Interwar period - Knowledge

868: 1004: 1662: 73: 1207: 1074: 700: 1146: 2299: 1841: 2501: 1773: 1968: 166: 1369: 1389: 2010: 1539: 1547: 510: 34: 2120:. This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation's independence: countries with free access to the high seas were independent; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean": 1086:

military strategy was a heavy dependence on imports including 100 per cent of the aluminium, 85 per cent of the iron ore, and especially 79 per cent of the oil supplies. It was one thing to go to war with China or Russia, but quite another to be in conflict with the key suppliers, especially the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands, of oil and iron.

1318:, was on the defensive, but it received significant help from the Soviet Union and Mexico. Led by Great Britain and France, and including the United States, most countries remained neutral and refused to provide armaments to either side. The powerful fear was that this localised conflict would escalate into a European conflagration that no one wanted. 2330:. Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for an Italian takeover of Albania. Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them. In 1938, Italy demanded a 2658:(IOC) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation. Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition. In Brazil, however, sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought for control of 849:. There was unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Major cities built large sports stadiums for the fans, in addition to palatial cinemas. The 2570:

posed a great challenge to the region. The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined, undermining many of the economies of Latin America. Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned

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French census statistics from 1938 show an imperial population with France at over 150 million people, outside of France itself, of 102.8 million people living on 13.5 million square kilometers. Of the total population, 64.7 million lived in Africa and 31.2 million lived in Asia; 900,000 lived in the

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In Europe, according to Derek Aldcroft and Steven Morewood, "Nearly all countries registered some economic progress in the 1920s and most of them managed to regain or surpass their pre-war income and production levels by the end of the decade." The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Greece

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was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy, and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission

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The Dominions (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Irish Free State) were self-governing and gained semi-independence in the World War, while Britain still controlled foreign policy and defence in all except Ireland. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign

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led to increasing diplomatic isolation. The 1902 alliance with Britain was not renewed in 1922 because of heavy pressure on Britain from Canada and the United States. In the 1920s Japanese diplomacy was rooted in a largely liberal democratic political system, and favoured internationalism. By 1930,

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Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Communists and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy,

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Militarily, the period would see a markedly rapid advance in technology which, alongside lessons learned from WWI, would catalyze new strategic and tactical innovations. While the period would largely see a continuation of the development of the technologies pioneered in WWI, debates emerged as to

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have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy's expansion ... The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a

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The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United

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The women's contribution to the war effort combined with failures of the previous systems' of Government made it more difficult than hitherto to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and

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During the interwar period, United States policy makers continued to be concerned over German influence in Latin America. Some analysts grossly exaggerated the influence of Germans in South America even after the First World War when German influence somewhat declined. As the influence of United

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closely on the most advanced Western European models. They started with textiles, railways, and shipping, expanding to electricity and machinery. The most serious weakness was a shortage of raw materials. Industry ran short of copper, and coal became a net importer. A deep flaw in the aggressive

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emerged victorious in Germany, fascism spread to many other countries in Europe, and also played a major role in several countries in Latin America. Fascist parties sprang up, attuned to local right-wing traditions, but also possessing common features that typically included extreme militaristic

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requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of

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The civilian government in Tokyo tried to minimise the Army's aggression in Manchuria, and announced it was withdrawing. On the contrary, the Army completed the conquest of Manchuria, and the civilian cabinet resigned. The political parties were divided on the issue of military expansion. Prime

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based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions. Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states. The regime also sought to establish protective patron-client relationships with

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Democracy and prosperity largely went together in the 1920s. Economic disaster led to a distrust in the effectiveness of democracy and its collapse in much of Europe and Latin America, including the Baltic and Balkan countries, Poland, Spain, and Portugal. Powerful expansionary anti-democratic

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that took place after 1929. The timing varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The depression originated in the United States and became worldwide news with the

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in December 1937, with mass murder and mass rape. By 1939 military lines had stabilised, with Japan in control of almost all of the major Chinese cities and industrial areas. A puppet government was set up. In the U.S., government and public opinion—even including those who were isolationist

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The Army, however, was itself divided into cliques and factions with different strategic viewpoints. One faction viewed the Soviet Union as the main enemy; the other sought to build a mighty empire based in Manchuria and northern China. The Navy, while smaller and less influential, was also

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Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the

2116:. Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the 1700:: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities of paper money, causing 1623:

that operated until 1926, but had no international recognition. Eventually, France and Spain agreed to end the revolt. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco was now pacified, and became the base from which

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During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini's speeches. Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the

1708:. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the hyperinflation caused many prudent savers to lose all the money they had saved. Weimar added new internal enemies every year, as anti-democratic 1321:

The Spanish Civil War was marked by numerous small battles and sieges, and many atrocities, until the Nationalists won in 1939 by overwhelming the Republican forces. The Soviet Union provided armaments but never enough to equip the heterogeneous government militias and the

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English and Scottish engineers had brought futebol (soccer) to Brazil in the late 19th century. The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches. Across the globe after 1912, the

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The important stages of interwar diplomacy and international relations included resolutions of wartime issues, such as reparations owed by Germany and boundaries; American involvement in European finances and disarmament projects; the expectations and failures of the

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to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional wartime passions in the United States, France, and Germany. The leftist revolutions in Finland, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Spain were defeated by conservatives, but succeeded in Russia, which became the base for

2575:. The goal was to create self-sufficient economies, which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the fluctuations of the global economy. Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests, the 2466:. With new territories came varying legal systems, social structures and political structures. Social and economic development rates also varied as for example Slovenia and Croatia was far more advanced economically than Kosovo and Macedonia, which had substantial 573:

and Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known as the

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however, Japan was rapidly reversing itself, rejecting democracy at home, as the Army seized more and more power, and rejecting internationalism and liberalism. By the late 1930s it had joined the Axis military alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

1514:. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a 812:

illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work; the point was that women's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women's entry into the public arena.

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nationalism, a desire for economic self-containment, threats and aggression toward neighbouring countries, oppression of minorities, a ridicule of democracy while using its techniques to mobilise an angry middle-class base, and a disgust with

2678:(FIFA) played the chief role in the transformation of association football into a global game, working with national and regional organisations, and setting up the rules and customs, and establishing championships such as the World Cup. 2606:

was also repealed, freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics. The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together, with Argentina the main hold out.

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that could not deal with advanced reformist transactions. Albania's reliance on Italy also grew as Italians exercised control over nearly every Albanian official through money and patronage, breeding a colonial-like mentality.

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with the Italian crown. Italy had long built strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence. Mussolini wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's

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The result was the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 23 … the crucial part of the agreement… reshaped the map of Central Europe… Bessarabia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and eastern Poland would become part of Stalin's sphere of

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To one degree or another, Spain had been unstable politically for centuries, and in 1936–1939 was wracked by one of the bloodiest civil wars of the 20th century. The real importance comes from outside countries. In Spain the

1385:, in which Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British pride, its finance, and its trade-oriented economy. 954:. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on 1105:

proved unproductive. Japan's wartime diplomacy and limited military action had produced few results, and at the Paris Versailles peace conference at the end of the war, Japan was frustrated in its ambitions. At the

2262:, Spanish monarchists and fascists repeatedly approached Italy for aid in overthrowing the Republican government, in which Italy agreed to support them to establish a pro-Italian government in Spain. In July 1936, 943:

rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Prices fell sharply, especially for mining and agricultural commodities. Business profits fell sharply as well, with a sharp reduction in new business starts.

6883: 3037: 1915:. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smouldering quarrel between 213:(WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political, military, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous 12059: 660:

of 1921 in determining how many capital ships each major country was allowed. The new allocations were actually followed and there were no naval races in the 1920s. Britain played a leading role in the 1927

2415:. The early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. In several instances, the Romanian government violently repressed strikes and riots, notably the 1929 miners' strike in 1685:, and of predominantly Polish districts. The Allied armies occupied industrial sectors in western Germany including the Rhineland, and Germany was not allowed to have a real army, navy, or air force. 1615:(1882–1963) organised armed resistance against the Spanish and French for control of Morocco. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921, Spanish forces were massacred at the 1510:

would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly

9232: 469:. The military deliberations and controversies characteristic of the interwar period would ultimately find resolution via the events of WWII, which served as a foundation for many of the tenets, 1872:

with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an

2148:. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterranean. Greece, Turkey, and 2153:

European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison ... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto—to march to the oceans.

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in 1932, saying that Japan had genuine grievances, but it acted illegally in seizing the entire province. Japan quit the League, and Britain and France took no action. US Secretary of State

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in Spain. Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position—Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its

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genre flourished. A rejection of "Western universalist" influences was in vogue across Latin America. This last tendency was in part inspired by the translation into Spanish of the book

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highlighted novel and highly visible social and cultural trends and innovations. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like

2361:, failed to create a stable state. Albanian society was deeply divided by religion and language, with a border dispute with Greece and an undeveloped, rural economy. In 1939, Italy 3657: 6869: 1471:

and their conservative allies stayed in power with lavish lifestyles thanks to an informal alliance with Britain who would protect them from both secular and Muslim radicalism.

7787: 1437:. In Britain, public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy and those who viewed it with revulsion. 669:, which added cruisers and submarines to the list of ship allocations. However the refusal of Japan, Germany, Italy and the USSR to go along with this led to the meaningless 7792: 12044: 908:. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. 2454:

Ethnic integration and assimilation was a major problem faced by the newly formed post-World War I Balkan states, which were compounded by historical differences. In the

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starting in 1929; the collapse of world trade; the collapse of democratic regimes one by one; the growth of efforts at economic autarky; Japanese aggressiveness toward

3022: 2291:. After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Allied intelligence was informed that Italy was pressuring Spain to permit an Italian occupation of the 853:

continued apace, producing an expansion of output that lowered prices, and made many farm workers redundant. Often they moved to nearby industrial towns and cities.

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Guedes, Claudia (2011). "'Changing the cultural landscape': English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil–the 1870s to the 1930s".

1047:. Fascism in power meant that liberalism and human rights were discarded, and individual pursuits and values were subordinated to what the party decided was best. 3890: 867: 11242: 7777: 2688: 5524:

Cohrs, Patrick O. "The First ‘Real’ Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925."

2675: 405:) in a bid to strengthen their own economies. The territorial ambitions of the Soviets, Japanese, Italians, and Germans led to the expansion of their domains. 11460: 2467: 973:

of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by the worldwide depression and Germany's disastrous monetary policies, resulted in the further rise of

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Penny, H. Glenn (2017). "Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period".

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The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-1930s, As Seen by Contemporaries

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regarding Europe—was resolutely opposed to Japan and gave strong support to China. Meanwhile, the Japanese Army fared badly in large battles with the

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demanded parity with the United States, Britain and France, but was rejected and the conference kept the 1921 ratios. Japan was required to scrap a

12170: 12124: 9964: 7032: 6892: 5792:(2nd ed.). – 25 chapters by experts; 845 pp; the first edition (1960) edited by David Thompson has the same title but numerous different chapters. 5840: 2387: 1456: 904:). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the 6861: 2246:

Italy's stance towards Spain shifted between the 1920s and the 1930s. The Fascist regime in the 1920s held deep antagonism towards Spain due to

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gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Germany could no longer afford war reparations to Britain, France and other former members of the

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provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. The Treaty stripped Germany of all of its

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Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert

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volunteers. The civil war did not escalate into a larger conflict, but did become a worldwide ideological battleground that pitted all the

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printed this map on 9 November 1919, of the armed conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe in 1919, one year after World War I had ended:

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Hoisington, William A. Jr. (1971). "The Struggle for Economic Influence in Southeastern Europe: The French Failure in Romania, 1940".

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in 1920. There were a few major countries that held out until after the Second World War (such as France, Switzerland, and Portugal).

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to make territorial gains. Together with the British Empire, it divided up Germany's territories scattered in the Pacific and on the

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Chang, David Wen-wei (2003). "The Western Powers and Japan's Aggression in China: The League of Nations and 'The Lytton Report'".

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Minister Tsuyoshi tried to negotiate with China but was assassinated in the May 15 Incident in 1932, which ushered in an era of

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recognition, and the two signatories mutually agreed to cancel all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the

1315: 1107: 545:, as well. There were numerous new or restored countries in Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, some small in size, such as 529:

struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War and the destabilising effects of not just the collapse of the

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announced that the United States would also not recognise Japan's conquest as legitimate. Germany welcomed Japan's actions.

1097:; they did not amount to very much. The other Allies pushed back hard against Japan's efforts to dominate China through the 7724: 1661: 1511: 610: 12175: 11635: 9866: 9135: 6791: 6609: 1924: 1306:, and full-scale civil war erupted. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany gave munitions and strong military units to the rebel 1261: 761: 86: 6766: 1264:, as the militarists turned their attention to the European colonies to the south which had urgently-needed oil fields. 12139: 12134: 11377: 9895: 8453: 7620: 6463: 5776: 5704: 4407: 3882: 3483: 2761: 1441: 454: 2068:

The month following the ratification of the Treaty of Lausanne, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of

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Goebel, Michael (2009). "Decentring the German Spirit: The Weimar Republic's Cultural Relations with Latin America".

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troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of

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and supported by other right-wing societies. The IJA's nationalism ended civilian rule in Japan until after 1945.

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with 35.2 million in nine colonies. The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 "assimilated" natives.

1526:. The Irish Free State effectively broke all ties with Britain in 1937, leaving the Commonwealth and becoming an 998: 319: 5715:

Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe

3008: 2982: 2684: 1206: 10413: 9859: 9823: 9734: 9636: 8606: 8268: 8151: 7418: 6710: 6690: 6660: 6406: 6239: 6177: 5511:(1935) Essays by experts that cover France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States 5228:"El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile" 2879: 2855: 2850: 2826: 2323: 2303: 2235:, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence. The failed resolution of the 2129: 1590: 1515: 1173: 1163: 1119: 947: 652:

played little role in this effort, with the United States and Britain taking the lead. U.S. Secretary of State

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Dietschy, Paul (2013). "Making football global? FIFA, Europe, and the non-European football world, 1912–74".

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of 1936. Naval disarmament had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany and Japan.

249:, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. 11177: 11162: 11057: 9762: 9606: 9599: 9556: 9504: 9438: 9036: 8491: 8429: 8112: 7328: 5544:(2012) 244 pp; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and colour posters. 2898: 2701: 2379: 2375: 1414: 11323: 10583: 10094: 9918: 9910: 9584: 9577: 9497: 9424: 9416: 9408: 9386: 8785: 8417: 8405: 8374: 7642: 7424: 7356: 6796: 6700: 6573: 6568: 6184: 5768: 5666:

The Economic History of Eastern Europe 1919–1975: Volume II: Interwar Policy, The War, and Reconstruction

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Torres, Cesar R. (2006). "The Latin American 'Olympic Explosion' of the 1920s: causes and consequences".

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peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a

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Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919–33

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Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade After World War I

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accept an Italian representative on its board of directors. Italy opposed the French monopoly over the

2240: 1954: 1880:, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation ( 1717: 1689:

were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments.

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recovered and the industry grew significantly, although about 80% of Romanians were still employed in

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alliance with Mussolini's Italy, and sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War.

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in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the

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region, and the last, desperate stages of rearmament as the Second World War increasingly loomed.

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and allowed the nationalisation of some American companies in Latin America. Mexican President

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as the government was still kept in control of British hands and feared another rebellion like

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strongly supported the Empire in the First World War. It expected a reward, but failed to get

521:

on 11 November 1918 that ended World War I, the years 1918–1924 were marked by turmoil as the

377:

managed to regain control of Belarus and Ukraine, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, forming the

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Awkward dominion: American political, economic, and cultural relations with Europe, 1919–1933

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Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present

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McKercher, B. J. C. (1993). "The politics of naval arms limitation in Britain in the 1920s".

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The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945

4335:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945

8: 12069: 11902: 11715: 11675: 11588: 11418: 11282: 11147: 11017: 10807: 10736: 10493: 10466: 10449: 10437: 10259: 10215: 9881: 9591: 9489: 9394: 9254: 9106: 9024: 8858: 8683: 8330: 8292: 8274: 8247: 8229: 7999: 7964: 7903: 7877: 7312: 7167: 7075: 7027: 6995: 6976: 6781: 6528: 6458: 6401: 6318: 6144: 2801: 2683: 2659: 2642: 2611:

States grew all-over the Americas Germany concentrated its foreign policy efforts in the

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forces should be employed, particularly in-relation to the 'traditional' branches of the

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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

12029: 11951: 11725: 11695: 11670: 11662: 11647: 11497: 11002: 10918: 10908: 10741: 10704: 10634: 10573: 10556: 10510: 10420: 10334: 10148: 8764: 8298: 8286: 8241: 8199: 8095: 8083: 7942: 7872: 7797: 7782: 7772: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7049: 7017: 6634: 6538: 6322: 6274: 6269: 6172: 6162: 6119: 6111: 6016: 5909: 5847: 5749: 5512: 5360: 5325: 5290: 5208: 5168: 5044: 5036: 4958:"French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy". 4031: 3988: 3255: 3023:"Interwar Airpower, Grand Strategy, and Military Innovation: Germany vs. Great Britain" 2776: 2704: 2599: 2447: 2424: 2412: 2339: 2251: 2205: 2188: 2101: 2093: 2050: 1903:

of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister

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issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding

2232: 1928: 597:; the relationships of the new countries to the old; the distrustful relations of the 11946: 11934: 11885: 11757: 11690: 11680: 11652: 11615: 11603: 11571: 11132: 11034: 11022: 11007: 10987: 10898: 10845: 10817: 10799: 10602: 10478: 10471: 10284: 10232: 10210: 10138: 8850: 8833: 8734: 8546: 8175: 8122: 8101: 8065: 8047: 7953: 7909: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7112: 7085: 7022: 7010: 6971: 6940: 6513: 6488: 6468: 6448: 6438: 6328: 6310: 6279: 6212: 6129: 6103: 6047: 5864: 5772: 5700: 5398: 5388: 5364: 5329: 5294: 5253: 5212: 5172: 5122: 5072: 5048: 4999: 4935: 4893: 4853: 4828: 4788: 4743: 4715: 4681: 4580: 4555: 4530: 4493: 4403: 4380: 4355: 4281: 4256: 4231: 4191: 4166: 4141: 4116: 4093: 4056: 4035: 3947: 3922: 3861: 3836: 3793: 3770: 3750: 3684: 3597: 3557: 3518: 3479: 3440: 3401: 3374: 3330: 3327:

Art Deco Complete: The Definitive Guide to the Decorative Arts of the 1920s and 1930s

3305: 3302:

Le Tumulte Noir: modernist art and popular entertainment in jazz-age Paris, 1900–1930

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Sports became increasingly popular, drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadiums. The

2615:

countries where US influence was weaker and larger German communities were at place.

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did especially well, while Eastern Europe did poorly, due to the First World War and

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O'Connor, Raymond G. (1958). "The "Yardstick" and Naval Disarmament in the 1920's".

2346:

because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all merchant traffic to the

2255: 1184:. Britain and France effectively controlled the League of Nations, which issued the 643:

remilitarisation of the League of Nations demilitarised zone of the German Rhineland

11873: 11829: 11775: 11765: 11710: 11620: 11598: 11566: 10893: 10883: 10709: 10657: 10561: 10425: 10314: 10264: 10242: 10237: 10168: 9815: 9330: 9325: 8741: 8713: 8690: 8622: 8390: 8385: 8362: 8157: 7867: 7599: 7594: 7440: 7429: 7090: 7080: 6990: 6950: 6945: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6676: 6503: 6418: 6363: 6333: 6284: 6244: 6227: 6217: 6152: 6124: 5760: 5583: 5352: 5317: 5282: 5200: 5160: 5028: 4306: 4090:

The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan

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Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

5854:– 550 pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35 5723:

The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World 1914–1945

694: 409:

the most effective use of these advancements. On land, discussions focused on how

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Mazower, Mark (1997), "Minorities and the League of Nations in interwar Europe",

5734: 5482:

The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe

5435: 5382: 5321: 5066: 4960: 3049: 2806: 2791: 2603: 2463: 2383: 2358: 2030: 1893: 1666: 1656: 1567: 1480: 1468: 1464: 1406: 1343: 1277: 1150: 1135: 1131: 1056: 1023: 978: 962: 920: 905: 690: 538: 390: 311: 242: 218: 11992: 4767:. Vol. 2 (New ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 184. 465:

would maintain their dominance of the seas or be rendered virtually obsolete by

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in Amsterdam had greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes.

2487: 2366: 2315: 2311: 2137: 2109: 2077: 2073: 1912: 1889: 1845: 1696:(January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to 1586: 1472: 1448: 1434: 1177: 951: 846: 842: 638: 622: 542: 530: 526: 478: 474: 466: 307: 303: 281: 234: 120: 95: 5587: 5356: 5286: 5204: 3286: 2298: 2271:

Spain". Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the

1417:

failed to satisfy demand for self-rule. Mounting tension, particularly in the

292:

was increasingly viewed negatively and independence movements emerged in many

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Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization

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Splintered Classes: Politics and the Lower Middle Classes in Interwar Europe

4301:

Sayer, Derek (1991). "British reaction to the Amritsar massacre 1919–1920".

3926: 1176:, an area in northeastern China that was controlled by the powerful warlord 12084: 12054: 11961: 11929: 11858: 11735: 11730: 11544: 11537: 11450: 11382: 11287: 11087: 10992: 10838: 10812: 10721: 10403: 10391: 10339: 10299: 10294: 10158: 10153: 9532: 9283: 9084: 8655: 8565: 8187: 7857: 7852: 7129: 7122: 7117: 6986: 6981: 6925: 6548: 6378: 6249: 6167: 5785: 5578:

Frieden, Jeff. "Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940".

5477: 4827:(Paperback ed.). Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 11. 2708: 2697: 2416: 2276: 2228: 2113: 1985: 1834: 1753: 1724: 1723:

Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new

1694:

French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district

1669:" in Berlin: a jazz band plays for a tea dance at the hotel Esplanade, 1926 1620: 1495: 1487:

agreed to British terms of a military alliance and an assured flow of oil.

1460: 1302:

elements and the army revolted against the newly elected government of the

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Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

4925: 4923: 4914:

The Road to Oran: Anglo-Franch Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940

4711:

Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

4384: 4213:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century

4097: 4027: 3774: 3009:"Military aircraft - Interwar, Developments, Technology | Britannica" 1840: 1772: 12034: 11917: 11814: 11549: 11455: 11428: 11227: 10975: 10970: 10962: 10947: 10772: 10677: 10488: 10324: 10289: 10269: 10249: 10227: 10192: 9786: 9243: 8842: 8699: 8669: 8347: 7936: 7897: 7539: 7095: 7054: 7000: 6533: 6411: 6396: 6368: 6204: 4329: 3813: 2620: 2563:

began to specialise in long-term military occupation of these countries.

2536: 2483: 2462:

but also integrated states like Slovenia and Croatia, which were part of

2446:, the latter which was largely unsuccessful due to the inadequacy of the 1967: 1936: 1873: 1861: 1777: 1612: 1402: 924: 804: 634: 626: 601:

to the capitalist world; peace and disarmament efforts; responses to the

462: 289: 206: 5753: 3992: 2500: 1837:

began – somewhat sooner than the Nazis expected or were ready for.

1463:

following British guidance. Egypt joined the League of Nations. Egypt's

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Authoritarianism and democracy in Europe, 1919–39: Comparative Analyses

5423: 5105:

The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934

5040: 4920: 4464: 3259: 2626: 2343: 2327: 2145: 2046: 1853: 1709: 1339: 748: 570: 482: 434: 374: 351: 330:, chiefly Britain and France. The western parts of the Russian Empire, 273: 230: 6037:(1938) online free vol 1 vol 2 online free; all in English translation 4634:

How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939

4575:

Elz, Wolfgang (2009). "Foreign policy". In McElligott, Anthony (ed.).

2420: 1368: 629:

of Germany's expansionist moves against the German-speaking nation of

165: 11797: 11787: 11403: 11362: 11192: 11029: 10764: 10726: 10319: 10133: 7134: 7065: 6966: 6962: 6705: 6343: 6001:

Jacobson, Jon. "Is there a New International History of the 1920s?".

4489:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

2860: 2371: 2302:

Italian newspaper in Tunisia that represented Italians living in the

2284: 2141: 2005:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed. 1935:

to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of

1932: 1881: 1810: 1559: 1388: 1351: 1335: 1331: 1181: 876: 838: 546: 430: 382: 343: 253: 11987: 7810: 6072: 3549: 3251: 1911:

agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by

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Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role In The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

4188:

Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

3790:

The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933

2736: 2209: 2176: 2168: 2097: 1538: 1392: 1347: 1253: 744: 740: 422: 401:

nationalised many foreign companies (most of which belonged to the

5799:(1955), 690pp; thorough scholarly coverage; emphasis on politics. 5693:

Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013

4052:

Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism

3917:

Fairbank, John K.; Reischauer, Edwin O.; Craig, Albert M. (1965).

2250:'s pro-French foreign policy. In 1926, Mussolini began aiding the 2009: 1600: 1546: 1494:, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the 1243:, which quickly spread to other major cities. There were numerous 11975: 11841: 11836: 11097: 10952: 10864: 6423: 6234: 5879:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

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introduced new civil codes, constitutional changes and attempted

2227:

from France in return for Italian support against Germany in the

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had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered

1606: 994: 752: 724: 509: 450: 359: 355: 335: 331: 265: 5872:

The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933

4818: 4816: 4733: 4731: 3820:. Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945. 3151:

The "Golden" Twenties: Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic

3094:"Incubate Innovation: Aviation Lessons from the Interwar Period" 33: 11868: 11853: 11512: 11117: 4402:. et al. (5th ed Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. 4400:

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Vol. 2: Since 1500

2636: 2192: 2085: 2062: 1923:

as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the

1920: 1877: 1499: 1346:, conservatives and fascists. Worldwide there was a decline in 1031: 981:

became an ever more assertive power, especially with regard to

911:

The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both

792: 736: 732: 550: 339: 293: 6064:

Several large collections of primary sources and illustrations

5121:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–231. 4442:"Tableau 1 – évolution générale de la situation démographique" 3082:(M. Poli. Sci. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3038:"Armored warfare: The British, French, and German experiences" 2681: 12039: 12004: 11907: 11630: 11517: 11502: 11082: 11072: 11067: 10539: 10534: 5556:

The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century

4813: 4728: 4465:"Code Officiel Géographique – La IIIe République (1919–1940)" 4462: 4437: 3076:

Innovation, Wargaming, and the Development of Armored Warfare

2746: 2731: 2591: 2069: 1551: 932: 830: 728: 682: 238: 5519:

Interwar America: 1920–1940: Primary Sources in U.S. History

4618:

Hitler's foreign policy 1933–1939: The road to World War II.

4278:

Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle, 1917–47

1844:

Polish Army soldier holding last remaining part of a German

1260:

in summer 1939. The USSR was too powerful. Tokyo and Moscow

11507: 11212: 5462:

A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

4628: 4626: 3704: 3587: 3585: 3471: 2981:. The National WWII Museum. 17 October 2023. Archived from 2458:

for instance, its most influential element was the pre-war

1581:

or islands in the South Pacific. The largest colonies were

1507: 648:

Disarmament was a very popular public policy. However, the

458: 5542:

Peacemaking, Peacekeeping: International Relations 1918–36

3912: 3910: 3908: 3514:

The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 1897–1914

2045:. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the 751:. The young women who pioneered these trends were called " 1896:

minority was demanding equal rights and self-government.

1522:

policy was recognised in 1923 and formalised by the 1931

1372:

The Second British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921

834: 485:

and towards a significantly more mobile, mechanized, and

5998:(2020) free download; full coverage for major countries. 5564:

Feinstein, Charles H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo.

5491:(4th ed. 1928) sophisticated global coverage; 215 maps; 5119:

The Economic History of Latin America since Independence

4784:

Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940

4623: 3582: 2929:

For a guide to the reliable sources see Jacobson (1983).

2539:

into Latin America. These included military presence in

1848:

bomber shot down by Poles over Warsaw when airplane was

11197: 5501:(2000) a comprehensive global political history; 816pp 3916: 3905: 3683:(3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. 2722:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

2092:, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate 2000: Territories to be transformed into client states. 1833:

in September 1939. Britain and France declared war and

1354:

was imminent, and that it would be worth fighting for.

1118:

In 1930, the London disarmament conference angered the

19:"Between the Wars" redirects here. For other uses, see 6048:

wide range of diplomatic documents from many countries

5765:

A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951

5657:

The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991

5623:

Grift, Liesbeth van de, and Amalia Ribi Forclaz, eds.

5604:

A Short History of International Affairs, 1920 to 1934

2598:, fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the 2350:

colony was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.

1447:

since the 1880s, despite its nominal ownership by the

609:, occupying large amounts of Chinese land, as well as 8940:

Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks

6035:

Speeches and Documents On International Affairs Vol-I

5674:

The Twentieth-Century World: An International History

5632:

Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939

5387:(2nd revised ed.). London, New York: Routledge. 4485: 2696:

The interwar period ended in September 1939 with the

1395:

with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the

4953: 4951: 3729: 633:, the region inhabited by ethnic Germans called the 4850:

Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century

4644: 4642: 4115:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 262–76. 2949:"A Year After the Armistice—The Unsettled Disputes" 2338:, specifically demanding that the French-dominated 1978: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories; 1692:When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, 1357: 1138:and the military took more power, leading to rapid 445:was the primary contention, with some arguing that 350:became independent nations in their own right, and 5549:The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 5424:Is there a New International History of the 1920s? 2053:, which formalised Italian administration of both 1130:. Extremists assassinated Japanese Prime Minister 611:border disputes between the Soviet Union and Japan 241:, and more became common among populations in the 5994:Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. 4948: 3350:Price, S (1999). "What made the twenties roar?". 2676:Fédération Internationale de Football Association 2243:, in which Italy annexed Ethiopia to its empire. 2080:supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a 1235:factionalised. Large-scale warfare, known as the 296:; in Europe, after protracted low-level fighting 12152: 5956:(1935), focus on Europe, Middle East, Far East; 5816:The Press and Popular Culture in Interwar Europe 5470:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Jeremy Mitchell, eds. 4737: 4680:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 170. 4639: 4255:. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. pp. 294–305. 3432: 3148: 2084:for four hundred years. The matter was taken by 1813:, considered to be a German state, in 1938, and 1479:since 1920, gained official independence as the 1377:States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew the 1282: 1214:of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937 1195: 264:, at the end of WWI, and ended with the rise of 252:Politically, the era coincided with the rise of 5968:A History of the World in the Twentieth Century 5613:A History of the World in the Twentieth Century 5568:(Oxford UP, 2008), a standard scholarly survey. 5464:(1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955 4877:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 246. 4228:Aspects of British Political History, 1914–1995 3550:Derek Howard Aldcroft; Steven Morewood (2013). 1601:Revolt in North Africa against Spain and France 1585:with 26.8 million (in five separate colonies), 1172:—acting on its own without government approval— 821:. In advanced economies the prosperity reached 665:and the 1930 London Conference that led to the 619:invasion and occupation of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 5830:East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars 5807:Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett, eds. 5540:Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson. (2012) 5489:The New World: Problems in Political Geography 4847: 4763:Millett, Allan R.; Murray, Williamson (2010). 4740:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 4714:. Cornell University Press. pp. 105–106. 4425:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism 4276:Low, Donald Anthony; Ray, Rajat Kanta (2006). 4092:. Princeton University Press. pp. 8–150. 3672: 3619:"Depression, You Say? Check Those Safety Nets" 1927:. In the same month, he secured the return of 1241:naval and infantry attacks focused on Shanghai 1077:Political map of the Asia-Pacific region, 1939 1065:List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan 1020:regimes emerged in Italy, Japan, and Germany. 958:such as mining and logging suffered the most. 11338: 11324: 10109: 10095: 10068:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 8607: 7826: 6877: 6661: 6088: 5451:Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. 5310:International Journal of the History of Sport 5275:International Journal of the History of Sport 5116: 5071:. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–261. 4762: 4211:Brown, Judith; Louis, Wm Roger, eds. (1999). 3939: 3678: 3393: 2634:during the interwar period. In Argentina the 2310:After Great Britain signed the Anglo-Italian 1971:Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. 950:were hit hard, especially those dependent on 245:. The era's indulgences were followed by the 5184: 5182: 4620:(2013), Originally published in two volumes. 3946:. Manchester University Press. p. 120. 3921:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 501–4. 3737:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 15. 3237: 2231:. This was refused by French Prime Minister 1803:Hitler's Germany remilitarised the Rhineland 5977:(1948) broad coverage of diplomacy of 1930s 5060: 5058: 4887: 4579:. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–77. 4324: 4322: 4320: 3831:Matera, Marc; Kent, Susan Kingsley (2017). 3679:Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). 3510: 3180:. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–58. 3149:Schrader, Bärbel; Schebera, Jürgen (1988). 2468:Albanian populations that faced persecution 1262:signed a nonaggression treaty in April 1941 1030:in 1922; as the Great Depression worsened, 441:versus dedicating such forces to frontline 11331: 11317: 10102: 10088: 8614: 8600: 7833: 7819: 6884: 6870: 6668: 6654: 6095: 6081: 5881:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 5874:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 5809:Military Innovation in the Interwar Period 5731:The Global 1930s: The International Decade 5371: 5219: 5192:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5018: 4975:Tomes, Jason (2001). "The Throne of Zog". 4848:Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (1999). 4776: 4774: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4210: 4140:(2nd ed.). New York: Modern Library. 3860:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 3833:The Global 1930s: The International Decade 3830: 3647: 3610: 3400:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 449–50. 3042:Military Innovation in the Interwar Period 2423:railroad workshops. In the mid-1930s, the 2024: Captured during the Second World War 581: 9889:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 5886:Survey of International Affairs 1920–1923 5867:; wide-ranging survey of European history 5845: 5837:Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918–1941 5609: 5179: 3272: 2905:Timeline of events preceding World War II 2866:Entertainment during the Great Depression 2158:Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans 1157: 461:sphere, the primary question was whether 433:. In the air, the question of allocating 5814:Newman, Sarah, and Matt Houlbrook, eds. 5687: 5654: 5582:42.1 (1988): 59-90; focus on US policy. 5566:The World Economy Between the World Wars 5499:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s 5342: 5250:Sports Culture in Latin American History 5225: 5064: 5055: 4872: 4738:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 4671: 4669: 4667: 4374: 4317: 4005: 3764: 3596:. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 3240:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3217:. Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 70–248. 2314:in 1938, Mussolini and Foreign Minister 2297: 2215:In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a 2008: 1994: Claimed territories to be annexed; 1966: 1839: 1771: 1660: 1545: 1537: 1387: 1367: 1205: 1144: 1072: 1002: 866: 698: 508: 164: 71: 12171:Former countries of the interwar period 5759: 5739: 5729:Matera, Marc, and Susan Kingsley Kent. 5247: 5135: 4993: 4929: 4822: 4780: 4771: 4707: 4694: 4524: 4397: 4349: 4185: 4163:The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War 4048: 3591: 3136:"How did WWI reshape the modern world?" 2946: 2910:Events preceding World War II in Europe 2357:, who had, in 1928, proclaimed himself 1247:against Chinese civilians, such as the 16:1918–1939 period between the World Wars 12153: 9794:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 9564:South American economic crisis of 2002 9461:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis) 5671: 5625:Governing the Rural in Interwar Europe 5307: 5272: 5148: 4934:. Cornell University. pp. 82–83. 4527:Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail? 4275: 4135: 3616: 3472:Garrick Bailey; James Peoples (2013). 3324: 3072: 3035: 2886:Apocalypse: Never-Ending War 1918–1926 2353:Albanian Prime Minister and President 1825:with the Soviet Union in August 1939, 1747: 1180:. It created the puppet government of 988: 559:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 133:tension between the Poles and Germans. 11312: 10083: 9845:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis 9801:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis 9277:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 8595: 7840: 7814: 6865: 6649: 6102: 6076: 5720: 5377: 5188: 4974: 4675: 4664: 4549: 4328: 4300: 4250: 4110: 4069:from the original on 13 December 2019 3978: 3960:from the original on 17 November 2019 3880: 3855: 3812: 3787: 3697: 3648:Lowenstein, Roger (14 January 2015). 3570:from the original on 19 February 2017 3531:from the original on 19 February 2017 3492:from the original on 19 February 2017 3453:from the original on 15 December 2019 3414:from the original on 19 February 2017 3368: 3349: 3299: 3194:from the original on 22 November 2019 2947:Simonds, Frank H. (9 November 1919). 2915:Events preceding World War II in Asia 2841:Great Depression in the United States 2573:import substitution industrialisation 1316:Republican (or "Loyalist") government 11409:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 9875:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016) 9728:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 9721:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 9686:2000s U.S. housing market correction 9526:1998–2002 Argentine great depression 8621: 6675: 5958:Survey of International Affairs 1936 5954:Survey of International Affairs 1934 5946:Survey of International Affairs 1932 5938:Survey of International Affairs 1929 5930:Survey of International Affairs 1928 5922:Survey of International Affairs 1927 5914:Survey of International Affairs 1924 5906:Survey of International Affairs 1925 5902:Survey of International Affairs 1924 5664:Kaser, M. C. and E. A. Radice, eds. 4930:Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). 4801:from the original on 9 December 2019 4708:Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). 4160: 4087: 3919:East Asia: The Modern Transformation 3893:from the original on 25 October 2018 3660:from the original on 19 January 2018 3212: 3173: 3153:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2979:"Invasion of Poland, September 1939" 2959:from the original on 9 November 2019 2596:redistribution of a quantity of land 2495: 2397: 1892:, where the 3.5 million-strong 1801:that favoured returning to Germany, 1731:, Germany accorded the Soviet Union 1542:The French Empire from 1919 to 1949. 492: 27: 10032:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis 9867:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis 9860:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis 9233:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation 9136:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis 8825:Dutch Republic stock market crashes 6610:History of the Mediterranean region 5797:Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 5641:(Cambridge University Press, 1938). 4890:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics 4650:The Origins of the Second World War 4574: 4552:Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy 4463:Statistique générale de la France. 4225: 3981:American Journal of Chinese Studies 3475:Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 3108:"Innovation for the Interwar Years" 2752:International relations (1919–1939) 2588:nationalised American oil companies 1925:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1829:after Poland's refusal to cede the 1821:with Britain and France. Forming a 1793:, and began to rearm. Retaking the 1720:battled each other in the streets. 1673:The humiliating peace terms in the 856: 783:Most independent countries enacted 676: 588:International relations (1919–1939) 298:most of Ireland became independent. 13: 11378:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 9838:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 9742:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis 9714:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis 9707:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 9402:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis 8897:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 7188:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 6027: 5602:Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm. 5445: 5252:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 5248:Sheinin, David M. K., ed. (2015). 5085:from the original on 17 April 2021 4852:. London: Routledge. p. 152. 4742:. London: Routledge. p. 467. 2762:Diplomatic history of World War II 2266:of the Nationalist faction in the 1888:. After Austria, Hitler turned to 1884:) of their country Austria to the 1650: 1050: 455:the bomber will always get through 14: 12192: 11293:Western European and Others Group 10025:2023 United States banking crisis 9831:2011 Bangladesh share market scam 9519:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis 9483:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 9409:Japanese asset price bubble crash 9350:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash 9100:Australian banking crisis of 1893 8904:Dutch Republic financial collapse 6901:Commonwealth of Nations countries 6041: 5988: 5535:(Cornell University Press, 2018). 4506:from the original on 22 June 2016 4436: 4377:Three Kings in Baghdad, 1921–1958 4352:The Last Pharaoh: Farouk of Egypt 4230:. Psychology Press. p. 305. 4008:Manchuria under Japanese Dominion 3943:British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 3748:"World Economic Survey 1932–33". 3707:. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 3629:from the original on 1 March 2021 3617:Duhigg, Charles (23 March 2008). 3478:. Cengage Learning. p. 208. 2757:Diplomatic history of World War I 2630:held sway among intellectuals in 2013:Maximum extent of imperial Italy 1619:. El-Krim founded an independent 1350:and a growing sense that another 941:Unemployment in the United States 569:, the Americans came up with the 288:, and others faced challenges as 87:Baltic States War of Independence 21:Between the Wars (disambiguation) 8882:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 7960:1830s Chicago real estate bubble 7949:1810s Alabama real estate bubble 6595:Bibliography of European history 6190:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6058:. Mount Holyoke College edition. 5646:Republican Ascendancy, 1921–1933 5509:The Foreign Policy of the Powers 4529:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4190:. University Press of Kentucky. 3818:The New Cambridge Modern History 3792:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 3711:from the original on 3 June 2019 3215:Great Power Diplomacy Since 1914 2871:Timeline of the Great Depression 2691: 2530: 2499: 2140:. The guards of this prison are 1776:A Japanese poster promoting the 1533: 1358:Great Britain and British Empire 1168:In September 1931, the Japanese 393:gained independence. During the 49:of Portugal established in 1933. 32: 9607:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash 8933:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 6897:recessions in the United States 6620:History of Western civilization 6223:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5894:Survey of International Affairs 5416: 5384:The Inter-war Crisis, 1919–1939 5336: 5301: 5266: 5241: 5152:Journal of Contemporary History 5110: 5097: 5068:Twisted Paths: Europe 1914–1945 5012: 4987: 4968: 4964:. 19 December 1938. p. 23. 4906: 4881: 4866: 4841: 4756: 4655: 4610: 4593: 4568: 4543: 4518: 4479: 4456: 4430: 4417: 4391: 4368: 4343: 4294: 4269: 4244: 4219: 4204: 4179: 4154: 4129: 4104: 4081: 4042: 3999: 3972: 3933: 3874: 3858:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 3849: 3824: 3806: 3781: 3758: 3741: 3723: 3641: 3553:The European Economy Since 1914 3543: 3504: 3465: 3426: 3397:A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 3387: 3362: 3343: 3318: 3293: 3266: 3231: 3206: 3167: 3142: 3128: 3073:Carter, Daniel S. (June 2005). 2782:European interwar dictatorships 2656:International Olympic Committee 2100:in 1924, which was merged into 1611:The Berber independence leader 999:European interwar dictatorships 787:in the interwar era, including 453:, and others maintaining that " 121:Petliura: Ukrainian directorate 9988:Chinese property sector crisis 9896:2015–2016 stock market selloff 9824:August 2011 stock markets fall 9735:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 9432:1990s Swedish financial crisis 9181:Weimar Republic hyperinflation 8152:Western Australian gold rushes 6464:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6407:Christianity in the modern era 6178:Christianity in late antiquity 5832:(U of Washington Press, 2017). 5823:The Inter-War Crisis 1919–1939 5725:. Oxford UP. pp. 121–342. 5573:The InterWar Years (1919–1939) 5117:Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (2003). 4892:. W. W. Norton & Company. 4875:The Oxford Handbook of Fascism 4554:. Princeton University Press. 4486:Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). 3556:. Routledge. pp. 44, 46. 3439:. Nelson Thornes. p. 20. 3373:. Princeton University Press. 3114: 3100: 3086: 3066: 3029: 3015: 3001: 2971: 2940: 2880:Political history of the world 2856:Cities in the Great Depression 2851:Causes of the Great Depression 2304:French protectorate of Tunisia 1591:French protectorate in Morocco 1459:, though it continued to be a 1164:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1120:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 256:, starting in Russia with the 137:Romanian occupation of Hungary 1: 10061:List of sovereign debt crises 10003:2022 Russian financial crisis 9700:2008 Latvian financial crisis 9693:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 9571:Stock market downturn of 2002 9512:1998 Russian financial crisis 9365:1983 Israel bank stock crisis 6615:History of the European Union 6062:"Britain 1919 to the present" 6033:Keith, Arthur Berridale, ed. 5526:Contemporary European History 5237:(in Spanish). pp. 29–40. 4888:Mearsheimer, John J. (2003). 4601:The Coming of the Third Reich 4251:Louis, William Roger (2006). 3735:Farm Prices, Myth and Reality 3436:Mussolini and Italian Fascism 2933: 2480:Republic of China (1912–1949) 2167:, the Fascist regime claimed 2061:, in return for a payment to 1963:History of Greece (1923–1940) 1283:Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 1239:, began in August 1937, with 1196:Towards the conquest of China 1091:Allies of the First World War 967:German hyperinflation of 1923 900:of 29 October 1929 (known as 533:, but the destruction of the 9763:Greek government-debt crisis 9600:2004 Argentine energy crisis 9557:2001 Turkish economic crisis 9446:1990s Armenian energy crisis 9439:1990s Finnish banking crisis 9300:1976 British currency crisis 9270:1973–1974 stock market crash 8581:U.S. higher education bubble 8492:Chinese stock bubble of 2007 8454:United States housing bubble 8448:2000s Danish property bubble 8430:Baltic states housing bubble 8206:Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush 5975:Munich: Prologue To Tragedy, 5639:Foreign Affairs 1919 to 1937 5610:Grenville, J. A. S. (2000). 5322:10.1080/09523367.2011.627200 4006:Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). 3681:Principles of Macroeconomics 3650:"Economic History Repeating" 3050:10.1017/CBO9780511601019.002 2899:Timeline of the 20th century 2892: 2594:. Cárdenas also oversaw the 2124:The bars of this prison are 1907:, and French Prime Minister 1415:Government of India Act 1919 1381:and instead signed the 1922 1081:The Japanese modelled their 851:mechanisation of agriculture 7: 9919:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis 9585:2003 Myanmar banking crisis 9578:2002 Uruguay banking crisis 9498:1997 Asian financial crisis 9425:1991 Indian economic crisis 9417:Rhode Island banking crisis 9387:Cameroonian economic crisis 9173:Early Soviet hyperinflation 8786:Crisis of the Third Century 8418:Japanese asset price bubble 8406:New Zealand property bubble 8375:New Zealand property bubble 8304:Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush 8072:First Nova Scotia Gold Rush 7643:1997 Asian financial crisis 7276:Civil War-era United States 6574:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6185:Crisis of the Third Century 5835:Seton-Watson, Hugh. (1945) 5769:University of Chicago Press 5672:Keylor, William R. (2001). 5558:(1989) pp 53–153, 217–340. 4873:Bosworth, R. J. B. (2009). 4823:Whealey, Robert H. (2005). 4676:Smith, Dennis Mack (1981). 4186:Whealey, Robert H. (2005). 4016:Journal of Japanese Studies 4010:. U. of Pennsylvania Press; 3394:Gordon Martel, ed. (2011). 3036:Murray, Williamson (1996). 2714: 2535:The United States launched 2363:invaded and annexed Albania 2252:Catalan separatist movement 2029:In 1922, the leader of the 1959:Italian invasion of Albania 1939:towards Hitler had failed. 1795:Territory of the Saar Basin 1174:seized control of Manchuria 948:Cities all around the world 875:opened by Chicago gangster 825:households and many in the 658:Washington Naval Conference 553:, and some larger, such as 209:(WWI) to the beginning of 175:history of the 20th century 157:Turkish War of Independence 10: 12197: 12176:Chronology of World War II 12045:Asia and the Pacific Group 9950:Sri Lankan economic crisis 9808:Energy crisis in Venezuela 9787:2009 Dubai debt standstill 9637:2007–2008 financial crisis 9292:Latin American debt crisis 9055:Paris Bourse crash of 1882 8535:Australian property bubble 8170:Tierra del Fuego gold rush 8054:Colorado River mining boom 7994:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush 7419:Post–World War I recession 7239:Post-Napoleonic Depression 6630:Military history of Europe 6625:Maritime history of Europe 6003:American Historical Review 5849:The Reign of King George V 5655:Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1994). 5580:International Organization 5428:American Historical Review 4994:Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). 4781:Burgwyn, James H. (1997). 4525:Kershaw, Ian, ed. (1990). 4423:Herbert Ingram Priestley, 4111:Payne, Stanley G. (1970). 4055:. Routledge. p. 143. 4049:Huffman, James L. (2013). 3856:Payne, Stanley G. (1995). 3835:. Routledge. p. 192. 3765:Mitchell, Broadus (1947). 3517:. Routledge. p. 281. 3369:Maier, Charles D. (1975). 2827:1930–45 in Western fashion 2590:, out of which he created 2477: 2402: 2241:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2018: Pre-Second World War 1955:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1952: 1946: 1761: 1751: 1654: 1643: 1639: 1604: 1565: 1498:and increasing numbers of 1429:surged and centred in the 1361: 1286: 1271: 1199: 1161: 1054: 992: 939:plunged by more than 50%. 860: 680: 671:Second London Naval Treaty 585: 525:continued to rage on, and 502: 496: 449:development was outpacing 318:were dismantled, with the 146:Italian Regency of Carnaro 144:seizes Fiume, creates the 18: 12050:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 12015: 11781:Southern/Eastern/Northern 11756: 11661: 11483: 11434:Asian and Pacific Theatre 11391: 11350: 11063:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 11043: 10961: 10798: 10633: 10504:Standard Average European 10372: 10201: 10121: 10041: 10018:2022 stock market decline 10010:Pakistani economic crisis 9996:2021–2023 inflation surge 9942:Lebanese liquidity crisis 9911:Venezuelan hyperinflation 9903:Brexit stock market crash 9852:Venezuela economic crisis 9774: 9624: 9614:Zimbabwean hyperinflation 9324: 9242: 9213: 9197:Wall Street Crash of 1929 9160: 9037:2nd Industrial Revolution 9035: 8971: 8871:1st Industrial Revolution 8869: 8796: 8774: 8629: 8571:Social media stock bubble 8556: 8505: 8384: 8346: 8313: 8257: 8113:2nd Industrial Revolution 8111: 8006:New South Wales gold rush 7974: 7927:1st Industrial Revolution 7925: 7886: 7848: 7657: 7593: 7538: 7492: 7407: 7329:2nd Industrial Revolution 7322: 7269: 7262:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843) 7178:1st Industrial Revolution 7176: 7145: 6946:Price-and-wage stickiness 6907: 6841: 6820: 6729: 6696:Wall Street Crash of 1929 6683: 6600:Genetic history of Europe 6582: 6387: 6203: 6143: 6110: 6013:Pacific Historical Review 5861:A Broken World, 1919–1939 5588:10.1017/S002081830000713X 5357:10.1017/S1740022813000223 5345:Journal of Global History 5287:10.1080/09523360600832320 5226:Sanhueza, Carlos (2011). 5205:10.1017/S0010417517000159 5065:Gerwarth, Robert (2007). 5021:Journal of Modern History 4996:Albania at War, 1939–1945 4398:Bulliet, Richard (2010). 4375:De Gaury, Gerald (1961). 3592:Garraty, John A. (1986). 3433:Hamish Macdonald (1998). 3325:Duncan, Alastair (2009). 3287:10.1080/09592299308405895 2846:European interwar economy 2649: 2365:as a separate kingdom in 2217:League of Nations mandate 1949:Fascist Italy (1922–1943) 1704:, which also damaged the 956:primary sector industries 871:Unemployed men outside a 505:European interwar economy 105:North Russia intervention 12166:Aftermath of World War I 11203:Lancaster House Treaties 10693:Christian existentialism 10653:Ancient Roman philosophy 10643:Ancient Greek philosophy 9679:Subprime mortgage crisis 9342:Brazilian hyperinflation 9314:Brazilian hyperinflation 9151:Financial crisis of 1914 8859:Mississippi bubble crash 8472:Canadian property bubble 8460:Romanian property bubble 8299:1930s Kakamega gold rush 8090:Vermilion Lake gold rush 7610:1990s United States boom 7398:Financial crisis of 1914 6068:Primary source documents 5980:Zachmann, Urs Matthias. 5970:(1968) pp. 301–530. 5846:Somervell, D.C. (1936). 5547:Doumanis, Nicholas, ed. 5517:Clark, Linda Darus, ed. 5165:10.1177/0022009408101249 4605:The Third Reich in Power 4492:. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. 4226:Lee, Stephen J. (1996). 3887:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3275:Diplomacy and Statecraft 2923: 2822:1920s in Western fashion 2817:Second Thirty Years' War 2727:Aftermath of World War I 2632:Spanish-speaking America 2577:Roosevelt administration 2473: 2448:country's banking system 2171:and held ambitions over 2118:Grand Council of Fascism 1942: 1860:After establishing the " 1815:took over Czechoslovakia 1593:, with 5.4 million, and 1397:1926 Imperial Conference 1267: 1237:Second Sino-Japanese War 1202:Second Sino-Japanese War 1112:Racial Equality Proposal 1061:Japanese colonial empire 499:Aftermath of World War I 326:redistributed among the 205:days) – from the end of 10981:Equality before the law 10188:Romano-Germanic culture 10054:List of economic crises 9972:2020 stock market crash 9965:Financial market impact 9934:Turkish economic crisis 9549:9/11 stock market crash 9505:October 1997 mini-crash 9476:1994 bond market crisis 9468:Yugoslav hyperinflation 9379:Savings and loan crisis 8980:European potato failure 8523:Lebanese housing bubble 8484:Lebanese housing bubble 8478:Chinese property bubble 8412:Spanish property bubble 8269:1920s Florida land boom 8194:Cripple Creek Gold Rush 8182:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 8123:1870s Lapland gold rush 8018:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 7425:Depression of 1920–1921 7357:Depression of 1882–1885 7271:Early Victorian Britain 7006:Real and nominal values 6701:Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 6605:History of Christianity 5973:Wheeler-Bennett, John. 5661:– a view from the Left. 5460:Albrecht-Carrié, René. 5434:3 November 2020 at the 4787:. Praeger. p. 68. 4550:Weitz, Eric D. (2013). 3654:The Wall Street Journal 3329:. Thames & Hudson. 2618:The contrary ideals of 2223:and a free hand in the 2039:Prime Minister of Italy 1383:Washington Naval Treaty 1379:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1304:Second Spanish Republic 1274:Second Spanish Republic 1258:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 891:was a severe worldwide 663:Geneva Naval Conference 582:International relations 278:Chinese Communist Party 11461:Middle Eastern Theatre 11439:Middle Eastern Theatre 11358:Cradle of civilization 11143:Eastern European Group 10732:Continental philosophy 10663:Judeo-Christian ethics 10648:Hellenistic philosophy 10129:Cradle of civilization 10047:List of banking crises 9816:Syrian economic crisis 9749:Blue Monday Crash 2009 9358:Chilean crisis of 1982 9189:Shōwa financial crisis 8995:Highland Potato Famine 8851:South Sea bubble crash 8642:Commodity price shocks 8517:2000s commodities boom 8497:Uranium bubble of 2007 8466:Polish property bubble 8442:2000s commodities boom 8358:1970s commodities boom 8128:Coromandel Gold Rushes 8012:Australian gold rushes 7530:Recession of 1969–1970 7525:Recession of 1960–1961 7484:Recession of 1937–1938 6716:Recession of 1937–1938 6429:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6009:Sontag, Raymond James. 5858:Sontag, Raymond James. 5531:Costigliola, Frank C. 5430:88.3 (1983): 617–645. 4765:Military Effectiveness 4379:. London: Hutchinson. 4350:McLeave, Hugh (1970). 4311:10.1093/past/131.1.130 4113:The Spanish Revolution 4088:Feis, Herbert (1960). 3940:Paul W. Doerr (1998). 3881:Soucy, Robert (2015). 3769:. New York: Rinehart. 2797:Interbellum Generation 2787:Interwar United States 2767:Causes of World War II 2508:This section is empty. 2419:and the strike in the 2307: 2281:North African colonies 2248:Miguel Primo de Rivera 2185:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2161: 2026: 2006: 1857: 1827:Germany invaded Poland 1811:Germany seized Austria 1797:in the aftermath of a 1781: 1758:Causes of World War II 1670: 1589:with 6.6 million, the 1572:French colonial empire 1563: 1543: 1524:Statute of Westminster 1399: 1373: 1324:International Brigades 1245:large-scale atrocities 1229:Imperial Japanese Army 1215: 1158:Japan seizes Manchuria 1154: 1140:democratic backsliding 1124:Imperial Japanese Navy 1108:Paris Peace Conference 1078: 1069:Statism in Shōwa Japan 1016: 1007:Cheering crowds greet 884: 814: 770:National Fascist Party 712: 519:Armistice of Compiègne 514: 170: 162: 43:is missing information 11686:Vietnamese philosophy 11424:Industrial Revolution 11263:Three Seas Initiative 11238:Pacific Islands Forum 11103:British–Irish Council 10851:Greek Orthodox Church 10310:Industrial Revolution 10280:Scientific Revolution 9372:Black Saturday (1983) 9226:Kennedy Slide of 1962 8798:Commercial revolution 8541:Cryptocurrency bubble 8529:Corporate debt bubble 8436:Irish property bubble 8218:Mount Baker gold rush 8140:Black Hills gold rush 8042:Similkameen Gold Rush 8036:Pennsylvania oil rush 8024:Pike's Peak gold rush 7916:Bengal Bubble of 1769 7888:Commercial revolution 7863:Irrational exuberance 7648:Early 2000s recession 7615:Early 1990s recession 7567:Early 1980s recession 7147:Commercial revolution 7045:Nominal interest rate 6509:Industrial Revolution 6005:88.3 (1983): 617–645. 5795:Mowat, Charles Loch. 5721:Marks, Sally (2002). 5713:Luebbert, Gregory M. 5619:Online free to borrow 5466:online free to borrow 4632:Donald Cameron Watt, 4616:Gerhard L. Weinberg, 4340:– 25 chapters; 845 pp 4165:. London: Macmillan. 4138:The Spanish Civil War 4136:Thomas, Hugh (2001). 4028:10.1353/jjs.2008.0027 3788:Marks, Sally (1976). 3213:Rich, Norman (2003). 2581:Good Neighbour policy 2456:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 2372:annexation of Austria 2334:in the Suez Canal in 2301: 2122: 2012: 1970: 1953:Further information: 1843: 1775: 1769:along with the Jews. 1762:Further information: 1664: 1550:Place de Varsovie in 1549: 1541: 1440:Egypt had been under 1391: 1371: 1209: 1148: 1103:occupation of Siberia 1076: 1006: 870: 809: 702: 513:Map of Europe in 1923 512: 503:Further information: 168: 75: 11258:Special Relationship 10668:Christian philosophy 10613:Western Christianity 10275:Age of Enlightenment 10149:Hellenistic Kingdoms 9926:Ghana banking crisis 9756:European debt crisis 9541:Dot-com bubble crash 9453:Cuban Special Period 8912:Copper Panic of 1789 8817:The Great Debasement 8809:Great Bullion Famine 8212:Kobuk River Stampede 8146:Colorado Silver Boom 8078:West Coast gold rush 8030:Rock Creek Gold Rush 7988:California gold rush 7214:Copper Panic of 1789 6564:European debt crisis 6559:European integration 6499:Age of Enlightenment 6339:Republic of Florence 6054:7 March 2021 at the 6011:"Between the Wars". 5966:Watt, D. C. et al., 5828:Rothschild, Joseph. 5699:. pp. 290–376. 5575:(2014), brief survey 4354:. New York: McCall. 4161:Carr, E. H. (1984). 4022:(1): 109–114. 2007. 3731:Cochrane, Willard W. 3594:The Great Depression 3511:Leslie Hume (2016). 3304:. Penn State Press. 3300:Blake, Jody (1999). 3174:Todd, Allan (2001). 2668:1928 Summer Olympics 2664:1924 Summer Olympics 1675:Treaty of Versailles 1626:Spanish Nationalists 1528:independent republic 1421:, culminated in the 1210:Japanese march into 1149:Zhang Xueliang with 1026:took control of the 776:after threatening a 772:came to power under 755:". Not all was new: 654:Charles Evans Hughes 473:, and strategies of 11716:Buddhist philosophy 11676:Japanese philosophy 11419:Early modern period 11283:West Nordic Council 11148:Eastern Partnership 10737:Analytic philosophy 10438:Classical tradition 10260:Early modern period 10216:Classical antiquity 10211:European Bronze Age 9882:2015 Nepal blockade 9592:2000s energy crisis 9490:Mexican peso crisis 9395:Black Monday (1987) 9255:1970s energy crisis 9215:Post–WWII expansion 8889:Bengal bubble crash 8684:Financial contagion 8348:The Great Inflation 8331:Porcupine Gold Rush 8315:Post–WWII expansion 8293:Porcupine Gold Rush 8275:Fairbanks Gold Rush 8248:Porcupine Gold Rush 8230:Fairbanks Gold Rush 8000:Victorian gold rush 7965:Chilean silver rush 7878:Stock market bubble 7550:1973–1975 recession 7494:Post–WWII expansion 7168:Great Frost of 1709 6996:Neutrality of money 6977:Classical dichotomy 6893:Economic expansions 6529:Revolutions of 1848 6459:Early modern France 6240:Anglo-Saxon England 6145:Classical antiquity 6015:29.1 (1960): 1–17, 5771:. pp. 90–545. 5630:Grossman, Mark ed. 5484:(Harvard UP, 2009). 5103:Lester D. Langley, 4414:excerpt pp. 774–845 3025:. 28 February 2018. 2802:Greatest Generation 2660:international sport 2643:Decline of the West 2537:minor interventions 2380:Victor Emmanuel III 2348:Italian East Africa 2332:sphere of influence 2326:and the French-run 2254:, which was led by 2082:Venetian possession 1905:Neville Chamberlain 1874:attempted Nazi coup 1870:Anti-Comintern Pact 1852:in September 1939 ( 1831:Free City of Danzig 1823:non-aggression pact 1748:Nazi era, 1933–1939 1628:would launch their 1504:Balfour Declaration 1457:formal independence 1308:Nationalist faction 1256:in Mongolia at the 1037:cultural liberalism 989:The rise of fascism 937:international trade 893:economic depression 757:"normalcy" returned 667:London Naval Treaty 483:front-based warfare 320:Ottoman territories 153:fighting in Albania 142:Gabriele D'Annunzio 116:Denikin: White Army 12100:EAEU Customs Union 12030:Arab Customs Union 11952:Oriental Orthodoxy 11726:Islamic philosophy 11696:Iranian philosophy 11671:Chinese philosophy 10742:Post-structuralism 10705:Christian humanism 10335:Universal suffrage 9144:Panic of 1910–1911 8988:Great Irish Famine 8926:Panic of 1796–1797 8765:Stock market crash 8287:Cobalt silver rush 8242:Cobalt silver rush 8200:Klondike Gold Rush 8096:Kildonan Gold Rush 8084:Big Bend Gold Rush 7943:Carolina gold rush 7904:Mississippi bubble 7873:Real-estate bubble 7732:COVID-19 recession 7392:Panic of 1910–1911 7224:Panic of 1796–1797 7050:Real interest rate 7018:Economic expansion 6635:Crusading movement 6539:Russian Revolution 6374:Hundred Years' War 6270:Maritime republics 6173:Early Christianity 6163:Hellenistic period 6120:Paleolithic Europe 5733:(Routledge, 2017) 5717:(Oxford UP, 1991). 5616:. pp. 77–254. 5606:(Oxford UP, 1952). 5554:Duus, Peter, ed., 5551:(Oxford UP, 2016). 5528:12.1 (2003): 1-31. 5507:Cambon, Jules, ed 4603:(2005) and Evans, 4599:Richard J. Evans, 4303:Past & Present 3623:The New York Times 3138:. 9 November 2018. 3122:"The Great Debate" 2777:European Civil War 2705:invasion of Poland 2600:Mexican Revolution 2553:Dominican Republic 2543:, Panama with the 2413:Kingdom of Romania 2388:fascist government 2340:Suez Canal Company 2308: 2102:Italian Somaliland 2094:Royal Italian Army 2059:Dodecanese Islands 2051:Treaty of Lausanne 2027: 2007: 1868:, and signing the 1858: 1782: 1698:passive resistance 1671: 1646:History of Germany 1595:French West Africa 1579:French West Indies 1564: 1544: 1427:Indian nationalism 1400: 1374: 1216: 1155: 1099:Twenty-One Demands 1083:industrial economy 1079: 1017: 898:stock market crash 885: 795:held out longer), 713: 515: 258:October Revolution 193:September 1939 (20 189:November 1918 to 1 171: 169:Boundaries in 1920 163: 12148: 12147: 11947:Eastern Orthodoxy 11691:Indian philosophy 11681:Korean philosophy 11475:Post–Cold War era 11306: 11305: 11133:Council of Europe 11035:International law 10988:Constitutionalism 10846:Eastern Orthodoxy 10352:Post–Cold War era 10285:Age of Revolution 10139:Greco-Roman world 10077: 10076: 9958:COVID-19 pandemic 8843:Tulip mania crash 8834:Kipper und Wipper 8811:(c. 1400–c. 1500) 8589: 8588: 8547:Everything bubble 8196:(c. 1890–c. 1910) 8176:Cayoosh Gold Rush 8166:(c. 1880–c. 1930) 8154:(c. 1880–c. 1900) 8136:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 8134:Cassiar Gold Rush 8130:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 8102:Omineca Gold Rush 8066:Cariboo Gold Rush 8048:Stikine Gold Rush 7984:(c. 1840–c. 1850) 7954:Georgia Gold Rush 7939:(c. 1790–c. 1810) 7842:Financial bubbles 7808: 7807: 7519:Recession of 1958 7513:Recession of 1953 7507:Recession of 1949 7204:Thirteen Colonies 7011:Velocity of money 6941:Paradox of thrift 6859: 6858: 6643: 6642: 6569:COVID-19 pandemic 6514:French Revolution 6489:Habsburg monarchy 6469:Cossack Hetmanate 6449:Portuguese Empire 6439:Absolute monarchy 6434:Thirty Years' War 6329:Holy Roman Empire 6254:Bulgarian Empire 6213:Early Middle Ages 6130:Bronze Age Europe 6104:History of Europe 5896:annual 1920–1937 5761:Meltzer, Allan H. 5593:Garraty, John A. 5571:Freeman, Robert. 5474:(Springer, 2002). 5394:978-1-1381-379-36 5259:978-0-8229-6337-0 5078:978-0-1992-8185-5 4794:978-0-275-94877-1 4661:Lowe, pp. 191–199 4586:978-0-19-928007-0 4561:978-0-691-15796-2 4427:(1938) pp 440–41. 4062:978-1-135-63490-2 3842:978-0-415-73830-9 3767:Depression Decade 3751:League of Nations 3690:978-0-07-319397-7 3352:Scholastic Update 3336:978-0-500-23855-4 3059:978-0-521-55241-7 3044:. pp. 6–49. 2707:and the start of 2666:in Paris and the 2561:U.S. Marine Corps 2559:(1912–1933). The 2555:(1916–1924), and 2545:Panama Canal Zone 2528: 2527: 2492:Chinese Civil War 2460:Kingdom of Serbia 2411:destabilised the 2398:Regional patterns 2394:was established. 2320:French Somaliland 2285:British Gibraltar 2268:Spanish Civil War 2090:League of Nations 1901:Munich Conference 1850:killing civilians 1791:Versailles Treaty 1787:League of Nations 1764:German rearmament 1742:League of Nations 1737:Treaty of Locarno 1729:Treaty of Rapallo 1679:overseas colonies 1516:Jewish insurgency 1496:Palestinian Arabs 1423:Amritsar Massacre 1310:, led by General 1289:Spanish Civil War 1153:in November 1930. 1089:Japan joined the 843:electric lighting 819:Russian Civil War 799:in 1918, and the 705:Douglas Fairbanks 650:League of Nations 615:Spanish Civil War 595:League of Nations 523:Russian Civil War 493:Turmoil in Europe 443:close air support 439:strategic bombing 280:. The empires of 270:Chinese Civil War 262:Russian Civil War 235:electric lighting 223:economic mobility 126:Polish–Soviet War 91:Russian Civil War 70: 69: 12188: 11967:Eastern Churches 11711:Hindu philosophy 11333: 11326: 11319: 11310: 11309: 11178:EU Customs Union 10710:Secular humanism 10658:Christian ethics 10608:East–West Schism 10591:Physical culture 10315:Great Divergence 10265:Age of Discovery 10104: 10097: 10090: 10081: 10080: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9953: 9945: 9937: 9929: 9921: 9914: 9906: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9862: 9855: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9811: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9639: 9617: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9536: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9463: 9456: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9412: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9382: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9345: 9331:Great Regression 9326:Great Moderation 9317: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9287: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9235: 9228: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9184: 9176: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9080: 9072: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9028: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8899: 8892: 8884: 8862: 8854: 8846: 8838: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8789: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8714:Liquidity crisis 8709: 8702: 8693: 8691:Social contagion 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8623:Financial crises 8616: 8609: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8391:Great Regression 8386:Great Moderation 8363:Mexican oil boom 8158:Indiana gas boom 7910:South Sea bubble 7868:Social contagion 7835: 7828: 7821: 7812: 7811: 7600:Great Regression 7595:Great Moderation 7441:Great Depression 7430:Roaring Twenties 6951:Underconsumption 6921:Effective demand 6912:Aggregate demand 6886: 6879: 6872: 6863: 6862: 6711:Effect in cities 6677:Great Depression 6670: 6663: 6656: 6647: 6646: 6504:Great Divergence 6419:Age of Discovery 6364:Late Middle Ages 6334:High Middle Ages 6245:Byzantine Empire 6228:Christianization 6218:Migration Period 6153:Classical Greece 6125:Neolithic Europe 6097: 6090: 6083: 6074: 6073: 5853: 5782: 5756: 5726: 5710: 5677: 5660: 5617: 5497:Brendon, Piers. 5487:Bowman, Isaiah. 5439: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5316:(17): 2594–608. 5305: 5299: 5298: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5146: 5133: 5132: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4927: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4673: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4637: 4630: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4326: 4315: 4314: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4215:. pp. 1–46. 4208: 4202: 4201: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3705:"Commodity Data" 3701: 3695: 3694: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3177:The Modern World 3171: 3165: 3164: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2953:New-York Tribune 2944: 2834:Great Depression 2812:Interwar Belgium 2772:Interwar Britain 2742:Roaring Twenties 2568:Great Depression 2523: 2520: 2510:You can help by 2503: 2496: 2436:Albanian Kingdom 2425:Romanian economy 2409:Great Depression 2293:Balearic Islands 2273:Balearic Islands 2264:Francisco Franco 2260:Spanish monarchy 2237:Abyssinia Crisis 2225:Ethiopian Empire 2159: 2037:, was appointed 2035:Benito Mussolini 2023: 2017: 1999: 1993: 1983: 1977: 1909:Édouard Daladier 1866:Benito Mussolini 1862:Rome-Berlin Axis 1819:Munich Agreement 1778:Axis cooperation 1634:Spanish Republic 1617:Battle of Annual 1583:French Indochina 1512:revolted in 1936 1453:Kingdom of Egypt 1364:Interwar Britain 1312:Francisco Franco 1249:Nanjing massacre 1190:Henry L. Stimson 1041:Benito Mussolini 1028:Kingdom of Italy 1013:Benito Mussolini 971:Beer Hall Putsch 889:Great Depression 863:Great Depression 857:Great Depression 791:in 1917 (though 785:women's suffrage 774:Benito Mussolini 768:. In Italy, the 766:Marxism–Leninism 762:Soviet communism 717:Roaring Twenties 687:Roaring Twenties 677:Roaring Twenties 603:Great Depression 576:Roaring Twenties 539:Austro-Hungarian 489:form of combat. 423:regular infantry 395:Great Depression 364:chose to reunify 312:Austro-Hungarian 247:Great Depression 215:Roaring Twenties 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185:) lasted from 11 111:Kolchak: Siberia 79:New-York Tribune 65: 62: 56: 36: 28: 12196: 12195: 12191: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12161:Interwar period 12151: 12150: 12149: 12144: 12017: 12011: 11752: 11721:Jain philosophy 11701:Buddhist ethics 11657: 11479: 11446:Interwar period 11399:Ancient history 11387: 11346: 11337: 11307: 11302: 11268:UKUSA Agreement 11208:Lublin Triangle 11093:Baltic Assembly 11045: 11039: 10957: 10794: 10629: 10499:Eurolinguistics 10368: 10357:Information age 10330:Interwar period 10197: 10117: 10108: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9986: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9948: 9940: 9932: 9924: 9917: 9909: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9865: 9858: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9814: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9778: 9776:Information Age 9770: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9626:Great Recession 9620: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9547: 9539: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9466: 9459: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9385: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9340: 9333: 9329: 9320: 9312: 9307:1979 oil crisis 9305: 9298: 9290: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9263:1973 oil crisis 9261: 9253: 9246: 9244:Great Inflation 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9187: 9179: 9171: 9164: 9162:Interwar period 9156: 9149: 9142: 9134: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9083: 9075: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9031: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8993: 8986: 8978: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8895: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8857: 8849: 8841: 8831: 8823: 8815: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8784: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8663:Currency crisis 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8620: 8590: 8585: 8552: 8509: 8507:Information Age 8501: 8393: 8389: 8380: 8369:Silver Thursday 8350: 8342: 8337:Poseidon bubble 8317: 8309: 8261: 8259:Interwar period 8253: 8115: 8107: 8060:Otago gold rush 7970: 7929: 7921: 7890: 7882: 7844: 7839: 7809: 7804: 7669:Great Recession 7661: 7659:Information Age 7653: 7602: 7598: 7589: 7542: 7540:Great Inflation 7534: 7496: 7488: 7411: 7409:Interwar period 7403: 7339:Long Depression 7331: 7327: 7318: 7278: 7274: 7265: 7180: 7172: 7149: 7141: 7106:U.S. recessions 7101:U.K. recessions 7033:U.S. expansions 6903: 6890: 6860: 6855: 6837: 6816: 6725: 6679: 6674: 6644: 6639: 6578: 6544:Interwar period 6519:Napoleonic Wars 6383: 6354:Mongol invasion 6307:Crown of Aragon 6199: 6139: 6135:Iron Age Europe 6106: 6101: 6056:Wayback Machine 6044: 6030: 6028:Primary sources 5991: 5884:Toynbee, A. J. 5877:Steiner, Zara. 5870:Steiner, Zara. 5779: 5707: 5689:Kynaston, David 5676:(4th ed.). 5648:(1960) for USA 5644:Hicks, John D. 5637:Hasluck, E. L. 5448: 5446:Further reading 5443: 5442: 5436:Wayback Machine 5422:Jon Jacobson, " 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5376: 5372: 5341: 5337: 5306: 5302: 5281:(7): 1088–111. 5271: 5267: 5260: 5246: 5242: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5187: 5180: 5147: 5136: 5129: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5079: 5063: 5056: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4992: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4928: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4886: 4882: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4821: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4772: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4706: 4695: 4688: 4674: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4396: 4392: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4348: 4344: 4338:(2nd ed.). 4327: 4318: 4305:(131): 130–64. 4299: 4295: 4288: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4224: 4220: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4109: 4105: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3915: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3829: 3825: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3786: 3782: 3763: 3759: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3590: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3447: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3367: 3363: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3298: 3294: 3271: 3267: 3252:10.2307/1889320 3236: 3232: 3225: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3011:. 24 June 2024. 3007: 3006: 3002: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2926: 2921: 2895: 2807:Interwar Poland 2792:Lost Generation 2717: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2652: 2604:Platt Amendment 2585:Lázaro Cárdenas 2533: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2494: 2478:Main articles: 2476: 2464:Austria-Hungary 2405: 2400: 2392:Shefqet Vërlaci 2378:. Italian King 2359:King of Albania 2275:and creating a 2233:Édouard Herriot 2221:German Cameroon 2160: 2157: 2031:Italian Fascist 2025: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1965: 1951: 1945: 1789:, rejected the 1766: 1760: 1752:Main articles: 1750: 1683:Alsace–Lorraine 1667:Golden Twenties 1659: 1657:Weimar Republic 1653: 1651:Weimar Republic 1648: 1642: 1609: 1603: 1574: 1568:Interwar France 1566:Main articles: 1536: 1500:Jewish settlers 1481:Kingdom of Iraq 1451:. In 1922, the 1445:British control 1435:Mohandas Gandhi 1407:self-government 1366: 1360: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1278:Francoist Spain 1272:Main articles: 1270: 1254:Soviet Red Army 1204: 1198: 1166: 1160: 1151:Chiang Kai-shek 1136:May 15 Incident 1132:Inukai Tsuyoshi 1071: 1057:Empire of Japan 1055:Main articles: 1053: 1051:Empire of Japan 1015:in Munich, 1938 1001: 993:Main articles: 991: 969:and the failed 963:Weimar Republic 935:dropped, while 921:Personal income 906:Great Recession 865: 859: 697: 691:Golden Twenties 681:Main articles: 679: 590: 584: 543:Ottoman Empires 507: 501: 495: 397:, countries in 373:In Russia, the 324:German colonies 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 179:interwar period 161: 66: 60: 57: 50: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12194: 12184: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12090:Easternization 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12021: 12019: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12007: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11891:Zoroastrianism 11883: 11882: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11762: 11760: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11706:Islamic ethics 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11547: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11489: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11458: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11426: 11421: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11336: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11313: 11304: 11303: 11301: 11300: 11298:Westernization 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11278:Visegrád Group 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11218:Nordic Council 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11113:Bucharest Nine 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11078:Arctic Council 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10990: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10973: 10967: 10965: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10804: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10688:Existentialism 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10559: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10501: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10464: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10423: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10378: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10359: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10252: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10221:Late antiquity 10213: 10207: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10136: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10012:(2022–present) 10006: 9999: 9992: 9990:(2020–present) 9984: 9983: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9954: 9952:(2019–present) 9946: 9944:(2019–present) 9938: 9936:(2018–present) 9930: 9922: 9915: 9907: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9863: 9856: 9854:(2013–present) 9848: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9818:(2011–present) 9812: 9810:(2010–present) 9804: 9797: 9790: 9782: 9780: 9779:(2009–present) 9772: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9644:September 2008 9632: 9630: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9616:(2007–present) 9610: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9537: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9413: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9346: 9337: 9335: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9250: 9248: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9229: 9221: 9219: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9185: 9177: 9168: 9166: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9081: 9073: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9043: 9041: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8991: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8906:(c. 1780–1795) 8900: 8893: 8885: 8877: 8875: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8855: 8847: 8839: 8829: 8827:(c. 1600–1760) 8821: 8813: 8804: 8802: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8781: 8779: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8710: 8707:Hyperinflation 8703: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8576:Unicorn bubble 8573: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8513: 8511: 8510:(2007–present) 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8438:(c. 2000–2007) 8433: 8427: 8424:Dot-com bubble 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8401:1980s oil glut 8397: 8395: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8377:(c. 1980–1982) 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8352: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8334: 8333:(1945–c. 1960) 8328: 8327:(1945–c. 1950) 8325:Texas oil boom 8321: 8319: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8289:(1918–c. 1930) 8284: 8281:Texas oil boom 8278: 8277:(1918–c. 1930) 8272: 8271:(c. 1920–1925) 8265: 8263: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8236:Texas oil boom 8233: 8232:(c. 1900–1918) 8227: 8224:Nome Gold Rush 8221: 8220:(1897–c. 1925) 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8160:(c. 1880–1903) 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8117: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 8002:(1851–c. 1870) 7997: 7991: 7985: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7962: 7957: 7956:(1828–c. 1840) 7951: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7931: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7815: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7788:United Kingdom 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7720:United Kingdom 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7665: 7663: 7662:(2007–present) 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7631:United Kingdom 7628: 7623: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7578:United Kingdom 7575: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7555:United Kingdom 7546: 7544: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7472:United Kingdom 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7413: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7345:United Kingdom 7335: 7333: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7280: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7151: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7052: 7047: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6960: 6958:Business cycle 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6936:Overproduction 6933: 6928: 6923: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6889: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6807:United Kingdom 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6494:Russian Empire 6491: 6486: 6484:British Empire 6481: 6479:Dutch Republic 6476: 6474:Swedish Empire 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6454:Spanish Empire 6451: 6446: 6444:Ottoman Empire 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6359:Serbian Empire 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6195:Late antiquity 6192: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6158:Roman Republic 6155: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6043: 6042:External links 6040: 6039: 6038: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6006: 5999: 5990: 5989:Historiography 5987: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5855: 5843: 5833: 5826: 5825:(2nd ed. 2007) 5819: 5812: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5783: 5778:978-0226520001 5777: 5757: 5737: 5727: 5718: 5711: 5706:978-1408868560 5705: 5685: 5680:Koshar, Rudy. 5678: 5669: 5662: 5652: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5468: 5458: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5415: 5393: 5370: 5351:(2): 279–298. 5335: 5300: 5265: 5258: 5240: 5218: 5199:(3): 519–549. 5178: 5159:(2): 221–245. 5134: 5127: 5109: 5096: 5077: 5054: 5033:10.1086/240652 5027:(3): 468–482. 5011: 5004: 4986: 4967: 4947: 4940: 4919: 4905: 4898: 4880: 4865: 4858: 4840: 4833: 4812: 4793: 4770: 4755: 4748: 4727: 4720: 4693: 4686: 4663: 4654: 4638: 4622: 4609: 4592: 4585: 4577:Weimar Germany 4567: 4560: 4542: 4535: 4517: 4498: 4478: 4455: 4429: 4416: 4409:978-1439084755 4408: 4390: 4367: 4360: 4342: 4316: 4293: 4286: 4268: 4261: 4243: 4236: 4218: 4203: 4196: 4178: 4171: 4153: 4146: 4128: 4121: 4103: 4080: 4061: 4041: 3998: 3971: 3952: 3932: 3904: 3873: 3866: 3848: 3841: 3823: 3816:, ed. (1968). 3805: 3798: 3780: 3757: 3740: 3722: 3696: 3689: 3671: 3640: 3609: 3602: 3581: 3562: 3542: 3523: 3503: 3485:978-1285415550 3484: 3464: 3445: 3425: 3406: 3386: 3379: 3361: 3342: 3335: 3317: 3310: 3292: 3265: 3246:(3): 441–463. 3230: 3223: 3205: 3186: 3166: 3159: 3141: 3127: 3113: 3099: 3085: 3065: 3058: 3028: 3014: 3000: 2985:on 11 May 2024 2970: 2955:. p. 26. 2938: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2902: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2693: 2690: 2680: 2651: 2648: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2506: 2504: 2488:Nanjing decade 2475: 2472: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2384:Albanian crown 2376:Czechoslovakia 2367:personal union 2316:Galeazzo Ciano 2312:Easter Accords 2256:Francesc Macià 2219:of the former 2155: 2074:Corfu incident 2020: 2014: 1996: 1990: 1980: 1974: 1947:Main article: 1944: 1941: 1913:Czechoslovakia 1894:Sudeten German 1890:Czechoslovakia 1846:Heinkel He 111 1749: 1746: 1706:French economy 1702:hyperinflation 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1644:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1587:French Algeria 1535: 1532: 1473:Mandatory Iraq 1449:Ottoman Empire 1431:Congress Party 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1269: 1266: 1200:Main article: 1197: 1194: 1178:Zhang Xueliang 1162:Main article: 1159: 1156: 1052: 1049: 990: 987: 952:heavy industry 861:Main article: 858: 855: 678: 675: 656:sponsored the 639:Czechoslovakia 623:Horn of Africa 586:Main article: 583: 580: 531:Russian Empire 527:Eastern Europe 517:Following the 497:Main article: 494: 491: 475:modern warfare 467:naval aviation 316:German Empires 160: 159: 154: 148: 139: 134: 128: 123: 118: 113: 109:White Army of 107: 102: 93: 83: 68: 67: 61:September 2024 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12193: 12182: 12181:Periodization 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12014: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11847: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11414:Modern period 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11340:Eastern world 11334: 11329: 11327: 11322: 11320: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11243:PROSUR/PROSUL 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11138:Craiova Group 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11053:ABCANZ Armies 11051: 11050: 11048: 11042: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10877: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10858:Protestantism 10856: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10778:Sovereigntism 10776: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10673:Scholasticism 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10533: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10363: 10362:War on terror 10360: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10255:Modern period 10253: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10111:Western world 10105: 10100: 10098: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10040: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9665:December 2008 9662: 9659: 9658:November 2008 9655: 9652: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9304: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9204:Panic of 1930 9201: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9129:Panic of 1907 9126: 9123: 9122:Panic of 1901 9119: 9116: 9115:Panic of 1896 9112: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9093:Panic of 1893 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9077:Baring crisis 9074: 9070: 9069:Arendal crash 9066: 9063: 9062:Panic of 1884 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9048:Panic of 1873 9045: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9018:Panic of 1866 9015: 9012: 9011:Panic of 1857 9008: 9005: 9004:Panic of 1847 9001: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8963: 8962:Panic of 1837 8959: 8956: 8955:Panic of 1825 8952: 8949: 8948:Panic of 1819 8945: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8919:Panic of 1792 8916: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8758:Social crisis 8755: 8752: 8751:Minsky moment 8748: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8677:Energy crisis 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8649:Credit crunch 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Carbon bubble 8559: 8558: 8555: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8164:Ohio oil rush 8162: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7982:Railway Mania 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7824: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7793:United States 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7725:United States 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7636:United States 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7583:United States 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7560:United States 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7477:United States 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7386:Panic of 1907 7384: 7381: 7380:Panic of 1901 7378: 7375: 7372: 7371:Panic of 1893 7369: 7366: 7365:Baring crisis 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7350:United States 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7307:Panic of 1866 7305: 7302: 7299: 7298:Panic of 1857 7296: 7293: 7290: 7289:Panic of 1847 7287: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7260:Panic of 1837 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7248:Panic of 1825 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7218:Panic of 1792 7215: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7163:Slump of 1706 7161: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7071:Balance sheet 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7040:Interest rate 7038: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821:United States 6819: 6813: 6812:United States 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6787:Latin America 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Art of Europe 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6389:Modern period 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5821:Overy, R. J. 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5478:Berman, Sheri 5476: 5473: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5128:0-521-53274-4 5124: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5005:1-55753-141-2 5001: 4998:. Purdue UP. 4997: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4977:History Today 4971: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4941:0-8014-3772-5 4937: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4916:. p. 24. 4915: 4909: 4901: 4899:0-393-32396-X 4895: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4859:0-415-18078-3 4855: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4834:0-8131-9139-4 4830: 4826: 4819: 4817: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4749:0-415-16111-8 4745: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4721:0-8014-3772-5 4717: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4687:0-297-78005-0 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4536:0-312-04470-4 4532: 4528: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4499:9781598843361 4495: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4466: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4361:0-8415-0020-7 4357: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4287:0-19-568367-6 4283: 4280:. Oxford UP. 4279: 4272: 4264: 4262:1-84511-347-0 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4237:0-415-13102-2 4233: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4197:0-8131-9139-4 4193: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4172:0-394-53550-2 4168: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4147:0-375-75515-2 4143: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4122:0-297-00124-8 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3953:9780719046728 3949: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3867:0-299-14870-X 3863: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3801: 3799:0-312-40635-5 3795: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3603:0-15-136903-8 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3569: 3565: 3563:9780415438896 3559: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3530: 3526: 3524:9781317213260 3520: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3446:9780748733866 3442: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3407:9781444391671 3403: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3382: 3380:0-691-05220-4 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3311:0-271-02339-2 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3224:0-07-052266-9 3220: 3216: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3187:0-19-913425-1 3183: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3162: 3160:0-300-04144-6 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3109: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2928: 2927: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2692:End of an era 2679: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2613:Southern Cone 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551:(1915–1935), 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531:Latin America 2522: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114:Indian Oceans 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:Italian press 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:March on Rome 2040: 2036: 2032: 2011: 2004: 1987: 1986:Client states 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Pact of Steel 1805:, formed the 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1540: 1534:French Empire 1531: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Jewish people 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1483:in 1932 when 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Punjab region 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326:" of outside 1325: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186:Lytton Report 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:Kwantung Army 1165: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1110:in 1919, its 1109: 1104: 1101:of 1915. Its 1100: 1096: 1095:Chinese coast 1092: 1087: 1084: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1000: 996: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 902:Black Tuesday 899: 894: 890: 882: 878: 874: 869: 864: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:working class 824: 820: 813: 808: 806: 802: 801:United States 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 778:March on Rome 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:New York City 718: 710: 709:Mary Pickford 706: 701: 696: 695:Années folles 692: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 589: 579: 577: 572: 568: 564: 563:United States 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 511: 506: 500: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:horse cavalry 424: 420: 416: 412: 406: 404: 403:United States 400: 399:Latin America 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 358:and parts of 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 217:, a time of 216: 212: 208: 184: 180: 176: 167: 158: 155: 152: 149: 147: 143: 140: 138: 135: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 108: 106: 103: 101: 97: 94: 92: 88: 85: 84: 81: 80: 74: 64: 54: 48: 44: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 26: 22: 12085:Eastern Bloc 12055:Asia Council 12016:Contemporary 11962:Latin Church 11930:Christianity 11859:Confucianism 11731:Collectivism 11545:Architecture 11451:World War II 11445: 11288:Western Bloc 11088:AUSCANNZUKUS 11044:Contemporary 10993:Human rights 10839:Latin Church 10813:Christianity 10763: 10722:Conservatism 10567:contemporary 10404:Architecture 10340:World War II 10329: 10300:Emancipation 10295:Abolitionism 10183:Romanization 10178:Roman legacy 10159:Roman Empire 9651:October 2008 9533:Samba effect 9389:(1987–2000s) 9284:Steel crisis 9161: 9107:Black Monday 9085:Encilhamento 9025:Black Friday 8832: 8788:(235–284 CE) 8656:Credit cycle 8566:Green bubble 8258: 8188:Encilhamento 7858:Credit cycle 7853:Market trend 7710:South Africa 7467:South Africa 7408: 7313:Black Friday 7130:Unemployment 6987:Money supply 6982:Disinflation 6926:General glut 6802:South Africa 6549:World War II 6543: 6402:Early modern 6379:Kalmar Union 6250:Papal States 6168:Roman Empire 6034: 6012: 6002: 5995: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5796: 5789: 5788:ed. (1968). 5786:Mowat, C. L. 5764: 5748:(2): 47–63, 5745: 5741: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5695:. New York: 5692: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5656: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5611: 5603: 5594: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5508: 5498: 5488: 5481: 5471: 5461: 5452: 5427: 5418: 5406:. Retrieved 5383: 5373: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5249: 5243: 5234: 5221: 5196: 5190: 5156: 5150: 5118: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5087:. Retrieved 5067: 5024: 5020: 5014: 4995: 4989: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4959: 4931: 4913: 4908: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4868: 4849: 4843: 4824: 4803:. Retrieved 4783: 4764: 4758: 4739: 4710: 4677: 4657: 4649: 4648:R.J. Overy, 4633: 4617: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4576: 4570: 4551: 4545: 4526: 4520: 4508:. Retrieved 4488: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4458: 4446:. Retrieved 4432: 4424: 4419: 4399: 4393: 4376: 4370: 4351: 4345: 4334: 4330:Mowat, C. L. 4302: 4296: 4277: 4271: 4252: 4246: 4227: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4187: 4181: 4162: 4156: 4137: 4131: 4112: 4106: 4089: 4083: 4071:. 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Retrieved 2952: 2942: 2901:, since 1900 2884: 2709:World War II 2695: 2672: 2653: 2641: 2635: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2565: 2534: 2516: 2512:adding to it 2507: 2453: 2444:land reforms 2433: 2417:Valea Jiului 2406: 2352: 2309: 2283:and between 2277:client state 2245: 2229:Stresa Front 2214: 2162: 2123: 2106: 2067: 2049:at the 1923 2028: 1898: 1886:German Reich 1859: 1835:World War II 1783: 1767: 1754:Nazi Germany 1732: 1727:. Under the 1725:Soviet Union 1722: 1714:Nationalists 1691: 1672: 1632:against the 1621:Rif Republic 1610: 1575: 1520: 1489: 1475:, a British 1467:and his son 1461:client state 1455:was granted 1442: 1439: 1411:that of 1857 1401: 1375: 1320: 1296:conservative 1292: 1233: 1217: 1212:Zhengyangmen 1167: 1128:capital ship 1117: 1088: 1080: 1045:Adolf Hitler 1022: 1018: 1009:Adolf Hitler 960: 946: 910: 886: 873:soup kitchen 823:middle class 815: 810: 782: 714: 647: 599:Soviet Union 591: 516: 407: 379:Soviet Union 372: 301: 272:between the 251: 227:middle class 211:World War II 182: 178: 172: 77: 58: 42: 25: 12035:Arab League 12018:integration 11957:Catholicism 11815:Vaishnavism 11589:Esotericism 11456:Pacific War 11429:World War I 11373:Indic world 11368:Sinic world 11351:Foundations 11228:Open Balkan 11046:integration 10976:Rule of law 10971:Natural law 10948:Agnosticism 10926:Hellenistic 10904:Anglo-Saxon 10834:Catholicism 10773:Atlanticism 10678:Rationalism 10484:Immigration 10467:Esotericism 10325:World War I 10290:Romanticism 10270:Reformation 10250:Renaissance 10228:Middle Ages 10193:Christendom 10122:Foundations 9928:(2017–2018) 9913:(2016–2022) 9869:(2014–2022) 9629:(2007–2009) 9594:(2003–2008) 9543:(2000–2004) 9492:(1994–1996) 9470:(1992–1994) 9455:(1991–2000) 9419:(1990–1992) 9411:(1990–1992) 9381:(1986–1995) 9344:(1982–1994) 9334:(1982–2007) 9316:(1980–1982) 9294:(1975–1982) 9286:(1973–1982) 9257:(1973–1980) 9247:(1973–1982) 9218:(1945–1973) 9183:(1921–1923) 9175:(1917–1924) 9165:(1918–1939) 9087:(1890–1893) 9040:(1870–1914) 8982:(1845–1856) 8942:(1815–1816) 8891:(1769–1784) 8874:(1760–1840) 8837:(1621–1623) 8819:(1544–1551) 8801:(1000–1760) 8700:Flash crash 8670:Debt crisis 8519:(2008–2014) 8486:(2005–2008) 8480:(2005–2011) 8468:(2002–2008) 8462:(2002–2007) 8456:(2002–2006) 8450:(2001–2006) 8444:(2000–2008) 8432:(2000–2006) 8426:(1995–2000) 8420:(1986–1990) 8414:(1985–2008) 8394:(1982–2007) 8365:(1977–1981) 8351:(1973–1982) 8339:(1969–1970) 8318:(1945–1973) 8306:(1932–1942) 8295:(1918–1945) 8283:(1918–1945) 8262:(1918–1939) 8250:(1909–1918) 8244:(1903–1918) 8238:(1901–1918) 8226:(1899–1909) 8214:(1897–1899) 8208:(1896–1903) 8202:(1896–1899) 8190:(1886–1890) 8172:(1883–1906) 8148:(1879–1893) 8142:(1874–1880) 8116:(1870–1914) 8092:(1865–1867) 8080:(1864–1867) 8074:(1861–1874) 8068:(1861–1867) 8062:(1861–1864) 8056:(1861–1864) 8038:(1859–1891) 8026:(1858–1861) 8014:(1851–1914) 8008:(1851–1880) 7990:(1848–1855) 7967:(1830–1850) 7945:(1802–1825) 7937:Canal Mania 7930:(1760–1840) 7918:(1757–1769) 7912:(1711–1720) 7906:(1684–1720) 7900:(1634–1637) 7898:Tulip mania 7891:(1000–1760) 7778:New Zealand 7736:2020–2022; 7700:New Zealand 7673:2007–2009; 7619:1990–1991; 7603:(1982–2007) 7571:1980–1982; 7543:(1973–1982) 7521:(1957–1958) 7515:(1953–1954) 7509:(1948–1949) 7497:(1945–1973) 7462:New Zealand 7445:1929–1939; 7421:(1918–1919) 7412:(1918–1939) 7394:(1910–1912) 7388:(1907–1908) 7382:(1902–1904) 7373:(1893–1897) 7367:(1890–1891) 7343:1873–1879; 7332:(1870–1914) 7315:(1869–1870) 7309:(1865–1867) 7300:(1857–1858) 7291:(1847–1848) 7279:(1840–1870) 7250:(1825–1826) 7241:(1815–1821) 7226:(1796–1799) 7220:(1789–1793) 7192:1772–1774; 7181:(1760–1840) 7159:(1430–1490) 7157:Great Slump 7150:(1000–1760) 7096:Stagflation 7055:Yield curve 7001:Price level 6792:Netherlands 6534:World War I 6524:Nationalism 6412:Reformation 6397:Renaissance 6369:Black Death 6302:Kievan Rus' 6205:Middle Ages 5767:. Chicago: 5513:Online free 4983:(9): 45–51. 4467:(in French) 4444:(in French) 3715:30 November 3574:19 February 3535:19 February 3496:19 February 3418:19 February 3358:(10): 3–18. 2963:10 November 2621:indigenismo 2484:Warlord Era 2429:agriculture 2239:led to the 1937:appeasement 1687:Reparations 1613:Abd el-Krim 1554:during the 1485:King Faisal 1469:King Farouk 1227:led by the 1221:nationalism 977:. In Asia, 925:tax revenue 879:during the 835:automobiles 805:Leslie Hume 749:Marcel wave 635:Sudetenland 627:appeasement 463:battleships 447:interceptor 290:imperialism 243:first world 231:Automobiles 207:World War I 183:interbellum 151:Promiscuous 47:Estado Novo 12155:Categories 11746:Philippine 11663:Philosophy 11648:Philosophy 11621:Literature 11248:Rio Treaty 10759:Relativism 10717:Liberalism 10683:Empiricism 10635:Philosophy 10623:Secularism 10574:Philosophy 10511:Literature 10305:Capitalism 8721:Accounting 7743:Bangladesh 7680:Bangladesh 7324:Gilded Age 7076:Depression 7028:Stagnation 6828:Bonus Army 6730:By country 6297:Viking Age 6112:Prehistory 5697:Bloomsbury 5379:Overy, R J 5089:14 October 4471:3 November 4448:3 November 4014:"Review". 3897:2 December 2996:influence… 2934:References 2627:hispanismo 2355:Ahmet Zogu 2344:Suez Canal 2328:Suez Canal 2072:after the 2047:Dodecanese 2041:after the 2033:movement, 1854:Kodachrome 1817:after the 1799:plebiscite 1718:Communists 1556:World Expo 1336:socialists 1332:Communists 1225:militarism 881:Depression 847:appliances 839:telephones 743:began and 617:; Italy's 571:Dawes Plan 487:asymmetric 457:." In the 435:air forces 415:mechanized 375:Bolsheviks 352:Bessarabia 274:Kuomintang 201:months, 21 96:White Army 45:about the 11903:Abrahamic 11798:Vajrayana 11788:Theravada 11643:Mythology 11616:Languages 11404:Silk Road 11363:Old World 11193:Five Eyes 11188:EU–UK TCA 11030:Democracy 10919:Old Norse 10808:Abrahamic 10765:Peritrope 10747:Tolerance 10727:Socialism 10557:Mythology 10545:Classical 10494:Languages 10472:Astrology 10320:Modernism 10134:Old World 9979:Recession 8972:1840–1870 8549:(2020–21) 8086:(c. 1865) 7975:1840–1870 7783:Singapore 7738:Australia 7715:Sri Lanka 7675:Australia 7621:Australia 7447:Australia 7437:1926–1927 7434:1923–1924 7400:(1913–14) 7376:1899–1900 7232:1807–1810 7229:1802–1804 7210:1785–1788 7135:Sahm rule 7066:Recession 6967:Inflation 6963:Deflation 6742:Australia 6737:Argentina 6706:Dust Bowl 6344:Feudalism 6315:Catalonia 5408:11 August 5403:949747872 5381:(2015) . 5365:162747279 5330:161584922 5295:144085742 5213:149372568 5173:145309305 5049:144182598 4678:Mussolini 4036:146638943 3883:"Fascism" 2893:Timelines 2861:Dust Bowl 2646:in 1923. 2557:Nicaragua 2382:took the 2189:Macedonia 2142:Gibraltar 1933:Lithuania 1882:Anschluss 1744:in 1926. 1636:in 1936. 1630:rebellion 1560:Agfacolor 1558:in 1937 ( 1492:Palestine 1465:King Fuad 1425:in 1919. 1352:world war 1344:Catholics 1334:and many 1182:Manchukuo 877:Al Capone 780:in 1922. 547:Lithuania 471:doctrines 431:artillery 419:motorized 383:Near East 381:. 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