1970s, and in very refined elocution they may still occur). For example, 9253: 2351:, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English, and is across a river from Quebec, opposite the major city of 1966:

made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.

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and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania. French is the second-most widely spoken mother tongue in the

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To avoid inversion while asking a question, "Est-ce que" (literally "is it that") may be placed at the beginning of the sentence. "Parlez-vous français ?" may become "Est-ce que vous parlez français ?" French also uses

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Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier's dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole

2471:, Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the 2306:

are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories

4177:("the man who saw him"). However, for Belgian French the sentences are pronounced differently; in the first sentence the syllable break is as "qu'il-a", while the second breaks as "qui-l'a". It can also be noted that, in 1550:, which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240. Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life ( 10794: 10123: 9990: 6052:

The imperative is used in the present tense (with the exception of a few instances where it is used in the perfect tense). The imperative is used to give commands to you (tu), we/us (nous), and plural you (vous).

1347:(OIF), the community of 54 member states which share the official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France; Canada (especially in the 4492:

becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e., pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to allow part of the air to leave through the nostrils). Exceptions are when the

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French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology. The rules for pronunciation vary between dialects, but the standard rules are:

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The subjunctive mood only includes four of the tense-aspect forms found in the indicative: present (présent), simple past (passé composé), past imperfective (imparfait), and pluperfect (plus-que-parfait).

7816: 9023: 2391:, it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of 1784:

published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar. Politically, the first government authority to adopt Modern French as official was the

10282: 3011:(used alongside English). Given the demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future". 619: 7454: 1955:

Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English.

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learned words are not seen as foreign). About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrowings. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient

6966:) is used in French numbers as a decimal point, i.e. "2,5" instead of "2.5". In the case of currencies, the currency markers are substituted for decimal point, i.e. "5$ 7" for "5 dollars and 7 694: 9444:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over : Universe: Population 5 years and over: 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates??" 9443: 5162:, compare with English word "isle"). The explanation is that some words share the same orthography, so the circumflex is put here to mark the difference between the two words. For example, 8887: 771: 6989:

Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.

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French language spread in the United States. Counties marked in lighter pink are those where 6–12% of the population speaks French at home; medium pink, 12–18%; darker pink, over 18%.

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One study analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin estimated that among the languages analyzed French has the greatest distance from Latin.

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As a result, it can be difficult to predict the spelling of a word based on the sound. Final consonants are generally silent, except when the following word begins with a vowel (see

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French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including the

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even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965. A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of the language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English.

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with French..." Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process was known in the Occitan-speaking region as

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Significant as a judicial language, French is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the

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ensures that provincial services are to be available in the language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Celtic influences on French discussed in pages 64-67. Page 65:"In recent years the primary role of the substratum... has been disputed. Best documented is the CT- >

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roots. In many cases, a single etymological root appears in French in a "popular" or native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from

1590:), weapons, and products traded regionally rather than further afield. This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being the last to hold onto Gaulish. 9650: 11889: 7112: 3035: 2771: 9692: 8483: 8449:

Pope, Mildred K. (1934). From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman Phonology and Morphology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

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is either masculine or feminine. Because French nouns are not inflected for gender, a noun's form cannot specify its gender. For nouns regarding the living, their

11669: 9926: 9087: 5354:. However, plural nouns that refer to a group that includes both masculine and feminine entities are always masculine. So a group of two male teachers would be 3023: 7097: 2972: 2947:, French is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, 1320: 374: 9525: 9016: 3069:, a comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most 10734: 4902: 2319:). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in 10620: 1970:

In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of

10820: 10382: 9724: 2259: Regions where French is an official language at the federal level but not a majority native language or an official language at the provincial level 9586: 7447: 9447: 1898:, in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language". The prefect of 16583: 16496: 13499: 13366: 13344: 9959: 9112: 4318:

both end with the /e/ phoneme. Additionally, there are many variations in the pronunciation of consonants at the end of words, demonstrated by how the

9263:"Furthermore, the demographic growth of Southern hemisphere countries leads us to anticipate a new increase in the overall number of French speakers." 8592: 2742:, the total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in 11102: 10274: 8286: 7990: 2996: 80: 9840: 9556: 7487: 16533: 10092: 2028:, where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of 1870:'s "Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language". When public education was made 16598: 8883: 8614: 3952:, are normally silent. (A consonant is considered "final" when no vowel follows it even if one or more consonants follow it.) The final letters 2039:

region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 50% of the population, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the

766: 16773: 16057: 14127: 12503: 9012: 8126: 7725: 7156: 3083:(49%) and Spanish (44%). MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in the workplace. 2104: 1422:

and is on the top five of the most studied languages worldwide (with about 120 million learners as of 2017). As a result of French and Belgian

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pp. 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium. Archived from

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Polinsky, Maria; Van Everbroeck, Ezra (2003). "Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French".

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where the approximant and corresponding vowel contrast, but there are also many cases where they are in free variation. Contrasts between

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French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in the Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the

12187: 9300: 9232: 8849: 9134: 8561: 3827:, "wheel". Vowels are often lengthened before this segment. It can be reduced to an approximant, particularly in final position (e.g., 3039: 1446: 716: 10194: 8523: 11334: 7082: 3815:

French has one rhotic whose pronunciation varies considerably among speakers and phonetic contexts. In general, it is described as a

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Festschrift für Johannes Hubschmid zum 65. Geburtsag. Beiträge zur allgemeinen, indogermanischen und romanischen Sprachwissenschaft

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The Celtic Languages in Contact: Papers from the Workshop Within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies

2627: 2001:, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some 1450: 1363:

region); parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States (the states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont); Monaco; the

721: 9808:"P9-1 – Population de 14 ans et plus selon la connaissance du français, le sexe, par commune, "zone" et par province de résidence" 9609: 1853:

to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France.

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French, spoken by 68 million people worldwide and the official language of 27 countries, was ranked second [to Mandarin].

9874: 4244:, "œ" and "æ", but they are often replaced in contemporary French with "oe" and "ae", because the ligatures do not appear on the 2778:

has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union.

2739: 1637:, a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary) including the impersonal singular pronoun 9749: 8419: 16618: 16460: 13359: 11709: 11694: 11611: 9199:

CEFAN (Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord, Université Laval

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although a pronoun object precedes the verb. Some types of sentences allow for or require different word orders, in particular

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other countries, but written forms of the language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world.

1411: 8946: 8917: 2451:(the latter only being discovered by linguists in the 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. 776: 14619: 13333: 11462: 10923: 10887: 10833: 10671: 10595: 10503: 10046: 9480: 8843: 8792: 8756: 8656: 8555: 8477: 8280: 8251:

Müller, Bodo (1982). "Geostatistik der gallischen/keltischen Substratwörter in der Galloromania". In Winkelmann, Otto (ed.).

7945: 7918: 7888: 7842: 7797: 7514: 7117: 6996: 6980: 3390: 14551: 9486: 9411: 7951: 2951:, education, and diplomacy. In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the 2172:

French is mostly a second language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of

913: Countries, regions, and territories where French is an administrative or cultural language but with no official status 12093: 11120: 9642: 7067: 3027: 14354: 14349: 11038: 10695: 6663:, unstressed syllables were severely reduced and the remaining vowels and consonants underwent significant modifications. 5247:(singular or plural, though in most nouns the plural is pronounced the same as the singular even if spelled differently); 16698: 16613: 16155: 14293: 14181: 11816: 11579: 11235: 11225: 10220: 7107: 3397: 3361: 2992: 1348: 932: 14454: 14344: 13374: 9278: 3003:(alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), 1686:

began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the

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dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of

1434: 10301:"The contribution of morphological awareness to the spelling of morphemes and morphologically complex words in French" 9930: 9079: 7624: 4547:

are used sometimes for pronunciation, sometimes to distinguish similar words, and sometimes based on etymology alone.

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In some areas of the country near French-speaking Quebec, however, it is the foreign language more commonly taught.

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Their population was 487.6 million in 2023, and it is forecast to reach between 870 million and 879 million in 2050.

1963: 1789: 1022: 16728: 16678: 16673: 16663: 16658: 16628: 15468: 11904: 11745: 11699: 7192: 6866: 3303: 2593: 1513: 1395: 426: 16708: 10352:"The late acquisition of a major difficulty of French inflectional orthography: The homophonic /E/ verbal endings" 6541:

Latin roots can be identified, whereas English conversely leans towards a more direct incorporation of the Latin:

2161:, an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories can speak French as either a 16683: 16491: 16362: 16175: 14756: 14361: 14161: 12784: 7122: 6799:

is 89% with Italian, 80% with Sardinian, 78% with Rhaeto-Romance, and 75% with Romanian, Spanish and Portuguese.

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Although there are many French regional accents, foreign learners normally use only one variety of the language.

3492: 3289: 2976: 2964: 2253: Regions where French is the main language and an official language at both the federal and provincial level 1442: 1050: 922: 711: 10999: 10839: 10351: 9173: 8111:

Guiter, Henri (1995). "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania". In Bochnakowa, Anna; Widlak, Stanislan (eds.).

16608: 16573: 16568: 16450: 16200: 15556: 15457: 13264: 11924: 11499: 10612: 9721: 9386:"Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Census)" 8674:"A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Prestige Formations and of Speakers' Attitudes in Occitan and Catalan" 7087: 3535: 3529: 3059: 3031: 1475:) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include 1012: 15427: 12832: 9578: 9412:"Language Use in the United States: 2011, American Community Survey Reports, Camille Ryan, Issued August 2013" 7640:""French and the school are one" – the role of French in postcolonial Congolese education: memories of pupils" 2155:

The majority of the world's French-speaking population lives in Africa. According to a 2023 estimate from the

2021:. French is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50% of the population. 16758: 16753: 16743: 16723: 16693: 16653: 16563: 16548: 16543: 16372: 15364: 15042: 13733: 12489: 11847: 11467: 11408: 11403: 10975: 10966: 10412: 9814: 9202: 8871:

Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue / Una Valle d'Aosta bilingue in un'Europa plurilingue

6815:

counting. After the use of unique names for the numbers 1–16, those from 17 to 69 are counted by tens, while

5213: 4261: 4248:

keyboard layout used in French-speaking countries. However this is nonstandard in formal and literary texts.

3499: 3340: 3004: 2468: 2368: 1301: 1179: 1117: 989: 883: 800: 12511: 11489: 9955: 9108: 8673: 7256: 831: 818: 16713: 16688: 16633: 16578: 16538: 16465: 16417: 16287: 16282: 16083: 13951: 13188: 13168: 12692: 12637: 12195: 12175: 11914: 11393: 11230: 9614: 5185:

All other accents are used only to distinguish similar words, as in the case of distinguishing the adverbs

3543: 3515: 3326: 3296: 3047: 2589: 2491: 2324: 1374:

French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa, especially in regions like

599: 574: 15491: 14894: 14043: 13904: 13658: 8721: 8270: 7974: 5095: 5087: 5067: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4608: 4604: 4577: 4573: 4432: 4428: 4416: 4392: 4388: 3890: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3843: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3774: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 2558: 1505:

The evolution of Latin in Gaul was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native

1426:

from the 16th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

16703: 16638: 16623: 16553: 16528: 15932: 15370: 14339: 14268: 13703: 13653: 13310: 13074: 12647: 12624: 12217: 12032: 11752: 11626: 11616: 11364: 11205: 11153: 9844: 9552: 9050: 8942: 8696: 8584: 7479: 6847:, literally "sixty-fifteen". The vigesimal method of counting is analogous to the archaic English use of 6281: 6277: 6268: 4658:, but this differentiation is disappearing. In the mid-18th century, the circumflex was used in place of 4050: 3550: 3462: 2536: 2376: 756: 13713: 10084: 5908:

Within the subjunctive mood, the passé composé and plus-que-parfait use auxiliary verbs in their forms.

4874:

only occurs in some proper names and in modern editions of old French texts. Some proper names in which

4379:

French writing, as with any language, is affected by the spoken language. In Old French, the plural for

16738: 16668: 16648: 16588: 16422: 16247: 15653: 15225: 14660: 14218: 14154: 13797: 13463: 11943: 11864: 11631: 11541: 11520: 11220: 11210: 11200: 10786: 9343:

One example of a variety of African French that is difficult to understand for European French speakers

4364:. The same words followed by a vowel, however, may sound the consonants, as they do in these examples: 4299: 3564: 3368: 3220: 3019: 2918: 2706:, where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023. In the French special collectivity of 2640: 2605: 2528: 2282:, which is also a valid French word, is used in France and other French-speaking countries and regions. 2223: 2219: 2215: 1990:, where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language. 1701: 1683: 1324: 1257: 907: Countries and territories where French is an official language but not a majority native language 13782: 10478: 10456: 6659:

It can be difficult to identify the Latin source of native French words because in the evolution from

5209:

Some proposals exist to simplify the existing writing system, but they still fail to gather interest.

5122:, is replaced with a back vowel. To retain the pronunciation of the ⟨c⟩, it is given a cedilla, as in 5114:

is never found in front of front vowels. This letter is used when a front vowel after ⟨c⟩, such as in

1860:

began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages (

1623:

it had a case system that retained the difference between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects

16427: 16389: 15240: 15152: 14761: 14602: 14317: 14246: 14228: 14211: 14206: 14196: 12734: 12472: 12271: 12123: 11879: 11794: 11767: 11684: 11479: 11324: 8622: 7072: 6773: 6369: 4085:

is never pronounced and the silent final consonant of a noun is only pronounced in the plural and in

3576: 3469: 3333: 3093: 2511: 2227: 1882:

were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as

1678: 604: 226: 206: 13945: 8181: 7511:

Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard Broché – 25 septembre 2002

7433: 7346: 5414:

refers to a female dentist. Furthermore, a few nouns' meanings depend on their gender. For example,

5018: 16523: 16347: 15945: 15849: 14722: 14670: 14449: 14397: 13382: 11704: 11674: 11279: 10949: 9871:"Les premiers résultats du recensement de la population 2018 – Principaux_tableaux_population_2018" 7180: 4157:, drop their final vowel when placed before a word that begins with a vowel sound (thus avoiding a 3478: 3227: 2988: 1438: 1273: 1172: 1059: 962: 877: 741: 406: 59: 10243: 9052: 2298:, which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. 1845:, enjoyed a period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the 16768: 16317: 16277: 16257: 16237: 16140: 15313: 14904: 14858: 14739: 14712: 14651: 14588: 14534: 14241: 14201: 13745: 13563: 13558: 13515: 13148: 13084: 12409: 12399: 11960: 11842: 11789: 11735: 11689: 11378: 10730: 8693: 7773: 6753: 6272: 3816: 3310: 3252: 3236: 2980: 2886: 2532: 1987: 1903: 1848: 1245: 761: 343: 288: 231: 221: 196: 14909: 12842: 10985: 9807: 7042: 2059:, with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French. 16455: 16252: 16031: 15247: 14665: 14611: 14263: 13934: 13316: 13295: 13031: 12065: 12027: 11985: 11970: 11762: 11584: 11484: 11146: 10756: 9355: 8176: 7551: 7533: 6785: 6781: 6395: 6385: 5441:

The French language consists of both finite and non-finite moods. The finite moods include the

4907: 3153: 3088: 2615: 2340: 2002: 1959: 1830:

was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language.

1544:

The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the

1297: 1078: 283: 76: 14009: 11004: 9904: 8744: 5182:= must, have to, owe; in this case, the circumflex disappears in the plural and the feminine). 2908: 16475: 16407: 16377: 16332: 16327: 16302: 16160: 16063: 16008: 15814: 15809: 15462: 15440: 15331: 15259: 15082: 14744: 14507: 14133: 14020: 13909: 13816: 13473: 13401: 12632: 11990: 11980: 11772: 11596: 11504: 11439: 9297: 9224: 8833: 8467: 7196: 6962:

French, like most European languages, uses a space to separate thousands. The comma (French:

4693: 4512: 4241: 4230: 4021: 3348: 3259: 3183: 3176: 3000: 2984: 2955:'s only two working languages), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the 2308: 1993:

French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and

1891: 1813: 1027: 421: 16445: 15727: 14695: 12897: 9141: 8545: 8459: 8033: 7032: 6827:) is used as a base number in the names of numbers from 70 to 99. The French word for 80 is 6284:(OSV) word order. OSV word order is not used often and VOS is reserved for formal writings. 5302:

French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including

4935: 3788:

French has three pairs of homorganic fricatives distinguished by voicing, i.e., labiodental

1339:

official, administrative, or cultural language. Most of these countries are members of the

16367: 16357: 16307: 16267: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16205: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16165: 16150: 16145: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16013: 15787: 15403: 15376: 15302: 15162: 14961: 14889: 14841: 14835: 14798: 14781: 14030: 13899: 13640: 13468: 13300: 13112: 13001: 12824: 12789: 12751: 12665: 12655: 12519: 12341: 12313: 12015: 11556: 11494: 11383: 11274: 10057: 9927:"Tableau Pop_06_1: Population selon le sexe, la connaissance du français et l'âge décennal" 8519: 7678: 4158: 3268: 3190: 2448: 1899: 1871: 1827: 1519:

The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable

1122: 15797: 15210: 14278: 14100: 14003: 12857: 12353: 4944: 3781:), but it is most frequently found in intervocalic, onset position or word-finally (e.g., 3008: 8: 16470: 16412: 16352: 16342: 16322: 16312: 16297: 16292: 16272: 16242: 16210: 16195: 16170: 16106: 15498: 15390: 15358: 15352: 14973: 14933: 14899: 14727: 14491: 13919: 13777: 13739: 13568: 13305: 13269: 12945: 12814: 12715: 12599: 12571: 12323: 12225: 12098: 12055: 11975: 11929: 11806: 11799: 11779: 11740: 11652: 11444: 11413: 11388: 11354: 11256: 11251: 10649: 9324: 8788: 7769: 7750: 7365: 7127: 6205:. The active voice is unmarked while the passive voice is formed by using a form of verb 5343: 4983: 4509:

are always nasalized. The rules are more complex than this but may vary between dialects.

3276: 3075: 2881: 2832: 2787: 2344: 2242: 2062: 1879: 1842: 1812:). It retained this role until approximately the middle of the 20th century, when it was 1673: 1268:—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( 1017: 15761: 15194: 14869: 14803: 14089: 13541: 13437: 12308: 11077: 6597: 3681:

There are a maximum of 17 vowels in French, not all of which are used in every dialect:

2733: 2487: 1906:

wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the

1633:, which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of 1265: 979: 594: 236: 16382: 16337: 16262: 16232: 16003: 15732: 15588: 15546: 15512: 15506: 15396: 15339: 15296: 15279: 15017: 15010: 14846: 14634: 14575: 14431: 14419: 14298: 14236: 14062: 13718: 13680: 13611: 13578: 13484: 13279: 13214: 13056: 12993: 12978: 12847: 12769: 12764: 12561: 12553: 12439: 12010: 11955: 11909: 11757: 11723: 11307: 10374: 10320: 8803: 8411: 8210: 8202: 8120: 7092: 6796: 6749: 6325: 5505: 5462: 5276: 5260: 5252: 5244: 4986:. Nevertheless, since the 1990 orthographic changes, the diaeresis in words containing 4948: 4885: 4257: 3198: 3143: 2923: 2837: 2743: 2479: 2408: 2202: 2014: 1838: 1705: 1285: 1103: 1084: 1073: 984: 153: 85: 15781: 14273: 13728: 7976:

Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance Clues to Ibero-Romance Sound Change

5561: 4827: 2024:

Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of

1608: 869: 15960: 15939: 15859: 15819: 15678: 15606: 15600: 15524: 15416: 15326: 15267: 15179: 15137: 14938: 14884: 14690: 14675: 14646: 14629: 14539: 14502: 14471: 14459: 14378: 14366: 14283: 14258: 14252: 14177: 14146: 14054: 13889: 13757: 13708: 13591: 13259: 13209: 13064: 13046: 13041: 13021: 13016: 12968: 12902: 12591: 12434: 12349: 12296: 12156: 12138: 12133: 12118: 12103: 12042: 12005: 11919: 11852: 11830: 11811: 11679: 11606: 11429: 11329: 11215: 11195: 11172: 10919: 10901: 10883: 10876: 10860:

Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania

10829: 10667: 10591: 10324: 9745: 9517: 9476: 8839: 8770: 8762: 8752: 8652: 8551: 8473: 8440:

Rowlett, P. 2007. The Syntax of French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 4

8415: 8403: 8383: 8276: 8194: 8052: 7980: 7941: 7914: 7884: 7700: 7659: 7639: 7573: 7212: 6769: 6335: 5519: 5326: 5316: 5284: 5272: 4403:

ending, very common in Latin, was then abbreviated by copyists (monks) by the letter

3726: 3507: 3319: 3245: 3148: 2968: 2864: 2715: 2692: 2196: 2052: 1857: 1822: 1793: 1776: 1716: 1697: 1692: 1630: 1462: 1316: 1289: 1241: 1003: 746: 609: 436: 216: 15802: 14771: 14749: 13601: 12424: 12419: 10378: 6573: 4533:

is pronounced and not . However, gemination does occur between words; for example,

3854:). In the onset, the central approximants , , and each correspond to a high vowel, 2746:. OIF estimates 700 million French speakers by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa. 2565:

continued to use French in administration, education, and trade. However, since the

1867: 928: 15913: 15903: 15888: 15876: 15792: 15741: 15705: 15683: 15670: 15664: 15593: 15582: 15486: 15451: 15435: 15284: 15272: 15205: 15169: 15157: 15125: 15050: 15022: 14995: 14825: 14820: 14808: 14788: 14776: 14717: 14624: 14581: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14476: 14407: 14391: 14288: 14095: 14049: 14025: 13974: 13969: 13957: 13834: 13762: 13606: 13596: 13550: 13431: 13427: 13411: 13254: 13244: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13143: 13138: 13128: 13094: 13036: 12983: 12930: 12892: 12837: 12799: 12759: 12729: 12614: 12444: 12414: 12394: 12345: 12333: 12290: 12286: 12275: 12260: 12255: 12070: 12022: 11894: 11869: 11359: 10495: 10366: 10312: 10158: 8909: 8395: 8233: 8214: 8186: 8029: 8017: 7876: 7690: 7651: 7563: 6765: 6757: 6355: 6345: 6315: 6305: 5537: 5454: 5446: 5307: 5280: 5264: 5256: 4526: 4337: 3904: 3163: 3138: 3133: 3109: 2891: 2854: 2817: 2711: 2684: 2542: 2444: 2435:), but is nearly extinct today. French also survived in isolated pockets along the 2404: 2332: 2048: 2010: 1994: 1817: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1468: 1277: 1150: 1145: 1136: 540: 201: 15688: 15638: 12379: 11532: 11371: 9418: 8807: 8237: 7801: 7655: 7552:"From foreign to national: a review of the status of the French language in Gabon" 6546: 6458: 2930: 578: 15997: 15983: 15864: 15766: 15756: 15700: 15551: 15539: 15479: 15474: 15289: 15218: 15200: 15174: 15147: 15077: 15034: 14946: 14879: 14766: 14732: 14685: 14680: 14402: 14334: 14306: 14083: 14015: 13985: 13884: 13807: 13787: 13767: 13530: 13249: 13239: 13234: 13193: 13102: 13069: 13026: 12973: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12912: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12852: 12804: 12794: 12609: 12604: 12543: 12389: 12363: 12328: 12281: 12267: 12165: 12128: 12113: 12108: 12050: 11965: 11525: 11266: 11021: 10943:: an international organisation for the promotion of French language and culture 10482: 10460: 10438: 10416: 10116:"Want To Know The Language of the Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French" 10053: 9983:"Want To Know The Language Of The Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French" 9728: 9470: 9331: 9304: 9282: 9260: 9177: 8700: 8527: 8051:. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland. p. 15. 7935: 7024: 6967: 6789: 6777: 6563: 6433: 6405: 5466: 5450: 5442: 4863: 4836: 4817: 4796: 4779: 4760: 4204: 3486: 3170: 3158: 2903: 2822: 2647:, and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on 2644: 2472: 2440: 2432: 2420: 2412: 2328: 2278:(French for "stop") are used in the province of Québec, Canada while the English 2166: 2040: 1979: 1962:, French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992, although the 1938: 1907: 1781: 1402: 1228: 1209: 1160: 1112: 1055: 329: 188: 176: 126: 15000: 13675: 12862: 11511: 8751:. Oxford Library of Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 468. 7695: 7595: 6590: 6246:

However, unless the subject of the sentence is specified, generally the pronoun

5513: 5346:

often correspond to that which they refer to. For example, a male teacher is an

4940: 4732:, indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: 2995:

countries. It is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the

2335:. Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, 1834: 1089: 16048: 15955: 15950: 15871: 15751: 15713: 15445: 15005: 14951: 14921: 14813: 14497: 14425: 14371: 14120: 13939: 13929: 13772: 13723: 13670: 13647: 13630: 13586: 13183: 13133: 13107: 13006: 12867: 12809: 12538: 12533: 12404: 12384: 12337: 12318: 12302: 12088: 12083: 12075: 11899: 11857: 11434: 10911: 10709: 10687: 9017:"Francoscope. « 327 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2023 »" 8978: 7679:"Language-in-Education Policy and Practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 6854: 6761: 6745: 6732: 5555: 5296: 5226: 4208: 3624: 3523: 3207: 3074:

the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the

3051: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2871: 2842: 2827: 2812: 2799: 2794: 2763: 2699: 2648: 2566: 2464: 2192: 2162: 2076: 2055:. The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of 2018: 1983: 1948: 1616: 1498:

Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as

1430: 1407: 1305: 1281: 1127: 1045: 1036: 901: Countries and regions where French is the native language of the majority 726: 706: 334: 318: 171: 15094: 13844: 10316: 10212: 9898: 9838: 6936:), all numbers from 30 to 99 could be said in either base 10 or base 20, e.g. 6807:

The numeral system used in the majority of Francophone countries employs both

6607: 6482: 6448: 4854: 2363: 1264:, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other 16517: 15990: 15893: 15881: 15613: 15321: 14978: 14916: 14412: 13924: 13751: 13685: 13665: 13406: 13173: 12779: 12774: 12429: 12357: 12170: 12000: 11784: 11472: 10071:

The French-Speaking World: A Practical Introduction to Sociolinguistic Issues

9521: 9275: 8774: 8407: 8198: 7880: 7763: 7704: 7663: 7577: 7393:"Census in Brief: English, French and official language minorities in Canada" 7224: 7077: 6862: 6741: 6496: 6429: 6202: 5543: 5489: 5488:

The indicative mood makes use of eight tense-aspect forms. These include the

5378:(the male or female teacher, professor) can be distinguished from the plural 5320: 4423:

was reestablished in orthography for consistency, resulting in modern French

4178: 3428: 3379: 3282: 3213: 3092:

ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and

2948: 2876: 2859: 2847: 2807: 2707: 2688: 2579: 2562: 2507: 2400: 2384: 2299: 2103: Countries that are not Francophone but are Members or Observers of the 1943: 1809: 1770: 1721: 1634: 1622: 1492: 1480: 731: 671: 569: 562: 550: 350: 298: 49: 20: 11125: 10712:, especially the section "Counting system" and its note on the influence of 10089:

France Diplomatie: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development

8090:

Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (2011). "Substrata". In Posner; Green (eds.).

7817:"Le français est la deuxième langue la plus étudiée dans l'Union européenne" 6959:

was historically used in Switzerland for 80, but is now considered archaic.

6652: 6556: 6530: 6520: 2403:. Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as 15772: 15632: 15072: 15027: 13914: 13792: 13447: 13442: 13396: 13274: 13178: 12935: 12673: 12576: 12566: 11884: 11589: 11546: 11346: 11317: 10431: 9643:"The Role of English in Vietnam's Foreign Language Policy: A Brief History" 9468: 9051:

Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone (ODSEF).

8884:"Allemagne: le français, bientôt la deuxième langue officielle de la Sarre" 8463: 8113:

Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii

7871:

Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul".

7164: 7062: 7057: 7047: 6910: 6858: 6726:

It is estimated that 12% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical

6660: 6538: 6442: 6421: 6198: 5588:

is reserved for formal situations or for literary purposes. Similarly, the

5567: 5549: 5431: 4584: 4554: 4226: 4222: 4214: 3895: 3884: 3867: 3822: 2913: 2896: 2585: 2396: 2195:, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous 2185: 2036: 2035:

At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in the

1975: 1923: 1785: 1546: 1524: 1520: 1472: 1391: 1364: 1253: 1249: 1066: 631: 528: 325: 278: 161: 69: 13079: 10162: 9673:

The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia.

8399: 8190: 7421: 7334: 6646: 6506: 6478: 6472: 5576:). Some forms are less commonly used today. In today's spoken French, the 2111: 1895: 853: 15834: 15827: 15564: 15130: 14037: 13839: 13377: 12920: 11551: 11454: 11299: 11073: 10370: 9170:

Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard

9053:"Estimation du pourcentage et des effectifs de francophones (2023-03-15)" 7568: 7200: 7052: 6933: 6816: 6104:

The conditional makes use of the present (présent) and the past (passé).

5499: 5292: 4463: 4015:

When the following word begins with a vowel, however, a silent consonant

3664: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3616: 3609: 3596: 3456: 3448: 3441: 3423: 2663: 2570:

language. All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF).

2416: 2392: 2336: 2177: 2006: 1808:

as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations (

1657: 1653: 1626: 1423: 1155: 836: 823: 501: 461: 145: 15099: 13849: 8384:"Word order in French, Spanish and Italian:A grammaticalization account" 6526: 6454: 6436:. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective: 4000:

in a word of two or more syllables, but it is pronounced in some words (

3911:, "work", or when a word ending in ⟨al⟩ is pluralised, giving ⟨aux⟩ /o/. 2759:

said that French could become the world's most spoken language by 2050.

1512:, which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the 892: 15142: 15112: 15104: 15060: 15055: 14705: 14464: 13997: 13868: 13862: 13855: 13011: 12060: 11289: 10940: 10554:"French fight franglais with alternatives for English technology terms" 10147:"On the Linguistic Design of Multinational Courts – The French Capture" 8206: 7426: 7339: 7288: 7264: 7236: 7228: 7176: 6929: 6727: 6667: 6514: 5531: 5458: 5288: 5232: 4615: 4520: 4218: 4086: 3654: 3601: 3558: 3433: 2610: 2495: 2483: 2436: 2181: 2025: 1649: 1599: 1476: 1387: 656: 496: 471: 466: 293: 16075: 12684: 10146: 9168: 7518: 7300: 6640: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6580: 6502: 6466: 5358:. A group of two male teachers and two female teachers would still be 4770: 3907:

when word- or morpheme-final and preceded by /i/, such as in /tʁavaj/

2999:(alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), 1383: 15908: 15746: 15088: 14383: 13828: 12925: 12460: 11398: 10583: 9732: 9676: 7240: 6812: 6296: 5525: 5248: 4544: 4516: 2680: 2388: 2275: 2081: 1883: 1662: 1528: 1327:

in the world, with about 50 countries and territories having it as a

862: 846: 810: 792: 661: 545: 273: 15534: 10013:"Focus – EU after Brexit: Will the French language make a comeback?" 4537:("a news item" or "a piece of information") is pronounced , whereas 2588:, consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as 1816:

as the United States became the dominant global power following the

1401:

In 2015, approximately 40% of the francophone population (including

15693: 15529: 15345: 14793: 14641: 10971: 8101:

substratum, compared with lateral areas like Iberia and Venetia..."

7204: 7172: 7018: 6921:

for 80. Conversely, Belgium and in its former African colonies use

6359: 4914: 4303: 3777:, which is written ⟨gn⟩, can occur in word initial position (e.g., 2619: 2554: 2428: 2424: 2352: 2303: 2295: 2056: 1971: 1911: 1887: 1837:(17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as 1712: 1672:

The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in the

1356: 1352: 1335: 1269: 940: 636: 431: 396: 15898: 10962: 10409: 10082: 9194: 8766: 6851:, as in "fourscore and seven" (87), or "threescore and ten" (70). 6490: 3024:

Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States

2710:, 97% of the population can speak, read and write French while in 15517: 15382: 15120: 14544: 14529: 13822: 12581: 12514: 11312: 11180: 9348: 7304: 7294: 7272: 7260: 7244: 7188: 7168: 6874: 6808: 5240: 5043: 4307: 4234: 4046: 3766:

can occur in final position in borrowed (usually English) words:

2756: 2703: 2659: 2631: 2546: 2514:, an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. 2320: 2312: 2173: 2044: 1998: 1725:("Frankish language"), and because of increased contact with the 1375: 1360: 1329: 936: 684: 679: 666: 646: 626: 511: 491: 416: 391: 381: 141: 11138: 10980: 10496:"End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar" 8800:

KVS Express (Supplement to Newspaper de Morgen) March–April 2006

8745:"Applied Perspectives: Policies for Managing Cultural Diversity" 8649:

L'Imposture. Mensonges et manipulations de l'Histoire officielle

8228:

Schmitt, Christian (1997). "Keltische im heutigen Französisch".

7534:"Multilingual Cameroon Policy, Practice, Problems and Solutions" 5138:

The circumflex does not affect the pronunciation of the letters

2675: 15719: 15065: 14988: 14968: 14700: 13991: 13979: 13962: 13696: 12220: 11601: 11169: 10042: 8713: 7284: 7252: 7220: 7037: 6870: 4411:. As the French language further evolved, the pronunciation of 4245: 2775: 2751: 2740:

Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie

2635: 2348: 2291: 2029: 1862: 1532: 1379: 1293: 582: 486: 476: 451: 441: 401: 157: 149: 137: 10275:"Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English" 9687: 9685: 9469:

Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).

8152:

Matasovic, Ranko (2007). "Insular Celtic as a Language Area".

7677:

Katabe, Isidore M.; Tibategeza, Eustard R. (17 January 2023).

3007:(used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and 14983: 14956: 13894: 13691: 13635: 10713: 10525:

Caffarel, Alice; Martin, J.R.; Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M.

7278: 7248: 7216: 7208: 7160: 6425: 4501:

is doubled, or immediately followed by a vowel. The prefixes

2460: 2380: 2316: 2115:

Countries of Africa by percentage of French speakers in 2023

2089: Countries usually considered part of Francophone Africa 2066:

Distribution of native French speakers in 6 countries in 2023

1890:. Instructions given by a French official to teachers in the 1805: 1726: 1359:); western Switzerland (specifically the cantons forming the 587: 557: 533: 481: 456: 446: 386: 211: 10529:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 7146:

Dots: cities with native transmission, typically a minority.

6893:. In Switzerland, depending on the local dialect, 80 can be 6262:

The car is (being) driven. (Literally "one drives the car.")

5033:) if applicable but use often French pronunciation, such as 4880: 11874: 11284: 10640: 10638: 10453: 9693:"English to continue as link language in Puducherry: Court" 9682: 7268: 7232: 7184: 5339: 5268: 5236: 4650:. In standard French, it also signifies a pronunciation of 2960: 2550: 1997:, and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called 1308:. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as 1261: 736: 651: 641: 506: 411: 10882:. Translated by Richard Howard. New York Review of Books. 10727:"Questions de langue: Nombres (écriture, lecture, accord)" 8544:

Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul (2003).

4435:

was dropped in contemporary French). The same is true for

4340:). For example, the following words end in a vowel sound: 4161:). The missing vowel is replaced by an apostrophe. (e.g., 3842:

Lateral and central approximants: The lateral approximant

2991:

and the least used of the three official languages in the

2097: Countries sometimes considered as Francophone Africa 939:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

8507:

Charles de Bovelles, 1479–1553: An Intellectual Biography

8325: 8323: 7843:"How many people speak French and where is French spoken" 7113:

List of French words and phrases used by English speakers

4900:(family name and hotel on the Boulevard Raspail, Paris), 3036:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

2770:, where it is the sole internal working language, or the 13514: 10646:

Description lexicale du français parlé en Vallée d'Aoste

10635: 8307:), dress... construction... birds... fish... insects... 6614:

There are also noun-noun and adjective-adjective pairs:

2268: 11009: 10475: 9472:

Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties

8941: 8585:"Seduction Still Works: French – a Language in Decline" 8049:

Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles

4169:). This gives, for example, the same pronunciation for 14176: 10666:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. 10300: 10213:"Foreign languages 'shortfall' for business, CBI says" 9436: 8910:"German region of Saarland moves towards bilingualism" 8736: 8320: 8166: 8133: 7098:

List of countries where French is an official language

4391:

sequence was unstable and was turned into a diphthong

2973:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2714:

this figure is 95%, and in the French collectivity of

11010:

Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales

10524: 8747:. In Benet-Martínez, Verónica; Hong, Ying-Yi (eds.). 8269:

Holmes, Urban; Herman Schutz, Alexander (June 1938).

7873:

The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600

4468: 4395:. This change was then reflected in the orthography: 3683:/a/,/ɑ/,/e/,/ɛ/,/ɛː/,/ə/,/i/,/o/,/ɔ/,/y/,/u/,/œ/,/ø/, 2658:

Today, French and English are secondary languages of

14868: 10047:"These are the most powerful languages in the world" 9899:

Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF).

9839:

Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF).

9743: 8547:

The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction

7625:"Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers" 7014: 1733:, numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as 1367:

region of Italy; and various communities elsewhere.

1256:, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from 10952:: Agency for promoting French as a foreign language 8703:, data for EU25, published before 2007 enlargement. 8543: 8268: 7749: 7549: 5362:. However, a group of two female teachers would be 5017:In addition, words coming from German retain their 4213:French is written with the 26 letters of the basic 4025:or "link" between the two words. Some liaisons are 2005:have bilingual status: for example, cities such as 1982:) and one of the two official languages—along with 1874:, only French was taught and the use of any other ( 1690:), or wars and royal courts, notably including the 1325:

one of the most geographically widespread languages

10875: 10350:Brissaud, Catherine; Chevrot, Jean-Pierre (2011). 9788: 9776: 9764: 8937: 8935: 7745: 7743: 6256:The dog is loved. (Literally "one loves the dog.") 3054:. It is the sole internal working language of the 2541:French was the official language of the colony of 1523:. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the 16604:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 10900:. (First U.S. ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press. 9929:(in French). Government of France. Archived from 9508:DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly (1 August 2014). 9356:"Francophonie ("Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie?")" 8781: 8642: 8640: 8264: 8262: 7472: 5457:(conditionnel). The non-finite moods include the 4764:) is nasalized in the regular way if followed by 3752:) are typically produced fully voiced throughout. 2979:(alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the 2730:According to a demographic projection led by the 1527:dialects that developed into French contributing 1351:of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick); Belgium ( 75:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 16515: 9610:"French Declines in Indochina, as English Booms" 9225:"Annonces import export Francophone – CECIF.com" 9046: 9044: 8377: 8375: 8083: 7683:European Journal of Language and Culture Studies 7676: 5329:and the creation of new tenses from auxiliaries. 4112:) makes it clearly pronounced. Doubling a final 3717:in many people's speech, but the distinction of 2938: 2655:, and on official buildings (alongside Arabic). 2355:with which it forms a single metropolitan area. 1775:Within Old French many dialects emerged but the 1698:epic cycles focused on King Arthur and his court 1420:most spoken language by total number of speakers 10551: 10538: 10536: 10349: 9901:"Recensement 2007 – Données détaillées Langues" 9841:"Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées Langues" 9388:. 2.statcan.ca. 7 December 2010. Archived from 9080:"French language growing, especially in Africa" 8983:"World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision" 8932: 8743:Novoa, Cristina; Moghaddam, Fathali M. (2014). 8381: 7740: 7293:One country not member or observer of the OIF: 5436: 5366:. In many situations, including in the case of 5295:, while certain verb features are marked using 4519:to specify its large range of vowel sounds and 2343:in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique 1792:(1539) named French the language of law in the 10896:Nadeau, Jean-Benoît, and Julie Barlow (2006). 9507: 9013:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 8742: 8637: 8259: 8092:Romance Comparative and Historical Linguistics 7589: 7587: 7480:"French language is on the up, report reveals" 7157:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 6835:, literally "four twenties", and the word for 5197:("the" feminine singular) and the conjunction 5010:, and by analogy may be used in verbs such as 3968:, however, are normally pronounced. The final 2158:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 1669:which would later be leveled to monophthongs. 1343:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 702:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 16091: 14162: 13500: 13360: 12700: 12497: 12203: 11154: 11130: 10873: 10266: 9041: 8749:The Oxford Handbook of Multicultural Identity 8621:(in French). 18 November 2003. Archived from 8372: 8275:. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 30. 7913:. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7. 7531: 7361:"The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts" 6756:, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from 6107:The passé uses auxiliary verbs in its forms. 6099: 5394:/le(s)/ are all pronounced differently. With 3044:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 2934:Varieties of the French language in the world 1749:(syrop), as well as scientific terms such as 1471:(meaning that it is descended primarily from 1180: 769:(Quebec Board of the French Language, Quebec) 11530: 11509: 11369: 10708:. See also the English Knowledge article on 10533: 10244:"Johnson: What is a foreign language worth?" 9671:Kirkpatrick, Andy and Anthony J. Liddicoat, 9335: 9308: 8458: 7596:"Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar" 6915: 6903: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6877:, use different names for 70 and 90, namely 6841: 6829: 6821: 6740:(35,000 words) are of foreign origin (where 6666:More recently (1994) the linguistic policy ( 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5503: 5493: 5479: 4572:—school) means that the vowel is pronounced 4354: 4217:, with four diacritics appearing on vowels ( 2983:, one of eighteen official languages of the 2731: 2156: 1928:Geographical distribution of French speakers 1866:) spoken in France. This began in 1794 with 1856:Near the beginning of the 19th century, the 1846: 1729:during the Crusades who referred to them as 1614: 1606: 1536: 1340: 1222: 1203: 113: 16058:languages with more than 5 million speakers 14128:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 10527:Language Typology: A Functional Perspective 10151:International Journal of Constitutional Law 9501: 9135:"Bulletin de liaison du réseau démographie" 8513: 8382:Lahousse, Karen; Lamiroy, Béatrice (2012). 8070: 8068: 7584: 7440: 5899: 5594:is used for speaking rather than the older 4603:—pupil) means that the vowel is pronounced 4141:Some monosyllabic function words ending in 3729:. In Quebec and Belgian French, the vowels 2459:French is one of two official languages in 16098: 16084: 15641:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 14169: 14155: 13507: 13493: 13367: 13353: 12707: 12693: 12504: 12490: 12210: 12196: 11161: 11147: 11012:: monolingual dictionaries (including the 10063: 9864: 9862: 9834: 9832: 9737: 9607: 9195:"L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde" 8977: 8221: 8125:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8089: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7550:Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H.S. (22 June 2011). 3040:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 3016:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 2670: 2643:is a widespread second language among the 2561:" (now extinct). After French rule ended, 1917: 1878:) language was punished. The goals of the 1715:in which French became so dominant in the 1447:General Conference on Weights and Measures 1187: 1173: 891: 717:General Conference on Weights and Measures 16584:Languages of the Central African Republic 10195:The World's 10 most influential languages 10190: 10188: 10186: 10184: 9746:"Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution" 9011:Observatoire de la langue française de l' 8646: 8520:The World's 10 Most Influential Languages 8452: 8180: 8151: 8046: 7979:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 51. 7694: 7637: 7567: 7083:Glossary of French expressions in English 6792:and 144 (about 3%) from other languages. 6420:The majority of French words derive from 6047: 5477: 4955:(an insurance company in eastern France). 2662:, with about 40% of the population being 1804:During the 17th century, French replaced 11005:Collins Online English↔French Dictionary 10956: 10857: 10272: 10114:Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel (21 March 2014). 10083:The French Ministry of Foreign affairs. 9722:Pondicherry, the French outpost in India 9446:. Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from 8329: 8139: 8074: 8065: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7866: 7864: 5627:all use auxiliary verbs in their forms. 5255:(masculine or feminine) of their nouns; 3113: 2929: 2674: 2609: 2510:on the South American continent, and of 2506:French is the official language of both 2362: 2110: 2080: 2061: 1942: 1656:, maintained a relic of the old nominal 1645:), and the name of the language itself. 1613:while the population in the south spoke 1451:International Committee of the Red Cross 722:International Committee of the Red Cross 620:Non-official but administrative/cultural 16534:Languages attested from the 9th century 16105: 12714: 11020:For other unilingual dictionaries, see 10787:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 10757:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 10688:"Septante, octante (huitante), nonante" 10661: 10610: 10241: 9919: 9892: 9859: 9829: 9608:Richardson, Michael (16 October 1993). 9528:from the original on 6 September 2015. 8873:, Aoste, Fondation Émile Chanoux, 2003. 8831: 8671: 8651:. France: Institut d'études occitanes. 8582: 8227: 8034:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143852 8016: 8005: 7814: 5398:, however, for both singular forms the 4326:is not pronounced though at the end of 4019:once again be pronounced, to provide a 3920:Final single consonants, in particular 3052:World Trade Organization Appellate Body 2248:French language distribution in Canada 1574:), farming and rural units of measure ( 1486: 933:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 767:Office québécois de la langue française 16599:Languages of the Republic of the Congo 16516: 11103:La langue française dans le monde 2010 10992: 10822:La langue française dans le monde 2014 10388:from the original on 22 September 2019 10331:from the original on 18 September 2023 10181: 10126:from the original on 24 September 2015 9993:from the original on 24 September 2015 9962:from the original on 18 September 2023 9817:from the original on 18 September 2023 9489:from the original on 18 September 2023 9475:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–08. 9115:from the original on 18 September 2023 8852:from the original on 18 September 2023 8787: 8724:from the original on 17 September 2016 8714:"Explore language knowledge in Europe" 8564:from the original on 18 September 2023 8504: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8289:from the original on 18 September 2023 8250: 8110: 7993:from the original on 18 September 2023 7972: 7954:from the original on 18 September 2023 7716: 7714: 7593: 7103:List of English words of French origin 6239:"La voiture a été conduite par Marc." 4821:) or not pronounced, leaving only the 3056:Court of Justice of the European Union 2768:Court of Justice of the European Union 2749:In a study published in March 2014 by 2698:French is an official language of the 2651:banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese 1412:Court of Justice of the European Union 1272:) largely supplanted. French was also 16079: 14150: 13488: 13348: 12688: 12485: 12191: 11142: 11129: 10698:from the original on 4 September 2010 10623:from the original on 5 September 2005 10298: 10223:from the original on 30 December 2018 10210: 10144: 10113: 9653:from the original on 25 February 2021 9187: 9077: 8959:from the original on 20 February 2024 8472:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 34ff. 8145: 7933: 7908: 7897: 7870: 7861: 7849:from the original on 21 November 2017 7532:Tove Rosendal, Tove Rosendal (2008). 7508: 7490:from the original on 1 September 2015 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7118:List of German words of French origin 6997:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 6981:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5283:, and the person and number of their 5135:Accents with no pronunciation effect 4962:appears in the Biblical proper names 4862: 4835: 4816: 4795: 4778: 4759: 3996:is usually silent when it follows an 1227: 1208: 125: 10604: 10476:Ortograf.net writing system proposal 10285:from the original on 29 March 2015. 10254:from the original on 9 December 2017 10095:from the original on 19 January 2012 10073:, Taylor & Francis, 2016, page 6 9752:from the original on 16 January 2013 9703:from the original on 21 October 2021 9641:says, Aly Chiman (1 February 2007). 9640: 9589:from the original on 2 February 2021 9559:from the original on 18 October 2016 9510:"A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes" 9235:from the original on 17 January 2013 9205:from the original on 2 December 2016 9059:from the original on 24 January 2024 8920:from the original on 14 October 2018 8793:"Belgium's new linguistic challenge" 8230:Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 8094:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–74. 8020:(2004). "Language birth and death". 7638:Hulstaert, Karen (2 November 2018). 7068:French language in the United States 5418:(masculine) refers to a book, while 5193:("there", "where") from the article 4165:is instead pronounced and spelled → 3065:In 1997, George Weber published, in 3028:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2683:(€4.20; US$ 5.00) banknote, used in 2584:French was the official language of 2501: 27: 10819: 10767:from the original on 7 January 2022 10582: 10023:from the original on 2 October 2020 9813:(in French). Government of France. 9794: 9782: 9770: 9622:from the original on 9 October 2018 8890:from the original on 22 August 2017 8335: 8079:. Paris: La Différence. p. 26. 7815:Develey, Alice (25 February 2017). 7722:"The status of French in the world" 7711: 7448:"La langue française dans le monde" 7373:from the original on 16 August 2015 7108:List of French loanwords in Persian 6378: Other Asian languages (2.12%) 6209:("to be") and the past participle. 4844:is nasalized in the regular way if 3903:The lateral approximant /l/ can be 2993:North American Free Trade Agreement 2772:Directorate-General for Agriculture 13: 16719:Languages of Saint Martin (island) 16062:Languages between parentheses are 14132:Languages between parentheses are 11121:French Ministry of Foreign Affairs 11052:Swadesh list in English and French 10867: 10552:metrowebukmetro (1 October 2012). 10410:Fonétik.fr writing system proposal 10045:Innovation and Policy Initiative, 9956:"Agora: La francophonie de demain" 9542:Ministère de l'Éducation nationale 9109:"Agora: La francophonie de demain" 9090:from the original on 25 March 2010 9029:from the original on 15 April 2023 8947:"2023 World Population Data Sheet" 8422:from the original on 27 April 2021 7823:from the original on 24 April 2017 7622: 7509:Ploog, Katja (25 September 2002). 7460:from the original on 17 March 2022 7403:from the original on 11 March 2018 7321: 7299:Two French territories in Africa: 6537:However, a historical tendency to 4982:, as well as French names such as 4550:Accents that affect pronunciation 4541:("a nymphomaniac") is pronounced . 4484:follows a vowel or diphthong, the 2594:official language of the territory 1625:. The period is marked by a heavy 1570:, etc.), domestic activities (ex. 1435:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 737:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 65:for transliterated languages, and 45:of its non-English content, using 14: 16785: 16497:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15942:(unknown further classification) 11168: 11117:The status of French in the world 11063: 10929: 10797:from the original on 31 July 2021 10432:Ortofasil writing system proposal 10273:Lauerman, John (30 August 2011). 10169:from the original on 22 July 2024 9980: 9868: 9366:from the original on 13 July 2015 8992:from the original on 6 March 2023 8583:Meisler, Stanley (1 March 1986). 7277:One associate member of the OIF: 5287:. Case is primarily marked using 5037:(trademark of a pressure washer). 4662:after a vowel, where that letter 4193: 3663: 3645: 3637: 3629: 3575: 3563: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3477: 3468: 3461: 3396: 3389: 3367: 3360: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3267: 3258: 3251: 3235: 3226: 3219: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3175: 2522: 13376: 12513: 12219: 10934: 10779: 10749: 10719: 10680: 10655: 10576: 10564:from the original on 17 May 2013 10545: 10518: 10506:from the original on 31 May 2018 10488: 10466: 10454:Alfograf writing system proposal 10444: 10422: 10400: 10343: 10292: 10235: 10204: 10138: 10107: 10041:Kai Chan, Distinguished Fellow, 8595:from the original on 2 July 2015 8486:from the original on 18 May 2024 8272:A History of the French Language 7937:French: From Dialect to Standard 7432: 7345: 7017: 6867:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5603:Within the indicative mood, the 3972:is sometimes pronounced like in 2358: 2267: 2241: 1799: 1764: 1711:It was during the period of the 1514:fall of the Western Roman Empire 952: 772:Direction de la langue française 427:Democratic Republic of the Congo 32: 11045: 10076: 10035: 10005: 9974: 9948: 9800: 9715: 9665: 9634: 9601: 9571: 9545: 9536: 9462: 9404: 9378: 9315: 9288: 9266: 9247: 9217: 9159: 9127: 9101: 9071: 9004: 8971: 8902: 8876: 8864: 8838:. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. 8825: 8706: 8687: 8665: 8607: 8576: 8537: 8498: 8443: 8434: 8244: 8160: 8104: 8040: 7966: 7927: 7911:Histoire de la langue française 7835: 7808: 7790: 7755:"Europeans and their Languages" 7670: 7631: 7616: 7543: 7149: 7123:Official bilingualism in Canada 6973: 6944:(two twenties and ten) for 50, 5472: 5410:refers to a male dentist while 5315:the development of grammatical 5150:. It usually indicates that an 3984:but can also be silent like in 2977:Organization of American States 2965:International Olympic Committee 2339:, Prince Edward Island and the 2047:and is the main language after 1443:International Olympic Committee 712:International Olympic Committee 695:Intergovernmental organizations 16764:Languages of Wallis and Futuna 16749:Languages of the United States 16066:of the language on their left. 15936:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 14136:of the language on their left. 11500:Government of National Defense 10965:: interactive French program, 10813: 10716:in the French counting system. 10664:Old French: A Concise Handbook 10613:"Maltese – an unusual formula" 10211:Burns, Judith (22 June 2014). 10145:Cohen, Mathilde (April 2016). 9201:(in French). Jacques Leclerc. 7525: 7502: 7415: 7385: 7353: 7140: 7088:Influence of French on English 6909:(Vaud, Valais, Fribourg). The 6233:"Le chien est aimé par elle." 6229:Example of the passive voice: 5259:and a few other pronouns, for 5178:(past participle for the verb 5154:came after it long ago, as in 4921:(name of Flemish origin spelt 4443:and many others. In addition, 4407:, resulting in a written form 4251: 3878:occur in final position as in 3866:respectively. There are a few 3846:is unvelarised in both onset ( 3804:are dental, like the plosives 3705:are tending to be replaced by 3060:European Court of Human Rights 3032:International Court of Justice 2618:and French at the entrance of 2439:of what was previously French 1964:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1790:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1296:invaders. Today, owing to the 1023:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 81:multilingual support templates 1: 16774:Subject–verb–object languages 16619:Languages of French Polynesia 11409:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 11404:War of the Spanish Succession 11105:(Full book freely accessible) 11014:Trésor de la langue française 10976:University of Texas at Austin 10967:University of Texas at Austin 10918:. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. 9553:"Guyana – World Travel Guide" 9078:Cross, Tony (19 March 2010), 8681:www.research.manchester.ac.uk 8509:. Librairie Droz. p. 28. 8238:10.1515/zcph.1997.49-50.1.814 8077:Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois 7656:10.1080/00309230.2018.1494203 7623:Lu, Marcus (31 August 2024). 7594:Øyvind, Dahl (19 June 2024). 7314: 6901:(Geneva, Neuchâtel, Jura) or 6760:, 159 from Spanish, 153 from 6414: Other languages (3.43%) 6287: 6222:"Marc a conduit la voiture." 6212:Example of the active voice: 5465:(participe présent), and the 5350:while a female teacher is an 5312:the loss of the neuter gender 5098:in front of the front vowels 4262:Reforms of French orthography 3126:Consonant phonemes in French 3058:, and makes with English the 2939:Current status and importance 2369:French-based creole languages 1593: 1416:most natively spoken language 1302:French-based creole languages 160:, and other locations in the 13189:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 12638:French Belgian Sign Language 11027: 10941:Fondation Alliance française 9615:International Herald Tribune 8804:original source (pdf 4.9 MB) 8075:Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004). 6940:(twenty and twelve) for 32, 6865:as well as that used in the 5437:Moods and tense-aspect forms 5070:in front of the back vowels 5062:—boy) means that the letter 4173:("the man whom he saw") and 4104:at the end of a word (e.g., 3103: 3048:International Criminal Court 2781: 2454: 2325:French Language Services Act 2290:language in the province of 1826:said that the fact that the 1629:influence from the Germanic 1396:Democratic Republic of Congo 1312:in both English and French. 1280:of Northern Roman Gaul like 16:Romance language from France 7: 15933:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 13311:Plains Indian Sign Language 11109: 10878:When the World Spoke French 10828:(in French). Nathan. 2014. 10611:Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). 10242:Johnson (9 December 2017). 9873:(in French). Archived from 9579:"Saint Pierre and Miquelon" 9298:c) Le sabir franco-africain 9084:Radio France Internationale 8943:Population Reference Bureau 8647:Labouysse, Georges (2007). 7772:, p. 5, archived from 7696:10.24018/ejlang.2023.2.1.58 7010: 6802: 6241:The car was driven by Marc. 4929:in handwriting looked like 4198: 2537:French language in Cambodia 2423:was historically spoken in 2411:, essentially a variant of 2377:United States Census Bureau 2209: 1947:Knowledge of French in the 1648:Up until its later stages, 1414:). French is also the 16th 10: 16790: 16699:Languages of New Caledonia 16614:Languages of French Guiana 15635:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 14661:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 14455:Central−Southern Calabrian 13162:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 11890:French subdivisions by GDP 11637:2022 presidential election 11622:2017 presidential election 11057: 11032: 11019: 10950:Agence de promotion du FLE 10069:Rodney Ball, Dawn Marley, 8835:Le français et les langues 8534:. Retrieved 11 April 2011. 8505:Victor, Joseph M. (1978). 7973:Craven, Thomas D. (2002). 7934:Lodge, R. Anthony (1993). 7283:Two observers of the OIF: 6100:Conditional (conditionnel) 5429: 5325:the loss of certain Latin 5224: 5220: 4666:was not pronounced. Thus, 4255: 4202: 4132:is preceded by the letter 3685:plus the nasalized vowels 3586: 3107: 3062:'s two working languages. 3020:Caribbean Court of Justice 2959:, an official language of 2785: 2641:French language in Lebanon 2606:French language in Lebanon 2603: 2599: 2577: 2529:French language in Vietnam 2526: 2224:Languages of the Caribbean 2220:Languages of South America 2216:Languages of North America 2213: 2074: 1936: 1921: 1768: 1597: 1490: 1460: 1456: 1433:, the European Union, the 18: 16559:Languages of Burkina Faso 16484: 16436: 16398: 16113: 16040: 16024: 15975: 15924: 15848: 15652: 15625: 15574: 15426: 15312: 15258: 15239: 15190: 14857: 14610: 14601: 14562: 14442: 14327: 14316: 14227: 14189: 14111: 14076: 13877: 13806: 13620: 13577: 13549: 13540: 13523: 13456: 13420: 13389: 13326: 13288: 13202: 13161: 13121: 13093: 13055: 12992: 12944: 12911: 12823: 12750: 12743: 12722: 12664: 12646: 12623: 12590: 12552: 12526: 12473:Language policy in France 12469: 12453: 12372: 12272:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 12248: 12232: 12151: 12041: 11951: 11942: 11838: 11829: 11731: 11722: 11660: 11651: 11572: 11453: 11422: 11394:Second Hundred Years' War 11345: 11298: 11265: 11244: 11236:Liberalism and radicalism 11188: 11179: 11136: 11131:Links to related articles 11016:), language corpora, etc. 10858:Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). 10542:Walter & Walter 1998. 10481:29 September 2009 at the 10317:10.1007/s11145-015-9586-8 10201:, retrieved on scribd.com 9744:Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. 9325:République centrafricaine 8672:Joubert, Aurélie (2010). 8047:Schrijver, Peter (1997). 7940:. Routledge. p. 46. 7073:French language in Canada 6774:Native American languages 6424:or were constructed from 6260:"On conduit la voiture." 6120: 6117: 6115: 6063: 6061: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5422:a (feminine) is a pound. 5146:, nor, in most dialects, 4790:with diaeresis following 4747:with diaeresis following 4053:, for example, the first 3600: 3595: 3593: 3504: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3347: 3308: 3275: 3206: 3169: 3130: 3094:Standard Mandarin Chinese 2732: 2725: 2512:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2232: 2228:French language in Canada 2157: 2150: >50% Francophone 2070: 1974:(excluding a part of the 1932: 1847: 1820:. Stanley Meisler of the 1679:Sequence of Saint Eulalia 919: 890: 876: 860: 844: 808: 790: 785: 764:(French Academy, France) 755: 605:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 367:Official language in 365: 360: 340: 315: 266: 185: 167: 133: 121: 112: 107: 16734:Languages of Switzerland 16644:Languages of Ivory Coast 16594:Languages of the Comoros 14943:North American dialects 14450:Extreme Southern Italian 13383:Languages of Switzerland 13169:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 11665:Administrative divisions 11093: 10986:French lessons in London 10916:Manuel des francophonies 10862:. Leuven, Belgium: Acco. 10359:Writing Systems Research 9981:Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel. 8615:"Rapport Grégoire an II" 8550:. Taylor & Francis. 7909:Hélix, Laurence (2011). 7881:10.1017/CBO9780511482977 7181:Central African Republic 7133: 6235:The dog is loved by her. 6192: 6186:ils/elles auraient aimé 5900:Subjunctive (subjonctif) 5600:seen in literary works. 5425: 5333: 4998:) may be moved onto the 4951:and a family name), and 4302:. While it contains 130 4185:) is more emphasized on 4075:beaucoup d'hommes aiment 3693:. In France, the vowels 3407:Vowel phonemes in French 3005:Médecins sans Frontières 2989:World Trade Organization 2592:. It continued to be an 2573: 2545:, comprising modern-day 2415:, is spoken in parts of 2144: 41-50% Francophone 2138: 31-40% Francophone 2132: 21-30% Francophone 2126: 11-20% Francophone 1439:World Trade Organization 1248:. It descended from the 1051:Articles and determiners 742:World Trade Organization 407:Central African Republic 174:: 74 million (2020) 19:Not to be confused with 16729:Languages of Seychelles 16679:Languages of Mauritania 16674:Languages of Martinique 16664:Languages of Madagascar 16659:Languages of Luxembourg 16629:Languages of Guadeloupe 14362:Central−Northern Latian 13516:Gallo-Romance languages 11885:Franc (former currency) 11490:Coup of 2 December 1851 11463:Long nineteenth century 11039:French verb conjugation 10459:12 January 2010 at the 9727:16 October 2021 at the 9360:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca 9303:17 January 2013 at the 9281:17 January 2013 at the 9176:20 January 2016 at the 8832:Abalain, Hervé (2007). 7155:29 full members of the 6754:Gallo-Romance languages 6041:ils/elles eussent aimé 5887:ils/elles avaient aimé 5231:French is a moderately 4634:—forest) shows that an 4607:instead of the default 4576:instead of the default 4515:: French uses not only 4267:words such as "debt"): 4128:) adds a sound if the 3817:voiced uvular fricative 3768:parking, camping, swing 3755:Voiceless stops (i.e., 2981:Eurovision Song Contest 2909:South East Asian French 2671:Oceania and Australasia 2533:French language in Laos 2517: 2120: 0-10% Francophone 2043:. It is also spoken in 1988:Brussels-Capital Region 1951:and candidate countries 1918:Geographic distribution 1357:Brussels-Capital Region 16684:Languages of Mauritius 16156:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14666:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 13334:Canadian dictionaries 13317:Maritime Sign Language 13296:American Sign Language 12785:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 11905:Science and technology 11562:Provisional Government 11531: 11510: 11370: 10988:, The Language machine 10874:Marc Fumaroli (2011). 10197:, George Weber, 1997, 9336: 9309: 7831:– via Le Figaro. 6963: 6916: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6842: 6830: 6822: 6786:Balto-Slavic languages 6782:Afro-Asiatic languages 6216:"Elle aime le chien." 6048:Imperative (imperatif) 5893:ils/elles eurent aimé 5881:ils/elles auront aimé 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5504: 5494: 5480: 5461:mood (infinitif), the 5263:, number, gender, and 5090:before a back vowel). 4939:(commune near Paris), 4355: 4298:French orthography is 4181:, the second example ( 3894: 3883: 3821: 3796:, and palato-alveolar 3122: 3121:Spoken French (Africa) 3089:Bloomberg Businessweek 2935: 2802:(North African French) 2755:, the investment bank 2695: 2623: 2469:French Creole language 2372: 2341:Port au Port Peninsula 2191:There is not a single 2152: 2108: 2067: 1960:Constitution of France 1952: 1641:(a calque of Germanic 1615: 1607: 1537: 1341: 1298:French colonial empire 1260:, the Latin spoken in 1229:[lɑ̃ɡfʁɑ̃sɛːz] 1223: 1204: 921:This article contains 114: 16609:Languages of Djibouti 16574:Languages of Cameroon 16569:Languages of Cambodia 15153:Poitevin–Saintongeais 14126:A star (*) indicates 14021:Poitevin-Saintongeais 13952:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 13330:Canadian style guides 12633:Flemish Sign Language 10957:Courses and tutorials 10437:14 April 2009 at the 10299:Fejzo, Anila (2016). 10052:24 March 2019 at the 9699:. 14 September 2014. 8589:The Los Angeles Times 8526:12 March 2008 at the 8400:10.1515/flin.2012.014 8191:10.1353/lan.2003.0131 7644:Paedagogica Historica 7257:São Tomé and Príncipe 7197:Republic of the Congo 6197:French uses both the 6180:ils/elles aimeraient 6035:ils/elles aient aimé 5453:(impératif), and the 5201:("or"), respectively. 5094:is always pronounced 4896:(an alley in Paris), 4794:is either pronounced 3850:) and coda position ( 3120: 3001:Amnesty International 2985:European Space Agency 2933: 2678: 2613: 2366: 2309:Northwest Territories 2214:Further information: 2114: 2084: 2065: 1946: 1904:French Basque Country 1684:Old French literature 1300:, there are numerous 179:: 238 million (2022) 16759:Languages of Vietnam 16754:Languages of Vanuatu 16744:Languages of Tunisia 16724:Languages of Senegal 16709:Languages of Réunion 16694:Languages of Morocco 16654:Languages of Lebanon 16564:Languages of Burundi 16549:Languages of Belgium 16544:Languages of Algeria 16107:Languages of Europe 14962:St. Marys Bay French 14486:Neapolitan–Calabrese 13421:Major dialect groups 13301:Quebec Sign Language 12744:Indigenous languages 12656:German Sign Language 12520:Languages of Belgium 12314:French Sign Language 11710:World Heritage Sites 11627:Coronavirus pandemic 10998:Oxford Dictionaries 10972:Tex's French Grammar 10662:Einhorn, E. (1974). 10644:Jean-Pierre Martin, 10058:World Economic Forum 9958:. 24 November 2004. 9330:5 April 2007 at the 9259:27 July 2009 at the 9111:. 24 November 2004. 8789:Van Parijs, Philippe 8718:languageknowledge.eu 8699:17 June 2017 at the 8354:www.pin1.harvard.edu 8350:"HarvardKey – Login" 8022:Annu. Rev. Anthropol 8018:Mufwene, Salikoko S. 7875:. pp. 279–289. 7728:on 22 September 2015 7569:10.4102/lit.v32i2.15 7043:Français fondamental 6254:"On aime le chien." 6183:il/elle aurait aimé 6029:ils/elles aimassent 5170:(you said), or even 4620:l'accent circonflexe 4306:that denote only 36 4116:and adding a silent 4100:and adding a silent 3748:Voiced stops (i.e., 2449:DeLisle, Mississippi 2009:and cantons such as 1880:public school system 1828:Treaty of Versailles 1487:Vulgar Latin in Gaul 1418:in the world, fifth 1246:Indo-European family 1013:Phonological history 43:specify the language 41:This article should 16714:Languages of Rwanda 16689:Languages of Monaco 16634:Languages of Guinea 16579:Languages of Canada 16539:Languages of France 16399:States with limited 15314:Galician–Portuguese 14340:Central Marchigiano 13579:Bourbonnais Creoles 13270:Pennsylvania German 12716:Languages of Canada 12324:Lorraine Franconian 12226:Languages of France 11848:Automotive industry 11632:2021 labor protests 11389:Peace of Westphalia 11257:History of Normandy 11252:History of Brittany 10993:Online dictionaries 10963:Français interactif 10898:The Story of French 10502:. 5 February 2016. 10415:13 May 2012 at the 10305:Reading and Writing 10163:10.1093/icon/mow023 10085:"France-Diplomatie" 10019:. 17 October 2019. 9907:on 18 February 2020 9748:. Servat.unibe.ch. 9585:. 18 October 2021. 9450:on 12 February 2020 8916:. 21 January 2014. 8625:on 23 November 2006 8619:Languefrancaise.net 8469:The Story of French 8460:Nadeau, Jean-Benoit 8255:. pp. 603–620. 7751:European Commission 7486:. 6 November 2014. 7397:www12.statcan.gc.ca 7366:The Washington Post 7128:Varieties of French 6282:object–subject–verb 6278:verb–object–subject 6269:subject–verb–object 6224:Marc drove the car. 6112: 6058: 5983:nous eussions aimé 5913: 5884:il/elle avait aimé 5875:ils/elles aimeront 5760:ils/elles aimèrent 5754:ils/elles ont aimé 5748:ils/elles aimaient 5632: 5469:(participe passé). 5344:grammatical genders 4953:Le Blanc de Nicolaÿ 4933:to French clerks), 4786:The combination of 4743:The combination of 4069:, for example, the 3590: 3417: 3127: 3076:linguistic prestige 2882:Jersey Legal French 2833:Newfoundland French 2788:Varieties of French 2431:(formerly known as 2345:Newfoundland French 1814:replaced by English 1788:in 1536, while the 1688:Vie de Saint Alexis 1674:Oaths of Strasbourg 1018:Oaths of Strasbourg 16704:Languages of Niger 16639:Languages of Haiti 16624:Languages of Gabon 16554:Languages of Benin 16529:Fusional languages 15728:Catalan Ribagorçan 15575:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 14847:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14757:Bustocco–Legnanese 14552:Northern Calabrian 13390:Official languages 13306:Inuk Sign Language 13265:Newfoundland Irish 13230:Tagalog (Filipino) 13203:Minority languages 13075:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 12833:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 12723:Official languages 12527:Official languages 12373:Overseas languages 12249:Regional languages 11915:Telecommunications 11617:2015 Paris attacks 11480:Revolution of 1848 11308:Visigothic Kingdom 10731:Académie française 10371:10.1093/wsr/wsr003 9697:The Times of India 9583:CIA World Factbook 9514:The New York Times 9424:on 5 February 2016 9392:on 2 February 2009 8232:. 49–50: 814–829. 7798:"Why Learn French" 7093:Language education 7033:Alliance Française 6797:Lexical similarity 6750:Germanic languages 6295:Root languages of 6218:She loves the dog. 6152:nous aurions aimé 6110: 6056: 6012:vous eussiez aimé 5911: 5878:il/elle aura aimé 5630: 5582:is used while the 5463:present participle 5449:(subjonctif), the 5380:les professeur(e)s 5243:are inflected for 4427:(pronounced first 4258:French orthography 4237:appearing in "ç". 4183:l'homme qui l'a vu 4175:l'homme qui l'a vu 4171:l'homme qu'il a vu 4029:, for example the 3773:The palatal nasal 3759:) are unaspirated. 3588: 3415: 3125: 3123: 2936: 2924:West Indian French 2838:New England French 2744:sub-Saharan Africa 2696: 2624: 2480:French West Indies 2409:New England French 2373: 2203:Sub-Saharan Africa 2153: 2109: 2068: 1953: 1849:Académie française 1839:Cardinal Richelieu 1558:, etc.), animals ( 1292:of the post-Roman 762:Académie Française 181:Total: 310 million 154:Francophone Africa 16739:Languages of Togo 16669:Languages of Mali 16649:Languages of Laos 16589:Languages of Chad 16511: 16510: 16505: 16504: 16073: 16072: 16049:extinct languages 15971: 15970: 15648: 15647: 15607:Navarro-Aragonese 15492:Peruvian Ribereño 15417:Judaeo-Portuguese 15332:Galician–Asturian 15235: 15234: 15226:Old Gallo-Romance 15180:Wisconsin Walloon 14597: 14596: 14570:Dalmatian Romance 14178:Romance languages 14144: 14143: 14121:extinct languages 14077:Francoprovencalic 14072: 14071: 14055:Wisconsin Walloon 13482: 13481: 13464:Swiss-German Sign 13342: 13341: 13260:Doukhobor Russian 13157: 13156: 12682: 12681: 12479: 12478: 12233:Official language 12185: 12184: 12147: 12146: 11938: 11937: 11825: 11824: 11817:Political parties 11753:Foreign relations 11718: 11717: 11647: 11646: 11430:French Revolution 11384:Thirty Years' War 11365:Absolute monarchy 11330:Kingdom of France 11226:Foreign relations 11206:Political history 11066:"French, Numbers" 11000:French Dictionary 10924:978-3-11-034670-1 10889:978-1-59017-375-6 10835:978-2-09-882654-0 10737:on 1 January 2015 10673:978-0-521-09838-0 10597:978-0-397-00400-3 10588:Story of Language 9482:978-0-89925-356-5 9254:France-Diplomatie 8886:. 28 April 2014. 8845:978-2-87747-881-6 8758:978-0-19-979669-4 8658:978-2-85910-426-9 8557:978-0-203-41796-6 8479:978-1-4299-3240-0 8388:Folia Linguistica 8360:on 13 August 2021 8282:978-0-8196-0191-9 7947:978-0-415-08071-2 7920:978-2-7298-6470-5 7890:978-0-511-48297-7 7779:on 6 January 2016 7430:(26th ed., 2023) 7399:. 2 August 2017. 7369:. 18 April 2022. 7343:(27th ed., 2024) 7213:Equatorial Guinea 6994:Article 1 of the 6978:Article 1 of the 6752:, 481 from other 6738:Micro-Robert Plus 6190: 6189: 6177:il/elle aimerait 6169:vous auriez aimé 6097: 6096: 6045: 6044: 6038:il/elle eût aimé 6032:il/elle ait aimé 6023:ils/elles aiment 5928:Plus-que-parfait 5897: 5896: 5890:il/elle eut aimé 5829:nous avions aimé 5823:nous aurons aimé 5777:Plus-que-parfait 5742:ils/elles aiment 5520:past imperfective 5445:(indicatif), the 5308:Latin declensions 5257:personal pronouns 5251:, for number and 4958:The diaeresis on 4431:before the final 4096:Doubling a final 3727:Meridional French 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3584: 3583: 3404: 3403: 3118: 3009:Médecins du Monde 2969:Council of Europe 2919:Vietnamese French 2865:Meridional French 2716:Wallis and Futuna 2693:Wallis and Futuna 2502:Other territories 2375:According to the 2371:are not included. 2197:African languages 2053:El Pas de la Casa 1858:French government 1823:Los Angeles Times 1794:Kingdom of France 1717:Mediterranean Sea 1706:William of Orange 1693:Chanson de Roland 1631:Frankish language 1566:, etc.), nature ( 1463:History of French 1317:official language 1290:Frankish language 1197: 1196: 947: 946: 929:rendering support 925:phonetic symbols. 757:Regulated by 747:Council of Europe 676: 610:Wallis and Futuna 591: 566: 554: 537: 437:Equatorial Guinea 289:Old Gallo-Romance 103: 102: 83:may also be used. 16781: 16437:Dependencies and 16373:Northern Ireland 16114:Sovereign states 16100: 16093: 16086: 16077: 16076: 15594:Judaeo-Aragonese 15583:Andalusi Romance 15436:Amazonic Spanish 15273:Western Asturian 15256: 15255: 15195:Franco-Provençal 14866: 14865: 14762:Comasco–Lecchese 14620:Emilian–Romagnol 14608: 14607: 14408:Regional Italian 14398:Italo-Australian 14325: 14324: 14247:Megleno-Romanian 14171: 14164: 14157: 14148: 14147: 14090:Franco-Provençal 14086:/Faetar-Cigliàje 13975:Louisiana French 13970:Louisiana Creole 13783:Saint-Barthélemy 13551:Antillean Creole 13547: 13546: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13486: 13485: 13381: 13380: 13369: 13362: 13355: 13346: 13345: 13255:Hutterite German 12748: 12747: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12686: 12685: 12518: 12517: 12506: 12499: 12492: 12483: 12482: 12309:Franco-Provençal 12291:Northern Catalan 12276:Souletin dialect 12261:Alsatian dialect 12256:Alemannic German 12224: 12223: 12212: 12205: 12198: 12189: 12188: 11949: 11948: 11865:Economic history 11836: 11835: 11729: 11728: 11658: 11657: 11536: 11515: 11414:Seven Years' War 11379:Wars of Religion 11375: 11360:House of Bourbon 11355:Early modern era 11335:Fundamental laws 11211:Military history 11186: 11185: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11140: 11139: 11127: 11126: 11101: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11076:. Archived from 10981:Lingopolo French 10946: 10893: 10881: 10863: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10845:on 12 April 2015 10844: 10838:. Archived from 10827: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10802: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10733:. Archived from 10723: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10659: 10653: 10648:, éd. Musumeci, 10642: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10549: 10543: 10540: 10531: 10530: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10492: 10486: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10387: 10356: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10208: 10202: 10192: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10080: 10074: 10067: 10061: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10009: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9935: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9903:. Archived from 9896: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9879: 9866: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9843:. Archived from 9836: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9812: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9741: 9735: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9689: 9680: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9647:www.worldwide.rs 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9549: 9543: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9417:. Archived from 9416: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9191: 9185: 9180:by Katja Ploog, 9167: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9147:on 26 April 2012 9146: 9140:. Archived from 9139: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9048: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9028: 9021: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8987: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8958: 8951: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8812: 8797: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8710: 8704: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8644: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8541: 8535: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8356:. Archived from 8346: 8333: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8296: 8294: 8266: 8257: 8256: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8184: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8072: 8063: 8062: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8014: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7906: 7895: 7894: 7868: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7804:on 19 June 2008. 7800:. Archived from 7794: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7759: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7724:. Archived from 7718: 7709: 7708: 7698: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7581: 7571: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7332: 7308: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7027: 7022: 7021: 6942:dous vinz et diz 6919: 6907: 6899: 6891: 6883: 6845: 6833: 6825: 6780:, 56 from other 6776:, 89 from other 6758:Celtic languages 6413: 6403: 6393: 6383: 6377: 6367: 6353: 6343: 6333: 6323: 6313: 6303: 6113: 6109: 6059: 6055: 5977:nous ayons aimé 5971:nous aimassions 5914: 5910: 5864:vous eûtes aimé 5858:vous aviez aimé 5852:vous aurez aimé 5835:nous eûmes aimé 5780:Passé antérieur 5774:Futur antérieur 5696:nous avons aimé 5633: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5612:plus-que-parfait 5608: 5599: 5593: 5591:plus-que-parfait 5587: 5581: 5575: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5538:plus-que-parfait 5529: 5517: 5509: 5497: 5483: 5455:conditional mood 5447:subjunctive mood 5097: 5089: 5069: 4911: 4878:appears include 4866: 4839: 4820: 4799: 4782: 4763: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4610: 4606: 4579: 4575: 4434: 4430: 4418: 4394: 4390: 4358: 4338:Liaison (French) 4279:"finger" (Latin 4059:deux cents euros 3892: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3845: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3776: 3765: 3762:The velar nasal 3758: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3667: 3649: 3641: 3633: 3619: 3612: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3567: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3518: 3510: 3502: 3495: 3481: 3472: 3465: 3451: 3444: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3400: 3393: 3382: 3371: 3364: 3355: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3271: 3262: 3255: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3110:French phonology 2892:Louisiana French 2818:Cambodian French 2737: 2736: 2734:Université Laval 2712:French Polynesia 2685:French Polynesia 2626:A former French 2543:French Indochina 2488:Saint Barthélemy 2445:Mon Louis Island 2405:Louisiana French 2333:Northern Ontario 2271: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2160: 2159: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2102: 2096: 2088: 1852: 1851: 1818:Second World War 1620: 1612: 1540: 1510:Gaulish language 1469:Romance language 1346: 1278:Celtic languages 1242:Romance language 1239: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1226: 1224:langue française 1220: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1210:[fʁɑ̃sɛ] 1207: 1189: 1182: 1175: 956: 949: 948: 912: 906: 900: 895: 886: 872: 856: 849: 840: 834: 827: 821: 813: 804: 803: 795: 780: 674: 595:Saint Barthélemy 585: 560: 548: 541:French Polynesia 531: 355:(français signé) 346: 321: 191: 129: 127:[fʁɑ̃sɛ] 117: 105: 104: 98: 95: 89: 74: 68: 64: 58: 54: 48: 36: 35: 28: 16789: 16788: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16780: 16779: 16778: 16524:French language 16514: 16513: 16512: 16507: 16506: 16501: 16480: 16438: 16432: 16418:Northern Cyprus 16400: 16394: 16288:North Macedonia 16109: 16104: 16074: 16069: 16036: 16020: 15998:Pannonian Latin 15984:African Romance 15967: 15920: 15851: 15844: 15782:Judeo-Provençal 15655: 15644: 15621: 15570: 15480:Chilean Chilote 15422: 15308: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15231: 15219:Moselle Romance 15186: 15035:Missouri French 14996:Franco-Ontarian 14871: 14860: 14853: 14593: 14558: 14535:Southern Latian 14438: 14403:Maltese Italian 14335:Central Italian 14319: 14312: 14307:Common Romanian 14223: 14207:Italo-Dalmatian 14185: 14175: 14145: 14140: 14139: 14107: 14068: 13986:Moselle Romance 13946:Karipúna Creole 13873: 13802: 13714:Franco-Ontarian 13616: 13573: 13536: 13531:Canadian French 13519: 13513: 13483: 13478: 13452: 13416: 13385: 13375: 13373: 13343: 13338: 13322: 13284: 13250:Canadian Gaelic 13198: 13153: 13149:Coast Tsimshian 13117: 13089: 13051: 12988: 12940: 12907: 12819: 12739: 12718: 12713: 12683: 12678: 12660: 12642: 12619: 12586: 12548: 12522: 12512: 12510: 12480: 12475: 12465: 12449: 12368: 12244: 12228: 12218: 12216: 12186: 12181: 12180: 12161: 12143: 12124:Public holidays 12037: 11996:Life expectancy 11934: 11821: 11714: 11643: 11612:Great Recession 11585:Fourth Republic 11580:1900 to present 11568: 11485:Second Republic 11449: 11418: 11341: 11294: 11261: 11240: 11175: 11167: 11132: 11112: 11099: 11096: 11083: 11081: 11080:on 2 March 2017 11060: 11048: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11022:fr:Dictionnaire 10995: 10959: 10944: 10937: 10932: 10890: 10870: 10868:Further reading 10848: 10846: 10842: 10836: 10825: 10816: 10811: 10810: 10800: 10798: 10785: 10784: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10725: 10724: 10720: 10701: 10699: 10686: 10685: 10681: 10674: 10660: 10656: 10643: 10636: 10626: 10624: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10581: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10550: 10546: 10541: 10534: 10523: 10519: 10509: 10507: 10494: 10493: 10489: 10483:Wayback Machine 10472: 10471: 10467: 10461:Wayback Machine 10450: 10449: 10445: 10439:Wayback Machine 10428: 10427: 10423: 10417:Wayback Machine 10406: 10405: 10401: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10354: 10348: 10344: 10334: 10332: 10297: 10293: 10271: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10209: 10205: 10193: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10143: 10139: 10129: 10127: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10081: 10077: 10068: 10064: 10060:, December 2016 10054:Wayback Machine 10040: 10036: 10026: 10024: 10011: 10010: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9979: 9975: 9965: 9963: 9954: 9953: 9949: 9939: 9937: 9933: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9897: 9893: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9867: 9860: 9850: 9848: 9847:on 7 April 2019 9837: 9830: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9781: 9777: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9753: 9742: 9738: 9729:Wayback Machine 9720: 9716: 9706: 9704: 9691: 9690: 9683: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9639: 9635: 9625: 9623: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9562: 9560: 9551: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9516:. p. A17. 9506: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9483: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9369: 9367: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9332:Wayback Machine 9321: 9320: 9316: 9305:Wayback Machine 9294: 9293: 9289: 9283:Wayback Machine 9272: 9271: 9267: 9261:Wayback Machine 9252: 9248: 9238: 9236: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9178:Wayback Machine 9165: 9164: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9107: 9106: 9102: 9093: 9091: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9049: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8993: 8985: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8940: 8933: 8923: 8921: 8908: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8813:on 13 June 2007 8810: 8802:: Article from 8795: 8786: 8782: 8759: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8701:Wayback Machine 8692: 8688: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8645: 8638: 8628: 8626: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8558: 8542: 8538: 8528:Wayback Machine 8518: 8514: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8480: 8457: 8453: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8380: 8373: 8363: 8361: 8348: 8347: 8336: 8328: 8321: 8292: 8290: 8283: 8267: 8260: 8249: 8245: 8226: 8222: 8182:10.1.1.134.9933 8165: 8161: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8118: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8088: 8084: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8045: 8041: 8015: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7987: 7971: 7967: 7957: 7955: 7948: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7907: 7898: 7891: 7869: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7813: 7809: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7757: 7748: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7712: 7675: 7671: 7636: 7632: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7598: 7592: 7585: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7431: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7333: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7298: 7292: 7282: 7276: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7025:Language portal 7023: 7016: 7013: 6976: 6913:similarly uses 6843:soixante-quinze 6805: 6778:Asian languages 6434:Classical Latin 6418: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6389: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6373: 6370:Native American 6365: 6363: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6329: 6321: 6319: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6290: 6250:"one" is used: 6195: 6166:tu aurais aimé 6146:nous aimerions 6102: 6050: 6009:tu eusses aimé 6006:vous ayez aimé 6000:vous aimassiez 5902: 5872:il/elle aimera 5751:il/elle a aimé 5745:il/elle aimait 5725:vous avez aimé 5624:passé antérieur 5618:futur antérieur 5597:passé antérieur 5573:passé antérieur 5562:futur antérieur 5486: 5475: 5467:past participle 5451:imperative mood 5443:indicative mood 5439: 5434: 5428: 5336: 5297:auxiliary verbs 5229: 5223: 4936:L'Haÿ-les-Roses 4905: 4870:A diaeresis on 4848:is followed by 4654:for the letter 4264: 4256:Main articles: 4254: 4211: 4205:French alphabet 4203:Main articles: 4201: 4196: 4065:; and some are 4063:euros irlandais 4045:, depending on 3839:, "to believe". 3615: 3608: 3447: 3440: 3378: 3353: 3318: 3281: 3244: 3212: 3162: 3152: 3142: 3114: 3112: 3106: 2941: 2928: 2904:Missouri French 2860:Guianese French 2823:Canadian French 2790: 2784: 2728: 2673: 2645:Lebanese people 2616:Standard Arabic 2608: 2602: 2582: 2576: 2539: 2525: 2520: 2504: 2473:Lesser Antilles 2457: 2441:Lower Louisiana 2433:Upper Louisiana 2421:Missouri French 2413:Canadian French 2361: 2329:Eastern Ontario 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2235: 2230: 2212: 2167:second language 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2073: 2041:Channel Islands 1980:German-speaking 1941: 1939:European French 1935: 1930: 1922:Main articles: 1920: 1908:Basque language 1900:Basses-Pyrénées 1802: 1782:Robert Estienne 1773: 1767: 1702:a cycle focused 1602: 1596: 1495: 1489: 1465: 1459: 1304:, most notably 1233: 1232: 1214: 1213: 1193: 1161:Help:IPA/French 1096: 1095: 1083: 971:French language 927:Without proper 915: 914: 910: 908: 904: 902: 898: 882: 868: 852: 845: 830: 829: 828: 817: 816: 809: 799: 798: 791: 774: 770: 765: 751: 698: 697: 690: 689: 675:(United States) 623: 622: 615: 614: 525: 524: 517: 516: 378: 377: 368: 361:Official status 353: 347: 342: 333: 330:French alphabet 322: 317: 311: 269: 262: 227:Western Romance 207:Latino-Faliscan 192: 189:Language family 187: 180: 175: 99: 93: 90: 84: 72: 66: 62: 60:transliteration 56: 52: 46: 37: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16787: 16777: 16776: 16771: 16769:Lingua francas 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16509: 16508: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16499: 16494: 16492:European Union 16488: 16486: 16485:Other entities 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16442: 16440: 16439:other entities 16434: 16433: 16431: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16404: 16402: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16392: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16363:United Kingdom 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16176:Czech Republic 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16117: 16115: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16102: 16095: 16088: 16080: 16071: 16070: 16068: 16067: 16060: 16051: 16041: 16038: 16037: 16035: 16034: 16028: 16026: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16001: 15994: 15987: 15979: 15977: 15973: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15966: 15965: 15964: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15937: 15928: 15926: 15922: 15921: 15919: 15918: 15917: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15856: 15854: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15824: 15823: 15822: 15817: 15807: 15806: 15805: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15778: 15777: 15776: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15749: 15739: 15738: 15737: 15736: 15735: 15730: 15722: 15717: 15714:Judaeo-Catalan 15710: 15709: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15681: 15673: 15660: 15658: 15650: 15649: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15636: 15629: 15627: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15617: 15603: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15586: 15578: 15576: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15568: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15543: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15521: 15520: 15503: 15502: 15501: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15469:Latin American 15465: 15460: 15448: 15446:Judaeo-Spanish 15443: 15438: 15432: 15430: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15420: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15400: 15399: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15373: 15368: 15361: 15349: 15342: 15337: 15336: 15335: 15324: 15318: 15316: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15306: 15299: 15294: 15293: 15292: 15282: 15277: 15276: 15275: 15264: 15262: 15253: 15237: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15229: 15222: 15215: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15184: 15183: 15182: 15177: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15160: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15134: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15117: 15116: 15109: 15108: 15107: 15097: 15092: 15075: 15070: 15069: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15048: 15047: 15046: 15039: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15031: 15030: 15020: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14992: 14991: 14986: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14959: 14941: 14936: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14876: 14874: 14863: 14855: 14854: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14849: 14839: 14832: 14831: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14817: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14759: 14754: 14753: 14752: 14737: 14736: 14735: 14730: 14715: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14655: 14654: 14649: 14639: 14638: 14637: 14632: 14616: 14614: 14605: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14589:Judaeo-Italian 14586: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14566: 14564: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14554: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14457: 14446: 14444: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14422: 14417: 14416: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14388: 14387: 14386: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14331: 14329: 14322: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14303: 14302: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14249: 14244: 14242:Istro-Romanian 14239: 14233: 14231: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14216: 14215: 14214: 14209: 14199: 14193: 14191: 14190:Major branches 14187: 14186: 14182:classification 14174: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14151: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14130: 14124: 14113: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14098: 14087: 14080: 14078: 14074: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14066: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14047: 14040: 14035: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14018: 14013: 14006: 14001: 13994: 13989: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13955: 13948: 13943: 13940:Haitian Creole 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13910:Burundi Pidgin 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13825: 13820: 13812: 13810: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13748: 13743: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13694: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13627: 13625: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13583: 13581: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13555: 13553: 13544: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13534: 13527: 13525: 13521: 13520: 13512: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13489: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13460: 13458: 13457:Sign languages 13454: 13453: 13451: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13393: 13391: 13387: 13386: 13372: 13371: 13364: 13357: 13349: 13340: 13339: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13292: 13290: 13289:Sign languages 13286: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13206: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13184:Chinook Jargon 13181: 13176: 13171: 13165: 13163: 13159: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13125: 13123: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13099: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13085:Nuu-chah-nulth 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13061: 13059: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12998: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12950: 12948: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12917: 12915: 12909: 12908: 12906: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12829: 12827: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12756: 12754: 12745: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12719: 12712: 12711: 12704: 12697: 12689: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12670: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12652: 12650: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12629: 12627: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12596: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12558: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12530: 12528: 12524: 12523: 12509: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12486: 12477: 12476: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12374: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12303:French Flemish 12299: 12294: 12284: 12279: 12265: 12264: 12263: 12252: 12250: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12242: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12229: 12215: 12214: 12207: 12200: 12192: 12183: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12153: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12080:Cultural icons 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12047: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11952: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11900:Stock exchange 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11850: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11770: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11700:National parks 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11675:Climate change 11672: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11597:Fifth Republic 11594: 11593: 11592: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11505:Third Republic 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11459: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11440:First Republic 11437: 11435:Napoleonic era 11432: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11351: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11327: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11310: 11304: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11280:Greek colonies 11277: 11271: 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11192: 11190: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11166: 11165: 11158: 11151: 11143: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11124: 11123: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11018: 11017: 11007: 11002: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10983: 10978: 10969: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10947: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10930:External links 10928: 10927: 10926: 10912:Ursula Reutner 10909: 10894: 10888: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10855: 10834: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10778: 10748: 10718: 10710:Welsh language 10679: 10672: 10654: 10634: 10603: 10596: 10590:. Lippincott. 10575: 10544: 10532: 10517: 10487: 10465: 10443: 10421: 10399: 10342: 10311:(2): 207–228. 10291: 10265: 10234: 10203: 10199:Language Today 10180: 10157:(2): 498–517. 10137: 10106: 10075: 10062: 10034: 10004: 9973: 9947: 9936:on 4 June 2011 9918: 9891: 9880:on 8 June 2019 9858: 9828: 9799: 9797:, p. 358. 9787: 9785:, p. 218. 9775: 9773:, p. 217. 9763: 9736: 9714: 9681: 9679:, 2019, p. 192 9664: 9633: 9600: 9570: 9544: 9535: 9500: 9481: 9461: 9435: 9403: 9377: 9347: 9314: 9287: 9265: 9246: 9216: 9186: 9184:, Paris, 2002. 9158: 9126: 9100: 9070: 9040: 9003: 8979:United Nations 8970: 8931: 8901: 8875: 8863: 8844: 8824: 8780: 8757: 8735: 8705: 8686: 8664: 8657: 8636: 8606: 8575: 8556: 8536: 8512: 8497: 8478: 8451: 8442: 8433: 8371: 8334: 8319: 8281: 8258: 8243: 8220: 8175:(2): 356–390. 8159: 8156:. p. 106. 8144: 8132: 8103: 8082: 8064: 8057: 8039: 8004: 7985: 7965: 7946: 7926: 7919: 7896: 7889: 7860: 7834: 7807: 7789: 7739: 7710: 7669: 7650:(6): 822–836. 7630: 7615: 7583: 7562:(2): 135–150. 7542: 7524: 7501: 7471: 7439: 7414: 7384: 7352: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 6992: 6991: 6975: 6972: 6804: 6801: 6733:Petit Larousse 6724: 6723: 6714: 6705: 6696: 6681: 6657: 6656: 6636: 6612: 6611: 6598:ensoleillement 6594: 6577: 6560: 6535: 6534: 6510: 6486: 6462: 6410: 6400: 6390: 6380: 6374: 6364: 6350: 6340: 6330: 6320: 6310: 6300: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6267:Word order is 6265: 6264: 6258: 6244: 6243: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6220: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6163:vous aimeriez 6161: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149:j'aurais aimé 6147: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6026:il/elle aimât 6024: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5925:Passé composé 5923: 5920: 5917: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5855:tu avais aimé 5853: 5850: 5849:tu auras aimé 5847: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5817:nous aimerons 5815: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644:Passé composé 5642: 5639: 5636: 5556:future perfect 5485: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5438: 5435: 5430:Main article: 5427: 5424: 5376:la professeure 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5321:demonstratives 5313: 5310: 5227:French grammar 5225:Main article: 5222: 5219: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5183: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5066:is pronounced 5040: 5039: 5038: 5015: 4956: 4945:Moÿ-de-l'Aisne 4903:Château du Faÿ 4884:(a commune in 4868: 4784: 4691: 4646:is pronounced 4638:is pronounced 4612: 4589:l'accent grave 4581: 4542: 4524: 4510: 4439:pluralized as 4300:morphophonemic 4296: 4295: 4284: 4253: 4250: 4240:There are two 4209:French braille 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194:Writing system 4192: 4191: 4190: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4094: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3840: 3835:, "king", or 3813: 3808:and the nasal 3786: 3771: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3725:is present in 3687:/ɑ̃/,/ɛ̃/,/ɔ̃/ 3673: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3146: 3136: 3131: 3108:Main article: 3105: 3102: 3067:Language Today 2957:European Union 2953:UN Secretariat 2945:world language 2940: 2937: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2872:Haitian French 2869: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2843:Ontario French 2840: 2835: 2830: 2828:Acadian French 2820: 2815: 2813:Belgian French 2810: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2800:Maghreb French 2795:African French 2791: 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2774:. Since 2016, 2764:European Union 2727: 2724: 2700:Pacific Island 2672: 2669: 2653:license plates 2649:Lebanese pound 2601: 2598: 2575: 2572: 2567:Fall of Saigon 2524: 2523:Southeast Asia 2521: 2519: 2516: 2503: 2500: 2465:Haitian Creole 2456: 2453: 2447:, Alabama and 2360: 2357: 2273: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2211: 2208: 2193:African French 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2099: 2093: 2085: 2077:African French 2075:Main article: 2072: 2069: 1949:European Union 1937:Main article: 1934: 1931: 1919: 1916: 1868:Henri Grégoire 1801: 1798: 1769:Main article: 1766: 1763: 1757:(alchemy) and 1719:that became a 1598:Main article: 1595: 1592: 1488: 1485: 1461:Main article: 1458: 1455: 1431:United Nations 1408:European Union 1306:Haitian Creole 1282:Gallia Belgica 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1177: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 992: 987: 982: 974: 973: 967: 966: 958: 957: 945: 944: 931:, you may see 917: 916: 909: 903: 897: 896: 888: 887: 880: 874: 873: 866: 858: 857: 850: 842: 841: 814: 806: 805: 796: 788: 787: 786:Language codes 783: 782: 759: 753: 752: 750: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 727:European Union 724: 719: 714: 709: 707:United Nations 704: 693: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 677: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 618: 617: 616: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 572: 567: 555: 543: 538: 522:10 subnational 520: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 373: 372: 371: 369: 366: 363: 362: 358: 357: 348: 341: 338: 337: 335:French Braille 323: 319:Writing system 316: 313: 312: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 305: 304: 303: 302: 301: 272: 270: 267: 264: 263: 261: 260: 259: 258: 257: 256: 255: 254: 253: 252: 251: 250: 249: 248: 247: 246: 245: 244: 195: 193: 186: 183: 182: 169: 165: 164: 135: 134:Native to 131: 130: 123: 119: 118: 110: 109: 101: 100: 94:September 2024 79:. Knowledge's 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16786: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16521: 16519: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16451:Faroe Islands 16449: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16435: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16423:South Ossetia 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16397: 16391: 16388: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16248:Liechtenstein 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16101: 16096: 16094: 16089: 16087: 16082: 16081: 16078: 16065: 16061: 16059: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16046: 16043: 16042: 16039: 16033: 16032:Proto-Romance 16030: 16029: 16027: 16025:Reconstructed 16023: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15999: 15995: 15993: 15992: 15991:British Latin 15988: 15986: 15985: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15974: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15923: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15853: 15847: 15837: 15836: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15829: 15825: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15812: 15811: 15810:Vivaro-Alpine 15808: 15804: 15801: 15800: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15783: 15779: 15775: 15774: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15754: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15740: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15668: 15667: 15666: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15657: 15651: 15640: 15637: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15616: 15615: 15614:Old Navarrese 15611: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15595: 15592: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15584: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15573: 15567: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15519: 15516: 15515: 15514: 15511: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15488: 15485: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15476: 15473: 15472: 15471: 15470: 15466: 15464: 15463:Equatoguinean 15461: 15459: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15453: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15433: 15431: 15429: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15392: 15388: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15356: 15355: 15354: 15350: 15348: 15347: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15333: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15315: 15311: 15305: 15304: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15257: 15254: 15251: 15244: 15238: 15228: 15227: 15223: 15221: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15168: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15155: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15115: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15090: 15086: 15085: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15052: 15049: 15045: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15033: 15029: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14981: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14954: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14948: 14945: 14944: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14931: 14930: 14929: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14917:Frainc-Comtou 14915: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14877: 14875: 14873: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14856: 14848: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14837: 14833: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14743: 14742: 14741: 14738: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14724: 14721: 14720: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14713:Judeo-Italian 14711: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14643: 14640: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14600: 14590: 14587: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14573: 14572: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14553: 14550: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14508:Castelmezzano 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14484: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14441: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14428: 14427: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14414: 14413:Swiss Italian 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14381: 14380: 14377: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14315: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14294:Transylvanian 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14253:Daco-Romanian 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14217: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14202:Italo-Western 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14188: 14183: 14179: 14172: 14167: 14165: 14160: 14158: 14153: 14152: 14149: 14135: 14131: 14129: 14125: 14122: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14110: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14065: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14045: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14011: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13987: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13961: 13960: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13953: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13925:Frainc-Comtou 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13876: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13864: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13830: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13818: 13814: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13752:Middle French 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13741: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13641:St. Marys Bay 13639: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13619: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13580: 13576: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13542:Langues d'oïl 13539: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13517: 13510: 13505: 13503: 13498: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13487: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13455: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13379: 13370: 13365: 13363: 13358: 13356: 13351: 13350: 13347: 13337: 13335: 13331: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13174:Broken Slavey 13172: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13160: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13058: 13054: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12991: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12947: 12943: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12914: 12910: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12746: 12742: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12710: 12705: 12703: 12698: 12696: 12691: 12690: 12687: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12663: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12649: 12645: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12622: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12516: 12507: 12502: 12500: 12495: 12493: 12488: 12487: 12484: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12362: 12359: 12358:Vivaro-Alpine 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12222: 12213: 12208: 12206: 12201: 12199: 12194: 12193: 12190: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11961:Birth control 11959: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11736:Constitutions 11734: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11721: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11535: 11534: 11533:Années folles 11529: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11495:Second Empire 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11473:July Monarchy 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11421: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11372:Ancien Régime 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11164: 11159: 11157: 11152: 11150: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11135: 11128: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11104: 11098: 11097: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11064:Smith, Paul. 11062: 11061: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10951: 10948: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10935:Organisations 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10906:0-312-34183-0 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10880: 10879: 10872: 10871: 10861: 10856: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10817: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10736: 10732: 10729:(in French). 10728: 10722: 10715: 10711: 10697: 10694:(in French). 10693: 10692:langue-fr.net 10689: 10683: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10639: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10607: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10579: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10548: 10539: 10537: 10528: 10521: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10469: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10447: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10425: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10403: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10365:(2): 129–44. 10364: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10248:The Economist 10245: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10200: 10196: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10066: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10008: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9863: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9833: 9816: 9809: 9803: 9796: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9772: 9767: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9718: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9604: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9539: 9532: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9504: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9465: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9420: 9413: 9407: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9339: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9291: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9269: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9250: 9234: 9230: 9229:www.cecif.com 9226: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9183: 9182:CNRS Editions 9179: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9162: 9143: 9136: 9130: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9058: 9054: 9047: 9045: 9025: 9018: 9014: 9007: 8991: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8955: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8828: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8690: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8660: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8641: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8540: 8533: 8532:Top Languages 8529: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8508: 8501: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8464:Barlow, Julie 8461: 8455: 8446: 8437: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8376: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8332:, p. 82. 8331: 8330:Roegiest 2006 8326: 8324: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8263: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8155: 8148: 8142:, p. 83. 8141: 8140:Roegiest 2006 8136: 8128: 8122: 8114: 8107: 8099: 8093: 8086: 8078: 8071: 8069: 8060: 8058:9780901519597 8054: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8011: 8009: 7992: 7988: 7986:1-58811-313-2 7982: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7930: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7865: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7764:Eurobarometer 7756: 7753:(June 2012), 7752: 7746: 7744: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7619: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7588: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7535: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7320: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7225:Guinea-Bissau 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7201:Côte d'Ivoire 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7078:French poetry 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7015: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6923:quatre-vingts 6920: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6897:quatre-vingts 6892: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6863:Aostan French 6860: 6856: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6832: 6831:quatre-vingts 6826: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6618:thing/cause: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6407: 6397: 6387: 6371: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6337: 6327: 6317: 6307: 6299: 6298: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203:passive voice 6200: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6114: 6111:Conditionnel 6108: 6105: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6054: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6020:il/elle aime 6019: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6003:tu aies aimé 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980:j'eusse aimé 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5965:nous aimions 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5846:vous aimerez 5845: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5826:j'avais aimé 5825: 5822: 5820:j'aurai aimé 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5771:Futur simple 5767: 5763: 5759: 5757:il/elle aima 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739:il/elle aime 5738: 5735: 5734: 5731:vous aimâtes 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5702:nous aimâmes 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5690:nous aimions 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5647:Passé simple 5634: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5606:passé composé 5601: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5579:passé composé 5574: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5544:simple future 5540: 5539: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5508: 5507: 5506:passé composé 5501: 5496: 5491: 5482: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5372:le professeur 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5338:Every French 5328: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5158:(from former 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5086:is otherwise 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4894:Rue des Cloÿs 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4780:[wɛ̃] 4777: 4776: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4602: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4559:l'accent aigu 4556: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179:Quebec French 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3906: 3905:delateralised 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3889:, "pay", vs. 3888: 3887: 3886: 3869: 3868:minimal pairs 3853: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3769: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3728: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3111: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:jurisprudence 2946: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877:Indian French 2875: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2855:French French 2853: 2849: 2848:Quebec French 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2808:Aostan French 2806: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2723: 2719: 2718:, it is 84%. 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708:New Caledonia 2705: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2689:New Caledonia 2686: 2682: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2614:Town sign in 2612: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2580:Indian French 2571: 2568: 2564: 2563:South Vietnam 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2508:French Guiana 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:New Hampshire 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:New Hampshire 2382: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2359:United States 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2300:New Brunswick 2297: 2293: 2281: 2277: 2276:"arrêt" signs 2270: 2244: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2184:, Gabon, and 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2113: 2106: 2083: 2078: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:lingua franca 1807: 1800:Modern French 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1771:Middle French 1765:Middle French 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745:(cotton) and 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1722:lingua franca 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1700:, as well as 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:V2 word order 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1493:Gallo-Romance 1484: 1482: 1481:Middle French 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1323:, as well as 1322: 1318: 1315:French is an 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:langues d'oïl 1263: 1259: 1258:Gallo-Romance 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1230: 1225: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1085:passé composé 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 980:Langues d'oïl 978: 977: 976: 975: 972: 969: 968: 964: 960: 959: 955: 951: 950: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 924: 918: 894: 889: 885: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 865: 864: 859: 855: 851: 848: 843: 838: 833: 825: 820: 815: 812: 807: 802: 797: 794: 789: 784: 778: 773: 768: 763: 760: 758: 754: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 732:African Union 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 696: 686: 683: 681: 678: 673: 672:New Hampshire 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 621: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 589: 584: 580: 579:Mahé district 576: 573: 571: 570:New Caledonia 568: 564: 563:United States 559: 556: 552: 551:United States 547: 544: 542: 539: 535: 530: 527: 526: 523: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 370: 364: 359: 356: 352: 351:Signed French 349: 345: 339: 336: 331: 327: 324: 320: 314: 300: 299:Middle French 297: 296: 295: 292: 291: 290: 287: 286: 285: 284:Proto-Romance 282: 281: 280: 277: 276: 275: 271: 265: 243: 240: 239: 238: 235: 234: 233: 232:Gallo-Romance 230: 229: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222:Italo-Western 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197:Indo-European 194: 190: 184: 178: 173: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 122:Pronunciation 120: 116: 111: 106: 97: 87: 82: 78: 71: 61: 51: 44: 39: 30: 29: 26: 22: 21:Lingua franca 16428:Transnistria 16390:Vatican City 16053: 16044: 15996: 15989: 15982: 15931: 15833: 15826: 15788:Languedocien 15780: 15773:Judeo-Gascon 15771: 15712: 15663: 15633:Barranquenho 15612: 15605: 15581: 15563: 15505: 15467: 15450: 15441:Extremaduran 15415: 15389: 15375: 15363: 15351: 15344: 15301: 15260:Asturleonese 15224: 15217: 15175:West Walloon 15163:Saintongeais 15111: 15087: 15083:Anglo-Norman 15041: 14974:Newfoundland 14934:Jersey Legal 14927: 14926: 14834: 14799:Southwestern 14782:Vallassinese 14671:Gallo-Picene 14612:Gallo-Italic 14574: 14490: 14485: 14424: 14390: 14305: 14251: 14116: 14061: 14042: 14031:Saintongeais 14008: 13996: 13984: 13950: 13915:Camfranglais 13861: 13854: 13827: 13817:Anglo-Norman 13815: 13778:Newfoundland 13763:Metropolitan 13750: 13740:Jersey Legal 13738: 13729:Houma French 13621: 13569:Saint Lucian 13524:Areal groups 13518:and dialects 13474:Italian Sign 13448:Swiss German 13328: 13315: 13275:Plautdietsch 12936:Inuvialuktun 12674:Sinte Romani 12577:West Flemish 12567:East Flemish 12400:Guadeloupean 12342:Languedocian 12239: 12066:Coat of arms 12056:Architecture 12028:Social class 11986:Homelessness 11971:Demographics 11925:Trade unions 11858:Central bank 11800:criminal law 11763:Human rights 11746:presidential 11590:Algerian War 11573:Contemporary 11547:Vichy France 11542:World War II 11512:Belle Époque 11445:First Empire 11347:Early Modern 11318:West Francia 11082:. Retrieved 11078:the original 11069: 10915: 10897: 10877: 10859: 10847:. Retrieved 10840:the original 10821: 10799:. Retrieved 10790: 10781: 10769:. Retrieved 10760: 10751: 10739:. Retrieved 10735:the original 10721: 10700:. Retrieved 10691: 10682: 10663: 10657: 10645: 10625:. Retrieved 10617:MED Magazine 10616: 10606: 10587: 10578: 10566:. Retrieved 10557: 10547: 10526: 10520: 10508:. Retrieved 10499: 10490: 10468: 10446: 10424: 10402: 10392:22 September 10390:. Retrieved 10362: 10358: 10345: 10333:. Retrieved 10308: 10304: 10294: 10286: 10281:. New York. 10278: 10268: 10256:. Retrieved 10247: 10237: 10225:. Retrieved 10216: 10206: 10198: 10171:. Retrieved 10154: 10150: 10140: 10128:. Retrieved 10119: 10109: 10097:. Retrieved 10088: 10078: 10070: 10065: 10037: 10027:16 September 10025:. Retrieved 10016: 10007: 9995:. Retrieved 9986: 9976: 9964:. Retrieved 9950: 9938:. Retrieved 9931:the original 9921: 9909:. Retrieved 9905:the original 9894: 9882:. Retrieved 9875:the original 9849:. 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