1831:, working in collaboration with local communists, created secret police forces using leadership trained in Moscow. This new secret police arrived to arrest political enemies according to prepared lists. The national Communists then took power in a gradualist manner, backed by the Soviets in many, but not all, cases. For a while, cooperative non-Communist parties were tolerated. The Communist governments nationalized private businesses, placing them under state ownership, and monitored the media and churches. When dividing up government offices with coalition partners, the Communists took control of the interior ministries, which controlled the local police. They also took control of the mass media, especially radio, as well as the education system. They confiscated and redistributed farmland, and seized control of or replaced the organizations of civil society, such as church groups, sports, youth groups, trade unions, farmers' organizations, and civic organizations. In some countries, they engaged in large-scale ethnic cleansing, moving ethnic groups such as Germans, Poles, Ukrainians and Hungarians far away from where they previously lived, often with high loss of life, to relocate them within the new post-war borders of their respective countries.
2216:
federation's monetary policy. Besides monetary policy, some of them even perform the supervision of the financial intermediary system. In the case of a price stability function, the inflation rate, in the examined area, relatively quickly dropped to below 5% by 2000. In monetary policy the differences are based on the euro-zone: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia use the common currency. The economies of this decade – similar to the previous one – show a moderate inflation. As a new phenomenon, a slight negative inflation (deflation) appeared in this decade in several countries (Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and
Slovenia), which demonstrates sensitivity regarding international developments. The majority of the constitutions determine the national currency, legal tender or monetary unit. The local currency exchange rate to the U.S. dollar shows that drastic interventions were not necessary. National wealth or assets are the property of the state or local governments and, as an exclusive property, the management and protection of them aim at serving the public interest.
5813:
1584:
14th and 15th century, the same time it was declining in
Western Europe. The climax came in the 17th and 18th century. The early 19th century saw its decline, marked especially by the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. Emancipation meant that the ex-serfs paid for their freedom with annual cash payments to their former masters for decades. The system varied widely country by country, and was not as standardized as in Western Europe. Historians, until the 20th century, focused on master-serf economic and labor relations, portraying the serfs as slave-like, passive, and isolated. 20th century scholars downplayed the evils and emphasize the complexities.
2066:
2035:
1972:
2225:
2255:
2212:
highest is 97%. The trend shows that the sovereign debt ratio to GDP in most countries has been rising. Only three countries are affected by high government debt: Croatia, Hungary and
Slovenia (over 70% of the GDP), while Slovakia and Poland fulfill the Maastricht requirement but only 10% below the threshold. The contribution to cover the finances for common needs is declared, the principle of just tax burden-sharing is supplemented sometimes with special aspects. Tax revenues expose typically 15–19 % of the GDP, and rates above 20% only rarely can be found.
189:
301:
9325:
145:
1563:-alphabet use is not a strict determinant for Eastern Europe, where from Croatia to Poland and everywhere in between, the Latin alphabet is used. Greece's status as the cradle of Western civilization and an integral part of the Western world in the political, cultural and economic spheres has led to it being nearly always classified as belonging not to Eastern, but Southern or Western Europe. During the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries, Eastern Europe enjoyed a relatively high
499:
20:
582:
1417:
2208:
economic growth, and high government debt. By 2000 these economies were stabilized, and between 2004 and 2013 all of them joined the
European Union. Most of the constitutions define directly or indirectly the economic system of the countries parallel to the democratic transition of the 1990s: free-market economy (sometimes complemented with the socially oriented sector), economic development, or only economic rights are included as a ground for the economy.
6118:
6130:
475:
1271:
1763:
1668:, and millions of others killed by disease, starvation, and military action, or executed after being deemed as politically dangerous. During the final stages of World War II the future of Eastern Europe was decided by the overwhelming power of the Soviet Red Army, as it swept the Germans aside. It did not reach Yugoslavia and Albania, however. Finland was free but forced to be neutral in the upcoming Cold War.
1655:
all became democratic in the 1920s, but all of them (except
Czechoslovakia and Finland) gave up democracy during the depression years of the 1930s, in favor of autocratic, strong-man or single-party states. The new states were unable to form stable military alliances, and one by one were too weak to stand up against Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union, which took them over between 1938 and 1945.
2241:
1935:, an organization created in an attempt to avoid being assigned to either the NATO or Warsaw Pact blocs. The movement was demonstratively independent of both the Soviet Union and the Western bloc for most of the Cold War period, allowing Yugoslavia and its other members to act as a business and political mediator between the blocs.
1663:
Russia ended its participation in the First World War in March 1918 and lost territory, as the Baltic countries and Poland became independent. The region was the main battlefield in the Second World War (1939–45), with German and Soviet armies sweeping back and forth, with millions of Jews and others
1654:
Romania, Bulgaria, and
Albania likewise were independent. Many of the countries were still largely rural, with little industry and only a few urban centres. Nationalism was the dominant force but most of the countries had ethnic or religious minorities who felt threatened by majority elements. Nearly
572:
Historians and social scientists generally view such definitions as outdated or relegated. Many former
Communist states in this region, although their formal alliances were severed by the fall of the Berlin Wall, continued to feel a moral duty to support states that have not been "liberated from the
2211:
In the case of fiscal policy, the legislative, the executive and other state organs (Budget
Council, Economic and Social Council) define and manage the budgeting. The average government debt in the countries is nearly 44%, but the deviation is great because the lowest figure is close to 10% but the
2207:
The economic changes were in harmony with the constitutional reforms: constitutional provisions on public finances can be identified and, in some countries, a separate chapter deals with public finances. Generally, they soon encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low
1583:
was a prevalent status of agricultural workers until the 19th century. It resembled slavery in terms of lack of freedom, with the distinction that the landowners could not buy and sell serfs separately from the specific plots of land that they were permanently attached to. The system emerged in the
1823:
of
Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe adopted communist modes of control by 1948. These countries were officially independent of the Soviet Union, but the practical extent of this independence was quite limited. Yugoslavia and Albania had Communist control that was independent of the
490:
between the
Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) churches. Later developments meant that the divide was no longer solely between Catholic and Orthodox churches. From the 16th century, both Western and Eastern forms of Protestantism began to emerge in Europe. Additionally, Eastern Catholic
1514:
were founded in parts of Eastern Europe. Introduction of German town law is often seen as a second great step after introduction of Christianity at the turn of the first and second millennia. The ensuing modernization of society and economy allowed the increased role played by the rulers of
2215:
The state audit of the government budget and expenditures is an essential control element in public finances and an important part of the concept of checks and balances. The central banks are independent state institutions, which possess a monopoly on managing and implementing a state's or
5261:
1571:
levels in eastern Europe were relatively low, although regional differences existed. During the 18th century, the regions began to catch up with western Europe, but did not develop as rapidly. Areas with stronger female autonomy developed more quickly in terms of numeracy.
1950:. When China established diplomatic relations with the United States in 1978, Albania also broke away from China. Albania and especially Yugoslavia were not unanimously appended to the Eastern Bloc, as they were neutral for a large part of the Cold War period.
1618:
A major result of the First World War was the breakup of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires, as well as partial losses to the German Empire. A surge of ethnic nationalism created a series of new states in Eastern Europe, validated by the
4474:
5258:
1066:
In some media, "Southeast Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The following countries are labelled Southeast European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European.
5041:
518:(often incorrectly labelled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example,
4203:
935:
In some media, "Central Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The following countries are labelled Central European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European.
3228:
522:
is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons, the most prominent being that Greece's history, for the most part, was more influenced by Mediterranean cultures and dynamics.
4297:
2560:
3190:
6821:
287:
boundaries of "Eastern Europe" are subject to some overlap and, most importantly, have undergone historical fluctuations, which makes a precise definition of the western geographic boundaries of Eastern Europe and the
164:
connotations. It has also been described as a "fuzzy" term, as the idea itself of Eastern Europe is in constant redefinition. The solidification of the idea of an "Eastern Europe" dates back chiefly to the (French)
1689:
at the onset of the Cold War in 1947 was far behind the Western European countries in economic rebuilding and economic progress. Winston Churchill, in his well-known "Sinews of Peace" address of 5 March 1946, at
4658:
Baten, Joerg; Szołtysek, Mikołaj (2017). ""Girl Power" in Eastern Europe? The human capital development of Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries and its determinants".
3931:
5096:
4711:
3059:
545:
brought the end of the Cold War east–west division in Europe, but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media. Another definition was used during the 40 years of
1635:
by the Soviet Union), Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Austria and Hungary had much-reduced boundaries. The new states included sizeable ethnic minorities, which were to be protected according to the
666:
2946:
2419:
152:
Several definitions of Eastern Europe exist in the early 21st century, but they often lack precision and may be anachronistic. These definitions are debated across cultures and among experts, even
3960:
6440:
1827:
The communists had a natural reservoir of popularity in that they had destroyed the Nazi invaders. Their goal was to guarantee long-term working-class solidarity. The Soviet secret police, the
2204:, that accessed in 2004 and after: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia.
4945:
4623:, Norman Davies, Europe: a History, 2010, Eve Johansson, Official Publications of Western Europe, Volume 1, 1984, Thomas Greer and Gavin Lewis, A Brief History of the Western World, 2004
4294:
3310:
6750:
4513:
6521:
4364:
2328:
6781:
6762:
6791:
3781:
1685:
The region fell to Soviet control and Communist governments were imposed. Yugoslavia, Albania (and later Romania) had their own Communist regimes independent of Moscow. The
1682:
in one of the largest ethnic cleansing operations in history. Regions where Germans had formed the local population majority were re-settled with Polish- or Czech-speakers.
6551:
6393:
5537:
38:. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the
6871:
6673:
6786:
6774:
6563:
1672:
1511:
368:
at the time. "European" as a cultural term did not include much of the territories where the Orthodox Church represented the dominant religion until the 19th century.
6806:
4246:
4102:
2843:
780:
noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future. However, Georgia is currently the only South Caucasus nation actively seeking NATO and EU membership.
3152:
6831:
6501:
2696:
6811:
2751:
6796:
3009:
2975:
3047:
631:, classifies Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, plus the candidate countries Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia as
7611:
7046:
6745:
3703:
7472:
6826:
6516:
5528:
2914:
2415:
4792:
6757:
3925:
1055:
Some countries in Southeast Europe can be considered part of Eastern Europe. Some of them can sometimes, albeit rarely, be characterized as belonging to
447:
have also been influential in Eastern Europe. Countries where Eastern Protestantism or Eastern Catholicism hold historical significance include Belarus,
3952:
340:
of 1054, significant parts of Eastern Europe developed cultural unity and resistance to Catholic Western and Central Europe within the framework of the
6528:
6293:
2338:
1639:
minority protection regime. Throughout Eastern Europe, ethnic Germans constituted by far the largest single ethnic minority. In some areas, as in the
6249:
1815:
Eastern Europe after 1945 usually meant all the European countries liberated from Nazi Germany and then occupied by the Soviet army. It included the
6288:
1409:, the Parthians would invade the region several times, although it was never able to hold the area, unlike the Sassanids who controlled most of the
7700:
6668:
1596:
and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the world. Even in Eastern Europe, industrialization lagged far behind.
3747:
3080:
7691:
7666:
7587:
7582:
7577:
6888:
6816:
6769:
3892:
2450:
1675:
4956:
2805:
7815:
7125:
3340:
7681:
7068:
3302:
2268:
2117:, and the Soviet Union were dissolved. Many European nations that had been part of the Soviet Union declared or regained their independence (
805:
7367:
7357:
3661:
3553:
3479:
7601:
7402:
7372:
6714:
4326:
2621:
7073:
6610:
6556:
4396:
2333:
1772:
573:
tyranny of capitalism". This shared duty collapsed when most of the former Soviet satellites abandoned socialism and adopted capitalism.
4909:
4129:
9089:
8948:
6801:
6740:
4497:
4059:
128:
The term is sometimes considered to be pejorative, through stereotypes about Eastern Europe being inferior (poorer, less developed) to
5072:
4458:
4348:
2513:
7621:
7596:
6321:
3582:
3260:
1939:
628:
3416:
Fernández RodrĂguez, JosĂ© Manuel (28 November 2016). "Eastern Protestant and Reformed Churches "a historical and ecumenical look"".
1631:
had divided it between Germany, Austria, and Russia. New countries included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine (which was
760:
or histories of Eastern Europe. They are located in the transition zone of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. They participate in the
9275:
7641:
7462:
7158:
6688:
5521:
5052:
The Cold War 1945-1991. Vol. 2, Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World
2313:
1924:
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3773:
3614:
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7606:
6600:
6486:
6168:
5822:
4187:
1609:
1223:
896:
801:
6103:
within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
9082:
8968:
7711:
7412:
6881:
4555:
2589:
1345:. These peripheral kingdoms were, either from the start or later on, incorporated into various Iranian empires, including the
9077:
9011:
6709:
5466:
5412:
5354:
5225:
5206:
5014:
4358:
4240:
3547:
3473:
3441:
3373:
3184:
3138:
2837:
2690:
2540:
5360:
5149:
3724:
9072:
9036:
8975:
6338:
5093:
4708:
3982:
Simic, Predrag (2001). "Do the Balkans Exist? Visions of the Future of Southeastern Europe: Perspectives from the Region".
1946:, aligning itself instead with China. Albania formally left the Warsaw pact in September 1968 after the suppression of the
9350:
4091:
3812:
3212:
2827:
2479:
1491:
in 1054, heightened the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. Much of Eastern Europe
9065:
9060:
9006:
7567:
7522:
7437:
7362:
5514:
1492:
5496:
2646:
1567:. This period is also called the east-central European golden age of around 1600. At the beginning of the 17th century,
8934:
7808:
7676:
6605:
6476:
6326:
6006:
5283:
4608:
2554:
1254:
929:
305:
2744:
148:
Traditional cultural borders of Europe: usage recommendation by the Standing Committee on Geographical Names, Germany.
9016:
7427:
6398:
5444:
5185:
5143:
4642:
4507:
4468:
4444:
4427:
4197:
3691:
3512:
3264:
3222:
2932:
2722:
2283:
3635:
2997:
2967:
85:; the main socio-cultural characteristics of Eastern Europe have historically been defined by the traditions of the
9031:
9021:
8963:
8941:
8924:
8919:
8838:
7686:
7537:
6955:
6893:
6627:
6204:
3174:
1913:
1448:. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually reinforced by the later political east–west division of the
1289:
7656:
4688:
3841:
1632:
9041:
8870:
8736:
8650:
8600:
7616:
7432:
7352:
6724:
6583:
6071:
2390:
2293:
1909:
1905:
769:
492:
440:
289:
4789:
1600:, for example, remained largely rural and agricultural, and its autocratic rulers kept the peasants in serfdom.
8985:
7542:
7332:
6617:
1901:
804:
in the South Caucasus region that exist under the presence of Russian military. Both states participate in the
2770:"The normative threat of subtle subversion: the return of 'Eastern Europe' as an ontological insecurity trope"
2510:"United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)-Geographic Regions"
1428:
at the death of Theodosius I in 395. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 while the Eastern lasted until 1453.
9295:
9280:
7801:
7742:
7467:
7392:
7002:
6573:
6546:
5294:
2318:
2149:
1917:
1691:
1651:, German speakers constituted the local majority, creating upheaval regarding demands of self-determination.
1322:
757:
265:
9328:
8980:
8610:
8337:
8042:
7717:
7671:
7502:
7151:
6590:
6496:
5919:
3255:[The shape of Europe. The spirit of unity through culture in the eve of Modern Europe] (in Czech).
827:
3098:
855:
491:
Churches began to spread in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, following the establishment of the
8467:
7762:
7661:
7512:
7347:
6945:
6719:
6267:
6254:
6161:
6097:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
5064:
Fuchs-SchĂĽndeln, Nicola, and Matthias SchĂĽndeln. "The long-term effects of communism in Eastern Europe."
4392:
1766:
Pre-1989 division between the "West" (grey) and "Eastern Bloc" (orange) superimposed on current borders:
776:, which specifies that all three have political and cultural connections to Europe. In January 2002, the
662:
6940:
6378:
356:
The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simply a geographic term) was formed by
172:
There are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". A related
9394:
8645:
8630:
7928:
7913:
7651:
7553:
7497:
7442:
6849:
6678:
6405:
6283:
6261:
4758:
3871:
3084:
2370:
2109:, the Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic in 1990. In 1991,
1816:
632:
595:
515:
245:
While the eastern geographical boundaries of Europe are well defined, the boundary between Eastern and
133:
5234:
Nachtigal, Reinhard. "Current Historiography on Eastern Europe during the First World War: A Review."
3901:
2442:
9026:
8958:
8929:
8914:
8655:
8580:
7592:
7056:
6861:
6634:
6368:
6343:
5033:
Donert, Celia, Emily Greble, and Jessica Wardhaugh. "New Scholarship on Central and Eastern Europe."
1620:
1284:
444:
428:
5272:
4496:
Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994).
3332:
920:
The term "Central Europe" is often used by historians to designate states formerly belonging to the
42:, whilst its western boundary is defined in various ways. Most definitions include the countries of
8615:
8532:
8115:
7828:
7705:
7531:
7477:
7457:
7407:
6388:
6358:
6353:
6258:
4571:
Martyn Rady, "The German Settlement in Central and Eastern Europe during the High Middle Ages." in
2866:"Destination branding, niche marketing and national image projection in Central and Eastern Europe"
2546:
1722:
has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of
1441:
681:
regional cooperation forum whereas Central European countries formed their own alliance called the
673:, whereas the CIA World Factbook places the region in Eastern Europe with a strong assimilation to
7793:
5346:
The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453
9389:
9262:
8953:
8860:
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8247:
8242:
7767:
7696:
7548:
7526:
7422:
7144:
7051:
6491:
6460:
4585:
Jan M. Pisorski (2008). "Medieval Colonization in East Central Europe". In Ingrao; Szabo (eds.).
3665:
3529:
3455:
2288:
1536:
432:
361:
341:
5259:
Mental Maps: The Cognitive Mapping of the Continent as an Object of Research of European History
4318:
1432:
The earliest known distinctions between east and west in Europe originate in the history of the
9239:
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8443:
7571:
7507:
7492:
7448:
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6568:
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5592:
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2273:
1820:
1624:
1076:
690:
4228:
9332:
9196:
9116:
8759:
8660:
8269:
7782:
7418:
7063:
6075:
5938:
5909:
5321:
4906:
3126:
1927:(SFRY; formed after World War II and before its later dismemberment) was not a member of the
709:
cooperation that includes the three countries collectively referred to as the Baltic states.
686:
4051:
2680:
9206:
8182:
7900:
7732:
7562:
7487:
7337:
7322:
7080:
6445:
6331:
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3702:
V. Martynov, The End of East-West Division But Not the End of History, UN Chronicle, 2000 (
2509:
2106:
2065:
2034:
1971:
1932:
1679:
1628:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1461:
1425:
1421:
830:(1991–2000) – existed in former Soviet territory until it was driven into exile during the
702:
365:
337:
166:
153:
94:
4137:
3574:
8:
8855:
8520:
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6214:
6031:
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3122:
3055:
2360:
2278:
2224:
2094:
1279:
1150:
1149:(usually grouped with the non-Baltic post-Soviet states but sometimes considered part of
1100:
1090:
977:
836:
777:
765:
698:
678:
542:
436:
6010:
1436:. As the Roman domain expanded, a cultural and linguistic division appeared. The mainly
249:
is not geographical but historical, religious and cultural, and is harder to designate.
9143:
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8727:
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Parushev, Parush; Apollo, Toivo (2004). McGrath, Alister E.; Marks, Darren C. (eds.).
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3134:
3000:[The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria].
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2833:
2801:
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1943:
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was created in 1949, most countries of Eastern Europe became members of the opposing
1648:
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1406:
1370:
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5059:
Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism
4995:
4552:
2720:
1834:
Under Stalin's direct instructions, these nations rejected grants from the American
839:(1991–2023) – breakaway state from Azerbaijan that ceased to exist by 1 January 2024
682:
300:
176:
paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and
75:
9305:
9300:
9290:
9219:
8896:
8850:
8793:
8722:
8585:
8479:
8428:
8406:
8259:
8206:
8145:
7636:
7517:
7342:
7041:
6967:
6950:
6928:
6683:
6067:
5454:
5218:
Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia
5171:
5129:
4901:
Jeronim Perović, "The Tito-Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence."
3535:
3461:
3421:
2920:
2877:
2781:
2586:
2380:
2246:
1695:
1592:
Before 1870, the industrialization that had started to develop in Northwestern and
1556:
1532:
1507:
1469:
1402:
1354:
1202:
1184:
1170:
1140:
1046:
1033:
1010:
996:
967:
949:
879:
98:
5437:
Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment
2785:
201: Eastern Europe here is mainly equivalent to the European part of the former
9191:
8692:
8680:
8665:
8620:
8570:
8510:
8452:
8413:
8401:
8394:
8303:
8120:
8103:
8078:
7631:
7377:
7115:
7022:
7009:
6997:
6972:
6962:
6898:
6122:
6035:
5843:
5722:
5549:
5344:
5298:
5287:
5276:
5265:
5196:
5175:
5133:
5100:
5076:
5045:
5028:
4913:
4796:
4715:
4692:
4559:
4301:
4076:
3716:
3433:
Milovanović, Aleksandra Djurić; Radić, Radmila (2017-10-11). "Parts I, II, III".
3286:
2726:
2593:
2375:
2303:
1665:
1548:
1394:
1350:
1310:
1216:
1161:
1114:
1056:
706:
674:
670:
507:
404:
345:
114:
3686:
Peter John, Local Governance in Western Europe, University of Manchester, 2001,
2769:
2355:
9336:
9285:
9184:
9148:
9128:
9111:
9051:
8815:
8707:
8685:
8675:
8527:
8505:
8389:
8384:
8364:
8291:
8237:
8189:
8160:
8066:
8056:
7201:
6538:
6219:
6100:
5797:
5612:
5330:
5306:
The History of the Balkan Peninsula; From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
5248:
4985:
3804:
3361:
3256:
2882:
2865:
2471:
2385:
2365:
2298:
2197:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2146:
1994:
1723:
1593:
1540:
1453:
1445:
1433:
1330:
1198:
1188:
1174:
1136:
1104:
1060:
1029:
1014:
1000:
981:
963:
953:
940:
915:
761:
741:
566:
357:
253:
246:
173:
129:
102:
39:
5491:
4420:
Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts
2745:"Population Division, DESA, United Nations: World Population Ageing 1950-2050"
1547:(which had replaced the Frankish empire) led to a change of the importance of
9383:
9365:
9352:
9310:
9179:
9171:
9138:
8875:
8825:
8717:
8712:
8702:
8552:
8515:
8423:
8418:
8320:
8225:
7282:
7120:
6923:
6622:
6450:
6134:
5882:
5848:
5682:
3927:
European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus
3148:
2891:
2793:
2654:
2260:
2201:
2130:
1947:
1835:
1341:
respectively, while the latter two were the predecessor states of modern-day
817:
649:
161:
144:
67:
6933:
5280:
5038:
4185:
3259:: Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands, The Institute of History,
3251:
2600:. Wheeling Jesuit University/Center for Educational Technologies, 1999–2002.
498:
19:
9214:
9153:
9133:
9123:
8833:
8805:
8560:
8298:
8232:
8201:
8150:
8022:
7951:
7888:
7878:
7287:
6244:
6239:
5887:
5853:
5802:
5476:
4772:
Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War
3252:"Uspořádánà Evropy – duch kulturnà jednoty na prahu vzniku novověké Evropy"
2102:
2098:
1897:
1865:
1856:
1839:
1810:
1715:
1686:
1613:
1449:
1398:
1250:
1242:
903:
859:
581:
551:
536:
495:
in 1596. However, the concept of Eastern Catholicism itself predates this.
273:
202:
157:
122:
118:
110:
3539:
3465:
2924:
2613:
2228:
Population pyramid of Eastern Europe in 2023 (UN geoscheme classification)
1416:
667:
Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography
9270:
9229:
9160:
8865:
8754:
8697:
8625:
8575:
8462:
8438:
8327:
8165:
8083:
8061:
8037:
7883:
7873:
7255:
6506:
6234:
6224:
5965:
5782:
5717:
4677:
4601:
A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation
4439:
The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,
3639:
2323:
2114:
1928:
1851:
1791:
1640:
1587:
1501:
1457:
1437:
1212:
557:
532:
5458:
3995:
2829:
Defining 'Eastern Europe': A Semantic Inquiry into Political Terminology
1089:(Geographically located in Asia, though most often considered a part of
8800:
8769:
8595:
8590:
8254:
8215:
8177:
8095:
7968:
7853:
7848:
7186:
6435:
5752:
5712:
5692:
5672:
5577:
5335:
4685:
3303:"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"
3031:
Drake, Miriam A. (2005) Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
1762:
1707:
1552:
1338:
1246:
1156:
789:
749:
511:
482:, the borderline of which is creating a border between cultural regions
400:
277:
269:
257:
86:
62:
while less restrictive definitions may also include some or all of the
3990:(1). Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association: 19–39.
3953:"Nagorno-Karabakh's breakaway government says it will dissolve itself"
1253:, geographically lies in Eastern Europe, thus technically making it a
549:
between 1947 and 1989, and was more or less synonymous with the terms
435:
has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and
9247:
8906:
8880:
8810:
8788:
8781:
8565:
8342:
8276:
8172:
7995:
7978:
7863:
7858:
7832:
7226:
6094:
Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
5915:
5687:
4810:
Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw during the Century of Expulsions
3607:"Eastern rite church | History, Beliefs & Practices | Britannica"
3389:"Eastern rite church | History, Beliefs & Practices | Britannica"
2138:
2010:
1885:
1751:
1472:—had a survival strategy that kept it alive for another 1,000 years.
1378:
973:
723:
624:
562:
456:
4703:
Boris B. Gorshkov, "Serfdom: Eastern Europe" in Peter Stearns, ed.,
3833:
474:
8774:
8379:
8315:
8286:
8196:
8155:
7963:
7943:
7823:
7277:
7246:
7196:
6595:
6107:
6057:
6027:
5948:
5943:
5833:
5767:
5762:
5737:
5597:
5165:
History of the Balkans, Vol. 1: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
3575:"Union of Brest-Litovsk | Polish-Soviet, Treaty, 1918 | Britannica"
2193:
2189:
2165:
2157:
2053:
2026:
2022:
1747:
1743:
1703:
1568:
1560:
1410:
1194:
1126:
1081:
1025:
1020:
812:
735:
546:
487:
468:
464:
380:
106:
71:
6146:
6002:
5492:
Interview with historian Larry Wolff on "Inventing Eastern Europe"
5291:
5109:
Lost in Transition: Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism
3864:"Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |"
1942:
broke with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s as a result of the
8746:
8484:
8374:
8332:
8220:
8032:
8027:
7956:
7261:
7236:
7231:
7216:
7206:
7191:
7181:
7136:
6052:
5792:
5742:
5702:
5657:
5652:
5642:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5602:
5587:
5582:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5501:
4999:
Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II
4447:, "page 1515, "The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516"
4226:
2308:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2084:
2057:
2002:
1998:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1843:
1711:
1580:
1516:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1358:
1334:
1318:
1166:
1146:
1132:
1096:
1071:
1050:
992:
959:
945:
890:
875:
871:
866:
784:
745:
713:
669:, and the STW Thesaurus for Economics place the Baltic states in
658:
620:
586:
452:
448:
424:
420:
408:
396:
376:
284:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
3020:– via Ständiger Ausschuss fĂĽr geographische Namen (StAGN).
506:
Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between
9252:
8356:
8310:
8017:
8004:
7251:
7241:
7221:
6177:
5960:
5838:
5812:
5787:
5777:
5757:
5747:
5732:
5727:
5707:
5677:
5647:
5632:
5607:
5541:
5430:
Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy
5116:
The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
4499:
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
3008:(4). Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL): 162–173.
2329:
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe
2181:
2134:
2018:
2006:
1990:
1889:
1869:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1644:
1597:
1520:
1390:
1366:
1230:
1208:
1180:
1110:
1086:
1006:
987:
885:
718:
654:
519:
460:
416:
412:
392:
384:
90:
47:
35:
24:
5092:
edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 2: 2001), pp. 379–388.
4295:"Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe (PCC SEE)"
4233:
Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire
364:
of the 9th century, limited to the territories that practised
9103:
8998:
8542:
7840:
7824:
6062:
5772:
5697:
5667:
2014:
1755:
1122:
1118:
375:
is formed by countries with dominant Orthodox churches, like
3863:
8137:
6517:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
6511:
5953:
5238:
41.4 (2022): 323–339. doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2117908
5135:
History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
3133:(Rev. and expanded ed.). University of Toronto Press.
2598:
Global Perspectives: A Remote Sensing and World Issues Site
1847:
1828:
1799: Other former Communist states not aligned with Moscow
1782:
1444:. In contrast, the western territories largely adopted the
1304:
486:
The schism refers to the historical break of communion and
4181:
4179:
2968:"Eastern promise and Western pretension – DW – 09/07/2018"
1896:). Other countries dominated by the Soviet Union were the
1854:, forming a geopolitical concept that became known as the
1698:, stressed the geopolitical impact of the "iron curtain":
1543:
in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the
1333:), of which the former two were the predecessor states of
5269:
5243:
Eastern Europe: Politics, Culture, and Society Since 1939
4953:
Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review
4635:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
4229:"Borders in Central Europe: From Conflict to Cooperation"
2542:
Eastern Europe: politics, culture, and society since 1939
1658:
1452:. The division between these two spheres deepened during
5536:
2998:"Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien"
304:
Regions used for statistical processing purposes by the
5451:
Eastern Europe Unmapped: Beyond Borders and Peripheries
4990:
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956
4925:
Stavro Skendi, "Albania and the Sino-Soviet Conflict."
4833:
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956
4495:
4319:"A List of Countries That Make up the Balkan Peninsula"
4186:
Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek; Louise Olga Vasvári (2011).
4176:
4149:
4147:
2534:
2532:
2530:
1464:
collapsed in the 5th century, marking the start of the
5007:
From Peoples Into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe
3435:
Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe
1588:
Lack of industrialization during the long 19th century
276:
with the most western parts of it located west of the
5025:
A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe
3048:"The concept of "Eastern Europe" in past and present"
4843:
4841:
4144:
3636:"Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land"
3368:(new ed.), New York: Penguin Books, p. 8,
3073:
2916:
Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe
2527:
2236:
295:
6529:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
5400:
4946:"Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries"
4742:Western Civilization: Alternate Volume: Since 1300
4456:
4092:"Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI)"
3250:
3172:
2682:The handbook of political change in Eastern Europe
2339:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
2200:and Eastern European member states, including the
2160:in 1993. Many countries of this region joined the
1440:eastern provinces had formed the highly urbanized
5088:Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfdom: Eastern Europe." in
4838:
4457:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (7 July 2011).
3214:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
2678:
9381:
7701:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
5502:Emerging Europe - A new narrative for the region
5342:
5215:
4222:
4220:
4058:. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 January 2022.
3507:(2nd ed.). Ignatius Press. pp. 13–19.
3505:Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism
1844:Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
4584:
3531:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
3528:Galadza, Peter (2007-07-04). Parry, Ken (ed.).
3242:
3217:. University of Washington Press. p. 161.
2729:. Eurovoc.europa.eu. Retrieved on 4 March 2015.
2608:
2606:
1361:and some more northern areas were ruled by the
136:is sometimes used for a more neutral grouping.
6487:Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)
4657:
4268:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
4130:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
4124:
4122:
3534:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 291–309.
3460:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 155–160.
3453:
2674:
2672:
1868:(which included the modern-day territories of
1603:
113:, with "Eastern Europe" being synonymous with
7809:
7152:
6710:Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
6162:
5522:
5439:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
5039:New Scholarship on Central and Eastern Europe
4379:
4311:
4217:
4099:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
4071:
4069:
3894:How Armenia Could Approach the European Union
3210:
2408:
2269:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
806:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
109:, as Europe was ideologically divided by the
5888:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
5395:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
5336:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
4786:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
4227:Armstrong, Werwick; Anderson, James (2007).
4036:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbours, Friends
3284:
2603:
2582:
2580:
2578:
1819:(also known as East Germany), formed by the
1499:
1468:. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire—the
638:
569:outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe.
81:The region represents a significant part of
27:focused over the continent's eastern portion
5428:Wolchik, Sharon L. and Jane L. Curry, eds.
5180:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
5138:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
4727:David Moon, "Reassessing Russian Serfdom."
4632:
4119:
4078:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
3176:Religion and Culture in Early Modern Europe
2989:
2669:
2334:List of political parties in Eastern Europe
1781: Other countries formerly part of the
1510:became centers of economic development and
1278:It has been suggested that this section be
823:Former republics with limited recognition:
7816:
7802:
7612:Czech resistance against German occupation
7159:
7145:
6394:Sovereign states and dependent territories
6169:
6155:
5529:
5515:
4680:, "The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe"
4637:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46.
4536:The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire
4066:
4046:
4044:
4015:
2716:
2714:
2641:
2639:
1559:concept in Europe. Armour points out that
561:. A similar definition names the formerly
7271:Sovereign states with limited recognition
6512:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
5425:(1988) 430pp; country-by-country coverage
5313:Eastern Europe Between the Wars 1918-1941
5177:History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century
5170:
5128:
4769:
4755:League of Nations and National Minorities
4346:
3774:"Concept: 914 Central and Eastern Europe"
3333:"The History of Georgian Orthodox Church"
3261:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
3179:. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–.
2881:
2825:
2774:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
2739:
2737:
2735:
2575:
2196:. The term "EU11 countries" refer to the
1241:Despite being frequently classified as a
862:are considered a part of Eastern Europe:
629:Publications Office of the European Union
283:In the west, however, the historical and
6477:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
6110:which has sovereignty over Vatican City.
5423:The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945
5216:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010).
5090:Encyclopedia of European Social History,
5004:
4547:Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West."
3457:The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism
3248:
2685:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 1–.
2314:Future enlargement of the European Union
2223:
2105:, and indeed the world, changed. In the
2101:in 1989, the political landscape of the
1925:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1761:
1415:
1309:Ancient kingdoms of the region included
1305:Classical antiquity and medieval origins
580:
497:
473:
299:
280:, also shares a part of Eastern Europe.
192:European regional grouping according to
187:
143:
105:. Another definition was created by the
18:
6250:Crisis situations and unrest since 2000
5398:
5393:What Was Socialism and What Comes Next?
5194:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4807:
4705:Encyclopedia of European Social History
4041:
4002:
3527:
3502:
3313:from the original on September 18, 2018
3166:
3121:
3041:
3039:
2912:
2767:
2711:
2636:
2440:
1493:was invaded and occupied by the Mongols
526:
9382:
6725:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
5083:The Politics of Gender After Socialism
4603:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 23.
4589:. Purdue University Press. p. 31.
4189:Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies
3291:. K.K. Publications. pp. 125–127.
3204:
2995:
2732:
1940:Socialist People's Republic of Albania
1659:World War II and onset of the Cold War
1040:
7797:
7140:
6150:
5510:
5123:The Balkans: A Post-Communist History
4774:. Yale University Press. p. 331.
4575:(Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) pp. 11-47.
4290:
4288:
3981:
3963:from the original on 15 November 2023
3950:
3803:Division, United Nations Statistics.
3727:from the original on 14 November 2020
3601:
3599:
3498:
3496:
3012:from the original on 27 December 2023
2624:from the original on 11 February 2021
2538:
2422:from the original on 25 November 2023
1282:out into another article titled
843:
5453:(1 ed.). Berghahn Books. 2020.
5121:Jeffries, Ian, and Robert Bideleux.
4932:
4412:
4367:from the original on 12 January 2022
4347:Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008).
4010:The Transformation of Western Europe
3802:
3784:from the original on 27 October 2023
3424::10.11144/javeriana.tx66-182.ioproh.
3360:
3045:
3036:
2863:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
1264:
1013:but sometimes partially included in
874:(sometimes considered a part of the
268:of the eastern edge of Europe. E.g.
7607:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
6591:European Union Customs Union (EUCU)
6574:European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
6176:
5325:Eastern Europe in the Postwar World
5085:(Princeton University Press, 2000).
4661:European Review of Economic History
4573:The German Lands and Eastern Europe
4399:from the original on 9 January 2021
4278:Hötte, Hans; Mihalik, Béla (2016).
2614:""Eastern Europe" Wrongly labelled"
2416:"Regions of Europe: Eastern Europe"
1610:International relations (1919–1939)
1479:in the west, and in particular the
1393:. Owing to the rivalry between the
1249:'s territory, situated west of the
1059:, and some may also be included in
16:Subregion of the European continent
13:
7712:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
7413:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
7166:
6720:Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)
6497:European Political Community (EPC)
5290:, 2013, retrieved: March 4, 2020 (
4978:
4516:from the original on 30 March 2024
4477:from the original on 30 March 2024
4285:
4062:from the original on Feb 19, 2024.
3951:Sauer, Pjotr (28 September 2023).
3745:
3596:
3493:
3131:Historical Atlas of Central Europe
2826:Twardzisz, Piotr (25 April 2018).
2699:from the original on 30 March 2024
2647:"A New Journal for Central Europe"
2563:from the original on 30 March 2024
1931:. It was a founding member of the
802:republics with limited recognition
729:
585:European sub-regions according to
306:United Nations Statistics Division
156:, as the term has a wide range of
14:
9406:
5485:
5384:Swain, Geoffrey and Nigel Swain,
5378:(1958), major scholarly history;
5201:. Random House Publishing Group.
4038:Oxford University Press, US, 2001
3780:. Publications Office of the EU.
3288:A Handbook of Political Geography
2679:Frank H. Aarebrot (14 May 2014).
2493:
2284:Enlargement of the European Union
909:
93:, as well as by the influence of
9324:
9323:
8656:West South Central United States
7667:German occupation in World War I
6205:Bibliography of European history
6128:
6117:
6116:
5811:
5066:Journal of Economic Perspectives
4955:. 3. No. 1. 2018. Archived from
4460:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
4353:. Cherrytree Books. p. 14.
3638:. Rbedrosian.com. Archived from
3362:Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy)
2757:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2253:
2239:
2064:
2033:
1970:
1269:
643:
514:) churches in the West, and the
439:. To a lesser degree, forms of
296:Religious and cultural influence
8871:Latin America and the Caribbean
8737:Latin America and the Caribbean
6872:Social (and financial) rankings
6674:Financial (and social) rankings
6584:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
5399:Wachtel, Andrew Baruch (2008).
5363:from the original on 2024-03-30
5152:from the original on 2023-01-23
4919:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4825:
4816:
4801:
4778:
4763:
4747:
4734:
4721:
4697:
4671:
4651:
4626:
4613:
4593:
4578:
4565:
4541:
4528:
4489:
4450:
4433:
4340:
4329:from the original on 2017-10-14
4272:
4260:
4249:from the original on 2024-03-30
4206:from the original on 2024-03-30
4165:from the original on 2023-10-29
4108:from the original on 2023-10-21
4084:
4028:
3975:
3944:
3934:from the original on 2020-07-02
3918:
3885:
3874:from the original on 2021-04-19
3856:
3844:from the original on 2011-09-25
3826:
3815:from the original on 2017-08-30
3796:
3766:
3739:
3717:"Migrant workers: What we know"
3709:
3696:
3680:
3654:
3628:
3617:from the original on 2024-01-19
3585:from the original on 2023-06-29
3567:
3556:from the original on 2024-02-28
3521:
3482:from the original on 2024-02-28
3447:
3427:
3410:
3399:from the original on 2024-01-19
3381:
3354:
3343:from the original on 2021-03-04
3325:
3295:
3278:
3267:from the original on 2016-05-18
3231:from the original on 2024-03-30
3193:from the original on 2024-03-30
3155:from the original on 2024-03-30
3115:
3091:
3062:from the original on 2020-11-26
3024:
2978:from the original on 2022-11-16
2960:
2949:from the original on 2022-11-16
2906:
2857:
2846:from the original on 2023-06-29
2819:
2808:from the original on 2024-03-30
2761:
2516:from the original on 2017-08-30
2482:from the original on 2017-08-30
2453:from the original on 2023-12-16
2443:"Traditional Regions of Europe"
2391:Geographical midpoint of Europe
2294:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
2219:
1906:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1842:, which later evolved into the
1804:
1526:
1460:due to a number of events. The
770:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
493:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
290:geographical midpoint of Europe
183:
6492:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
5343:Stanković, Vlada, ed. (2016).
5111:(Duke University Press, 2011).
5009:. Princeton University Press.
3083:. 4 April 2014. Archived from
3046:Grob, Thomas (February 2015).
2464:
2434:
1169:(can variously be included in
1099:(can variously be included in
976:(can variously be included in
948:(can variously be included in
930:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
160:, geographical, cultural, and
139:
1:
7538:People's Republic of Bulgaria
6715:Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)
6072:country of the United Kingdom
5281:Institute of European History
5270:EGO - European History Online
5081:Gal, Susan and Gail Kligman,
5054:(1992), 379pp of biographies.
5035:Contemporary European History
4812:. Princeton University Press.
4308:. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
4266:Bideleux and Jeffries (1998)
3105:, Central Intelligence Agency
2870:Journal of Vacation Marketing
2786:10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314
2768:Mälksoo, Maria (4 May 2019).
2401:
2319:Geography of the Soviet Union
1954:
1918:Socialist Republic of Romania
1914:People's Republic of Bulgaria
1325:(not to be confused with the
1236:
272:, which is mainly located in
8338:Middle East and North Africa
8043:Middle East and North Africa
7672:Estonian War of Independence
6569:European Economic Area (EEA)
5497:Eastern Europe Economic Data
5403:The Balkans in World History
5198:The Balkans: A Short History
4422:, pp. 292-294. Peeters Bvba
1910:People's Republic of Hungary
1512:scattered German settlements
828:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
633:Central and Eastern European
97:as it developed through the
7:
7353:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6441:International organisations
6268:Russian invasion of Ukraine
5407:. Oxford University Press.
5257:Schenk, Frithjof Benjamin,
5037:26.3 (2017): 507-507. DOI:
4903:Journal of Cold War Studies
4393:Central Intelligence Agency
4192:. Purdue University Press.
3173:Kasper von Greyerz (2007).
2232:
1902:People's Republic of Poland
1884:and the illegally occupied
1864:First and foremost was the
1838:. Instead, they joined the
1673:German-speaking populations
1671:Throughout Eastern Europe,
1664:killed by the Nazis in the
1604:Interwar period (1919–1939)
1224:Partially recognized states
663:National Geographic Society
423:, for instance, as well as
121:under the influence of the
10:
9411:
8631:Northeastern United States
6832:Electricity use per capita
6339:Largest metropolitan areas
5920:British Overseas Territory
5538:Countries and dependencies
5252:The Rebirth of East Europe
4729:European History Quarterly
4682:American Historical Review
4235:. Routledge. p. 165.
4025:Simon & Schuster, 1996
4023:The Clash of Civilizations
3834:"About the Visegrad Group"
3249:Dumitran, Adriana (2010).
2883:10.1177/135676679900500303
2539:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1998).
2371:Central and Eastern Europe
1898:German Democratic Republic
1817:German Democratic Republic
1808:
1680:reduced borders of Germany
1607:
1575:
1413:during their entire rule.
1260:
1215:, the portion west of the
1044:
913:
847:
733:
677:. They are members of the
647:
596:Central and Eastern Europe
576:
530:
516:Eastern Orthodox Christian
134:Central and Eastern Europe
9319:
9261:
9238:
9205:
9169:
9102:
8996:
8904:
8895:
8824:
8745:
8551:
8355:
8136:
8094:
8003:
7994:
7942:
7899:
7839:
7593:History of Czechoslovakia
7393:First Republic of Armenia
7296:
7270:
7174:
7093:
7032:
6914:
6857:
6848:
6817:Health expense per capita
6733:
6702:
6664:
6660:
6651:
6537:
6469:
6431:
6427:
6418:
6317:
6308:
6276:
6197:
6188:
6089:
6045:
6020:
5995:
5982:
5929:
5905:
5898:
5875:
5862:
5820:
5809:
5548:
5386:Eastern Europe Since 1945
4684:62#4 (1957), pp. 807-836
4463:. John Wiley & Sons.
4418:Rapp, Stephen H. (2003),
4280:Atlas of Southeast Europe
4081:, Oxford University Press
2864:Hall, Derek (July 1999).
2081: new members in 2013
2050: new members in 2007
1987: new members in 2004
1963:2004–2013 EU enlargements
1771: Russia (the former
1621:Versailles Treaty of 1919
1285:History of Eastern Europe
772:, and are members of the
639:Contemporary developments
502:Expansion of Christianity
427:, which is predominantly
9112:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8116:Transantarctic Mountains
7403:Armenian–Azerbaijani war
7047:Childhood population (%)
6782:GNI (nominal) per capita
6264:hybrid variant (2020-22)
4944:Vértesy, László (2018).
4892:Applebaum, pp. 1162–147.
4587:The Germans and the East
4549:Journal of Asian History
3081:"Jordan Europa Regional"
2913:Zarycki, Tomasz (2014).
2832:. Springer. p. 18.
2592:10 December 2017 at the
2547:Indiana University Press
2476:U.N. Statistics Division
1625:Poland was reconstituted
1442:Hellenistic civilization
1255:transcontinental country
543:fall of the Iron Curtain
510:(and later additionally
266:geographical land border
8861:Caribbean South America
7697:Estonia in World War II
7657:Estophile Enlightenment
7513:Second Bulgarian Empire
6482:Council of Europe (CoE)
6461:Transatlantic relations
6076:British-Irish Agreement
5005:Connelly, John (2020).
4883:Applebaum, pp. 223–228.
4874:Applebaum, pp. 172–173.
4865:Applebaum, pp. 174–191.
4790:excerpt and text search
4740:Jackson J. Spielvogel:
4502:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3503:Nichols, Aidan (2010).
2447:University of Minnesota
2441:Berglee, Royal (2016).
2289:Eurasian Economic Union
1629:partitions of the 1790s
1537:Eastern Orthodox Church
800:There are two de facto
433:Eastern Orthodox Church
362:Carolingian Renaissance
342:Eastern Orthodox Church
8641:Southern United States
8444:Scandinavian Peninsula
7498:First Bulgarian Empire
5912:(Sovereign Base Areas)
5593:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5421:Walters, E. Garrison.
5376:The Balkans Since 1453
5195:Mazower, Mark (2007).
4822:Applebaum, pp. 312–33.
4155:"7 Invitees - Romania"
3748:"Risen Consciousness?"
3211:Jean W Sedlar (1994).
2996:Jordan, Peter (2005).
2356:Eurovoc#Eastern Europe
2274:Eastern European Group
2229:
2075: existing members
2044: existing members
1981: existing members
1821:Soviet occupation zone
1801:
1760:
1506:, towns founded under
1500:
1483:that formally divided
1429:
1357:Empires. Parts of the
1197:(most often placed in
1135:(most often placed in
1113:(Sometimes grouped in
1077:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1028:(most often placed in
1009:(most often placed in
962:(most often placed in
705:are other examples of
691:Nordic Investment Bank
617:
503:
483:
333:
242:
240: Southeast Europe
228: Southwest Europe
149:
34:is a subregion of the
28:
9117:Antarctic Convergence
8661:Western United States
7438:Stalinist repressions
6822:Military spending (%)
6812:Unemployment rate (%)
6557:free trade agreements
6322:Areas and populations
5939:Bailiwick of Guernsey
5910:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
5432:(2nd ed. 2010), 432pp
5380:online free to borrow
5304:Schevill, Ferdinand.
5254:(4th ed. 2001); 204pp
5068:34.2 (2020): 172–91.
5057:Frucht, Richard, ed.
4929:40.3 (1962): 471-478.
4599:Armour, Ian D. 2013.
4409:Kazakhstan: Geography
4395:. 29 September 2021.
3540:10.1002/9780470690208
3466:10.1002/9780470999196
3420:. 66 (182): 345–366.
3285:Sanjay Kumar (2021).
2925:10.4324/9781315819006
2227:
2180:, Latvia, Lithuania,
1860:. This consisted of:
1809:Further information:
1790: Members of the
1765:
1700:
1608:Further information:
1419:
1245:country, about 4% of
687:Northern Future Forum
615: Northern Europe
609: Southern Europe
584:
501:
477:
441:Eastern Protestantism
325: Southern Europe
319: Northern Europe
303:
234: Southern Europe
210: Northern Europe
191:
147:
23:Digital rendering of
22:
8183:Greater Central Asia
7408:Turkish–Armenian War
6827:Urban population (%)
6787:GNI (PPP) per capita
6332:European microstates
5391:Verdery, Katherine.
5311:Seton-Watson, Hugh.
5023:Day, Alan J. et al.
4633:Baten, Jörg (2016).
4391:. Washington, D.C.:
4140:on February 5, 2009.
4012:London, Pinter, 1990
3805:"UNSD — Methodology"
3752:www.wilsoncenter.org
3418:Theologica Xaveriana
3337:www.atlantaserbs.com
3123:Magocsi, Paul Robert
2725:3 April 2015 at the
2472:"Geographic Regions"
2150:peacefully separated
2107:German reunification
1933:Non-Aligned Movement
1726:and Eastern Europe:
1531:The conquest of the
1489:Western Christianity
1462:Western Roman Empire
1426:Western Roman Empire
1401:, and later between
1117:with countries like
995:(can be included in
703:New Hanseatic League
603: Western Europe
527:Cold War (1947–1991)
366:Western Christianity
331: Western Europe
313: Eastern Europe
292:somewhat difficult.
222: Central Europe
216: Western Europe
154:political scientists
99:Eastern Roman Empire
95:Eastern Christianity
9362: /
9329:Continents of Earth
8856:Brazilian Highlands
8265:Indian subcontinent
8126:Antarctic Peninsula
7924:Southern Hemisphere
7919:Northern Hemisphere
7687:Soviet deportations
7428:Bronze and Iron Age
7398:Armeno-Georgian War
7313:Prehistoric Armenia
6807:Press Freedom Index
6734:Sovereign states by
6579:Eastern Partnership
6215:Classical antiquity
6032:unincorporated area
5961:Bailiwick of Jersey
5823:States with limited
5459:10.2307/j.ctvw049zd
5349:. Lexington Books.
5220:. Wiley-Blackwell.
5163:Jelavich, Barbara.
5106:Ghodsee, Kristen R.
5050:Frankel, Benjamin.
4731:26 (1996): 483–526.
4538:(Harvard UP, 2009).
4306:PCC SEE Secretariat
4021:Huntington, Samuel
3984:Medzinárodné otázky
3754:. The Wilson Center
3668:on 13 February 2013
3366:The Orthodox Church
3307:Pew Research Center
3056:University of Basel
2361:East-Central Europe
2350:European subregions
2279:Eastern Partnership
1692:Westminster College
1381:coastal regions of
1365:as well, including
1363:Achaemenid Persians
1203:Southeastern Europe
1151:Southeastern Europe
1141:Southeastern Europe
1091:Southeastern Europe
1041:Southeastern Europe
1034:Southeastern Europe
1011:Southeastern Europe
997:Southeastern Europe
968:Southeastern Europe
897:Unrecognized states
837:Republic of Artsakh
778:European Parliament
766:Eastern Partnership
699:Nordic-Baltic Eight
679:Nordic-Baltic Eight
463:, Romania, Russia,
445:Eastern Catholicism
437:Southeastern Europe
371:A large section of
9144:Great Barrier Reef
8765:Mainland Australia
8473:Apennine Peninsula
7934:Western Hemisphere
7909:Eastern Hemisphere
7662:National awakening
7572:Kingdom of Bohemia
7493:Old Great Bulgaria
7468:Soviet repressions
6946:Capital of Culture
6797:Internet users (%)
6689:Telecommunications
6456:Post-Soviet Europe
6294:predecessor states
5931:Crown Dependencies
5297:2022-01-24 at the
5286:2016-02-19 at the
5275:2013-02-08 at the
5264:2021-01-15 at the
5249:Roskin, Michael G.
5241:Ramet, Sabrina P.
5114:Held, Joseph, ed.
5099:2024-03-30 at the
5075:2021-06-24 at the
5044:2024-03-30 at the
4912:2022-07-04 at the
4905:9.2 (2007): 32-63
4795:2017-09-19 at the
4714:2024-03-30 at the
4691:2020-02-07 at the
4558:2021-07-09 at the
4551:33.1 (1999): 1-44
4300:2024-01-24 at the
4056:The World Factbook
3840:. 15 August 2006.
3723:. 21 August 2007.
3662:"home.comcast.net"
3611:www.britannica.com
3579:www.britannica.com
3393:www.britannica.com
3103:The World Factbook
2657:on 31 October 2017
2620:. 7 January 2010.
2344:Post-Soviet States
2230:
1802:
1647:, and in parts of
1565:standard of living
1430:
1377:, and most of the
1347:Achaemenid Persian
1183:(mostly placed in
856:European republics
850:Post-Soviet States
844:Post-Soviet states
832:Second Chechen War
695:Nordic Battlegroup
627:maintained by the
618:
504:
484:
429:Armenian Apostolic
334:
262:Caucasus Mountains
243:
194:CIA World Factbook
178:cultural construct
150:
36:European continent
29:
9395:Regions of Europe
9345:
9344:
9225:Mediterranean Rim
9098:
9097:
9037:Mediterranean Sea
8891:
8890:
8844:Amazon Rainforest
8671:Canadian Prairies
8636:Pacific Northwest
8497:Iberian Peninsula
8282:Arabian Peninsula
8109:Antarctic Plateau
7869:Three/Four Worlds
7791:
7790:
7602:German occupation
7473:German occupation
7433:Early Middle Ages
7388:Caucasus campaign
7383:Armenian genocide
7134:
7133:
7089:
7088:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6703:Intergovernmental
6647:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6601:Foreign relations
6502:GUAM Organization
6470:Intergovernmental
6414:
6413:
6327:Countries by area
6304:
6303:
6255:COVID-19 pandemic
6144:
6143:
6085:
6084:
6007:autonomous region
5978:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5468:978-1-78533-685-0
5414:978-0-19-988273-1
5374:Stavrianos, L.S.
5356:978-1-4985-1326-5
5322:Simons, Thomas W.
5236:War & Society
5227:978-0-470-59619-7
5208:978-0-307-43196-7
5172:Jelavich, Barbara
5130:Jelavich, Barbara
5016:978-0-691-16712-1
4962:on 12 August 2019
4856:Applebaum, p. 71.
4847:Applebaum, p. xxx
4707:(2001) 2:379-88;
4360:978-1-84234-461-3
4323:www.ThoughtCo.com
4242:978-1-134-30132-4
3549:978-0-631-23423-4
3475:978-0-631-23278-0
3442:978-3-319-63354-1
3375:978-0-14-014656-1
3364:(29 April 1993),
3186:978-0-19-804384-3
3140:978-0-8020-8486-6
2839:978-3-319-77374-2
2692:978-1-78195-429-4
2651:www.ce-review.org
2396:Regions of Europe
2129:, as well as the
1944:Sino-Soviet split
1637:League of Nations
1545:Holy Roman Empire
1466:Early Middle Ages
1407:Sassanid Persians
1327:Iberian Peninsula
1315:Caucasian Albania
1302:
1301:
1297:
1201:but sometimes in
1187:but sometimes in
1139:but sometimes in
1032:but sometimes in
966:but sometimes in
922:Holy Roman Empire
774:Council of Europe
707:Northern European
623:, a multilingual
480:Eastern Orthodoxy
350:Cyrillic alphabet
348:language and the
117:constituting the
9402:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9327:
9326:
9306:Global Southwest
9301:Global Southeast
9291:Global Northwest
9286:Global Northeast
9276:Global Heartland
9220:Indian Ocean Rim
8902:
8901:
8794:Island Melanesia
8485:Balkan Peninsula
8260:Himalayan states
8207:Russian Far East
8001:
8000:
7929:Water Hemisphere
7818:
7811:
7804:
7795:
7794:
7637:Livonian Crusade
7568:High Middle Ages
7563:Duchy of Bohemia
7503:Christianization
7488:Odrysian kingdom
7348:Mongol invasions
7343:Medieval Armenia
7338:Sasanian Armenia
7323:Artaxiad dynasty
7175:Sovereign states
7161:
7154:
7147:
7138:
7137:
7109:
7102:
6855:
6854:
6679:Free trade areas
6662:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6315:
6314:
6195:
6194:
6171:
6164:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6132:
6120:
6119:
6106:Governed by the
6068:Northern Ireland
6011:Ă…land convention
5993:
5992:
5903:
5902:
5873:
5872:
5815:
5550:Sovereign states
5531:
5524:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5480:
5418:
5406:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5231:
5212:
5191:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5020:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4950:
4941:
4930:
4923:
4917:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4836:
4831:Anne Applebaum,
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4784:Timothy Snyder,
4782:
4776:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4753:P. de Azcarate,
4751:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4719:
4701:
4695:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4630:
4624:
4617:
4611:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4582:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4545:
4539:
4534:Edward Luttwak,
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4454:
4448:
4437:
4431:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4315:
4309:
4292:
4283:
4282:. Boston: Brill.
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4136:. Archived from
4126:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4075:Lonnie Johnson,
4073:
4064:
4063:
4048:
4039:
4034:Johnson, Lonnie
4032:
4026:
4019:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3907:on 28 April 2008
3906:
3900:, archived from
3899:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3713:
3707:
3704:available online
3700:
3694:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3664:. Archived from
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3451:
3445:
3431:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3309:. May 10, 2017.
3299:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3087:on 4 April 2014.
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2730:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2653:. Archived from
2643:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2610:
2601:
2584:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2506:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2412:
2381:Southeast Europe
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2247:Geography portal
2244:
2243:
2242:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2049:
2043:
2037:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1696:Fulton, Missouri
1557:Eastern Orthodox
1535:, center of the
1533:Byzantine Empire
1508:Magdeburg rights
1505:
1475:The rise of the
1470:Byzantine Empire
1355:Sassanid Persian
1293:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1047:Southeast Europe
999:or partially in
880:Southeast Europe
756:are included in
614:
608:
602:
593:
338:East–West Schism
330:
324:
318:
312:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
200:
115:communist states
83:European culture
9410:
9409:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9380:
9379:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9341:
9315:
9257:
9234:
9201:
9165:
9094:
9083:South China Sea
8992:
8935:Central America
8887:
8820:
8741:
8693:Northern Mexico
8681:Northern Canada
8666:Atlantic Canada
8621:Mountain states
8547:
8402:European Russia
8395:Southern Russia
8351:
8304:Iranian Plateau
8132:
8121:West Antarctica
8104:East Antarctica
8090:
7990:
7938:
7914:Land Hemisphere
7895:
7835:
7822:
7792:
7787:
7682:Soviet invasion
7642:Danish conquest
7632:Ancient Estonia
7333:Arsacid dynasty
7318:Orontid dynasty
7292:
7266:
7170:
7165:
7135:
7130:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7085:
7069:Life expectancy
7057:genetic history
7028:
6963:Classical music
6910:
6899:Bologna Process
6862:Ages of consent
6836:
6746:Budget revenues
6729:
6698:
6639:
6533:
6465:
6410:
6300:
6272:
6230:Early modernity
6184:
6175:
6145:
6140:
6113:
6101:Oceanic islands
6081:
6074:subject to the
6041:
6036:Svalbard Treaty
6034:subject to the
6016:
6009:subject to the
5989:
5987:
5985:
5970:
5925:
5894:
5869:
5866:
5858:
5844:Northern Cyprus
5827:
5824:
5816:
5807:
5723:North Macedonia
5544:
5535:
5488:
5483:
5469:
5449:
5415:
5366:
5364:
5357:
5331:Snyder, Timothy
5299:Wayback Machine
5288:Wayback Machine
5277:Wayback Machine
5266:Wayback Machine
5228:
5209:
5188:
5155:
5153:
5146:
5101:Wayback Machine
5077:Wayback Machine
5046:Wayback Machine
5017:
4996:Berend, Iván T.
4986:Applebaum, Anne
4981:
4979:Further reading
4976:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4948:
4942:
4933:
4927:Foreign affairs
4924:
4920:
4914:Wayback Machine
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4839:
4835:(2012) p. xxix.
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4806:
4802:
4797:Wayback Machine
4783:
4779:
4770:R. M. Douglas.
4768:
4764:
4752:
4748:
4739:
4735:
4726:
4722:
4716:Wayback Machine
4702:
4698:
4693:Wayback Machine
4676:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4614:
4598:
4594:
4583:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4560:Wayback Machine
4546:
4542:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4471:
4455:
4451:
4438:
4434:
4417:
4413:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4368:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4302:Wayback Machine
4293:
4286:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4225:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4074:
4067:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3838:Visgradgroup.eu
3832:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3642:on 10 June 2013
3634:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3501:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3476:
3452:
3448:
3432:
3428:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3002:Europa Regional
2994:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2950:
2935:
2911:
2907:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2727:Wayback Machine
2719:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2677:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2594:Wayback Machine
2585:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2418:. 10 May 2021.
2414:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2376:Northern Europe
2304:European Russia
2259:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2222:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1666:Generalplan Ost
1661:
1616:
1606:
1590:
1578:
1529:
1477:Frankish Empire
1395:Parthian Empire
1311:Orontid Armenia
1307:
1298:
1295:(November 2023)
1274:
1270:
1263:
1239:
1217:Turkish Straits
1162:North Macedonia
1115:Southern Europe
1057:Southern Europe
1053:
1045:Main articles:
1043:
926:Habsburg Empire
918:
912:
852:
846:
738:
732:
730:Caucasus states
675:Northern Europe
671:Northern Europe
652:
646:
641:
616:
612:
610:
606:
604:
600:
598:
591:
589:
579:
539:
531:Main articles:
529:
405:North Macedonia
355:
346:Church Slavonic
332:
328:
326:
322:
320:
316:
314:
310:
308:
298:
241:
237:
235:
231:
229:
225:
223:
219:
217:
213:
211:
207:
205:
198:
196:
186:
142:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9408:
9398:
9397:
9392:
9390:Eastern Europe
9343:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9337:Physical Earth
9320:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9244:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9211:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9176:
9174:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9149:Mariana Trench
9146:
9136:
9131:
9129:Atlantic Ocean
9126:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9108:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9090:Southern Ocean
9087:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9078:East China Sea
9070:
9069:
9068:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9055:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9012:Atlantic Ocean
9009:
9003:
9001:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8983:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8917:
8911:
8909:
8899:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8830:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8816:Remote Oceania
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8751:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8686:Western Canada
8683:
8678:
8676:Eastern Canada
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8557:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8465:
8460:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8390:South Caucasus
8387:
8385:North Caucasus
8377:
8367:
8361:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8292:South Caucasus
8284:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8235:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8163:
8161:Aralkum Desert
8158:
8148:
8142:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8118:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8100:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8059:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8015:
8009:
8007:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7952:Africa-Eurasia
7948:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7845:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7821:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7798:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7743:Ottoman Empire
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7625:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7565:
7560:
7554:Czech Republic
7551:
7546:
7540:
7535:
7529:
7520:
7518:Ottoman Empire
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7481:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7463:Russian Empire
7460:
7451:
7446:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7416:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7378:Russian Empire
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7306:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7202:Czech Republic
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7168:Eastern Europe
7164:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7111:
7110:
7103:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6956:film festivals
6948:
6943:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6920:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6891:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6543:
6541:
6539:European Union
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6359:Extreme points
6356:
6354:Climate change
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6220:Late antiquity
6217:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6126:
6112:
6111:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6049:
6047:
6046:United Kingdom
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
5999:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5935:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5906:
5900:
5899:United Kingdom
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5879:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5798:United Kingdom
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:Czech Republic
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5487:
5486:External links
5484:
5482:
5481:
5467:
5447:
5435:Wolff, Larry:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5396:
5389:
5388:(3rd ed. 2003)
5382:
5372:
5355:
5340:
5328:
5319:
5309:
5302:
5255:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5226:
5213:
5207:
5192:
5186:
5168:
5161:
5144:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5103:
5086:
5079:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5031:
5027:(2nd ed 2007)
5021:
5015:
5002:
4993:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4931:
4918:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4837:
4824:
4815:
4800:
4777:
4762:
4746:
4733:
4720:
4696:
4670:
4650:
4643:
4625:
4612:
4609:978-1849664882
4592:
4577:
4564:
4540:
4527:
4508:
4488:
4469:
4449:
4432:
4411:
4388:World Factbook
4378:
4359:
4339:
4310:
4284:
4271:
4259:
4241:
4216:
4198:
4175:
4143:
4118:
4083:
4065:
4040:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3974:
3943:
3917:
3884:
3855:
3825:
3809:unstats.un.org
3795:
3765:
3738:
3708:
3695:
3679:
3653:
3627:
3595:
3566:
3548:
3520:
3513:
3492:
3474:
3446:
3426:
3409:
3380:
3374:
3353:
3324:
3294:
3277:
3257:Czech Republic
3241:
3223:
3203:
3185:
3165:
3139:
3114:
3090:
3072:
3035:
3023:
2988:
2959:
2933:
2905:
2876:(3): 227–237.
2856:
2838:
2818:
2780:(3): 365–383.
2760:
2731:
2710:
2691:
2668:
2635:
2602:
2574:
2556:978-0253212566
2555:
2549:. p. 15.
2526:
2492:
2463:
2433:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Western Europe
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Central Europe
2363:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:European Union
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2250:
2234:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2170:Czech Republic
2162:European Union
2154:Czech Republic
2147:Czechoslovakia
2077:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2031:
1995:Czech Republic
1983:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1921:
1806:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1767:
1660:
1657:
1605:
1602:
1594:Central Europe
1589:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1541:Ottoman Empire
1528:
1525:
1454:Late Antiquity
1446:Latin language
1438:Greek-speaking
1434:Roman Republic
1331:Western Europe
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1206:
1199:Central Europe
1192:
1189:Central Europe
1178:
1175:Central Europe
1164:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1137:Central Europe
1130:
1108:
1105:Central Europe
1094:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1061:Central Europe
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1030:Central Europe
1023:
1018:
1015:Central Europe
1004:
1001:Central Europe
990:
985:
982:Central Europe
971:
964:Central Europe
957:
954:Central Europe
943:
941:Czech Republic
916:Central Europe
914:Main article:
911:
910:Central Europe
908:
907:
906:
894:
893:
888:
883:
869:
858:of the former
848:Main article:
845:
842:
841:
840:
834:
821:
820:
815:
798:
797:
792:
787:
762:European Union
742:South Caucasus
734:Main article:
731:
728:
727:
726:
721:
716:
683:Visegrád Group
648:Main article:
645:
642:
640:
637:
611:
605:
599:
590:
578:
575:
528:
525:
373:Eastern Europe
358:Alcuin of York
327:
321:
315:
309:
297:
294:
254:Ural Mountains
247:Western Europe
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
197:
185:
182:
174:United Nations
141:
138:
130:Western Europe
103:Ottoman Empire
76:Visegrád group
40:Ural Mountains
32:Eastern Europe
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9407:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9378:
9375:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9322:
9321:
9318:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9168:
9162:
9159:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9139:Pacific Ocean
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9101:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9074:
9073:Pacific Ocean
9071:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9027:Caribbean Sea
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8995:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8974:
8970:
8969:by population
8967:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8942:South America
8940:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8925:North America
8923:
8922:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8876:Southern Cone
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8851:Andean States
8849:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8826:South America
8823:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8735:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8553:North America
8550:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:Low Countries
8514:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8492:South-western
8490:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8480:South-eastern
8478:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8469:
8468:South-central
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8458:Mediterranean
8456:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8424:British Isles
8422:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8354:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8321:Levantine Sea
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8195:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8171:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8093:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8013:Mediterranean
8011:
8010:
8008:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7814:
7812:
7807:
7805:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7647:Terra Mariana
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7558:Great Moravia
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7458:Russification
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:Roman Armenia
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:South Ossetia
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7157:
7155:
7150:
7148:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7052:Ethnic groups
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6758:GDP (nominal)
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6623:Schengen Area
6621:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6399:by population
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6137:
6136:
6135:Europe portal
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5984:Special areas
5981:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:Faroe Islands
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5849:South Ossetia
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5819:
5814:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5683:Liechtenstein
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:0-8047-2702-3
5442:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5187:9780521274593
5183:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5151:
5147:
5145:9780521274586
5141:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
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5049:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4928:
4922:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4828:
4819:
4811:
4808:Gregor Thum.
4804:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4773:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4743:
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4730:
4724:
4717:
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4710:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4644:9781107507180
4640:
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4515:
4511:
4509:9780313274978
4505:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4470:9781444351637
4466:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4446:
4445:0-19-860641-9
4442:
4436:
4429:
4428:90-429-1318-5
4425:
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4320:
4314:
4307:
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4299:
4296:
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4289:
4281:
4275:
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4263:
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4234:
4230:
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4205:
4201:
4199:9781557535931
4195:
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4131:
4125:
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4100:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3746:Angell, Sam.
3742:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3692:9780761956372
3689:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3576:
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3551:
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3541:
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3533:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3514:9781586172824
3510:
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3423:
3419:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3230:
3226:
3224:0-295-97291-2
3220:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3011:
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3003:
2999:
2992:
2977:
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2940:
2936:
2934:9781317818571
2930:
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2799:
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2764:
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2740:
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2717:
2715:
2698:
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2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2673:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2623:
2619:
2618:The Economist
2615:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:"The Balkans"
2583:
2581:
2579:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
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2481:
2477:
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2467:
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2417:
2411:
2407:
2397:
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2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:Europe portal
2251:
2248:
2237:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:Baltic states
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Baltic States
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1964:
1949:
1948:Prague Spring
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Marshall Plan
1832:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1793:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:were expelled
1674:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:, regions of
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:soon absorbed
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
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1412:
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1396:
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1388:
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1380:
1376:
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1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Central Asian
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
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1168:
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1160:
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1155:
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1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
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1109:
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1102:
1098:
1095:
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1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
983:
979:
975:
972:
969:
965:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
917:
905:
902:
901:
900:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
881:
877:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
861:
857:
851:
838:
835:
833:
829:
826:
825:
824:
819:
818:South Ossetia
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
807:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
781:
779:
775:
771:
768:program, the
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
650:Baltic states
644:Baltic states
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
597:
588:
583:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
544:
538:
534:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
500:
496:
494:
489:
481:
476:
472:
471:and Ukraine.
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
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430:
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418:
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267:
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259:
255:
250:
248:
204:
195:
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181:
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175:
170:
168:
167:Enlightenment
163:
162:socioeconomic
159:
155:
146:
137:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
68:Baltic states
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
9347:
9335: /
9333:List of seas
9331: /
9296:Global South
9281:Global North
9215:Atlantic Rim
9154:Ring of Fire
9134:Indian Ocean
9124:Arctic Ocean
9066:Persian Gulf
9061:Indian Ocean
9042:Adriatic Sea
9007:Arctic Ocean
8839:Amazon Basin
8834:Amazon Plain
8806:Near Oceania
8611:Mid-Atlantic
8561:Aridoamerica
8521:Northwestern
8434:Northwestern
8407:Southeastern
8369:
8299:Greater Iran
8238:Southeastern
8233:Pacific Asia
8202:Pacific Asia
8190:Northeastern
8146:Asia–Pacific
7889:Fourth World
7879:Second World
7768:Transnistria
7763:Soviet Union
7652:Swedish rule
7543:1989-present
7532:World War II
7443:World War II
7288:Transnistria
7167:
7034:Demographics
6993:Christianity
6941:Architecture
6894:Universities
6802:Minimum wage
6741:Average wage
6245:Pax Europaea
6240:World War II
6133:
6121:
5854:Transnistria
5803:Vatican City
5450:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5402:
5392:
5385:
5375:
5365:. Retrieved
5345:
5334:
5324:
5312:
5305:
5251:
5242:
5235:
5217:
5197:
5176:
5164:
5154:. Retrieved
5134:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5089:
5082:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5034:
5024:
5006:
4998:
4989:
4964:. Retrieved
4957:the original
4952:
4926:
4921:
4902:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4832:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4803:
4785:
4780:
4771:
4765:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4704:
4699:
4681:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4634:
4628:
4620:
4615:
4600:
4595:
4586:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4518:. Retrieved
4498:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4459:
4452:
4435:
4419:
4414:
4401:. Retrieved
4387:
4381:
4369:. Retrieved
4349:
4342:
4331:. Retrieved
4322:
4313:
4305:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4251:. Retrieved
4232:
4208:. Retrieved
4188:
4167:. Retrieved
4159:www.nato.int
4158:
4138:the original
4133:
4110:. Retrieved
4098:
4086:
4077:
4055:
4035:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4008:Wallace, W.
4004:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3967:28 September
3965:. Retrieved
3957:The Guardian
3956:
3946:
3936:, retrieved
3926:
3920:
3909:, retrieved
3902:the original
3893:
3887:
3876:. Retrieved
3867:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3817:. Retrieved
3808:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3777:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3751:
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3720:
3711:
3698:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:the original
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:the original
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3610:
3587:. Retrieved
3578:
3569:
3558:. Retrieved
3530:
3523:
3504:
3484:. Retrieved
3456:
3449:
3437:. Springer.
3434:
3429:
3417:
3412:
3401:. Retrieved
3392:
3383:
3365:
3356:
3345:. Retrieved
3336:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3306:
3297:
3287:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3244:
3233:. Retrieved
3213:
3206:
3195:. Retrieved
3175:
3168:
3157:. Retrieved
3130:
3127:"Chapter 11"
3117:
3107:, retrieved
3102:
3099:"Kazakhstan"
3093:
3085:the original
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3051:
3030:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3005:
3001:
2991:
2980:. Retrieved
2971:
2962:
2951:. Retrieved
2915:
2908:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2848:. Retrieved
2828:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2777:
2773:
2763:
2701:. Retrieved
2681:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:the original
2650:
2626:. Retrieved
2617:
2597:
2565:. Retrieved
2541:
2518:. Retrieved
2484:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2410:
2220:Demographics
2214:
2210:
2206:
2103:Eastern Bloc
2099:Iron Curtain
2092:
1962:
1866:Soviet Union
1857:Eastern Bloc
1855:
1840:Molotov Plan
1833:
1826:
1814:
1811:Eastern Bloc
1805:Eastern Bloc
1720:iron curtain
1719:
1701:
1687:Eastern Bloc
1684:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1617:
1614:Interwar era
1591:
1579:
1530:
1527:1453 to 1918
1497:
1481:Great Schism
1474:
1450:Roman Empire
1431:
1308:
1294:
1283:
1240:
1222:
1185:Southeastern
1171:Southeastern
1101:Southeastern
1065:
1054:
978:Northeastern
950:Southeastern
934:
919:
904:Transnistria
895:
860:Soviet Union
853:
822:
799:
739:
653:
619:
571:
556:
552:Eastern Bloc
550:
540:
537:Eastern Bloc
505:
485:
372:
370:
354:
335:
282:
274:Central Asia
251:
244:
203:Soviet Union
184:Geographical
171:
158:geopolitical
151:
127:
123:Soviet Union
119:Eastern Bloc
111:Iron Curtain
80:
31:
30:
9369: /
9311:Global West
9271:Global East
9230:Pacific Rim
9172:waterbodies
9161:World Ocean
8986:New Zealand
8866:The Guianas
8755:Australasia
8698:West Indies
8626:New England
8606:Great Lakes
8576:Mesoamerica
8463:Middle East
8439:Scandinavia
8328:Middle East
8166:Caspian Sea
8072:Great Lakes
8052:Sub-Saharan
8038:Middle East
7901:Hemispheres
7884:Third World
7874:First World
7827:'s primary
7692:Soviet rule
7527:World War I
7256:East Thrace
7064:Immigration
6628:Visa policy
6611:enlargement
6507:Open Balkan
6446:Integration
6289:Sovereignty
6235:World War I
6225:Middle Ages
5988:sovereignty
5986:of internal
5966:Isle of Man
5867:territories
5825:recognition
5783:Switzerland
5718:Netherlands
5477:j.ctvw049zd
4678:Jerome Blum
4667:(1): 29–63.
4134:www.eia.gov
3911:27 February
3672:23 February
3646:23 February
3317:January 30,
3033:, CRC Press
2628:20 February
2324:Intermarium
2176:, Estonia,
2115:Warsaw Pact
1929:Warsaw Pact
1852:Warsaw Pact
1792:Warsaw Pact
1641:Sudetenland
1502:Ostsiedlung
1498:During the
1458:Middle Ages
1213:East Thrace
758:definitions
744:nations of
558:Warsaw Pact
533:Warsaw Pact
360:during the
140:Definitions
132:; the term
9384:Categories
9052:Ionian Sea
9047:Aegean Sea
9017:Baltic Sea
8949:Antarctica
8801:Micronesia
8770:New Guinea
8728:Portuguese
8651:West Coast
8601:East Coast
8596:Bible Belt
8591:Appalachia
8270:Subregions
8178:Inner Asia
8096:Antarctica
7996:Continents
7969:Antarctica
7944:Landmasses
7854:Down Under
7849:Arab World
7833:subregions
7783:Yugoslavia
7508:Golden Age
7419:Azerbaijan
7187:Azerbaijan
7081:Retirement
6983:Philosophy
6978:Literature
6882:endangered
6775:per capita
6763:per capita
6751:per capita
6635:Statistics
6522:statistics
6436:Eurosphere
6210:Prehistory
6198:Chronology
5753:San Marino
5713:Montenegro
5693:Luxembourg
5673:Kazakhstan
5578:Azerbaijan
5367:2021-07-05
5156:2021-07-05
4621:inter alia
4403:23 January
4371:11 October
4333:2020-01-14
4253:2016-03-10
4210:2020-11-10
4169:2021-04-25
4112:2023-10-10
3938:2020-07-02
3878:2021-04-25
3868:www.un.org
3819:2017-08-04
3731:27 January
3621:2024-02-28
3589:2024-02-28
3560:2024-02-28
3486:2024-02-28
3403:2024-02-28
3347:2021-02-07
3271:2022-01-06
3235:2022-01-06
3197:2022-01-06
3159:2023-02-10
3109:2024-08-10
3066:2020-09-04
3016:21 January
2982:2022-11-16
2953:2022-11-16
2850:2023-01-03
2812:2022-11-16
2520:2017-08-04
2486:2023-10-06
2457:2023-12-15
2402:References
1955:Since 1989
1627:after the
1553:Protestant
1339:Azerbaijan
1251:Ural River
1247:Kazakhstan
1237:Kazakhstan
1157:Montenegro
928:, and the
790:Azerbaijan
750:Azerbaijan
512:Protestant
451:, Greece,
401:Montenegro
336:After the
278:Ural River
270:Kazakhstan
260:, and the
258:Ural River
87:East Slavs
74:, and the
9366:50°N 30°E
9248:Antarctic
9032:Irish Sea
9022:Black Sea
8981:Australia
8930:Caribbean
8907:continent
8881:Patagonia
8811:Polynesia
8789:Melanesia
8782:Zealandia
8760:Australia
8646:Southwest
8566:Caribbean
8343:Near East
7984:submerged
7979:Zealandia
7974:Australia
7864:Old World
7859:New World
7733:Lithuania
7706:Holocaust
7677:1920-1939
7622:1989-1992
7617:1945-1948
7597:1918-1938
7588:1867-1918
7583:1648-1867
7578:1526-1648
7523:1878-1946
7478:Holocaust
7423:Stone Age
7373:1880-1918
7368:1829-1878
7363:1502-1828
7358:1453-1829
7227:Lithuania
7074:by region
6934:sculpture
6889:Tattooing
6877:Languages
6867:Etiquette
6770:GDP (PPP)
6694:Transport
6564:Education
6552:relations
6379:Mountains
6310:Geography
5916:Gibraltar
5865:Dependent
5688:Lithuania
5279:, Mainz:
5174:(1983b).
5132:(1983a).
4966:12 August
4744:. p. 618.
4052:"Croatia"
3149:150672781
2943:129401740
2900:154698941
2892:1356-7667
2802:159184190
2794:0955-7571
2661:31 August
2567:5 October
2164:, namely
2152:into the
2139:Lithuania
2093:With the
2011:Lithuania
1886:Lithuania
1824:Kremlin.
1752:Bucharest
1539:, by the
1403:Byzantium
1379:Black Sea
974:Lithuania
724:Lithuania
625:thesaurus
565:European
563:communist
457:Lithuania
8775:Tasmania
8723:Hispanic
8586:Northern
8533:Germanic
8511:Atlantic
8453:Southern
8414:Northern
8380:Caucasus
8316:Dead Sea
8287:Caucasus
8255:Southern
8248:Maritime
8243:Mainland
8216:Northern
8197:Far East
8156:Aral Sea
8079:Southern
8023:Northern
7758:Slovakia
7549:Caucasus
7484:Bulgaria
7304:Abkhazia
7278:Abkhazia
7247:Slovakia
7197:Bulgaria
7116:Category
7019:Armorial
6988:Religion
6929:painting
6618:Politics
6596:Eurozone
6420:Politics
6406:Villages
6284:Military
6277:By topic
6182:articles
6123:Category
6108:Holy See
6058:Scotland
6028:Svalbard
6013:of 1921)
5949:Guernsey
5944:Alderney
5834:Abkhazia
5768:Slovenia
5763:Slovakia
5738:Portugal
5598:Bulgaria
5361:Archived
5295:Archived
5284:Archived
5273:Archived
5262:Archived
5150:Archived
5097:Archived
5073:Archived
5042:Archived
5029:abstract
4910:Archived
4793:Archived
4712:Archived
4689:Archived
4556:Archived
4520:22 April
4514:Archived
4481:22 April
4475:Archived
4397:Archived
4365:Archived
4327:Archived
4298:Archived
4247:Archived
4204:Archived
4163:Archived
4103:Archived
4101:. 2003.
4060:Archived
3996:44963345
3961:Archived
3932:archived
3872:Archived
3842:Archived
3813:Archived
3782:Archived
3725:Archived
3721:BBC News
3615:Archived
3583:Archived
3554:Archived
3480:Archived
3397:Archived
3341:Archived
3311:Archived
3265:Archived
3229:Archived
3191:Archived
3153:Archived
3125:(2002).
3060:Archived
3052:UNI NOVA
3010:Archived
2976:Archived
2947:Archived
2844:Archived
2806:Archived
2752:Archived
2723:Archived
2697:Archived
2622:Archived
2590:Archived
2561:Archived
2514:Archived
2480:Archived
2451:Archived
2420:Archived
2233:See also
2194:Slovenia
2190:Slovakia
2166:Bulgaria
2158:Slovakia
2054:Bulgaria
2027:Slovenia
2023:Slovakia
1748:Belgrade
1744:Budapest
1716:Adriatic
1649:Slovenia
1569:numeracy
1561:Cyrillic
1549:Catholic
1456:and the
1411:Caucasus
1405:and the
1351:Parthian
1195:Slovenia
1127:Portugal
1082:Bulgaria
1026:Slovenia
1021:Slovakia
813:Abkhazia
736:Caucasus
701:and the
547:Cold War
508:Catholic
488:theology
469:Slovenia
465:Slovakia
381:Bulgaria
285:cultural
264:are the
107:Cold War
101:and the
72:Caucasus
8976:Oceania
8964:by area
8920:America
8897:Islands
8747:Oceania
8616:Midwest
8571:Central
8538:Romance
8506:Western
8375:Balkans
8370:Eastern
8365:Central
8333:Mashriq
8277:Western
8221:Siberia
8173:Eastern
8151:Central
8084:Western
8057:Central
8033:Mashriq
8028:Maghreb
8018:Saharan
7964:America
7957:Eurasia
7829:regions
7778:Ukraine
7748:Romania
7738:Moldova
7723:Hungary
7718:Georgia
7628:Estonia
7454:Belarus
7449:Balkans
7309:Armenia
7297:History
7262:Ukraine
7237:Romania
7232:Moldova
7217:Hungary
7212:Georgia
7207:Estonia
7192:Belarus
7182:Armenia
7100:Outline
7015:Symbols
7003:Judaism
6968:Cuisine
6916:Culture
6904:Erasmus
6850:Society
6669:History
6653:Economy
6606:Members
6547:Economy
6384:Regions
6369:Islands
6364:Geology
6349:Climate
6190:History
6053:England
5996:Finland
5876:Denmark
5793:Ukraine
5743:Romania
5703:Moldova
5663:Ireland
5658:Iceland
5653:Hungary
5643:Germany
5638:Georgia
5628:Finland
5623:Estonia
5618:Denmark
5603:Croatia
5588:Belgium
5583:Belarus
5573:Austria
5568:Armenia
5563:Andorra
5558:Albania
5315:(1945)
5125:(2007).
4788:(2011)
4757:(1945)
3848:30 July
3788:16 July
3778:EuroVoc
3758:1 April
2703:17 July
2309:Eurovoc
2198:Central
2186:Romania
2178:Hungary
2174:Croatia
2143:Estonia
2127:Ukraine
2123:Moldova
2119:Belarus
2111:COMECON
2097:of the
2085:Croatia
2058:Romania
2003:Hungary
1999:Estonia
1894:Estonia
1882:Moldova
1878:Ukraine
1874:Belarus
1846:. When
1724:Central
1714:in the
1712:Trieste
1706:in the
1704:Stettin
1678:to the
1581:Serfdom
1576:Serfdom
1517:Bohemia
1485:Eastern
1422:Eastern
1387:Ukraine
1383:Romania
1375:Macedon
1371:Paeonia
1359:Balkans
1343:Georgia
1335:Armenia
1319:Colchis
1290:Discuss
1261:History
1167:Romania
1147:Moldova
1133:Hungary
1097:Croatia
1072:Albania
1051:Balkans
993:Romania
960:Hungary
946:Croatia
891:Ukraine
876:Balkans
872:Moldova
867:Belarus
795:Georgia
785:Armenia
754:Georgia
746:Armenia
714:Estonia
659:EuroVoc
621:EuroVoc
587:EuroVoc
577:EuroVoc
478:Map of
453:Hungary
449:Croatia
425:Armenia
421:Ukraine
409:Romania
397:Moldova
389:Georgia
377:Belarus
64:Balkans
60:Romania
56:Moldova
52:Ukraine
44:Belarus
9371:50; 30
9263:Global
9253:Arctic
9192:Rivers
9170:Other
9104:Oceans
8959:Europe
8915:Africa
8708:French
8581:Middle
8543:Slavic
8528:Celtic
8429:Nordic
8419:Baltic
8357:Europe
8311:Levant
8005:Africa
7841:Worlds
7773:Turkey
7753:Russia
7728:Latvia
7254:(only
7252:Turkey
7242:Russia
7222:Latvia
7121:Portal
7042:Ageing
6951:Cinema
6684:Energy
6389:Rivers
6344:Cities
6180:
6178:Europe
6021:Norway
5839:Kosovo
5788:Turkey
5778:Sweden
5758:Serbia
5748:Russia
5733:Poland
5728:Norway
5708:Monaco
5678:Latvia
5648:Greece
5633:France
5608:Cyprus
5542:Europe
5475:
5465:
5443:
5411:
5353:
5339:(2011)
5327:(1991)
5317:online
5308:(1966)
5245:(1999)
5224:
5205:
5184:
5167:(1983)
5142:
5118:(1993)
5094:Online
5070:online
5061:(2000)
5013:
5001:(2001)
4992:(2012)
4907:online
4759:online
4709:Online
4686:Online
4641:
4607:
4553:online
4506:
4467:
4443:
4426:
4357:
4239:
4196:
3994:
3690:
3546:
3511:
3472:
3372:
3221:
3183:
3147:
3137:
2972:dw.com
2941:
2931:
2898:
2890:
2836:
2800:
2792:
2689:
2553:
2426:1 June
2182:Poland
2168:, the
2141:, and
2135:Latvia
2113:, the
2079:
2073:
2048:
2042:
2019:Poland
2007:Latvia
1991:Cyprus
1985:
1979:
1916:, and
1890:Latvia
1870:Russia
1797:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1754:, and
1740:Vienna
1736:Prague
1732:Berlin
1728:Warsaw
1708:Baltic
1645:Poland
1598:Russia
1521:Poland
1391:Russia
1389:, and
1367:Thrace
1353:, and
1323:Iberia
1231:Kosovo
1209:Turkey
1181:Serbia
1111:Greece
1087:Cyprus
1007:Serbia
988:Poland
924:, the
886:Russia
752:, and
719:Latvia
697:, the
693:, the
689:, the
685:. The
655:UNESCO
613:
607:
601:
594:
592:
567:states
520:Greece
461:Poland
431:. The
419:, and
417:Serbia
413:Russia
393:Greece
385:Cyprus
329:
323:
317:
311:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
199:
91:Greeks
70:, the
66:, the
58:, and
48:Russia
25:Europe
9240:Polar
9185:lists
9180:Lakes
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