3752:, it is normal practice to defer to the style used by the first major contributor or adopted by the consensus of editors already working on the page, unless a change in consensus has been achieved. If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page. If you are the first contributor to add citations to an article, you may choose whichever style you think best for the article. However,
1846:
155:
3767:, or otherwise fail to provide needed bibliographic data â such as the name of the source, the title of the article or web page consulted, the author (if known), the publication date (if known), and the page numbers (where relevant) â then that would not count as a "consistent citation style" and can be changed freely to insert such data. The data provided should be sufficient to uniquely identify the source, allow readers to find it, and allow readers to initially evaluate a source without retrieving it.
181:
6313:: "Knowledge does not mandate styles in many different areas; these include (but are not limited to) American vs. British spelling, date formats, and citation style. Where Knowledge does not mandate a specific style, editors should not attempt to convert Knowledge to their own preferred style, nor should they edit articles for the sole purpose of converting them to their preferred style, or removing examples of, or references to, styles which they dislike."
68:
5422:
5406:
5373:
5322:
5271:
5251:
4830:
5389:
5356:
5302:
5234:
4786:
3930:
4625:: Search the web for quoted text, the article title, and parts of the URL. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else, including the user who added the reference. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question.
140:
3379:. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a "References" section, and are usually sorted by the last name of the author or the editor. General reference sections are most likely to be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of general references is that
1330:, citations should be placed at the end of the text that they support. Material that is repeated multiple times in a paragraph does not require an inline citation for every mention. If you say an elephant is a mammal more than once, provide one only at the first instance. Avoid cluttering text with redundant citations like this:
4206:) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the
4720:
If a sentence or paragraph is footnoted with a source, adding new material that is not supported by the existing source to the sentence/paragraph, without a source for the new text, is highly misleading if placed to appear that the cited source supports it. When new text is inserted into a paragraph,
4695:
When using inline citations, it is important to maintain textâsource integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to see which part of the material is supported by the citation; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material
3224:
Publication dates, for both older and recent sources, should be written with the goal of helping the reader find the publication and, once found, confirm that the correct publication has been located. For example, if the publication date bears a date in the Julian calendar, it should not be converted
2228:
template. There has been controversy over the use of
Wikidata in the English Knowledge due to vandalism and its own sourcing. While there is no consensus on whether information from Wikidata should be used at all, there is general agreement that any Wikidata statements that are transcluded need to be
1820:
Listed below is the information that a typical inline citation or general reference will provide, though other details may be added as necessary. This information is included in order to identify the source, assist readers in finding it, and (in the case of inline citations) indicate the place in the
801:
is a citation that supports content, but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a
References section. They are usually found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article
2516:
Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs. Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing; for example, movies are often released in different editions or "cuts". Due to variations between formats and playback equipment, precision may not be
5616:
standard. Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user, for instance by providing links to their library's online copies of the cited works. In articles that format citations manually, metadata may be added manually in a span,
4964:
Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this: Or they can be bundled
3341:
where they are to appear. Any reasonable name may be chosen. The most frequent choice is "References". Other options in diminishing order of popularity are, "Notes", "Footnotes", or "Works cited", although these are more often used to distinguish between multiple end-matter sections or subsections.
2525:
A citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source. If you have a URL (web page) link, you can add it to the title part of the citation, so that when you add the citation to
Knowledge the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable. To do this, enclose the URL
2493:
Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change
1491:. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the clause, sentence, or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text.
4214:, or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. If the source only exists online, give the link even if access is restricted (see
2672:
sometimes allows numbered book pages to be linked to directly. Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview; they will not work with snippet view. Keep in mind that availability varies by location. No editor is required to add page links, but if another editor adds them,
923:
referencing template. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short citations and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source. See the
3154:
Date a book that is identically reprinted or printed-on-demand to the first date in which the edition became available. For example, if an edition of a book was first released in 2005 with an identical reprinting in 2007, date it to 2005. If substantive changes were made in a reprint, sometimes
4070:
is a link to a copy of your source on a web page provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably
3296:
A footnote may also contain a relevant quotation from the source. This is especially helpful when the cited text is long or dense. A quotation allows readers to immediately identify the applicable portion of the reference. Quotes are also useful if the source is not easily accessible. However,
3593:, in keeping with the existing citation style (if any). In this context "precisely duplicated" means having the same content, not necessarily identical strings ("The New York Times" is the same as "NY Times"; different access-dates are not significant). Do not discourage editors, particularly
3077:
read it" follows the practice in academic writing of citing sources directly only if you have read the source yourself. If your knowledge of the source is secondhandâthat is, if you have read Jones (2010), who cited Smith (2009), and you want to use what Smith (2009) saidâmake clear that your
4313:: Pages are frequently moved to different locations on the same site as they become archive content rather than news. The site's error page may have a "Search" box; alternatively, in both the Google and DuckDuckGo search engines â among others â the keyterm "site:" can be used. For instance:
3119:
mean that you have to give credit to any search engines, websites, libraries, library catalogs, archives, subscription services, bibliographies, or other sources that led you to Smith's book. If you have read a book or article yourself, that's all you have to cite. You do not have to specify
2570:
If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily
6340:
One reason this guideline does not standardize section headings for citations and explanatory notes is that
Knowledge draws editors from many disciplines (history, English, science, etc.), each with its own note and reference section-naming convention (or conventions). For more, see
1665:. Curly marks are treated as another character, not as delimiters. The page will display an error if one style of quotation marks is used when first naming the reference, and the other style is used in a repeated reference, or if a mix of styles is used in the repeated references.
5873:
URLs, in particular, are a nuisance as they contain the original URLs, which show as duplicates. The optional part of Step 2 eliminates the archive URLs, but unfortunately the list of duplicates includes the archived pages. The wiki* URLs are less of a problem as they can just be
4135:
If your source is not available online, it should be available in libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily
4410:
Some archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with
3300:
In the case of non-English sources, it may be helpful to quote from the original text and then give an
English translation. If the article itself contains a translation of a quote from such a source (without the original), then the original should be included in the footnote.
906:
or
Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the full citations to the source. Short citations can be written manually, or by using either the
3490:, this is usually placed in a separate section, titled, for example, "References". This usually comes immediately after the section(s) listing footnotes, if any. (If the general references section is called "References", then the citations section is usually called "Notes".)
1334:
Elephants are large land mammals ... Elephants' teeth are very different from those of most other mammals. Unlike most mammals, which grow baby teeth and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth, elephants have cycles of tooth rotation throughout their entire
3276:
In most cases it is sufficient for a citation footnote simply to identify the source (as described in the sections above); readers can then consult the source to see how it supports the information in the article. Sometimes, however, it is useful to include additional
268:
This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation. Each article should use one citation method or style throughout. If an article already has citations, preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it
872:
is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found, but without giving full details of the source. Some
Knowledge articles use it, giving summary information about the source together with a page number. For example,
5599:
If citation templates are used in an article, the parameters should be accurate. It is inappropriate to set parameters to false values to cause the template to render as if it were written in some style other than the style normally produced by the template (e.g.,
5477:
If the article is a biography of a living person, it can be tagged with {{subst:prod blp}} to propose deletion. If it's a biography of a living person and is an attack page, then it should be tagged for speedy deletion using criterion G10, which will blank the
4013:. Since any citation that accurately identifies the source is better than none, do not revert the good-faith addition of partial citations. They should be considered temporary, and replaced with more complete, properly formatted citations as soon as possible.
3127:
So long as you are confident that you read a true and accurate copy, it does not matter whether you read the material using an online service like Google Books; using preview options at a bookseller's website like Amazon; through your library; via online
4071:
certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original rights-holders' copyrights. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable.
1295:
of an article, insofar as the lead summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article, although quotations and controversial statements, particularly if about living persons, should be supported by citations even in the lead. See
5840:
but otherwise possibly different. Most differences are not significant, but sometimes different page numbers from the same URL are cited. Occasionally references to the same Web page might be followed by different non-significant tracking parameters
5225:, in-text attribution is always recommended. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question.
3543:
for the explanatory footnotes. The advantage of this system is that the content of an explanatory footnote can in this case be referenced with a footnoted citation. When explanatory footnotes and footnoted references are not in separate lists,
5591:
can be used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged: an article should not be switched between templated and non-templated citations without good reason and consensus â see
3158:
Editors should be aware that older sources (especially those in the public domain) are sometimes republished with modern publication dates; treat these as new publications. When this occurs and the citation style being used requires it, cite
1935:
of a book's title page may record, "Reprinted with corrections XXXX" or similar, where "XXXX" is a year. This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions. Note this in your citation. See
3921:
above for that method. As part of the deprecation process in existing articles, discussion of how best to convert inline parenthetical citations into currently accepted formats should be held if there is objection to a particular method.
1641:, the text must be placed within double quotes. Placing all named references within double quotes may be helpful to future editors who do not know that rule. To help with page maintenance, it is recommended that the text of the
3597:
ones, from adding duplicate citations when the use of the source is appropriate, because a duplicate is better than no citation. But any editor should feel free to combine them, and doing so is the best practice on
Knowledge.
3793:
imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the citations easier to understand and
4639:
if you cannot find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation. If it is material that is
5481:
If the article doesn't fit into the above two categories, then consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the article creator. You may also tag the article with the
2217:
But
Wikidata's statements can be directly transcluded into articles; this is usually done to provide external links or infobox data. For example, more than two million external links from Wikidata are shown through the
264:
number: The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references, which provides complete, formatted detail about the source, so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it.
2517:
accurate in some cases. However, many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online; generally the subcontractors who handle audio-visual are quite precise.
4716:
Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that textâsource relationships are maintained. References should not be moved if doing so might break the textâsource relationship.
4619:: If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the dead URL is not necessary. Simply remove the dead URL, leaving the remainder of the reference intact.
2879:, such as an unnumbered page of images between two regular pages. (If the page contains an image that is protected by copyright, it will be replaced by a tiny notice saying "copyrighted image".) The URL for
2567:. It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Knowledge, for example by typing ISBN (or PMID) followed by a space and the ID number.
3444:
The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading. Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote, and each footnote contains a
7644:
4190:, omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2nd, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as
6647:
5416:
Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution:
2637:
as the citation URL displays page five of the document in any PDF viewer that supports this feature. If the viewer or browser does not support it, it will display the first page instead.
933:
5791:
4292:. Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. If you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content, follow these steps prior to deleting it:
277:. While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed. See: "
256:
A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts. In the first part, each section of text that is either based on, or quoted from, an outside source is marked as such with an
2540:
For web-only sources with no publication date, the "Retrieved" date (or the date you accessed the web page) should be included, in case the web page changes in the future. For example:
3228:
If the publication date was given as a season or holiday, such as "Winter" or "Christmas" of a particular year or two-year span, it should not be converted to a month or date, such as
1706:
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, to avoid the redundancy of many big, nearly identical full citations, most
Knowledge editors use one of these options:
6297:
3790:
replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more verifiable information to the reader, and helps maintain textâsource integrity;
4266:
that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider making an archived copy of the cited document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as the
6794:
5582:
3741:
Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style, merely on the grounds of personal preference or to make it match other articles, without first seeking
463:
2214:
Wikidata is largely user-generated, and articles should not directly cite Wikidata as a source (just as it would be inappropriate to cite other Wikipedias' articles as sources).
1773:
is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms). If the use of
2563:(digital object identifier) for an article or some e-books, or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases, such as a PMID number for articles on
5528:
In any other case consider finding references yourself, or commenting on the article talk page or the talk page of the editor who added the unsourced material. You may place a
5149:
Within a given article only a single layout should generally be used, except that inline may always be appropriate for shortened references, often all for the same statement:
1386:
Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given piece of material in an article with the specific reliable source(s) that support it. Inline citations are added using
929:
6259:
are used interchangeably on the English Knowledge. On talk pages, where the language can be more informal, or in edit summaries or templates where space is a consideration,
4968:
Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages:
3846:
switching between major citation styles or replacing the preferred style of one academic discipline with another's â except when moving away from deprecated styles, such as
3219:
3853:
adding citation templates to an article that already uses a consistent system without templates, or removing citation templates from an article that uses them consistently;
3493:
6069:
4883:
1211:
Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons, particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory. In accordance with the
4987:
It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.
4984:
It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.
7041:
6634:
4915:
of ordering to suit personal preferences. In particular, references need not be moved solely to maintain the numerical order of footnotes as they appear in the article.
3642:, though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style. A number of citation styles exist, including those described in the Knowledge articles for
2269:
does not support "last, first" or Vancouver-style author name lists, so it should not be used in articles in which "last, first" or Vancouver-style author names are the
1668:
3829:
making citations added by other editors match the existing style (if any). Do not revert someone else's contribution merely because the citation style doesn't match.
3526:
If an article contains both footnoted citations and other (explanatory) footnotes, then it is possible (but not necessary) to divide them into two separate lists using
1208:
a source. But the need to cite sources is not limited to those situations: editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information in an article.
4283:
3155:
marked on the verso with "Reprinted with corrections", note the edition and append the corrected reprint year to it (e.g. "1st ed. reprinted with corrections 2005").
6956:
6117:
5383:
It is preferable not to clutter articles with information best left to the references. Interested readers can click on the ref to find out the publishing journal:
1614:. Thereafter, the same named reference may be reused any number of times either before or after the defining use by typing the previous reference name, like this:
790:, or statements of opinion or uncertain fact. The in-text attribution does not give full details of the source â this is done in a footnote in the normal way. See
352:
4148:
number; linking to an established Knowledge article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page,
2583:
number; linking to an established Knowledge article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page,
2674:
3281:
in the footnote, for example to indicate precisely which information the source is supporting (particularly when a single footnote lists more than one source â
1531:
Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can become confusing and difficult to manage. There are two main methods to avoid
7735:
7730:
6191:
4370:
If multiple archive dates are available, try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the
5185:
7288:
4101:
Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with
3779:
improving existing citations by adding missing information, such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it aids
3705:
3394:. If both cited and uncited references exist, their distinction can be highlighted with separate section names, e.g., "References" and "General references".
533:
5338:
4299:: First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged. The online service
8343:
7725:
2501:
or print materials, then you can use other means of identifying the relevant section of a lengthy work, such as the chapter number or the section title.
2233:
and some related modules and templates filter Wikidata statements not supported by a reference by default; however, other modules and templates, such as
6197:
6185:
1397:
6310:
7563:
6787:
4008:. This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this
439:
908:
7214:
5746:
3899:
3753:
3334:
This section describes how to add footnotes and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes.
3329:
610:
510:
282:
7520:
6627:
6075:
5981:
3530:. The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections, called (for example) "Notes" and "References", respectively.
3375:
A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not linked to any particular text in the article through an
2261:
template can be used to cite works whose metadata is held in Wikidata, provided the cited work meets Knowledge's standards. As of December 2020,
1473:
It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes (where the citation text is actually displayed); for this, see the previous section.
3608:. Any method that is consistent with the existing citation style (if any) may be used, or consensus can be sought to change the existing style.
2248:
in Wikidata. A book, a journal article, a musical recording, sheet music or any other item can be represented by a structured item in Wikidata.
1484:. Note also that no space is added before the citation marker. Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings.
1303:
6346:
3685:
all-numeric date formats other than YYYY-MM-DD, because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day. For example,
7796:
5517:
If the material added appears to be false or an expression of opinion, remove it and inform the editor who added the unsourced material. The
4652:. It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation, and notify the editor who added the now-dead link.
4203:
3397:
2109:
1984:
619:
6342:
4221:
2504:
In some works, such as plays and ancient works, there are standard methods of referring to sections, such as "Act 1, scene 2" for plays and
776:
means any citation added close to the material it supports, for example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in the form of a footnote.
5222:
1278:
1200:. If reliable sources cannot be found for challenged material, it is likely to be removed from the article. Sources are also required when
5992:
with local reference database which can be synchronized between several computers over the online database (up to 300 MB without payment).
4993:
To concatenate multiple citations for the same content into a single footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below:
7247:
5964:
4328:
3937:
The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3).
3499:
3317:
1347:
may require a citation to be inserted (for the duration of the DYK listing) even within a passage completely cited to the same sources.
7918:
7781:
7649:
6971:
6620:
6543:
374:
347:
6329:
671:
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6409:
853:
and, where applicable, the place in that source (such as a page number) where the information in question can be found. For example:
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6111:
6093:
5111:
This last approach needs an introductory line like "Multiple sources:" to prevent an unwanted linebreak after the footnote number.
735:
314:
5292:
violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Darwin is the
7553:
7242:
6981:
6723:
6057:
5947:
5507:
925:
5932:
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and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without clearly placing its source may lead to allegations of
3770:
3697:
dates where the year is after 1582. Because it could easily be confused with a range of years, the format YYYY-MM (for example:
802:
content is supported by a single source. They may also be listed in more developed articles as a supplement to inline citations.
7687:
7262:
7048:
6917:
6213:
5740:
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As with other citation formats, articles should not undergo large-scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so.
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1231:
should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as
591:
4005:. Knowledge allowed this in its early yearsâfor example by adding a link after a sentence, like this: , which is rendered as:
3870:
1825:, then the inline citations will refer to this information in abbreviated form, as described in the relevant sections above.)
680:
8395:
8362:
6399:
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1828:
In general, the citation information should be cited as it appears in the original source. For example, the album notes from
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415:
228:
75:
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Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to
2545:
7786:
7740:
6033:
5973:
3969:, it is helpful to include hyperlinks to source material, when available. Here we note some issues concerning these links.
2664:
5510:. If the material lacking reference is seriously inappropriate, it may need to be hidden from general view, in which case
3864:
8405:
8338:
7885:
7611:
7513:
7345:
6515:
5858:
Optional: Tick the radio button "Do not show", tick the box at the beginning of its line, and enter (paste) into the box
5626:
5129:
5011:
4338:
4207:
2640:
2590:
1987:
are optional and can often be used in place of a less stable URL (although URLs may also be listed in a journal citation)
1842:(formerly Twitter) user named "iđdogs" should not be cited as "idogs". Retain the original special glyphs and spelling.
1494:
633:
556:
478:
7424:
4039:
2488:
1596:
7654:
7235:
5217:. It may also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words, and it should always be used for
3008:
3000:
1291:(sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles). Citations are often omitted from the
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has tools to automatically handle citations for a whole article at a time. Converts occurrences of {{pmid|XXXXXXXX}} (
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was made specifically for this purpose. Some other templates in the same vein are listed at the disambiguation page
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that are verifiable directly from the image itself, or for text that merely identifies a source (e.g., the caption "
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Citations may be accompanied by metadata, though it is not mandatory. Most citation templates on Knowledge use the
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Do not cite an entire body of work by one performer. Instead, make one citation for each work your text relies on.
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When using manual links it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references. The script
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Links to long PDF documents can be made more convenient by taking readers to a specific page with the addition of
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An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities
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is lost, unless the article is very short. They are frequently reworked by later editors into inline citations.
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make sure it is supported by the existing or a new source. For example, when editing text originally reading
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Finding duplicate references by examining reference lists is difficult. There are some tools that can help:
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Neutrality issues apart, there are other ways in-text attribution can mislead. The sentence below suggests
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Note that some templates properly support links only in parameters specifically designed to hold URLs like
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Note, however, that references defined in the reference list template can no longer be edited with the
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Then the duplicates will be listed, and must be manually merged. There will often be false positives;
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While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, Knowledge does not have a single
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The same principle applies when indicating the source of images and other media files in an article.
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can be almost anythingâââapart from being completely numeric. If spaces are used in the text of the
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The appearance of a general references section is the same as those given above in the sections on
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of an item in Wikidata needs to be known. QID can by found by searching for an item by the name or
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543:
538:
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6210:â an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user-submitted video sites
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It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining
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Include a source to support the new information. There are several ways to write this, including:
4006:
3869:"WP:PARENTHETICAL" redirects here. For guidelines on the use of parentheses (round brackets), see
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1767:, or similar abbreviations is discouraged, as they may become broken as new references are added (
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For an image or other media file, details of its origin and copyright status should appear on its
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is a free program that helps editors to create citations for their Knowledge contributions using
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Step 2: tick "Only Display duplicate URL addresses" (which unticks "Remove duplicate addresses")
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5925:) or {{isbn|XXXXXXXXXX}} to properly formatted footnote or Harvard-style references. Written in
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Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article:
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With some exceptions discussed below, citations appear in a single section containing only the
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the date you retrieved (or accessed) the web page (required if the publication date is unknown)
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500:
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By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.
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6072:â showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques
5759:
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argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if "situated behind a
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page number(s) are optional and may be substituted with negative number(s) on microfilm reels
1952:
1547:{{reflist}}, and then inserting them in the text with a shortened reference tag, for example
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928:
for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see
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605:
57:
6612:
6481:
5663:
helps users format, insert, and edit sources by simply providing a DOI, URL, ISBN etc., see
5064:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
4981:
It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;
4939:
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38:. For information about citing Knowledge articles for use in work outside of Knowledge, see
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6991:
6867:
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Step 1: click "Enter URL", enter (paste) the URL of the Knowledge article and click "Load",
5693:
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3475:, should never be used. This is because of issues with readability, browser compatibility,
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and the title in square bracketsâthe URL first, then a space, then the title. For example:
2470:
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volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals)
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Reference management software can output formatted citations in several styles, including
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6425:
6054:â listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Knowledge articles
4746:
an edit that does not imply that the new material is supported by the same reference is
2485:
When citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited.
1684:
115:
8253:
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7946:
7815:
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7369:
7364:
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5690:, a JavaScript bookmarklet â creates references in one click, works for many newspapers
5638:
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can also be combined (preserving the distinct parts of the citations), as described in
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3462:
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3403:
3358:
3245:
3236:. If a publication provided both seasonal and specific dates, prefer the specific one.
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and that placing links in other parameters may not link properly or will cause mangled
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2536:. International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC). 66: 97â104. 13â20 February 1996.
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This is done whenever a writer or speaker should be credited, such as with quotations,
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5156:
For the sun's size, see: Miller (2005), p. 1; Brown (2007), p. 46; Smith (2005), p. 2.
4258:, persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a
3801:
markup problems: an improvement because it helps the citations to be parsed correctly;
3797:
fixing errors in citation coding, including incorrectly used template parameters, and
3533:
Another method of separating explanatory footnotes from footnoted references is using
3267:
1849:
Use details in citing. Citations 1â3 are good, while citations 4â6 should be improved.
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have a connection to the inline citation or footnote, for example "author year page":
1480:
adjacent punctuation such as periods (full stops) and commas. For exceptions, see the
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8184:
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This should no longer be used, and should be replaced with footnotes if encountered:
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and citation using Google Books URLs, DOI or ISBN. Also supports some news websites.
5736:, which can aid evaluating what kind of citation style was used to write the article
5655:
Please check the output of these tools for accuracy when the citation is generated.
4656:
2991:
Users may also link the quotation on Google Books to individual titles, via a short
159:
45:"WP:CITE" and "WP:REF" redirect here. For the Citation Needed information page, see
7837:
7771:
7664:
6568:
6523:
6507:
6367:
6155:â template to add to article (or section) where textâsource integrity is questioned
5727:
5674:) can also be used when editing the article source, for users who have enabled the
5581:
For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see
5539:
5293:
5260:
argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a
5198:
4907:
There is no consensus for a specific ordering of citations, and editors should not
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4334:
3857:
3749:
3669:
3427:
2505:
2103:
1943:
1532:
1288:
257:
213:
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is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an
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3337:
The first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a dedicated citations
3081:
When citing the source, write the following (this formatting is just an example):
2555:
You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation. The ID number might be an
1845:
1727:
templates (most commonly used, but can become confusing for large number of pages)
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5911:
alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available; see the
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5827:
5795:
5289:
5210:
5206:
4267:
3816:
3137:
2264:
2255:
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2205:
1932:
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7131:
5161:
281:", for a brief introduction on how to put references in Knowledge articles; and
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5833:
5709:
5333:
5308:
4780:
Do not add other facts or assertions into a fully cited paragraph or sentence:
4211:
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1830:
1327:
1292:
1186:
862:
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5186:
Knowledge:Neutral point of view § Attributing and specifying biased statements
4997:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
4838:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
4794:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.
4635:
if there is no archived version of the web page (be sure to wait ~24 months),
3860:
to the prose, or moving reference definitions from the prose into the reflist.
3204:
Alternately, information about the reprint can be appended as a textual note:
3144:(except to the extent that this affects page numbering); or any other method.
2192:
approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
2139:
approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
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The Sun is pretty big, but the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot.
895:
163:
6453:
6441:
5288:
When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent
4884:
Knowledge:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 136 § RfC: AWB bot ref reordering
1177:
that the cited information is supported by reliable sources â improving the
7715:
5918:
5467:
4095:
4017:
3826:
names with conventional ones, such as "Einstein-1905" instead of ":27"; and
3537:
3346:
3338:
2976:
2936:
2669:
1853:
1137:
will show many related errors. Duplicate anchors may be found by using the
149:
6283:
specifically refers to citations placed at the end of the page. See also:
6149:â template to add to article (or section) where citations are insufficient
2680:
These can be added in several ways (with and without citation templates):
1601:
For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote, you can use the
1350:
7877:
4701:
3639:
2966:
2164:
Citations for films, TV episodes, or video recordings typically include:
1911:
Citations for individually authored chapters in books typically include:
1733:
1487:
The citation should be added close to the material it supports, offering
1197:
1174:
7498:
6360:
5583:
Knowledge:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes
6143:â inline template to note source simply is not relevant to the material
6036:â a concise summary of some of the most important guidance on this page
5985:
5277:
5257:
4331:); link to their archive of the URL's content, if available. Examples:
3472:
3297:
caution should be exercised, as always, to avoid copyright violations.
3278:
2956:
2846:, commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this for
1741:
1215:, unsourced information of this type is likely to be removed on sight.
782:
involves adding the source of a statement to the article text, such as
6551:
5755:
5717:
5240:
To reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a
4965:
into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this:
3615:
3554:
can be used for explanatory footnotes containing footnoted citations.
2834:
or like this, in the first of the above examples, formatted manually:
865:, and is the most commonly used citation method in Knowledge articles.
748:
6007:
5399:
in 2012, researchers announced the discovery of the new tissue type.
4381:
For most citation templates, archive locations are entered using the
4378:
can be performed to determine when the link was added to the article.
4263:
4195:
4183:
3655:
3651:
3647:
2992:
2229:
just as â or more â reliable compared to Knowledge content. As such,
2035:
1605:
feature, choosing a name to identify the inline citation, and typing
891:
6300:
for more detail on why scrolling reference lists should not be used.
6066:â a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials
4300:
2118:
name of the composer(s), songwriter(s), script writer(s) or the like
1279:
Knowledge:When to cite § When a source or citation may not be needed
170:. More elaborate and useful ways to cite sources are detailed below.
30:
For information on referencing citations in Knowledge articles, see
7896:
6433:
6180:
6108:â guideline covering the inclusion of material in the public domain
6001:
4191:
4179:
3706:
Knowledge:Manual of Style/Capital letters § All caps and small caps
3674:
3643:
3215:
Reprinted with corrections, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1958.
3141:
2196:
1769:
704:
167:
6114:â guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles
5675:
5498:
For individual claims in an article not supported by a reference:
4393:
parameters. The primary link is switched to the archive link when
4262:(DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also Knowledge, have
2885:
The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
1431:
syntax at the appropriate place in the article text, for example:
1341:
multiple sources support different parts of a paragraph or passage
6601:
6583:
6536:"Samples of Formatted References for Authors of Journal Articles"
5995:
5201:
after the sentence. In-text attribution may need to be used with
4400:
If the web page now leads to a completely different website, set
4091:
3089:, Cambridge University Press, p. 99, cited in Paul Jones (2010).
1821:
source where the information is to be found. (If an article uses
6161:â explanation of template to tag statements that need a citation
4425:
to check common archive sites for archives of the current page:
2892:
https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11
1661:
to enclose the reference name. Do not use curly quotation marks
6173:â in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately
6048:â case study on getting maximum information from cited material
5977:
5953:
5940:
5922:
5860:
web.archive.org,wikipedia,wikimedia,wikiquote,wikidata,worldcat
5799:
5315:, but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars.
4271:
3704:
For more information on the capitalization of cited works, see
3345:
For an example of headings of a notes section, see the article
2901:
can be interpreted as "page, Arabic, 304; inserted after: 11".
2564:
2508:
for Aristotle's works. Use these methods whenever appropriate.
2013:
1339:
This does not apply to lists or tables, nor does it apply when
890:
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (
6343:
Knowledge:Perennial proposals § Changes to standard appendices
6188:â an essay about how less detail doesn't always mean less info
5716:. uses Pubmed ID (PMID) or DOI or PMCID or NCT. Adds links to
5713:
5094:
For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
5034:
For the moon's size, see: Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
4688:"WP:INTEGRITY" redirects here. For WikiProject Integrity, see
4290:
Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working
3760:
is a deprecated citation style on English-language Knowledge.
1713:
in conjunction with a combined list of page numbers using the
1476:
As in the above example, citation markers are normally placed
711:
6642:
5613:
4199:
4078:, the convenience link is typically a reprint provided by an
3917:
tags, which are not inline parenthetical references; see the
3445:
3133:
2913:
2498:
2276:
1858:
1757:
1630:
used to close other references must not be used in addition.
285:, about a graphical way for citation, included in Knowledge.
6194:â an essay advising: do not cite already obvious information
6070:
Knowledge:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods
2110:
Help:References and page numbers § Other in-source locations
1173:
By citing sources for Knowledge content you enable users to
7317:
5502:
If the article is a biography of a living person, then any
5068:, 2007, 51 (78): 46. For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John.
4419:, so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead.
4145:
4141:
3330:
WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Standard appendices and footers
2996:
2807:
https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18
2580:
2576:
2556:
56:"WP:CS" redirects here. For the policy on clean start, see
6022:
5706:
template. You use the script on the page you want to cite.
4642:
specifically required by policy to have an inline citation
3471:
Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a
2855:
https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17
2025:
city of publication (if not included in name of newspaper)
1558:(see below) that then refer to a full list of source texts
5929:
and requires a working installation with basic libraries.
5213:(a source's words modified without quotation marks); and
5115:
Simply using line breaks to separate list items breaches
3763:
If all or most of the citations in an article consist of
3693:. The YYYY-MM-DD format should in any case be limited to
3220:
Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems
1927:
chapter number or page numbers for the chapter (optional)
1763:
152:. You can add a citation by selecting from the drop-down
86:
may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect
6395:(17th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017.
6118:
Knowledge:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources
5696:, a script or bookmarklet automating the filling of the
5684:
is an all-purpose tool that generates complete citations
4397:. This retains the original link location for reference.
4279:
3856:
changing where the references are defined, e.g., moving
3602:
Citations to different pages or parts of the same source
3448:
that links back to the corresponding point in the text.
6167:â why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing
5721:
5618:
3500:
Knowledge:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references
1196:
In particular, sources are needed for material that is
6573:â tool that expands bare references semi-automatically
5781:
5730:â adds titles to bare url references and other cleanup
4882:"Knowledge:REFORDER" redirects here. For the RfC, see
4023:
3905:. This includes short citations in parentheses placed
3078:
knowledge of Smith is based on your reading of Jones.
2838:
Rawls, John. . Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.
2136:
medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file)
2071:
Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include:
6192:
Knowledge:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue
6096:â for information about the "Further reading" section
6558:
6238:
6216:â a group of people devoted to cleaning up citations
6102:â for information about the "External links" section
5339:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
2009:
Citations for newspaper articles typically include:
1189:
on the subject; and by giving attribution you avoid
6482:"Library: Citing Sources & Citation Generators"
5907:installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the
5670:
The citation generation tool of the Visual Editor (
5412:Researchers announced the new tissue type in 2012.
4040:
Knowledge:Copyrights § Linking to copyrighted works
6094:Knowledge:Manual of Style/Layout § Further reading
5593:
5205:(a source's words between quotation marks or as a
4750:The sun is pretty big. The sun is also quite hot.
4404:to hide the original website link in the citation.
3681:Although nearly any consistent style may be used,
3101:Smith (2009), p. 99, cited in Jones (2010), p. 29.
3011:code 0521349931. For further details, you may see
2673:they should not be removed without cause; see the
2114:Citations for sound recordings typically include:
1961:Citations for journal articles typically include:
939:This is how short citations look in the edit box:
272:
6597:Knowledge editing basics: Citing sources (part 2)
6579:Knowledge editing basics: Citing sources (part 1)
6186:Knowledge:More seasoning doesn't mean more flavor
5980:to quickly add citations to articles. Zotero (by
4631:: If the source material does not exist offline,
3172:(facsimile of 1st ed.). Harvard University Press.
3005:https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521349931
8387:
6795:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources
5681:
4555:'https://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search/'
4361:) preserves 1500 UK central government websites.
3966:
3913:. This does not affect short citations that use
3609:
3318:WP:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references
2985:
2982:are designed to be safe in this regard as well.
2864:indicates "page, Roman, 17", in contrast to the
1543:by collecting the full citation code within the
902:), and author-title or author-page referencing (
6076:Knowledge:Citing sources/Further considerations
5982:Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
4359:https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/
4082:, such as the author's university's library or
3494:Separating citations from explanatory footnotes
2881:eleventh tipped-in page inserted after page 304
6957:Do not disrupt Knowledge to illustrate a point
6426:"Citation Style Guides & Management Tools"
6078:â additional considerations for citing sources
5462:If an article has no references at all, then:
3847:
3842:When an article is already consistent, avoid:
3757:
3391:
3163:the new and original publication dates, e.g.:
2189:medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD)
1482:WP:Manual of Style § Punctuation and footnotes
1398:How to place an inline citation using ref tags
191:There is a simplified version of this page at
7912:
7514:
6628:
6376:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2016.
6042:â a simple practical guide to getting started
5903:, making it suitable only for users with the
4956:Help:Shortened footnotes § Bundling citations
4204:list of academic databases and search engines
4016:Embedded links should never be used to place
3918:
3871:WP:Manual of Style § Brackets and parentheses
1898:chapter or page numbers cited, if appropriate
1204:someone, with or without quotation marks, or
729:
260:. This is usually displayed as a superscript
7383:
6126:â details of the software which support the
6106:Knowledge:Plagiarism § Public-domain sources
5366:, the sun will set in the west this evening.
4311:Check for a changed URL on the same Web site
1834:should not be cited as being from the album
1626:means that the tag is self-closing, and the
861:This type of citation is usually given as a
7289:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
5965:Comparison of reference management software
4329:Knowledge:List of web archives on Knowledge
1465:which will be displayed as something like:
1081:Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon",
1024:Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon",
82:Editors should generally follow it, though
8344:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates
7919:
7905:
7521:
7507:
6635:
6621:
6544:United States National Library of Medicine
6275:may refer specifically to citations using
5998:(by Thomson Reuters; license: proprietary)
5939:stylesheet transforming the XML output of
5820:(AWB) will identify and (usually) correct
5525:template may be placed on their talk page.
5506:material must be removed immediately: see
4975:
3380:
3288:
3007:, a permalink to the Google book with the
2635:https://www.domain.com/document.pdf#page=5
1488:
736:
722:
7528:
6010:(by Paperpile, LLC; license: proprietary)
5960:, or Knowledge citation template styles.
5849:), and will not be listed as duplicates.
5350:has alone made this important discovery:
5190:Knowledge:Manual of Style § Point of view
5087:For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward.
5060:For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward.
5027:For the sun's size, see: Miller, Edward.
4020:in the content of an article, like this:
2497:If there are no page numbers, whether in
2240:To transclude an item from Wikidata, the
2077:where the referenced content can be found
1730:Named references in conjunction with the
74:This page documents an English Knowledge
6112:Knowledge:Scientific citation guidelines
5490:template and consider nominating it for
5153:
5081:
5057:
5021:
4376:search of the article's revision history
4374:. If that parameter is not specified, a
4337:has billions of archived web pages. See
3807:
2690:. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.
1844:
1777:is extensive, tag the article using the
1669:Citing multiple pages of the same source
1597:Footnotes: using a source more than once
1391:
791:
166:, you can add a citation manually using
6540:MEDLINE and PubMed: The Resources Guide
6060:â essay on why references are important
6058:Knowledge:Improving referencing efforts
5311:says that human beings evolved through
4644:, then please consider tagging it with
4629:Remove hopelessly-lost web-only sources
3487:
3284:
2633:is the page number. For example, using
1968:year and sometimes month of publication
1937:
1924:name of book and other details as above
1876:Citations for books typically include:
1450:. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.
932:. For a set of realistic examples, see
859:. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.
14:
8388:
6508:"The Writer's Handbook: Documentation"
6214:Knowledge:WikiProject Citation cleanup
6084:â more information on inline citations
5379:The sun sets in the west each evening.
5101:For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John.
5041:For the sun's heat, see: Smith, John.
4327:services exist (for a full list, see:
4044:Help:Citation Style 1 § Online sources
3944:Brown, R. (2006). "Size of the Moon",
3831:If you know how to fix it, then fix it
3441:== References == <references /: -->
3305:WP:Verifiability § Non-English sources
3167:
3130:paid databases of scanned publications
1043:This is how they look in the article:
611:Deletion guidelines for administrators
249:, and for all quotations, anywhere in
7982:short, stand-alone, offline documents
7900:
7782:Converting between references formats
7502:
6616:
6090:â how-to guide on "nesting" footnotes
5967:â side-by-side comparison of various
4315:site:nytimes.com "the goose is loose"
3775:The following are standard practice:
3208:
3097:Or if you are using short citations:
2694:
2147:Film, television, or video recordings
2124:title of the song or individual track
1549:<ref name="Smith 2001, p99" /: -->
1198:challenged or likely to be challenged
247:challenged or likely to be challenged
7926:
6120:â project guide on finding resources
5974:Knowledge:Citing sources with Zotero
5836:can identify Web citations with the
5834:URL Extractor For Web Pages and Text
5125:line breaks ... should not be used."
4859:Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon",
4222:Preventing and repairing dead links
3858:reference definitions in the reflist
3387:
2995:which ends with their related ISBN,
2850:(Roman numeral 17) of the same book:
2665:Knowledge:Google Books and Knowledge
1822:
1555:
1469:Justice is a human invention. It ...
1304:Consecutive cites of the same source
175:
134:
62:
7797:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
7736:Referencing without using templates
7731:Referencing with citation templates
7448:List of all policies and guidelines
6034:Knowledge:References dos and don'ts
6016:(by Springer; license: proprietary)
6004:(by Elsevier; license: proprietary)
4339:Knowledge:Using the Wayback Machine
4307:is down, and any information known.
4028:announced their latest product ..."
3819:to an acceptable referencing style;
3591:precisely duplicated full citations
3398:How to create the list of citations
2738:can be entered like this using the
2732:In edit mode, the URL for p. 18 of
2087:title or domain name of the website
1193:the source of your words or ideas.
24:
7487:Summaries of values and principles
7328:
7166:
6929:
6755:
6530:. University of WisconsinâMadison.
6410:"Academic Writing: Citing Sources"
6347:§ Establish a house citation style
5784:: A web-based tool for generating
4090:links are generally preferable to
3177:This is done automatically in the
2932:citation templates, the family of
2701:. Harvard University Press. p. 18.
2328:for court cases or legal decisions
2127:title of the album (if applicable)
1895:date of publication of the edition
1622:. The use of the slash before the
1213:biography of living persons policy
1181:while showing that the content is
90:. When in doubt, discuss first on
25:
8422:
6494:"Research and Citation Resources"
6202:need to cite that the sky is blue
3486:If an article contains a list of
3093:, Oxford University Press, p. 29.
2171:name of the producer, if relevant
1901:edition, if not the first edition
1652:text of the citation</ref: -->
1612:text of the citation</ref: -->
1135:User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors
1119:Brown, "Size of the Moon", p. 46.
224:. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
7397:
7394:
7325:
7142:
7089:
7086:
7019:
7016:
6972:Please do not bite the newcomers
6845:
6691:
6470:"Guide to Citation Style Guides"
5420:
5404:
5387:
5371:
5354:
5320:
5300:
5269:
5249:
5232:
4828:
4784:
4457:'https://web.archive.org/web/*/'
3928:
3606:Help:References and page numbers
3091:Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen
2481:Help:References and page numbers
2316:for conference reports or papers
2022:name of the newspaper in italics
1940:for how to further information.
1702:Help:References and page numbers
179:
153:
138:
66:
27:Guideline on how to cite sources
7787:Reference display customization
6516:University of WisconsinâMadison
6227:Changing citation style formats
5747:Cite templates in Visual Editor
5594:"Variation in citation methods"
5433:Dealing with unsourced material
4103:Knowledge:Neutral point of view
882:. These are used together with
283:cite templates in Visual Editor
273:§ Variation in citation methods
6334:
6322:
6303:
6290:
6245:
6147:Template:More citations needed
6052:Knowledge:Verification methods
6040:Help:Referencing for beginners
4865:
4856:
4847:
4812:
4803:
4768:
4759:
4734:
4282:) are fairly easy to use (see
3907:within the article text itself
3804:combining duplicate citations
3712:Variation in citation methods
2916:metadata output. However, the
2180:title of the film or TV series
2096:page number(s) (if applicable)
1426:To create a footnote, use the
1387:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1066:
1061:
1056:
876:Rawls 1971, p. 1.</ref: -->
279:Help:Referencing for beginners
271:(the principle is reviewed at
194:Help:Referencing for beginners
49:. For the reference desk, see
13:
1:
7554:Biographies of living persons
6982:Responding to threats of harm
6724:Biographies of living persons
5969:reference management software
5948:Reference management software
5767:Hosted on tools.wmflabs.org:
5508:Biographies of living persons
5105:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
5091:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
5072:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
5045:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
5031:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4872:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
4854:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4819:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
4810:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4775:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
4766:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4741:. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
4349:Knowledge:Using archive.today
3967:"What information to include"
3894:Since September 2020, inline
3435:== References == {{Reflist}}
3307:policy for more information.)
2952:-style templates, as well as
2872:, 18" the URL given earlier.
2641:Linking to Google Books pages
2591:Linking to pages in PDF files
2457:Identifying parts of a source
2075:URL of the specific web page
1746:templates to specify the page
1657:Use straight quotation marks
1436:Justice is a human invention.
1139:W3C Markup Validation Service
354:Don't disrupt to make a point
8396:Knowledge content guidelines
8377:Citation Style 1 noticeboard
8363:Citation Style documentation
7049:Criteria for speedy deletion
6918:Paid-contribution disclosure
6446:Concordia University Library
6220:Knowledge:Reference database
6171:Knowledge:Copyright problems
6141:Template:Irrelevant citation
6064:Knowledge:Citation templates
5573:Knowledge:Citation templates
5549:Citation templates and tools
5223:frequently discussed sources
5219:biased statements of opinion
5144:Template:Multiple references
5117:MOS:Accessibility § Nobreaks
4272:https://web.archive.org/save
4094:or otherwise commercial and
3771:Generally considered helpful
3312:Notes and references section
1791:What information to include
1343:. Citation requirements for
1145:When and why to cite sources
930:wikilinks to full references
534:Categories, lists, templates
7:
7792:References and page numbers
7726:Introduction to referencing
6442:"Citing: Help & how-to"
6392:The Chicago Manual of Style
6165:Knowledge:Citation overkill
6088:Knowledge:Nesting footnotes
5887:Help:Citation tools § Tools
5809:Duplicate reference finders
5773:, used in the Source Editor
5544:tag against the added text.
5395:In an article published in
4960:Knowledge:Citation overkill
4303:can help to determine if a
3961:Handling links in citations
3805:
3661:The Chicago Manual of Style
3302:
3282:
3225:to the Gregorian calendar.
3197:templates when you use the
3111:: The advice to "say where
3087:Name of Book I Haven't Seen
2629:to the document URL, where
2548:parameter in the automatic
1244:File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg
1185:. You also help users find
963:but the Moon is not so big.
375:Other behavioral guidelines
270:
10:
8427:
8406:Knowledge style guidelines
8339:Citation Style 1 templates
7741:Referencing dos and don'ts
6309:The arbitration committee
5884:
5792:Knowledge template filling
5636:
5630:
5580:
5570:
5552:
5436:
5183:
5165:
5130:Unbulleted list citebundle
5012:Unbulleted list citebundle
4953:
4947:
4922:
4888:
4881:
4687:
4662:
4477:archive.today / archive.is
4235:
4225:
4178:For a source available in
4159:
4116:
4047:
4037:
3994:
3976:
3919:section on short citations
3875:
3868:
3715:
3619:
3563:
3507:
3497:
3452:
3401:
3356:
3323:
3315:
3243:
3124:you obtained and read it.
3026:
2842:When the page number is a
2662:
2644:
2596:
2478:
2460:
2200:
2150:
2107:
2057:
2039:
1995:
1947:
1862:
1794:
1699:
1674:
1594:
1576:
1498:
1419:
1401:
1379:
1354:
1307:
1276:
1258:
1166:
1148:
983:The Sun is also quite hot.
837:
812:
752:
98:
92:this guideline's talk page
55:
44:
40:Knowledge:Citing Knowledge
29:
8374:
8352:
8331:
8265:
8199:
7934:
7886:Parenthetical referencing
7876:
7860:
7805:
7754:
7721:Citations quick reference
7706:
7688:Punctuation and footnotes
7673:
7620:
7584:
7536:
7442:
7382:
7315:
7281:
7223:
7178:
7163:
7139:
7129:
7076:
7006:
6926:
6842:
6832:
6752:
6688:
6678:
6654:
6486:Capital Community College
6298:this July 2007 discussion
6159:Knowledge:Citation needed
6082:Knowledge:Inline citation
6046:Help:How to mine a source
5714:Biomedical citation maker
5627:Citation generation tools
5466:If the entire article is
4623:Find a replacement source
4529:
4480:
4431:
4355:UK Government Web Archive
4260:digital object identifier
3896:parenthetical referencing
3865:Parenthetical referencing
3848:parenthetical referencing
3817:parenthetical referencing
3758:parenthetical referencing
3168:Darwin, Charles (1964) .
2817:Harvard University Press
2677:for further information.
2177:the title of a TV episode
2174:names of major performers
1435:
1382:Knowledge:Inline citation
807:Short and full citations
380:WMF friendly space policy
36:Knowledge:Inline citation
7640:Citation Style Vancouver
6279:or to explanatory text;
6124:MediaWiki:Extension:Cite
6100:Knowledge:External links
5771:Knowledge:refToolbar 2.0
5512:request admin assistance
5332:, as first explained in
5053:Use an inline paragraph:
4617:Remove convenience links
4506:'https://archive.today/'
4084:institutional repository
3392:parenthetical references
3170:On the Origin of Species
2836:
2750:
2552:editing window feature.
2550:Knowledge:refToolbar 2.0
2528:
2489:Books and print articles
2130:name of the record label
2121:name of the performer(s)
1179:credibility of Knowledge
941:
840:Help:Shortened footnotes
516:Other editing guidelines
479:Other content guidelines
348:Don't bite the newcomers
212:, uniquely identifies a
146:This page in a nutshell:
8411:Knowledge verifiability
7537:Policies and guidelines
7425:Licensing and copyright
6645:policies and guidelines
6373:New Oxford Style Manual
6351:Template:Cnote2/example
5758:server which generates
5722:Evidence-Based Medicine
5328:Humans evolved through
4725:The sun is pretty big.
4712:Keeping citations close
4700:, of violations of the
4615:
4301:"Is it down right now?"
4232:Help:Archiving a source
4113:Indicating availability
4107:Knowledge:Verifiability
3666:Author-date referencing
3432:template. For example:
3289:§ Textâsource integrity
3015:on support.google.com.
2875:You can also link to a
2512:Audio and video sources
2271:dominant citation style
2016:(author's name), if any
1931:In some instances, the
1886:volume when appropriate
1545:reference list template
1541:list-defined references
1448:''A Theory of Justice''
1088:Miller, Edward (2005).
1034:Miller, Edward (2005).
1026:''Scientific American''
222:The Oxford Style Manual
158:menu at the top of the
7806:Template documentation
6418:University of Illinois
6179:â guide to preventing
5866:Step 3: Click Extract.
5798:citations from PMIDs (
5752:User:Salix alba/Citoid
5430:
5414:
5401:
5381:
5368:
5344:
5317:
5286:
5266:
5246:
4875:
4822:
4778:
4744:
4417:|date=September 2024}}
4321:Check for web archives
4080:open-access repository
3754:since 5 September 2020
3504:Help:Explanatory notes
3209:Boole, George (1854).
3103:
3095:
3003:numerical code, e.g.:
2542:Retrieved 15 July 2011
2363:for TV or radio series
2340:for a law or legal act
2201:See also the template
2151:See also the template
2058:See also the template
1996:See also the template
1948:See also the template
1863:See also the template
1850:
1337:
1300:for more information.
1187:additional information
1169:Knowledge:When to cite
943:The Sun is pretty big,
926:template documentation
220:Ritter, R. M. (2003).
216:of information, e.g.:
7530:Knowledge referencing
7420:Friendly space policy
7210:Broad-concept article
6719:What Knowledge is not
6714:Neutral point of view
6476:. University of Iowa.
6263:is often abbreviated
6208:Knowledge:Video links
5678:in their preferences.
5571:Further information:
5418:
5402:
5385:
5369:
5352:
5318:
5298:
5267:
5247:
5230:
5184:Further information:
4976:textâsource integrity
4950:Help:Citation merging
4826:
4782:
4748:
4723:
4657:Textâsource integrity
4284:pre-emptive archiving
4280:https://archive.today
4038:Further information:
3965:As noted above under
3808:§ Duplicate citations
3689:may be used, but not
3422:<references /: -->
3381:textâsource integrity
3240:Additional annotation
3099:
3083:
2663:Further information:
2479:Further information:
2108:Further information:
2081:name of the author(s)
1965:name of the author(s)
1921:name of book's editor
1848:
1700:Further information:
1595:Further information:
1489:textâsource integrity
1422:Footnotes: the basics
1420:Further information:
1380:Further information:
1332:
1277:Further information:
1183:not original research
1167:Further information:
464:Don't copy long texts
58:Knowledge:Clean Start
8052:public mailing lists
7576:Scientific citations
7549:No original research
6987:Talk page guidelines
6947:Conflict of interest
6888:Ownership of content
6733:Copyright violations
6709:No original research
6606:Wikimedia Foundation
6588:Wikimedia Foundation
6502:. Purdue University.
6474:Journalism Resources
6368:"Online Style Guide"
6153:Template:Text-source
5990:open-source software
5933:pubmed2wikipedia.xsl
5915:for further details.
5824:between <ref: -->
5762:templates from urls.
5724:comments if present.
5694:User:V111P/js/WebRef
5688:User:Ark25/RefScript
5676:2017 wikitext editor
5098:, 2007, 51 (78): 46.
5038:, 2007, 51 (78): 46.
3973:Avoid embedded links
3750:spelling differences
3285:§ Bundling citations
3037:WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT
2797:A Theory of Justice
2695:Rawls, John (1971).
2693:Or with a template:
2521:Links and ID numbers
2168:name of the director
2084:title of the article
2019:title of the article
1971:title of the article
1938:§ Dates and reprints
1918:title of the chapter
1892:place of publication
1535:in the edit window:
1523:WP:INLINECITECLUTTER
1289:disambiguation pages
1206:closely paraphrasing
784:Rawls argues that X.
398:Talk page guidelines
333:Conflict of interest
292:Knowledge guidelines
8287:Cite AV media notes
8266:Audiovisual-related
8122:unpublished reports
7693:Shortened footnotes
6883:No personal attacks
6805:Don't create hoaxes
5899:. It is written in
5786:shortened footnotes
5633:Help:Citation tools
5619:COinS specification
5577:Help:Citation tools
5474:using criterion G1.
5195:In-text attribution
5162:In-text attribution
5096:Scientific American
5084:Multiple sources:
5066:Scientific American
5036:Scientific American
4861:Scientific American
4402:|url-status=usurped
3951:Miller, E. (2005).
3946:Scientific American
3558:Duplicate citations
3085:John Smith (2009).
3044:WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT
2735:A Theory of Justice
2698:A Theory of Justice
2687:A Theory of Justice
2544:or you can use the
2093:date of publication
2090:publisher, if known
2028:date of publication
1974:name of the journal
1083:Scientific American
1069:Miller 2005, p. 34.
1059:Miller 2005, p. 23.
993:Miller 2005, p. 34.
953:Miller 2005, p. 23.
878:, which renders as
857:A Theory of Justice
849:fully identifies a
792:In-text attribution
780:In-text attribution
469:Don't create hoaxes
8200:Preprint templates
8101:Cite press release
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7708:Help for beginners
7660:Citation templates
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7478:List of guidelines
7299:Template namespace
6977:Courtesy vanishing
6952:Disruptive editing
6898:Dispute resolution
6499:Online Writing Lab
6462:University of Iowa
6285:Knowledge:Glossary
6277:ref tag formatting
6267:, with the plural
6177:Knowledge:Link rot
5943:to Knowledge refs.
5897:citation templates
5589:Citation templates
5364:The New York Times
5348:The New York Times
5215:close paraphrasing
5077:Use a bullet list:
4919:Bundling citations
4911:over it, nor make
4588:encodeURIComponent
4561:encodeURIComponent
4526:Mementos interface
4228:Knowledge:Link rot
3911:(Smith 2010, p. 1)
3695:Gregorian calendar
3612:are linked below.
3488:general references
3353:General references
3148:Dates and reprints
3013:How-to explanation
2924:parameters of all
2899:&pg=PA304-IA11
2887:, looks like this:
2494:between editions.
2415:cite press release
2183:name of the studio
1992:Newspaper articles
1851:
1573:Repeated citations
1318:WP:CONSECUTIVECITE
1238:Belshazzar's Feast
1064:Brown 2006, p. 46.
1038:. Academic Press.
973:Brown 2006, p. 46.
788:close paraphrasing
681:Naming conventions
459:Offensive material
343:Disruptive editing
338:Courtesy vanishing
187:Are you new here?
8383:
8382:
8164:technical reports
8094:online newsgroups
8045:Cite mailing list
8024:academic journals
7989:Cite encyclopedia
7968:conference papers
7894:
7893:
7868:Knowledge Library
7698:Nesting footnotes
7602:Combining sources
7496:
7495:
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7341:Project namespace
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7248:Dates and numbers
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7124:
7072:
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7064:Revision deletion
7037:Proposed deletion
7002:
7001:
6967:Gaming the system
6942:Assume good faith
6828:
6827:
6524:"ACS Style Guide"
6401:978-0-226-28705-8
6382:978-0-19-876725-1
6135:Citation problems
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5901:Visual Basic .NET
5881:Programming tools
5828:the documentation
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5734:Template:Ref info
5647:WP:CITEGENERATORS
5617:according to the
5330:natural selection
5313:natural selection
5282:veil of ignorance
5262:veil of ignorance
5242:veil of ignorance
4698:original research
4088:green open access
4034:Convenience links
3955:, Academic Press.
3822:replacing opaque
2706:Rawls 1971, p. 18
2370:cite mailing list
2347:cite encyclopedia
2231:Module:WikidataIB
2223:Authority control
1915:name of author(s)
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1880:name of author(s)
1836:Hurts to be Human
1719:parameter of the
1092:. Academic Press.
917:templates or the
880:Rawls 1971, p. 1.
799:general reference
746:
745:
551:
550:
511:Understandability
410:
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365:Gaming the system
328:Assume good faith
245:for any material
230:978-0-19-860564-5
202:
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76:content guideline
16:(Redirected from
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7921:
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7762:Cite link labels
7746:Citing Knowledge
7675:Inline citations
7665:Reflist template
7635:Citation Style 2
7630:Citation Style 1
7559:Reliable sources
7523:
7516:
7509:
7500:
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7473:
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7463:List of policies
7458:
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6913:Child protection
6908:No legal threats
6878:Ignore all rules
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6783:Reliable sources
6760:
6759:
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6696:
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6667:Ignore all rules
6649:
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6546:. 26 April 2018.
6531:
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6414:Writers Workshop
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6222:â essay/proposal
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5825:...</ref: -->
5822:exact duplicates
5760:Citation Style 1
5718:ACP Journal Club
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4395:|url-status=dead
4392:
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4373:
4335:Internet Archive
4316:
4254:To help prevent
4248:
4172:
4156:Links to sources
4152:and in context.
4140:): providing an
4129:
4127:WP:INDICATEAVAIL
4076:academic sources
4068:convenience link
4060:
4029:
4026:
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3989:
3935:
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3931:
3916:
3912:
3888:
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3745:for the change.
3735:
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3670:Vancouver system
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3138:reading machines
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2988:may be helpful.
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2930:Citation Style 2
2926:Citation Style 1
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2675:October 2010 RfC
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2587:and in context.
2575:): providing an
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1633:The text of the
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1516:WP:INLINECLUTTER
1511:
1495:Avoiding clutter
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1429:...</ref: -->
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1019:
1018:== References ==
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435:Reliable sources
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243:inline citations
241:policy requires
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150:reliable sources
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7961:Cite conference
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7607:Offline sources
7592:Citation needed
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7231:Manual of Style
7219:
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7117:Page protection
7090:
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7032:Deletion policy
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6815:Patent nonsense
6810:Fringe theories
6756:
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6594:
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6528:Research Guides
6522:
6506:
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6468:
6454:"Citation Help"
6452:
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6361:Further reading
6358:
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5796:Vancouver style
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5532:citation needed
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5472:speedy deletion
5468:patent nonsense
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7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7544:Verifiability
7542:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7519:
7517:
7512:
7510:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7467:
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7464:
7459:
7452:
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7445:
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7441:
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7413:
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7408:
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7393:
7390:
7381:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7344:
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7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7324:
7321:
7314:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7243:Accessibility
7241:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7188:Summary style
7186:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7162:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7138:
7135:
7128:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
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7075:
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7062:
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7057:
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7047:
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7015:
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6993:
6990:
6989:
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6879:
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6859:
6856:
6855:
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6841:
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6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6773:Autobiography
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6704:Verifiability
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6687:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6656:
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6646:
6638:
6633:
6631:
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6618:
6615:
6607:
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6599:
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6593:
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6575:
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6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6312:
6311:ruled in 2006
6306:
6299:
6293:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5868:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5702:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:visual editor
5658:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5541:
5533:
5527:
5522:
5521:uw-unsourced1
5516:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5470:, tag it for
5469:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5429:
5417:
5413:
5400:
5398:
5384:
5380:
5367:
5365:
5362:According to
5351:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5297:
5295:
5294:majority view
5291:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5245:
5243:
5229:
5228:For example:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5203:direct speech
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5123:<br /: -->
5118:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5003:
4994:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4933:WP:CITEBUNDLE
4930:
4929:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4885:
4871:
4868:Smith, John.
4867:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4836:
4825:
4818:
4815:Smith, John.
4814:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4792:
4781:
4774:
4771:Smith, John.
4770:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4528:
4525:
4479:
4476:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4406:
4399:
4383:|archive-url=
4380:
4377:
4372:|access-date=
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:archive.today
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:web archiving
4322:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4276:archive.today
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4011:</ref: -->
4007:
4004:
3998:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3872:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:To be avoided
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:, and fights
3782:
3781:verifiability
3778:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3734:
3733:WP:WHENINROME
3730:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:inexperienced
3592:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:accessibility
3474:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:WP:ANNOTATION
3251:
3250:
3247:
3237:
3226:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3193:
3183:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2915:
2910:|archive-url=
2902:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:Roman numeral
2835:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:Rawls, John.
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2638:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:cite AV media
2144:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1986:
1983:and/or other
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:title of book
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1631:
1628:</ref: -->
1604:
1598:
1588:
1587:WP:REPEATCITE
1584:
1583:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1446:Rawls, John.
1434:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1372:WP:INLINECITE
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1290:
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1266:
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1262:
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1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1044:
940:
937:
935:
931:
927:
922:
916:
905:
901:
900:Chicago style
897:
896:Harvard style
893:
885:
871:
867:
864:
858:
855:Rawls, John.
852:
848:
847:full citation
844:
843:
841:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
811:
800:
796:
793:
789:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
764:
760:
759:
756:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
720:
719:
717:
716:
700:
699:
696:
693:
692:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
676:
673:
670:
669:
664:
661:
659:
656:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
629:Project pages
627:
626:
625:
624:
621:
618:
617:
612:
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