Romance languages - Knowledge

4692: 14189:: words (especially monosyllables) that are pronounced exactly or nearly the same way and are spelled identically, but have different meanings, can be differentiated by a diacritic. Typically, if one of the pair is stressed and the other isn't, the stressed word gets the diacritic, using the appropriate diacritic for notating stressed syllables (see above). Portuguese does this consistently as part of notating stress in certain monosyllables, whether or not there is an unstressed homophone (see examples above). Spanish also has many pairs of identically pronounced words distinguished by an acute accent on the stressed word: 507: 3629: 6023: 81: 2938: 564: 13897:) that may be attached to some letters, for various purposes. In some cases, diacritics are used as an alternative to digraphs and trigraphs; namely to represent a larger number of sounds than would be possible with the basic alphabet, or to distinguish between sounds that were previously written the same. Diacritics are also used to mark word stress, to indicate exceptional pronunciation of letters in certain words, and to distinguish words with same pronunciation ( 495: 2612:, where the speech variety of a location differs only slightly from that of a neighboring location, but over a longer distance these differences can accumulate to the point where two remote locations speak what may be unambiguously characterized as separate languages. This makes drawing language boundaries difficult, and as such there is no unambiguous way to divide the Romance varieties into individual languages. Even the criterion of 6418: 4837: 4747: 2877: 9824:. Depending on the language, certain stressed vowels were raised (or sometimes diphthongized) either by a final /i/ or /u/ or by a directly following /j/. Metaphony is most extensive in the Italo-Romance languages, and applies to nearly all languages in Italy; however, it is absent from Tuscan, and hence from standard Italian. In many languages affected by metaphony, a distinction exists between final /u/ (from most cases of Latin 117: 40: 2930: 3637: 3660:(from the end of the first century BC), and was spoken alongside the written Classical Latin which was reserved for official and formal occasions. Other scholars argue that the distinctions are more rightly viewed as indicative of sociolinguistic and register differences normally found within any language. With the rise of the Roman Empire, spoken Latin spread first throughout Italy and then through 179: 14325:, most words in names of people, places, and organizations, and most words in titles of books. The Romance languages do not follow the German practice of capitalizing all nouns including common ones. Unlike English, the names of months, days of the weeks, and derivatives of proper nouns are usually not capitalized: thus, in Italian one capitalizes 3126:. Spanish was one of the official languages in the Philippines in Southeast Asia until 1973. During the 1987 constitution, Spanish was de-listed as an official language (replaced with English), and was listed as an optional/voluntary language along with Arabic. It is currently spoken by a minority and taught in the school curriculum. 6353:(1998). The most famous and successful of these is Interlingua. Each of these languages has attempted to varying degrees to achieve a pseudo-Latin vocabulary as common as possible to living Romance languages. Some languages have been constructed specifically for communication among speakers of Romance languages, the 14095:: the stressed vowel in a polysyllabic word may be indicated with an accent, when it cannot be predicted by rule. In Italian, Portuguese and Catalan, the choice of accent (acute, grave or circumflex) may depend on vowel quality. When no quality needs to be indicated, an acute accent is normally used ( 9272:

The greatest variety of vowel systems outside of southern Italy is found in Corsica, where the Italo-Western type is represented in most of the north and center and the Sardinian type in the south, as well as a system resembling the Sicilian vowel system (and even more closely the Carovignese system)

3193:. In North America 1,000,000 people speak Portuguese as their home language, mainly immigrants from Brazil, Portugal, and other Portuguese-speaking countries and their descendants. In Oceania, Portuguese is the second most spoken Romance language, after French, due mainly to the number of speakers in 18274:

A more accurate translation for "in the mouth" would be "în gura / în buca", while "în gură / în bucă" would be "in mouth", it depends on the context / formulation. The word "bucă" is somewhat archaic, considered slightly vulgar, mostly used as a slang version of the word "mouth". The term "kitchen"

10609:

Romanian shows evidence of past nasalization phenomena, the loss of palatal nasal in vie < Lat. vinia, and the rhotacism of intervocalic /n/ in words like mărunt < Lat. minutu for example. The effect of nasalization is observed in vowel closing to /i ɨ u/ before single /n/ and nasal+consonant

6070:

they are, although the same language may be conservative in some respects while innovative in others). By most measures, French is the most highly differentiated Romance language, although Romanian has changed the greatest amount of its vocabulary, while Italian and Sardinian have changed the least.

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During the Empire's decline, and after its fragmentation and the collapse of its Western half in the fifth and sixth centuries, the spoken varieties of Latin became more isolated from each other, with the western dialects coming under heavy Germanic influence (the Goths and Franks in particular) and

12948:

Since most Romance languages have more sounds than can be accommodated in the Roman Latin alphabet they all resort to the use of digraphs and trigraphs – combinations of two or three letters with a single phonemic value. The concept (but not the actual combinations) is derived from Classical Latin,

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varieties). Since the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, increased sensitivity to the rights of minorities has allowed some of these languages to start recovering their prestige and lost rights. Yet it is unclear whether these political changes will be enough to reverse the decline of

14349:

The tables below provide a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Latin and Romance languages. Words are given in their conventional spellings. In addition, for French the actual pronunciation is given, due to the dramatic differences

10410:

eventually developed from sequences of a vowel followed by a nasal consonant (/m/ or /n/). Originally, all vowels in both languages were nasalized before any nasal consonants, and nasal consonants not immediately followed by a vowel were eventually dropped. In French, nasal vowels before remaining

10225:

These diphthongization had the effect of reducing or eliminating the distinctions between open-mid and close-mid vowels in many languages. In Spanish and Romanian, all open-mid vowels were diphthongized, and the distinction disappeared entirely. Portuguese is the most conservative in this respect,

9308:

any consonant). This vowel length began to be lost in Early Modern French, but the long vowels are still usually marked with a circumflex (and continue to be distinguished regionally, chiefly in Belgium). A fourth vowel length system, still non-phonemic, has now arisen: All nasal vowels as well as

7241:

In Romance languages the term 'palatalization' is used to describe the phonetic evolution of velar stops preceding a front vowel and of consonant clusters involving yod or of the palatal approximant itself. The process involving gestural blending and articulatory reinforcement, starting from Late

7306:

Several other consonants were "softened" in intervocalic position in Western Romance (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Northern Italian), but normally not phonemically in the rest of Italy (except some cases of "elegant" or Ecclesiastical words), nor apparently at all in Romanian. The dividing line

3644:

Documentary evidence about Vulgar Latin for the purposes of comprehensive research is limited, and the literature is often hard to interpret or generalize. Many of its speakers were soldiers, slaves, displaced peoples, and forced resettlers, and more likely to be natives of conquered lands than

3484:

movements; therefore, they have generally fought to eliminate it, by extensively promoting the use of the official language, restricting the use of the other languages in the media, recognizing them as mere "dialects", or even persecuting them. As a result, all of these languages are considered

11075:

In Italo-Western Romance, however, vowels in unstressed syllables were significantly different from stressed vowels, with yet a third outcome for final unstressed syllables. In non-final unstressed syllables, the seven-vowel system of stressed syllables developed, but then the low-mid vowels

3847:

Over the course of the fourth to eighth centuries, local changes in phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon accumulated to the point that the speech of any locale was noticeably different from another. In principle, differences between any two lects increased the more they were separated

14080:

in this case would be pronounced /ɡ/. This usage occurs in Spanish, French, Catalan and Occitan, and occurred before the 2009 spelling reform in Brazilian Portuguese. French also uses the diaeresis on the second of two adjacent vowels to indicate that both are pronounced separately, as in

8792:

is sometimes described as having its own distinct vowel system. In fact, Sicilian passed through the same developments as the main bulk of Italo-Western languages. Subsequently, however, high-mid vowels (but not low-mid vowels) were raised in all syllables, stressed and unstressed; i.e.

18424: 13994:, etc.). In French, Occitan and Romanian, these accents are used whenever necessary to distinguish the appropriate vowel quality, but in the other languages, they are used only when it is necessary to mark unpredictable stress, or in some cases to distinguish homophones. 19174:) the long appear to have been appreciably closer than the short." He then goes on to the historical development, quotations from various authors (from around the second century AD), as well as evidence from older inscriptions where "e" stands for normally short 12828:, but in some languages it can be voiced instead in certain contexts (especially between vowels). In Spanish, Romanian, Galician and several varieties of Italian, it is always pronounced voiceless between vowels. If the phoneme /s/ is represented by the letter 11218:(part of Western Romance), final /o/ and /e/ were dropped entirely unless that produced an impossible final cluster (e.g. /tr/), in which case a "prop vowel" /e/ was added. This left only two final vowels: /a/ and prop vowel /e/. Catalan preserves this system. 12030:(Romanian and Central-Southern Italian) maintained intertonic vowels, while those to the north and west (Western Romance) dropped all except /a/. Standard Italian generally maintained intertonic vowels, but typically raised unstressed /e/ > /i/. Examples: 4621:; but if so, they may well have been still widely understood, as there is no recorded evidence that the common people of the time had difficulty understanding the language. By the 8th century, the situation was very different. During the late 8th century, 6007:, and in some cases political biases can come into play. A tree model is often used, but the selection of criteria results in different trees. Most classification schemes are, implicitly or not, historical and geographic, resulting in groupings such as 12650:

While most of the 23 basic Latin letters have maintained their phonetic value, for some of them it has diverged considerably; and the new letters added since the Middle Ages have been put to different uses in different scripts. Some letters, notably

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to ingratiate himself with the masses. This change never penetrated far from Rome, however, and the pronunciation /au/ was maintained for centuries in the vast majority of Latin-speaking areas, although it eventually developed into some variety of

4670:

rapidly broke down, leading to the total disappearance of the Western Roman Empire by the end of the century. During the period between the 5th–10th centuries AD Romance vernaculars documentation is scarce as the normal writing language used was

17960:

If we look at the Romance languages from a morphological, syntactic or content-oriented synchronic perspective, there are several features common to all of them that justify the assumption of a more or less coherent Romance type different from

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The remaining Romance languages survive mostly as spoken languages for informal contact. National governments have historically viewed linguistic diversity as an economic, administrative or military liability, as well as a potential source of

6333:

which were designed for maximal simplicity of lexicon and derivation of words. Peano used Latin as the base of his language because, as he described it, Latin had been the international scientific language until the end of the 18th century.

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There was more variability in the result of the unstressed vowels. Originally in Proto-Romance, the same nine vowels developed in unstressed as stressed syllables, and in Sardinian, they coalesced into the same five vowels in the same way.

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of all Romance languages consist mainly of evolved forms of Vulgar Latin. However, some notable differences occur between today's Romance languages and their Roman ancestor. With only one or two exceptions, Romance languages have lost the

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of "em" (in) + "a" (the), the form "em a" is never used, it is always replaced by "na". The same happens with other prepositions: "de" (of) + o/a/os/as (singular and plural forms for "the" in masculine and feminine) = do, da, dos, das;

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Standard Italian can be considered a "central" language, which is generally somewhat easy to understand to speakers of other Romance languages, whereas French and Romanian are peripheral and quite dissimilar from the rest of Romance.

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the eastern dialects coming under Slavic influence. The dialects diverged from Latin at an accelerated rate and eventually evolved into a continuum of recognizably different typologies. The colonial empires established by

12003:(i.e. stressed) syllable, hence intertonic. Intertonic vowels were the most subject to loss or modification. Already in Vulgar Latin intertonic vowels between a single consonant and a following /r/ or /l/ tended to drop: 13791:, in the languages where it occurs, is usually indicated by doubling the consonant, except when it does not contrast phonemically with the corresponding short consonant, in which case gemination is not indicated. In 12682:); as a result of this, the actual pronunciation of standard written forms can vary substantially according to the speaker's accent (which may differ by region) or the position of a sound in the word or utterance ( 3757:

alongside existing inhabitants of those regions, and so Latin remained the dominant language there. In part due to regional dialects of the Latin language and local environments, several languages evolved from it.

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Djuvara Neagu, "La Diaspora aroumaine aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles " In: Les Aroumains, Paris : Publications Langues’O, 1989 (Cahiers du Centre d’étude des civilisations d'Europe centrale et du Sud-Est; 8). P.

4666:. Some researchers have postulated that the major divergences in the spoken dialects began or accelerated considerably in the 5th century, as the formerly widespread and efficient communication networks of the 6364:. Because Latin is a very well attested ancient language, some amateur linguists have even constructed Romance languages that mirror real languages that developed from other ancestral languages. These include 9281:

region, a unique vowel system that cannot be derived from any other system, which has reflexes like Sardinian for the most part, but the short high vowels of Latin are uniquely reflected as mid-low vowels.

2619:

The following is a list of groupings of Romance languages, with some languages chosen to exemplify each grouping. Not all languages are listed, and the groupings should not be interpreted as well-separated

9243:, and there is evidence that the Romanian-type "compromise" vowel system was once characteristic of most of southern Italy, although it is now limited to a small area in western Basilicata centered on the 17816:

Maiden, Martin (2010). "Italian's long-lost sister: the Romanian language and why Italianists should know about it". The Italianist. 30 (sup2): 29–43. doi:10.1080/02614340.2010.11917476. S2CID 149202032.

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in northern Spain have the same distinction between final /o/ and /u/ as in the Central-Southern Italian languages, with /u/ triggering metaphony. The plural of masculine nouns in these dialects ends in

12667:(see below) to represent phonetic phenomena that could not be recorded with the basic Latin alphabet, or to get around previously established spelling conventions. Most languages added auxiliary marks ( 10312:

Old French also had numerous falling diphthongs resulting from diphthongization before palatal consonants or from a fronted /j/ originally following palatal consonants in Proto-Romance or later: e.g.

17941:«if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated and French most (though in vocabulary Romanian has changed most).» 12916:: In most languages it represents the sound . However, in Italian it denotes the affricates and (which are two separate phonemes, but rarely contrast; among the few examples of minimal pairs are 11166:

The original five-vowel system in final unstressed syllables was preserved as-is in some of the more conservative central Italian languages, but in most languages there was further coalescence:

6590:"heart"). Many of these prepositions and conjunctions were replaced by others, while the nouns were regularized into forms based on their oblique stems that avoided the final consonants (e.g. * 3079: 7573:

in the same position. In much of central and southern Italy, the affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ weaken synchronically to fricative and between vowels, while their geminate congeners do not, e.g.

17324: 12413:

The Romance languages for the most part have continued to use the Latin alphabet while adapting it to their evolution. One exception was Romanian, where before the nineteenth century, the

18947: 18898: 6079:

Some Romance languages have developed varieties which seem dramatically restructured as to their grammars or to be mixtures with other languages. There are several dozens of creoles of

18552: 18489: 9951:

Metaphony also occurs in most northern Italian dialects, but only by (usually lost) final *i; apparently, final *u was lowered to *o (usually lost) before metaphony could take effect.

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from the fifteenth century onward spread their languages to the other continents to such an extent that about two-thirds of all Romance language speakers today live outside Europe.

7291:

in Classical Latin, or the two spellings were used interchangeably. In many Romance languages (Italian, French, Portuguese, Romanian, etc.), this fricative later developed into a

12696:: Merged in Spanish and some dialects of Catalan, where both letters represent a single phoneme pronounced as either or depending on position, with no differentiation between 10257:

In French and Italian, the distinction between open-mid and close-mid vowels occurred only in closed syllables. Standard Italian more or less maintains this. In French, /e/ and

12902:: This letter is not used in most languages, with the prominent exceptions of French and Spanish, where it represents before vowels (or various similar fricatives such as the 3122:

is the vernacular language of the majority of the population, giving Spanish the most native speakers of any Romance language. In Africa it is one of the official languages of

17979:

Pese a la gran variación que ofrecen los idiomas románicos, su evolución y sus estructuras presentan tantos rasgos comunes que se puede hablar de un tipo lingüístico románico.

3691:

since "the Romanized people of Europe could no longer understand texts that were read aloud or recited to them." By the eighth and ninth centuries Latin gave way to Romance.

3228:, with French and English being the official languages and government services in French theoretically mandated to be provided nationwide. In parts of the Caribbean, such as 3518:, together with its administrative and educational policies, made Latin the dominant native language in continental Western Europe. Latin also exerted a strong influence in 7179:. In French, most of these secondary final consonants (as well as primary ones) were lost before around 1700, but tertiary final consonants later arose through the loss of 20753: 14004:(although nowadays this rather indicates a difference in vowel quality, if it has any effect at all on pronunciation). This same usage is found in some minority languages. 3309:

rivers. As with Italian, Romanian is spoken outside of its ethnic range by immigrant communities. In Europe, Romanian-speakers form about two percent of the population in

18991: 18514: 7405:

was also voiced to between vowels, although in many languages its spelling has not changed. (In Spanish, intervocalic was later devoiced back to ; is only found as an

19547: 11207:). Conservative languages like Spanish largely maintain that system, but drop final /e/ after certain single consonants, e.g. /r/, /l/, /n/, /d/, /z/ (< palatalized 17741: 6401: 17865:"Romanization and Latinization of the Roman Empire in the light of data in the Computerized Historical Linguistic Database of Latin Inscriptions of the Imperial Age" 12408: 6310:

Latin and the Romance languages have also served as the inspiration and basis of numerous auxiliary and constructed languages, so-called "Neo-Romance languages".

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Lexical and grammatical similarities among the Romance languages, and between Latin and each of them, are apparent from the following examples in various Romance

20783: 14253:"you", both capable of bearing phrasal stress. Catalan has some pairs where both words are stressed, and one is distinguished by a vowel-quality diacritic, e.g. 7051:

in northern Italy did not occur until the 7th or 8th century, after the Vulgar Latin period, and the presence of many former final consonants is betrayed by the

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as their native language. French also has official status in much of Africa, with relatively few native speakers but larger numbers of second language speakers.

17366: 6066:

Another approach involves attempts to rank the distance of Romance languages from each other or from their common ancestor (i.e. ranking languages based on how

3842: 3610:

and Italian are the least divergent languages from Latin, while French has changed the most. However, all Romance languages are closer to each other than to

3687:

Latin reached a stage when innovations became generalised around the sixth and seventh centuries. After that time and within two hundred years, it became a

9373:

at the latest. Although this sound was still distinct from all existing vowels, the neutralization of Latin vowel length eventually caused its merger with

18338:

van Durme, Luc (2002). "Genesis and Evolution of the Romance-Germanic Language Border in Europe". In Treffers-Daller, Jeanine; Willemyns, Roland (eds.).

7587:(I chase). In Italian the geminates /ʃʃ/, /ɲɲ/, and /ʎʎ/ are pronounced as long , , and between vowels, but normally reduced to short following pause: 4691: 2388: 3848:

geographically, reducing easy mutual intelligibility between speakers of distant communities. Clear evidence of some levels of change is found in the

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In Portuguese, final unstressed /o/ and /u/ were apparently preserved intact for a while, since final unstressed /u/, but not /o/ or /os/, triggered

8649:

The Proto-Romance loss of phonemic length originally produced a system with nine different quality distinctions in monophthongs, where only original

6995:, eventually all final consonants were either lost or protected by an epenthetic vowel, except for some articles and a few monosyllabic prepositions 225: 14237:"what?/who?/when?/how?", etc. A similar strategy is common for monosyllables in writing Italian, but not necessarily determined by stress: stressed 11084:. This system is still preserved, largely or completely, in all of the conservative Romance languages (e.g. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan). 10652:. Many of the languages in Switzerland and Italy show the further change /y/ > /i/. Also very common is some variation of the French development 3173:), and is spoken as a native language by perhaps 16 million residents of that continent. In Asia, Portuguese is co-official with other languages in 19723:

was already rare in Classical Latin, and appears to have barely survived in Proto-Romance. The only likely survival is in "-teen" numerals such as

7813:

While Western Romance words fused the prosthetic vowel with the word, cognates in Eastern Romance and southern Italo-Romance did not, e.g. Italian

18657: 17334: 12928:"race" with (both are phonetically long between vowels); in Romansh the voiceless affricate ; and in Galician and Spanish it denotes either the 11229:

branch, and the environments for vowel deletion vary considerably depending on the dialect. In the table above, final /e/ is uniformly absent in

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was eventually lost in many languages, although this often occurred several centuries after the Vulgar Latin period. For example, the reflex of

22699: 19695: 19633: 18791: 2946: 2432: 2349: 20744: 18339: 14321:

In particular, all Romance languages capitalize (use uppercase for the first letter of) the following words: the first word of each complete

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less favored politically. In France, for instance, the dialect spoken in the region of Paris gradually spread to the entire country, and the

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by Romanian Jews, where it is the native language of five percent of the population, and is spoken by many more as a secondary language. The

18536: 18473: 17797:

of Israel reports 250,000 speakers of Romanian in Israel, while the 1995 census puts the total figure of the Israeli population at 5,548,523

7439:

also became phonetically and phonemically single , although in many languages its spelling has not changed. Double sibilant remains in some

2313: 19306: 19295: 17826: 17453: 9293:) still maintain this secondary phonemic length, but most languages dropped it by either diphthongizing or shortening the new long vowels. 20810: 17677: 10668:, with mid back vowels diphthongizing in some circumstances and then re-monophthongizing into mid-front rounded vowels. (French has both 1511: 20033: 8638:(i.e. when followed by only one consonant), and pronounced short everywhere else. This situation is still maintained in modern Italian: 19446: 18220: 12417:

was used due to Slavic influence after the Roman retreat. A Cyrillic alphabet was also used for Romanian (then called Moldovan) in the

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in most languages. Subsequently, in some languages the voiced forms were further weakened, either becoming fricatives or approximants,

3653:, which were related to it by a shared Indo-European origin. Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin. 18616: 8634:

During the Proto-Romance period, phonemic length distinctions were lost. Vowels came to be automatically pronounced long in stressed,

7432:(as in Spanish). In French spelling, double consonants are merely etymological, except for -ll- after -i (pronounced ), in most cases. 7007:. Modern Standard Italian still has very few consonant-final words, although Romanian has resurfaced them through later loss of final 19883: 17763: 12674:

The spelling systems of most Romance languages are fairly simple, and consistent within any language. Spelling rules are typically

3656:

To some scholars, this suggests the form of Vulgar Latin that evolved into the Romance languages was around during the time of the

19908: 12793: 9257:, now generally thought to be a development based on the Italo-Western system, is also represented in southern Italy, in southern 19545:

La armonización vocálica en fonología funcional (de lo sintagmático en fonología a propósito de dos casos de metafonía hispánica)

11087:

In final unstressed syllables, results were somewhat complex. One of the more difficult issues is the development of final short

7236: 6663:

of the vowel before it. This nasal vowel lost its nasalization in the Romance languages except in monosyllables, where it became

20489: 10007:"pig". It is thought that Galician-Portuguese at one point had singular /u/ vs. plural /os/, exactly as in modern Astur-Leonese. 6482: 19962: 18592: 18510: 13865:'s/he, it falls'. The double consonants in French orthography, however, are merely etymological. In Catalan, the gemination of 3515: 20088: 19544: 18574: 10137:

in open syllables (in the situations where vowels were lengthened in Proto-Romance), the most salient exception being /ˈbɛne/

6454: 4613:

In all of the above examples, the words appearing in the fourth century Vulgate are the same words as would have been used in

21261: 20523: 20360: 20317: 19681: 19619: 19284: 19115: 19009: 18941: 18892: 18847: 18777: 18483: 18401: 18352: 18315: 18240: 18147: 18113: 18000: 2320: 2292: 21193: 18153: 17909: 5099: 3862:

that had changed in phonological form or were no longer normally used, along with their eighth-century equivalents in proto-

18678: 13904:

Depending on the language, some letter-diacritic combinations may be considered distinct letters, e.g. for the purposes of

6067: 1171: 20996: 20991: 14040:) in French, Catalan, Occitan and Portuguese. In Spanish and several other world languages influenced by it, the grapheme 11365:. At some point (perhaps in late Galician-Portuguese), final-syllable unstressed /e/ was raised to /i/ (but still written 20935: 20823: 18726: 17396: 12587:, are seldom used in most Romance languages – mostly for unassimilated foreign names and words. Indeed, in Italian prose 10334:/põjnt/. During the Old French period, preconsonantal /l/ vocalized to /w/, producing many new falling diphthongs: e.g. 7646:(Occitan), but it is usually pronounced as a simple sound in colloquial (and even some formal) speech in both languages. 6461: 5990: 2277: 21096: 20986: 6003:. Identifying subdivisions of the Romance languages is inherently problematic, because most of the linguistic area is a 22732: 21211: 19485: 18701: 10111:

except for before certain palatal consonants (which raised the vowels to close-mid before diphthongization took place).

8747:, still maintained in conservative languages such as Italian and Portuguese, and lightly transformed in Spanish (where 6435: 6053:, which includes Sardinian and Corsican. This family is thought to have included the now-vanished Romance languages of 4858: 4768: 2894: 2342: 2299: 1230: 53: 22050: 20411: 19777:

represents an irregular development of some other sort and that the process of analogy worked in the other direction.

18546: 18041:

Curchin, Leonard A. (1995). "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain".

17507: 17483: 17408: 17355: 9296:

French phonemicized a third vowel length system around AD 1300 as a result of the sound change /VsC/ > /VhC/ >

6501: 6088: 4884: 4794: 3707:

into the empire, and the Latin-speaking world was fragmented into several independent states. Central Europe and the

2916: 2616:

can become ambiguous when it comes to determining whether two language varieties belong to the same language or not.

563: 255: 160: 67: 19823: 17790: 4866: 4776: 4721:, many prominent poets and writers used the vernacular of their own accord – some of the most famous in Italy being 142: 22110: 19509:

Penny, Ralph (1994). "Continuity and Innovation in Romance: Metaphony and Mass-Noun Reference in Spain and Italy".

12865: 12689:

The following letters have notably different values between languages, or between Latin and the Romance languages:

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as an intervocalic allophone. This is clear from the orthography; in medieval times, the spelling of a consonantal

6468: 6305: 5802:, but uses it in the sense of "to have a late supper" in most varieties, while the preferred word for "to dine" is 4633:. Unfortunately, this meant that parishioners could no longer understand the sermons of their priests, forcing the 3700: 3486: 2578: 2306: 1070: 19987: 18990:

Marotta, Giovanna (2022). "Structure of the Syllable – 5.5.3 Lenition". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.).

6041:, the largest group, which includes languages such as Galician, Catalan, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, and French. 21398: 21003: 20803: 19054: 12937: 10226:

keeping the seven-vowel system more or less unchanged (but with changes in particular circumstances, e.g. due to

6228: 4675:, with vernacular writing only beginning in earnest in the 11th or 12th century. The earliest such texts are the 4617:

of c. 50 BC. It is likely that some of these words had already disappeared from casual speech by the time of the

3285:, where it is the dominant language and spoken by a majority of the population, but neighboring areas in Serbia ( 3225: 3198: 3145:, accounting for a little more than half the population of South America, thus making Portuguese the most spoken 2370: 581: 13243:

in all Romance languages except Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romansh, and Romanian, which use

12844:

pronunciations. In Romansh, it also stands for a voiceless or voiced fricative, or , before certain consonants.

22198: 22099: 17753:

I.S. Nistor, "Istoria românilor din Transnistria" (The history of Romanians from Transnistria), București, 1995

17648: 13169: 12936:

Otherwise, letters that are not combined as digraphs generally represent the same phonemes as suggested by the

12551:

in various ways to yield the spelling systems of the Romance languages. In particular, the single Latin letter

6439: 6084: 4862: 4772: 2898: 2162: 1937: 1341: 127: 20: 22069: 7539:, Neapolitan, Sicilian and other southern varieties, and are occasionally indicated in writing, e.g. Sicilian 6450: 3142: 22006: 21684: 19937: 17556: 17424: 17300: 14029: 12893: 12599:. Portuguese and Catalan eschew importation of "foreign" letters more than most languages. Thus Knowledge is 9807: 6080: 2335: 1907: 1176: 1113: 914: 800: 327: 20062: 19858: 11361:(see above). Final-syllable unstressed /o/ was raised in preliterary times to /u/, but always still written 10010:

In all of the Western Romance languages, final /i/ (primarily occurring in the first-person singular of the

3170: 7880:. Some speakers still use the prothetic productively, and it is fossilized in a few set locutions such as 7380: 3564: 1595: 1098: 909: 904: 899: 794: 22133: 21536: 20138: 19740: 19736: 19377: 16966: 16859: 16780: 16701: 16622: 16543: 16464: 16382: 16300: 16211: 16132: 16128: 16049: 15970: 15891: 15810: 15729: 15649: 15570: 15491: 15411: 15331: 15252: 15173: 15020: 14941: 14862: 14783: 14704: 14619: 14537: 14439: 13975: 13862: 13853: 13844: 13835: 13822: 13812: 13802: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13711: 13689: 13665: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13609: 13593: 13583: 13579: 13569: 13547: 13537: 13525: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13485: 13474: 13453: 13441: 13429: 13417: 13413: 13403: 13393: 13389: 13375: 13365: 13361: 13351: 13341: 13334: 13330: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13300: 13276: 13254: 13240: 13236: 13218: 13210: 13200: 13196: 13186: 13172: 13165: 13153: 13140: 13120: 13104: 13094: 13080: 13059: 13055: 13035: 13031: 13019: 12993: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12833: 12753: 12251: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11374: 11323: 11313: 11303: 11293: 11279: 11275: 11263: 11160: 11156: 11148: 11144: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11081: 11077: 11055: 11050: 11028: 11023: 11005: 11000: 10982: 10977: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10890: 10872: 10867: 10848: 10841: 10835: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10630: 10603: 10599: 10584: 10569: 10534: 10530: 10511: 10492: 10470: 10459: 10448: 10437: 10426: 10419: 10411:

nasal consonants were subsequently denasalized, but not before causing the vowels to lower somewhat, e.g.

10395: 10387: 10383: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10251: 10247: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10108: 10100: 10019: 10015: 10004: 9997: 9988: 9984: 9973: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9904: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9706: 9691: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9652: 9644: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9588: 9533: 9513: 9505: 9447: 9436: 9428: 9403: 9374: 9366: 9354: 9350: 9326: 9318: 9310: 9297: 9201: 9170: 9145: 9095: 9064: 9036: 9008: 8958: 8861: 8805:

Further variants are found in southern Italy and Corsica, which also boasts a completely distinct system.

8798: 8794: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8748: 8744: 8693: 8689: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8650: 8628: 8617: 8606: 8595: 8577: 8573: 8504: 8499: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8455: 8450: 8439: 8421: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8382: 8378: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8336: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8270: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8203: 8199: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8161: 8156: 8138: 8134: 8117: 8106: 8101: 8083: 8065: 8060: 8049: 8044: 8026: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7870: 7663: 7635: 7607: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7482: 7429: 7410: 7392: 7388: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7268: 7264: 7224: 7217: 7204: 7197: 7180: 7146: 7142: 7107: 7100: 7088: 7064: 7060: 7048: 7012: 7008: 6975: 6971: 6957: 6927: 6722: 6718: 6702: 6698: 6664: 5124: 3863: 3569: 3498: 3469: 3448:. A few other languages have official recognition on a regional or otherwise limited level; for instance, 2698: 2384: 2380: 22574: 22012: 20981: 20910: 20767: 20113: 17728: 16936: 14409: 12889: 5283: 3599: 3051:. Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan were the official languages of the defunct 2734: 2621: 1912: 1407: 1108: 987: 973: 954: 20012: 12452: 10277:. Generally this led to a situation where both and occur allophonically, with the close-mid vowels in 4729:. Well before that, the vernacular was also used for practical purposes, such as the testimonies in the 4643:, an explicit acknowledgement of the reality of the Romance languages as separate languages from Latin. 3559: 22727: 22295: 21867: 21302: 20860: 20796: 19204: 19154:

Allen (2003) states: "There appears to have been no great difference in quality between long and short

17305: 17295: 17290: 12929: 12414: 7662:

vowel /i/ (lowered to /e/ in most languages) was inserted at the beginning of any word that began with

6212: 6112: 6057:(or at least, they appear to have evolved some phonological features and their vowels in the same way). 6050: 5022: 5007: 4625:, holding that "Latin of his age was by classical standards intolerably corrupt", successfully imposed 3137:, it is spoken by more than 200 million people in that country, as well as by neighboring residents of 2798: 2790: 2669: 2464: 1250: 1208: 808: 18645: 9236: 4713:

developed a written form and began to supplant Latin in many of its roles. In some countries, such as

2503:. There are more than 900 million native speakers of Romance languages found worldwide, mainly in the 21882: 21794: 21403: 21244: 20959: 20888: 20870: 20853: 20848: 20838: 20773:

Spanish is a Romance language, but what does that have to do with the type of romance between lovers?

20481: 19673: 19611: 18769: 12765: 12027: 11178: 8755: 8570: 7481:, Sicilian, and numerous other varieties of central and southern Italy) do have long consonants like 7308: 7280: 7138: 6992: 6044: 6016: 6008: 4663: 4659: 4655: 2826: 2813: 2761: 1952: 1917: 1590: 894: 417: 358: 19655: 19593: 18751: 7493:, a short hold before the consonant is released, in many cases with distinctive lexical value: e.g. 3866:. The following are some examples with reflexes in several modern Romance languages for comparison: 3251:

outside Italy and Switzerland is now spoken only as a minority language by immigrant communities in

22587: 22491: 21364: 21312: 21091: 21039: 18358: 14151:"us"). Word-final stressed vowels in polysyllables are marked by the grave accent in Italian, thus 13077: 12903: 12860:: Its pronunciation is rather variable, both between and within languages. In the Middle Ages, the 11120: 10623: 7873:

maintaining /s/ syllable-final if a consonant preceded such clusters, so that 'in Switzerland' was

4847: 4757: 3586: 2705: 2212: 2102: 1922: 1453: 1285: 1236: 1132: 934: 889: 884: 804: 467: 204: 20403: 18307: 17889: 14298:

Most languages are written with a mixture of two distinct but phonetically identical variants or "

8782:

evolving, leading to a balanced seven-vowel system with central as well as front and back vowels:

7853:. In Italian, syllabification rules were preserved instead by vowel-final articles, thus feminine 5759:

and so on), but now means "skylight" and "slit". Cognates may exist but have become rare, such as

3737:, where it had been spoken by much of the urban population—disappeared in the Middle Ages (as did 21955: 21546: 21500: 21381: 21354: 21293: 21230: 21176: 20883: 20843: 20762: 20337:

Romanische Sprachgeschichte: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Geschichte der romanischen Sprachen

18996:. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–318. 14350:

between spelling and pronunciation. (French spelling approximately reflects the pronunciation of

11259: 11215: 10619: 9600: 9286: 8685: 7659: 6428: 6132: 6116: 6104: 6038: 6012: 6000: 5995:

Along with Latin and a few extinct languages of ancient Italy, the Romance languages make up the

5313: 5297: 4851: 4761: 4651: 3754: 3734: 3523: 3344:

The total of 880 million native speakers of Romance languages (ca. 2020) are divided as follows:

2887: 2858: 2830: 2685: 2633: 2574: 2515:. Portuguese, French and Spanish also have many non-native speakers and are in widespread use as 2425: 2107: 1834: 944: 939: 929: 573: 506: 412: 348: 295: 138: 21551: 19303: 19292: 17905:

The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General Information

17830: 17622: 17450: 13740:

were at one time used in many words of Greek origin, most languages have now replaced them with

12631: 9671:

in others). Occitan, Dalmatian, Sardinian, and many other minority Romance languages still have

7379:. Some scholars have speculated that these sound changes may be due in part to the influence of 7083:"tomorrow" (southern Italy). In unstressed syllables, the resulting diphthongs were simplified: 5725:: where the same root words have developed different meanings. For example, the Portuguese word 3337:

was the first scholar to have observed (in 1435) linguistic affinities between the Romanian and

22673: 21889: 21307: 21253: 20905: 18295: 14322: 12962: 12761: 12679: 12664: 11226: 9955: 8809:

Outcome of stressed Classical Latin vowels in dialects of southern Italy, Sardinia and Corsica

7447:

The sound /h/ was lost but later reintroduced into individual Romance languages. The so-called

6475: 3628: 3551: 3119: 2725: 2613: 2366: 2097: 2069: 1853: 1755: 1521: 1367: 991: 829: 721: 660: 615: 555: 547: 400: 221: 59: 12619: 4646:

By this time, and possibly as early as the 6th century according to Price (1984), the Romance

3247:, its language did not remain official after the end of the colonial domination. As a result, 22705: 22650: 22456: 22451: 22104: 22082: 21973: 21901: 21724: 21386: 21149: 20513: 20037: 18933: 18884: 18261: 14311: 14057: 12779: 12660: 12613: 12601: 12548: 10561:. Nasal vowels that remained actually tend to be raised (rather than lowered, as in French): 9254: 9244: 7336: 6531:

There was a tendency to eliminate final consonants in Vulgar Latin, either by dropping them (

5781:

meaning "replete with windows" also have the same root, but are later borrowings from Latin.

5110: 4898: 4647: 2842: 2646: 2244: 2073: 981: 977: 962: 958: 22369: 21337: 19453: 17388: 13309:: used in Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Astur-leonese, Norman and Dgèrnésiais, originally for 12637: 12345:

Portuguese is more conservative in maintaining some intertonic vowels other than /a/: e.g. *

7315:

bundles of the Romance dialects. The changes (instances of diachronic lenition resulting in

22655: 22429: 22045: 22018: 21944: 21804: 21603: 21531: 21483: 21477: 21440: 21423: 19912: 18613: 16951: 14424: 14318:

handwriting which were later adapted by printers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

13991: 12792:

in Romansh and in several of the languages of Italy, and or in Spanish (depending on the

12675: 11370: 10477: 9578:

was mostly limited to Greek loanwords, which were typically learned (high-register) terms.

7603: 7052: 6354: 6318: 6301: 6284: 5411: 4676: 4667: 4634: 3071:

are spoken and enjoy official status in various countries that emerged from the respective

2846: 2730: 2190: 2155: 1468: 1151: 1103: 1040: 1010: 968: 948: 812: 666: 134: 22439: 21852: 20920: 19402:

Kaze, Jeffery W. (1991). "Metaphony and Two Models for the Description of Vowel Systems".

17400: 11306:. These changes also eliminated the difference between singular and plural in most words: 3133:, is spoken by virtually the entire population of 10 million. As the official language of 1336: 8: 22140: 22032: 22000: 21994: 21615: 21575: 21541: 21369: 21133: 19887: 19859:"Ditzionàriu in línia de sa limba e de sa cultura sarda, Regione Autònoma de sa Sardigna" 18921: 18872: 17767: 17275: 17265: 17149: 17060: 17001: 16914: 14474: 14387: 12873: 12789: 12715: 12711: 11378: 10627: 9977: 7316: 7295:; but in others (Spanish, Galician, some Catalan and Occitan dialects, etc.) reflexes of 7141:

eventually regained a large number of final consonants through the general loss of final

6218: 5676: 5481: 5425: 5355: 4680: 3673: 3409: 3358: 3064: 2954: 2794: 2638: 2452: 1463: 1458: 1354: 1278: 1243: 1166: 1156: 1015: 716: 711: 680: 22403: 21836: 21511: 21445: 20627:

From Latin to Portuguese, Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Portuguese Language

17883: 12595: 11416:. However, some dialects preserve the original five-vowel system, most notably standard 9694:, evidently reflecting a generalization of the popular Roman pronunciation: e.g. French 3281:

did not establish a colonial empire. The native range of Romanian includes not only the

2694: 94:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

22645: 22374: 22230: 22188: 22154: 22148: 22038: 21981: 21938: 21921: 21659: 21652: 21488: 21276: 21217: 21073: 21061: 20940: 20878: 20652: 19840: 19687: 19625: 19526: 19427: 19419: 19046: 18783: 18058: 17787: 17040: 17016: 16986: 16897: 16281: 16275: 14459: 14370: 14306:("uppercase" or "capital letters"), derived from Roman stone-carved letter shapes, and 14061: 14060:

with a single sound are exceptionally pronounced apart, this is often indicated with a

13963: 13905: 13338: 13149: 13073: 13015: 12584: 12434: 11417: 9821: 8658: 8587:

differed by quality as well as by length from their long counterparts. So, for example

7486: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7440: 7417: 7399: 7044: 6385: 6350: 6164: 5648: 5509: 5495: 5341: 5037: 4979: 4951: 4937: 4722: 3826: 3607: 3574: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3413: 3326: 3190: 3111: 2837: 2822: 2802: 2778: 2658: 2650: 2520: 2169: 2120: 2054: 2038: 1663: 1316: 1055: 741: 646: 641: 422: 230: 22423: 20915: 19207:. The same vowel outcome occurred in a small strip running across southern Italy (the 19077:

Comparative historical dialectology: Italo-Romance clues to Ibero-Romance sound change

17703: 12961:

when transliterating the Greek letters "θ", "ϕ" (later "φ"), and "χ". These were once

12625: 12607: 12589: 7602:

A few languages have regained secondary geminate consonants. The double consonants of

6015:. A major division can be drawn between Eastern and Western Romance, separated by the 3445: 3047:

French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian are also official languages of the

485: 22602: 22581: 22501: 22461: 22320: 22248: 22242: 22166: 22058: 21968: 21909: 21821: 21779: 21580: 21526: 21332: 21317: 21288: 21271: 21181: 21144: 21113: 21101: 21020: 21008: 20925: 20900: 20894: 20788: 20548:

Intonational Phrasing in Romance and Germanic: Cross-Linguistic and Bilingual studies

20534:

Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance Clues to Ibero-Romance Sound Chang

20519: 20407: 20356: 20313: 19691: 19677: 19629: 19615: 19280: 19111: 19005: 18937: 18888: 18853: 18843: 18787: 18773: 18542: 18479: 18397: 18348: 18311: 18236: 18187:

Vlad Georgescu, The Romanians: A History, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, p.12

18143: 18109: 18094:

Banniard, Martin (2013). Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.).

17996: 17479: 17404: 17230: 17006: 16996: 16956: 16931: 16919: 16909: 16904: 14479: 14469: 14429: 14404: 14392: 14382: 14377: 13069: 12885: 12877: 12861: 12840:

but pronounced , never with ). Also at the end of syllables it may represent special

12825: 11222: 11099:, as happened in all other syllables. However, it is possible that in reality, final 10382:

falling diphthongs either monophthongized or switched to rising diphthongs: proto-OF

9290: 9230: 8789: 8759: 7536: 7452: 7320: 6638: 6244: 6092: 6004: 5579: 5523: 5453: 5180: 5166: 5152: 5080: 4965: 4812: 4730: 3850: 3543: 3531: 3494: 3490: 3449: 3437: 3384: 3166: 3146: 3123: 3033: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2818: 2786: 2774: 2752: 2746: 2718: 2642: 2609: 2492: 2183: 2149: 2141: 2085: 2079: 2061: 2032: 2011: 1997: 1989: 1759: 1620: 1560: 1542: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1440: 1435: 1264: 1127: 776: 769: 762: 748: 734: 673: 610: 602: 291: 22444: 21413: 21391: 20179:"high". Although no longer pronounced, it reveals its former presence by inhibiting 19958: 19431: 19248:

Loporcaro, Michele (2011). "Phonological Processes". In Maiden; et al. (eds.).

18596: 17600: 13058:

in most other languages. In Catalan it is used in some old spelling conventions for

9289:

as a result of the loss of many final vowels. Some northern Italian languages (e.g.

9277:

region; finally, in between the Italo-Western and Sardinian system is found, in the

7242:

Latin and Early Romance, generated a new series of consonants in Romance languages.

6920:

only around 1100. In Old French, this occurred only when a vowel still preceded the

6154: 22555: 22545: 22530: 22518: 22434: 22383: 22347: 22325: 22312: 22306: 22235: 22224: 22128: 22093: 22077: 21926: 21914: 21847: 21811: 21799: 21767: 21692: 21664: 21637: 21467: 21462: 21450: 21430: 21418: 21359: 21266: 21223: 21164: 21159: 21154: 21118: 21049: 21033: 20930: 20399: 20348: 20180: 20084: 19832: 19669: 19661: 19607: 19599: 19518: 19411: 19038: 18997: 18929: 18880: 18765: 18757: 18578: 18389: 18303: 18228: 18101: 18050: 17202: 17175: 17124: 17077: 17070: 17065: 17055: 17045: 16991: 16981: 16976: 16961: 16946: 16941: 16926: 16887: 14464: 14454: 14449: 14434: 14419: 14414: 14399: 14360: 14307: 14303: 13826: 13470:: used between vowels in several languages (Occitan, Catalan, Spanish) to denote a 13039: 12869: 12851: 12421:. The non-Christian populations of Spain also used the scripts of their religions ( 11327: 10634: 10480:

eliminated through vowel contraction of various sorts, often producing diphthongs:

10198:

before palatalized consonants, especially /j/. Further development was as follows:

10096: 8625: 7261: 6982:

is analogical, not inherited). Old French also kept the third-person plural ending

6961: 6867: 6361: 6138: 5996: 5634: 5593: 5537: 5467: 5439: 5383: 5194: 5095: 5076: 5061: 4993: 4820: 3899: 3810:

were the most thoroughgoing, and they partially reduced the Romanic element in the

3767: 3704: 3650: 3646: 3578: 3502: 3473: 3461: 3417: 3390: 3378: 3348: 3338: 3248: 3068: 3041: 3037: 2962: 2950: 2941:

Number of total speakers of each Romance language, as fractions of the total (2024)

2806: 2766: 2742: 2738: 2710: 2678: 2674: 2654: 2472: 2436: 2421: 2177: 2127: 1944: 1750: 1638: 1578: 1555: 1498: 1493: 1430: 1417: 1412: 1402: 1075: 688: 636: 628: 621: 353: 28: 22330: 22280: 18382:

Wright, Roger (2013). Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.).

17664:

Art. 13. A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil.

13103:: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican and Romanian to represent 12992:: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican and Romanian to represent 12940:(IPA), whose design was, in fact, greatly influenced by Romance spelling systems. 12810:, i.e. , and in native words it is almost always followed by a (sometimes silent) 11286:, whose main purpose is to signal that the previous consonant is pronounced, e.g. 9317:, and all vowels are pronounced long in syllables closed by the voiced fricatives 9313:(which mostly derive from former long vowels) are pronounced long in all stressed 5933:) comes from Old Italian and is similar to other Romance languages such as French 5857:, a cognate of the other words for "she", but it is hardly ever used in speaking. 22639: 22625: 22506: 22408: 22398: 22342: 22193: 22181: 22121: 22116: 21931: 21860: 21842: 21816: 21789: 21719: 21676: 21588: 21569: 21521: 21408: 21374: 21327: 21322: 21044: 20976: 20948: 20393: 19551: 19310: 19299: 18620: 18232: 18137: 17903: 17794: 17457: 17360: 17329: 17100: 17050: 16971: 14444: 14341:("Franciscan"). However, each language has some exceptions to this general rule. 13971: 13927: 13471: 13385: 13209:: used in French, some Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romansh Walloon for 12409:

Palatalization in the Romance languages § Spelling of palatalized consonants

10282: 10243: 9817: 9314: 9224:

The Sardinian-type vowel system is also found in a small region belonging to the

8592: 8512: 7888:'in writing' (a form whose survival may have been buttressed in part by the word 7567: 6642: 6616: 6389: 6381: 6264: 6258: 6108: 5722: 5565: 5397: 5369: 5269: 5138: 5057: 5047: 4726: 4626: 4614: 3830: 3783: 3738: 3726: 3661: 3611: 3527: 3441: 3368: 3202: 3091: 3072: 3060: 2958: 2782: 2690: 2468: 2444: 2413: 2258: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2198: 2134: 2113: 2091: 1676: 1565: 1488: 1397: 1330: 1271: 1137: 869: 854: 844: 839: 755: 727: 439: 427: 343: 315: 303: 21642: 18682: 18294:

Frank-Job, Barbara; Selig, Maria (2016). Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.).

17885:

Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: Consisting of Old Heroic Ballads, Songs, Etc

17389: 14159:"virtue/virtues", resulting in occasional minimal or near-minimal pairs such as 13950:, is widely used (e.g. Catalan, French, Italian). Portuguese, however, uses the 13825:. The phonemic contrast between geminate and single consonants is widespread in 10213:

before /j/ from palatalized consonants, just like French, with similar results:

22690: 22597: 22592: 22513: 22393: 22355: 22087: 21647: 21593: 21563: 21455: 21139: 21067: 21013: 20421: 19211:), and is thought to have occurred in the Romance languages of northern Africa. 18641: 17280: 13939: 13688:: used at the beginning or at the end of word or between vowels in Catalan for 13482: 13148:: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romanian, Romansh and 13014:: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romanian, Romansh and 12643: 12430: 11171: 9963:, which does not trigger metaphony, unlike in the singular (vs. Italian plural 9921: 9812:

An early process that operated in all Romance languages to varying degrees was

9790: 9322: 8603: 7869:

came to be the norm. Though receding at present, Italian once had a prosthetic

7383:, while scholarship of the past few decades has proposed internal motivations. 7250: 6650: 6373: 6369: 6314: 6278: 6208: 6122: 6022: 5772: 5620: 5551: 5327: 5233: 5208: 4808: 4672: 4630: 3925: 3819: 3815: 3688: 3669: 3665: 3547: 3233: 3056: 3048: 2770: 2714: 2662: 2570: 2003: 1870: 1745: 1303: 1257: 1225: 1161: 652: 307: 299: 24: 21736: 20778: 19415: 19001: 18722: 13582:

between vowels, in Italian, Romance languages of Italy, and Corsican for long

12924: 12918: 12850:: No Romance language uses this letter in native words, with the exception of 11119:

caused vowel lengthening as well as nasalization. Evidence of this comes from

8541:(see the table in the right, for their likely pronunciation in IPA), and four 7473:

is no longer phonemically distinctive in most Romance languages. However some

7331:. Subsequently, in some languages they were further weakened, either becoming 6572:"this"), and nominative singular noun forms, especially of neuter nouns (e.g. 6542:

Many final consonants were rare, occurring only in certain prepositions (e.g.

6325:

international language, as opposed to an autonomous constructed language like

3440:, with more than three million speakers, is official together with Spanish in 2937: 22721: 22632: 22535: 22523: 22255: 21963: 21620: 21558: 21054: 20389: 20385: 20352: 18857: 18393: 18105: 14261:"bear". When no vowel-quality needs distinguishing, French and Catalan use a 14047: 13578:: used in French, Portuguese, Piedmontese, Romansh, Occitan, and Catalan for 12775: 12426: 12422: 10657: 10278: 9225: 8635: 8521:

One profound change that affected Vulgar Latin was the reorganisation of its

7485:, etc., where the doubling indicates either actual length or, in the case of 6338: 6288: 6143: 5814:"to eat") because of semantic changes in the 19th century. Galician has both 5765:

in Spanish, or dropped out of use entirely. The Spanish and Portuguese terms

4901:, all meaning 'She always closes the window before she dines/before dining'. 3854:, an eighth-century compilation of about 1,200 words from the fourth-century 3730: 3722: 3519: 3396:

Others 3% (26 million, nearly all bilingual in one of the national languages)

3334: 3256: 3252: 3217: 3158: 3087: 2862: 2516: 2448: 2263: 1727: 1643: 1360: 1218: 1080: 834: 433: 319: 311: 194: 18697: 17014: 11211:). The same situation happened in final /u/ that merged into /o/ in Spanish. 6225:'s national language and lingua franca; includes several distinct varieties) 4717:, this transition was expedited by force of law; whereas in others, such as 1050: 22414: 22274: 21714: 21669: 19477: 18837: 18448: 18383: 18095: 17270: 14262: 13943: 13931: 13510:

and in French, Brazilian Portuguese, Catalan and Latin American Spanish as

12418: 12402: 8774:. In modern Romanian, this system has been significantly transformed, with 8530: 7560: 7359:). The following example shows progressive weakening of original /t/: e.g. 6728:

As a result, only the following final consonants occurred in Vulgar Latin:

6520: 6407: 6238: 6054: 4923: 4815:

within political boundaries, at the expense of other Romance languages and

4637:

to issue an edict that priests needed to translate their speeches into the

3771: 3677: 3657: 3623: 3603: 3352: 3290: 3244: 3212:

Outside Europe, French is spoken natively most in the Canadian province of

3149:

in a single country. It is the official language of six African countries (

3029: 3013: 2592: 2480: 2417: 1882: 1720: 1194: 1065: 864: 859: 849: 387: 214: 19665: 19654:

Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-08).

19603: 19592:

Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-08).

18761: 18750:

Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-08).

17499: 14022:) when they occur before other written vowels and in some other instances. 13919:

The following are the most common use of diacritics in Romance languages.

12896:. Italian does not use this letter in native words for historical reasons. 12365:). French, on the other hand, drops even intertonic /a/ after the stress: 10072:"he did". The same thing happened prehistorically in Old French, yielding 9554:

was rare in Classical Latin (most original instances had become Classical

8583:

There is evidence that in the imperial period all the short vowels except

3182: 2969:, which together cover a vast territory in Europe and beyond, and work as 2533: 459: 22476: 22469: 22206: 21772: 20772: 18425:"The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages | Historical linguistics" 17285: 14299: 14103:). Portuguese puts a diacritic on all stressed monosyllables that end in 14056:: when a vowel and another letter that would normally be combined into a 14011: 13546:: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, and Corsican to represent 12381:. Many cases of /a/ before the stress also ultimately dropped in French: 11330:

contexts (in close connection with a following vowel-initial word), e.g.

10407: 10064:"he loved"), but subsequently generalized stressed /i/, producing modern 9856: 9285:

The Proto-Romance allophonic vowel-length system was phonemicized in the

8661:, where the former long and short vowels in Latin simply coalesced, e.g. 8614: 7456: 6917: 6660: 6346: 6342: 6185: 4622: 3742: 3372: 3138: 3115: 3052: 2997: 2866: 2488: 1858: 1844: 1808: 1516: 21741: 20227:

is not attested anywhere, and the use of the accusative form cognate to

17500:"romance | Origin and meaning of romance by Online Etymology Dictionary" 13792: 11999:

are word-internal unstressed vowels, i.e. not in the initial, final, or

9848:, esp. masculine "mass" nouns), and only the former triggers metaphony. 1045: 21784: 21754: 21746: 21702: 21697: 21347: 21106: 19983: 19719:

would be the same regardless of whether lengthening occurred, and that

19530: 19423: 17025: 14623: 14351: 14001: 13951: 13874: 13788: 13478: 12796:). Italian does not use this letter in native words, replacing it with 11255: 10328:"point" > Gallo-Romance */ponʲto/ > */pojɲto/ (fronting) > OF 9917: 9240: 8770:

evolved as in Sardinian. This produced an unbalanced six-vowel system:

8709: 7655: 6913: 6893: 6880: 6536: 6274: 6222: 6191: 6168: 6031: 5704: 5662: 4710: 3799: 3595: 3481: 3330: 3194: 3174: 3162: 3154: 3025: 2901: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2625: 2560: 2484: 1821: 1735: 1613: 1378: 287: 20223:. This parallels the state of affairs in Celtic, where the cognate of 19844: 19050: 19026: 18062: 17923: 12023:. But many languages ultimately dropped almost all intertonic vowels. 6330: 6158: 3090:, home to about half that continent's population; in six countries of 3055:; and French and Spanish are two of the six official languages of the 3032:. In these countries, French, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, 22550: 22388: 21730: 21025: 17973:

Metzeltin, Miguel. "Tipología convergente de las lenguas románicas".

14315: 13898: 13894: 13757: 12965:

sounds in Greek before changing to corresponding fricatives, and the

12907: 12841: 12683: 12668: 12439: 11358: 11181:, final /i/ eventually merged into /e/ (although final /i/ triggered 11124: 10011: 9813: 9274: 8542: 7490: 7451:"aspirated h" in French, now completely silent, was a borrowing from 7406: 7332: 6365: 6360:

There are also languages created for artistic purposes only, such as

6326: 6252: 6181: 6148: 6034:

within the various classification schemes for Romance languages are:

5690: 3795: 3681: 3582: 3425: 3405: 3362: 3306: 3286: 3260: 3103: 2608:

Most of the Romance-speaking area in Europe has traditionally been a

2588: 2024: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1765: 1633: 479: 453: 449: 382: 22176: 20756:

Las lenguas románicas estándar. Historia de su formación y de su uso

20473:

Las lenguas románicas estándar. Historia de su formación y de su uso

19522: 19250:

The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 1, Structures

17975:

Las Lenguas románicas estándar: historia de su formación y de su uso

17864: 12756:, is pronounced as a fricative after vowels. In Romansch, the soft 9321:. This system in turn has been phonemicized in some varieties (e.g. 6417: 4836: 4746: 3232:, French has official status, but most people speak creoles such as 2876: 494: 145:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 22335: 22171: 21987: 21435: 21283: 19836: 19042: 18054: 12881: 10756: 10751: 9262: 7956: 7948: 7943: 7312: 7254: 6248: 6195: 4714: 3750: 3433: 3318: 3302: 3294: 3275:—it is spoken by a few educated people in commerce and government. 3186: 3130: 2985: 2504: 2456: 2409: 2376: 1967: 1958: 1849: 1650: 1625: 1529: 1020: 596: 22540: 20339:. 3 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003 (vol. 1), 2006 (vol. 2). 19933: 19862: 12736:: Generally a "hard" , but "soft" (fricative or affricate) before 10440:. Other vowels remained nasalized, and were dramatically lowered: 9991:

occurs sporadically in Portuguese in the masculine singular, e.g.

8576:

in Greek borrowings, which however probably came to be pronounced

7634:). In standard Catalan and Occitan, there exists a geminate sound 22159: 22024: 21762: 21186: 21171: 19821:

Espinosa, Aurelio M. (1911). "Metipsimus in Spanish and French".

14033: 12876:. With the Renaissance the classical pronunciation – or similar 12832:, predictable assimilations are normally not shown (e.g. Italian 10476:

In Portuguese, /n/ between vowels was dropped, and the resulting

10261:

merged by the twelfth century or so, and the distinction between

10144: 9258: 8538: 6646: 6532: 6377: 6313:

The concept was first developed in 1903 by Italian mathematician

5738: 4816: 3855: 3811: 3787: 3708: 3590: 3535: 3429: 3401: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3221: 3021: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2929: 2500: 2496: 2017: 1981: 1974: 1772: 1392: 1025: 335: 20747:

Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages,

19219: 19217: 7059:) that they trigger. It is also thought that after a long vowel 22361: 21707: 21630: 21610: 21342: 20575:

Holtus, Günter; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (1988).

12985:

respectively. Some of the digraphs used in modern scripts are:

10369: 10355: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10319: 10313: 9976:

to before final /i/ or /u/. This has been phonemicized in the

9860: 9687:(a-ur). A few common words, however, show an early merger with 9596: 9278: 9266: 7212: 7192: 6983: 6951: 6941: 6921: 6907: 6883: 6854: 6281:

official language, majority native language, and lingua franca)

5418:

Chila a sara sèmper la fnestra dnans ëd fé sin-a/dnans ëd siné.

4958:(Ea/Nâsa) ãncljidi/nkidi totna firida/fireastra ninti di tsinã. 3859: 3803: 3636: 3421: 3322: 3298: 3213: 3150: 3134: 3099: 3095: 3017: 2981: 2512: 2508: 2460: 1740: 1694: 1213: 1030: 323: 20462:

Lindenbauer, Petrea; Metzeltin, Michael; Thir, Margit (1995).

20134: 17956:

The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide

17764:"Reports of about 300,000 Jews who left the country after WW2" 13337:

in some dialects). As in Italian, it is used in Occitan for a

13042:, Spanish, Astur-leonese and Galician; or in Romansh before 11274:

In French, most final consonants were dropped, and then final

11270:

Various later changes happened in individual languages, e.g.:

10693:

Evolution of unstressed vowels in early Italo-Western Romance

9980:

as a result of the subsequent raising of final /e o/ to /i u/.

7535:(cart, car). They may even occur at the beginning of words in 21625: 21598: 20381:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011 (vol. 1) & 2013 (vol. 2). 20369:

Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith & Adam Ledgeway, eds.,

20184: 20109: 20058: 20008: 19214: 17844: 16892: 14365: 14015: 11225:

shows a pattern intermediate between Central Italian and the

9616:

as the usual reflex, but this post-dates diphthongization of

8766:

evolved as in the majority of languages, but the back vowels

8522: 6892:(although these instances were possibly protected by a final 6268: 6232: 6126: 5131:(Le) sarre toltin/tojor la fenétra avan de goutâ/dinar/sopar. 4909: 4718: 3807: 3791: 3775: 3712: 3645:

natives of Rome. In Western Europe, Latin gradually replaced

3314: 3310: 3264: 3240: 3229: 3206: 3197:. Its closest relative, Galician, has official status in the 3181:, while most Portuguese-speakers in Asia—some 400,000—are in 3178: 3083: 2993: 2989: 2591:" (the non-Latin languages of the peoples living outside the 2476: 2440: 1839: 1713: 1707: 1689: 1060: 1035: 20009:"Grand Dissionari Piemontèis / Grande Dizionario Piemontese" 19337: 18971: 18745: 18743: 17954:

Kabatek, Johannes; Pusch, Claus D. "The Romance languages".

10610:

clusters. Latin /nn/ and /m/ did not cause the same effect.

5474:

Ella clauda/serra adina la fanestra avant ch'ella tschainia.

5390:(Ela) barra/tanca sempre/totjorn la fenèstra abans de sopar. 5014:

Ella chjode/chjude sempre lu/u purtellu avanti/nanzu di cenà

3361:

26% (230 million, plus 30 million L2 for 260 million in the

3351:

54% (475 million, plus 75 million L2 for 550 million in the

13720:: used in Walloon for /ʃ/ or /h/, depending on the dialect. 13514:

in words of certain etymology (notice this would represent

13275:: used between vowels or at the end of word in Catalan for 12814:. Romanian does not use this letter in native words, using 10230:). Other than before palatalized consonants, Catalan keeps 8653:

had merged. Soon, however, many of these vowels coalesced:

6763:) in a large number of morphological endings (verb endings 5653: 5029:

Edda/Idda sarra/serra sempri u purteddu nanzu/prima di cinà

3779: 3746: 3716: 3444:, and has legal recognition in neighbouring territories in 3371:

9% (80 million, plus 230 million L2 for 310 million in the

3333:

in Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, and Greece.

3107: 2544: 2231: 331: 18805: 18614:"De Latino Sine Flexione. Lingua Auxiliare Internationale" 17742:

list of countries where Portuguese is an official language

17578: 14042: 13962:), for the latter. Some minority Romance languages use an 12782:. But represents in Romanian, Walloon and Gascon Occitan. 6402:

Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance

5320:(Lee) la sara sù semper la finestra primma de disnà/scenà. 19381: 19279:(1st ed.). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 19256: 19185: 19124: 19083: 18740: 17537: 14064:

on the vowel. This is particularly common in the case of

13829:, and normally indicated in the traditional orthography: 10285:. In French, both and were partly rephonemicized: Both 9772: 9710: 9591:

in the popular speech of Rome already by the 1st century

7455:. In Spanish, word-initial /f/ changed to /h/ during its 6870: 5388: 5362:

Essa 'nzerra sempe 'a fenesta primma d'a cena / 'e magnà.

3753:

eventually adopted Latin/Romance and the remnants of the

3741:

in Germany). But the Germanic tribes that had penetrated

20577:

Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik. (LRL, 12 volumes)

20461: 19136: 18631:), Tomo VIII, pp. 74–83. Fratres Bocca Editores: Torino. 18538:

Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction

18385:

The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2

18341:

Language Contact at the Romance–Germanic Language Border

18097:

The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2

17649:"CONSTITUIÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA FEDERATIVA DO BRASIL DE 1988" 11174:(including standard Italian), final /u/ merged into /o/. 10099:

some of the free vowels, especially the open-mid vowels

9612:

in many languages. For example, Italian and French have

9595:. A number of authors remarked on this explicitly, e.g. 6074: 6047:, which includes Romanian and closely related languages. 5851:(originally the genitive form), Italian has the pronoun 5348:(Eilha) cerra siempre la bentana/jinela atrás de jantar. 5217:אֵילייה סֵירּה שֵׂימפּרֵי לה װֵינטאנה אנטֵיז דֵי סֵינאר. 5173:(Ela) pecha/fecha sempre a fiestra/xanela antes de cear. 5000:(Ella) sempre/tostemps tanca la finestra abans de sopar. 3420:, and it is recognized, but not official, in an area of 2980:

In Europe, at least one Romance language is official in

2933:

European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century

2599:

originated, which applied initially to anything written

20701:(3rd ed.). Milano: RCS Libri (Tascabili Bompiani). 20555:

The Structure of Spoken Language: Intonation in Romance

18842:. Oxford linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 18593:"NEO-ROMANTICISM IN LANGUAGE PLANNING (Edo BERNASCONI)" 18575:"NEO-ROMANTICISM IN LANGUAGE PLANNING (Edo BERNASCONI)" 18227:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–4, 14000:: French uses a circumflex to indicate what had been a 12221:"to load (onto a wagon, cart)" > Portuguese/Catalan 11065:

Traditional academic transcription in Romance studies.

10537:(Portugal). Sometimes the nasalization was eliminated: 10392:⟨ai ei i oi ui oi ui au eau eu i ou ou u⟩ 10318:/patsʲe/ "peace" > PWR */padzʲe/ (lenition) > OF 10107:

Spanish consistently diphthongized all open-mid vowels

7467:). Romanian acquired it most likely from the adstrate. 6129:'s two official languages and majority native language) 5984: 5105:

Ad sira lé la sèra seimpar la finéstra prima da seina.

4650:

had split apart enough to be able to speak of separate

20818: 20658:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 20634:

Wetzels, W. Leo; Menuzzi, Sergio; Costa, João (2016).

20574: 19773:

ending; but it is also possible that the final /i/ in

18169: 14107:, to distinguish them from unstressed function words: 7904: 7483:/bb/,/dd/,/ɡɡ/,/pp/,/tt/,/kk/,/ll/,/mm/,/nn/,/rr/,/ss/ 6295: 5586:(Eła) ła sara/sera senpre ła fenestra vanti de diznar. 5544:(Ella) siempre cierra la ventana antes de cenar/comer. 5530:

Iḍḍa ncasa sempri a finesṭṛa prima ’i manciari â sira.

3485:

endangered to varying degrees according to the UNESCO

20784:

Comparison of the computer terms in Romance languages

20433:

Ledgeway, Adam. "The dialects of southern Italy". In

19653: 19591: 19316: 18817: 18749: 17462:

Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth Edition

13416:

in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, and Romansh;

11135:, and where the latter, but not the former, triggers 6960:

was never dropped and survives into Modern French in

5460:(Ea) închide întotdeauna fereastra înainte de a cina. 5201:(Ella/lei) chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare. 5145:

Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de dîner/souper.

4736: 3843:

Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance

21510: 20710:. Milano: RCS Libri (Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli). 20464:

Die romanischen Sprachen. Eine einführende Übersicht

20451:

Dragomirescu, Adina; Nicolae, Alexandru. "Case". In

20424:. "Latin as a source for the Romance languages". In 18074: 18072: 12880:, such as , , or – were frequently reintroduced in 12806:: As in Latin, its phonetic value is that of a hard 10269:

was eliminated without merging by the sound changes

5625: 5276:(Eilla) pecha siempre la ventana primeiru de cenare. 4972:(Ella) pieslla siempres la ventana enantes de cenar. 2375:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 20633: 20604:. New York: Modern Language Association of America. 20450: 20231:

has been extended to cover the nominative, as well.

19573: 19561: 19349: 19229: 17929: 17528: 17526: 17524: 13608:: used in Romansh for or . In Catalan is used for 13083:. In recent history more accurately transcribed as 12788:: Represents the fricative in most languages, the 7319:) are as follows: Single voiceless plosives became 6857:

that attached phonologically to the following word.

6442:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3761: 3694: 3263:. In some former Italian colonies in Africa—namely 20749:Brill, 2008, 826pp. (part available freely online) 20651: 19274: 17627:Compendium of Language Management in Canada (CLMC) 10637:, show an unconditional change /u/ > /y/, e.g. 10242:and then coalesced again in the standard dialect ( 10114:Eastern Romance languages similarly diphthongized 7343:(as in Spanish) or disappearing entirely (such as 6523:affected the consonants of the Romance languages. 5681: 5502:Issa serrat semper sa bentana in antis de chenàre. 5488:Issa serrat semp(i)ri sa bentana in antis de cenai 5115: 4986:(Ella) tranca siempri la ventana enantis de cenar. 3632:Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages 3341:languages, as well as their common Latin origin. 20518:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 18646:"Il latino quale lingua ausiliare internazionale" 18069: 17908:. Vol. 28 (11 ed.). 1957. p. 167. 13893:Romance languages also introduced various marks ( 13795:, long consonants are marked with an apostrophe: 12671:) to some letters, for these and other purposes. 12026:Generally, those languages south and east of the 11425:Examples of evolution of final unstressed vowels: 11282:is still preserved in spelling as a final silent 10051: 10045: 9357:in earlier Latin, were early on monophthongized. 9269:, and may have been more widespread in the past. 6697:"my (m.sg.)" which are derived from monosyllabic 5697:Ta cerrá él siempre con la ventana antes de cená. 5486: 5416: 5306:(Lé) la sèra sèmper sö la finèstra prima de senà. 4930:(Ièdde) achiùde sèmbe la fenèstre prime de mangè. 4811:brought a tendency towards greater uniformity of 4686: 3428:. In addition, it is spoken by many residents of 220:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 22719: 20696: 19811:, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002), 144. 19027:"Celtic lenition and Western Romance consonants" 17521: 12095:/medíssimos/ ~ /medéssimos/ "self" > Italian 11507: 11192: 10633:. All of these languages, with the exception of 10171:in open syllables (when lengthened), along with 10023: 9992: 9736: 9675:while in Romanian it underwent diaresis like in 9548:. There are relatively few such outcomes, since 9543: 9423: 9398: 8704:"true", came to rhyme (e.g. Italian and Spanish 8511:Traditional academic transcription in Latin and 6712: 6030:The main subfamilies that have been proposed by 5946: 5883: 5825: 5803: 5785: 5726: 5669:E muhe semper ta sera e bentana promé ku e kome. 5667: 5500: 5430: 5376:Lli barre tréjous la crouésie devaunt de daîner. 5360: 5117:(Ella) afecha siempri la ventana antis de cenal. 5069:(Lē) la sèra sèmpar sù la fnèstra prima ad snàr. 5052:(Le) la sàra sèmper la fenèstra prìma de diznà. 5042:Jala insiara sianpro el balkáun anínč de kenúr. 4928: 2389:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 20697:Devoto, Giacomo; Giacomelli, Gabriella (2002). 20674:A Brief History History of the Spanish Language 19886:. Italian.about.com. 2010-06-15. Archived from 19731:. This favors the vowel-lengthening hypothesis 19158:, but in the case of the close and mid vowels ( 19110:]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 157. 18839:Vowel prosthesis in Romance: a diachronic study 18695: 18650:Atti della Reale Accad. Delle Scienze di Torino 17869:Journal of Latin Linguistics 2021; 20 (1): 1–19 14099:), but Italian and Romansh use a grave accent ( 12969:represented what sounded to the Romans like an 10206:> /uoj/ > early OF /uj/ > modern /ɥi/. 9972:Sardinian has allophonic raising of mid vowels 9879:"you put" (< *metti < *mettes < Latin 9754: 8525:system. Classical Latin had five short vowels, 7307:between the two sets of dialects is called the 6095:and lingua franca in former European colonies. 5928: 5922: 5916: 5895: 5867: 5709: 5695: 5514: 5446:(Lia) la ciud sëmpra la fnèstra prëma ad magnè. 5404:Ale frunme tojours l' croésèe édvint éd souper. 5346: 5185: 5088:(Lî) la sèra sänper la fnèstra prémma ed dṡnèr. 4956: 4944:(Ella) zarra siempre a finestra antes de cenar. 4942: 20680: 20452: 20443: 20442:Maiden, Martin. "Inflectional morphology". In 20434: 20425: 20384: 20371:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages 20307: 20034:"Dictionary English–Friulian Friulian–English" 19387: 19223: 18873:"The Early History of Romance Palatalizations" 18698:"Þrjótrunn: A North Romance Language: History" 18293: 17850: 9816:(vowel mutation), conceptually similar to the 9748: 9716: 9682: 8565:). There were also long and short versions of 7910:Evolution of stressed vowels in early Romance 7670:) and a voiceless consonant (#sC- > isC-): 5976: 5970: 5952: 5889: 5837: 5831: 5815: 5754: 5639: 5584: 5528: 5458: 5444: 5288: 5274: 5241:Ëra stlüj dagnora la finestra impröma de cenè. 5171: 5157: 5027: 5012: 4984: 4970: 3404:. In Spain, it is co-official with Spanish in 523: Co-official and majority native language 20804: 20310:The Cambridge Handbook of Romance Linguistics 20308:Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin, eds. (2022). 20297: 19748: 18993:The Cambridge Handbook of Romance Linguistics 18078: 17881: 17443: 13908:. This is the case, for example, of Romanian 13880: 13872: 13866: 13857: 13848: 13839: 13830: 11974: 11967: 11937: 11930: 11903: 11896: 11863: 11830: 11800: 11767: 11760: 11724: 11717: 11681: 11657: 11624: 11597: 11564: 11534: 11500: 11186: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10143:'well', perhaps due to the high frequency of 10138: 9964: 9730: 9701: 9639: 9537: 9517: 9491: 9479: 9461: 9417: 9392: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7038: 7024: 6706: 6668: 5964: 5958: 5940: 5882:, etymologically 'wind eye'), and Portuguese 5861: 5852: 5846: 5809: 5797: 5791: 5776: 5766: 5760: 5748: 5598: 5570: 5556: 5542: 5516:Edda sarra sempri lu balchoni primma di zinà. 5472: 5318: 5304: 5199: 5187:Idda chjude sempri lu balconi primma di cinà. 5129: 5086: 5067: 4998: 4916:(Ea) semper antequam cenat fenestram claudit. 3703:in the fifth century, there were large-scale 3602:sentence structure and make extensive use of 2343: 20779:Comparative Grammar of the Romance Languages 20768:Hugh Wilkinson's papers on Romance Languages 20345:Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction 19504: 19502: 19371: 18225:Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction 17386: 13816: 13806: 13796: 12748:. In some languages, like Spanish, the hard 12611:in Spanish; chikungunya, sandwich, kiwi are 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11317: 11307: 11297: 11287: 10028:"I did" (< *fidzi < *fedzi < Latin 9742: 9695: 9633: 9523: 9485: 9451: 9411: 9386: 9248: 8692:lowered and merged into the high-mid vowels 7413:before voiced consonants in Modern Spanish.) 6965: 6688: 6687:"thing"; note especially French and Catalan 6678: 6659:was weakly pronounced, probably marking the 6241:(regional language in São Tomé and Príncipe) 5934: 5742: 5572:Lia chiude sempre la finestra prima de cenà. 5558:Lei chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenà. 5432:(Ela) fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar. 5402: 5374: 5334:(Elle) à fàrm toujour là fnèt àvan k'à manj. 5332: 5290:(Le) a saera sempre u barcun primma de cenà. 5226:Ella cerra sempre la ventana antes de cenar. 5224: 5213: 5143: 3078:With almost 500 million speakers worldwide, 22700:languages with more than 5 million speakers 20629:(2nd ed.). University of Pennsylvania. 20546:Christoph Gabriel & Conxita Lleó, eds. 20511: 20342: 20211: 20209: 20207: 20205: 20203: 20201: 19343: 19191: 19142: 19130: 19089: 18977: 18811: 18608: 18606: 18388:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 18296:"The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages" 18218: 17819: 17543: 13524:: used in Romansh for or , in Italian for 13350:: used in Catalan for a geminate consonant 11958: 11921: 11887: 11854: 11821: 11791: 11751: 11708: 11672: 11648: 11615: 11588: 11555: 11525: 11491: 11246: 11202: 10081: 10039: 10029: 9908: 9898: 9880: 9843: 9837: 9831: 9825: 9676: 9573: 9567: 9561: 9555: 9549: 9499: 9360: 9344: 9338: 8677:: This produced a simple five-vowel system 8580:even before Romance vowel changes started. 8561:(five according to some authors, including 7559:are long at the start of a word, while the 7375:(Southern Peninsular Spanish ), and French 6931: 6901: 6861: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6821: 6815: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6739: 6733: 6654: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 5907: 5901: 5873: 5732: 5711:Ele ta cerrá siempre ventana antes de cená. 5260: 5253: 5248:La sera sempre la fenestra gnante de disna. 5246: 5239: 5159:(Jê) e siere simpri il barcon prin di cenâ. 4914: 4865:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4775:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4683:from the second half of the ninth century. 4638: 3825:The surviving local Romance languages were 2600: 2582: 2564: 2554: 2548: 2538: 2420:. They are the only extant subgroup of the 529: Official but minority native language 68:Learn how and when to remove these messages 22283:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 20811: 20797: 20475:. Uviéu: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. 18922:"Palatalizations in the Romance Languages" 18640: 18100:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. 13970:to indicate fronted vowel variants, as in 13568:: used in Aranese Occitan and Walloon for 13502:in Italian, Romance languages in Italy as 13420:in French, Astur-leonese (normally before 11262:), these two remaining vowels merged into 10378:. By the end of the Middle French period, 9721:(all meaning "tail") must all derive from 6820:in some monosyllables (often from earlier 5255:La sera sempro la fenestra davoi de disnà. 5216: 4709:From the 10th century onwards, some local 3243:also had some colonial possessions before 2559:, "to speak in Roman" (that is, the Latin 2350: 2336: 2314:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 92:. The reason given is: Map is out of date. 20685:(2nd ed.). Madrid: Editorial Gredos. 20470: 20404:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 20395:The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages 20347:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 20241: 20239: 20237: 19674:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48 19657:Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology 19612:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48 19595:Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology 19499: 19247: 18770:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48 18753:Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology 18337: 18308:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 18029:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 13253:: used at the end of word in Catalan for 12943: 12194:"to lay sth on its side; put s.o. to bed" 11127:, which preserves reflexes of both final 10305:occur in closed syllables as a result of 9777:was probably influenced by the unrelated 8684:In most areas, however (technically, the 7861:, but instead of rendering the masculine 6738:in third-person singular verb forms, and 6502:Learn how and when to remove this message 5262:Ëila stluj for l viere dan maië da cëina. 5214: 4885:Learn how and when to remove this message 4795:Learn how and when to remove this message 2917:Learn how and when to remove this message 256:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 20763:Orbis Latinus, site on Romance languages 20624: 20432: 20420: 20331:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 20198: 20082: 19820: 19395: 19322: 19275:Dalbera-Stefanaggi, Marie-Josée (2002). 19268: 19262: 19024: 18919: 18603: 18199: 18197: 18195: 18193: 18175: 18093: 18087: 17990: 17953: 17678:"¿Por qué hablamos español en Colombia?" 14344: 13181:: used in Romansh before consonants and 12778:in most languages; used to form various 11251:) as a relic of the earlier cluster *dr. 7443:, like Italian, Sardinian, and Sicilian. 7043:. On the evidence of "sloppily written" 6711:and Portuguese and Catalan monosyllabic 6021: 5600:Èle sere todi l'fignèsse divant d'soper. 4690: 4629:as an artificial written vernacular for 3635: 3627: 2936: 2928: 20730:John Haiman & Paola Benincà, eds., 20676:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 20671: 20298:Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988). 19074: 18989: 18870: 18835: 18534: 18284:Verb; literally means "to put in mouth" 18219:Rosen, Carol; Alkire, Ti, eds. (2010), 18079:Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (2001). 18040: 18034: 14293: 13374:: used in Piedmontese and Ligurian for 11091:, which appears to have been raised to 10613: 10293:occur in open syllables as a result of 9796: 9620:and the French-specific palatalization 9237:Neapolitan language § Distribution 7237:Palatalization in the Romance languages 6291:'s national language and lingua franca) 5784:Likewise, Portuguese also has the word 5655:Y pou touzour ferm lafnet aven y manze. 5641:Li touzour ferm lafnet avan (li) manze. 5627:Li toujou fèmen fenèt la avan li mange. 3598:system of Latin and, as a result, have 22720: 20714: 20705: 20662: 20636:The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics 20599: 20479: 20441: 20326: 20265:15th edition, SIL International, 2005. 20234: 20036:. Sangiorgioinsieme.it. Archived from 19328: 18950:from the original on 18 September 2023 18934:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.435 18901:from the original on 18 September 2023 18885:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.750 18823: 18555:from the original on 18 September 2023 18381: 18375: 18156:from the original on 18 September 2023 18135: 17942: 17862: 17532: 17387:Herman, József; Wright, Roger (2000). 13452:) in Occitan, Catalan and Portuguese; 11427:From least- to most-changed languages 10250:have reversed their quality to become 9599:'s taunt that the populist politician 7047:documents, however, the loss of final 6554:"at, near (a person)"), conjunctions ( 6061: 5824:, the ancestor of standard Portuguese 5683:Êl fechâ sempre janela antes de jantâ. 3822:in 1453 marked the end of the empire. 3436:, and it is co-official in that city. 3129:Portuguese, in its original homeland, 20792: 20649: 20608: 20593:The French language: present and past 20590: 20539:Sónia Frota & Pilar Prieto, eds. 20515:From Latin to Romance in Sound Charts 20110:"English Aragonese Dictionary Online" 19790:is the superlative of the formative - 19508: 19444: 19203:Technically, Sardinian is one of the 18541:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 18206:The French language: past and present 18203: 18190: 17972: 17473: 14758:aqua~aqoa ; aba~aiva ; buba ; łénça 13360:: used in Portuguese and Occitan for 12429:) to write Romance languages such as 10958: 10700: 9924:, is similar, but the low-mid vowels 9431:. Some words show an early merger of 9253:, the German word for 'outpost'. The 8743:. This produced a seven-vowel system 7459:and was lost afterwards (for example 7303:simply merged into a single phoneme. 7110:"(female) friends", where nominative 6615:was dropped in Vulgar Latin. Even in 6075:Pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages 3563:from pre-Roman languages, especially 3044:have constitutional official status. 2537:derives from the Vulgar Latin adverb 2526: 2321:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2293:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 20294:. Georgetown University Press, 1984. 20245:Developed from an assimilated form * 20135:"English Asturian Dictionary Online" 19984:"Traduttore Italiano Genovese – TIG" 19579: 19567: 19478:"ALVARO ARIAS CABAL – Publicaciones" 19401: 19355: 19235: 19101: 19095: 18347:. Multilingual Matters. p. 13. 17467: 13783: 13313:which has merged in some cases with 12868:, which is still the case in modern 12178:"to position, arrange" > Italian 11990: 10687: 10340:"sweet" > PWR */doltsʲe/ > OF 10126:did not develop from Proto-Romance). 9655:, but Portuguese spelling maintains 9325:), as a result of the loss of final 6748:) in third-person plural verb forms. 6744:(later reduced in many languages to 6440:adding citations to reliable sources 6411: 5985:Classification and related languages 4863:adding citations to reliable sources 4830: 4773:adding citations to reliable sources 4740: 4695:Romance – Germanic language border: 3400:Catalan is the official language of 2899:adding citations to reliable sources 2870: 2433:most widely spoken Romance languages 2379:. For the distinction between , 535: Cultural or secondary language 172: 110: 74: 33: 20536:e. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002. 20398:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 20263:Ethnologue, Languages of the World, 19537: 18535:Winters, Margaret E. (8 May 2020). 18027:Stefan Zimmer, "Indo-European," in 17397:Pennsylvania State University Press 13195:: used in Italian and Corsican for 12710:: Generally a "hard" , but "soft" ( 11221:Loss of final stressless vowels in 10384:/ajɛjjɛjejjejwɔjojujalɛlelilɔlolul/ 10246:) in such a way that most original 10090: 9332: 7905:Loss of vowel length, reorientation 7649: 7595:'the scarf' with , but post-pausal 7547:(here). In general, the consonants 7351:lost between vowels in French, but 6296:Auxiliary and constructed languages 5991:Classification of Romance languages 3729:—the forms of Vulgar Latin used in 3701:decline of the Western Roman Empire 3393:0.5% (4 million, plus 5 million L2) 3301:) and in some villages between the 3293:), Bulgaria, Hungary, and Ukraine ( 2278:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 13: 22704:Languages between parentheses are 20550:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011. 19293:comment 1 at the blog Language Hat 18871:Barbato, Marcello (20 June 2022). 18471: 18136:Herman, Jozsef (1 November 2010). 17675: 13402:: used in Catalan and Walloon for 13119:, and in Romansh to represent or 13093:: used in Walloon and Catalan for 12659:, have been variously combined in 12583:, which came to be widely used in 12396: 12200:"to take communion" > Romanian 8537:, each of which was an individual 7899: 7422:-pp-, -tt-, -cc-, -bb-, -dd-, -gg- 7287:is often used for what had been a 6337:Other languages developed include 5721:Some of the divergence comes from 5611: 4905: 4737:Uniformization and standardization 3489:, ranging from "vulnerable" (e.g. 3381:7% (65 million, plus 3 million L2) 2553:: for instance, in the expression 2435:by number of native speakers are: 2300:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 210:for transliterated languages, and 190:of its non-English content, using 16:Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin 14: 22744: 22584:(unknown further classification) 20738: 20699:I Dialetti delle Regioni d'Italia 20654:A History of the Spanish Language 20492:from the original on 20 June 2022 20343:Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010). 20175:due to contamination of Germanic 19911:. Utenti.lycos.it. Archived from 19809:A History of the Spanish Language 18920:Recasens, Daniel (30 July 2020). 18083:. London, England, UK: Routledge. 18043:The American Journal of Philology 17829:. SIL Haley. 2022. Archived from 17766:. Eurojewcong.org. Archived from 13958:) for the former, and the acute ( 13652:: used between vowels and before 13299:: used in Portuguese and Occitan 13293:: used in Walloon for /ʒ/ or /h/. 12906:, in Spanish), and the vowel or 11404:as in Portuguese, and unstressed 10080:"he did" (< *feist < Latin 10038:"he did" (< *fedze < Latin 9820:process so characteristic of the 9239:) of southern Italy, in southern 7311:and is one of the most important 7279:, respectively) both developed a 7230: 7067:rather than simply disappearing: 5906:"small opening", a derivative of 5614:Romance-based creoles and pidgins 2581:or as a lingua franca), and with 49:This article has multiple issues. 20611:French: From Dialect to Standard 20557:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016. 20256: 20165: 20152: 20127: 20102: 20076: 20051: 20026: 20001: 19976: 19951: 19926: 19901: 19876: 19851: 19814: 19801: 19780: 17276:Latins#Latin peoples and regions 14241:"it, s/he gives" vs. unstressed 13966:(diaeresis mark) in the case of 13364:, used in official Galician for 12866:voiceless postalveolar fricative 11326:). Final consonants reappear in 11139:. This suggests the development 11080:merged into the high-mid vowels 10553:"vein" > Galician-Portuguese 10541:"moon" > Galician-Portuguese 10238:split in a complex fashion into 9969:, which does trigger metaphony). 7371:(European Portuguese ), Spanish 6535:) or adding a vowel after them ( 6416: 6395: 6306:International auxiliary language 4835: 4745: 3836: 3762:Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire 3695:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3487:Red Book of Endangered Languages 2875: 2852: 2605:, or "in the Roman vernacular". 2577:version of the language used in 2523:Romance languages and dialects. 2307:Journal of Indo-European Studies 1071:Bible translations into Armenian 562: 505: 493: 314:(a majority of the countries of 177: 115: 79: 38: 20717:A Linguistic History of Italian 20681:Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967). 20480:Sala, Marius; Posner, Rebecca. 20284:A Course in Romance Linguistics 20271: 20141:from the original on 2013-08-30 20116:from the original on 2013-08-30 20091:from the original on 2011-06-03 20065:from the original on 2020-12-31 20015:from the original on 2013-09-02 19990:from the original on 2021-03-08 19965:from the original on 2022-08-07 19940:from the original on 2021-02-24 19909:"Dictionary Sicilian – Italian" 19709: 19698:from the original on 2023-09-06 19647: 19636:from the original on 2023-09-06 19585: 19488:from the original on 2021-04-29 19470: 19438: 19361: 19241: 19197: 19148: 19068: 19057:from the original on 2022-11-26 19018: 18983: 18962: 18913: 18864: 18829: 18794:from the original on 2023-09-06 18729:from the original on 2011-05-16 18715: 18704:from the original on 2011-07-22 18689: 18671: 18660:from the original on 2023-04-07 18634: 18585: 18567: 18528: 18517:from the original on 2023-09-18 18503: 18492:from the original on 2023-09-18 18465: 18441: 18417: 18331: 18287: 18278: 18268: 18254: 18212: 18208:. London: Grant and Cutler Ltd. 18181: 18129: 18021: 18009: 17984: 17966: 17947: 17935: 17930:Dragomirescu & Nicolae 2016 17912:from the original on 2023-09-18 17896: 17875: 17856: 17810: 17800: 17781: 17756: 17747: 17734: 17721: 17704:"Portuguese speaking countries" 17696: 17669: 17641: 17615: 17593: 17571: 17549: 17510:from the original on 2021-04-13 17369:from the original on 2023-04-25 13760:spellings, which now represent 13518:in standard peninsular Spanish) 12938:International Phonetic Alphabet 12864:used this letter to denote the 11392:. In many dialects, unstressed 10406:In both French and Portuguese, 10401: 10167:French similarly diphthongized 7257:in Vulgar Latin in some areas. 6427:needs additional citations for 6091:origin, some of them spoken as 5860:Spanish, Asturian, and Leonese 5830:) and the less frequently used 4679:from the eight century and the 3617: 3557:Despite other influences (e.g. 3080:Spanish is an official language 2886:needs additional citations for 2371:International Phonetic Alphabet 582:List of Indo-European languages 57:or discuss these issues on the 22708:of the language on their left. 22578:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 20665:Historia de la Lengua Española 19786:The Latin forms are attested; 19765:, which analogically replaced 18696:Henrik Theiling (2007-10-28). 17729:Portuguese in Asia and Oceania 17492: 17417: 17380: 17348: 17330:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 17317: 14828:foco/(pere, from Greek "πυρ") 13221:, as in "ogni" or "lo gnocco". 13170:voiceless pharyngeal fricative 12678:(as opposed to being strictly 12329:based on stressed forms, e.g. 11182: 11136: 10354:"fails, is deficient" > OF 10227: 6026:Romance languages and dialects 4687:Recognition of the vernaculars 3711:were occupied by Germanic and 517: Majority native language 226:multilingual support templates 21:Love Language (disambiguation) 1: 20602:An introduction to Old French 19884:"Sicilian–English Dictionary" 18725:. Steen.free.fr. 2004-08-28. 18015: 17682:Portal de Lenguas de Colombia 17311: 17301:United States of Latin Africa 13888: 13756:. Only French has kept these 13638:; used in Aranese for either 12894:voiced postalveolar fricative 11384:In Catalan, final unstressed 11233:, absent in some dialects in 10044:). Old Spanish similarly had 9808:Metaphony (Romance languages) 8797:. The result is a five-vowel 6705:, whereas Spanish disyllabic 6560:"but"), demonstratives (e.g. 6514: 5482:South Sardinian (Campidanese) 3321:. Romanian is also spoken in 2595:). From this adverb the noun 2426:Indo-European language family 1908:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1177:Paleolithic continuity theory 20732:The Rhaeto-Romance Languages 20453:Ledgeway & Maiden (2016) 20444:Ledgeway & Maiden (2016) 20435:Ledgeway & Maiden (2016) 20426:Ledgeway & Maiden (2016) 20085:"Occitan–English Dictionary" 19959:"Traduttore – Lingua Veneta" 19079:. John Benjamins Publishing. 18679:"Eall fhoil de Bhreathanach" 18233:10.1017/cbo9780511845192.001 17993:Erdély történetének atlasza 14310:("lowercase"), derived from 13506:, in European Portuguese as 13321:in French unless it follows 13185:and at the end of words for 12385:"sacrament" > Old French 12283:"to have lunch" > French 10388:/ajɛjiejyjojyjawɛawewiɔwowy/ 9830:) and final /o/ (from Latin 9801: 9789:is in fact reflected in the 9410:"honey" > French/Spanish 9406:, with the same vowel as in 8657:The simplest outcome was in 7614:, and are not etymological: 7426:-p-, -t-, -c-, -b-, -d-, -g- 7381:Continental Celtic languages 6717:are derived from disyllabic 6261:(regional language in India) 5866:and Mirandese and Sardinian 5808:(related to archaic Spanish 5496:North Sardinian (Logudorese) 5225: 3735:the Roman province of Africa 3565:Continental Celtic languages 3524:the Roman province of Africa 3506:minority Romance languages. 3497:) to "severely endangered" ( 2439:(489 million), official in 1596:Northern Black Polished Ware 795:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 22575:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 20667:. Madrid: Editorial Gredos. 20625:Williams, Edwin B. (1968). 20600:Kibler, William W. (1984). 20562:Vowel Prosthesis in Romance 20512:Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1980). 20471:Metzeltin, Michael (2004). 20335:Gerhard Ernst et al., eds. 19660:. De Gruyter. p. 235. 19598:. De Gruyter. p. 234. 19075:Cravens, Thomas D. (2002). 18756:. De Gruyter. p. 229. 18449:"Romance | Ethnologue Free" 17863:Adamik, Béla (2021-01-01). 17676:Chacón, Marcela Hernández. 17259: 17019:among the Romance languages 14155:"university/universities", 13978:) are indicated variously ( 13602:: used in Walloon for /tʃ/. 13168:), and in Galician for the 12349:"to offer" > Portuguese 12333:"he helps"; cf. Old French 12295:"he has lunch" > French 10684:in certain circumstances.) 10281:and the open-mid vowels in 9907:"this (masc.)" (< Latin 9897:"this (neut.)" (< Latin 9512:"punishment" > Romance * 7245: 6950:"he comes" > Old French 6940:"he loves" > Old French 6841:in some prepositions (e.g. 6793:) and certain other words ( 6119:; majority native language) 3640:Romance languages in Europe 3516:the expansion of the Empire 3514:Between 350 BC and 150 AD, 2947:most widely spoken natively 2579:writing and formal contexts 2455:(240 million), official in 1913:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 512:The Romance-speaking world 499:Romance languages in Europe 141:the claims made and adding 10: 22749: 22277:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 21303:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 21097:Central−Southern Calabrian 20734:. London: Routledge, 1992. 20638:. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. 20609:Lodge, R. Anthony (1993). 20564:. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. 20543:. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2015. 20282:Frederick Browning Agard. 19511:The Modern Language Review 19224:Ledgeway & Maiden 2016 19205:Southern Romance languages 18429:Cambridge University Press 18275:translates as "bucătărie". 17995:. Méry Ratio. p. 63. 17977:(in Spanish). p. 45. 17851:Ledgeway & Maiden 2016 17425:"The World Factbook World" 17306:Latin influence in English 17296:Southern Romance languages 17291:Legacy of the Roman Empire 13456:in Spanish (always before 13392:, in Italian for geminate 13217:; in Italian to represent 12930:voiceless dental fricative 12446: 12415:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet 12406: 12400: 11241:/sɛt(e)/, but retained in 11185:before that, e.g. Spanish 11064: 10194:French also diphthongized 9805: 9603:had changed his name from 9247:, the area being known as 7677:'to write' > Sardinian 7606:exist only after stressed 7317:phonological restructuring 7234: 6526: 6405: 6399: 6388:), and Helvetian (mirrors 6299: 6068:conservative or innovative 5988: 4826: 4823:of the south lost ground. 4702:• Early Twentieth Century 4387:(hermosa, bonita, linda) / 3840: 3621: 3509: 3118:. In all these countries, 2856: 2757:(classification disputed); 2699:Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) 2519:. There are also numerous 2495:(30 million), official in 2475:(67 million), official in 2465:Portuguese-speaking Africa 1209:Domestication of the horse 18: 22733:Latino-Faliscan languages 22682: 22666: 22617: 22566: 22490: 22294: 22267: 22216: 22068: 21954: 21900: 21881: 21832: 21499: 21252: 21243: 21204: 21084: 20969: 20958: 20869: 20831: 20591:Price, Glanville (1971). 20466:. Wilhelmsfeld: G. Egert. 19934:"Indo-European Languages" 19416:10.1017/s0952675700001329 19002:10.1017/9781108580410.006 18204:Price, Glanville (1984). 17991:Bereznay, András (2011). 17788:1993 Statistical Abstract 17684:. Instituto Caro y Cuervo 14179:"it, s'/he gravitates" ≠ 12949:which used, for example, 11983: 11973: 11949: 11912: 11902: 11862: 11845: 11829: 11812: 11799: 11779: 11680: 11663: 11656: 11630: 11623: 11606: 11603: 11596: 11576: 11563: 11546: 11533: 11516: 11513: 11499: 11482: 11476: 11434: 11431: 11179:Western Romance languages 11059: 11054: 11027: 11004: 10981: 10953: 10948: 10912: 10871: 10846: 10839: 10834: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10788: 10778: 10755: 10713: 10708: 10705: 10697: 10122:(the corresponding vowel 9871:before final /i/ or /u/: 9785:"to hear"), and the form 9659:, which has developed to 9186: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9158: 9152: 9149: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9102: 9099: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9024: 9021: 9015: 9012: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8965: 8962: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8859: 8756:Eastern Romance languages 8688:), the near-close vowels 8510: 8409: 8404: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8340: 8297: 8292: 8251: 8246: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8064: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7960: 7947: 7923: 7914: 7139:Western Romance languages 7057:raddoppiamento sintattico 6993:Eastern Romance languages 6991:In Italo-Romance and the 6860:Very occasionally, final 5215: 4664:Eastern Romance languages 3209:, together with Spanish. 3147:official Romance language 3086:and in nine countries of 1918:Historical Vedic religion 1195:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 504: 492: 478: 466: 448: 406: 396: 375: 344:Linguistic classification 342: 280: 275: 270: 88:This article needs to be 21585:North American dialects 21092:Extreme Southern Italian 20706:Devoto, Giacomo (1999). 20353:10.1017/CBO9780511845192 20327:Posner, Rebecca (1996). 19743:; but notice unexpected 19727:"thirteen" > Italian 19025:Martinet, André (1952). 18836:Sampson, Rodney (2010). 18612:Peano, Giuseppe (1903). 18394:10.1017/CHO9781139019996 18106:10.1017/CHO9781139019996 18031:(ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 961 17451:Summary by language size 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 14233:"that/who/when/how" vs. 14119:"seat (of government)", 13926:: the system of marking 13078:voiced retroflex plosive 12563:(vowel), and the letter 12453:classical Latin alphabet 12275:"to break a fast" > * 12149:"goodness" > Italian 12066:"fourteen" > Italian 11377:in northern and central 10624:Rhaeto-Romance languages 9265:and the southern tip of 8731:"voice") become Italian 7420:plosives became single: 6372:), Breathanach (mirrors 6321:. He wanted to create a 5731:is descended from Latin 4400:(formosa, bonita, linda) 2977:in dozens of countries. 2791:Extreme Southern Italian 1923:Ancient Iranian religion 1286:Novotitarovskaya culture 1133:Indo-European migrations 19:Not to be confused with 21004:Central−Northern Latian 20715:Maiden, Martin (1995). 20672:Pharies, David (2007). 20663:Lapesa, Rafael (1981). 20486:Encyclopædia Britannica 20312:. New York: Cambridge. 20083:Beaumont (2008-12-16). 19794:, found for example in 19757:). It is possible that 19370:would produce French ** 19192:Alkire & Rosen 2010 19143:Alkire & Rosen 2010 19131:Alkire & Rosen 2010 19090:Alkire & Rosen 2010 18978:Alkire & Rosen 2010 17544:Alkire & Rosen 2010 17474:Ilari, Rodolfo (2002). 14606:fomna / fomla /, mojé 14592:dòna ; fémena ; mujer 14183:"gravity, seriousness". 14032:are indicated with the 13817: 13807: 13797: 13682:: used in Romansh for . 13634:: used in Jèrriais for 12888:it represents , and in 12369:"Stephen" > Spanish 12305:"to help" > Italian 12119:), Galician-Portuguese 12045:vs. Spanish/Portuguese 11373:, but has developed to 11260:Gallo-Romance languages 11216:Gallo-Romance languages 11115:, where original final 11095:rather than lowered to 10520:raˈdʲzʲone, raˈdʲzʲones 10370: 10356: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10320: 10314: 10052: 10046: 9956:Astur-Leonese languages 9763:"ear" must derive from 9601:Publius Clodius Pulcher 9287:Gallo-Romance languages 8749:/ɛ/>/je/,/ɔ/>/we/ 8686:Italo-Western languages 7213: 7193: 7191:"cold" > Old French 6984: 6952: 6942: 6922: 6908: 6884: 5896: 5868: 5790:, a cognate of Italian 5710: 5696: 5682: 5668: 5654: 5640: 5585: 5529: 5515: 5501: 5487: 5445: 5417: 5403: 5375: 5361: 5347: 5319: 5305: 5289: 5275: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5186: 5158: 5130: 5116: 5087: 5068: 4985: 4971: 4957: 4929: 4635:Council of Tours in 813 3766:Meanwhile, large-scale 3755:culture of ancient Rome 2859:Romance-speaking Europe 2569:, "to speak in Latin" ( 2367:phonetic transcriptions 1424:Northern/Eastern Steppe 322:), as well as parts of 21308:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 20708:Il Linguaggio d'Italia 20683:Dialectología Española 19753:(rather than expected 19749: 19388: 19382: 19372: 19108:From Latin to Romanian 19104:De la Latină la Română 18723:"Relay0/R – Jelbazech" 18629:Revue de Mathématiques 18625:Revista de Mathematica 17882:Percy, Thomas (1887). 14123:"give! (imperative)", 14054:Separate pronunciation 13974:. Centralized vowels ( 13881: 13873: 13867: 13858: 13849: 13840: 13831: 13710:: used in Catalan for 13592:: used in Catalan for 12944:Digraphs and trigraphs 12923: 12917: 12762:voiced palatal plosive 12642: 12636: 12630: 12624: 12618: 12612: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12549:modified and augmented 12190:"to lie down", French 12074:, Lombard/Piedmontese 11975: 11968: 11959: 11938: 11931: 11922: 11904: 11897: 11888: 11864: 11855: 11831: 11822: 11801: 11792: 11768: 11761: 11752: 11725: 11718: 11709: 11682: 11673: 11658: 11649: 11625: 11616: 11598: 11589: 11565: 11556: 11535: 11526: 11508: 11501: 11492: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11318: 11308: 11298: 11288: 11278:was also dropped. The 11247: 11203: 11193: 11187: 10618:Characteristic of the 10518:"reason(s)" > PWR * 10209:Catalan diphthongized 10160: 10154: 10148: 10139: 10129:Italian diphthongized 10095:A number of languages 10082: 10040: 10030: 10024: 9993: 9965: 9909: 9899: 9881: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9773: 9767:rather than Classical 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725:rather than Classical 9717: 9711: 9702: 9696: 9683: 9677: 9667:in some dialects, and 9663:(and still remains as 9640: 9634: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9524: 9518: 9504:generally merged with 9500: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9462: 9452: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9361: 9345: 9339: 9249: 7528:(dear, expensive) vs. 7171: 7161: 7151: 7039: 7025: 6966: 6932: 6902: 6871: 6862: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6781:; nominative singular 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6740: 6734: 6713: 6707: 6689: 6679: 6669: 6655: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6384:), Þrjótrunn (mirrors 6231:(regional language in 6211:(regional language in 6203:Creoles of Portuguese: 6027: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5908: 5902: 5890: 5884: 5874: 5862: 5853: 5847: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5777: 5773:throw through a window 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737:"window" (and is thus 5733: 5727: 5626: 5599: 5571: 5557: 5543: 5473: 5459: 5431: 5389: 5333: 5200: 5172: 5144: 5028: 5013: 4999: 4943: 4915: 4706: 4639: 4084:(pipius) / (pitzinnos) 3875:Classical / 4th cent. 3814:. The invasion of the 3715:tribes, as well as by 3641: 3633: 3120:Latin American Spanish 2942: 2934: 2614:mutual intelligibility 2601: 2583: 2565: 2555: 2549: 2539: 2364:This article contains 1895:Religion and mythology 1854:Medieval Scandinavians 1145:Alternative and fringe 21795:Poitevin–Saintongeais 20650:Penny, Ralph (2002). 20579:. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 20541:Intonation in Romance 20329:The Romance Languages 20300:The Romance Languages 19666:10.1515/9783110550283 19604:10.1515/9783110550283 19102:Sala, Marius (2012). 18762:10.1515/9783110550283 18475:The peoples of Europe 18453:Ethnologue (Free All) 17888:. Abe Books. p. 17478:. Ática. p. 50. 14345:Vocabulary comparison 14333:("Francis"), but not 14245:"by, from", but also 14235:qué/quién/cuándo/cómo 14231:que/quien/cuando/como 13329:) when it represents 13175:(not standard sound). 12028:La Spezia–Rimini Line 10451:(often pronounced ); 10390:> modern spelling 9928:are diphthongized to 9729:. Similarly, Spanish 9566:"one" > Classical 9532:"ugly" > Romance * 9516:> Spanish/Italian 9337:The Latin diphthongs 9255:Sicilian vowel system 9245:Castelmezzano dialect 8696:. As a result, Latin 7514:(s/he, it falls) vs. 7309:La Spezia–Rimini Line 6639:inflectional suffixes 6566:"that (over there)", 6355:Pan-Romance languages 6213:São Tomé and Principe 6025: 6017:La Spezia-Rimini line 5845:As an alternative to 4807:The invention of the 4694: 4640:rustica romana lingua 4088:(mainatge, dròlles) / 3699:During the political 3639: 3631: 3171:São Tomé and Príncipe 2945:The Romance language 2940: 2932: 2245:Indo-European studies 1608:Peoples and societies 21604:St. Marys Bay French 21128:Neapolitan–Calabrese 20613:. London: Routledge. 20302:. London: Routledge. 19482:personales.uniovi.es 18700:. Kunstsprachen.de. 18142:. Penn State Press. 18049:(3): 461–476 (464). 17601:"Official Languages" 17476:Lingüística Românica 14679:fïo ; fiòƚo ; fiol 14583:femmena , mugliera 14294:Upper and lower case 13856:'s/he, it fell' vs. 12241:"to load", Romanian 12225:vs. Spanish/Occitan 12186:"to hang", Romanian 12082:, Portuguese/French 12037:"week" > Italian 11371:Brazilian Portuguese 10628:front rounded vowels 10614:Front-rounded vowels 10396:/ɛɛiwaɥiwaɥiooøiuuy/ 10368:"beautiful" > OF 10200:/ɛj/>/iej/>/i/ 9932:rather than raised: 9889:"modest (fem.)" vs. 9797:Further developments 8778:and with new vowels 8762:), the front vowels 8715:). Similarly, Latin 7759:"Stephen" > Sard 7435:The double sibilant 7395:tended to disappear. 7387:The voiced plosives 7053:syntactic gemination 6896:vowel at one point). 6436:improve this article 6345:-Occidental (1922), 6319:Latino sine flexione 6302:Constructed language 6285:Guinea-Bissau Creole 6229:Daman and Diu Creole 6171:' official language) 6157:(native language of 6001:Indo-European family 5878:"wind" (cf. English 4859:improve this section 4769:improve this section 4697:• Early Middle Ages 4677:Indovinello Veronese 4668:Western Roman Empire 3606:. By most measures, 3520:southeastern Britain 3226:officially bilingual 3199:autonomous community 3106:, it is official in 2895:improve this article 2400:, also known as the 1152:Anatolian hypothesis 1104:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1011:Hittite inscriptions 556:Indo-European topics 188:specify the language 186:This article should 21956:Galician–Portuguese 20982:Central Marchigiano 20754:Michael Metzeltin, 20532:Cravens, Thomas D. 20482:"Romance languages" 20455:, pp. 911–923. 20446:, pp. 497–512. 20437:, pp. 246–269. 20215:Cognate with Latin 20059:"Lo trèsor arpitan" 19558:11 (2006): 111–139. 19445:Calabrese, Andrea. 19178:, and "i" for long 17932:, pp. 911–914. 17395:. University Park: 17266:Romance linguistics 15456:cane/cacciuttiello 15072:piera ; prïa~prèa 14312:Carolingian writing 14302:" of the alphabet: 14225:"you (object)" vs. 14175:"s/he understood", 14010:: Portuguese marks 13724:While the digraphs 13378:between two vowels. 12884:and hellenisms. In 12862:languages of Iberia 12790:palatal approximant 12579:and the new letter 12575:. The Latin letter 11428: 11379:European Portuguese 11369:); this remains in 10694: 10576:"hundred" > PWR 10531:/χaˈzɐ̃w̃,χaˈzõj̃s/ 10499:"dog(s)" > PWR * 10415:"he gives" > OF 10307:/al/>/au/>/o/ 10158:'quite difficult', 9978:Campidanese dialect 9863:of Italy, stressed 9369:by the 1st century 8810: 8569:, representing the 7911: 7733:"spirit" > Sard 7630:, dry, feminine of 6974:(the corresponding 6451:"Romance languages" 6176:Creoles of Spanish: 6062:Ranking by distance 5616: 5252:Auronzo di Cadore: 4733:, written 960–963. 4681:Oaths of Strasbourg 4066:infantes (crianças) 3806:. The invasions of 3778:and continued with 3674:southeastern Europe 3432:, on the island of 3410:Valencian Community 3329:is spoken today by 3283:Republic of Moldova 3191:Japanese Brazilians 2805:(extinct in 1898), 2563:), contrasted with 2406:Neo-Latin languages 1408:Multi-cordoned ware 1279:Mikhaylovka culture 1167:Indigenous Aryanism 1157:Armenian hypothesis 1016:Hieroglyphic Luwian 22370:Catalan Ribagorçan 22217:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 21489:Judaeo-Piedmontese 21399:Bustocco–Legnanese 21194:Northern Calabrian 20719:. London: Longman. 19798:"myself in person" 19550:2018-01-19 at the 19309:2021-02-06 at the 19298:2021-02-06 at the 19064:– via JSTOR. 18619:2021-05-04 at the 17793:2013-06-19 at the 17456:2013-02-02 at the 17429:The World Factbook 17017:lexical similarity 14171:"heads, bosses" ≠ 14115:"bad (fem. pl.)", 14028:: some historical 13879:("flying point"): 12878:consonant clusters 12629:in Portuguese but 12585:Germanic languages 12262:, Occitan/Catalan 12229:"to load", French 12053:, Occitan/Catalan 11424: 10692: 10591:"bridge" > PWR 10535:/ʁaˈzɐ̃ũ,ʁɐˈzõj̃ʃ/ 10524:raˈdzon, raˈdzones 10516:ratiōnem, ratiōnēs 10164:'well made' etc.). 10022:, e.g. Portuguese 10014:) raised mid-high 9893:"modest (masc.)"; 9842:and some cases of 9822:Germanic languages 9657:⟨ou⟩ 9560:, as in Old Latin 9391:, Spanish/Italian 9385:"sky" > French 8847:Northern Corsican 8841:Southern Corsican 8838:Nuorese Sardinian 8808: 7909: 7789:"state" > Sard 7707:"sword" > Sard 7475:languages of Italy 7441:languages of Italy 7187:. Hence masculine 7045:Lombardic language 7033:"they love" > * 6811:"tomorrow", etc.). 6351:Lingua Franca Nova 6317:, under the title 6099:Creoles of French: 6093:national languages 6028: 5649:Seychellois Creole 5612: 4813:standard languages 4723:Giacomo da Lentini 4707: 4406:(bonica, polida) / 3642: 3634: 3327:Aromanian language 3216:, and in parts of 3187:return immigration 3112:Dominican Republic 3059:. Outside Europe, 2975:national languages 2943: 2935: 2527:Name and languages 2414:directly descended 988:Proto-Indo-Iranian 974:Proto-Balto-Slavic 955:Proto-Italo-Celtic 126:possibly contains 22728:Romance languages 22715: 22714: 22691:extinct languages 22613: 22612: 22290: 22289: 22249:Navarro-Aragonese 22134:Peruvian Ribereño 22059:Judaeo-Portuguese 21974:Galician–Asturian 21877: 21876: 21868:Old Gallo-Romance 21822:Wisconsin Walloon 21239: 21238: 21212:Dalmatian Romance 20820:Romance languages 20745:Michael de Vaan, 20553:Philippe Martin. 20525:978-0-87840-077-5 20362:978-0-521-88915-5 20319:978-1-108-48579-1 20292:A Diachronic View 20288:A Synchronic View 20249:rather than from 19683:978-3-11-055028-3 19621:978-3-11-055028-3 19346:, pp. 24–25. 19286:978-2-13-052946-0 19117:978-606-647-435-1 19011:978-1-108-48579-1 18980:, pp. 32–33. 18943:978-0-19-938465-5 18894:978-0-19-938465-5 18849:978-0-19-954115-7 18779:978-3-11-055028-3 18685:on June 10, 2008. 18485:978-1-176-92698-1 18478:. Рипол Классик. 18403:978-1-139-01999-6 18354:978-1-85359-627-8 18317:978-0-19-967710-8 18242:978-0-521-88915-5 18149:978-0-271-04177-3 18115:978-1-139-01999-6 18081:Romance Languages 18002:978-80-89286-45-4 17943:Sala & Posner 17533:Sala & Posner 17257: 17256: 17029: 17012: 17011: 16439:çinque ; çinqoe 16268:tréi (m)/træ (f) 15796:orija / oregia 15778:orecchiu/orechju 14682:figeu / figleu 14512:òm(en~an)o ; òm 14281:"there", Catalan 13847:'fate, destiny'; 13784:Double consonants 13664:, in Catalan for 13481:, instead of the 13444:(normally before 13076:to represent the 12904:palatal fricative 12239:carigar/cargar(e) 11997:intertonic vowels 11991:Intertonic vowels 11988: 11987: 11367:⟨e⟩ 11363:⟨o⟩ 11069: 11068: 10714:Final-unstressed 10688:Unstressed vowels 10394:> mod. French 9304:is any vowel and 9222: 9221: 8519: 8518: 7566:is realised as a 7521:(s/he, it fell), 7289:⟨b⟩ 7285:⟨v⟩ 7277:⟨v⟩ 7273:⟨b⟩ 7262:labial consonants 6653:, suggesting the 6512: 6511: 6504: 6486: 6005:dialect continuum 5975:(alternative for 5921:(alternative for 5717: 5716: 5606: 5605: 5023:Southern Corsican 5008:Northern Corsican 4895: 4894: 4887: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4731:Placiti Cassinesi 4611: 4610: 4263:optimi / meliores 4026:liberi / infantes 3851:Reichenau Glosses 3774:started with the 3770:into the Eastern 3167:Equatorial Guinea 3124:Equatorial Guinea 2927: 2926: 2919: 2610:dialect continuum 2398:Romance languages 2360: 2359: 1621:Anatolian peoples 1591:Painted Grey Ware 1479:Nordic Bronze Age 1128:Kurgan hypothesis 1081:Old Irish glosses 1046:Gaulish epigraphy 541: 540: 292:Italian peninsula 266: 265: 258: 248: 247: 228:may also be used. 171: 170: 163: 128:original research 109: 108: 72: 22740: 22236:Judaeo-Aragonese 22225:Andalusi Romance 22078:Amazonic Spanish 21915:Western Asturian 21898: 21897: 21837:Franco-Provençal 21508: 21507: 21404:Comasco–Lecchese 21262:Emilian–Romagnol 21250: 21249: 21050:Regional Italian 21040:Italo-Australian 20967: 20966: 20889:Megleno-Romanian 20813: 20806: 20799: 20790: 20789: 20775:, dictionary.com 20720: 20711: 20702: 20686: 20677: 20668: 20659: 20657: 20639: 20630: 20614: 20605: 20596: 20595:. Edward Arnold. 20580: 20560:Rodney Sampson. 20529: 20501: 20499: 20497: 20476: 20467: 20456: 20447: 20438: 20429: 20428:, pp. 3–13. 20417: 20366: 20332: 20323: 20303: 20266: 20260: 20254: 20243: 20232: 20213: 20196: 20169: 20163: 20158:Developed from * 20156: 20150: 20149: 20147: 20146: 20131: 20125: 20124: 20122: 20121: 20106: 20100: 20099: 20097: 20096: 20087:. Freelang.net. 20080: 20074: 20073: 20071: 20070: 20055: 20049: 20048: 20046: 20045: 20030: 20024: 20023: 20021: 20020: 20005: 19999: 19998: 19996: 19995: 19980: 19974: 19973: 19971: 19970: 19955: 19949: 19948: 19946: 19945: 19930: 19924: 19923: 19921: 19920: 19905: 19899: 19898: 19896: 19895: 19880: 19874: 19873: 19871: 19870: 19861:. Archived from 19855: 19849: 19848: 19818: 19812: 19805: 19799: 19784: 19778: 19752: 19742: 19738: 19713: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19703: 19651: 19645: 19644: 19642: 19641: 19589: 19583: 19577: 19571: 19565: 19559: 19541: 19535: 19534: 19506: 19497: 19496: 19494: 19493: 19474: 19468: 19467: 19465: 19464: 19458: 19452:. Archived from 19451: 19442: 19436: 19435: 19399: 19393: 19391: 19385: 19379: 19375: 19365: 19359: 19353: 19347: 19344:Boyd-Bowman 1980 19341: 19335: 19332: 19326: 19320: 19314: 19290: 19272: 19266: 19265:, p. 248ff. 19260: 19254: 19253: 19245: 19239: 19233: 19227: 19221: 19212: 19201: 19195: 19189: 19183: 19152: 19146: 19140: 19134: 19128: 19122: 19121: 19099: 19093: 19087: 19081: 19080: 19072: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19062: 19022: 19016: 19015: 18987: 18981: 18975: 18969: 18966: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18955: 18917: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18906: 18868: 18862: 18861: 18833: 18827: 18821: 18815: 18812:Boyd-Bowman 1980 18809: 18803: 18802: 18800: 18799: 18747: 18738: 18737: 18735: 18734: 18719: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18709: 18693: 18687: 18686: 18681:. Archived from 18675: 18669: 18668: 18666: 18665: 18638: 18632: 18610: 18601: 18600: 18595:. Archived from 18589: 18583: 18582: 18577:. Archived from 18571: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18560: 18532: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18522: 18507: 18501: 18500: 18498: 18497: 18469: 18463: 18462: 18460: 18459: 18445: 18439: 18438: 18436: 18435: 18421: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18410: 18379: 18373: 18372: 18370: 18369: 18363: 18357:. Archived from 18346: 18335: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18324: 18291: 18285: 18282: 18276: 18272: 18266: 18258: 18252: 18251: 18250: 18249: 18216: 18210: 18209: 18201: 18188: 18185: 18179: 18173: 18167: 18165: 18163: 18161: 18133: 18127: 18126: 18124: 18122: 18091: 18085: 18084: 18076: 18067: 18066: 18038: 18032: 18025: 18019: 18013: 18007: 18006: 17988: 17982: 17981: 17970: 17964: 17963: 17951: 17945: 17939: 17933: 17927: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17917: 17900: 17894: 17893: 17879: 17873: 17872: 17860: 17854: 17848: 17842: 17841: 17839: 17838: 17823: 17817: 17814: 17808: 17804: 17798: 17785: 17779: 17778: 17776: 17775: 17760: 17754: 17751: 17745: 17738: 17732: 17725: 17719: 17718: 17716: 17714: 17700: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17689: 17673: 17667: 17666: 17661: 17659: 17645: 17639: 17638: 17636: 17634: 17619: 17613: 17612: 17610: 17608: 17603:. United Nations 17597: 17591: 17590: 17588: 17586: 17575: 17569: 17568: 17566: 17564: 17559:. European Union 17553: 17547: 17541: 17535: 17530: 17519: 17518: 17516: 17515: 17496: 17490: 17489: 17471: 17465: 17449:M. Paul Lewis, " 17447: 17441: 17440: 17438: 17436: 17421: 17415: 17414: 17394: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17352: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17342: 17333:. Archived from 17321: 17032: 17031: 17023: 16861: 16782: 16703: 16624: 16545: 16466: 16384: 16302: 16213: 16134: 16130: 16051: 15972: 15893: 15812: 15784:récia ; orécia 15731: 15651: 15572: 15493: 15413: 15333: 15254: 15175: 15084:pera/pria/preja 15022: 14943: 14864: 14785: 14706: 14673:figliu/figliolu 14621: 14570:mulier, mulierem 14568:Domina, femina, 14539: 14357: 14356: 14273:"where", French 14085:"Christmas" and 14076:, because plain 13977: 13928:close-mid vowels 13884: 13878: 13870: 13864: 13861: 13855: 13852: 13846: 13843: 13837: 13834: 13824: 13820: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13800: 13780:, respectively. 13779: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13713: 13691: 13667: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13611: 13595: 13585: 13581: 13571: 13549: 13539: 13536:, including yod 13527: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13487: 13476: 13455: 13443: 13431: 13419: 13415: 13405: 13395: 13391: 13377: 13367: 13363: 13353: 13343: 13336: 13332: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13302: 13278: 13256: 13242: 13238: 13220: 13212: 13202: 13199:and Romansh for 13198: 13188: 13174: 13167: 13155: 13142: 13122: 13106: 13096: 13082: 13061: 13057: 13037: 13033: 13021: 12995: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12836:'sled', spelled 12835: 12755: 12559:(consonant) and 12455:of 23 letters – 12291:> Old French 12287:"to dine" (but * 12279:> Old French 12253: 11978: 11971: 11962: 11941: 11934: 11925: 11907: 11900: 11891: 11867: 11858: 11834: 11825: 11804: 11795: 11771: 11764: 11755: 11728: 11721: 11712: 11685: 11676: 11661: 11652: 11628: 11619: 11601: 11592: 11568: 11559: 11538: 11529: 11511: 11504: 11495: 11429: 11423: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11376: 11368: 11364: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11311: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11291: 11281: 11277: 11265: 11250: 11206: 11196: 11190: 11162: 11158: 11150: 11146: 11123:, in particular 11102: 11098: 11094: 11083: 11079: 11057: 11052: 11030: 11025: 11007: 11002: 10984: 10979: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10892: 10874: 10869: 10850: 10843: 10837: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10695: 10691: 10683: 10680:developing from 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10632: 10605: 10601: 10586: 10571: 10536: 10532: 10513: 10494: 10472: 10461: 10450: 10439: 10428: 10421: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10373: 10359: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10323: 10317: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10283:closed syllables 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10249: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10142: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10102: 10091:Diphthongization 10085: 10060:by analogy with 10055: 10049: 10043: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10017: 10006: 9999: 9996: 9990: 9986: 9975: 9968: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9912: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9776: 9758: 9753:, and Sardinian 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9643: 9637: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9594: 9590: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9465: 9456:(vs. expected ** 9455: 9449: 9438: 9430: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9405: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9342: 9333:Latin diphthongs 9328: 9320: 9315:closed syllables 9312: 9309:the oral vowels 9299: 9252: 9203: 9172: 9147: 9097: 9066: 9038: 9010: 8960: 8863: 8844:Taravo Corsican 8814:Classical Latin 8811: 8807: 8800: 8796: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8750: 8746: 8695: 8691: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8652: 8630: 8619: 8608: 8597: 8579: 8575: 8515:, respectively. 8506: 8501: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8457: 8452: 8441: 8423: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8384: 8380: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8338: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8272: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8205: 8201: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8163: 8158: 8140: 8136: 8119: 8108: 8103: 8085: 8067: 8062: 8051: 8046: 8028: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7921:Eastern Romance 7912: 7908: 7884:'especially' or 7872: 7666:(referred to as 7665: 7650:Vowel prosthesis 7637: 7609: 7591:'let, leave' or 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7484: 7471:Consonant length 7431: 7412: 7394: 7390: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7271:(represented by 7270: 7266: 7226: 7219: 7216: 7211:> Old French 7206: 7199: 7196: 7182: 7174: 7164: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7122:(note masculine 7109: 7102: 7090: 7066: 7062: 7050: 7042: 7028: 7019:"you love" > 7014: 7010: 6987: 6977: 6973: 6970:"is he coming?" 6969: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6911: 6905: 6887: 6874: 6865: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6825: 6819: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6743: 6737: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6683:"anything" < 6682: 6672: 6666: 6658: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6444: 6420: 6412: 6184:(in part of the 6051:Southern Romance 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5877: 5872:come from Latin 5871: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5780: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5736: 5730: 5713: 5699: 5685: 5671: 5657: 5643: 5635:Mauritian Creole 5629: 5617: 5602: 5588: 5574: 5560: 5546: 5532: 5518: 5504: 5490: 5476: 5462: 5448: 5434: 5420: 5406: 5392: 5378: 5364: 5350: 5336: 5322: 5308: 5292: 5278: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5203: 5189: 5175: 5161: 5147: 5133: 5125:Franco-Provençal 5119: 5090: 5071: 5031: 5016: 5002: 4988: 4974: 4960: 4946: 4932: 4918: 4906: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4839: 4831: 4800: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4749: 4741: 4705: 4700: 4642: 4482: 4474: 4466: 4458: 4420: 4388: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4289: 4259:the best (plur.) 4111:flare / sofflare 4089: 4077: 4052: 4022:children/infants 4007: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3964: 3893:Franco-Provençal 3869: 3868: 3864:Franco-Provençal 3818:and conquest of 3651:Italic languages 3581:invasions), the 3499:Franco-Provençal 3476:in Switzerland. 3470:Franco-Provençal 3418:Balearic Islands 3412:(under the name 3143:northern Uruguay 3139:eastern Paraguay 3073:colonial empires 2922: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2879: 2871: 2827:Megleno-Romanian 2799:Southern Italian 2670:Occitano-Romance 2604: 2586: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2547:", derived from 2542: 2386: 2382: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2193: 2186: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2041: 2027: 2020: 2006: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1961: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1751:Germanic peoples 1741:Hellenic peoples 1730: 1723: 1716: 1639:Mycenaean Greeks 1628: 1556:Thraco-Cimmerian 1454:Globular Amphora 1431:Abashevo culture 1370: 1363: 1333: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1076:Tocharian script 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 697: 683: 676: 669: 655: 631: 624: 605: 566: 543: 542: 534: 528: 522: 516: 509: 497: 488: 474: 462: 294:, now spoken in 268: 267: 261: 254: 243: 240: 234: 219: 213: 209: 203: 199: 193: 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 143:inline citations 119: 118: 111: 104: 101: 95: 83: 82: 75: 64: 42: 41: 34: 29:Romansh language 22748: 22747: 22743: 22742: 22741: 22739: 22738: 22737: 22718: 22717: 22716: 22711: 22678: 22662: 22640:Pannonian Latin 22626:African Romance 22609: 22562: 22493: 22486: 22424:Judeo-Provençal 22297: 22286: 22263: 22212: 22122:Chilean Chilote 22064: 21950: 21891: 21887: 21884: 21873: 21861:Moselle Romance 21828: 21677:Missouri French 21638:Franco-Ontarian 21513: 21502: 21495: 21235: 21200: 21177:Southern Latian 21080: 21045:Maltese Italian 20977:Central Italian 20961: 20954: 20949:Common Romanian 20865: 20849:Italo-Dalmatian 20827: 20817: 20741: 20526: 20495: 20493: 20422:Clackson, James 20414: 20392:, eds. (2016). 20363: 20320: 20274: 20269: 20261: 20257: 20244: 20235: 20214: 20199: 20191:"the high" vs. 20183:of a preceding 20170: 20166: 20157: 20153: 20144: 20142: 20133: 20132: 20128: 20119: 20117: 20108: 20107: 20103: 20094: 20092: 20081: 20077: 20068: 20066: 20057: 20056: 20052: 20043: 20041: 20032: 20031: 20027: 20018: 20016: 20007: 20006: 20002: 19993: 19991: 19982: 19981: 19977: 19968: 19966: 19957: 19956: 19952: 19943: 19941: 19932: 19931: 19927: 19918: 19916: 19907: 19906: 19902: 19893: 19891: 19882: 19881: 19877: 19868: 19866: 19857: 19856: 19852: 19819: 19815: 19806: 19802: 19785: 19781: 19715:The outcome of 19714: 19710: 19701: 19699: 19684: 19652: 19648: 19639: 19637: 19622: 19590: 19586: 19578: 19574: 19566: 19562: 19552:Wayback Machine 19543:Álvaro Arias. " 19542: 19538: 19523:10.2307/3735232 19507: 19500: 19491: 19489: 19476: 19475: 19471: 19462: 19460: 19456: 19449: 19443: 19439: 19400: 19396: 19366: 19362: 19354: 19350: 19342: 19338: 19333: 19329: 19321: 19317: 19311:Wayback Machine 19300:Wayback Machine 19287: 19277:La langue corse 19273: 19269: 19261: 19257: 19246: 19242: 19234: 19230: 19222: 19215: 19202: 19198: 19190: 19186: 19153: 19149: 19141: 19137: 19129: 19125: 19118: 19100: 19096: 19088: 19084: 19073: 19069: 19060: 19058: 19023: 19019: 19012: 18988: 18984: 18976: 18972: 18967: 18963: 18953: 18951: 18944: 18918: 18914: 18904: 18902: 18895: 18869: 18865: 18850: 18834: 18830: 18822: 18818: 18810: 18806: 18797: 18795: 18780: 18748: 18741: 18732: 18730: 18721: 18720: 18716: 18707: 18705: 18694: 18690: 18677: 18676: 18672: 18663: 18661: 18642:Peano, Giuseppe 18639: 18635: 18621:Wayback Machine 18611: 18604: 18591: 18590: 18586: 18573: 18572: 18568: 18558: 18556: 18549: 18533: 18529: 18520: 18518: 18509: 18508: 18504: 18495: 18493: 18486: 18470: 18466: 18457: 18455: 18447: 18446: 18442: 18433: 18431: 18423: 18422: 18418: 18408: 18406: 18404: 18380: 18376: 18367: 18365: 18361: 18355: 18344: 18336: 18332: 18322: 18320: 18318: 18300:Oxford Academic 18292: 18288: 18283: 18279: 18273: 18269: 18259: 18255: 18247: 18245: 18243: 18217: 18213: 18202: 18191: 18186: 18182: 18174: 18170: 18159: 18157: 18150: 18134: 18130: 18120: 18118: 18116: 18092: 18088: 18077: 18070: 18039: 18035: 18026: 18022: 18014: 18010: 18003: 17989: 17985: 17971: 17967: 17952: 17948: 17940: 17936: 17928: 17924: 17915: 17913: 17902: 17901: 17897: 17880: 17876: 17861: 17857: 17849: 17845: 17836: 17834: 17825: 17824: 17820: 17815: 17811: 17805: 17801: 17795:Wayback Machine 17786: 17782: 17773: 17771: 17762: 17761: 17757: 17752: 17748: 17739: 17735: 17726: 17722: 17712: 17710: 17702: 17701: 17697: 17687: 17685: 17674: 17670: 17657: 17655: 17647: 17646: 17642: 17632: 17630: 17621: 17620: 17616: 17606: 17604: 17599: 17598: 17594: 17584: 17582: 17577: 17576: 17572: 17562: 17560: 17555: 17554: 17550: 17546:, pp. 1–4. 17542: 17538: 17531: 17522: 17513: 17511: 17498: 17497: 17493: 17486: 17472: 17468: 17458:Wayback Machine 17448: 17444: 17434: 17432: 17423: 17422: 17418: 17411: 17385: 17381: 17372: 17370: 17363:.com Dictionary 17361:Merriam-Webster 17354: 17353: 17349: 17340: 17338: 17323: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17262: 17037: 17021: 16922: 16900: 16417: 16393:cuatre, cuatro 16357:quatro~qoatro 16335: 16279: 16228:nuesu, nuestru 15839: 15809: 15793:oregia/orecia 15627:læte / laite 15490: 15410: 15385:cavało caval 15148:çiél ~ çiélo 14630: 14622: 14602: 14601:dòna /femna, / 14577:femeie, muiere 14574:Fémina, muzère 14395: 14373: 14354:, c. 1200 AD.) 14347: 14329:("France") and 14296: 14030:palatalizations 13982:in Portuguese, 13940:open-mid vowels 13912:() and Spanish 13906:lexical sorting 13891: 13871:is marked by a 13786: 13164:(including yod 13030:(including yod 12946: 12800:before a vowel. 12766:alveolo-palatal 12752:, phonemically 12605:in Catalan but 12449: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12397:Writing systems 12373:but Old French 12299:"he has lunch") 12204:vs. Portuguese 12011:> Dalmatian 11993: 11445:Central Italian 11444: 11439: 11426: 11366: 11362: 11322:"doors" (still 11312:"ports" (still 11038: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10730: 10725: 10723: 10710: 10702: 10690: 10656:(lengthened in 10616: 10488:"hand(s)" > 10404: 10391: 10244:Eastern Catalan 10183:> middle OF 10093: 9940:"you put", but 9851:Some examples: 9810: 9804: 9799: 9656: 9651:). Spanish has 9592: 9370: 9335: 9228:(also known as 8823:Castel-mezzano 8758:(particularly, 8642:"he falls" vs. 8624:was pronounced 8613:was pronounced 8602:was pronounced 8591:was pronounced 8513:Romance studies 8465: 8367: 7929:Western Romance 7925: 7907: 7902: 7900:Stressed vowels 7652: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7251:Stop consonants 7248: 7239: 7233: 7149:, e.g. Catalan 7114:should produce 7015:. For example, 6912:was dropped in 6766:-ās/-ēs/-īs/-is 6677:"whom", French 6643:accusative case 6617:Classical Latin 6529: 6517: 6508: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6445: 6443: 6433: 6421: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6368:(which mirrors 6308: 6300:Main articles: 6298: 6109:French Antilles 6077: 6064: 6045:Eastern Romance 5993: 5987: 5820:(from medieval 5723:semantic change 5314:Lombard (west.) 5299: 5298:Lombard (east.) 5258: 5251: 5245:Centro Cadore: 5244: 5223: 5048:Eastern Lombard 4891: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4856: 4840: 4829: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4766: 4750: 4739: 4727:Dante Alighieri 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4689: 4627:Classical Latin 4615:Classical Latin 4497:(în gură) / în 4477: 4469: 4461: 4453: 4418: 4407: 4399: 4389: 4386: 4357:pulchra / bella 4337:Los/lei melhors 4316: 4315: 4306: 4298: 4284: 4087: 4078: 4075: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3962: 3885: 3876: 3845: 3839: 3831:Common Romanian 3764: 3739:Moselle Romance 3727:African Romance 3697: 3680:along parts of 3678:northern Africa 3626: 3620: 3612:classical Latin 3528:western Germany 3512: 3446:Castilla y León 3387:3% (24 million) 3092:Central America 2923: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2892: 2880: 2869: 2857:Main articles: 2855: 2814:Eastern Romance 2783:Central Italian 2762:Italo-Dalmatian 2587:, "to speak in 2584:barbarice loqui 2529: 2517:linguae francae 2511:, and parts of 2394: 2393: 2392: 2356: 2327: 2326: 2259:Marija Gimbutas 2247: 2237: 2236: 2228:Winter solstice 2218:Horse sacrifice 2189: 2182: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2140: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2112: 2065: 2050: 2037: 2023: 2016: 2002: 1993: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1927: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1830: 1817: 1792: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1703: 1685: 1672: 1659: 1630: 1624: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1574: 1551: 1538: 1526: 1507: 1449: 1426: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1366: 1359: 1350: 1348:Northern Europe 1329: 1325: 1312: 1299: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1231:Steppe cultures 1204: 1197: 1190: 1182: 1181: 1172:Baltic homeland 1146: 1142: 1138:Eurasian nomads 1122: 1118: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1056:Runic epigraphy 1051:Latin epigraphy 1006: 998: 997: 935:Proto-Anatolian 919: 874: 870:Thraco-Illyrian 855:Graeco-Phrygian 845:Graeco-Armenian 840:Graeco-Albanian 819: 797: 784: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 693: 679: 672: 665: 651: 627: 620: 601: 586: 578: 576: 537: 536: 532: 530: 526: 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 500: 484: 473:51- (phylozone) 472: 458: 418:Eastern Romance 392: 378: 359:Latino-Faliscan 316:Central America 304:Southern Europe 282: 276:Latin/Neo-Latin 262: 251: 250: 249: 244: 238: 235: 229: 217: 211: 207: 205:transliteration 201: 197: 191: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 132: 120: 116: 105: 99: 96: 93: 84: 80: 43: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 22746: 22736: 22735: 22730: 22713: 22712: 22710: 22709: 22702: 22693: 22683: 22680: 22679: 22677: 22676: 22670: 22668: 22664: 22663: 22661: 22660: 22659: 22658: 22653: 22643: 22636: 22629: 22621: 22619: 22615: 22614: 22611: 22610: 22608: 22607: 22606: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22579: 22570: 22568: 22564: 22563: 22561: 22560: 22559: 22558: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22528: 22527: 22526: 22521: 22511: 22510: 22509: 22498: 22496: 22488: 22487: 22485: 22484: 22483: 22482: 22481: 22480: 22466: 22465: 22464: 22459: 22449: 22448: 22447: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22420: 22419: 22418: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22391: 22381: 22380: 22379: 22378: 22377: 22372: 22364: 22359: 22356:Judaeo-Catalan 22352: 22351: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22339: 22338: 22333: 22323: 22315: 22302: 22300: 22292: 22291: 22288: 22287: 22285: 22284: 22278: 22271: 22269: 22265: 22264: 22262: 22261: 22260: 22259: 22245: 22240: 22239: 22238: 22228: 22220: 22218: 22214: 22213: 22211: 22210: 22203: 22202: 22201: 22196: 22191: 22186: 22185: 22184: 22179: 22174: 22169: 22164: 22163: 22162: 22145: 22144: 22143: 22138: 22137: 22136: 22126: 22125: 22124: 22111:Latin American 22107: 22102: 22090: 22088:Judaeo-Spanish 22085: 22080: 22074: 22072: 22066: 22065: 22063: 22062: 22055: 22054: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22042: 22041: 22029: 22028: 22027: 22015: 22010: 22003: 21991: 21984: 21979: 21978: 21977: 21966: 21960: 21958: 21952: 21951: 21949: 21948: 21941: 21936: 21935: 21934: 21924: 21919: 21918: 21917: 21906: 21904: 21895: 21879: 21878: 21875: 21874: 21872: 21871: 21864: 21857: 21856: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21833: 21830: 21829: 21827: 21826: 21825: 21824: 21819: 21809: 21808: 21807: 21802: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21776: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21759: 21758: 21751: 21750: 21749: 21739: 21734: 21717: 21712: 21711: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21690: 21689: 21688: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21674: 21673: 21672: 21662: 21657: 21656: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21634: 21633: 21628: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21607: 21606: 21601: 21583: 21578: 21566: 21561: 21556: 21555: 21554: 21549: 21539: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21518: 21516: 21505: 21497: 21496: 21494: 21493: 21492: 21491: 21481: 21474: 21473: 21472: 21471: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21459: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21438: 21433: 21428: 21427: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21401: 21396: 21395: 21394: 21379: 21378: 21377: 21372: 21357: 21352: 21351: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21299: 21298: 21297: 21296: 21291: 21281: 21280: 21279: 21274: 21258: 21256: 21247: 21241: 21240: 21237: 21236: 21234: 21233: 21231:Judaeo-Italian 21228: 21227: 21226: 21221: 21208: 21206: 21202: 21201: 21199: 21198: 21197: 21196: 21191: 21190: 21189: 21184: 21179: 21174: 21169: 21168: 21167: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21125: 21124: 21123: 21122: 21121: 21111: 21110: 21109: 21099: 21088: 21086: 21082: 21081: 21079: 21078: 21077: 21076: 21064: 21059: 21058: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21030: 21029: 21028: 21018: 21017: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 21000: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20973: 20971: 20964: 20956: 20955: 20953: 20952: 20945: 20944: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20891: 20886: 20884:Istro-Romanian 20881: 20875: 20873: 20867: 20866: 20864: 20863: 20858: 20857: 20856: 20851: 20841: 20835: 20833: 20832:Major branches 20829: 20828: 20824:classification 20816: 20815: 20808: 20801: 20793: 20787: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20758:, Oviedo, 2004 20751: 20740: 20739:External links 20737: 20736: 20735: 20727: 20726: 20725:Rhaeto-Romance 20722: 20721: 20712: 20703: 20693: 20692: 20688: 20687: 20678: 20669: 20660: 20646: 20645: 20641: 20640: 20631: 20621: 20620: 20616: 20615: 20606: 20597: 20587: 20586: 20582: 20581: 20571: 20570: 20566: 20565: 20558: 20551: 20544: 20537: 20530: 20524: 20508: 20507: 20503: 20502: 20477: 20468: 20459: 20458: 20457: 20448: 20439: 20430: 20412: 20390:Maiden, Martin 20386:Ledgeway, Adam 20382: 20367: 20361: 20340: 20333: 20324: 20318: 20305: 20295: 20279: 20278: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20267: 20255: 20233: 20197: 20164: 20151: 20126: 20101: 20075: 20050: 20025: 20000: 19975: 19950: 19925: 19900: 19875: 19850: 19837:10.2307/456649 19831:(2): 356–378. 19813: 19800: 19779: 19708: 19682: 19646: 19620: 19584: 19582:, p. 155. 19572: 19570:, p. 154. 19560: 19536: 19517:(2): 273–281. 19498: 19469: 19437: 19410:(1): 163–170. 19394: 19360: 19358:, p. 145. 19348: 19336: 19334:Palmer (1954). 19327: 19315: 19285: 19267: 19255: 19240: 19238:, p. 146. 19228: 19226:, p. 471. 19213: 19196: 19184: 19147: 19135: 19123: 19116: 19094: 19082: 19067: 19043:10.2307/410513 19037:(2): 214–217. 19017: 19010: 18982: 18970: 18961: 18942: 18912: 18893: 18863: 18848: 18828: 18826:, p. 500. 18816: 18814:, p. 133. 18804: 18778: 18739: 18714: 18688: 18670: 18652:(in Italian). 18633: 18602: 18599:on 2015-07-10. 18584: 18581:on 2015-02-04. 18566: 18547: 18527: 18502: 18484: 18472:Fleure, H. J. 18464: 18440: 18416: 18402: 18374: 18353: 18330: 18316: 18302:. p. 24. 18286: 18277: 18267: 18253: 18241: 18221:"Introduction" 18211: 18189: 18180: 18168: 18148: 18128: 18114: 18086: 18068: 18055:10.2307/295333 18033: 18020: 18008: 18001: 17983: 17965: 17946: 17934: 17922: 17895: 17874: 17855: 17853:, p. 393. 17843: 17818: 17809: 17799: 17780: 17755: 17746: 17733: 17720: 17708:WorldData.info 17695: 17668: 17640: 17614: 17592: 17581:. UNIÓN LATINA 17579:"Unión Latina" 17570: 17548: 17536: 17520: 17504:etymonline.com 17491: 17484: 17466: 17442: 17416: 17409: 17379: 17347: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17309: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17281:Italic peoples 17278: 17273: 17268: 17261: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17242: 17239: 17236: 17233: 17227: 17226: 17223: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17211: 17208: 17205: 17199: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17190: 17187: 17184: 17181: 17178: 17172: 17171: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17161: 17158: 17155: 17152: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17133: 17130: 17127: 17121: 17120: 17118: 17116: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17106: 17103: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17092: 17090: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17080: 17074: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17035: 17020: 17013: 17010: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16895: 16890: 16884: 16883: 16880: 16877: 16874: 16871: 16868: 16865: 16862: 16856: 16853: 16850: 16847: 16844: 16841: 16838: 16835: 16834:diéxe ; diés 16832: 16829: 16826: 16823: 16820: 16817: 16814: 16809: 16805: 16804: 16801: 16798: 16795: 16792: 16789: 16786: 16783: 16777: 16774: 16771: 16768: 16765: 16762: 16759: 16756: 16753: 16750: 16747: 16744: 16741: 16738: 16735: 16730: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16719: 16716: 16713: 16710: 16707: 16704: 16698: 16695: 16692: 16689: 16686: 16683: 16680: 16677: 16674: 16671: 16668: 16665: 16662: 16659: 16656: 16651: 16647: 16646: 16643: 16640: 16637: 16634: 16631: 16628: 16625: 16619: 16616: 16615:se(a)t, siat 16613: 16610: 16607: 16604: 16601: 16598: 16595: 16592: 16589: 16586: 16583: 16580: 16577: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16564: 16561: 16558: 16555: 16552: 16549: 16546: 16540: 16537: 16534: 16531: 16528: 16525: 16522: 16519: 16516: 16513: 16510: 16507: 16504: 16501: 16498: 16493: 16489: 16488: 16485: 16482: 16479: 16476: 16473: 16470: 16467: 16461: 16458: 16455: 16452: 16449: 16446: 16443: 16440: 16437: 16434: 16431: 16428: 16425: 16422: 16419: 16411: 16407: 16406: 16403: 16400: 16397: 16394: 16391: 16388: 16385: 16379: 16376: 16373: 16370: 16367: 16364: 16361: 16358: 16355: 16352: 16349: 16346: 16343: 16340: 16337: 16329: 16325: 16324: 16321: 16318: 16315: 16312: 16309: 16306: 16303: 16297: 16294: 16291: 16288: 16285: 16272: 16269: 16266: 16263: 16260: 16257: 16254: 16251: 16248: 16245: 16240: 16236: 16235: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16223: 16220: 16217: 16214: 16208: 16205: 16202: 16199: 16196: 16193: 16190: 16187: 16184: 16181: 16178: 16175: 16172: 16169: 16166: 16161: 16157: 16156: 16153: 16150: 16147: 16144: 16141: 16138: 16135: 16125: 16122: 16119: 16116: 16113: 16110: 16107: 16104: 16101: 16098: 16095: 16092: 16089: 16086: 16083: 16078: 16074: 16073: 16070: 16067: 16064: 16061: 16058: 16055: 16052: 16046: 16043: 16040: 16037: 16034: 16031: 16028: 16025: 16022: 16019: 16016: 16013: 16010: 16007: 16004: 15999: 15995: 15994: 15991: 15988: 15985: 15982: 15979: 15976: 15973: 15967: 15964: 15961: 15958: 15955: 15952: 15949: 15946: 15943: 15940: 15937: 15934: 15931: 15928: 15925: 15920: 15916: 15915: 15912: 15909: 15906: 15903: 15900: 15897: 15894: 15888: 15885: 15882: 15879: 15876: 15873: 15870: 15867: 15864: 15861: 15858: 15855: 15852: 15849: 15846: 15841: 15835: 15834: 15831: 15828: 15825: 15822: 15819: 15816: 15813: 15806: 15803: 15800: 15797: 15794: 15791: 15788: 15785: 15782: 15779: 15776: 15773: 15770: 15767: 15764: 15763:> *oriclam 15758: 15754: 15753: 15750: 15747: 15744: 15741: 15738: 15735: 15732: 15726: 15723: 15720: 15717: 15714: 15711: 15708: 15705: 15702: 15699: 15696: 15693: 15690: 15687: 15684: 15678: 15674: 15673: 15670: 15667: 15664: 15661: 15658: 15655: 15652: 15646: 15643: 15640: 15637: 15636:làit/lacc / 15634: 15631: 15628: 15625: 15622: 15619: 15616: 15613: 15610: 15607: 15604: 15599: 15595: 15594: 15591: 15588: 15585: 15582: 15579: 15576: 15573: 15567: 15564: 15561: 15558: 15555: 15552: 15549: 15546: 15543: 15540: 15537: 15534: 15531: 15528: 15525: 15520: 15516: 15515: 15512: 15509: 15506: 15503: 15500: 15497: 15494: 15487: 15484: 15481: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15469: 15466: 15463: 15460: 15457: 15454: 15451: 15448: 15445: 15440: 15436: 15435: 15432: 15429: 15426: 15423: 15420: 15417: 15414: 15407: 15404: 15401: 15398: 15395: 15392: 15389: 15386: 15383: 15380: 15377: 15374: 15371: 15368: 15365: 15360: 15356: 15355: 15352: 15349: 15346: 15343: 15340: 15337: 15334: 15328: 15325: 15322: 15319: 15316: 15313: 15310: 15307: 15304: 15301: 15298: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15286: 15281: 15277: 15276: 15273: 15270: 15267: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15255: 15249: 15246: 15243: 15240: 15237: 15234: 15231: 15228: 15225: 15222: 15219: 15216: 15213: 15210: 15207: 15202: 15198: 15197: 15194: 15191: 15188: 15185: 15182: 15179: 15176: 15170: 15167: 15164: 15161: 15158: 15155: 15152: 15149: 15146: 15143: 15140: 15137: 15134: 15131: 15128: 15123: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15112: 15109: 15106: 15103: 15100: 15097: 15094: 15091: 15088: 15085: 15082: 15079: 15076: 15073: 15070: 15067: 15064: 15061: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15049: 15045: 15044: 15041: 15038: 15035: 15032: 15029: 15026: 15023: 15017: 15014: 15011: 15008: 15005: 15002: 14999: 14996: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14984: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14970: 14966: 14965: 14962: 14959: 14956: 14953: 14952:pluya/plevita 14950: 14947: 14944: 14938: 14935: 14932: 14929: 14926: 14923: 14920: 14917: 14914: 14911: 14908: 14905: 14902: 14899: 14896: 14891: 14887: 14886: 14883: 14880: 14877: 14874: 14871: 14868: 14865: 14859: 14856: 14853: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14826: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14812: 14808: 14807: 14804: 14801: 14798: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14786: 14780: 14777: 14774: 14771: 14768: 14767:aqua/ova/eiva 14765: 14762: 14761:ægoa / aigoa 14759: 14756: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14744: 14741: 14738: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14725: 14722: 14719: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14707: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14691:fieul / fij 14689: 14686: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14665: 14662: 14659: 14654: 14650: 14649: 14646: 14643: 14640: 14637: 14634: 14631: 14629:femna/molhèr / 14627: 14616: 14613: 14610: 14607: 14604: 14603:miee/moglier 14599: 14596: 14593: 14590: 14587: 14586:donna, moglie 14584: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14572: 14566: 14562: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14552: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14540: 14534: 14531: 14528: 14525: 14522: 14519: 14516: 14513: 14510: 14507: 14504: 14501: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14487: 14483: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14368: 14363: 14346: 14343: 14337:("French") or 14295: 14292: 14291: 14290: 14217:"oneself" vs. 14184: 14167:"s/he spoke", 14143:"if/oneself", 14105:a e o as es os 14090: 14062:diaeresis mark 14051: 14026:Palatalization 14023: 14005: 13995: 13890: 13887: 13785: 13782: 13722: 13721: 13715: 13705: 13683: 13677: 13647: 13629: 13603: 13597: 13587: 13573: 13563: 13541: 13519: 13494:: used before 13489: 13465: 13407: 13397: 13379: 13369: 13355: 13345: 13304: 13294: 13288: 13270: 13248: 13227:: used before 13222: 13204: 13190: 13176: 13143: 13098: 13088: 13063: 13009: 12945: 12942: 12934: 12933: 12911: 12897: 12855: 12845: 12819: 12801: 12783: 12769: 12731: 12705: 12448: 12445: 12431:Judaeo-Spanish 12401:Main article: 12398: 12395: 12343: 12342: 12337:"to help" vs. 12300: 12270: 12245: 12216: 12195: 12173: 12144: 12127:), Old French 12107:, Old Spanish 12086: 12078:, vs. Spanish 12061: 12057:, Piedmontese 11995:The so-called 11992: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11982: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11963: 11956: 11952: 11951: 11948: 11945: 11942: 11935: 11928: 11926: 11919: 11915: 11914: 11911: 11908: 11901: 11894: 11892: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11861: 11859: 11852: 11848: 11847: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11835: 11828: 11826: 11819: 11815: 11814: 11811: 11808: 11805: 11798: 11796: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11778: 11775: 11772: 11765: 11758: 11756: 11749: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11738: 11735: 11732: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11713: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11679: 11677: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11655: 11653: 11646: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11629: 11622: 11620: 11613: 11609: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11595: 11593: 11586: 11582: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11562: 11560: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11532: 11530: 11523: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11496: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11463:Modern French 11461: 11458: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11433: 11422: 11421: 11382: 11355: 11351:fait-il ? 11348:"he does" vs. 11268: 11267: 11252: 11237:/part(e)/ and 11219: 11212: 11175: 11121:Rhaeto-Romance 11067: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11058: 11053: 11047: 11042: 11032: 11031: 11026: 11020: 11015: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10997: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10974: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10905: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10887: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10870: 10864: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10833: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10771: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10712: 10707: 10704: 10699: 10689: 10686: 10658:open syllables 10615: 10612: 10512:/kɐ̃w̃,kɐ̃j̃s/ 10493:/mɐ̃w̃,mɐ̃w̃s/ 10455:"tongue" > 10403: 10400: 10386:> early OF 10279:open syllables 10223: 10222: 10207: 10192: 10165: 10127: 10112: 10109:/ɛɔ/>/jewe/ 10092: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10008: 9981: 9970: 9952: 9949: 9944:"I think" vs. 9936:"he puts" vs. 9922:southern Italy 9914: 9867:are raised to 9806:Main article: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9791:Appendix Probi 9443:"booty" > * 9334: 9331: 9323:Haitian Creole 9220: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9142: 9132: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9005: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8955: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8817:Proto-Romance 8815: 8803: 8802: 8787: 8752: 8682: 8636:open syllables 8517: 8516: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8376: 8371: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8197: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7954: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7811: 7810: 7784: 7754: 7728: 7702: 7651: 7648: 7457:Medieval stage 7445: 7444: 7433: 7414: 7396: 7247: 7244: 7235:Main article: 7232: 7231:Palatalization 7229: 6898: 6897: 6858: 6853:), which were 6827: 6812: 6749: 6528: 6525: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6492:September 2023 6424: 6422: 6415: 6400:Main article: 6397: 6394: 6315:Giuseppe Peano 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6279:Dutch Antilles 6272: 6262: 6256: 6242: 6236: 6226: 6216: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6152: 6136: 6130: 6120: 6076: 6073: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6042: 5989:Main article: 5986: 5983: 5945:), Portuguese 5939:(from Italian 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5621:Haitian Creole 5608: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5211: 5209:Judaeo-Spanish 5205: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4893: 4892: 4843: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4809:printing press 4803: 4802: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4688: 4685: 4673:Medieval Latin 4631:Western Europe 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4401: 4393: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4231: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4085: 4082: 4076:(nens, etc.) / 4073: 4067: 4064: 4057: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 3997: 3994: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3838: 3835: 3820:Constantinople 3763: 3760: 3696: 3693: 3622:Main article: 3619: 3616: 3534:and the whole 3511: 3508: 3501:, most of the 3472:in Italy; and 3398: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3366: 3356: 3234:Haitian Creole 3057:United Nations 3049:European Union 2953:, followed by 2925: 2924: 2883: 2881: 2874: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2834: 2831:Istro-Romanian 2810: 2758: 2750: 2722: 2706:Rhaeto-Romance 2702: 2682: 2666: 2622:genetic clades 2571:Medieval Latin 2556:romanice loqui 2528: 2525: 2471:(80 million), 2387:⟩, see 2363: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2213:Fire sacrifice 2209: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2117: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2058: 2057: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2004:Zoroastrianism 1986: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1871:Medieval India 1862: 1861: 1856: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1825: 1824: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1753: 1748: 1746:Italic peoples 1743: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1680: 1679: 1667: 1666: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1582: 1581: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1546: 1545: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1522:Gandhara grave 1519: 1514: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1383: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368:Middle Dnieper 1364: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1323:Eastern Europe 1320: 1319: 1307: 1306: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1251:Dnieper–Donets 1247: 1240: 1228: 1226:Kurgan culture 1223: 1222: 1221: 1211: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162:Beech argument 1159: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 985: 971: 966: 952: 945:Proto-Germanic 942: 940:Proto-Armenian 937: 932: 930:Proto-Albanian 926: 925: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 881: 880: 873: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 826: 825: 818: 817: 816: 815: 791: 790: 783: 782: 781: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 719: 714: 708: 707: 701: 700: 699: 698: 686: 685: 684: 677: 670: 658: 657: 656: 644: 639: 634: 633: 632: 625: 613: 608: 607: 606: 593: 592: 585: 584: 577: 572: 571: 568: 567: 559: 558: 552: 551: 539: 538: 531: 525: 519: 513: 511: 502: 501: 498: 490: 489: 482: 476: 475: 470: 464: 463: 456: 446: 445: 444: 443: 437: 431: 425: 420: 415: 408: 404: 403: 398: 397:Proto-language 394: 393: 391: 390: 381: 379: 376: 373: 372: 371: 370: 369: 368: 367: 366: 346: 340: 339: 308:Western Europe 300:Eastern Europe 286:Originated in 284: 278: 277: 273: 272: 264: 263: 246: 245: 224:. Knowledge's 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 123: 121: 114: 107: 106: 87: 85: 78: 73: 47: 46: 44: 37: 25:Romance (love) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22745: 22734: 22731: 22729: 22726: 22725: 22723: 22707: 22703: 22701: 22697: 22694: 22692: 22688: 22685: 22684: 22681: 22675: 22674:Proto-Romance 22672: 22671: 22669: 22667:Reconstructed 22665: 22657: 22654: 22652: 22649: 22648: 22647: 22644: 22642: 22641: 22637: 22635: 22634: 22633:British Latin 22630: 22628: 22627: 22623: 22622: 22620: 22616: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22572: 22571: 22569: 22565: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22533: 22532: 22529: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22516: 22515: 22512: 22508: 22505: 22504: 22503: 22500: 22499: 22497: 22495: 22489: 22479: 22478: 22474: 22473: 22472: 22471: 22467: 22463: 22460: 22458: 22455: 22454: 22453: 22452:Vivaro-Alpine 22450: 22446: 22443: 22442: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22425: 22421: 22417: 22416: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22396: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22386: 22385: 22382: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22367: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22357: 22353: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22337: 22334: 22332: 22329: 22328: 22327: 22324: 22322: 22319: 22318: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22310: 22309: 22308: 22304: 22303: 22301: 22299: 22293: 22282: 22279: 22276: 22273: 22272: 22270: 22266: 22258: 22257: 22256:Old Navarrese 22253: 22252: 22251: 22250: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22237: 22234: 22233: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22226: 22222: 22221: 22219: 22215: 22209: 22208: 22204: 22200: 22197: 22195: 22192: 22190: 22187: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22161: 22158: 22157: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22151: 22150: 22146: 22142: 22139: 22135: 22132: 22131: 22130: 22127: 22123: 22120: 22119: 22118: 22115: 22114: 22113: 22112: 22108: 22106: 22105:Equatoguinean 22103: 22101: 22098: 22097: 22096: 22095: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22075: 22073: 22071: 22067: 22061: 22060: 22056: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22040: 22037: 22036: 22035: 22034: 22030: 22026: 22023: 22022: 22021: 22020: 22016: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22008: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21998: 21997: 21996: 21992: 21990: 21989: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21975: 21972: 21971: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21961: 21959: 21957: 21953: 21947: 21946: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21933: 21930: 21929: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21916: 21913: 21912: 21911: 21908: 21907: 21905: 21903: 21899: 21896: 21893: 21886: 21880: 21870: 21869: 21865: 21863: 21862: 21858: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21834: 21831: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21814: 21813: 21810: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21757: 21756: 21752: 21748: 21745: 21744: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21732: 21728: 21727: 21726: 21723: 21722: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21695: 21694: 21691: 21687: 21686: 21682: 21678: 21675: 21671: 21668: 21667: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21596: 21595: 21592: 21591: 21590: 21587: 21586: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21573: 21572: 21571: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21559:Frainc-Comtou 21557: 21553: 21550: 21548: 21545: 21544: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21519: 21517: 21515: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21498: 21490: 21487: 21486: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21479: 21475: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21443: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21406: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21393: 21390: 21389: 21388: 21385: 21384: 21383: 21380: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21367: 21366: 21363: 21362: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21355:Judeo-Italian 21353: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21320: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21286: 21285: 21282: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21269: 21268: 21265: 21264: 21263: 21260: 21259: 21257: 21255: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21242: 21232: 21229: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21219: 21215: 21214: 21213: 21210: 21209: 21207: 21203: 21195: 21192: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21173: 21170: 21166: 21163: 21162: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21150:Castelmezzano 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21137: 21136: 21135: 21131: 21130: 21129: 21126: 21120: 21117: 21116: 21115: 21112: 21108: 21105: 21104: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21094: 21093: 21090: 21089: 21087: 21083: 21075: 21072: 21071: 21070: 21069: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21056: 21055:Swiss Italian 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21037: 21036: 21035: 21031: 21027: 21024: 21023: 21022: 21019: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20984: 20983: 20980: 20979: 20978: 20975: 20974: 20972: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20957: 20951: 20950: 20946: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20936:Transylvanian 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20898: 20897: 20896: 20895:Daco-Romanian 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20876: 20874: 20872: 20868: 20862: 20859: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20846: 20845: 20844:Italo-Western 20842: 20840: 20837: 20836: 20834: 20830: 20825: 20821: 20814: 20809: 20807: 20802: 20800: 20795: 20794: 20791: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20757: 20752: 20750: 20748: 20743: 20742: 20733: 20729: 20728: 20724: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20709: 20704: 20700: 20695: 20694: 20690: 20689: 20684: 20679: 20675: 20670: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20655: 20648: 20647: 20643: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20628: 20623: 20622: 20618: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20603: 20598: 20594: 20589: 20588: 20584: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20572: 20568: 20567: 20563: 20559: 20556: 20552: 20549: 20545: 20542: 20538: 20535: 20531: 20527: 20521: 20517: 20516: 20510: 20509: 20505: 20504: 20491: 20487: 20483: 20478: 20474: 20469: 20465: 20460: 20454: 20449: 20445: 20440: 20436: 20431: 20427: 20423: 20419: 20418: 20415: 20413:9780199677108 20409: 20405: 20401: 20397: 20396: 20391: 20387: 20383: 20380: 20376: 20372: 20368: 20364: 20358: 20354: 20350: 20346: 20341: 20338: 20334: 20330: 20325: 20321: 20315: 20311: 20306: 20304:Reprint 2003. 20301: 20296: 20293: 20289: 20285: 20281: 20280: 20276: 20275: 20264: 20259: 20252: 20248: 20242: 20240: 20238: 20230: 20226: 20222: 20218: 20212: 20210: 20208: 20206: 20204: 20202: 20194: 20190: 20186: 20182: 20178: 20174: 20168: 20161: 20155: 20140: 20136: 20130: 20115: 20111: 20105: 20090: 20086: 20079: 20064: 20060: 20054: 20040:on 2011-07-22 20039: 20035: 20029: 20014: 20010: 20004: 19989: 19985: 19979: 19964: 19960: 19954: 19939: 19935: 19929: 19915:on 2009-04-20 19914: 19910: 19904: 19890:on 2011-07-07 19889: 19885: 19879: 19865:on 2017-10-08 19864: 19860: 19854: 19846: 19842: 19838: 19834: 19830: 19826: 19825: 19817: 19810: 19807:Ralph Penny, 19804: 19797: 19793: 19789: 19788:metipsissimus 19783: 19776: 19772: 19769:based on the 19768: 19764: 19760: 19756: 19751: 19747:> Italian 19746: 19734: 19730: 19726: 19722: 19718: 19712: 19697: 19693: 19689: 19685: 19679: 19675: 19671: 19667: 19663: 19659: 19658: 19650: 19635: 19631: 19627: 19623: 19617: 19613: 19609: 19605: 19601: 19597: 19596: 19588: 19581: 19576: 19569: 19564: 19557: 19553: 19549: 19546: 19540: 19532: 19528: 19524: 19520: 19516: 19512: 19505: 19503: 19487: 19483: 19479: 19473: 19459:on 2013-09-21 19455: 19448: 19441: 19433: 19429: 19425: 19421: 19417: 19413: 19409: 19405: 19398: 19390: 19386:, Romanian ** 19384: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19357: 19352: 19345: 19340: 19331: 19324: 19323:Clackson 2016 19319: 19312: 19308: 19305: 19301: 19297: 19294: 19288: 19282: 19278: 19271: 19264: 19263:Ledgeway 2016 19259: 19251: 19244: 19237: 19232: 19225: 19220: 19218: 19210: 19209:Lausberg Zone 19206: 19200: 19194:, p. 13. 19193: 19188: 19181: 19177: 19173: 19169: 19165: 19161: 19157: 19151: 19144: 19139: 19133:, p. 26. 19132: 19127: 19119: 19113: 19109: 19105: 19098: 19092:, p. 34. 19091: 19086: 19078: 19071: 19056: 19052: 19048: 19044: 19040: 19036: 19032: 19028: 19021: 19013: 19007: 19003: 18999: 18995: 18994: 18986: 18979: 18974: 18965: 18949: 18945: 18939: 18935: 18931: 18927: 18923: 18916: 18900: 18896: 18890: 18886: 18882: 18878: 18874: 18867: 18859: 18855: 18851: 18845: 18841: 18840: 18832: 18825: 18820: 18813: 18808: 18793: 18789: 18785: 18781: 18775: 18771: 18767: 18763: 18759: 18755: 18754: 18746: 18744: 18728: 18724: 18718: 18703: 18699: 18692: 18684: 18680: 18674: 18659: 18655: 18651: 18647: 18644:(1903–1904). 18643: 18637: 18630: 18626: 18622: 18618: 18615: 18609: 18607: 18598: 18594: 18588: 18580: 18576: 18570: 18554: 18550: 18548:9789027261236 18544: 18540: 18539: 18531: 18516: 18512: 18506: 18491: 18487: 18481: 18477: 18476: 18468: 18454: 18450: 18444: 18430: 18426: 18420: 18405: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18387: 18386: 18378: 18364:on 2020-09-16 18360: 18356: 18350: 18343: 18342: 18334: 18319: 18313: 18309: 18305: 18301: 18297: 18290: 18281: 18271: 18263: 18257: 18244: 18238: 18234: 18230: 18226: 18222: 18215: 18207: 18200: 18198: 18196: 18194: 18184: 18178:, p. 95. 18177: 18176:Banniard 2013 18172: 18166:, pp. 108–115 18155: 18151: 18145: 18141: 18140: 18132: 18117: 18111: 18107: 18103: 18099: 18098: 18090: 18082: 18075: 18073: 18064: 18060: 18056: 18052: 18048: 18044: 18037: 18030: 18024: 18017: 18012: 18004: 17998: 17994: 17987: 17980: 17976: 17969: 17962: 17957: 17950: 17944: 17938: 17931: 17926: 17911: 17907: 17906: 17899: 17891: 17887: 17886: 17878: 17870: 17866: 17859: 17852: 17847: 17833:on 2019-05-11 17832: 17828: 17822: 17813: 17803: 17796: 17792: 17789: 17784: 17770:on 2006-08-31 17769: 17765: 17759: 17750: 17743: 17737: 17730: 17724: 17709: 17705: 17699: 17683: 17679: 17672: 17665: 17654: 17650: 17644: 17628: 17624: 17618: 17602: 17596: 17580: 17574: 17558: 17552: 17545: 17540: 17534: 17529: 17527: 17525: 17509: 17505: 17501: 17495: 17487: 17485:85-08-04250-7 17481: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17452: 17446: 17430: 17426: 17420: 17412: 17410:0-271-02001-6 17406: 17402: 17398: 17393: 17392: 17383: 17368: 17364: 17362: 17357: 17351: 17337:on 2023-06-10 17336: 17332: 17331: 17326: 17320: 17316: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17263: 17252: 17249: 17246: 17243: 17240: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17228: 17224: 17221: 17218: 17215: 17212: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17200: 17197: 17194: 17191: 17188: 17185: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17159: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17134: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17091: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17033: 17030: 17027: 17018: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16885: 16881: 16878: 16875: 16872: 16869: 16866: 16863: 16857: 16854: 16851: 16848: 16845: 16842: 16839: 16836: 16833: 16830: 16827: 16824: 16821: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16807: 16806: 16802: 16799: 16796: 16793: 16790: 16787: 16784: 16778: 16775: 16772: 16769: 16766: 16763: 16760: 16757: 16754: 16751: 16748: 16745: 16742: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16728: 16727: 16723: 16720: 16717: 16714: 16711: 16708: 16705: 16699: 16696: 16693: 16690: 16687: 16684: 16681: 16678: 16675: 16672: 16669: 16666: 16663: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16644: 16641: 16638: 16635: 16632: 16629: 16626: 16620: 16617: 16614: 16611: 16608: 16605: 16602: 16599: 16596: 16593: 16590: 16587: 16584: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16565: 16562: 16559: 16556: 16553: 16550: 16547: 16541: 16538: 16535: 16532: 16529: 16526: 16523: 16520: 16517: 16514: 16511: 16508: 16505: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16491: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16481:cinco, cincu 16480: 16477: 16474: 16471: 16468: 16462: 16459: 16456: 16453: 16450: 16447: 16444: 16441: 16438: 16435: 16432: 16429: 16426: 16423: 16420: 16415: 16412: 16409: 16408: 16404: 16401: 16398: 16395: 16392: 16389: 16386: 16380: 16377: 16374: 16371: 16368: 16365: 16362: 16359: 16356: 16353: 16350: 16347: 16344: 16341: 16338: 16333: 16330: 16327: 16326: 16322: 16319: 16316: 16313: 16310: 16307: 16304: 16298: 16295: 16292: 16289: 16286: 16283: 16277: 16273: 16270: 16267: 16264: 16261: 16258: 16255: 16252: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16233: 16230: 16227: 16224: 16221: 16218: 16215: 16209: 16206: 16203: 16200: 16197: 16195:nòst/nòster 16194: 16191: 16188: 16185: 16182: 16179: 16176: 16173: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16159: 16158: 16154: 16151: 16148: 16145: 16142: 16139: 16136: 16126: 16123: 16120: 16117: 16114: 16111: 16108: 16105: 16102: 16099: 16096: 16093: 16090: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16071: 16068: 16065: 16062: 16059: 16056: 16053: 16047: 16044: 16041: 16038: 16035: 16032: 16029: 16026: 16023: 16020: 16017: 16014: 16011: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15992: 15989: 15986: 15983: 15980: 15977: 15974: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15959: 15956: 15953: 15950: 15947: 15944: 15941: 15938: 15935: 15932: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15913: 15910: 15907: 15904: 15901: 15898: 15895: 15889: 15886: 15883: 15880: 15877: 15874: 15871: 15868: 15865: 15862: 15859: 15856: 15853: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15837: 15836: 15832: 15829: 15826: 15823: 15820: 15817: 15814: 15807: 15804: 15801: 15798: 15795: 15792: 15789: 15786: 15783: 15780: 15777: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15765: 15762: 15759: 15756: 15755: 15751: 15748: 15745: 15742: 15739: 15736: 15733: 15727: 15724: 15721: 15718: 15716:euj/eugg / 15715: 15712: 15709: 15706: 15703: 15700: 15697: 15694: 15691: 15688: 15685: 15682: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15659: 15656: 15653: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15638: 15635: 15632: 15629: 15626: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15614: 15611: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15597: 15596: 15592: 15589: 15586: 15583: 15580: 15577: 15574: 15568: 15565: 15562: 15559: 15556: 15553: 15550: 15547: 15544: 15541: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15513: 15510: 15507: 15504: 15501: 15498: 15495: 15488: 15485: 15482: 15479: 15476: 15473: 15470: 15467: 15464: 15461: 15458: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15433: 15430: 15427: 15424: 15421: 15418: 15415: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15390: 15387: 15384: 15381: 15378: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15353: 15350: 15347: 15344: 15341: 15338: 15335: 15329: 15326: 15323: 15320: 15317: 15314: 15311: 15308: 15305: 15302: 15299: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15279: 15278: 15274: 15271: 15268: 15265: 15262: 15259: 15256: 15250: 15247: 15244: 15241: 15238: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15226: 15223: 15220: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15200: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15189: 15186: 15183: 15180: 15177: 15171: 15168: 15165: 15162: 15159: 15156: 15153: 15150: 15147: 15144: 15141: 15138: 15135: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15121: 15120: 15116: 15113: 15110: 15107: 15104: 15101: 15098: 15095: 15092: 15089: 15086: 15083: 15080: 15077: 15074: 15071: 15068: 15065: 15062: 15059: 15056: 15053: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15036: 15033: 15030: 15027: 15024: 15018: 15015: 15012: 15009: 15006: 15003: 15000: 14997: 14994: 14991: 14988: 14985: 14982: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14927: 14924: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14912: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14884: 14881: 14878: 14875: 14872: 14869: 14866: 14860: 14857: 14854: 14851: 14848: 14845: 14842: 14839: 14837:fógo ; hógo 14836: 14833: 14830: 14827: 14824: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14805: 14802: 14799: 14796: 14794:aigua, augua 14793: 14790: 14787: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14772: 14769: 14766: 14763: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14726: 14723: 14720: 14717: 14714: 14711: 14708: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14687: 14684: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14672: 14669: 14666: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14647: 14644: 14641: 14638: 14635: 14633:dona, muller 14632: 14628: 14625: 14617: 14614: 14611: 14608: 14605: 14600: 14597: 14594: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14567: 14564: 14563: 14559: 14556: 14553: 14550: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14535: 14532: 14529: 14526: 14523: 14520: 14517: 14514: 14511: 14508: 14505: 14502: 14499: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14490:homō, hominem 14488: 14485: 14484: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14319: 14317: 14314:and Medieval 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14084: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14049: 14048:palatal nasal 14046:represents a 14045: 14044: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13993: 13989: 13986:in Romanian, 13985: 13981: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13924:Vowel quality 13922: 13921: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13902: 13900: 13896: 13886: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13869: 13860: 13851: 13842: 13833: 13828: 13819: 13809: 13799: 13794: 13790: 13781: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13719: 13716: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13687: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13675: 13671: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13591: 13588: 13577: 13574: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13545: 13542: 13535: 13531: 13523: 13520: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13490: 13484: 13480: 13473: 13469: 13466: 13463: 13459: 13451: 13447: 13439: 13435: 13427: 13423: 13412:: represents 13411: 13408: 13401: 13398: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13373: 13370: 13359: 13356: 13349: 13346: 13340: 13328: 13324: 13317:. Represents 13308: 13305: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13282: 13274: 13271: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13252: 13249: 13246: 13235:to represent 13234: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13216: 13208: 13205: 13194: 13191: 13184: 13180: 13177: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13152:to represent 13151: 13147: 13144: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13102: 13099: 13092: 13089: 13086: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13064: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13029: 13025: 13018:to represent 13017: 13013: 13010: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12941: 12939: 12931: 12927: 12926: 12922:"ray" with , 12921: 12920: 12915: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12843: 12839: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12820: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12633: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12603: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12444: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12404: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12325:, Portuguese 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12258:, Portuguese 12257: 12254:> Spanish 12250:"forge" > 12249: 12246: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212:, Old French 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12196: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12168: 12165:, Portuguese 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12123:(> modern 12122: 12118: 12115:(> modern 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12099:vs. Venetian 12098: 12094: 12090: 12089:metipsissimus 12087: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12064:quattuórdecim 12062: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12024: 12022: 12019:, Portuguese 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11980: 11977: 11970: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11946: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11909: 11906: 11899: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11869: 11866: 11860: 11857: 11853: 11850: 11849: 11842: 11839: 11836: 11833: 11827: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11763: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11736: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11693: 11690: 11687: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11600: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11573: 11570: 11567: 11561: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11543: 11540: 11537: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11479: 11473: 11471:a, e, i, o, u 11470: 11468:a, e, i, o, u 11467: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11430: 11419: 11383: 11380: 11372: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11329: 11320: 11310: 11300: 11290: 11285: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11261: 11257: 11254:In primitive 11253: 11249: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11197:"I did" < 11195: 11191:, Portuguese 11189: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11173: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11164: 11154: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11090: 11085: 11073: 11063: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11010: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10943: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10793: 10783: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10740: 10735: 10728: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10696: 10685: 10659: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10620:Gallo-Romance 10611: 10607: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10529: 10528:razão, razões 10525: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10482:manum, *manōs 10479: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10432: 10425: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10399: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10364:"is needed"; 10363: 10358: 10353: 10349: 10346:/duɫts/ > 10344: 10338: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10284: 10280: 10255: 10245: 10229: 10208: 10193: 10189:/ejewaœ~øœ~ø/ 10166: 10162: 10156: 10155:ben difficile 10150: 10146: 10141: 10128: 10113: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10098: 10097:diphthongized 10084: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10013: 10009: 10003: 9995: 9982: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9883: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9828: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9745: 9739: 9735:, Portuguese 9733: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9704: 9698: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9650: 9642: 9636: 9631: 9611: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9542:, Portuguese 9540: 9536:> Spanish 9531: 9526: 9520: 9511: 9502: 9497: 9494: 9490:(but Italian 9488: 9482: 9478:> Spanish 9477: 9473: 9470:) "prey"; or 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9434: 9426: 9422:, Portuguese 9420: 9414: 9409: 9401: 9397:, Portuguese 9395: 9389: 9384: 9380: 9363: 9358: 9349:, pronounced 9347: 9341: 9330: 9324: 9316: 9307: 9303: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9232: 9227: 9226:Lausberg area 9217: 9214: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9189: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9155: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9126: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9018: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8850:Cap de Corse 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8835:Caro-vignese 8834: 8832:Verbi-carese 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8806: 8791: 8788: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8742: 8739:, and French 8738: 8735:, Portuguese 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8687: 8683: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8572: 8571:rounded vowel 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8535:ā, ē, ī, ō, ū 8532: 8528: 8527:ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ 8524: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:(a few words) 8366: 8363: 8362: 8343: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8238: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8168: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8113: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8056: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 7994: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693:, Old French 7692: 7688: 7685:, Portuguese 7684: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7642:(Catalan) or 7641: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7580:(cheese) vs. 7576: 7569: 7562: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7367:, Portuguese 7366: 7363:> Italian 7362: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7329:-b-, -d-, -g- 7326: 7325:-p-, -t-, -c- 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7282: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7243: 7238: 7228: 7223: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7058: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7023:> Italian 7022: 7018: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6968: 6963: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6715: 6709: 6703:/meu̯n/,/mun/ 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6667:e.g. Spanish 6662: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6645:) were often 6644: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6521:sound changes 6506: 6503: 6495: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: – 6452: 6448: 6447:Find sources: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6425:This article 6423: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6396:Sound changes 6393: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339:Idiom Neutral 6335: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6290: 6289:Guinea-Bissau 6286: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6144:lingua franca 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6069: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6039:Italo-Western 6037: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013:Gallo-Romance 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5997:Italic branch 5992: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5969:and Corsican 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5724: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5300:(Bergamasque) 5296: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4889: 4886: 4878: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4844:This section 4842: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4799: 4796: 4788: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4754:This section 4752: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4693: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4660:Italo-Romance 4657: 4656:Ibero-Romance 4653: 4652:Gallo-Romance 4649: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4317:cei mai buni) 4313: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3837:Early Romance 3834: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3689:dead language 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3630: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3460:in Portugal; 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3353:Hispanophones 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3335:Flavio Biondo 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257:South America 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3218:New Brunswick 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159:Guinea-Bissau 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088:South America 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2931: 2921: 2918: 2910: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2884:This section 2882: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2863:Latin America 2860: 2853:Modern status 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2695:Oïl languages 2692: 2689: 2687: 2686:Gallo-Romance 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634:Ibero-Romance 2631: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:South America 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422:Italic branch 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2264:J. P. Mallory 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901:Reconstructed 1899: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1728:Insular Celts 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644:Indo-Iranians 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1386:Pontic Steppe 1380: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219:Kurgan stelae 1217: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1202:Pontic Steppe 1196: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 993: 992:Proto-Iranian 989: 986: 983: 979: 975: 972: 970: 967: 964: 960: 956: 953: 950: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 924: 921: 920: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 879: 876: 875: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 835:Daco-Thracian 833: 831: 828: 827: 824: 821: 820: 814: 810: 806: 802: 799: 798: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788:Reconstructed 786: 785: 778: 774: 771: 767: 764: 760: 757: 753: 750: 746: 743: 739: 736: 732: 729: 725: 724: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 706: 703: 702: 696: 692: 691: 690: 687: 682: 678: 675: 671: 668: 664: 663: 662: 659: 654: 650: 649: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 630: 626: 623: 619: 618: 617: 614: 612: 609: 604: 600: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 588: 587: 583: 580: 579: 575: 570: 569: 565: 561: 560: 557: 554: 553: 549: 545: 544: 508: 503: 496: 491: 487: 483: 481: 477: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 455: 451: 447: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 413:Italo-Western 411: 410: 409: 405: 402: 401:Proto-Romance 399: 395: 389: 386: 385: 384: 380: 374: 365: 362: 361: 360: 357: 356: 355: 352: 351: 350: 349:Indo-European 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320:South America 317: 313: 312:Latin America 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 279: 274: 269: 260: 257: 242: 232: 227: 223: 216: 206: 196: 189: 184: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 144: 140: 136: 130: 129: 124:This article 122: 113: 112: 103: 91: 86: 77: 76: 71: 69: 62: 61: 56: 55: 50: 45: 36: 35: 30: 26: 22: 22695: 22686: 22638: 22631: 22624: 22573: 22475: 22468: 22430:Languedocien 22422: 22415:Judeo-Gascon 22413: 22354: 22305: 22275:Barranquenho 22254: 22247: 22223: 22205: 22147: 22109: 22092: 22083:Extremaduran 22057: 22031: 22017: 22005: 21993: 21986: 21943: 21902:Asturleonese 21866: 21859: 21817:West Walloon 21805:Saintongeais 21753: 21729: 21725:Anglo-Norman 21683: 21616:Newfoundland 21576:Jersey Legal 21568: 21476: 21441:Southwestern 21424:Vallassinese 21313:Gallo-Picene 21254:Gallo-Italic 21216: 21132: 21127: 21066: 21032: 20947: 20893: 20819: 20755: 20746: 20731: 20716: 20707: 20698: 20682: 20673: 20664: 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Retrieved 20485: 20472: 20463: 20394: 20378: 20374: 20370: 20344: 20336: 20328: 20309: 20299: 20291: 20287: 20283: 20272:Bibliography 20262: 20258: 20250: 20246: 20228: 20224: 20220: 20216: 20195:"the water". 20192: 20188: 20176: 20172: 20167: 20159: 20154: 20143:. Retrieved 20129: 20118:. Retrieved 20104: 20093:. Retrieved 20078: 20067:. Retrieved 20053: 20042:. Retrieved 20038:the original 20028: 20017:. Retrieved 20003: 19992:. Retrieved 19978: 19967:. Retrieved 19953: 19942:. Retrieved 19928: 19917:. Retrieved 19913:the original 19903: 19892:. Retrieved 19888:the original 19878: 19867:. Retrieved 19863:the original 19853: 19828: 19822: 19816: 19808: 19803: 19795: 19791: 19787: 19782: 19774: 19770: 19766: 19762: 19761:comes from * 19758: 19754: 19744: 19732: 19728: 19724: 19720: 19716: 19711: 19700:. Retrieved 19656: 19649: 19638:. Retrieved 19594: 19587: 19575: 19563: 19555: 19539: 19514: 19510: 19490:. Retrieved 19481: 19472: 19461:. Retrieved 19454:the original 19440: 19407: 19403: 19397: 19380:, Occitan ** 19367: 19363: 19351: 19339: 19330: 19325:, p. 6. 19318: 19276: 19270: 19258: 19249: 19243: 19231: 19208: 19199: 19187: 19179: 19175: 19171: 19167: 19163: 19159: 19155: 19150: 19145:, p. 8. 19138: 19126: 19107: 19103: 19097: 19085: 19076: 19070: 19059:. Retrieved 19034: 19030: 19020: 18992: 18985: 18973: 18968:Pope (1934). 18964: 18954:11 September 18952:. Retrieved 18926:oxfordre.com 18925: 18915: 18905:11 September 18903:. Retrieved 18877:oxfordre.com 18876: 18866: 18838: 18831: 18819: 18807: 18796:. Retrieved 18752: 18731:. Retrieved 18717: 18706:. Retrieved 18691: 18683:the original 18673: 18662:. Retrieved 18653: 18649: 18636: 18628: 18624: 18597:the original 18587: 18579:the original 18569: 18557:. Retrieved 18537: 18530: 18519:. Retrieved 18511:"Hermathena" 18505: 18494:. Retrieved 18474: 18467: 18456:. Retrieved 18452: 18443: 18432:. Retrieved 18428: 18419: 18407:. Retrieved 18384: 18377: 18366:. Retrieved 18359:the original 18340: 18333: 18321:. Retrieved 18299: 18289: 18280: 18270: 18256: 18246:, retrieved 18224: 18214: 18205: 18183: 18171: 18158:. Retrieved 18139:Vulgar Latin 18138: 18131: 18119:. Retrieved 18096: 18089: 18080: 18046: 18042: 18036: 18028: 18023: 18011: 17992: 17986: 17978: 17974: 17968: 17959: 17955: 17949: 17937: 17925: 17914:. Retrieved 17904: 17898: 17884: 17877: 17868: 17858: 17846: 17835:. Retrieved 17831:the original 17827:"Ethnologue" 17821: 17812: 17802: 17783: 17772:. Retrieved 17768:the original 17758: 17749: 17736: 17723: 17711:. Retrieved 17707: 17698: 17686:. Retrieved 17681: 17671: 17663: 17656:. Retrieved 17652: 17643: 17631:. Retrieved 17626: 17617: 17605:. Retrieved 17595: 17583:. Retrieved 17573: 17561:. Retrieved 17551: 17539: 17512:. Retrieved 17503: 17494: 17475: 17469: 17461: 17445: 17433:. Retrieved 17428: 17419: 17391:Vulgar Latin 17390: 17382: 17371:. Retrieved 17359: 17350: 17339:. Retrieved 17335:the original 17328: 17319: 17271:Italo-Celtic 17022: 16811: 16732: 16706:uèch/uèit / 16694:ot(g), och 16653: 16597:sète ; sèt 16574: 16495: 16413: 16331: 16242: 16163: 16091:eu/jè/ju/iu 16080: 16024:pèłe ; pèl 16001: 15922: 15843: 15760: 15698:ochiu/ochju 15683:> *oclum 15680: 15601: 15522: 15496:can / gos 15447:càne/jàgaru 15442: 15362: 15283: 15204: 15160:cel/sel / 15125: 15081:preda/preja 15013:terra/tiara 14972: 14893: 14814: 14735: 14697:figl, fegl 14656: 14569: 14565:woman, wife 14489: 14348: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14320: 14297: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14263:grave accent 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14198: 14194: 14190: 14186: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14163:"I speak" ≠ 14160: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14082: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14068:/ɡw/ before 14065: 14053: 14041: 14037: 14025: 14019: 14012:nasal vowels 14007: 13998:Vowel length 13997: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13967: 13959: 13955: 13947: 13944:grave accent 13935: 13932:acute accent 13923: 13918: 13913: 13909: 13903: 13892: 13787: 13758:etymological 13753: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13723: 13717: 13707: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13685: 13679: 13673: 13669: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13631: 13625: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13605: 13599: 13589: 13575: 13565: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13543: 13533: 13529: 13521: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13449: 13445: 13437: 13433: 13425: 13421: 13409: 13399: 13381: 13371: 13357: 13347: 13326: 13322: 13306: 13296: 13290: 13284: 13280: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13250: 13244: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13214: 13206: 13192: 13182: 13178: 13161: 13157: 13145: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13100: 13090: 13084: 13065: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13027: 13023: 13011: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12989: 12966: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12935: 12913: 12899: 12857: 12847: 12837: 12829: 12824:: Generally 12821: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12797: 12785: 12771: 12764:or a voiced 12757: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12707: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12688: 12673: 12656: 12652: 12649: 12647:in Spanish. 12593:is properly 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12450: 12438: 12412: 12403:Latin script 12390: 12389:> French 12386: 12382: 12378: 12377:> French 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12353:vs. Spanish 12350: 12346: 12344: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12297:(il) déjeune 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12273:disjējūnā́re 12272: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12247: 12242: 12238: 12235:cargà/caregà 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12198:commūnicā́re 12197: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12182:vs. Spanish 12179: 12175: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12161:but Spanish 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12139:> modern 12136: 12132: 12131:(> later 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12025: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11994: 11443:Conservative 11438:Proto-Italo- 11283: 11269: 11258:(one of the 11245:(< Latin 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11227:Gallo-Italic 11208: 11198: 11165: 11152: 11140: 11132: 11128: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11088: 11086: 11074: 11070: 11044: 11040:(most words) 11039: 11035: 11017: 11012: 10994: 10989: 10971: 10966: 10933: 10928: 10902: 10897: 10884: 10879: 10861: 10856: 10806: 10801: 10768: 10763: 10642: 10641:> French 10638: 10617: 10608: 10606:(Portugal). 10596: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10508: 10504: 10501:kane, ˈkanes 10500: 10497:canem, canēs 10496: 10489: 10486:manu, ˈmanos 10485: 10481: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10452: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10430: 10423: 10416: 10412: 10408:nasal vowels 10405: 10402:Nasalization 10379: 10375: 10365: 10361: 10351: 10347: 10325: 10311: 10256: 10234:intact, but 10224: 10219:/ɔj/>/uj/ 10187:> modern 10181:/aɛiɛeiuɔou/ 10177:/aːɛːeːɔːoː/ 10094: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10068:"I did" vs. 10065: 10061: 10057: 10050:"I did" vs. 10035: 10001: 9960: 9954:Some of the 9948:"you think". 9916:Calvallo in 9875:"I put" vs. 9850: 9811: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9726: 9722: 9688: 9648: 9632:> French 9629: 9609: 9604: 9585: 9584:merged with 9581: 9580: 9529: 9509: 9498: 9475: 9474:"hay" > * 9471: 9467: 9457: 9450:> French 9444: 9440: 9432: 9407: 9382: 9378: 9359: 9336: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9284: 9271: 9229: 9223: 9195: 9164: 9139: 9135: 9089: 9058: 9030: 9002: 8998: 8952: 8948: 8908: 8901: 8855: 8804: 8795:/eo/>/iu/ 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8713:poire, voire 8712: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8621: 8610: 8599: 8588: 8584: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8491: 8471: 8467:(most words) 8466: 8462: 8444: 8434: 8428: 8415: 8395: 8389: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8341: 8331: 8325: 8303: 8283: 8277: 8265: 8259: 8236: 8216: 8210: 8194: 8189: 8166: 8151: 8145: 8129: 8124: 8111: 8096: 8090: 8078: 8072: 8054: 8039: 8033: 8021: 8015: 7992: 7972: 7966: 7893: 7889: 7886:per iscritto 7885: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7653: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7561:archiphoneme 7544: 7543:(more), and 7540: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7500:(notes) vs. 7494: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7448: 7446: 7436: 7425: 7421: 7402: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7337:approximants 7328: 7324: 7305: 7259: 7249: 7240: 7221: 7208: 7201: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7175:"fish" < 7166: 7165:"fire" < 7156: 7155:"milk" < 7136: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7118:rather than 7115: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7056: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7016: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6979: 6947: 6937: 6899: 6889: 6888:"with" < 6876: 6745: 6727: 6694: 6684: 6674: 6661:nasalisation 6651:poetic meter 6612: 6610: 6541: 6530: 6519:Significant 6518: 6498: 6489: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6446: 6434:Please help 6429:verification 6426: 6408:Vulgar Latin 6359: 6336: 6323:naturalistic 6322: 6312: 6309: 6219:Cape Verdean 6202: 6201: 6194:(in part of 6175: 6174: 6142: 6098: 6097: 6078: 6065: 6055:North Africa 6029: 5994: 5914: 5900:from Latin * 5894:, Mirandese 5879: 5859: 5844: 5821: 5796:and Spanish 5783: 5771:meaning "to 5720: 5613: 5111:Extremaduran 4896: 4881: 4872: 4857:Please help 4845: 4806: 4791: 4782: 4767:Please help 4755: 4708: 4645: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4528:(/ˈmmokkə/) 4525: 4520: 4516:dins la boca 4515: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4438:in the mouth 4431: 4426: 4421: 4413: 4408: 4395: 4390: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4308: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3984: 3975: 3970: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3887: 3878: 3849: 3846: 3824: 3772:Roman Empire 3765: 3721: 3698: 3686: 3682:western Asia 3658:Roman Empire 3655: 3643: 3624:Vulgar Latin 3618:Vulgar Latin 3604:prepositions 3570:superstratum 3568: 3558: 3556: 3540: 3513: 3478: 3399: 3373:Francophones 3343: 3291:Bor District 3277: 3245:World War II 3238: 3224:. Canada is 3211: 3128: 3094:(all except 3077: 3046: 3030:Vatican City 3014:Transnistria 2979: 2944: 2913: 2904: 2893:Please help 2888:verification 2885: 2836: 2812: 2760: 2753: 2726:Gallo-Italic 2724: 2704: 2684: 2668: 2647:Asturleonese 2632: 2618: 2607: 2596: 2593:Roman Empire 2575:conservative 2566:latine loqui 2532: 2530: 2481:Vatican City 2443:and most of 2430: 2418:Vulgar Latin 2405: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2383:and ⟨ 2365: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2291: 2285:Publications 2284: 2270: 2251: 2205: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070:Paleo-Balkan 2060: 2059: 2047: 2046: 1988: 1987: 1943: 1942: 1930: 1900: 1883:Greater Iran 1876: 1875: 1864: 1863: 1827: 1826: 1814: 1813: 1756:Paleo-Balkan 1721:Celtiberians 1700: 1699: 1682: 1681: 1669: 1668: 1656: 1655: 1584: 1583: 1571: 1570: 1548: 1547: 1535: 1534: 1504: 1503: 1446: 1445: 1423: 1422: 1385: 1384: 1347: 1346: 1322: 1321: 1309: 1308: 1296: 1295: 1237:Bug–Dniester 1201: 1200: 1066:Gothic Bible 982:Proto-Baltic 978:Proto-Slavic 963:Proto-Italic 959:Proto-Celtic 922: 877: 865:Italo-Celtic 860:Indo-Hittite 850:Graeco-Aryan 823:Hypothetical 822: 787: 722:Paleo-Balkan 704: 694: 661:Indo-Iranian 616:Balto-Slavic 589: 468:Linguasphere 407:Subdivisions 388:Vulgar Latin 363: 328:Latin Africa 296:Latin Europe 283:distribution 252: 236: 222:ISO 639 code 218:}} 212:{{ 208:}} 202:{{ 198:}} 192:{{ 187: 157: 148: 125: 97: 89: 65: 58: 52: 51:Please help 48: 22651:Campidanese 22477:Old Catalan 22470:Old Occitan 22207:Old Spanish 22141:Rioplatense 21945:Old Leonese 21773:Cotentinais 21737:Guernésiais 21660:Frenchville 21653:New England 21532:Bourbonnais 21484:Piedmontese 21478:Old Lombard 21370:Bergamasque 21294:Sammarinese 19717:-am -em -om 19447:"Metaphony" 18824:Maiden 2016 18656:: 273–283. 18262:contraction 17713:22 November 17557:"Languages" 17435:14 November 17399:. pp. 17356:"Neo-Latin" 17286:Latin Union 17015:Degrees of 16952:Piedmontese 16923:(Northern) 16115:(mi) i/a/e 15772:auricchia 15740:uello/ollo 15645:lacél, lat 15236:alt/(v)olt 14700:fily, fely 14595:mogê/dònna 14580:mugghieri 14425:Piedmontese 14396:(Northern) 14339:francescano 14257:"bone" vs. 13992:Piedmontese 13838:'done' vs. 13123:or (before 12768:affricate . 12614:chicungunha 12567:split into 12555:split into 12383:sacraméntum 12347:offerḗscere 12341:"he helps") 12331:ayuda/ajuda 12319:aidà/aiuttà 12313:but French 12309:, Romanian 12237:, Venetian 12157:, Romanian 12070:, Venetian 12068:quattordici 12041:, Romanian 12035:septimā́nam 12015:, Sicilian 12007:"old" > 11918:one (masc.) 11412:merge into 11400:merge into 11354:"does he?". 11342:"we have", 11201:< Latin 11103:comes from 10565:"end" > 10505:can, ˈcanes 10466:"one" > 10444:"end" > 10297:, and both 10295:/aj/>/ɛ/ 10215:/ɛj/>/i/ 10185:/ejeɔiweeu/ 10135:/ɔ/>/wɔ/ 10131:/ɛ/>/jɛ/ 9983:Raising of 9910:eccum istum 9900:eccum istud 9857:Servigliano 9747:, Romanian 9715:, Romanian 9460:), Italian 9377:< short 8826:Neapolitan 8776:/ɛ/>/je/ 8723:"nut") and 8700:"pear" and 8646:"he fell". 8531:long vowels 8529:, and five 7892:< Latin 7833:, Romanian 7622:, to see), 7604:Piedmontese 7260:The voiced 7253:shifted by 7207:, feminine 7037:> Ital. 6972:/vjɛ̃ti(l)/ 6930:< Latin 6926:(generally 6918:Old Spanish 6875:"yes" < 6790:-ās/-ōs/-ēs 6757:(including 6548:"towards", 6349:(1951) and 6347:Interlingua 6343:Interlingue 6186:Philippines 6165:Seychellois 6113:Saint Lucia 5951:, Romanian 5888:, Galician 5768:defenestrar 5753:, Romanian 5412:Piedmontese 5259:Gherdëina: 4711:vernaculars 4623:Charlemagne 4521:te la bocia 4051:(bambini) / 3996:(una borta) 3967:(una volta) 3963:(ina giada) 3930:Neapolitan 3743:Roman Italy 3573:from later 3416:), and the 3116:Puerto Rico 3053:Latin Union 2998:Switzerland 2867:Latin Union 2843:Campidanese 2731:Piedmontese 2489:Switzerland 2163:Continental 2156:Anglo-Saxon 1859:Middle Ages 1809:Middle Ages 1664:Indo-Aryans 1657:Indo-Aryans 1464:Bell Beaker 1459:Corded ware 1355:Corded ware 1244:Sredny Stog 1189:Archaeology 969:Proto-Greek 949:Proto-Norse 377:Early forms 22722:Categories 22698:indicates 22656:Logudorese 22189:Philippine 22155:Andalusian 22149:Peninsular 22039:Estremenho 21995:Portuguese 21922:Cantabrian 21755:Law French 21747:Sercquiais 21581:Meridional 21542:Champenois 21537:Burgundian 21348:Tabarchino 21338:Monégasque 21277:Parmigiano 21134:Neapolitan 21107:Manduriano 21074:Florentine 20941:Wallachian 20911:Bukovinian 20619:Portuguese 20377:, Vol. 2: 20375:Structures 20373:. Vol. 1: 20290:, Vol. 2: 20286:. Vol. 1: 20145:2013-09-18 20137:. Glosbe. 20120:2013-09-18 20112:. Glosbe. 20095:2010-11-06 20069:2021-01-26 20044:2011-07-31 20019:2013-09-17 19994:2021-01-26 19969:2022-08-07 19944:2013-09-18 19919:2010-11-06 19894:2010-11-06 19869:2013-09-14 19796:egometipse 19702:2023-09-06 19640:2023-09-06 19492:2015-12-30 19463:2012-05-15 19376:, Italian 19061:2022-11-26 18798:2023-09-06 18733:2010-11-06 18708:2010-11-06 18664:2022-07-03 18521:2023-08-18 18496:2023-08-18 18458:2024-03-29 18434:2024-01-24 18368:2020-09-15 18260:"Na" is a 18248:2024-03-28 17916:2018-10-26 17837:2022-02-25 17774:2010-11-06 17688:9 November 17658:9 November 17633:9 November 17623:"Cameroon" 17607:9 November 17585:9 November 17563:9 November 17514:2021-03-30 17431:. CIA (US) 17373:2023-11-03 17341:2023-11-03 17312:References 17150:Portuguese 17061:Portuguese 17026:Ethnologue 17024:Data from 17002:Portuguese 16915:Neapolitan 16901:(Nuorese) 16554:seis/sais 16457:tschintg 16375:quat(t)er 16112:(mi/mé) a 16109:(mì/mè) a 15781:orecchio 15633:lacc/lat 15566:fére, fâr 15551:far / fer 15505:can/perro 15327:nôvo, nôf 14904:chiuvuta 14475:Portuguese 14388:Neapolitan 14374:(Nuorese) 14352:Old French 14277:"the" vs. 14249:"tea" and 14221:"I know", 14201:"but" vs. 14187:Homophones 14153:università 14135:"we" (cf. 14089:"to hate". 14050:consonant. 14002:long vowel 13952:circumflex 13899:homophones 13895:diacritics 13889:Diacritics 13875:punt volat 13821:is a long 13811:is a long 13801:is a long 13789:Gemination 13479:guttural R 13384:: used in 13215:champignon 13068:: used in 12973:following 12910:elsewhere. 12874:Portuguese 12842:allophonic 12669:diacritics 12632:chikunguña 12602:Viquipèdia 12596:chilometro 12407:See also: 12317:, Lombard 12277:disjūnā́re 12233:, Lombard 12219:carricā́re 12208:, Spanish 12176:collocā́re 12147:bonitā́tem 12103:, Lombard 12093:medipsimus 12072:cuatòrdexe 11488:one (fem.) 11474:a, e, i, o 11460:Old French 11451:Portuguese 11339:nous avons 11256:Old French 10711:unstressed 10648:, Occitan 10602:(Brazil), 10533:(Brazil), 10484:> PWR * 10324:/pajts/; * 10275:/o/>/u/ 10271:/u/>/y/ 10145:apocopated 10056:"he did" ( 10000:"pig" vs. 9918:Basilicata 9891:/moˈdestu/ 9887:/moˈdɛsta/ 9709:, Occitan 9700:, Italian 9638:, Italian 9496:/fjɛno/). 9416:, Italian 9241:Basilicata 9235:; compare 9156:/ʊ/ (/ɔ/) 9019:/ɪ/ (/ɛ/) 8993:/e/ (/ɛ/) 8741:noix, voix 8733:noce, voce 8710:Old French 8706:pera, vera 8626:near-close 8543:diphthongs 7894:īnscrīptus 7882:in ispecie 7695:escri(v)re 7689:, Catalan 7681:, Spanish 7660:prosthetic 7656:Late Latin 7610:, written 7593:la sciarpa 7585:/ˈkattʃo/→ 7491:affricates 7477:(Italian, 7398:The plain 7333:fricatives 6980:aime-t-il? 6914:Old French 6894:epenthetic 6881:Old French 6537:epenthesis 6515:Consonants 6462:newspapers 6406:See also: 6275:Papiamento 6223:Cape Verde 6192:Palenquero 6169:Seychelles 6089:Portuguese 6032:Ethnologue 5963:, Catalan 5957:, Spanish 5915:Sardinian 5778:fenestrado 5747:, Italian 5741:to French 5705:Palenquero 5663:Papiamento 5426:Portuguese 5356:Neapolitan 5100:Placentine 4980:Cantabrian 4875:March 2022 4785:March 2022 4511:in sa buca 4501:(a îmbuca) 4419:(polida) / 4332:sos menzus 4069:(copii) / 3992:una volta) 3985:una vegada 3910:Portuguese 3884:8th cent. 3841:See also: 3800:Hungarians 3768:migrations 3705:migrations 3649:and other 3596:declension 3587:morphology 3560:substratum 3482:separatist 3456:in Spain; 3363:Lusophones 3359:Portuguese 3331:Aromanians 3195:East Timor 3175:East Timor 3163:Mozambique 3155:Cape Verde 3098:); and in 3065:Portuguese 3026:San Marino 2955:Portuguese 2907:March 2022 2847:Logudorese 2795:Neapolitan 2639:Portuguese 2626:tree model 2561:vernacular 2485:San Marino 2453:Portuguese 2408:, are the 2271:Institutes 2191:Lithuanian 1945:Indo-Aryan 1931:Historical 1865:Indo-Aryan 1822:Tocharians 1736:Cimmerians 1614:Bronze Age 1505:South Asia 1379:Bronze Age 1317:Afanasievo 1121:Mainstream 885:Vocabulary 805:Sound laws 667:Indo-Aryan 298:(parts of 288:Old Latium 281:Geographic 135:improve it 54:improve it 22706:varieties 22689:indicate 22646:Sardinian 22603:Triestine 22551:Sursilvan 22462:Mentonasc 22440:Provençal 22389:Auvergnat 22375:Valencian 22331:Mallorcan 22321:Algherese 22296:Occitano- 22243:Navarrese 22231:Aragonese 22167:Castilian 22070:Castilian 22046:Uruguayan 22019:Brazilian 21982:Minderico 21976:/Eonavian 21939:Mirandese 21853:Valdôtain 21839:/Arpitan 21780:Orléanais 21731:Auregnais 21715:Mayennais 21665:Louisiana 21547:Ardennais 21527:Berrichon 21333:Intemelio 21289:Forlivese 21272:Bolognese 21218:Dalmatian 21182:Tarantino 21145:Benevento 21102:Salentino 21062:Sassarese 21026:Gallurese 21009:Romanesco 20962:Dalmatian 20926:Moldavian 20921:Maramureș 20879:Aromanian 20506:Phonology 20277:Overviews 20160:pluviūtam 19692:243922354 19630:243922354 19580:Sala 2012 19568:Sala 2012 19404:Phonology 19356:Sala 2012 19304:comment 2 19236:Sala 2012 18858:423583247 18788:243922354 18559:18 August 17629:. uOttawa 17041:Sardinian 16987:Aragonese 16898:Sardinian 16518:sïe~sié 16360:quàttro 16345:quattru 16336:*quattro 16265:trí~trè 15840:language 15815:aurelha 15775:recchia 15761:auriculam 15695:uocchio 15654:lach / 15530:face(re) 15412:/ʃ(ə)val/ 15382:cavallo 15376:cavallo 15373:cavaḍḍu 15166:tschiel 14934:plievgia 14913:pioggia 14907:chiuvuta 14867:fuòc ~ 14667:figghiu 14626:moillier 14548:hom(br)e 14460:Aragonese 14371:Sardinian 14331:Francesco 14316:quill pen 14308:minuscule 14304:majuscule 14285:"my" vs. 14269:"or" vs. 14265:: French 14209:"my" vs. 14193:"if" vs. 14127:"month", 13548:/ʃ/or/ʃʃ/ 13504:/ʃ/or/ʃʃ/ 13150:Sardinian 13074:Sardinian 13016:Sardinian 12963:aspirated 12908:semivowel 12882:latinisms 12834:/ˈslitta/ 12826:voiceless 12718:) before 12716:affricate 12712:fricative 12684:allophony 12665:trigraphs 12620:sanduíche 12608:Knowledge 12590:kilometro 12440:aljamiado 12435:Mozarabic 12387:sairement 12367:Stéphanum 12357:, French 12321:(Spanish 12303:adjūtā́re 12289:disjū́nat 12266:, French 12252:/*fawrɡa/ 12214:comungier 12169:, French 12076:quatòrdes 12049:, French 12043:săptămână 12039:settimana 11674:veritātem 11477:a, e/-, o 11418:Valencian 11359:metaphony 11336:"we" vs. 11183:metaphony 11137:metaphony 11125:Sursilvan 10741:Primitive 10709:Non-final 10509:cão, cães 10490:mão, mãos 10471:/œ̃/,/ɛ̃/ 10228:metaphony 10161:ben fatto 10076:"I did", 10012:preterite 10005:/ˈpɔrkus/ 9946:/ˈpjenʒi/ 9905:/ˈkwistu/ 9895:/ˈkwesto/ 9814:metaphony 9802:Metaphony 9771:(Occitan 9765:ōric(u)la 9741:, French 9572:) and so 9522:, French 9484:, French 9275:Cap Corse 9250:Vorposten 8829:Sicilian 8820:Senisese 8784:/aeiəɨou/ 8745:/aɛeiɔou/ 8659:Sardinian 8593:close-mid 7932:Sicilian 7918:Sardinian 7915:Classical 7863:*il stato 7757:Stephanum 7749:, French 7679:iscribere 7578:/ˈkatʃo/→ 7537:Romanesco 7507:(night), 7479:Sardinian 7407:allophone 7281:fricative 7218:/'frwεdə/ 7101:/aˈmikaj/ 6967:vient-il? 6936:). Hence 6799:"three", 6787:; plural 6584:"honey", 6386:Icelandic 6380:(mirrors 6366:Brithenig 6327:Esperanto 6253:Singapore 6182:Chavacano 6149:Mauritius 6139:Mauritian 6133:Louisiana 6105:Antillean 5762:hiniestra 5756:fereastră 5691:Chavacano 5510:Sassarese 5342:Mirandese 5181:Gallurese 5081:Bolognese 5038:Dalmatian 4952:Aromanian 4938:Aragonese 4846:does not 4756:does not 4353:beautiful 4347:'e meglie 4342:i miëures 4328:is mellus 4314:(optimi, 4280:meilleurs 4225:(a) cânta 4150:(a) sufla 4059:(niños) / 3990:(un cop, 3919:Sardinian 3888:Reichenau 3827:Dalmatian 3796:Pechenegs 3608:Sardinian 3583:phonology 3466:Sardinian 3458:Mirandese 3454:Aragonese 3426:La Franja 3424:known as 3414:Valencian 3406:Catalonia 3287:Vojvodina 3261:Australia 3239:Although 3104:Caribbean 3102:. In the 2949:today is 2838:Sardinian 2823:Aromanian 2803:Dalmatian 2779:Sassarese 2659:Aragonese 2651:Mirandese 2589:Barbarian 2550:romanicus 2531:The term 2431:The five 2412:that are 2410:languages 2206:Practices 2025:Yarsanism 1835:Albanians 1815:East Asia 1802:Scythians 1794:Phrygians 1787:Paeonians 1780:Illyrians 1766:Thracians 1683:East Asia 1634:Armenians 1561:Hallstatt 1543:Chernoles 1484:Terramare 1474:Trzciniec 1441:Sintashta 1436:Andronovo 1337:Cernavodă 1310:East Asia 1265:Khvalynsk 1005:Philology 915:Particles 801:Phonology 742:Liburnian 717:Tocharian 712:Anatolian 681:Nuristani 574:Languages 480:Glottolog 450:ISO 639-2 428:Pannonian 423:Sardinian 383:Old Latin 239:June 2020 151:June 2019 139:verifying 100:July 2024 60:talk page 22582:Venetian 22556:Vallader 22546:Surmiran 22519:Cadorino 22502:Friulian 22435:Limousin 22404:Béarnese 22366:Western 22348:Northern 22336:Menorcan 22326:Balearic 22317:Eastern 22313:dialects 22172:Castrapo 22129:Peruvian 22100:dialects 22033:European 22001:dialects 21988:Portugis 21969:Galician 21910:Asturian 21848:Savoyard 21800:Poitevin 21768:Cauchois 21742:Jèrriais 21589:Canadian 21468:Varesino 21463:Ticinese 21451:Novarese 21446:Cremunés 21436:Ossolano 21431:Milanese 21419:Lecchese 21387:Brianzöö 21318:Ligurian 21284:Romagnol 21165:Arianese 21160:Irpinian 21155:Cilentan 21119:Pantesco 21114:Sicilian 21085:Southern 21021:Corsican 20997:Macerata 20992:Fabriano 20931:Oltenian 20901:dialects 20861:Southern 20496:25 April 20490:Archived 20379:Contexts 20171:Initial 20139:Archived 20114:Archived 20089:Archived 20063:Archived 20013:Archived 19988:Archived 19963:Archived 19938:Archived 19725:trēdecim 19696:Archived 19634:Archived 19548:Archived 19486:Archived 19432:60966393 19307:Archived 19296:Archived 19291:Compare 19055:Archived 19031:Language 18948:Archived 18899:Archived 18792:Archived 18727:Archived 18702:Archived 18658:Archived 18617:Archived 18553:Archived 18515:Archived 18513:. 1942. 18490:Archived 18409:27 March 18323:28 March 18154:Archived 18121:27 March 18018:, p. 550 18016:Rochette 17910:Archived 17791:Archived 17508:Archived 17454:Archived 17367:Archived 17260:See also 17231:Romanian 17007:Galician 16997:Asturian 16957:Friulian 16937:Ligurian 16932:Venetian 16920:Corsican 16910:Sicilian 16905:Romanian 16852:diesch 16712:ueit(o) 16685:vòt/òt 16633:siet(e) 16475:cinc(o) 16442:çìnque 16436:cinque 16418:*cīnque 16387:quatre 16366:quàter 16354:quattro 16351:quattru 16348:quatto 16332:quattuor 16225:nuestro 16222:nuestro 16216:nòstre 16207:noutron 16189:nòstro 16186:nòstro 16177:nuosto 16174:nostru 15954:man/ma 15908:llingua 15899:llengua 15887:lengoua 15875:lengua 15869:léngoa 15866:léngua 15863:lingua 15854:lingua 15802:ureglia 15701:occhio 15692:occhiu 15533:fàciri 15527:fàchere 15499:ca, gos 15474:can/ca 15428:caballu 15425:caballo 15422:caballo 15403:chaval 15388:cavàllo 15379:cavallu 15363:caballum 15187:ciel(o) 15069:pietra 14946:pluèja 14928:pieuva 14922:pioeuva 14919:ciêuva 14910:pioggia 14676:figlio 14670:figlio 14612:muglier 14521:òm(en) 14480:Galician 14470:Asturian 14430:Friulian 14410:Ligurian 14405:Venetian 14393:Corsican 14383:Sicilian 14378:Romanian 14335:francese 14323:sentence 14205:"more", 14131:"only", 14008:Nasality 13930:with an 13793:Jèrriais 13692:, as in 13668:, as in 13620:, as in 13432:(before 13279:, as in 13263:safareig 13257:, as in 13247:instead. 13213:, as in 13070:Sicilian 12890:Ligurian 12886:Venetian 12818:instead. 12780:digraphs 12680:phonetic 12676:phonemic 12661:digraphs 12638:sándwich 12393:"oath". 12375:Estievne 12363:offerīre 12351:oferecer 12248:fábricam 12223:carregar 12210:comulgar 12206:comungar 12202:cumineca 12180:coricare 12159:bunătate 12135:> MF 12097:medésimo 12084:quatorze 11793:quattuor 11223:Venetian 10731:Western- 10719:Original 10706:Stressed 10703:Romance 10626:are the 10600:/ˈpõtʃi/ 10578:tʲsʲɛnto 10350:/duts/; 9998:/ˈporku/ 9942:/ˈpɛnʒo/ 9938:/ˈmitti/ 9934:/ˈmette/ 9877:/ˈmitti/ 9873:/ˈmetto/ 9605:Claudius 9448:/preːda/ 9439:, as in 9319:/vzʒʁvʁ/ 9291:Friulian 9263:Calabria 9231:Lausberg 8790:Sicilian 8772:/aɛeiou/ 8768:/ɔoːʊuː/ 8760:Romanian 8737:noz, voz 8604:open-mid 7890:iscritto 7878:Svizzera 7867:lo stato 7859:la spada 7815:scrivere 7793:, Sp/Pg 7777:Estievne 7761:Istèvene 7743:espírito 7739:espíritu 7735:ispìritu 7731:spiritus 7723:(modern 7711:, Sp/Pg 7691:escriure 7687:escrever 7683:escribir 7675:scrībere 7668:s impura 7638:written 7589:lasciare 7533:/ˈkarro/ 7519:/ˈkadde/ 7505:/ˈnɔtte/ 7487:plosives 7453:Frankish 7449:h aspiré 7400:sibilant 7313:isogloss 7255:lenition 7246:Lenition 7209:frīgidam 7198:/'frwεt/ 7189:frīgidum 7137:Central 7108:/aˈmike/ 7095:"dogs"; 7089:/ˈkanej/ 6988:intact. 6890:apud hoc 6719:/ˈme.um/ 6619:, final 6578:"milk", 6362:Talossan 6341:(1902), 6265:Macanese 6249:Malaysia 6245:Kristang 6196:Colombia 6125:(one of 6117:Dominica 5978:purtellu 5912:"door". 5903:ianuella 5750:finestra 5734:fenestra 5580:Venetian 5524:Sicilian 5454:Romanian 5440:Romagnol 5284:Ligurian 5238:Badiot: 5167:Galician 5153:Friulian 5062:Reggiano 4966:Asturian 4817:dialects 4715:Portugal 4567:invierno 4542:hibernus 4526:'n bocca 4462:dans la 4403:frumoasă 4309:melhores 4294:migliori 4287:megliers 4268:meliores 4176:sciuscià 4136:soffiare 4126:souffler 4101:criature 4062:infantes 4031:infantes 4006:(un còp) 3980:(o dată) 3958:une fois 3944:una vice 3913:Romanian 3751:Hispania 3662:southern 3575:Germanic 3544:Portugal 3532:Pannonia 3495:Venetian 3491:Sicilian 3462:Friulian 3450:Asturian 3438:Galician 3434:Sardinia 3385:Romanian 3319:Portugal 3303:Dniester 3295:Bukovina 3289:and the 3131:Portugal 3034:Moldovan 2986:Portugal 2971:official 2967:Romanian 2819:Romanian 2787:Sicilian 2775:Corsican 2747:Romagnol 2735:Ligurian 2719:Friulian 2643:Galician 2602:romanice 2540:romanice 2521:regional 2505:Americas 2493:Romanian 2457:Portugal 2381:/ / 2377:Help:IPA 2252:Scholars 2150:Germanic 2121:Scottish 2086:Thracian 2080:Illyrian 2074:Albanian 2062:European 2055:Armenian 2039:Ossetian 2033:Scythian 2018:Yazidism 1968:Buddhism 1959:Hinduism 1850:Norsemen 1760:Anatolia 1677:Iranians 1670:Iranians 1651:Iron Age 1626:Hittites 1579:Colchian 1572:Caucasus 1530:Iron Age 1499:Lusatian 1494:Urnfield 1418:Srubnaya 1413:Poltavka 1403:Catacomb 1342:Cucuteni 1297:Caucasus 1114:Religion 1099:Homeland 1041:Behistun 1021:Linear B 910:Numerals 905:Pronouns 830:Balkanic 777:Thracian 770:Phrygian 763:Paeonian 749:Messapic 735:Illyrian 647:Hellenic 642:Germanic 611:Armenian 603:Albanian 597:Albanoid 548:a series 546:Part of 486:roma1334 22687:Italics 22588:Chipilo 22531:Romansh 22494:Romance 22492:Rhaeto- 22457:Gardiol 22409:Landese 22399:Aranese 22384:Occitan 22343:Central 22307:Catalan 22298:Romance 22199:Creoles 22194:Saharan 22182:Murcian 22160:Llanito 22117:Chilean 22094:Spanish 22051:Creoles 22025:Mineiro 22007:African 21932:Riberan 21927:Leonese 21892:Iberian 21885:Romance 21812:Walloon 21785:Paydret 21763:Augeron 21703:Vosgien 21698:Gaumais 21693:Lorrain 21685:Creoles 21648:Muskrat 21594:Acadian 21522:Angevin 21512:Langues 21503:Romance 21409:Comasco 21382:Western 21375:Cremish 21365:Eastern 21360:Lombard 21328:Genoese 21323:Brigasc 21267:Emilian 21245:Western 21224:Istriot 21187:Vastese 21172:Molisan 21034:Italian 20970:Central 20916:Crișana 20871:Eastern 20854:Western 20839:Eastern 20691:Italian 20644:Spanish 20569:Lexicon 20251:nostrum 20189:le haut 20187:, e.g. 20181:elision 19792:metipse 19729:tredici 19531:3735232 19424:4420029 19378:*/kɔda/ 17807:95–125. 17325:"Latin" 17203:Romansh 17176:Catalan 17125:Spanish 17078:Italian 17071:Romansh 17066:Catalan 17056:Spanish 17046:Italian 16992:Spanish 16982:Catalan 16977:Occitan 16967:Arpitan 16962:Romansh 16947:Lombard 16942:Emilian 16927:Italian 16888:English 16831:dieci 16825:diece 16773:no(u)v 16758:nêuve 16600:sètte 16594:sette 16588:sette 16585:setti 16548:sièis 16451:sinch 16433:cinque 16430:cinco 16427:cincu 16421:chímbe 16414:quīnque 16402:quatro 16399:cuatro 16396:cuatro 16390:quatre 16381:quatre 16378:quatro 16372:cuatri 16369:quatr 16363:quàtar 16339:bàtoro 16219:nostre 16201:nestri 16192:nòster 16183:nostro 16180:nostru 16171:nostru 16168:nóstru 16164:nostrum 16106:(mi) a 16103:(mi) a 16085:(d)ègo 16027:pélle 16021:pelle 16015:pella 16012:peḍḍi 15914:lingua 15911:língua 15905:lengua 15902:luenga 15896:lenga 15890:langue 15884:lingua 15881:lenghe 15878:lenga 15872:léngua 15860:lingua 15857:lengua 15844:linguam 15838:tongue/ 15833:orella 15830:orelha 15821:orella 15818:orella 15808:oreille 15805:orelye 15769:ureche 15766:orícra 15707:éugio 15666:lleche 15621:latte 15615:latte 15612:latti 15483:chaun 15434:cabalo 15431:cavalo 15419:cavall 15416:caval 15406:chevâl 15400:cjaval 15397:caval 15394:cavall 15309:nêuvo 15303:nuovo 15297:nuovo 15145:cielo 15139:cielo 15111:piedra 15108:piedra 15105:piedra 15099:pèira 15096:pierre 15093:piérra 15063:preta 15060:petra 15057:piatră 15037:tierra 15034:tierra 15031:tierra 15025:tèrra 15004:terra 14992:terra 14986:terra 14983:terra 14964:choiva 14958:lluvia 14955:lluvia 14937:pllove 14925:piœva 14916:piova 14901:ploaie 14898:próida 14894:pluviam 14843:foeugh 14840:fêugo 14834:fuoco 14755:acqua 14749:acqua 14746:acqua 14648:muller 14645:mulher 14636:muller 14589:donna 14551:hombre 14518:òm(en) 14465:Spanish 14455:Catalan 14450:Occitan 14440:Arpitan 14435:Romansh 14420:Lombard 14415:Emilian 14400:Italian 14361:English 14327:Francia 14289:"hand". 14229:"tea", 14197:"yes", 14181:gravità 14177:gravita 14139:"but", 14111:"tea", 14058:digraph 14034:cedilla 14014:with a 13976:/ɐ/,/ə/ 13968:ä, ö, ü 13942:with a 13854:/kadde/ 13836:/fatto/ 13827:Italian 13698:esquitx 13612:before 13550:before 13528:before 13472:trilled 13386:Leonese 13156:before 13107:before 13040:Occitan 13022:before 12996:before 12870:Catalan 12852:Walloon 12794:variety 12447:Letters 12391:serment 12379:Étienne 12371:Esteban 12361:(< * 12355:ofrecer 12307:aiutare 12293:desjune 12243:încărca 12231:charger 12192:coucher 12167:bondade 12129:meḍisme 12080:catorce 12055:setmana 12051:semaine 12017:vecchiu 12005:vétulum 11889:quartum 11813:quatre 11802:quattro 11753:vīgintī 11700:vérité 11694:veritat 11688:verdade 11483:e, -/e 11457:Catalan 11454:Spanish 11448:Italian 11440:Western 11432:English 11345:il fait 11328:liaison 11302:"door" 11292:"port" 11235:part(e) 11214:In the 11177:In the 10967:ō, (au) 10851:(prop) 10743:French 10738:Romance 10733:Romance 10726:Romance 10676:, with 10660:) > 10650:/ˈlyno/ 10635:Catalan 10604:/ˈpõtɨ/ 10585:/ˈsẽtu/ 10453:linguam 10431:fēminam 10326:punctum 9859:in the 9774:aurelha 9744:oreille 9628:(hence 9466:(not ** 9381:: e.g. 9365:became 9300:(where 9273:in the 9259:Cilento 8799:/aɛiɔu/ 8754:In the 8679:/aɛiɔu/ 8539:phoneme 7926:Romance 7827:Stefano 7823:spirito 7781:Étienne 7773:Estêvão 7765:Esteban 7747:esperit 7626:(Latin 7618:(Latin 7599:with . 7597:sciarpa 7526:/ˈkaro/ 7512:/ˈkade/ 7498:/ˈnɔte/ 7225:/fʁwad/ 7132:*amichi 7116:**amice 7063:became 6964:, e.g. 6962:liaison 6868:Occitan 6866:, e.g. 6855:clitics 6805:"six", 6784:-us/-is 6699:/meu̯m/ 6641:of the 6533:apocope 6527:Apocope 6476:scholar 6378:Wenedyk 6331:Volapük 6209:Angolar 6159:Réunion 6155:Réunion 6123:Haitian 6085:Spanish 5999:of the 5972:balconi 5942:balcone 5930:bentàna 5924:ventàna 5918:balcone 5869:bentana 5863:ventana 5822:fẽestra 5817:fiestra 5744:fenêtre 5739:cognate 5594:Walloon 5566:Umbrian 5538:Spanish 5468:Romansh 5384:Occitan 5270:Leonese 5220:‎ 5195:Italian 5096:Emilian 5077:Emilian 5058:Emilian 4994:Catalan 4924:Apulian 4867:removed 4852:sources 4827:Samples 4821:Occitan 4777:removed 4762:sources 4619:Glosses 4601:inviern 4572:inverno 4562:inverno 4557:inviern 4323:millors 4301:mejores 4274:mèlyors 4238:cantare 4211:cantare 4206:chantar 4201:chanter 4196:chantar 4191:cantare 4182:to sing 4153:(bufar) 4121:sofllar 4116:suflare 4107:to blow 4091:enfants 4080:infants 4071:infanți 4055:infanti 4046:unfants 4041:enfants 4036:enfants 4016:na vota 4001:una fes 3976:uma vez 3971:una vez 3953:una fês 3949:una vês 3922:Occitan 3916:Catalan 3907:Spanish 3904:Italian 3900:Romansh 3879:Vulgate 3872:English 3856:Vulgate 3812:Balkans 3788:Bulgars 3731:Britain 3723:British 3709:Balkans 3670:central 3666:western 3591:lexicon 3536:Balkans 3510:History 3503:Occitan 3474:Romansh 3442:Galicia 3430:Alghero 3402:Andorra 3391:Catalan 3379:Italian 3349:Spanish 3339:Italian 3279:Romania 3273:Somalia 3269:Eritrea 3249:Italian 3222:Ontario 3203:Galicia 3185:due to 3069:Spanish 3042:Catalan 3038:Romansh 3022:Andorra 3010:Moldova 3006:Romania 3002:Belgium 2963:Italian 2951:Spanish 2807:Istriot 2767:Italian 2754:Venetan 2743:Emilian 2739:Lombard 2711:Romansh 2679:Occitan 2675:Catalan 2655:Spanish 2597:romance 2534:Romance 2501:Moldova 2497:Romania 2473:Italian 2445:Central 2437:Spanish 2424:of the 2369:in the 2184:Latvian 2142:Cornish 2012:Kurdish 1998:Persian 1990:Iranian 1982:Sikhism 1975:Jainism 1938:Hittite 1877:Iranian 1773:Dacians 1566:Jastorf 1489:Tumulus 1469:Únětice 1398:Yamnaya 1393:Chariot 1331:Usatovo 1272:Yamnaya 1109:Society 1093:Origins 1026:Rigveda 878:Grammar 705:Extinct 695:Romance 674:Iranian 440:African 434:British 364:Romance 336:Oceania 290:on the 271:Romance 231:See why 133:Please 90:updated 22618:Others 22598:Talian 22593:Fiuman 22567:Others 22507:Fornes 22445:Niçard 22394:Gascon 22362:Patuet 22268:Others 22177:Castúo 21883:Ibero- 21843:Faetar 21790:Picard 21720:Norman 21708:Welche 21631:Magoua 21621:Quebec 21611:Brayon 21570:French 21552:Rémois 21501:Gallo- 21456:Pavese 21414:Laghée 21392:Canzés 21343:Royasc 21205:Others 21140:Barese 21068:Tuscan 21014:Sabino 20987:Ancona 20960:Italo- 20585:French 20522: 20410: 20359: 20316: 20247:nossum 20219:, not 19845:456649 19843: 19771:-decim 19755:*diece 19690: 19680: 19628: 19618: 19556:Moenia 19529: 19430: 19422: 19283: 19182:, etc. 19114: 19051:410513 19049: 19008: 18940: 18891: 18856: 18846: 18786: 18776: 18545: 18482: 18400: 18351: 18314: 18239: 18160:16 May 18146: 18112: 18063:295333 18061: 17999: 17961:Latin. 17653:gov.br 17482: 17407: 17403:–115. 17101:French 17051:French 16972:French 16864:dètz 16837:dêxe 16822:deci 16816:dèche 16797:nueve 16794:nueve 16767:neuv 16755:nove 16752:nove 16746:nove 16743:novi 16679:éuto 16673:otto 16667:otto 16664:ottu 16650:eight 16639:siete 16636:siete 16591:sette 16582:șapte 16575:septem 16571:seven 16509:seje 16487:cinco 16484:cinco 16478:cinco 16469:cinc 16465:/sɛ̃k/ 16448:cinc 16424:cinci 16405:catro 16383:/katʁ/ 16342:patru 16305:tres 16301:/tʁwɑ/ 16299:trois 16293:trais 16239:three 16231:nosso 16212:/nɔtʁ/ 16210:notre 16198:nòst 16131:, moi 16036:pèil 16033:pell 16018:pelle 16009:piele 16006:pèdhe 16002:pellem 15942:mano 15936:mana 15933:manu 15892:/lɑ̃ɡ/ 15851:limbă 15848:límba 15827:oreya 15824:oreja 15811:/ɔʁɛj/ 15799:orele 15787:oêgia 15746:güeyu 15734:uèlh 15704:òcio 15681:oculum 15672:leite 15669:leite 15663:leche 15642:latg 15624:late 15618:latte 15609:lapte 15602:lactem 15593:facer 15590:fazer 15587:facer 15584:hacer 15571:/fɛːʁ/ 15569:faire 15542:fare 15523:facere 15492:/ʃjɛ̃/ 15462:cane 15453:cani 15450:câine 15409:cheval 15391:cavàl 15367:càdhu 15359:horse 15348:nuevu 15345:nuevo 15342:nuevo 15321:gnove 15318:neuv 15312:noeuv 15306:nóvo 15294:novu 15257:naut 15227:alto 15224:alto 15218:auto 15215:autu 15212:înalt 15190:cielu 15184:cielo 15174:/sjɛl/ 15136:celu 15130:chélu 15126:caelum 15117:pedra 15114:pedra 15102:pedra 15090:crapa 15087:piere 15078:preda 15075:pria 15066:petra 15054:pedra 15051:petra 15048:stone 15043:terra 15040:terra 15028:terra 15019:terre 15016:tèrra 15010:tiere 15007:tèra 14998:tæra 14995:tèra 14989:terra 14977:tèrra 14973:terram 14961:chuva 14949:pluja 14942:/plɥi/ 14940:pluie 14876:fuego 14873:fuego 14825:focu 14791:aigua 14788:aiga 14779:égoua 14752:acqua 14732:water 14727:fillo 14724:filho 14715:fillo 14709:filh 14688:fiœl 14657:fīlium 14642:muyer 14639:mujer 14618:femme 14598:mujér 14557:homem 14536:homme 14515:òmmo 14509:uomo 14503:ommo 14494:ómine 14445:French 14213:"me", 14147:"of", 14093:Stress 13972:German 13964:umlaut 13938:, and 13863:/kade/ 13845:/fato/ 13815:, and 13670:sotjar 13285:calaix 13139:) or 13135:, and 13054:; and 12981:, and 12957:, and 12838:slitta 12776:Silent 12547:– was 12427:Hebrew 12423:Arabic 12359:offrir 12335:aidier 12327:ajudar 12323:ayudar 12281:disner 12260:frágua 12256:fragua 12227:cargar 12184:colgar 12163:bondad 12151:bonità 12133:meïsme 12121:meesmo 12113:meesmo 12109:meísmo 12105:medemm 12101:medemo 12059:sman-a 12047:semana 12013:vieklo 12009:veclum 11981:puerto 11960:portum 11913:quart 11910:cuarto 11905:quarto 11898:quartu 11884:fourth 11879:quand 11870:cuando 11865:quando 11856:quandō 11810:cuatro 11807:quatro 11783:vingt 11777:veinte 11748:twenty 11710:mātrem 11705:mother 11697:verité 11691:verdad 11683:verità 11650:partem 11557:septem 11547:porte 11541:puerta 11527:portam 11480:a, -/e 11324:/pɔʁt/ 11319:portes 11304:/pɔʁt/ 11248:mātrem 11239:set(e) 11172:Tuscan 11151:, but 10844:(prop) 10748:Acad. 10736:Gallo- 10724:Italo- 10701:Proto- 10698:Latin 10662:/weew/ 10654:/ɔːoː/ 10589:pontem 10574:centum 10522:> * 10503:> * 10478:hiatus 10460:/lɑ̃ɡ/ 10457:langue 10420:/dunə/ 10366:bellus 10352:fallet 10337:dulcem 10152:(e.g. 10034:) vs. 10002:porcos 9930:/jewo/ 9903:) vs. 9882:mittis 9869:/eiou/ 9865:/ɛeɔo/ 9861:Marche 9818:umlaut 9787:oricla 9783:audīre 9761:orícla 9756:olícra 9750:ureche 9738:orelha 9712:co(d)a 9707:/koda/ 9647:not ** 9645:/kɔza/ 9597:Cicero 9534:/fedo/ 9530:foedus 9514:/pena/ 9510:poenam 9472:faenum 9468:prieda 9441:praeda 9383:caelum 9279:Taravo 9267:Apulia 8913:*/aw/ 8764:/ĕēĭī/ 8727:(from 8719:(from 8708:, and 8620:while 8609:, and 8598:while 8578:/i(ː)/ 8574:/y(ː)/ 8394:short 8282:short 8264:short 8150:short 8077:short 8073:y (y̆) 8038:short 7953:Acad. 7924:Proto- 7847:Ștefan 7843:spirit 7829:, and 7805:(mod. 7801:, OFr 7797:, Cat 7795:estado 7791:istadu 7787:status 7779:(mod. 7775:, OFr 7769:Esteve 7767:, Cat 7751:esprit 7745:, Cat 7721:espeḍe 7719:, OFr 7717:espasa 7715:, Cat 7713:espada 7709:ispada 7705:spatha 7699:écrire 7697:(mod. 7620:vidēre 7582:caccio 7555:, and 7465:harina 7461:farina 7418:double 7321:voiced 7222:froide 7214:froide 7205:/fʁwa/ 7177:piscem 7157:lactem 7120:amiche 7112:amīcae 7105:amiche 7099:> * 7097:amīcās 7087:> * 7075:"we", 6956:: the 6900:Final 6829:Final 6814:Final 6751:Final 6732:Final 6723:/ˈmeo/ 6721:> * 6701:> * 6647:elided 6611:Final 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6390:German 6382:Polish 6259:Kristi 6087:, and 6081:French 6009:Ibero- 5960:balcón 5954:balcon 5948:balcão 5936:balcon 5897:jinela 5891:xanela 5885:janela 5880:window 5875:ventus 5839:xanela 5827:fresta 5811:yantar 5805:jantar 5793:cenare 5775:" and 5728:fresta 5677:Kriolu 5552:Tuscan 5398:Picard 5370:Norman 5328:Magoua 5139:French 4704: 4699: 4606:vierno 4591:iberru 4582:hivern 4547:hivèrn 4533:winter 4485:en la 4478:nella 4470:in la 4464:bouche 4454:en la 4248:cianté 4243:cantar 4234:cantai 4229:cantar 4221:cantar 4216:cantar 4186:canere 4161:sulare 4146:soprar 4141:soplar 4131:suflar 4096:mutons 4011:n iede 3896:French 3860:Jerome 3804:Cumans 3749:, and 3713:Slavic 3676:, and 3672:, and 3647:Celtic 3589:, and 3579:Slavic 3567:; and 3552:France 3550:, and 3422:Aragon 3408:, the 3369:French 3323:Israel 3317:, and 3299:Budjak 3214:Quebec 3169:, and 3151:Angola 3135:Brazil 3114:, and 3110:, the 3100:Mexico 3096:Belize 3061:French 3018:Monaco 2982:France 2959:French 2865:, and 2771:Tuscan 2691:French 2663:Ladino 2573:, the 2543:, "in 2513:Africa 2509:Europe 2491:; and 2469:French 2461:Brazil 2385: 2199:Slavic 2178:Baltic 2128:Breton 2108:Celtic 2092:Dacian 2048:Others 1828:Europe 1701:Europe 1695:Yuezhi 1549:Europe 1536:Steppe 1447:Europe 1304:Maykop 1258:Samara 1214:Kurgan 1031:Avesta 813:Ablaut 809:Accent 756:Mysian 728:Dacian 689:Italic 637:Celtic 629:Slavic 622:Baltic 590:Extant 533: 527: 521: 515: 354:Italic 334:, and 324:Africa 310:) and 306:, and 22541:Putèr 22536:Jauer 22524:Nones 22514:Ladin 22013:Asian 21670:Houma 21643:Métis 21626:Joual 21599:Chiac 21564:Gallo 21514:d'oïl 20906:Banat 20193:l'eau 20185:schwa 20177:*hauh 19841:JSTOR 19775:dieci 19767:decem 19763:decim 19759:dieci 19750:dieci 19745:decem 19739:> 19735:> 19688:S2CID 19626:S2CID 19527:JSTOR 19457:(PDF) 19450:(PDF) 19428:S2CID 19420:JSTOR 19389:caudă 19383:cauda 19373:choue 19368:cauda 19106:[ 19047:JSTOR 18784:S2CID 18362:(PDF) 18345:(PDF) 18059:JSTOR 16893:Latin 16876:diez 16873:diez 16870:diez 16860:/dis/ 16855:diéx 16846:des 16843:dex 16828:dece 16819:zece 16812:decem 16803:nove 16800:nove 16791:nueu 16785:nòu 16781:/nœf/ 16779:neuf 16764:nœv 16749:nove 16740:nouă 16737:nòbe 16733:novem 16729:nine 16724:oito 16721:oito 16718:ocho 16715:ocho 16709:vuit 16702:/ɥit/ 16700:huit 16697:huét 16688:eut 16676:òto 16670:ottu 16645:sete 16642:sete 16627:sèt 16623:/sɛt/ 16621:sept 16618:sèpt 16612:siet 16609:set 16606:set 16579:sète 16566:seis 16563:seis 16560:seis 16557:seis 16544:/sis/ 16539:siéx 16530:ses 16527:sex 16521:sêi 16515:sei 16506:sia 16503:șase 16472:cinc 16463:cinq 16460:cinq 16454:cinc 16445:sinc 16410:five 16328:four 16323:tres 16320:três 16317:trés 16314:tres 16311:tres 16308:tres 16287:trè 16280:tre ( 16274:tri ( 16271:trii 16262:tre 16256:tre 16253:tri 16250:trei 16247:tres 16234:noso 16204:noss 16137:ieu 16133:/mwa/ 16094:ije 16069:pele 16066:piel 16063:piel 16060:piel 16057:pell 16054:pèl 16048:peau 16039:piel 15998:skin 15990:mão 15987:mano 15984:mano 15975:man 15971:/mɛ̃/ 15969:main 15963:maun 15957:man 15948:màn 15945:man 15939:manu 15930:mână 15927:mànu 15923:manum 15919:hand 15790:uréć 15752:ollo 15749:olho 15725:uely 15719:voli 15713:œgg 15689:ochi 15686:ócru 15660:leit 15657:llet 15648:lait 15630:latt 15606:làte 15598:milk 15575:far 15563:far 15554:far 15545:far 15489:chien 15486:chin 15480:cjan 15477:can 15468:càn 15465:can 15459:cane 15443:canem 15354:novo 15351:novo 15336:nòu 15332:/nœf/ 15330:neuf 15324:nov 15315:nœv 15300:novu 15288:nóbu 15284:novum 15275:alto 15272:alto 15269:altu 15266:alto 15263:alto 15251:haut 15248:hiôt 15245:aut 15239:àut 15230:ato 15221:altu 15209:àrtu 15205:altum 15201:high 15178:cèl 15172:ciel 15169:cièl 15157:cel 15142:celu 15021:/tɛʁ/ 15001:tera 14980:țară 14969:land 14931:ploe 14890:rain 14885:fogo 14882:fogo 14879:fueu 14855:fieu 14849:feu 14846:fœg 14831:focu 14819:fócu 14815:focum 14811:fire 14806:auga 14803:água 14800:agua 14797:agua 14773:aghe 14770:eva 14764:aqua 14740:àbba 14736:aquam 14718:hijo 14712:fill 14705:/fis/ 14703:fils 14685:fiōl 14661:fízu 14620:/fam/ 14615:fèna 14609:muîr 14560:home 14554:home 14545:home 14542:òme 14533:homo 14500:omu 14366:Latin 14300:cases 14165:parlò 14161:parlo 14157:virtù 14016:tilde 13850:cadde 13832:fatto 13674:mitjó 13626:fetge 13622:metge 13558:, or 13477:or a 13440:) or 13281:caixa 13267:enmig 13121:/dʑi/ 13115:, or 13004:, or 12925:razza 12919:razza 12760:is a 12744:, or 12726:, or 12626:quiuí 12315:aider 12311:ajuta 12285:dîner 12268:forge 12264:farga 12188:culca 12171:bonté 12155:bontà 12137:mesme 12125:mesmo 12117:mismo 12091:> 12021:velho 12001:tonic 11984:port 11976:porto 11969:portu 11876:quant 11846:huit 11818:eight 11774:vinte 11769:venti 11762:vinti 11743:mère 11740:meḍre 11734:madre 11726:madre 11719:matre 11669:truth 11664:part 11659:parte 11640:paix 11617:pācem 11612:peace 11580:sept 11574:siete 11566:sette 11552:seven 11544:porta 11536:porta 11435:Latin 11388:> 11314:/pɔʁ/ 11309:ports 11299:porte 11294:/pɔʁ/ 11199:*fize 11159:> 11155:> 11147:> 11143:> 11111:< 10857:ē, oe 10802:e, ae 10729:Later 10722:Later 10664:> 10646:/lyn/ 10639:lūnam 10631:/yøœ/ 10597:ponte 10595:> 10593:pɔnte 10582:cento 10580:> 10563:fīnem 10557:> 10545:> 10526:> 10507:> 10449:/fɛ̃/ 10442:fīnem 10438:/fam/ 10435:femme 10433:> 10427:/dɔn/ 10424:donne 10422:> 10413:dōnat 10376:beaus 10374:> 10360:> 10331:point 10315:pācem 10240:/ɛeə/ 10179:> 10173:/aeo/ 10083:fēcit 10041:fēcit 9994:porco 9781:< 9779:ausir 9769:auris 9732:oreja 9727:cauda 9718:coadă 9697:queue 9681:> 9678:aurum 9649:cuosa 9635:chose 9630:causa 9626:/tʃa/ 9624:> 9563:oinos 9525:peine 9493:fieno 9476:fēnum 9463:preda 9458:priée 9453:proie 9445:prēda 9435:with 9429:/mɛl/ 9419:miele 9404:/sɛw/ 9394:cielo 9311:/ɑoø/ 9298:/VːC/ 8943:/o/? 8940:/ɔ/? 8937:/o/? 8931:/ɔ/? 8928:/ɔ/? 8925:/ɔ/? 8922:/ɔ/? 8919:/o/? 8916:/ɔ/? 8725:vōcem 8717:nucem 8673:> 8671:/ɪiː/ 8665:> 8663:/ɛeː/ 8651:/aaː/ 8644:cadde 8615:close 8523:vowel 8496:*/aw/ 8433:long 8390:u (ŭ) 8381:> 8330:long 8278:o (ŏ) 8260:a (ă) 8215:long 8202:> 8146:e (ĕ) 8137:> 8095:long 8034:i (ĭ) 8020:long 7971:long 7940:Roman 7937:Acad. 7855:spada 7839:spată 7835:scrie 7831:stato 7819:spada 7803:estat 7799:estat 7771:, Pg 7763:, Sp 7741:, Pg 7737:, Sp 7628:sicca 7624:sëcca 7616:vëdde 7575:cacio 7568:trill 7541:cchiù 7530:carro 7516:cadde 7502:notte 7463:> 7424:> 7361:vītam 7355:> 7327:> 7220:> 7202:froid 7200:> 7194:froit 7183:< 7167:focum 7128:amici 7126:> 7124:amīcī 7103:> 7091:> 7085:canēs 7079:> 7071:> 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