1671:
74:
2703:
4046:
2515:
910:
1119:
2953:
3451:
2126:
172:
5622:
1907:
2527:
60:
3429:
2043:
936:
1926:
2812:
3811:
2504:
950:
2064:
2867:
1918:
2920:. The theory was that under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state would be largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as education, now became two formally equal bodies in the two formally equal republics. However, the centralized political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization.
2646:, German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia, some 350,000 Czech laborers were dispatched to the Reich. Within the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech population obeyed quiescently up until the final months preceding the end of the war, while thousands were involved in the
3742:
Foreign Trade: Exports were estimated at US$ 17.8 billion in 1985. Exports were machinery (55%), fuel and materials (14%), and manufactured consumer goods (16%). Imports stood at an estimated US$ 17.9 billion in 1985, including fuel and materials (41%), machinery (33%), and agricultural and
3738:
Agriculture: Agriculture was a minor sector, but collectivized farms of large acreage and relatively efficient mode of production enabled the country to be relatively self-sufficient in the food supply. The country depended on imports of grains (mainly for livestock feed) in years of adverse weather.
2473:
Czech-Slovak relations came to be a central issue in
Czechoslovak politics during the 1930s. The increasing feeling of inferiority among the Slovaks, who were hostile to the more numerous Czechs, weakened the country in the late 1930s. Slovakia became autonomous in the fall of 1938, and by mid-1939,
2927:. The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, manifested in limitations on work activities, which went as far as a ban on professional employment, the refusal of higher education for the dissidents' children, police harassment and prison.
2908:
against the occupation. This resistance involved a wide range of acts of non-cooperation and defiance: this was followed by a period in which the
Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, having been forced in Moscow to make concessions to the Soviet Union, gradually put the brakes on their earlier
2458:
During the period between the two world wars
Czechoslovakia was a democratic state. The population was generally literate, and contained fewer alienated groups. The influence of these conditions was augmented by the political values of Czechoslovakia's leaders and the policies they adopted. Under
3420:
was elected first secretary of the KSČ in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of
Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to the KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under
2862:
The currency reform of 1953 caused dissatisfaction among
Czechoslovak laborers. To equalize the wage rate, Czechoslovaks had to turn in their old money for new at a decreased value. The banks also confiscated savings and bank deposits to control the amount of money in circulation. In the 1950s,
2859:, reflecting economic discontent. Police and army units put down the rebellion, and hundreds were injured but no one was killed. While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbors in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe.
3734:
and manufacturing dominated the sector, including machinery, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, and textiles. The sector was wasteful in its use of energy, materials, and labor and was slow to upgrade technology, but the country was a major supplier of high-quality machinery, instruments,
3661:(capital of Slovakia); these were divided into 109–114 okresy; the kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and for many purposes from 1991 in Czechoslovakia; in addition, the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 (without the word
2759:
in the
December 1938 elections. Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to antifascists. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some antifascists, and also those required for the post-war reconstruction of the country, remained in Czechoslovakia. The Beneš
2587:
The eventual goal of the German state under Nazi leadership was to eradicate Czech nationality through assimilation, deportation, and extermination of the Czech intelligentsia; the intellectual elites and middle class made up a considerable number of the 200,000 people who passed through
4027:. Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this information monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were
2157:(4%). Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups. This policy led to unrest among the non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking
2019:
in France and Italy, while large numbers deserted to Russia in exchange for its support for the independence of
Czechoslovakia from the Austrian Empire. With the outbreak of World War I, Masaryk began working for Czech independence in a union with Slovakia. With Edvard Beneš and
1120:
2783:
made up a large proportion of the town and region's population until the late 1980s/early 1990s. Although defined as "Greeks", the Greek
Communist community of Krnov and the Jeseniky region actually consisted of an ethnically diverse population, including
4011:
During the era between the World Wars, Czechoslovak democracy and liberalism facilitated conditions for free publication. The most significant daily newspapers in these times were Lidové noviny, Národní listy, Český deník and Československá Republika.
3493:), 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party was abolished). It was amended several more times during 1990–1992 (for example, 1990, name change to Czecho-Slovakia, 1991 incorporation of the human rights charter)
2665:(118,000 according to the 1930 census) were virtually annihilated. Many Jews emigrated after 1939; more than 70,000 were killed; 8,000 survived at Terezín. Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout the occupation.
2614:
by the Nazi state. In 1940, in a secret Nazi plan for the
Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia it was declared that those considered to be of racially Mongoloid origin and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized.
4746:
PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s
Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,
2742:
who had accepted German or Hungarian citizenship during the occupations. In 1948, this provision was cancelled for the Hungarians, but only partially for the Germans. The government then confiscated the property of the Germans and
4511:"Ján Kačala: Máme nový názov federatívnej republiky (The New Name of the Federal Republic), In: Kultúra Slova (official publication of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics) 6/1990 pp. 192–197"
4300:
2184:
surfaced again. The governments of Czechoslovakia and other Central European nations deported ethnic Germans, reducing the presence of minorities in the nation. Most of the Jews had been killed during the war by the Nazis.
3746:
Exchange rate: Official, or commercial, the rate was crowns (Kčs) 5.4 per US$ 1 in 1987. Tourist, or non-commercial, the rate was Kčs 10.5 per US$ 1. Neither rate reflected purchasing power. The exchange rate on the
2668:
Despite the estimated 136,000 deaths at the hands of the Nazi regime, the population in the Reichsprotektorate saw a net increase during the war years of approximately 250,000 in line with an increased birth rate.
2855:. Since citizens lacked significant electoral methods of registering protest against government policies, periodically there were street protests that became violent. For example, there were riots in the town of
1967:. Nationalism became a mass movement in the second half of the 19th century. Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule, Czech leaders such as historian
5670:
161:
1194:(the territories of southern Slovakia with a predominantly Hungarian population to Hungary and Zaolzie with a predominantly Polish population to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as
2470:", 1921–38) directed against Hungarian attempts to reclaim lost areas. Beneš worked closely with France. Far more dangerous was the German element, which after 1933 became allied with the Nazis in Germany.
5655:
5640:
2176:), to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups. Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II (after the country had been divided during the war), the conflict between the
1554:
The weather is mild winters and mild summers. Influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, the Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. There is no continental weather.
5851:
2075:
ceased to exist in 1918 when it was incorporated into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918, as one of the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of
5831:
5706:
2863:
Czechoslovakia experienced high economic growth (averaging 7% per year), which allowed for a substantial increase in wages and living standards, thus promoting the stability of the regime.
1971:(1798–1876) founded various patriotic, self-help organizations which provided a chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life before independence. Palacký supported
159:
5551:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5726:
1289:, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia
5660:
5471:
5650:
5190:
2657:
was a period of brutal oppression. Czech losses resulting from political persecution and deaths in concentration camps totaled between 36,000 and 55,000. The Jewish populations of
5942:
5716:
5821:
5733:
5282:
6131:
5445:
1538:
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the
5914:
5919:
5738:
5645:
160:
6037:
5846:
2887:
5934:
5856:
5826:
6121:
5841:
5836:
5665:
5987:
5972:
5962:
5887:
3757:
Fiscal policy: The state was the exclusive owner of means of production in most cases. Revenue from state enterprises was the primary source of revenues followed by
5721:
4419:
6956:
6946:
5768:
4198:
was an Olympic gold medallist in gymnastics, winning seven gold medals and four silver medals. She represented Czechoslovakia in three consecutive Olympics.
3972:
4868:
1338:
in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A strip of southern Slovakia and
6951:
6941:
4283:
1882:
3691:
Before World War II, the economy was about the fourth in all industrial countries in Europe. The state was based on strong economy, manufacturing cars (
6545:
4902:
4846:
6936:
6926:
6540:
6146:
4715:
3030:
5052:
6030:
3547:
2893:
viewed this intervention as vital for the preservation of the Soviet, socialist system and vowed to intervene in any state that sought to replace
6520:
6515:
6151:
6141:
5525:
171:
6931:
6921:
6844:
858:
684:
73:
3865:, a Czech entrepreneur and visionary, outlined his ideas in the publication "Budujme stát pro 40 milionů lidí", where he described the future
2878:
was appointed to the key post of First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, there was a brief period of liberalization known as the
6126:
3719:). It was the industrial workshop for the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Slovak lands relied more heavily on agriculture than the Czech lands.
4685:
3869:
system. Construction of the first motorways in Czechoslovakia begun in 1939, nevertheless, they were stopped after German occupation during
1579:(abbreviated ČSR), or Czechoslovakia, before the formalization of the name in 1920, also known as Czecho-Slovakia or the Czecho-Slovak state
5591:
3073:
2978:
2172:
The state proclaimed the official ideology that there were no separate Czech and Slovak nations, but only one nation of Czechoslovaks (see
1732:
689:
4602:
6487:
6023:
5790:
5087:
2968:
restored democracy. This occurred around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland.
6510:
3559:
679:
5442:
5290:
3761:. The government spent heavily on social programs, subsidies, and investment. The budget was usually balanced or left a small surplus.
2448:*Jews identified themselves as Germans or Hungarians (and Jews only by religion not ethnicity), the sum is, therefore, more than 100%.
5902:
5780:
3771:
3514:
3467:
3397:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3066:
2981:
to Czechoslovakia on 21 April 1990, hailing it as a symbolic step of reviving Christianity in the newly-formed post-communist state.
2947:
2693:
1831:
627:
2610:
they were considered a threat to German rule. Just like Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several other nations, Czechs were considered to be
201:
4517:
1929:
1764:
1692:
2827:(Podkarpatská Rus) was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the Soviet Union. In the 1946 parliamentary election, the
6289:
5475:
2744:
1875:
5026:
2912:
Meanwhile, one plank of the reform program had been carried out: in 1968–69, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the
2626:
was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families. On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in
6961:
6565:
6390:
6085:
6065:
5606:
4006:
3445:
2883:
2080:
1810:
1270:
781:
3722:
After World War II, the economy was centrally planned, with command links controlled by the communist party, similarly to the
3345:
2600:. The Czech intellectual elites were to be removed not only from Czech territories but from Europe completely. The authors of
4983:
4933:
4752:
4495:
4471:
4305:
4143:
4054:
3503:
3023:
1948:, who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his close ally
6419:
5775:
5611:
5027:"HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski POLAND UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION"
4070:
3509:
3401:
3171:
1841:
1618:
1457:
416:
328:
3739:
Meat production was constrained by a shortage of feed, but the country still recorded high per capita consumption of meat.
6593:
6296:
6172:
5809:
5743:
5518:
4288:
4062:
3882:
3628:
Late 1938 – March 1939: As above, but Slovakia and Ruthenia gained the status of "autonomous lands". Slovakia was called
3486:
3368:
3204:
2723:
2581:
2498:
2115:
1743:
1526:
1355:
1234:
1203:
742:
2840:
1785:
1246:
768:
6916:
6341:
6258:
6253:
5875:
4408:
3331:
1868:
1650:
1199:
674:
4440:
3841:
Slightly after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, there was a lack of essential infrastructure in many areas –
6525:
3473:
3432:
3407:
3310:
2836:
2828:
2623:
2463:, Czech and Slovak politicians promoted progressive social and economic conditions that served to defuse discontent.
1393:
1242:
1126:
694:
549:
3751:
was around Kčs 30 per US$ 1, which became the official rate once the currency became convertible in the early 1990s.
6583:
6371:
4271:
3593:) in today's Slovakia and three counties in today's Ruthenia; both lands and counties were divided into districts (
3490:
3296:
3016:
1670:
1366:
1219:
46:
4634:
6865:
6658:
6480:
6439:
5601:
4310:
4136:
4066:
3422:
3160:
2844:
2697:
2475:
1795:
1754:
1602:
1417:
1389:
1374:
1361:
322:
4888:Škorpila F. B.; Zeměpisný atlas pro měšťanské školy; Státní Nakladatelství; second edition; 1930; Czechoslovakia
6530:
6434:
6046:
5952:
5892:
5696:
5511:
4568:
4040:
3675:
3476:(The Constitutional Document of the Czechoslovak Republic), democratic, in force until 1948, several amendments
3455:
3250:
2984:
2971:
The word "socialist" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by "federal".
2707:
1505:
1500:
79:
5198:
2760:
Decrees still cause controversy among nationalist groups in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary.
6535:
5753:
5403:
Williams, Kieran, "Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to "Velvet Revolution", 1968–89",
3229:
3101:
2995:
2051:
2025:
2021:
1982:
An advocate of democratic reform and Czech autonomy within Austria-Hungary, Masaryk was elected twice to the
1851:
1470:
1382:
1290:
875:
807:
4898:
59:
6911:
5763:
5711:
5586:
4266:
3189:
3149:
2780:
2654:
2531:
1955:
The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, when philologists and educators, influenced by
1722:
1584:
852:
310:
4725:
3602:
1923–1927: As above, except that the Slovak and Ruthenian counties were replaced by six (grand) counties (
6424:
6321:
6210:
5909:
5861:
5701:
5596:
5581:
5056:
3893:
3801:
3142:
3130:
2816:
2689:
2047:
2037:
1945:
1910:
1774:
1702:
1593:
1575:
755:
716:
316:
304:
6279:
4949:
1979:, which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats.
6473:
6429:
6205:
6200:
6182:
6090:
5924:
4045:
3930:
2998:
by parliament. On the 31st of December 1992, it formally separated into two independent countries, the
2514:
2466:
Foreign minister Beneš became the prime architect of the Czechoslovak-Romanian-Yugoslav alliance (the "
2162:
1636:
1567:
1408:
1229:
After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of
298:
5053:"Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation Czechoslovakia"
4289:
Czechoslovakia stamp reused by Slovak Republic after 18 January 1939 by overprinting country and value
2572:
On 14 March 1939, the remainder ("rump") of Czechoslovakia was dismembered by the proclamation of the
6906:
6248:
6111:
5543:
3822:
3686:
3480:
3359:
3341:
3059:
2917:
2748:
2702:
1901:
1682:
1659:
1632:
1440:
5472:
Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries
5415:
Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
2930:
During the 1980s, Czechoslovakia became one of the most tightly controlled Communist regimes in the
2856:
490:
6449:
6414:
6243:
5947:
4195:
3355:
2913:
2483:
1434:
5366:
3853:, etc. Massive improvement in the following years enabled Czechoslovakia to develop its industry.
6896:
6316:
6227:
6004:
5785:
4693:
3901:
was free at all levels and compulsory from ages 6 to 15. The vast majority of the population was
2763:
Following the expulsion of the ethnic German population from Czechoslovakia, parts of the former
822:
3743:
forestry products (12%). In 1986, about 80% of foreign trade was with other socialist countries.
2923:
The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented among others by
2771:
mountain region in northeastern Czechoslovakia, were settled in 1949 by Communist refugees from
2111:. Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary.
145:
6603:
6336:
6306:
6215:
5957:
5758:
5406:
5233:
3261:
2882:. In response, after failing to persuade the Czechoslovak leaders to change course, five other
2843:. Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the
1968:
1449:
1404:
1370:
1223:
987:
Calling code +42 was withdrawn in the winter of 1997. The number range was divided between the
405:
356:
346:
65:
5091:
4218:
4167:
6901:
6875:
6331:
6116:
5498:
5493:
5488:
3986:
2024:, Masaryk visited several Western countries and won support from influential publicists. The
2016:
236:
4242:
4147:
4093:
94:
6274:
6220:
6060:
4222:
4105:
4097:
3982:
3952:
3789:
3621:): Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, divided into districts (
2898:
2627:
2012:
1539:
1274:
580:
502:
20:
6454:
5400:
Wheaton, Bernard; Zdenek Kavav. "The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988–1991" (1992).
3726:. The large metallurgical industry was dependent on imports of iron and non-ferrous ores.
2125:
8:
6673:
6177:
4230:
3217:
2952:
2824:
2715:
2647:
2577:
2108:
1993:
1984:
1640:
1397:
1339:
1320:
1282:
1230:
845:
366:
291:
5621:
5113:
4510:
3606:) in Slovakia and one (grand) county in Ruthenia, and the numbers and boundaries of the
3530:
In the 1930s, the nation formed a military alliance with France, which collapsed in the
2875:
2554:; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia. During October 1938,
1906:
592:
6444:
5566:
5556:
5410:
5159:
4815:
4807:
4721:
4339:
4139:
code for Czechoslovakia is TCH, which is still used in historical listings of results.
3948:
3450:
3327:
3276:
3267:
3223:
2714:
After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, with the exception of Sub
2643:
2562:
2166:
1510:
1369:
continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and their
1324:
1187:
435:
396:
381:
266:
4659:
4301:
Effects on the environment in Czechoslovakia from Soviet influence during the Cold War
4206:
4085:
3862:
2489:
After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe.
6870:
6648:
6550:
6496:
6384:
6301:
6095:
6075:
5748:
5561:
5359:
5163:
5077:"Vaclav Havel – A Political Tragedy in 6 Acts" by John Keane, published 2000, page 54
5030:
4998:
4979:
4929:
4862:
4819:
4799:
4748:
4491:
4467:
4189:
4151:
4129:
4113:
4109:
4057:
was a consistent performer on the international scene, with eight appearances in the
3947:, and other religions made up 17% of the country, but there were huge differences in
3910:
3417:
3008:
2974:
2965:
2935:
2852:
2789:
2785:
2731:
2619:
2558:
occupied the Sudetenland border region, effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences.
2551:
2519:
1997:
1989:
1820:
1445:
1286:
794:
646:
604:
526:
4175:
2957:
2618:
The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized under the direction of
514:
6409:
6351:
5362:
5151:
4791:
4372:
3994:
3918:
3914:
3861:
became one of the most modern terminals in the world when it was finished in 1937.
3531:
2905:
2894:
2752:
2566:
2508:
2371:
2230:
2072:
1712:
1429:
1347:
1175:
1163:
1022:
729:
658:
616:
568:
478:
402:
390:
387:
375:
5465:
4238:
4155:
4125:
4121:
2886:. Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia on the night of 20–21 August 1968.
2727:
130:
6728:
6326:
6015:
5897:
5576:
5571:
5449:
5155:
4554:
4348:
4261:
4024:
3936:
3696:
3635:
1945–1948: As in 1928–1938, except that Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union.
3322:
3289:
3043:
3003:
2890:
2805:
2776:
2772:
2591:
2565:
assigned a strip of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary. Poland
2479:
2173:
1976:
1937:
1466:
1422:
1412:
1294:
1254:
1171:
1151:
996:
916:
909:
276:
248:
177:
112:
100:
5328:
National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918–87
5016:(1800–1945), Walter Rüegg Cambridge University Press (28 October 2004), page 353
4234:
4185:
4171:
4081:
3428:
2924:
1949:
1353:
1939–1945: The remainder of the state was dismembered and became split into the
1215:
538:
454:
6798:
6623:
6555:
6311:
6284:
4833:
4635:"A Brief History of the Czech Republic – Live & Study – Czech Universities"
4545:
4357:
4257:
4226:
4058:
4016:
3956:
3906:
3716:
3700:
3462:
Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992):
3181:
2999:
2526:
2467:
2096:
2042:
1972:
1960:
1462:
1365:, while the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied and annexed by Hungary. A
1298:
1167:
1147:
988:
971:
929:
271:
240:
5265:
Czechoslovakia: Behind the Curtain Life, Work and Culture in the Communist Era
4089:
3735:
electronics, aircraft, airplane engines and arms to other socialist countries.
3708:
3340:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the
2987:
with a small force of 200 troops under the command of the U.S.-led coalition.
6890:
6839:
6688:
4803:
4179:
3785:
3351:
2879:
2848:
2797:
2739:
2634:, ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of
2611:
2597:
2588:
concentration camps and the 250,000 who died during German occupation. Under
2460:
2395:
2267:
2028:
was the main organization that advanced the claims for a Czechoslovak state.
1806:
1266:
372:
352:
343:
216:
203:
4163:
3692:
466:
5374:
Czechoslovakia: Profile of a Socialist Republic at the Crossroads of Europe
4436:
4159:
3978:
3870:
3758:
3748:
3731:
3723:
3535:
3316:
3124:
2719:
2631:
2573:
2555:
2539:
1964:
1925:
1543:
1516:
1494:
1490:
1378:
1335:
1250:
1238:
1211:
1195:
1183:
393:
378:
5503:
5454:
4214:
4117:
4101:
4061:
Finals, finishing in second place in 1934 and 1962. The team also won the
3425:. Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed.
2811:
1455:
1990–1992: Shortly after the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the
6783:
6723:
5795:
4875:
3993:
and other inpatient institutions. There was a substantial improvement in
3940:
3776:
After World War II, the country was short of energy, relying on imported
3704:
3543:
3136:
2991:
2934:
in resistance to the mitigation of controls notified by Soviet president
2931:
2832:
2764:
2735:
2639:
2547:
2543:
2158:
2076:
2008:
2001:
1956:
1941:
1331:
1285:, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the
1262:
1207:
1179:
4999:
Gorazd Mesko; Charles B. Fields; Branko Lobnikar; Andrej Sotlar (eds.).
3810:
2676:
from the south west. On 9 May 1945, Soviet Red Army troops entered
2642:. In 1943 the German war effort was accelerated. Under the authority of
2580:
was occupied and annexed by Hungary, while the following day the German
2569:
Zaolzie, an area whose population was majority Polish, in October 1938.
1269:, ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by other Warsaw Pact countries,
6753:
6718:
6698:
4811:
4779:
4210:
4077:
4028:
4020:
3842:
3712:
3658:
2358:
2243:
2150:
1563:
1343:
1191:
1006:
360:
5460:
2503:
1396:
ministers, including the prime minister and the minister of interior.
6693:
5461:
Orders and Medals of Czechoslovakia including Order of the White Lion
5356:
Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe 1914–1948
4592:
Rozdělení Československa, Vladimír Srb, Tomáš Veselý ISBN10809685335x
3898:
3777:
2546:. On 29 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the
2408:
2133:
The new country was a multi-ethnic state, with Czechs and Slovaks as
1278:
6465:
4795:
3858:
2904:
In the week after the invasion, there was a spontaneous campaign of
6819:
6768:
6763:
6743:
6608:
6377:
6136:
5476:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
5349:
The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949
3990:
3985:
was available to all citizens. National health planning emphasized
3960:
3902:
3866:
3846:
3578:
3538:, an active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (
3412:
3239:
2492:
2100:
2063:
1415:. In 1960, the country officially became a socialist republic, the
1302:
1198:
proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of
976:
943:
181:
5191:"N. Korea Seize U.S. Ship - 1968 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com"
2673:
6793:
6748:
6708:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6613:
6598:
6588:
6578:
6573:
4192:, is considered one of the top athletes in Czechoslovak history.
3944:
3781:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3539:
3374:
3118:
3114:
3110:
2866:
2768:
2662:
2658:
2607:
2606:
believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas, as even in
2345:
2332:
2217:
2204:
2181:
2146:
2142:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2084:
1522:
1483:
1258:
286:
4146:
won many medals from the world championships and Olympic Games.
6834:
6824:
6814:
6788:
6778:
6758:
6738:
6733:
6713:
6683:
6643:
6618:
4202:
3854:
3850:
3654:
3364:
2793:
2677:
2635:
2328:
2200:
2177:
2154:
2138:
1917:
195:
2767:, especially around Krnov and the surrounding villages of the
6829:
6773:
6703:
6678:
5142:
Mares, Vaclav (June 1954). "Czechoslovakia under Communism".
3595:
3466:
Temporary constitution of 14 November 1918 (democratic): see
2801:
2756:
1444:. In late 1989, the communist rule came to an end during the
1109:
1076:
1028:
1000:
992:
106:
5014:
Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
3546:, United Nations and its specialized agencies; signatory of
3416:
the most powerful person in the country during this period.
2596:, it was assumed that around 50% of Czechs would be fit for
4978:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–177.
3565:
1918–1923: Different systems in former Austrian territory (
2672:
On 6 May 1945, the third US Army of General Patton entered
1265:
of 1955. A period of political liberalization in 1968, the
1097:
1085:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1046:
1037:
1031:
868:
5455:
U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, "Czechoslovakia"
3525:
1170:, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from
4849:. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 30 June 2008
3406:
After World War II, a political monopoly was held by the
1055:
880:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4490:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3487:
1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2653:
For the Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia,
5251:
Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics
4755:, pp. 8 – 52, 57 – 120, 124 – 128, 140 – 148, 184 – 190
3792:. Energy constraints were a major factor in the 1980s.
3577:) compared to former Hungarian territory (Slovakia and
5422:
Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance
5238:
Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance
4928:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
4031:
by the government's Office for Press and Information.
3038:
2747:, over 2 million people. Those who remained were
1257:. Its economic status was formalized in membership of
4620:
3989:; factory and local health care centres supplemented
3973:
Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia
3966:
1127:
1091:
1082:
1058:
1040:
1034:
1025:
5106:
4974:
Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (2011).
4924:
Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (2011).
4717:
Czechs Celebrate Republic's Birth, 1933/11/06 (1933)
2161:, which initially had proclaimed itself part of the
1932:
rally in Prague on Wenceslas Square, 28 October 1918
1249:. From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the
1106:
1094:
1052:
1043:
5489:
Border changes after the creation of Czechoslovakia
4284:
Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia
2847:, except for a short period in the late 1960s (the
1103:
1073:
1049:
6045:
5001:Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe
2745:expelled about 90% of the ethnic German population
4569:"Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian"
3589:)): Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, plus 21 counties (
2755:, as 97.32% of Sudeten Germans had voted for the
2738:was abrogated for people of German and Hungarian
2083:. It consisted of the present day territories of
1988:(Austrian Parliament), from 1891 to 1893 for the
1448:followed by the re-establishment of a democratic
6888:
5429:Czechoslovakia: Politics, Society, and Economics
5240:(London: Chatto & Windus, 1969), pp. 97–143.
4867:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4329:In other recognized languages of Czechoslovakia:
3780:and natural gas from the Soviet Union, domestic
3548:conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
3504:Leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
3497:
2730:were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans (see
2493:Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation
2315:
2187:
1385:and was a founding member of the United Nations.
1186:, while the country lost further territories to
4973:
4923:
3795:
3669:
2994:tensions in the government, Czechoslovakia was
2775:who had left their homeland as a result of the
5395:Czechoslovakia: Crossroads and Crises, 1918–88
3309:ČSR; boundaries and government established by
2031:
6957:States and territories disestablished in 1992
6947:States and territories disestablished in 1939
6481:
6031:
5519:
5347:Naimark, Norman, and Leonid Gibianskii, eds.
4380:
3439:
3024:
2683:
1876:
4065:in 1976, came in third in 1980, and won the
2734:) and ethnic Hungarians. Under the decrees,
2601:
2589:
1428:1989–1990: Czechoslovakia formally became a
142:
19:"RČS" redirects here. For other topics, see
5533:
4503:
4365:
4049:Czechoslovak national football team in 1966
3553:
2985:Czechoslovakia participated in the Gulf War
1064:
672:Revolutionary National Assembly (1918–1920)
127:
6952:States and territories established in 1945
6942:States and territories established in 1918
6488:
6474:
6038:
6024:
5526:
5512:
5287:The official website of the Czech Republic
4766:The Masaryks: The Making of Czechoslovakia
4692:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
3560:Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia
3391:
3272:1944 / 1946 – 1991
3031:
3017:
2474:Slovakia had become independent, with the
1883:
1869:
1283:ending all over Central and Eastern Europe
170:
6546:Commission against Racism and Intolerance
5466:Czechoslovakia by Encyclopædia Britannica
5367:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367812.001.0001
4023:in Czechoslovakia were controlled by the
3905:. There was a highly developed system of
3772:Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia
3515:List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia
2841:February 1948 the Communists seized power
2054:—both key figures in early Czechoslovakia
1921:Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918)
1388:1946–1948: The country was governed by a
6937:1992 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
6927:1939 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
6541:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
5592:Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)
4780:"Recognition of the Czechoslovak Nation"
4488:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
4188:, winner of four Olympic gold medals in
4044:
3449:
3427:
2951:
2888:Soviet Communist Party General Secretary
2865:
2810:
2701:
2630:. Heydrich's successor, Colonel General
2525:
2513:
2502:
2129:Linguistic map of Czechoslovakia in 1930
2124:
2062:
2041:
1930:Czechoslovak declaration of independence
1924:
1916:
1905:
1261:from 1949 and its defense status in the
6290:Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic
4777:
4437:"THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS"
4429:
3632:, with its own currency and government.
3526:International agreements and membership
3325:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.
1497:, were neighbors between 1949 and 1990)
1206:was proclaimed in the remainder of the
550:KSČ General Secretary / First Secretary
16:Country in Europe; 1918-1939, 1945-1992
6889:
6391:Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin
5607:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5381:A History of Czechoslovakia since 1945
5335:A History of the Czechoslovak Republic
5262:
4007:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
3610:were changed in those two territories.
3446:Constitutional Court of Czechoslovakia
2507:The partition of Czechoslovakia after
2321:Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1930
2193:Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1921
6932:1945 establishments in Czechoslovakia
6922:1918 establishments in Czechoslovakia
6495:
6469:
6019:
5903:Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
5507:
5499:Czechoslovakia after Munich Agreement
5307:Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed
5141:
5137:
5135:
5088:"East European Constitutional Review"
4784:The American Political Science Review
4553:
4544:
4485:
4461:
4306:Former countries in Europe after 1815
4144:Czechoslovak national ice hockey team
4055:Czechoslovakia national football team
3468:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
3398:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
3012:
2948:History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)
2694:History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)
1975:and worked for a reorganized federal
6420:Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
5612:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
5483:Maps with Hungarian-language rubrics
5393:Stone, Norman, and E. Strouhal, eds.
4425:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4076:Well-known football players such as
3935:In 1991, 46% of the population were
3805:
3510:List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
3402:Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia
3172:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
2011:a number of Czechs and Slovaks, the
1996:, which he had founded in 1889 with
1619:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
1458:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
6173:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
5420:Windsor, Philip, and Adam Roberts,
5388:A History of the Czechs and Slovaks
5249:Ladislav Cabada and Sarka Waisova,
5223:(New York: The Penguin Press), 150.
4686:"Czecho-Slovakia or Czechoslovakia"
4683:
4523:from the original on 19 August 2011
4376:
3883:Society of Communist Czechoslovakia
3205:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2724:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2582:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2499:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
2116:Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia
1356:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1330:1938–1939: After the annexation of
1204:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
13:
6342:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
5298:
5132:
4899:"Československo 1930 (Sčítání)(2)"
4839:
4254:Czech Republic / Slovakia
4201:Several accomplished professional
3967:Health, social welfare and housing
2884:members of the Warsaw Pact invaded
2751:of supporting the Nazis after the
2482:of Nazi Germany and the far-right
2453:
1308:
14:
6973:
6876:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
5436:
5358:(Oxford University Press, 2009);
5342:The Czechoslovak Economy, 1948–88
5283:"The First Czechoslovak Republic"
4905:from the original on 4 March 2016
4277:
4132:were all born in Czechoslovakia.
3520:
3410:(KSČ). The leader of the KSČ was
3408:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
2960:signing ceremony in February 1991
2829:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
1940:until it collapsed at the end of
1342:was redeemed by Hungary, and the
1210:. In 1939, after the outbreak of
6297:West Ukrainian People's Republic
5620:
5417:(Oxford University Press, 2009).
5114:"The Story of Greeks in Czechia"
4603:"16. Czechoslovakia (1918–1992)"
4464:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
4443:from the original on 20 May 2011
4272:Jazz in dissident Czechoslovakia
3809:
3765:
3491:Constitutional Law of Federation
1992:, and from 1907 to 1914 for the
1765:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
1669:
1611:Czechoslovak Federative Republic
1403:1948–1989: The country became a
1381:. Czechoslovakia adhered to the
1377:, it was also recognized by the
1222:and sought recognition from the
1214:, former Czechoslovak President
1021:
948:
934:
908:
157:
72:
58:
6440:Romanian occupation of Pokuttia
6066:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
5602:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
5256:
5243:
5226:
5213:
5183:
5178:A People's History of the World
5170:
5080:
5071:
5045:
5019:
5007:
4992:
4967:
4942:
4917:
4891:
4882:
4826:
4771:
4758:
4740:
4708:
4677:
4652:
4595:
4409:"Human Development Report 1992"
4311:List of former sovereign states
4267:MDŽ (International Women's Day)
4137:International Olympic Committee
3585:) (also called district units (
3489:with major amendments in 1968 (
3161:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2698:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2081:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1944:. The new state was founded by
1796:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1603:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1418:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1375:German invasion of Soviet Union
6346:(Russian Civil War spill over)
6047:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
5769:Cold War border fortifications
4586:
4561:
4535:
4479:
4455:
4401:
4323:
4182:all come from Czechoslovakia.
4063:European Football Championship
4041:Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
3676:Demographics of Czechoslovakia
3613:1928–1938: Four lands (Czech:
2137:. The population consisted of
2103:, and a region of present-day
1400:was ceded to the Soviet Union.
1:
6962:1918 establishments in Europe
6536:Commissioner for Human Rights
5321:The Genesis of Czechoslovakia
4394:
4245:were born in Czechoslovakia.
4000:
3498:Heads of state and government
2941:
2026:Czechoslovak National Council
1913:, founder and first president
1852:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1383:Declaration by United Nations
685:Constituent National Assembly
5587:Second Czechoslovak Republic
5156:10.1525/curh.1954.26.154.347
4778:Fenwick, Charles G. (1918).
4664:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4366:
3997:during the 1960s and 1970s.
3887:
3796:Transport and communications
3670:Population and ethnic groups
2990:In 1992, because of growing
2532:Second Czechoslovak Republic
2120:
2058:
1723:Second Czechoslovak Republic
1489:Germany (both predecessors,
7:
6380:and Transylvania to Romania
5597:Third Czechoslovak Republic
5582:First Czechoslovak Republic
5221:The Cold War: A New History
4950:"Nazis take Czechoslovakia"
4381:
4294:
3924:
3894:Education in Czechoslovakia
3802:Transport in Czechoslovakia
3754:Fiscal year: Calendar year.
3350:ČSSR; from 1969, after the
2874:In 1968, when the reformer
2718:, which was annexed by the
2690:Third Czechoslovak Republic
2622:, and the fortress town of
2576:, the next day the rest of
2522:was fatally injured in 1942
2434:
2304:
2038:First Czechoslovak Republic
2032:First Czechoslovak Republic
1775:Third Czechoslovak Republic
1703:First Czechoslovak Republic
1233:, which became part of the
1139:-ə-, -slə-, -
97: / Pravda víťazí'
10:
6978:
6861:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)
6435:Hungarian–Czechoslovak War
6201:Republic of German-Austria
6183:Italian Regency of Carnaro
6132:Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement
6091:1920 Carinthian plebiscite
5275:
5263:Murphy, Thomas K. (2018).
5118:Radio Prague International
4555:[ˈtʂeskɔslɔʋenskɔ]
4546:[ˈtʃɛskoslovɛnsko]
4361:
4248:
4038:
4004:
3970:
3931:Religion in Czechoslovakia
3928:
3891:
3880:
3876:
3799:
3769:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3557:
3501:
3443:
3440:Constitutional development
3395:
2945:
2722:and incorporated into the
2687:
2684:Third and Fourth Republics
2496:
2431:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2301:
2290:
2279:
2266:
2255:
2242:
2229:
2216:
2163:Republic of German-Austria
2113:
2035:
1899:
1895:
1637:History of the Czech lands
1630:
1626:
1568:Name of the Czech Republic
1561:
176:Czechoslovakia during the
18:
6917:History of Central Europe
6853:
6807:
6564:
6503:
6400:
6364:
6267:
6249:Hungarian Soviet Republic
6236:
6193:
6160:
6112:Armistice of Villa Giusti
6104:
6053:
6000:
5933:
5883:
5874:
5817:
5808:
5692:
5683:
5636:
5629:
5618:
5542:
5443:Online books and articles
4466:(3rd ed.), Longman,
4034:
3687:Economy of Czechoslovakia
3481:Ninth-of-May Constitution
3360:Slovak Socialist Republic
3342:Ninth-of-May Constitution
3338:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3275:
3266:
3245:
3238:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3187:
3180:
3169:
3158:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
2918:Slovak Socialist Republic
2870:Czechoslovakia after 1969
2602:
2439:
2318:
2309:
2190:
1936:The area was part of the
1902:Origins of Czechoslovakia
1683:Origins of Czechoslovakia
1633:History of Czechoslovakia
1622:(ČSFR), or Czechoslovakia
1606:(ČSSR), or Czechoslovakia
1473:on 31 December 1992.
1441:Slovak Socialist Republic
985:
964:
886:
874:
864:
851:
841:
821:
817:
804:
791:
778:
765:
752:
739:
726:
713:
709:
701:
680:Interim National Assembly
668:
664:
652:
642:• 1918–1919 (first)
640:
636:
626:
622:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
558:
548:
544:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
441:
429:
425:
415:
297:
285:
256:Recognised languages
254:
232:
188:
169:
143:
128:
122:
88:
54:
42:
30:
6450:Uprising in West Hungary
6322:Slovak People's Republic
6280:Banat, Bačka and Baranja
6244:First Hungarian Republic
5267:. McFarland. p. 27.
4847:"Playing the blame game"
4832:"The War of the World",
4316:
3707:), ships, ship engines (
3554:Administrative divisions
3356:Czech Socialist Republic
2914:Czech Socialist Republic
2542:demanded control of the
2022:Milan Rastislav Štefánik
1597:(ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
1557:
1435:Czech Socialist Republic
36:Československá republika
6871:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)
6521:Parliamentary Assembly
6516:Committee of Ministers
6425:Polish–Czechoslovak War
6317:Republic of Heinzenland
6228:First Austrian Republic
5494:Interwar Czechoslovakia
5314:A History of the Czechs
5253:(Lexington Books; 2012)
4462:Wells, John C. (2008),
3638:1949–1960: 19 regions (
3392:Government and politics
2165:in accordance with the
1938:Austro-Hungarian Empire
349:(1918–1938, 1945–1948)
233:Official languages
6604:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6430:Hungarian–Romanian War
6337:Slovak Soviet Republic
6307:Republic of Tarnobrzeg
6216:Bohemian Forest Region
6122:Hodža-Bartha Agreement
6096:1921 Sopron plebiscite
6086:Paris Peace Conference
5326:Leff, Carol Skalnick.
4724:. 1933. Archived from
4690:Slovak Studies Program
4352:
4343:
4334:
4050:
3459:
3436:
3262:Subcarpathian Ruthenia
3247:Southern Slovakia and
2961:
2871:
2831:was the winner in the
2821:
2711:
2590:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2130:
2095:making up present day
2068:
2067:Czechoslovakia in 1928
2055:
2048:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1946:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1933:
1922:
1914:
1911:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1693:Washington Declaration
1585:Czecho-Slovak Republic
1450:parliamentary republic
1405:Marxist-Leninist state
1271:invaded Czechoslovakia
1155:
857:left (Pre 1939) right
406:parliamentary republic
357:parliamentary republic
347:parliamentary republic
6531:Court of Human Rights
6332:Republic of Prekmurje
6117:Armistice of Belgrade
4639:czechuniversities.com
4551:Slovak pronunciation:
4486:Roach, Peter (2011),
4048:
3953:constituent republics
3913:supplemented general
3453:
3431:
3311:the 1920 constitution
2955:
2869:
2851:) the country had no
2814:
2800:and Turkish speaking
2705:
2529:
2517:
2506:
2484:Slovak People's Party
2476:First Slovak Republic
2128:
2066:
2045:
1928:
1920:
1909:
1594:Czechoslovak Republic
1576:Czechoslovak Republic
1469:(Slovakia) until the
1220:a government-in-exile
1174:. In 1938, after the
800:17 – 28 November 1989
111:'La vérité vaincra' (
32:Czechoslovak Republic
6415:Polish–Ukrainian War
6275:Republic of Zakopane
6221:German South Moravia
6061:Treaty of Versailles
5671:World Heritage Sites
5448:1 April 2011 at the
5386:Seton-Watson, R. W.
5059:on 28 September 2015
4542:Czech pronunciation:
3941:Evangelical Lutheran
3917:and institutions of
3857:'s civil airport in
3790:hydroelectric energy
3699:), trams, aircraft (
2996:peacefully dissolved
2839:won in Slovakia. In
2749:collectively accused
2628:Operation Anthropoid
2013:Czechoslovak Legions
1830:
1805:
1784:
1753:
1742:
1588:, or Czecho-Slovakia
1540:Carpathian Mountains
1486:1918–1938, 1945–1992
1471:peaceful dissolution
1461:, consisting of the
1425:of the Soviet Union.
1390:coalition government
146:Nad Tatrou sa blýska
21:RCS (disambiguation)
6912:Geography of Europe
6178:Free State of Fiume
5427:Wolchik, Sharon L.
5232:Philip Windsor and
5219:John Lewis Gaddis,
4976:Slovakia in History
4926:Slovakia in History
4231:Martina Navratilova
3987:preventive medicine
3949:religious practices
3732:Extractive industry
3715:), turbines, guns (
3711:), cannons, shoes (
3642:) divided into 270
3479:The Communist 1948
3354:, consisted of the
3299:government-in-exile
2825:Carpathian Ruthenia
2716:carpathian Ruthenia
2648:resistance movement
2578:Carpathian Ruthenia
2538:In September 1938,
2135:constituent peoples
2109:Carpathian Ruthenia
2079:and as part of the
1994:Czech Realist Party
1842:Federative Republic
1744:Bohemia and Moravia
1641:History of Slovakia
1527:Soviet Union member
1398:Carpathian Ruthenia
1367:government-in-exile
1340:Carpathian Ruthenia
1321:democratic republic
1237:(a republic of the
1231:Carpathian Ruthenia
1202:, while the German
846:Czechoslovak koruna
654:• 1992 (last)
367:Government-in-exile
329:Federative Republic
213: /
47:Government-in-exile
6866:Russia (1996–2022)
6445:Silesian Uprisings
6259:Kingdom of Hungary
6254:Hungarian Republic
5852:Telecommunications
5567:Congress of Vienna
5557:Kingdom of Bohemia
5411:Timothy Garton Ash
5120:. 17 December 2020
4722:Universal Newsreel
4696:on 15 October 2013
4243:Daniela Hantuchová
4205:players including
4051:
3911:vocational schools
3821:. You can help by
3657:, and (from 1970)
3573:, a small part of
3460:
3437:
3334:(1939–1945).
3323:autonomous regions
3321:ČSR; included the
3281:1991–present
3277:Zakarpattia Oblast
3268:Zakarpattia Oblast
3251:Carpathian Ukraine
3224:Kingdom of Hungary
2962:
2909:liberal policies.
2872:
2822:
2712:
2644:Karl Hermann Frank
2563:First Vienna Award
2536:
2524:
2512:
2167:self-determination
2131:
2069:
2056:
2015:, fought with the
1934:
1923:
1915:
1245:seized power in a
397:socialist republic
382:socialist republic
323:Socialist Republic
105:'Veritas vincit' (
99:(Czech /
6884:
6883:
6551:Venice Commission
6511:Secretary General
6497:Council of Europe
6463:
6462:
6455:Battle of Budaörs
6385:Austrian Littoral
6360:
6359:
6302:Komancza Republic
6076:Treaty of Trianon
6013:
6012:
5996:
5995:
5870:
5869:
5804:
5803:
5791:Political parties
5707:Foreign relations
5679:
5678:
5562:Habsburg monarchy
5201:on 31 August 2011
4985:978-0-521-80253-6
4935:978-0-521-80253-6
4753:978-80-87173-47-3
4684:Votruba, Martin.
4573:history.state.gov
4497:978-0-521-15253-2
4473:978-1-4058-8118-0
3995:rural health care
3915:secondary schools
3839:
3838:
3474:1920 constitution
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3282:
3273:
3236:
3211:
3200:
3178:
3167:
3156:
2975:Pope John Paul II
2966:Velvet Revolution
2936:Mikhail Gorbachev
2853:liberal democracy
2786:Greek Macedonians
2732:Potsdam Agreement
2655:German occupation
2620:Reinhard Heydrich
2552:Munich Conference
2530:Territory of the
2520:Reinhard Heydrich
2518:The car in which
2449:
2444:
2443:
2314:
2313:
1990:Young Czech Party
1969:František Palacký
1963:and pride in the
1893:
1892:
1860:
1859:
1821:Velvet Revolution
1733:German occupation
1542:and lands of the
1446:Velvet Revolution
1409:Soviet domination
1348:annexed by Poland
1287:Velvet Revolution
1014:
1013:
960:
959:
956:
955:
922:
921:
795:Velvet Revolution
782:Soviet occupation
735:30 September 1938
690:National Assembly
675:National Assembly
612:• 1987–1989
600:• 1969–1987
588:• 1968–1969
576:• 1953–1968
564:• 1948–1953
534:• 1989–1992
522:• 1976–1989
510:• 1968–1975
498:• 1957–1968
491:Antonín Zápotocký
486:• 1953–1957
474:• 1948–1953
462:• 1938–1939
431:• 1918–1935
217:50.083°N 14.417°E
162:
6969:
6907:Former republics
6490:
6483:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6410:Aster Revolution
6401:Post World War I
6383:South Tyrol and
6348:
6347:
6191:
6190:
6161:Successor states
6082:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6017:
6016:
5881:
5880:
5815:
5814:
5690:
5689:
5634:
5633:
5624:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5354:Orzoff, Andrea.
5333:Mantey, Victor.
5319:Kalvoda, Josef.
5294:
5293:on 4 March 2007.
5289:. Archived from
5269:
5268:
5260:
5254:
5247:
5241:
5230:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5197:. Archived from
5187:
5181:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5150:(154): 347–354.
5139:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5090:. Archived from
5084:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5055:. Archived from
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5029:. Archived from
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4872:
4866:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4843:
4837:
4836:Allen Lane 2006.
4830:
4824:
4823:
4775:
4769:
4764:Z. A. B. Zeman,
4762:
4756:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4660:"Czechoslovakia"
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4631:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4413:
4405:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4369:
4363:
4362:Чеськословеньско
4335:Tschechoslowakei
4327:
3983:free health care
3951:between the two
3919:higher education
3834:
3831:
3813:
3806:
3581:): three lands (
3532:Munich Agreement
3433:Federal Assembly
3421:umbrella of the
3300:
3280:
3271:
3254:
3253:
3234:
3209:
3198:
3194:
3176:
3165:
3154:
3053:
3052:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2906:civil resistance
2895:Marxism-Leninism
2876:Alexander Dubček
2837:Democratic Party
2753:Munich Agreement
2605:
2604:
2595:
2584:was proclaimed.
2509:Munich Agreement
2447:
2432:Total population
2316:
2302:Total population
2188:
2073:Bohemian Kingdom
1885:
1878:
1871:
1713:Munich Agreement
1679:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1645:
1644:
1430:federal republic
1295:sovereign states
1291:peacefully split
1277:governments and
1275:Marxist–Leninist
1176:Munich Agreement
1164:landlocked state
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
952:
951:
938:
937:
926:
925:
913:
912:
904:
903:
888:
887:
837:
836:
828:
774:25 February 1948
756:Re-establishment
730:Munich Agreement
695:Federal Assembly
593:Alexander Dubček
569:Klement Gottwald
479:Klement Gottwald
450:
436:Tomáš G. Masaryk
391:Marxist-Leninist
376:Marxist-Leninist
333:
257:
228:
227:
225:
224:
223:
218:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
191:and largest city
174:
164:
163:
154:
150:
149:
139:
135:
134:
118:
117:'Truth prevails'
76:
62:
28:
27:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6849:
6803:
6729:North Macedonia
6560:
6499:
6494:
6464:
6459:
6403:armed conflicts
6402:
6396:
6356:
6345:
6344:
6327:Hutsul Republic
6263:
6232:
6189:
6156:
6147:Clemenceau Note
6100:
6079:
6078:
6069:
6068:
6049:
6044:
6014:
6009:
5992:
5983:Public holidays
5978:National anthem
5929:
5898:Sudeten Germans
5866:
5800:
5675:
5625:
5616:
5577:Austria-Hungary
5572:Austrian Empire
5538:
5532:
5470:Katrin Boeckh:
5459:English/Czech:
5450:Wayback Machine
5439:
5434:
5404:
5340:Myant, Martin.
5312:Hermann, A. H.
5305:Heimann, Mary.
5301:
5299:Further reading
5281:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5261:
5257:
5248:
5244:
5231:
5227:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5175:
5171:
5144:Current History
5140:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5033:on 17 July 2012
5025:
5024:
5020:
5012:
5008:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4831:
4827:
4796:10.2307/1945847
4776:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4728:on 7 April 2014
4714:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4382:Tshekhaslavakey
4367:Cheskoslovensko
4328:
4324:
4319:
4297:
4280:
4262:List of Slovaks
4251:
4223:Hana Mandlíková
4207:Jaroslav Drobný
4106:Ladislav Petráš
4098:Vladimír Šmicer
4086:Antonín Panenka
4043:
4037:
4025:Communist Party
4009:
4003:
3975:
3969:
3937:Roman Catholics
3933:
3927:
3896:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3819:needs expansion
3804:
3798:
3774:
3768:
3689:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3562:
3556:
3534:of 1938. After
3528:
3523:
3506:
3500:
3448:
3442:
3404:
3396:Main articles:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3363:
3349:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3298:
3290:Austria-Hungary
3279:
3270:
3249:
3248:
3235:1939–1945
3233:
3230:Slovak Republic
3210:1939–1945
3208:
3199:1938–1939
3197:
3192:
3191:
3177:1990–1992
3175:
3166:1960–1990
3164:
3155:1948–1960
3153:
3150:Fourth Republic
3125:Austrian Empire
3117:
3113:
3095:1989–1992
3088:1948–1989
3081:1945–1948
3074:1938–1945
3067:1918–1938
3046:
3037:
3004:Slovak Republic
2950:
2944:
2891:Leonid Brezhnev
2806:Caucasus Greeks
2777:Greek Civil War
2773:Northern Greece
2700:
2688:Main articles:
2686:
2603:Generalplan Ost
2592:Generalplan Ost
2501:
2495:
2480:satellite state
2456:
2454:Interwar period
2440:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2195:
2191:
2174:Czechoslovakism
2123:
2118:
2061:
2040:
2034:
1977:Austrian Empire
1959:, promoted the
1904:
1898:
1889:
1832:Post-revolution
1755:Slovak Republic
1661:
1654:
1643:
1631:Main articles:
1629:
1570:
1560:
1467:Slovak Republic
1432:comprising the
1423:satellite state
1413:command economy
1362:Slovak Republic
1311:
1309:Characteristics
1255:planned economy
1243:Communist Party
1182:became part of
1172:Austria-Hungary
1160:Česko-Slovensko
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1090:
1072:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1009:code is "CSHH".
1004:
997:Slovak Republic
981:
949:
935:
917:Austria-Hungary
907:
834:
833:
832:
826:
810:
797:
784:
771:
758:
745:
732:
722:28 October 1918
719:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
655:
643:
613:
601:
589:
581:Antonín Novotný
577:
565:
535:
523:
511:
503:Antonín Novotný
499:
487:
475:
463:
451:
445:1935–1938
444:
432:
411:
340:
339:
334:
331:
327:
325:
321:
319:
315:
313:
311:Second Republic
309:
307:
303:
281:
255:
221:
219:
215:
212:
207:
204:
202:
200:
199:
198:
192:
184:
178:interwar period
165:
158:
155:
152:
140:
137:
116:
110:
104:
98:
92:
84:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
63:
49:
44:
38:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6975:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:Czechoslovakia
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6854:Former members
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6799:United Kingdom
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6624:Czech Republic
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6556:Pompidou Group
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6493:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6388:
6381:
6375:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6312:Lemko Republic
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6285:Banat Republic
6277:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6206:German Bohemia
6197:
6195:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6175:
6170:
6168:Czechoslovakia
6164:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6073:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6020:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5781:Prime Minister
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537: articles
5535:Czechoslovakia
5531:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5480:
5479:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5452:
5438:
5437:External links
5435:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5401:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5379:Renner, Hans.
5377:
5370:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5255:
5242:
5225:
5212:
5182:
5176:Chris Harman,
5169:
5131:
5105:
5094:on 15 May 2013
5079:
5070:
5044:
5018:
5006:
4991:
4984:
4966:
4941:
4934:
4916:
4890:
4881:
4838:
4834:Niall Ferguson
4825:
4790:(4): 715–718.
4770:
4757:
4739:
4707:
4676:
4651:
4619:
4594:
4585:
4560:
4534:
4502:
4496:
4478:
4472:
4454:
4428:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4377:טשעכאסלאוואקיי
4370:
4355:
4353:Czechosłowacja
4346:
4337:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4278:Postage stamps
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:List of Czechs
4255:
4250:
4247:
4227:Martina Hingis
4219:Miloslav Mečíř
4196:Věra Čáslavská
4176:Miroslav Šatan
4168:Marián Gáborík
4059:FIFA World Cup
4036:
4033:
4017:Communist rule
4005:Main article:
4002:
3999:
3971:Main article:
3968:
3965:
3957:Czech Republic
3929:Main article:
3926:
3923:
3907:apprenticeship
3892:Main article:
3889:
3886:
3881:Main article:
3878:
3875:
3837:
3836:
3830:September 2016
3816:
3814:
3800:Main article:
3797:
3794:
3770:Main article:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3717:Zbrojovka Brno
3685:Main article:
3682:
3679:
3674:Main article:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3649:1960–1992: 10
3647:
3636:
3633:
3630:Slovenský štát
3626:
3611:
3600:
3558:Main article:
3555:
3552:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Foreign policy
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3485:The Communist
3483:
3477:
3470:
3444:Main article:
3441:
3438:
3423:National Front
3393:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3344:following the
3337:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3193: Republic
3185:
3184:
3182:Czech Republic
3179:
3168:
3157:
3146:
3143:Third Republic
3139:
3134:
3131:First Republic
3127:
3122:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3000:Czech Republic
2958:Visegrád Group
2946:Main article:
2943:
2940:
2845:National Front
2685:
2682:
2497:Main article:
2494:
2491:
2468:Little Entente
2455:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2122:
2119:
2097:Czech Republic
2060:
2057:
2052:Milan Štefánik
2046:A monument to
2036:Main article:
2033:
2030:
1973:Austro-Slavism
1961:Czech language
1900:Main article:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1662:Czechoslovakia
1656:
1655:
1648:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1463:Czech Republic
1453:
1426:
1401:
1386:
1351:
1328:
1323:championed by
1316:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1299:Czech Republic
1273:. In 1989, as
1168:Central Europe
1156:Československo
1017:Czechoslovakia
1012:
1011:
989:Czech Republic
986:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
972:Czech Republic
968:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
946:
940:
939:
932:
930:Czech Republic
923:
920:
919:
914:
900:
899:
894:
884:
883:
878:
872:
871:
866:
862:
861:
855:
849:
848:
843:
839:
838:
829:
827:(1990 formula)
819:
818:
815:
814:
813:1 January 1993
811:
805:
802:
801:
798:
792:
789:
788:
787:21 August 1968
785:
779:
776:
775:
772:
766:
763:
762:
759:
753:
750:
749:
746:
740:
737:
736:
733:
727:
724:
723:
720:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
699:
698:
670:
666:
665:
662:
661:
656:
653:
650:
649:
644:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
630:
628:Prime Minister
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
611:
608:
607:
602:
599:
596:
595:
590:
587:
584:
583:
578:
575:
572:
571:
566:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
533:
530:
529:
524:
521:
518:
517:
515:Ludvík Svoboda
512:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
494:
493:
488:
485:
482:
481:
476:
473:
470:
469:
464:
461:
458:
457:
452:
449: 1945–1948
442:
439:
438:
433:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
410:
409:
400:
385:
370:
364:
355:authoritarian
350:
337:
336:
335:
317:Third Republic
305:First Republic
301:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
260:
258:
252:
251:
234:
230:
229:
222:50.083; 14.417
193:
190:
186:
185:
175:
167:
166:
156:
120:
119:
86:
85:
78:
71:
70:
64:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
40:
39:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6974:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6840:United States
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:Liechtenstein
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6350:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6152:Clerk Mission
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6142:Smuts Mission
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6080:(for Hungary)
6077:
6074:
6070:(for Austria)
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:People's Army
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5517:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5372:Paul, David.
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5360:online review
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5246:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5180:, 1999, p 625
5179:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5136:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5074:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4885:
4879:, 6 July 2005
4878:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4848:
4842:
4835:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4589:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4383:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Csehszlovákia
4341:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:Petra Kvitová
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:Pavol Demitra
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4156:Dominik Hašek
4153:
4149:
4148:Peter Šťastný
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:Peter Pekarík
4123:
4122:Róbert Vittek
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:Tomáš Rosický
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3909:training and
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3833:
3824:
3820:
3817:This section
3815:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3766:Resource base
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3677:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3369:Ukrainian SSR
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3352:Prague Spring
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3301:
3297:Czechoslovak
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3244:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:In 1989, the
2959:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:Prague Spring
2877:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:Plzeň in 1953
2854:
2850:
2849:Prague Spring
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:Pontic Greeks
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2740:ethnic origin
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:Beneš decrees
2725:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2612:untermenschen
2609:
2599:
2598:Germanization
2594:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2461:Tomas Masaryk
2451:
2450:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1952:(1884–1948).
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:Prague Spring
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:Tomáš Masaryk
1322:
1319:1918–1937: A
1318:
1317:
1314:Form of state
1313:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:into the two
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:Prague Spring
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:Ukrainian SSR
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1121:
1114:
1018:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:Today part of
963:
947:
945:
942:
941:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
918:
915:
911:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
879:
877:
873:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
854:
850:
847:
844:
840:
830:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:
803:
799:
796:
790:
786:
783:
777:
773:
770:
764:
760:
757:
751:
748:14 March 1939
747:
744:
738:
734:
731:
725:
721:
718:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
660:
657:
651:
648:
645:
639:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
609:
606:
603:
597:
594:
591:
585:
582:
579:
573:
570:
567:
561:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
540:
537:
531:
528:
525:
519:
516:
513:
507:
504:
501:
495:
492:
489:
483:
480:
477:
471:
468:
465:
459:
456:
453:
448:
440:
437:
434:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
363:)(1938–1939)
362:
358:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
302:
300:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
262:
261:
259:
253:
250:
246:
242:
239:, after 1948
238:
235:
231:
226:
197:
194:
187:
183:
179:
173:
168:
147:
132:
131:Kde domov můj
125:
121:
115:, unofficial)
114:
108:
102:
96:
95:Pravda vítězí
91:
87:
81:
75:
67:
61:
53:
48:
41:
37:
29:
26:
22:
6902:Eastern Bloc
6860:
6845:EU relations
6504:Institutions
6167:
5953:Coat of arms
5943:Architecture
5893:Demographics
5764:Naval Forces
5739:Legal system
5717:Human rights
5697:Constitution
5684:
5534:
5482:
5481:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:Adam Roberts
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5291:the original
5286:
5264:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5234:Adam Roberts
5228:
5220:
5215:
5203:. Retrieved
5199:the original
5194:
5185:
5177:
5172:
5147:
5143:
5122:. Retrieved
5117:
5108:
5096:. Retrieved
5092:the original
5082:
5073:
5063:27 September
5061:. Retrieved
5057:the original
5047:
5035:. Retrieved
5031:the original
5021:
5013:
5009:
5000:
4994:
4975:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4953:
4944:
4925:
4919:
4907:. Retrieved
4893:
4884:
4874:
4851:. Retrieved
4841:
4828:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4726:the original
4716:
4710:
4698:. Retrieved
4694:the original
4689:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:
4654:
4642:. Retrieved
4638:
4610:. Retrieved
4606:
4597:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4505:
4487:
4481:
4463:
4457:
4445:. Retrieved
4431:
4416:hdr.undp.org
4415:
4403:
4325:
4260: /
4235:Jana Novotná
4200:
4194:
4186:Emil Zátopek
4184:
4172:Marián Hossa
4160:Peter Bondra
4152:Jaromír Jágr
4141:
4134:
4130:Marek Hamšík
4114:Ján Pivarník
4110:Marián Masný
4082:Pavel Nedvěd
4075:
4067:Olympic gold
4052:
4014:
4010:
3979:World War II
3976:
3939:, 5.3% were
3934:
3897:
3871:World War II
3840:
3827:
3823:adding to it
3818:
3775:
3759:turnover tax
3749:black market
3724:Soviet Union
3721:
3690:
3662:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3603:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3536:World War II
3529:
3461:
3458:in 1990–1992
3456:coat of arms
3418:Gustáv Husák
3411:
3405:
3339:
3317:Nazi Germany
3308:
3260:
3246:
3228:
3216:
3203:
3188:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3141:
3129:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3041:Czechoslovak
3040:
3039:Timeline of
2989:
2983:
2973:
2970:
2963:
2929:
2925:Václav Havel
2922:
2911:
2903:
2873:
2861:
2823:
2815:
2762:
2720:Soviet Union
2713:
2710:in 1960–1989
2708:coat of arms
2671:
2667:
2652:
2632:Kurt Daluege
2617:
2586:
2574:Slovak State
2571:
2560:
2556:Nazi Germany
2540:Adolf Hitler
2537:
2488:
2478:set up as a
2472:
2465:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2320:
2192:
2171:
2134:
2132:
2070:
2006:
1998:Karel Kramář
1983:
1981:
1965:Czech people
1954:
1950:Edvard Beneš
1935:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1553:
1544:Danube River
1537:
1517:Soviet Union
1495:East Germany
1491:West Germany
1456:
1439:
1433:
1416:
1379:Soviet Union
1373:; after the
1360:
1354:
1336:Nazi Germany
1251:Eastern Bloc
1247:coup in 1948
1239:Soviet Union
1228:
1216:Edvard Beneš
1212:World War II
1184:Nazi Germany
1159:
1016:
1015:
897:Succeeded by
896:
891:
876:Internet TLD
865:Calling code
717:Proclamation
647:Karel Kramář
605:Gustáv Husák
539:Václav Havel
527:Gustáv Husák
455:Edvard Beneš
446:
408:(1989–1992)
399:(1969–1989)
394:single-party
384:(1948–1969)
379:single-party
369:(1939–1945)
292:Czechoslovak
244:
237:Czechoslovak
123:
109:, 1990–1992)
103:, 1918–1990)
90:Motto:
89:
80:Coat of arms
35:
25:
6784:Switzerland
6724:Netherlands
6352:Lajtabánság
6268:Short-lived
6211:Sudetenland
6127:Pichon Line
5915:Health care
5822:Agriculture
5796:Sudetenland
5734:LGBT rights
5727:enforcement
5037:13 February
4959:12 February
4876:Prague Post
4732:22 February
4090:Milan Baroš
3943:, 30% were
3843:paved roads
3665:from 1990).
3544:Warsaw Pact
3454:Federative
3315:Annexed by
3137:Sudetenland
3102:1993–
2992:nationalist
2979:papal visit
2932:Warsaw Pact
2833:Czech lands
2790:Macedonians
2765:Sudetenland
2736:citizenship
2548:Appeasement
2544:Sudetenland
2534:(1938–1939)
2486:in power .
2435:14,726,158
2337:10,066,000
2305:13,607,385
2169:principle.
2159:Sudetenland
2091:, parts of
2077:World War I
2009:World War I
2002:Josef Kaizl
1957:Romanticism
1942:World War I
1786:Coup d'état
1660:History of
1616:1990–1992:
1600:1960–1990:
1591:1945–1960:
1582:1938–1939:
1573:1918–1938:
1529:until 1991)
1525:1991–1992 (
1421:. It was a
1346:region was
1332:Sudetenland
1263:Warsaw Pact
1208:Czech Lands
1180:Sudetenland
892:Preceded by
859:(Post 1939)
808:Dissolution
769:Coup d'état
761:10 May 1945
697:(1969–1992)
692:(1948–1969)
687:(1946–1948)
682:(1945–1946)
677:(1920–1939)
669:Legislature
659:Jan Stráský
617:Miloš Jakeš
220: /
6891:Categories
6754:San Marino
6719:Montenegro
6699:Luxembourg
6594:Azerbaijan
5786:Parliament
5712:Government
5124:24 October
4909:2 December
4669:27 January
4644:27 January
4612:27 January
4578:27 January
4395:References
4211:Ivan Lendl
4164:Petr Klíma
4078:Jan Koller
4039:See also:
4021:mass media
4001:Mass media
3863:Tomáš Baťa
3782:brown coal
3730:Industry:
3659:Bratislava
3617:, Slovak:
3502:See also:
3373:Oblast of
3358:(ČSR) and
2942:After 1989
2899:capitalism
2835:, and the
2817:Spartakiad
2706:Socialist
2421:Foreigners
2372:Hungarians
2359:Ruthenians
2291:Foreigners
2244:Ruthenians
2231:Hungarians
2209:8,759,701
2151:Hungarians
2114:See also:
1564:Hyphen War
1562:See also:
1534:Topography
1478:Neighbours
1344:Trans-Olza
1007:ISO 3166-3
467:Emil Hácha
361:rump state
299:Government
287:Demonym(s)
45:1939–1945
6808:Observers
6694:Lithuania
6374:to Poland
6105:Diplomacy
5920:Languages
5910:Education
5862:Transport
5832:Companies
5776:President
5759:Air Force
5702:Elections
5656:Mountains
5646:Districts
5630:Geography
5164:249083197
4820:146969818
4804:0003-0554
4340:Hungarian
4215:Jan Kodeš
4190:athletics
4118:Ján Mucha
4102:Petr Čech
3991:hospitals
3899:Education
3888:Education
3778:crude oil
3663:Socialist
3604:(veľ)župy
3435:in Prague
3346:1948 coup
3044:statehood
2409:Romanians
2350:3,229,000
2222:3,123,305
2153:(5%) and
2121:Ethnicity
2059:Formation
1985:Reichsrat
1846:1990–1992
1836:1989–1992
1800:1948–1989
1779:1945–1948
1769:1939–1945
1759:1939–1945
1748:1939–1945
1737:1938–1945
1727:1938–1939
1707:1918–1938
1519:1945–1991
1513:1918–1938
1394:communist
1279:communism
1131:-oh-sloh-
853:Drives on
835:very high
743:Partition
417:President
332:(1990–92)
326:(1948–89)
320:(1945–48)
314:(1938–39)
308:(1918–38)
267:Hungarian
50:1945–1992
43:1918–1939
6820:Holy See
6769:Slovenia
6764:Slovakia
6744:Portugal
6609:Bulgaria
6526:Congress
6393:to China
6387:to Italy
6378:Bukovina
6365:Cessions
6137:Vix Note
6054:Treaties
6005:Category
5925:Religion
5847:Taxation
5744:Military
5685:Politics
5552:Timeline
5446:Archived
5413:(eds.),
4903:Archived
4901:. 2011.
4863:cite web
4700:29 March
4518:Archived
4447:12 April
4441:Archived
4420:Archived
4333:German:
4295:See also
4029:reviewed
3961:Slovakia
3925:Religion
3903:literate
3867:motorway
3847:railways
3579:Ruthenia
3413:de facto
3240:Slovakia
3218:Slovakia
3060:Pre-1918
3002:and the
2779:. These
2567:occupied
2180:and the
2101:Slovakia
1811:Invasion
1651:a series
1649:Part of
1465:and the
1438:and the
1359:and the
1303:Slovakia
1196:Slovakia
1162:) was a
1005:Current
977:Slovakia
944:Slovakia
842:Currency
182:Cold War
180:and the
153:(Slovak)
6794:Ukraine
6749:Romania
6709:Moldova
6674:Ireland
6669:Iceland
6664:Hungary
6654:Germany
6649:Georgia
6639:Finland
6634:Estonia
6629:Denmark
6614:Croatia
6599:Belgium
6589:Austria
6584:Armenia
6579:Andorra
6574:Albania
6566:Members
6372:Galicia
6237:Hungary
6194:Austria
5968:Museums
5935:Culture
5876:Society
5857:Tourism
5827:Banking
5810:Economy
5544:History
5431:(1990).
5424:(1969).
5397:(1989).
5390:(1943).
5383:(1989).
5376:(1990).
5344:(1989).
5337:(1973).
5330:(1988).
5323:(1986).
5316:(1975).
5309:(2009).
5276:Sources
5205:8 April
5098:8 April
4954:HISTORY
4853:30 June
4812:1945847
4607:uca.edu
4527:5 April
4373:Yiddish
4249:Culture
4015:During
3945:Atheist
3877:Society
3851:bridges
3786:nuclear
3681:Economy
3619:krajiny
3575:Silesia
3571:Moravia
3567:Bohemia
3540:Comecon
3375:Ukraine
3367:of the
3332:Hungary
3328:Annexed
3119:Silesia
3115:Moravia
3111:Bohemia
2977:made a
2820:in 1960
2769:Jesenik
2663:Moravia
2659:Bohemia
2624:Terezín
2608:Siberia
2550:at the
2424:239,000
2387:354,000
2376:653,000
2363:745,000
2353:21.93%
2346:Germans
2340:68.35%
2333:Slovaks
2294:238,784
2259:180,534
2248:461,449
2235:744,621
2225:22.95%
2218:Germans
2212:64.37%
2205:Slovaks
2182:Slovaks
2149:(22%),
2147:Germans
2145:(16%),
2143:Slovaks
2141:(51%),
2107:called
2105:Ukraine
2093:Silesia
2089:Moravia
2085:Bohemia
2007:During
1896:Origins
1627:History
1550:Climate
1546:basin.
1523:Ukraine
1511:Romania
1501:Hungary
1484:Austria
1411:with a
1297:of the
1259:Comecon
1253:with a
1241:). The
1218:formed
1200:Hungary
1188:Hungary
1135:-ee-ə,
806:•
793:•
780:•
767:•
754:•
741:•
728:•
715:•
702:History
443:•
403:Federal
388:Federal
373:Unitary
353:Federal
344:Unitary
338:Details
208:14°25′E
205:50°05′N
189:Capital
138:(Czech)
124:Anthem:
6835:Mexico
6825:Israel
6815:Canada
6789:Turkey
6779:Sweden
6759:Serbia
6739:Poland
6734:Norway
6714:Monaco
6684:Latvia
6659:Greece
6644:France
6619:Cyprus
5948:Cinema
5842:Mining
5837:Energy
5666:States
5661:Rivers
5641:Cities
5474:, in:
5369:online
5351:(1997)
5162:
4982:
4932:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4768:(1976)
4751:
4494:
4470:
4349:Polish
4203:tennis
4128:, and
4035:Sports
4019:, the
3977:After
3955:; see
3859:Ruzyně
3855:Prague
3784:, and
3655:Prague
3644:okresy
3623:okresy
3608:okresy
3596:okresy
3365:Oblast
3362:(SSR).
3190:Second
2794:Vlachs
2781:Greeks
2726:. The
2696:, and
2678:Prague
2674:Pilsen
2640:Ležáky
2636:Lidice
2427:1.62%
2416:0.10%
2413:14,000
2403:0.52%
2400:76,000
2390:2.40%
2379:4.43%
2366:5.06%
2329:Czechs
2297:1.75%
2286:0.17%
2283:23,139
2280:Others
2275:0.56%
2272:75,852
2262:1.33%
2251:3.39%
2238:5.47%
2201:Czechs
2178:Czechs
2155:Rusyns
2139:Czechs
2017:Allies
1653:on the
1639:, and
1613:(ČSFR)
1609:1990:
1506:Poland
1407:under
1371:Allies
1224:Allies
1192:Poland
1178:, the
1152:Slovak
995:) and
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277:Polish
263:German
249:Slovak
245:·
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196:Prague
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126:
113:French
101:Slovak
6830:Japan
6774:Spain
6704:Malta
6679:Italy
5988:Sport
5973:Music
5963:Media
5888:Crime
5651:Lakes
5160:S2CID
4816:S2CID
4808:JSTOR
4521:(PDF)
4514:(PDF)
4423:(PDF)
4412:(PDF)
4358:Rusyn
4317:Notes
3709:Škoda
3697:Tatra
3693:Škoda
3651:kraje
3640:kraje
3587:kraje
2897:with
2802:Urums
2757:NSDAP
2396:Poles
2268:Poles
1558:Names
1392:with
1281:were
1148:Czech
1116:
831:0.897
272:Rusyn
247:
241:Czech
107:Latin
5958:Flag
5749:Army
5409:and
5207:2020
5126:2022
5100:2020
5065:2015
5039:2014
4980:ISBN
4961:2020
4930:ISBN
4911:2014
4869:link
4855:2008
4800:ISSN
4749:ISBN
4734:2012
4702:2009
4671:2021
4646:2021
4614:2021
4580:2021
4529:2010
4492:ISBN
4468:ISBN
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4241:and
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4142:The
4135:The
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2203:and
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1825:1989
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