3741:, it is normal practice to defer to the style used by the first major contributor or adopted by the consensus of editors already working on the page, unless a change in consensus has been achieved. If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page. If you are the first contributor to add citations to an article, you may choose whichever style you think best for the article. However,
1835:
144:
3756:, or otherwise fail to provide needed bibliographic data â such as the name of the source, the title of the article or web page consulted, the author (if known), the publication date (if known), and the page numbers (where relevant) â then that would not count as a "consistent citation style" and can be changed freely to insert such data. The data provided should be sufficient to uniquely identify the source, allow readers to find it, and allow readers to initially evaluate a source without retrieving it.
170:
6302:: "Knowledge does not mandate styles in many different areas; these include (but are not limited to) American vs. British spelling, date formats, and citation style. Where Knowledge does not mandate a specific style, editors should not attempt to convert Knowledge to their own preferred style, nor should they edit articles for the sole purpose of converting them to their preferred style, or removing examples of, or references to, styles which they dislike."
57:
5411:
5395:
5362:
5311:
5260:
5240:
4819:
5378:
5345:
5291:
5223:
4775:
3919:
4614:: Search the web for quoted text, the article title, and parts of the URL. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else, including the user who added the reference. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question.
129:
3368:. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a "References" section, and are usually sorted by the last name of the author or the editor. General reference sections are most likely to be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of general references is that
1319:, citations should be placed at the end of the text that they support. Material that is repeated multiple times in a paragraph does not require an inline citation for every mention. If you say an elephant is a mammal more than once, provide one only at the first instance. Avoid cluttering text with redundant citations like this:
4195:) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the
4709:
If a sentence or paragraph is footnoted with a source, adding new material that is not supported by the existing source to the sentence/paragraph, without a source for the new text, is highly misleading if placed to appear that the cited source supports it. When new text is inserted into a paragraph,
4684:
When using inline citations, it is important to maintain textâsource integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to see which part of the material is supported by the citation; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material
3213:
Publication dates, for both older and recent sources, should be written with the goal of helping the reader find the publication and, once found, confirm that the correct publication has been located. For example, if the publication date bears a date in the Julian calendar, it should not be converted
2217:
template. There has been controversy over the use of
Wikidata in the English Knowledge due to vandalism and its own sourcing. While there is no consensus on whether information from Wikidata should be used at all, there is general agreement that any Wikidata statements that are transcluded need to be
1809:
Listed below is the information that a typical inline citation or general reference will provide, though other details may be added as necessary. This information is included in order to identify the source, assist readers in finding it, and (in the case of inline citations) indicate the place in the
790:
is a citation that supports content, but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a
References section. They are usually found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article
2505:
Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs. Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing; for example, movies are often released in different editions or "cuts". Due to variations between formats and playback equipment, precision may not be
5605:
standard. Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user, for instance by providing links to their library's online copies of the cited works. In articles that format citations manually, metadata may be added manually in a span,
4953:
Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this: Or they can be bundled
3330:
where they are to appear. Any reasonable name may be chosen. The most frequent choice is "References". Other options in diminishing order of popularity are, "Notes", "Footnotes", or "Works cited", although these are more often used to distinguish between multiple end-matter sections or subsections.
2514:
A citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source. If you have a URL (web page) link, you can add it to the title part of the citation, so that when you add the citation to
Knowledge the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable. To do this, enclose the URL
2482:
Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change
1480:. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the clause, sentence, or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text.
4203:, or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. If the source only exists online, give the link even if access is restricted (see
2661:
sometimes allows numbered book pages to be linked to directly. Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview; they will not work with snippet view. Keep in mind that availability varies by location. No editor is required to add page links, but if another editor adds them,
912:
referencing template. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short citations and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source. See the
3143:
Date a book that is identically reprinted or printed-on-demand to the first date in which the edition became available. For example, if an edition of a book was first released in 2005 with an identical reprinting in 2007, date it to 2005. If substantive changes were made in a reprint, sometimes
4059:
is a link to a copy of your source on a web page provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably
3285:
A footnote may also contain a relevant quotation from the source. This is especially helpful when the cited text is long or dense. A quotation allows readers to immediately identify the applicable portion of the reference. Quotes are also useful if the source is not easily accessible. However,
3582:, in keeping with the existing citation style (if any). In this context "precisely duplicated" means having the same content, not necessarily identical strings ("The New York Times" is the same as "NY Times"; different access-dates are not significant). Do not discourage editors, particularly
3066:
read it" follows the practice in academic writing of citing sources directly only if you have read the source yourself. If your knowledge of the source is secondhandâthat is, if you have read Jones (2010), who cited Smith (2009), and you want to use what Smith (2009) saidâmake clear that your
4302:: Pages are frequently moved to different locations on the same site as they become archive content rather than news. The site's error page may have a "Search" box; alternatively, in both the Google and DuckDuckGo search engines â among others â the keyterm "site:" can be used. For instance:
3108:
mean that you have to give credit to any search engines, websites, libraries, library catalogs, archives, subscription services, bibliographies, or other sources that led you to Smith's book. If you have read a book or article yourself, that's all you have to cite. You do not have to specify
2559:
If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily
6329:
One reason this guideline does not standardize section headings for citations and explanatory notes is that
Knowledge draws editors from many disciplines (history, English, science, etc.), each with its own note and reference section-naming convention (or conventions). For more, see
1654:. Curly marks are treated as another character, not as delimiters. The page will display an error if one style of quotation marks is used when first naming the reference, and the other style is used in a repeated reference, or if a mix of styles is used in the repeated references.
5862:
URLs, in particular, are a nuisance as they contain the original URLs, which show as duplicates. The optional part of Step 2 eliminates the archive URLs, but unfortunately the list of duplicates includes the archived pages. The wiki* URLs are less of a problem as they can just be
4124:
If your source is not available online, it should be available in libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily
4399:
Some archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with
3289:
In the case of non-English sources, it may be helpful to quote from the original text and then give an
English translation. If the article itself contains a translation of a quote from such a source (without the original), then the original should be included in the footnote.
895:
or
Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the full citations to the source. Short citations can be written manually, or by using either the
3479:, this is usually placed in a separate section, titled, for example, "References". This usually comes immediately after the section(s) listing footnotes, if any. (If the general references section is called "References", then the citations section is usually called "Notes".)
1323:
Elephants are large land mammals ... Elephants' teeth are very different from those of most other mammals. Unlike most mammals, which grow baby teeth and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth, elephants have cycles of tooth rotation throughout their entire
3265:
In most cases it is sufficient for a citation footnote simply to identify the source (as described in the sections above); readers can then consult the source to see how it supports the information in the article. Sometimes, however, it is useful to include additional
257:
This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation. Each article should use one citation method or style throughout. If an article already has citations, preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it
861:
is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found, but without giving full details of the source. Some
Knowledge articles use it, giving summary information about the source together with a page number. For example,
5588:
If citation templates are used in an article, the parameters should be accurate. It is inappropriate to set parameters to false values to cause the template to render as if it were written in some style other than the style normally produced by the template (e.g.,
5466:
If the article is a biography of a living person, it can be tagged with {{subst:prod blp}} to propose deletion. If it's a biography of a living person and is an attack page, then it should be tagged for speedy deletion using criterion G10, which will blank the
4002:. Since any citation that accurately identifies the source is better than none, do not revert the good-faith addition of partial citations. They should be considered temporary, and replaced with more complete, properly formatted citations as soon as possible.
3116:
So long as you are confident that you read a true and accurate copy, it does not matter whether you read the material using an online service like Google Books; using preview options at a bookseller's website like Amazon; through your library; via online
4060:
certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original rights-holders' copyrights. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable.
1284:
of an article, insofar as the lead summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article, although quotations and controversial statements, particularly if about living persons, should be supported by citations even in the lead. See
5829:
but otherwise possibly different. Most differences are not significant, but sometimes different page numbers from the same URL are cited. Occasionally references to the same Web page might be followed by different non-significant tracking parameters
5214:, in-text attribution is always recommended. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question.
3532:
for the explanatory footnotes. The advantage of this system is that the content of an explanatory footnote can in this case be referenced with a footnoted citation. When explanatory footnotes and footnoted references are not in separate lists,
5580:
can be used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged: an article should not be switched between templated and non-templated citations without good reason and consensus â see
3147:
Editors should be aware that older sources (especially those in the public domain) are sometimes republished with modern publication dates; treat these as new publications. When this occurs and the citation style being used requires it, cite
1924:
of a book's title page may record, "Reprinted with corrections XXXX" or similar, where "XXXX" is a year. This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions. Note this in your citation. See
3910:
above for that method. As part of the deprecation process in existing articles, discussion of how best to convert inline parenthetical citations into currently accepted formats should be held if there is objection to a particular method.
1630:, the text must be placed within double quotes. Placing all named references within double quotes may be helpful to future editors who do not know that rule. To help with page maintenance, it is recommended that the text of the
3586:
ones, from adding duplicate citations when the use of the source is appropriate, because a duplicate is better than no citation. But any editor should feel free to combine them, and doing so is the best practice on
Knowledge.
3782:
imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the citations easier to understand and
4628:
if you cannot find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation. If it is material that is
5470:
If the article doesn't fit into the above two categories, then consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the article creator. You may also tag the article with the
2206:
But
Wikidata's statements can be directly transcluded into articles; this is usually done to provide external links or infobox data. For example, more than two million external links from Wikidata are shown through the
253:
number: The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references, which provides complete, formatted detail about the source, so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it.
2506:
accurate in some cases. However, many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online; generally the subcontractors who handle audio-visual are quite precise.
4705:
Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that textâsource relationships are maintained. References should not be moved if doing so might break the textâsource relationship.
4608:: If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the dead URL is not necessary. Simply remove the dead URL, leaving the remainder of the reference intact.
2868:, such as an unnumbered page of images between two regular pages. (If the page contains an image that is protected by copyright, it will be replaced by a tiny notice saying "copyrighted image".) The URL for
2556:. It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Knowledge, for example by typing ISBN (or PMID) followed by a space and the ID number.
3433:
The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading. Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote, and each footnote contains a
7633:
4179:, omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2nd, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as
6636:
5405:
Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution:
2626:
as the citation URL displays page five of the document in any PDF viewer that supports this feature. If the viewer or browser does not support it, it will display the first page instead.
922:
5780:
4281:. Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. If you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content, follow these steps prior to deleting it:
266:. While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed. See: "
245:
A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts. In the first part, each section of text that is either based on, or quoted from, an outside source is marked as such with an
2529:
For web-only sources with no publication date, the "Retrieved" date (or the date you accessed the web page) should be included, in case the web page changes in the future. For example:
3217:
If the publication date was given as a season or holiday, such as "Winter" or "Christmas" of a particular year or two-year span, it should not be converted to a month or date, such as
1695:
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, to avoid the redundancy of many big, nearly identical full citations, most
Knowledge editors use one of these options:
6286:
3779:
replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more verifiable information to the reader, and helps maintain textâsource integrity;
4255:
that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider making an archived copy of the cited document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as the
6783:
5571:
3730:
Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style, merely on the grounds of personal preference or to make it match other articles, without first seeking
452:
2203:
Wikidata is largely user-generated, and articles should not directly cite Wikidata as a source (just as it would be inappropriate to cite other Wikipedias' articles as sources).
1762:
is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms). If the use of
2552:(digital object identifier) for an article or some e-books, or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases, such as a PMID number for articles on
5517:
In any other case consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the editor who added the unsourced material. You may place a
5138:
Within a given article only a single layout should generally be used, except that inline may always be appropriate for shortened references, often all for the same statement:
1375:
Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given piece of material in an article with the specific reliable source(s) that support it. Inline citations are added using
918:
6248:
are used interchangeably on the English Knowledge. On talk pages, where the language can be more informal, or in edit summaries or templates where space is a consideration,
4957:
Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages:
3835:
switching between major citation styles or replacing the preferred style of one academic discipline with another's â except when moving away from deprecated styles, such as
3208:
3842:
adding citation templates to an article that already uses a consistent system without templates, or removing citation templates from an article that uses them consistently;
3482:
6058:
4872:
1200:
Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons, particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory. In accordance with the
4976:
It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.
4973:
It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.
7030:
6623:
4904:
of ordering to suit personal preferences. In particular, references need not be moved solely to maintain the numerical order of footnotes as they appear in the article.
3631:, though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style. A number of citation styles exist, including those described in the Knowledge articles for
2258:
does not support "last, first" or Vancouver-style author name lists, so it should not be used in articles in which "last, first" or Vancouver-style author names are the
1657:
3818:
making citations added by other editors match the existing style (if any). Do not revert someone else's contribution merely because the citation style doesn't match.
3515:
If an article contains both footnoted citations and other (explanatory) footnotes, then it is possible (but not necessary) to divide them into two separate lists using
1197:
a source. But the need to cite sources is not limited to those situations: editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information in an article.
4272:
3144:
marked on the verso with "Reprinted with corrections", note the edition and append the corrected reprint year to it (e.g. "1st ed. reprinted with corrections 2005").
6945:
6106:
5372:
It is preferable not to clutter articles with information best left to the references. Interested readers can click on the ref to find out the publishing journal:
1603:. Thereafter, the same named reference may be reused any number of times either before or after the defining use by typing the previous reference name, like this:
779:, or statements of opinion or uncertain fact. The in-text attribution does not give full details of the source â this is done in a footnote in the normal way. See
341:
4137:
number; linking to an established Knowledge article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page,
2572:
number; linking to an established Knowledge article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page,
2663:
3270:
in the footnote, for example to indicate precisely which information the source is supporting (particularly when a single footnote lists more than one source â
1520:
Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can become confusing and difficult to manage. There are two main methods to avoid
7724:
7719:
6180:
4359:
If multiple archive dates are available, try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the
5174:
7277:
4090:
Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with
3768:
improving existing citations by adding missing information, such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it aids
3694:
3383:. If both cited and uncited references exist, their distinction can be highlighted with separate section names, e.g., "References" and "General references".
522:
5327:
4288:: First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged. The online service
8332:
7714:
2490:
or print materials, then you can use other means of identifying the relevant section of a lengthy work, such as the chapter number or the section title.
2222:
and some related modules and templates filter Wikidata statements not supported by a reference by default; however, other modules and templates, such as
6186:
6174:
1386:
6299:
7552:
6776:
3997:. This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this
428:
897:
7203:
5735:
3888:
3742:
3323:
This section describes how to add footnotes and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes.
3318:
599:
499:
271:
7509:
6616:
6064:
5970:
3519:. The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections, called (for example) "Notes" and "References", respectively.
3364:
A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not linked to any particular text in the article through an
2250:
template can be used to cite works whose metadata is held in Wikidata, provided the cited work meets Knowledge's standards. As of December 2020,
1462:
It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes (where the citation text is actually displayed); for this, see the previous section.
3597:. Any method that is consistent with the existing citation style (if any) may be used, or consensus can be sought to change the existing style.
2237:
in Wikidata. A book, a journal article, a musical recording, sheet music or any other item can be represented by a structured item in Wikidata.
1473:. Note also that no space is added before the citation marker. Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings.
1292:
6335:
3674:
all-numeric date formats other than YYYY-MM-DD, because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day. For example,
7785:
5506:
If the material added appears to be false or an expression of opinion, remove it and inform the editor who added the unsourced material. The
4641:. It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation, and notify the editor who added the now-dead link.
4192:
3386:
2098:
1973:
608:
6331:
4210:
2493:
In some works, such as plays and ancient works, there are standard methods of referring to sections, such as "Act 1, scene 2" for plays and
765:
means any citation added close to the material it supports, for example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in the form of a footnote.
5211:
1267:
1189:. If reliable sources cannot be found for challenged material, it is likely to be removed from the article. Sources are also required when
5981:
with local reference database which can be synchronized between several computers over the online database (up to 300 MB without payment).
4982:
To concatenate multiple citations for the same content into a single footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below:
7236:
5953:
4317:
3926:
The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3).
3488:
3306:
1336:
may require a citation to be inserted (for the duration of the DYK listing) even within a passage completely cited to the same sources.
7907:
7770:
7638:
6960:
6609:
6532:
363:
336:
6318:
660:
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and, where applicable, the place in that source (such as a page number) where the information in question can be found. For example:
7564:
6100:
6082:
5100:
This last approach needs an introductory line like "Multiple sources:" to prevent an unwanted linebreak after the footnote number.
724:
303:
5281:
violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Darwin is the
7542:
7231:
6970:
6712:
6046:
5936:
5496:
914:
5921:
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and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without clearly placing its source may lead to allegations of
3759:
3686:
dates where the year is after 1582. Because it could easily be confused with a range of years, the format YYYY-MM (for example:
791:
content is supported by a single source. They may also be listed in more developed articles as a supplement to inline citations.
7676:
7251:
7037:
6906:
6202:
5729:
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As with other citation formats, articles should not undergo large-scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so.
1470:
1220:
should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as
580:
3994:. Knowledge allowed this in its early yearsâfor example by adding a link after a sentence, like this: , which is rendered as:
3859:
1814:, then the inline citations will refer to this information in abbreviated form, as described in the relevant sections above.)
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8384:
8351:
6388:
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1817:
In general, the citation information should be cited as it appears in the original source. For example, the album notes from
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1221:
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404:
217:
64:
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Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to
2534:
7775:
7729:
6022:
5962:
3958:, it is helpful to include hyperlinks to source material, when available. Here we note some issues concerning these links.
2653:
5499:. If the material lacking reference is seriously inappropriate, it may need to be hidden from general view, in which case
3853:
8394:
8327:
7874:
7600:
7502:
7334:
6504:
5847:
Optional: Tick the radio button "Do not show", tick the box at the beginning of its line, and enter (paste) into the box
5615:
5118:
5000:
4327:
4196:
2629:
2579:
1976:
are optional and can often be used in place of a less stable URL (although URLs may also be listed in a journal citation)
1831:(formerly Twitter) user named "iđdogs" should not be cited as "idogs". Retain the original special glyphs and spelling.
1483:
622:
545:
467:
7413:
4028:
2477:
1585:
7643:
7224:
5206:. It may also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words, and it should always be used for
2997:
2989:
1280:(sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles). Citations are often omitted from the
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has tools to automatically handle citations for a whole article at a time. Converts occurrences of {{pmid|XXXXXXXX}} (
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was made specifically for this purpose. Some other templates in the same vein are listed at the disambiguation page
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that are verifiable directly from the image itself, or for text that merely identifies a source (e.g., the caption "
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Citations may be accompanied by metadata, though it is not mandatory. Most citation templates on Knowledge use the
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Do not cite an entire body of work by one performer. Instead, make one citation for each work your text relies on.
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When using manual links it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references. The script
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Links to long PDF documents can be made more convenient by taking readers to a specific page with the addition of
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An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities
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is lost, unless the article is very short. They are frequently reworked by later editors into inline citations.
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make sure it is supported by the existing or a new source. For example, when editing text originally reading
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Finding duplicate references by examining reference lists is difficult. There are some tools that can help:
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Neutrality issues apart, there are other ways in-text attribution can mislead. The sentence below suggests
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Note that some templates properly support links only in parameters specifically designed to hold URLs like
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Note, however, that references defined in the reference list template can no longer be edited with the
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Then the duplicates will be listed, and must be manually merged. There will often be false positives;
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While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, Knowledge does not have a single
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The same principle applies when indicating the source of images and other media files in an article.
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can be almost anythingâââapart from being completely numeric. If spaces are used in the text of the
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The appearance of a general references section is the same as those given above in the sections on
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of an item in Wikidata needs to be known. QID can by found by searching for an item by the name or
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6199:â an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user-submitted video sites
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It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining
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Include a source to support the new information. There are several ways to write this, including:
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3858:"WP:PARENTHETICAL" redirects here. For guidelines on the use of parentheses (round brackets), see
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3300:
1756:, or similar abbreviations is discouraged, as they may become broken as new references are added (
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For an image or other media file, details of its origin and copyright status should appear on its
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is a free program that helps editors to create citations for their Knowledge contributions using
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Step 2: tick "Only Display duplicate URL addresses" (which unticks "Remove duplicate addresses")
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5914:) or {{isbn|XXXXXXXXXX}} to properly formatted footnote or Harvard-style references. Written in
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Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article:
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With some exceptions discussed below, citations appear in a single section containing only the
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the date you retrieved (or accessed) the web page (required if the publication date is unknown)
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By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.
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6061:â showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques
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argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if "situated behind a
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page number(s) are optional and may be substituted with negative number(s) on microfilm reels
1941:
1536:{{reflist}}, and then inserting them in the text with a shortened reference tag, for example
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for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see
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594:
46:
6601:
6470:
5652:
helps users format, insert, and edit sources by simply providing a DOI, URL, ISBN etc., see
5053:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
4970:
It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;
4928:
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27:. For information about citing Knowledge articles for use in work outside of Knowledge, see
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Step 1: click "Enter URL", enter (paste) the URL of the Knowledge article and click "Load",
5682:
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3464:, should never be used. This is because of issues with readability, browser compatibility,
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and the title in square bracketsâthe URL first, then a space, then the title. For example:
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2414:
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volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals)
1800:
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Reference management software can output formatted citations in several styles, including
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6524:
6414:
6043:â listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Knowledge articles
4735:
an edit that does not imply that the new material is supported by the same reference is
2474:
When citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited.
1673:
104:
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7935:
7804:
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7358:
7353:
6846:
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5679:, a JavaScript bookmarklet â creates references in one click, works for many newspapers
5627:
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can also be combined (preserving the distinct parts of the citations), as described in
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3392:
3347:
3234:
3225:. If a publication provided both seasonal and specific dates, prefer the specific one.
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and that placing links in other parameters may not link properly or will cause mangled
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2587:
2525:. International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC). 66: 97â104. 13â20 February 1996.
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1989:
1980:
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This is done whenever a writer or speaker should be credited, such as with quotations,
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For the sun's size, see: Miller (2005), p. 1; Brown (2007), p. 46; Smith (2005), p. 2.
4247:, persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a
3790:
markup problems: an improvement because it helps the citations to be parsed correctly;
3786:
fixing errors in citation coding, including incorrectly used template parameters, and
3522:
Another method of separating explanatory footnotes from footnoted references is using
3256:
1838:
Use details in citing. Citations 1â3 are good, while citations 4â6 should be improved.
1634:
have a connection to the inline citation or footnote, for example "author year page":
1469:
adjacent punctuation such as periods (full stops) and commas. For exceptions, see the
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This should no longer be used, and should be replaced with footnotes if encountered:
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and citation using Google Books URLs, DOI or ISBN. Also supports some news websites.
5725:, which can aid evaluating what kind of citation style was used to write the article
5644:
Please check the output of these tools for accuracy when the citation is generated.
4645:
2980:
Users may also link the quotation on Google Books to individual titles, via a short
148:
34:"WP:CITE" and "WP:REF" redirect here. For the Citation Needed information page, see
7826:
7760:
7653:
6557:
6512:
6496:
6356:
6144:â template to add to article (or section) where textâsource integrity is questioned
5716:
5663:) can also be used when editing the article source, for users who have enabled the
5570:
For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see
5528:
5282:
5249:
argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a
5187:
4896:
There is no consensus for a specific ordering of citations, and editors should not
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3846:
3738:
3658:
3416:
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2092:
1932:
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246:
202:
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is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an
4347:
3326:
The first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a dedicated citations
3070:
When citing the source, write the following (this formatting is just an example):
2544:
You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation. The ID number might be an
1834:
1716:
templates (most commonly used, but can become confusing for large number of pages)
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5900:
alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available; see the
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5816:
5784:
5278:
5199:
5195:
4256:
3805:
3126:
2253:
2244:
2223:
2194:
1921:
1190:
7120:
5150:
270:", for a brief introduction on how to put references in Knowledge articles; and
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5893:
5822:
5698:
5322:
5297:
4769:
Do not add other facts or assertions into a fully cited paragraph or sentence:
4200:
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2865:
2858:
1893:
1819:
1316:
1281:
1175:
851:
699:
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5175:
Knowledge:Neutral point of view § Attributing and specifying biased statements
4986:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
4827:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
4783:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
4624:
if there is no archived version of the web page (be sure to wait ~24 months),
3849:
to the prose, or moving reference definitions from the prose into the reflist.
3193:
Alternately, information about the reprint can be appended as a textual note:
3133:(except to the extent that this affects page numbering); or any other method.
2181:
approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
2128:
approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
8378:
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The Sun is pretty big, but the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot.
884:
152:
6442:
6430:
5277:
When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent
4873:
Knowledge:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 136 § RfC: AWB bot ref reordering
1166:
that the cited information is supported by reliable sources â improving the
7704:
5907:
5456:
4084:
4006:
3815:
names with conventional ones, such as "Einstein-1905" instead of ":27"; and
3526:
3335:
3327:
2965:
2925:
2658:
1842:
1126:
will show many related errors. Duplicate anchors may be found by using the
138:
6272:
specifically refers to citations placed at the end of the page. See also:
6138:â template to add to article (or section) where citations are insufficient
2669:
These can be added in several ways (with and without citation templates):
1590:
For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote, you can use the
1339:
7866:
4690:
3628:
2955:
2153:
Citations for films, TV episodes, or video recordings typically include:
1900:
Citations for individually authored chapters in books typically include:
1722:
1476:
The citation should be added close to the material it supports, offering
1186:
1163:
7487:
6349:
5572:
Knowledge:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes
6132:â inline template to note source simply is not relevant to the material
6025:â a concise summary of some of the most important guidance on this page
5974:
5266:
5246:
4320:); link to their archive of the URL's content, if available. Examples:
3461:
3286:
caution should be exercised, as always, to avoid copyright violations.
3267:
2945:
2835:, commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this for
1730:
1204:, unsourced information of this type is likely to be removed on sight.
771:
involves adding the source of a statement to the article text, such as
6540:
5744:
5706:
5229:
To reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a
4954:
into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this:
3604:
3543:
can be used for explanatory footnotes containing footnoted citations.
2823:
or like this, in the first of the above examples, formatted manually:
854:, and is the most commonly used citation method in Knowledge articles.
737:
5996:
5388:
in 2012, researchers announced the discovery of the new tissue type.
4370:
For most citation templates, archive locations are entered using the
4367:
can be performed to determine when the link was added to the article.
4252:
4184:
4172:
3644:
3640:
3636:
2981:
2218:
just as â or more â reliable compared to Knowledge content. As such,
2024:
1594:
feature, choosing a name to identify the inline citation, and typing
880:
6289:
for more detail on why scrolling reference lists should not be used.
6055:â a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials
4289:
2107:
name of the composer(s), songwriter(s), script writer(s) or the like
1268:
Knowledge:When to cite § When a source or citation may not be needed
159:. More elaborate and useful ways to cite sources are detailed below.
19:
For information on referencing citations in Knowledge articles, see
7885:
6422:
6169:
6097:â guideline covering the inclusion of material in the public domain
5990:
4180:
4168:
3695:
Knowledge:Manual of Style/Capital letters § All caps and small caps
3663:
3632:
3204:
Reprinted with corrections, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1958.
3130:
2185:
1758:
693:
156:
6103:â guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles
5664:
5487:
For individual claims in an article not supported by a reference:
4382:
parameters. The primary link is switched to the archive link when
4251:(DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also Knowledge, have
2874:
The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
1420:
syntax at the appropriate place in the article text, for example:
1330:
multiple sources support different parts of a paragraph or passage
6590:
6572:
6525:"Samples of Formatted References for Authors of Journal Articles"
5984:
5190:
after the sentence. In-text attribution may need to be used with
4389:
If the web page now leads to a completely different website, set
4080:
3078:, Cambridge University Press, p. 99, cited in Paul Jones (2010).
1810:
source where the information is to be found. (If an article uses
6150:â explanation of template to tag statements that need a citation
4414:
to check common archive sites for archives of the current page:
2881:
https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11
1650:
to enclose the reference name. Do not use curly quotation marks
6162:â in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately
6037:â case study on getting maximum information from cited material
5966:
5942:
5929:
5911:
5849:
web.archive.org,wikipedia,wikimedia,wikiquote,wikidata,worldcat
5788:
5304:, but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars.
4260:
3693:
For more information on the capitalization of cited works, see
3334:
For an example of headings of a notes section, see the article
2890:
can be interpreted as "page, Arabic, 304; inserted after: 11".
2553:
2497:
for Aristotle's works. Use these methods whenever appropriate.
2002:
1328:
This does not apply to lists or tables, nor does it apply when
879:
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (
6332:
Knowledge:Perennial proposals § Changes to standard appendices
6177:â an essay about how less detail doesn't always mean less info
5705:. uses Pubmed ID (PMID) or DOI or PMCID or NCT. Adds links to
5702:
5083:
For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
5023:
For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
4677:"WP:INTEGRITY" redirects here. For WikiProject Integrity, see
4279:
Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working
3749:
is a deprecated citation style on English-language Knowledge.
1702:
in conjunction with a combined list of page numbers using the
1465:
As in the above example, citation markers are normally placed
700:
6631:
5602:
4188:
4067:, the convenience link is typically a reprint provided by an
3906:
tags, which are not inline parenthetical references; see the
3434:
3122:
2902:
2487:
2265:
1847:
1746:
1619:
used to close other references must not be used in addition.
274:, about a graphical way for citation, included in Knowledge.
6183:â an essay advising: do not cite already obvious information
6059:
Knowledge:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods
2099:
Help:References and page numbers § Other in-source locations
1162:
By citing sources for Knowledge content you enable users to
7306:
5491:
If the article is a biography of a living person, then any
5057:, 2007, 51 (78): 46. For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John.
4408:, so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead.
4134:
4130:
3319:
WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Standard appendices and footers
2985:
2796:
https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18
2569:
2565:
2545:
45:"WP:CS" redirects here. For the policy on clean start, see
6011:
5695:
template. You use the script on the page you want to cite.
4631:
specifically required by policy to have an inline citation
3460:
Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a
2844:
https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17
2014:
city of publication (if not included in name of newspaper)
1547:(see below) that then refer to a full list of source texts
5918:
and requires a working installation with basic libraries.
5202:(a source's words modified without quotation marks); and
5104:
Simply using line breaks to separate list items breaches
3752:
If all or most of the citations in an article consist of
3682:. The YYYY-MM-DD format should in any case be limited to
3209:
Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems
1916:
chapter number or page numbers for the chapter (optional)
1752:
141:. You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down
75:
may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect
6384:(17th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017.
6107:
Knowledge:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources
5685:, a script or bookmarklet automating the filling of the
5673:
is an all-purpose tool that generates complete citations
4386:. This retains the original link location for reference.
4268:
3845:
changing where the references are defined, e.g., moving
3591:
Citations to different pages or parts of the same source
3437:
that links back to the corresponding point in the text.
6156:â why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing
5710:
5607:
3489:
Knowledge:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references
1185:
In particular, sources are needed for material that is
6562:â tool that expands bare references semi-automatically
5770:
5719:â adds titles to bare url references and other cleanup
4871:"Knowledge:REFORDER" redirects here. For the RfC, see
4012:
3894:. This includes short citations in parentheses placed
3067:
knowledge of Smith is based on your reading of Jones.
2827:
Rawls, John. . Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.
2125:
medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file)
2060:
Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include:
6181:
Knowledge:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue
6085:â for information about the "Further reading" section
6547:
6227:
6205:â a group of people devoted to cleaning up citations
6091:â for information about the "External links" section
5328:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
1998:
Citations for newspaper articles typically include:
1178:
on the subject; and by giving attribution you avoid
6471:"Library: Citing Sources & Citation Generators"
5896:installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the
5659:
The citation generation tool of the Visual Editor (
5401:Researchers announced the new tissue type in 2012.
4029:
Knowledge:Copyrights § Linking to copyrighted works
6083:Knowledge:Manual of Style/Layout § Further reading
5582:
5194:(a source's words between quotation marks or as a
4739:The sun is pretty big. The sun is also quite hot.
4393:to hide the original website link in the citation.
3670:Although nearly any consistent style may be used,
3090:Smith (2009), p. 99, cited in Jones (2010), p. 29.
3000:code 0521349931. For further details, you may see
2662:they should not be removed without cause; see the
2103:Citations for sound recordings typically include:
1950:Citations for journal articles typically include:
928:This is how short citations look in the edit box:
261:
6586:Knowledge editing basics: Citing sources (part 2)
6568:Knowledge editing basics: Citing sources (part 1)
6175:Knowledge:More seasoning doesn't mean more flavor
5969:to quickly add citations to articles. Zotero (by
4620:: If the source material does not exist offline,
3161:(facsimile of 1st ed.). Harvard University Press.
2994:https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521349931
8376:
6784:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources
5670:
4544:'https://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search/'
4350:) preserves 1500 UK central government websites.
3955:
3902:. This does not affect short citations that use
3598:
3307:WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references
2974:
2971:are designed to be safe in this regard as well.
2853:indicates "page, Roman, 17", in contrast to the
1532:by collecting the full citation code within the
891:), and author-title or author-page referencing (
6065:Knowledge:Citing sources/Further considerations
5971:Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
4348:https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/
4071:, such as the author's university's library or
3483:Separating citations from explanatory footnotes
2870:eleventh tipped-in page inserted after page 304
6946:Do not disrupt Knowledge to illustrate a point
6415:"Citation Style Guides & Management Tools"
6067:â additional considerations for citing sources
5451:If an article has no references at all, then:
3836:
3831:When an article is already consistent, avoid:
3746:
3380:
3152:the new and original publication dates, e.g.:
2178:medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD)
1471:WP:Manual of Style § Punctuation and footnotes
1387:How to place an inline citation using ref tags
180:There is a simplified version of this page at
7901:
7503:
6617:
6365:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2016.
6031:â a simple practical guide to getting started
5892:, making it suitable only for users with the
4945:Help:Shortened footnotes § Bundling citations
4193:list of academic databases and search engines
4005:Embedded links should never be used to place
3907:
3860:WP:Manual of Style § Brackets and parentheses
1887:chapter or page numbers cited, if appropriate
1193:someone, with or without quotation marks, or
718:
249:. This is usually displayed as a superscript
7372:
6115:â details of the software which support the
6095:Knowledge:Plagiarism § Public-domain sources
5355:, the sun will set in the west this evening.
4300:Check for a changed URL on the same Web site
1823:should not be cited as being from the album
1615:means that the tag is self-closing, and the
850:This type of citation is usually given as a
7278:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
5954:Comparison of reference management software
4318:Knowledge:List of web archives on Knowledge
1454:which will be displayed as something like:
1070:Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon",
1013:Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon",
71:Editors should generally follow it, though
8333:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates
7908:
7894:
7510:
7496:
6624:
6610:
6533:United States National Library of Medicine
6264:may refer specifically to citations using
5987:(by Thomson Reuters; license: proprietary)
5928:stylesheet transforming the XML output of
5809:(AWB) will identify and (usually) correct
5514:template may be placed on their talk page.
5495:material must be removed immediately: see
4964:
3369:
3277:
2996:, a permalink to the Google book with the
2624:https://www.domain.com/document.pdf#page=5
1477:
725:
711:
7517:
5999:(by Paperpile, LLC; license: proprietary)
5949:, or Knowledge citation template styles.
5838:), and will not be listed as duplicates.
5339:has alone made this important discovery:
5179:Knowledge:Manual of Style § Point of view
5076:For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward.
5049:For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward.
5016:For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward.
4009:in the content of an article, like this:
2486:If there are no page numbers, whether in
2229:To transclude an item from Wikidata, the
2066:where the referenced content can be found
1719:Named references in conjunction with the
63:This page documents an English Knowledge
6101:Knowledge:Scientific citation guidelines
5479:template and consider nominating it for
5142:
5070:
5046:
5010:
4365:search of the article's revision history
4363:. If that parameter is not specified, a
4326:has billions of archived web pages. See
3796:
2679:. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.
1833:
1766:is extensive, tag the article using the
1658:Citing multiple pages of the same source
1586:Footnotes: using a source more than once
1380:
780:
155:, you can add a citation manually using
6529:MEDLINE and PubMed: The Resources Guide
6049:â essay on why references are important
6047:Knowledge:Improving referencing efforts
5300:says that human beings evolved through
4633:, then please consider tagging it with
4618:Remove hopelessly-lost web-only sources
3476:
3273:
2622:is the page number. For example, using
1957:year and sometimes month of publication
1926:
1913:name of book and other details as above
1865:Citations for books typically include:
1439:. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.
921:. For a set of realistic examples, see
848:. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.
8377:
6497:"The Writer's Handbook: Documentation"
6203:Knowledge:WikiProject Citation cleanup
6073:â more information on inline citations
5368:The sun sets in the west each evening.
5090:For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John.
5030:For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John.
4316:services exist (for a full list, see:
4033:Help:Citation Style 1 § Online sources
3933:Brown, R. (2006). "Size of the Moon",
3820:If you know how to fix it, then fix it
3430:== References == <references /: -->
3294:WP:Verifiability § Non-English sources
3156:
3119:paid databases of scanned publications
1032:This is how they look in the article:
600:Deletion guidelines for administrators
238:, and for all quotations, anywhere in
7971:short, stand-alone, offline documents
7889:
7771:Converting between references formats
7491:
6605:
6079:â how-to guide on "nesting" footnotes
5956:â side-by-side comparison of various
4304:site:nytimes.com "the goose is loose"
3764:The following are standard practice:
3197:
3086:Or if you are using short citations:
2683:
2136:Film, television, or video recordings
2113:title of the song or individual track
1538:<ref name="Smith 2001, p99" /: -->
1187:challenged or likely to be challenged
236:challenged or likely to be challenged
7915:
6109:â project guide on finding resources
5963:Knowledge:Citing sources with Zotero
5825:can identify Web citations with the
5823:URL Extractor For Web Pages and Text
5114:line breaks ... should not be used."
4848:Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
4211:Preventing and repairing dead links
3847:reference definitions in the reflist
3376:
2984:which ends with their related ISBN,
2839:(Roman numeral 17) of the same book:
2654:Knowledge:Google Books and Knowledge
1811:
1544:
1458:Justice is a human invention. It ...
1293:Consecutive cites of the same source
164:
123:
51:
7786:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
7725:Referencing without using templates
7720:Referencing with citation templates
7437:List of all policies and guidelines
6023:Knowledge:References dos and don'ts
6005:(by Springer; license: proprietary)
5993:(by Elsevier; license: proprietary)
4328:Knowledge:Using the Wayback Machine
4296:is down, and any information known.
4017:announced their latest product ..."
3808:to an acceptable referencing style;
3580:precisely duplicated full citations
3387:How to create the list of citations
2727:can be entered like this using the
2721:In edit mode, the URL for p. 18 of
2076:title or domain name of the website
1182:the source of your words or ideas.
13:
7476:Summaries of values and principles
7317:
7155:
6918:
6744:
6519:. University of WisconsinâMadison.
6399:"Academic Writing: Citing Sources"
6336:§ Establish a house citation style
5773:: A web-based tool for generating
4079:links are generally preferable to
3166:This is done automatically in the
2921:citation templates, the family of
2690:. Harvard University Press. p. 18.
2317:for court cases or legal decisions
2116:title of the album (if applicable)
1884:date of publication of the edition
1611:. The use of the slash before the
1202:biography of living persons policy
1170:while showing that the content is
79:. When in doubt, discuss first on
14:
8411:
6483:"Research and Citation Resources"
6191:need to cite that the sky is blue
3475:If an article contains a list of
3082:, Oxford University Press, p. 29.
2160:name of the producer, if relevant
1890:edition, if not the first edition
1641:text of the citation</ref: -->
1601:text of the citation</ref: -->
1124:User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors
1108:Brown, "Size of the Moon", p. 46.
213:. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
7386:
7383:
7314:
7131:
7078:
7075:
7008:
7005:
6961:Please do not bite the newcomers
6834:
6680:
6459:"Guide to Citation Style Guides"
5409:
5393:
5376:
5360:
5343:
5309:
5289:
5258:
5238:
5221:
4817:
4773:
4446:'https://web.archive.org/web/*/'
3917:
3595:Help:References and page numbers
3080:Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen
2470:Help:References and page numbers
2305:for conference reports or papers
2011:name of the newspaper in italics
1929:for how to further information.
1691:Help:References and page numbers
168:
142:
127:
55:
16:Guideline on how to cite sources
7776:Reference display customization
6505:University of WisconsinâMadison
6216:Changing citation style formats
5736:Cite templates in Visual Editor
5583:"Variation in citation methods"
5422:Dealing with unsourced material
4092:Knowledge:Neutral point of view
871:. These are used together with
272:cite templates in Visual Editor
262:§ Variation in citation methods
6323:
6311:
6292:
6279:
6234:
6136:Template:More citations needed
6041:Knowledge:Verification methods
6029:Help:Referencing for beginners
4854:
4845:
4836:
4801:
4792:
4757:
4748:
4723:
4271:) are fairly easy to use (see
3896:within the article text itself
3793:combining duplicate citations
3701:Variation in citation methods
2905:metadata output. However, the
2169:title of the film or TV series
2085:page number(s) (if applicable)
1415:To create a footnote, use the
1376:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1055:
1050:
1045:
865:Rawls 1971, p. 1.</ref: -->
268:Help:Referencing for beginners
260:(the principle is reviewed at
183:Help:Referencing for beginners
38:. For the reference desk, see
1:
7543:Biographies of living persons
6971:Responding to threats of harm
6713:Biographies of living persons
5958:reference management software
5937:Reference management software
5756:Hosted on tools.wmflabs.org:
5497:Biographies of living persons
5094:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
5080:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
5061:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
5034:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
5020:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4861:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
4843:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4808:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
4799:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4764:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
4755:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4730:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4338:Knowledge:Using archive.today
3956:"What information to include"
3883:Since September 2020, inline
3424:== References == {{Reflist}}
3296:policy for more information.)
2941:-style templates, as well as
2861:, 18" the URL given earlier.
2630:Linking to Google Books pages
2580:Linking to pages in PDF files
2446:Identifying parts of a source
2064:URL of the specific web page
1735:templates to specify the page
1646:Use straight quotation marks
1425:Justice is a human invention.
1128:W3C Markup Validation Service
343:Don't disrupt to make a point
8385:Knowledge content guidelines
8366:Citation Style 1 noticeboard
8352:Citation Style documentation
7038:Criteria for speedy deletion
6907:Paid-contribution disclosure
6435:Concordia University Library
6209:Knowledge:Reference database
6160:Knowledge:Copyright problems
6130:Template:Irrelevant citation
6053:Knowledge:Citation templates
5562:Knowledge:Citation templates
5538:Citation templates and tools
5212:frequently discussed sources
5208:biased statements of opinion
5133:Template:Multiple references
5106:MOS:Accessibility § Nobreaks
4261:https://web.archive.org/save
4083:or otherwise commercial and
3760:Generally considered helpful
3301:Notes and references section
1780:What information to include
1332:. Citation requirements for
1134:When and why to cite sources
919:wikilinks to full references
523:Categories, lists, templates
7:
7781:References and page numbers
7715:Introduction to referencing
6431:"Citing: Help & how-to"
6381:The Chicago Manual of Style
6154:Knowledge:Citation overkill
6077:Knowledge:Nesting footnotes
5876:Help:Citation tools § Tools
5798:Duplicate reference finders
5762:, used in the Source Editor
5533:tag against the added text.
5384:In an article published in
4949:Knowledge:Citation overkill
4292:can help to determine if a
3950:Handling links in citations
3794:
3650:The Chicago Manual of Style
3291:
3271:
3214:to the Gregorian calendar.
3186:templates when you use the
3100:: The advice to "say where
3076:Name of Book I Haven't Seen
2618:to the document URL, where
2537:parameter in the automatic
1233:File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg
1174:. You also help users find
952:but the Moon is not so big.
364:Other behavioral guidelines
259:
10:
8416:
8395:Knowledge style guidelines
8328:Citation Style 1 templates
7730:Referencing dos and don'ts
6298:The arbitration committee
5873:
5781:Knowledge template filling
5625:
5619:
5569:
5559:
5541:
5425:
5172:
5154:
5119:Unbulleted list citebundle
5001:Unbulleted list citebundle
4942:
4936:
4911:
4877:
4870:
4676:
4651:
4466:archive.today / archive.is
4224:
4214:
4167:For a source available in
4148:
4105:
4036:
4026:
3983:
3965:
3908:section on short citations
3864:
3857:
3704:
3608:
3552:
3496:
3486:
3441:
3390:
3345:
3312:
3304:
3232:
3113:you obtained and read it.
3015:
2831:When the page number is a
2651:
2633:
2585:
2467:
2449:
2189:
2139:
2096:
2046:
2028:
1984:
1936:
1851:
1783:
1688:
1663:
1583:
1565:
1487:
1408:
1390:
1368:
1343:
1296:
1265:
1247:
1155:
1137:
972:The Sun is also quite hot.
826:
801:
741:
87:
81:this guideline's talk page
44:
33:
29:Knowledge:Citing Knowledge
18:
8363:
8341:
8320:
8254:
8188:
7923:
7875:Parenthetical referencing
7865:
7849:
7794:
7743:
7710:Citations quick reference
7695:
7677:Punctuation and footnotes
7662:
7609:
7573:
7525:
7431:
7371:
7304:
7270:
7212:
7167:
7152:
7128:
7118:
7065:
6995:
6915:
6831:
6821:
6741:
6677:
6667:
6643:
6475:Capital Community College
6287:this July 2007 discussion
6148:Knowledge:Citation needed
6071:Knowledge:Inline citation
6035:Help:How to mine a source
5703:Biomedical citation maker
5616:Citation generation tools
5455:If the entire article is
4612:Find a replacement source
4518:
4469:
4420:
4344:UK Government Web Archive
4249:digital object identifier
3885:parenthetical referencing
3854:Parenthetical referencing
3837:parenthetical referencing
3806:parenthetical referencing
3747:parenthetical referencing
3157:Darwin, Charles (1964) .
2806:Harvard University Press
2666:for further information.
2166:the title of a TV episode
2163:names of major performers
1424:
1371:Knowledge:Inline citation
796:Short and full citations
369:WMF friendly space policy
25:Knowledge:Inline citation
7629:Citation Style Vancouver
6268:or to explanatory text;
6113:MediaWiki:Extension:Cite
6089:Knowledge:External links
5760:Knowledge:refToolbar 2.0
5501:request admin assistance
5321:, as first explained in
5042:Use an inline paragraph:
4606:Remove convenience links
4495:'https://archive.today/'
4073:institutional repository
3381:parenthetical references
3159:On the Origin of Species
2825:
2739:
2541:editing window feature.
2539:Knowledge:refToolbar 2.0
2517:
2478:Books and print articles
2119:name of the record label
2110:name of the performer(s)
1168:credibility of Knowledge
930:
829:Help:Shortened footnotes
505:Other editing guidelines
468:Other content guidelines
337:Don't bite the newcomers
201:, uniquely identifies a
135:This page in a nutshell:
8400:Knowledge verifiability
7526:Policies and guidelines
7414:Licensing and copyright
6634:policies and guidelines
6362:New Oxford Style Manual
6340:Template:Cnote2/example
5747:server which generates
5711:Evidence-Based Medicine
5317:Humans evolved through
4714:The sun is pretty big.
4701:Keeping citations close
4689:, of violations of the
4604:
4290:"Is it down right now?"
4221:Help:Archiving a source
4102:Indicating availability
4096:Knowledge:Verifiability
3655:Author-date referencing
3421:template. For example:
3278:§ Textâsource integrity
3004:on support.google.com.
2864:You can also link to a
2501:Audio and video sources
2260:dominant citation style
2005:(author's name), if any
1920:In some instances, the
1875:volume when appropriate
1534:reference list template
1530:list-defined references
1437:''A Theory of Justice''
1077:Miller, Edward (2005).
1023:Miller, Edward (2005).
1015:''Scientific American''
211:The Oxford Style Manual
147:menu at the top of the
7795:Template documentation
6407:University of Illinois
6168:â guide to preventing
5855:Step 3: Click Extract.
5787:citations from PMIDs (
5741:User:Salix alba/Citoid
5419:
5403:
5390:
5370:
5357:
5333:
5306:
5275:
5255:
5235:
4864:
4811:
4767:
4733:
4406:|date=September 2024}}
4310:Check for web archives
4069:open-access repository
3743:since 5 September 2020
3493:Help:Explanatory notes
3198:Boole, George (1854).
3092:
3084:
2992:numerical code, e.g.:
2531:Retrieved 15 July 2011
2352:for TV or radio series
2329:for a law or legal act
2190:See also the template
2140:See also the template
2047:See also the template
1985:See also the template
1937:See also the template
1852:See also the template
1839:
1326:
1289:for more information.
1176:additional information
1158:Knowledge:When to cite
932:The Sun is pretty big,
915:template documentation
209:Ritter, R. M. (2003).
205:of information, e.g.:
7519:Knowledge referencing
7409:Friendly space policy
7199:Broad-concept article
6708:What Knowledge is not
6703:Neutral point of view
6465:. University of Iowa.
6252:is often abbreviated
6197:Knowledge:Video links
5667:in their preferences.
5560:Further information:
5407:
5391:
5374:
5358:
5341:
5307:
5287:
5256:
5236:
5219:
5173:Further information:
4965:textâsource integrity
4939:Help:Citation merging
4815:
4771:
4737:
4712:
4646:Textâsource integrity
4273:pre-emptive archiving
4269:https://archive.today
4027:Further information:
3954:As noted above under
3797:§ Duplicate citations
3678:may be used, but not
3411:<references /: -->
3370:textâsource integrity
3229:Additional annotation
3088:
3072:
2652:Further information:
2468:Further information:
2097:Further information:
2070:name of the author(s)
1954:name of the author(s)
1910:name of book's editor
1837:
1689:Further information:
1584:Further information:
1478:textâsource integrity
1411:Footnotes: the basics
1409:Further information:
1369:Further information:
1321:
1266:Further information:
1172:not original research
1156:Further information:
453:Don't copy long texts
47:Knowledge:Clean Start
8041:public mailing lists
7565:Scientific citations
7538:No original research
6976:Talk page guidelines
6936:Conflict of interest
6877:Ownership of content
6722:Copyright violations
6698:No original research
6595:Wikimedia Foundation
6577:Wikimedia Foundation
6491:. Purdue University.
6463:Journalism Resources
6357:"Online Style Guide"
6142:Template:Text-source
5979:open-source software
5922:pubmed2wikipedia.xsl
5904:for further details.
5813:between <ref: -->
5751:templates from urls.
5713:comments if present.
5683:User:V111P/js/WebRef
5677:User:Ark25/RefScript
5665:2017 wikitext editor
5087:, 2007, 51 (78): 46.
5027:, 2007, 51 (78): 46.
3962:Avoid embedded links
3739:spelling differences
3274:§ Bundling citations
3026:WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT
2786:A Theory of Justice
2684:Rawls, John (1971).
2682:Or with a template:
2510:Links and ID numbers
2157:name of the director
2073:title of the article
2008:title of the article
1960:title of the article
1927:§ Dates and reprints
1907:title of the chapter
1881:place of publication
1524:in the edit window:
1512:WP:INLINECITECLUTTER
1278:disambiguation pages
1195:closely paraphrasing
773:Rawls argues that X.
387:Talk page guidelines
322:Conflict of interest
281:Knowledge guidelines
8276:Cite AV media notes
8255:Audiovisual-related
8111:unpublished reports
7682:Shortened footnotes
6872:No personal attacks
6794:Don't create hoaxes
5888:. It is written in
5775:shortened footnotes
5622:Help:Citation tools
5608:COinS specification
5566:Help:Citation tools
5463:using criterion G1.
5184:In-text attribution
5151:In-text attribution
5085:Scientific American
5073:Multiple sources:
5055:Scientific American
5025:Scientific American
4850:Scientific American
4391:|url-status=usurped
3940:Miller, E. (2005).
3935:Scientific American
3547:Duplicate citations
3074:John Smith (2009).
3033:WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT
2724:A Theory of Justice
2687:A Theory of Justice
2676:A Theory of Justice
2533:or you can use the
2082:date of publication
2079:publisher, if known
2017:date of publication
1963:name of the journal
1072:Scientific American
1058:Miller 2005, p. 34.
1048:Miller 2005, p. 23.
982:Miller 2005, p. 34.
942:Miller 2005, p. 23.
867:, which renders as
846:A Theory of Justice
838:fully identifies a
781:In-text attribution
769:In-text attribution
458:Don't create hoaxes
8189:Preprint templates
8090:Cite press release
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7697:Help for beginners
7649:Citation templates
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7467:List of guidelines
7288:Template namespace
6966:Courtesy vanishing
6941:Disruptive editing
6887:Dispute resolution
6488:Online Writing Lab
6451:University of Iowa
6274:Knowledge:Glossary
6266:ref tag formatting
6256:, with the plural
6166:Knowledge:Link rot
5932:to Knowledge refs.
5886:citation templates
5578:Citation templates
5353:The New York Times
5337:The New York Times
5204:close paraphrasing
5066:Use a bullet list:
4908:Bundling citations
4900:over it, nor make
4577:encodeURIComponent
4550:encodeURIComponent
4515:Mementos interface
4217:Knowledge:Link rot
3900:(Smith 2010, p. 1)
3684:Gregorian calendar
3601:are linked below.
3477:general references
3342:General references
3137:Dates and reprints
3002:How-to explanation
2913:parameters of all
2888:&pg=PA304-IA11
2876:, looks like this:
2483:between editions.
2404:cite press release
2172:name of the studio
1981:Newspaper articles
1840:
1562:Repeated citations
1307:WP:CONSECUTIVECITE
1227:Belshazzar's Feast
1053:Brown 2006, p. 46.
1027:. Academic Press.
962:Brown 2006, p. 46.
777:close paraphrasing
670:Naming conventions
448:Offensive material
332:Disruptive editing
327:Courtesy vanishing
176:Are you new here?
8372:
8371:
8153:technical reports
8083:online newsgroups
8034:Cite mailing list
8013:academic journals
7978:Cite encyclopedia
7957:conference papers
7883:
7882:
7857:Knowledge Library
7687:Nesting footnotes
7591:Combining sources
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7484:
7427:
7426:
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7366:
7330:Project namespace
7300:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7237:Dates and numbers
7204:Understandability
7114:
7113:
7061:
7060:
7053:Revision deletion
7026:Proposed deletion
6991:
6990:
6956:Gaming the system
6931:Assume good faith
6817:
6816:
6513:"ACS Style Guide"
6390:978-0-226-28705-8
6371:978-0-19-876725-1
6124:Citation problems
5965:â essay on using
5890:Visual Basic .NET
5870:Programming tools
5817:the documentation
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5723:Template:Ref info
5636:WP:CITEGENERATORS
5606:according to the
5319:natural selection
5302:natural selection
5271:veil of ignorance
5251:veil of ignorance
5231:veil of ignorance
4687:original research
4077:green open access
4023:Convenience links
3944:, Academic Press.
3811:replacing opaque
2695:Rawls 1971, p. 18
2359:cite mailing list
2336:cite encyclopedia
2220:Module:WikidataIB
2212:Authority control
1904:name of author(s)
1878:name of publisher
1869:name of author(s)
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1708:parameter of the
1081:. Academic Press.
906:templates or the
869:Rawls 1971, p. 1.
788:general reference
735:
734:
540:
539:
500:Understandability
399:
398:
354:Gaming the system
317:Assume good faith
234:for any material
219:978-0-19-860564-5
191:
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163:
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65:content guideline
8407:
8390:Knowledge how-to
8356:
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8146:Cite tech report
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7917:Citation Style 1
7910:
7903:
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7842:
7836:
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7751:Cite link labels
7735:Citing Knowledge
7664:Inline citations
7654:Reflist template
7624:Citation Style 2
7619:Citation Style 1
7548:Reliable sources
7512:
7505:
7498:
7489:
7488:
7462:
7461:
7452:List of policies
7447:
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7404:List of policies
7391:
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6923:
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6902:Child protection
6897:No legal threats
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6838:
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6825:
6772:Reliable sources
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6748:
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6684:
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6675:
6674:
6671:
6656:Ignore all rules
6638:
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6603:
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6536:
6535:. 26 April 2018.
6520:
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6403:Writers Workshop
6394:
6375:
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6211:â essay/proposal
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5902:developer's page
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5833:
5814:...</ref: -->
5811:exact duplicates
5749:Citation Style 1
5707:ACP Journal Club
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5552:WP:CITECONSENSUS
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4839:Miller, Edward.
4832:
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4795:Miller, Edward.
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4751:Miller, Edward.
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4384:|url-status=dead
4381:
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4373:
4362:
4324:Internet Archive
4305:
4243:To help prevent
4237:
4161:
4145:Links to sources
4141:and in context.
4129:): providing an
4118:
4116:WP:INDICATEAVAIL
4065:academic sources
4057:convenience link
4049:
4018:
4015:
4001:
3978:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3905:
3901:
3877:
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3789:
3734:for the change.
3724:
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3659:Vancouver system
3621:
3572:
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3517:footnotes groups
3509:
3468:, printing, and
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3127:reading machines
3056:
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2977:may be helpful.
2970:
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2919:Citation Style 2
2915:Citation Style 1
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2564:): providing an
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1622:The text of the
1618:
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1592:named references
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1505:WP:INLINECLUTTER
1500:
1484:Avoiding clutter
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1419:
1418:...</ref: -->
1403:
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1007:== References ==
1005:
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590:Deletion process
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442:Non-free content
424:Reliable sources
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232:inline citations
230:policy requires
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7950:Cite conference
7946:
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7596:Offline sources
7581:Citation needed
7569:
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7220:Manual of Style
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7106:Page protection
7079:
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7021:Deletion policy
7009:
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6919:
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6835:
6833:
6813:
6804:Patent nonsense
6799:Fringe theories
6745:
6743:
6737:
6681:
6679:
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6639:
6630:
6583:
6565:
6546:
6543:
6523:
6517:Research Guides
6511:
6495:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6443:"Citation Help"
6441:
6429:
6413:
6397:
6391:
6378:
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6352:
6350:Further reading
6347:
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5860:web.archive.org
5859:
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5807:AutoWikiBrowser
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5785:Vancouver style
5692:
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5521:citation needed
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5461:speedy deletion
5457:patent nonsense
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5200:indirect speech
5196:block quotation
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7576:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7533:Verifiability
7531:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7382:
7379:
7370:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7313:
7310:
7303:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:Accessibility
7230:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7177:Summary style
7175:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7127:
7124:
7117:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7074:
7071:
7064:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7004:
7001:
6994:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
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6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6830:
6827:
6820:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6762:Autobiography
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6693:Verifiability
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6676:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6635:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6310:
6301:
6300:ruled in 2006
6295:
6288:
6282:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5857:
5854:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5650:visual editor
5647:
5646:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5530:
5522:
5516:
5511:
5510:uw-unsourced1
5505:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5459:, tag it for
5458:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5418:
5406:
5402:
5389:
5387:
5373:
5369:
5356:
5354:
5351:According to
5340:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5286:
5284:
5283:majority view
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5234:
5232:
5218:
5217:For example:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5192:direct speech
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5120:
5115:
5112:<br /: -->
5107:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4983:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:WP:CITEBUNDLE
4919:
4918:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4874:
4860:
4857:Smith, John.
4856:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4825:
4814:
4807:
4804:Smith, John.
4803:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4781:
4770:
4763:
4760:Smith, John.
4759:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4736:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4517:
4514:
4468:
4465:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4398:
4395:
4388:
4372:|archive-url=
4369:
4366:
4361:|access-date=
4358:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4334:archive.today
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:web archiving
4311:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:archive.today
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4003:
4000:</ref: -->
3996:
3993:
3987:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3861:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:To be avoided
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:, and fights
3771:
3770:verifiability
3767:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3722:WP:WHENINROME
3719:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:inexperienced
3581:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:accessibility
3463:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:WP:ANNOTATION
3240:
3239:
3236:
3226:
3215:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3182:
3172:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2904:
2899:|archive-url=
2891:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2833:Roman numeral
2824:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:Rawls, John.
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2627:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:cite AV media
2133:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1975:
1972:and/or other
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:title of book
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1644:
1620:
1617:</ref: -->
1593:
1587:
1577:
1576:WP:REPEATCITE
1573:
1572:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1435:Rawls, John.
1423:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1362:
1361:WP:INLINECITE
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1033:
929:
926:
924:
920:
916:
911:
905:
894:
890:
889:Chicago style
886:
885:Harvard style
882:
874:
860:
856:
853:
847:
844:Rawls, John.
841:
837:
836:full citation
833:
832:
830:
820:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
800:
789:
785:
782:
778:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
753:
749:
748:
745:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
708:
706:
705:
689:
688:
685:
682:
681:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
662:
659:
658:
653:
650:
648:
645:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
631:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:Project pages
616:
615:
614:
613:
610:
607:
606:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
585:
582:
579:
578:
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