World War I - Knowledge

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the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of "a direct exchange of views". Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. The Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds of honour, and noted Germany had not put forward any specific proposals.

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Germany and her allies." It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations, and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However, neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt. In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay" this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being "deliberately designed to be chimerical" and its "primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the 'total sum was being maintained.

629: 5932: 498: 1955: 682: 2342: 511: 4937: 613: 646: 4695: 540: 5241: 1641: 5098: 5997: 1777:. Economic reforms led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions. Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the 485: 106: 5424: 526: 12801: 2827: 4772:" and the wish to revise the "Versailles diktat", and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanise the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its policies. 5513: 3031: 2112: 4780: 3539: 5171: 5316: 3962:—with the help of the German government—was ushered from Switzerland into Russia on 16 April 1917. Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, they acceded to the 66: 3632: 3878: 4263: 4146: 2242: 5798: 456: 4108:, part of a joint Franco-British operation. Poor security meant German intelligence was well informed on tactics and timetables, but despite this, when the attack began on 16 April the French made substantial gains, before being brought to a halt by the newly built and extremely strong defences of the Hindenburg Line. Nivelle persisted with frontal assaults and, by 25 April, the French had suffered nearly 135,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, most incurred in the first two days. 5396:, "You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies." Australia received £5,571,720 in war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were £831,280,947. 86: 57: 1795: 567: 3371: 2980: 5877: 5892:; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, multiple peace proposals were coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. 4447: 553: 4723: 723: 3237: 5057:. The use of chemical weapons had been sanctioned by the German High Command to force Allied soldiers out of their entrenched positions, complementing rather than supplanting more lethal conventional weapons. Chemical weapons were deployed by all major belligerents throughout the war, inflicting approximately 1.3 million casualties, of which about 90,000 were fatal. The use of chemical weapons in warfare was a direct violation of the 4059:, a proponent of pre-1914 "open warfare" who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery misguided and incompatible with American "offensive spirit". Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops, and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. As a result, the first significant US involvement was the 5761: 16192: 97: 2749: 4532: 600: 4951:, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured. Approximately 15,000 deployed men sustained gruesome facial injuries, causing social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the 2334:. However, Moltke grew concerned that the French might push too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size from 1908 to 1914, he changed the allocation of forces between the two wings to 70:30. He also considered Dutch neutrality essential for German trade and cancelled the incursion into the Netherlands, which meant any delays in Belgium threatened the viability of the plan. Historian 2077:. Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the 3695: 3667: 3681: 3653: 3737: 3639: 3709: 3723: 3751: 4957:(broken faces). In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that had weakened disease resistance. These excess deaths are estimated as 271,000 in 1918, plus another 71,000 in the first half of 1919 when the blockade was still in effect. Starvation caused by famine killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon. 3221:, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been previously lost to Russia. He was, however, a poor commander. He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the 3202: 2261:; over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were repulsed with heavy losses. As a result, Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front, weakening their efforts against Russia. Serbia's victory against Austria-Hungary in the 1914 invasion has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century. In 1915, the campaign saw the first use of 5121:. The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and manipulated acts of Armenian resistance by portraying them as rebellions to justify further extermination. In early 1915, several Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the 2968:. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first 10 months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of 3599:, relieving Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians, and convincing Romania to enter the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August. It also fatally weakened both the Austrian and Russian armies, whose offensive capabilities were badly affected by their losses and increased disillusion with the war that ultimately led to the Russian revolutions. 2811:. This proved effective in cutting off vital supplies, though it violated accepted international law. Britain also mined international waters which closed off entire sections of the ocean, even to neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. 7053: 2714:, which suffered 57,500 casualties, including 19,200 dead. As a whole, the Somme offensive led to an estimated 420,000 British casualties, along with 200,000 French and 500,000 Germans. The diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides. The living conditions led to disease and infection, such as 3050:, and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed. Bulgaria capitulated four days later, on 29 September 1918. The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were too weak to re-establish a front. 4988:

spread across the world, accelerated by the movement of large numbers of soldiers, often crammed together in camps and transport ships with poor sanitation. The Spanish flu killed at least 17 to 25 million people, including an estimated 2.64 million Europeans and as many as 675,000 Americans. Between

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of Versailles". German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany "under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated." Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty

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Despite his conviction that Germany must be defeated, Wilson went to war to ensure the US played a leading role in shaping the peace, which meant preserving the AEF as a separate military force, rather than being absorbed into British or French units as his Allies wanted. He was strongly supported by

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Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops in total. The

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Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank

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political opposition by presenting Russia as the aggressor, German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg delayed the commencement of war preparations until 31 July. That afternoon, the Russian government were handed a note requiring them to "cease all war measures against Germany and Austria-Hungary" within 12

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July, but accepted all the terms, except for those empowering Austrian representatives to suppress "subversive elements" inside Serbia, and take part in the investigation and trial of Serbians linked to the assassination. Claiming this amounted to rejection, Austria broke off diplomatic relations and

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and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the

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In the US, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well-received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas. The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower after only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the

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The United States was a major supplier of war material to the Allies but remained neutral in 1914, in large part due to domestic opposition. The most significant factor in creating the support Wilson needed was the German submarine offensive, which not only cost American lives but paralysed trade as

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to the Swiss border. Since the Germans were normally able to choose where to stand, they generally held the high ground, while their trenches tended to be better built; those constructed by the French and English were initially considered "temporary", only needed until an offensive would destroy the

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was larger than the British Army itself, and between 1914 and 1918 an estimated 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In all, 140,000 soldiers served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East, with 47,746 killed and 65,126

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used this freedom to disobey orders, opening a gap between the German armies as they closed on Paris. The French army, reinforced by the British expeditionary corps, seized this opportunity to counter-attack and pushed the German army 40 to 80 km back. Both armies were then so exhausted that no

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asked his government for permission to cross the border and pre-empt such a move. To avoid violating Belgian neutrality, he was told any advance could come only after a German invasion. Instead, the French cabinet ordered its Army to withdraw 10 km behind the German frontier, to avoid provoking

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from the Ottoman Empire, this unilateral action was denounced by the European powers, but accepted as there was no consensus on how to resolve the situation. Some historians see this as a significant escalation, ending any chance of Austria cooperating with Russia in the Balkans, while also damaging

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However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy

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With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser leading to his abdication and fleeing of the country, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge on October 3 as Chancellor of Germany. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately,

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In December 1917, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the West. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a

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War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions among the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the US was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the "submarine outrages". While

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where up to 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were present. The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually, the Romanian army was victorious advancing 500 km. August von Mackensen could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front. Following the

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caused political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had paid only the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out

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lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United

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Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, the industry needed to replace the lost labourers

3782:, which comprised an estimated 2.8 million of the 5.0 million population. With the ruling elite split into pro-German and pro-Entente factions, Romania remained neutral for two years while allowing Germany and Austria to transport military supplies and advisors across Romanian territory. 3444:

The pre-1914 Italian army was short of officers, trained men, adequate transport and modern weapons; by April 1915, some of these deficiencies had been remedied but it was still unprepared for the major offensive required by the Treaty of London. The advantage of superior numbers was offset by the

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By the end of 1914, German troops held strong defensive positions inside France, controlled the bulk of France's domestic coalfields, and inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself. However, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive

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in the north and centre. German forces launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued falling, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September, the Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice

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were introduced, destroyers could potentially successfully attack a submerged submarine. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled; the solution was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not

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and his senior Cabinet ministers were already committed to supporting France, the Royal Navy had been mobilised, and public opinion was strongly in favour of intervention. On 31 July, Britain sent notes to Germany and France, asking them to respect Belgian neutrality; France pledged to do so, but

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to Romania. The result was that even countries which benefited from the Balkan Wars, such as Serbia and Greece, felt cheated of their "rightful gains", while for Austria it demonstrated the apparent indifference with which other powers viewed their concerns, including Germany. This complex mix of

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Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called "war guilt" clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of

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The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing that Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in

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had staunchly opposed taking part. The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912, and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the

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Around 25–31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%; for Italy 26%; for France 12%; for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost

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lasted until 1918 and ended in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However, the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led Armenian and Assyrian forces to be cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern

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On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, marking the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the

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In Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the

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The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by" their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was

2049:, in Vienna "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On 28 and 29 June, the crowds listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened." Nevertheless, the impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant, and has been described by historian 4490:

Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3

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In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the US, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from

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Pre-war military tactics that had emphasised open warfare and individual riflemen proved obsolete when confronted with conditions prevailing in 1914. Technological advances allowed the creation of strong defensive systems largely impervious to massed infantry advances, such as

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was largely successful, and the invasions achieved their aim of forcing Germany to divert troops from the Western Front, the speed of mobilisation meant they did so without much of their heavy equipment and support functions. These weaknesses contributed to Russian defeats at

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Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Apart from Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia received territories from the Dual Monarchy (the formerly separate and autonomous

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envisaged using 80% of the army to defeat France, then switching to Russia. Since this required them to move quickly, mobilization orders were issued that afternoon. Once the German ultimatum to Russia expired on the morning of 1 August, the two countries were at war.

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This figure could be paid in cash or in-kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). Some of the territory lost—via the Treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the

2642:, which dominated the battlefield and made crossing open ground extremely difficult. Both sides struggled to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, technology enabled the production of new offensive weapons, such as 5669:

made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors, and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed

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and initially met stubborn resistance, but with Austria-Hungary collapsing, Hungarian divisions in Italy demanded they be sent home. When this was granted, many others followed and the Imperial army disintegrated, the Italians taking over 300,000 prisoners. On

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Conscription was common in most European countries. However, it was controversial in English-speaking countries, It was especially unpopular among minority ethnicities—especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland, Australia, and the French Catholics in Canada.

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against the Austrians in eastern Galicia, shortages of supplies, heavy losses and command failures prevented the Russians from fully exploiting their victory. However, it was one of the most significant offensives of the war, diverting German resources from

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date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918.

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from Tsingtao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, and the ship was sunk in November 1914. Within a few months, Allied forces had seized all German territories in the Pacific, leaving only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea.

2361:, and the French offensive in Alsace-Lorraine was a disastrous failure, with casualties exceeding 260,000. German planning provided broad strategic instructions while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out at the front, but 2326:. Under Schlieffen, 85% of German forces in the west were assigned to the right wing, with the remainder holding along the frontier. By keeping his left-wing deliberately weak, he hoped to lure the French into an offensive into the "lost provinces" of 15466:

He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of

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in response to the Easter Rising, though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling. However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the

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By the end of 1916, Russian casualties totalled nearly five million killed, wounded or captured, with major urban areas affected by food shortages and high prices. In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas ordered the military to forcibly suppress strikes in

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with the Central Powers in May 1918. Under the terms of the treaty, Romania ceded territory to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and leased its oil reserves to Germany. However, the terms also included the Central Powers' recognition of the union of

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When the war began in 1914, Italy argued the Triple Alliance was defensive and it was not obliged to support an Austrian attack on Serbia. Opposition to joining the Central Powers increased when Turkey became a member in September, since in

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gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, it became one of the most feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.

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After 123 years, Poland re-emerged as an independent country. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the

3425:, while in return for an immediate entry into the war, the Allies agreed to their demands for Austrian territory and sovereignty over the Dodecanese. Although they remained secret, these provisions were incorporated into the April 1915 2847:

meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the sinking of the passenger ship

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in May/June 1916 was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The clash was indecisive, though the Germans inflicted more damage than they received; thereafter the bulk of the German

5734:, and after them, the workers and soldiers of other Russian cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" and "all power to the Soviets!". The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the 3773:

Despite secretly agreeing to support the Triple Alliance in 1883, Romania increasingly found itself at odds with the Central Powers over their support for Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and the status of ethnic Romanian communities in

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at the Archduke's car and injured two of his aides. The other assassins were also unsuccessful. An hour later, as Ferdinand was returning from visiting the injured officers in hospital, his car took a wrong turn into a street where

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being overborne by their patriotic support for the war. Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war.

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Several nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced

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In the aftermath of the war, the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires disappeared. Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties fell as a result of the war: the

4283:, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic. Germany launched 5364:" Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) "represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay" and "therefore ... represented the total German reparations" figure that had to be paid. 19419: 16233: 3380:

Though Italy joined the Triple Alliance in 1882, a treaty with its traditional Austrian enemy was so controversial that subsequent governments denied its existence and the terms were only made public in 1915. This arose from

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refused to sign it, hoping for an Allied victory in the west. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies and the Treaty of Bucharest was formally annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

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continued to pose a danger. In France and Belgium, locals who discover caches of unexploded munitions are assisted by weapons disposal units. In some places, plant life has still not recovered from the effects of the war.

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and, by 1919, there were 983 funds in New Zealand. At the start of the next world war the New Zealand funds were reformed, having been criticised as overlapping, wasteful and abused, but 11 were still functioning in 2002.

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Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the

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The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues:

6981: 16182: 16172: 16162: 9476:. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Maps compiled by A.F. Becke. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 59. 10714: 3000:

on 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated to Greece. After the conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria.

5501:, said, "now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size." The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War 5943:

Memorials were built in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the

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from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing

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urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central Powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw a reduction in nationalist activity. Leaders from the

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in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage. Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor

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was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East. Rather than a direct attack across their shared frontier, the German right wing would sweep through the

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Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.).

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California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.

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was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was

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outcome, while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long, two-front war. As was apparent to several German leaders, this amounted to a strategic defeat; shortly after the

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when Italy joined in 1882. For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves. In 1887, Bismarck set up the

8027: 4279:. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi). The initial offensive was a success; after heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or 6463:

Unlike the others, the successor state to the Russian Empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, retained similar external borders, via retaining or quickly recovering lost territories.

22312: 4758:. This article became known as the "War Guilt Clause", as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. The Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the " 1686:

and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict became a possibility. This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911

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Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital,

1425:

to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including

10688: 5270: 17890: 15270: 12110: 9169: 7627: 5148:, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. At least 250,000 Assyrian Christians, about half of the population, and 350,000–750,000 2491:

Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6–7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorates of

17905: 16238: 7841: 5746:, who fought violently until May 23 when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people were arrested. 5715:—some socialist, some religious—who had refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist 2785:, which seized or sank 15 merchantmen, a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. Most of the squadron was returning to Germany when it sank two British armoured cruisers at the 2373:

agreed with the French to attack Germany within fifteen days of mobilisation, ten days before the Germans had anticipated, although it meant the two Russian armies that entered

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wounded. The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India afterward, bred disillusionment, resulting in

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Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern "

1743:

was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.

1497:" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life. The first recorded use of the term 11353: 7286:... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. 5418: 4169:, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. At the end of October 1917, the 13096: 11391: 22277: 10821: 1161: 7597: 5451:, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London. In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including 5037: 3828:

In the summer of 1917, a Central Powers offensive began in Romania under the command of August von Mackensen to knock Romania out of the war, resulting in the battles of

7018:"South-Eastern Europe After Tito: A Powder-Keg for the 1980s? Edited by David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. xviii, 211 pp. Map. $ 22.50" 5125:(Law on Deportation), which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally 5045:

The German army was the first to successfully deploy chemical weapons during the Second Battle of Ypres (April–May 1915), after German scientists under the direction of

1857: 4559:

in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military.

6112:

began during the initial phases of the war and are still underway more than a century later. Teaching World War I has presented special challenges. When compared with

22633: 19404: 17987: 10239: 3817:. A combined German-Bulgarian-Turkish offensive captured Dobruja and Giurgiu, although the bulk of the Romanian army managed to escape encirclement and retreated to 3547: 2859:", which demanded warning and movement of crews to "a place of safety" (a standard that lifeboats did not meet). Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of 16254: 8314: 7327: 4776:

Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as a recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours.

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with Germany on 28 June 1919. The US Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the

4621:. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. 4566:

began at the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost. The

3579:

in August and September 1914, forcing them to withdraw from East Prussia with heavy losses. By spring 1915, they had also retreated from Galicia, and the May 1915

1505:

who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."

1171: 4803:. As a result, Hungary lost 64% of its total population, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and losing 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic 21475: 18066: 5206:

Allied personnel was around 42,928,000, while Central personnel was near 25,248,000. British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but were increasingly

3405:. In 1902, Rome secretly had agreed with France to remain neutral if the latter was attacked by Germany, effectively nullifying its role in the Triple Alliance. 3057:

and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the

1245: 16258: 4912:

under the Treaty of Lausanne. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek genocide.

18094: 16601: 4241: 1057: 22578: 21693: 18282: 18009: 17701: 16659: 16354: 12292: 11948: 9906: 9813: 8268: 5210:. Surviving veterans returning home often found they could discuss their experiences only among themselves, so formed "veterans' associations" or "Legions". 1156: 311: 5344:

Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as

21465: 18389: 15310: 13044: 12875: 12163: 4666: 4028: 1848:

Austrian statesmen viewed the Balkans as essential for the continued existence of their Empire and saw Serbian expansion as a direct threat. The 1908–1909

2202:. Britain sent Germany an ultimatum demanding they withdraw from Belgium; when this expired at midnight, without a response, the two empires were at war. 18297: 18052: 15835: 6595: 5531:

Several socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914. But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of

8019: 5474:

soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a

22297: 21340: 18872: 18777: 18292: 17982: 17933: 17848: 16271: 8201: 6967: 6356: 5231: 4727: 4020: 2366:

decisive move could be implemented, so they settled in trenches, with the vain hope of breaking through as soon as they could build local superiority.

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that characterizes retellings of the Second World War. Lacking recognizable heroes and villains, it is often taught thematically, invoking simplified

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The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914.

5377:

notes "Refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist." Thus, following the Second World War, at the

3970:

March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.

3348:

Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted to 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000, with 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded.

2424: 873: 10593: 5198:

2.5–3.5 million soldiers as prisoners). From the Central Powers, about 3.3 million soldiers became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians.

5117:

of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered

4349:, and the day after the British at St Quentin in the centre of the line. The following week, cooperating American and French units broke through in 4047:

drafted 2.8 million men, though training and equipping such numbers was a huge logistical challenge. By June 1918, over 667,000 members of the

1845:

while its clients had overlapping claims in the Balkans. These competing interests divided Russian policy-makers and added to regional instability.

22357: 18867: 11049: 10631: 7002: 13476: 3268:

forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The

19873: 19729: 18737: 18524: 17977: 17335: 15499: 12897: 11612: 11301:. translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar. London: Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute. 3849:

in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and leasing its oil wells to Germany. Although approved by

1563: 1374: 1268: 5058: 4831:

and 8% others. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

4123:

is viewed by many Canadians as a defining moment in creating a sense of national identity. Though Nivelle continued the offensive, on 3 May the

21480: 19414: 18981: 14953: 13765: 11833: 11273: 6055: 5812:

with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably, aircraft and the

5778:, with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies had modernised and were making use of telephone, 5130: 1358: 16766: 14850:

Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership

11248: 10483: 22628: 22618: 21505: 18712: 16828: 10769: 4909: 2855:

in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the "

2770:. These were systematically hunted down by the Royal Navy, though not before causing considerable damage. One of the most successful was the 2319:

from 1891 to 1906, estimated that this would take six weeks, after which the German army would transfer to the East and defeat the Russians.

1166: 13014: 12481: 12451: 1769:

This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the

22332: 20850: 19787: 19429: 18767: 18037: 17967: 17606: 16818: 16729: 16283:– A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections 14452: 12133: 10737: 3789:, whose acquisition had widespread popular support, and Russian success against Austria led Romania to join the Entente in the August 1916 3365: 3281: 1370: 1335: 1146: 761: 15744: 10661: 5582:. The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. Mussolini formed the pro-interventionist 3871: 1817:

The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline. While

22352: 19782: 18061: 16952: 16406: 15245: 12675: 12607:

These Strange Criminals: An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War

12101: 11782: 11484: 9971: 9159: 8999: 7200: 6659: 6224: 6160: 6081: 5901: 3100:. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the 1319: 502: 461: 15799: 13533: 12511: 12202: 7619: 5808:

Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917,

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hours. A further German demand for neutrality was refused by the French who ordered general mobilization but delayed declaring war. The

22638: 22623: 22573: 18579: 16629: 12001: 11709: 11642: 6933: 1897: 1551: 1272: 1100: 15262: 10368: 10230:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan" 10003: 7833: 3874:, Germany attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. However, this attempt was rejected out of hand as a "duplicitous war ruse". 22643: 21420: 19883: 19409: 19362: 18928: 16959: 11398: 9521: 8090: 5378: 4383: 4206: 2354: 1949: 1911:

while enlarging the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day

1326:

was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the

1299: 14712:. Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington DC: National Academies Press. 3432: 2657:

in September 1914, Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other, a series of manoeuvres later known as the "

21666: 20694: 19296: 16611: 9928: 9835: 6047: 6020: 6008: 4000: 2558:

Before the war, Germany had attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, a policy continued post-1914 by

2398: 1221: 1083: 301: 18287: 16328: 15855: 13092: 3610:. Her increasingly incompetent rule and food shortages in urban areas led to widespread protests and the murder of her favourite, 2022:, took up positions along the Archduke's motorcade route, to assassinate him. Supplied with arms by extremists within the Serbian 22307: 22013: 21563: 20334: 19738: 18219: 18057: 18044: 18001: 17910: 17636: 17438: 17345: 17247: 17005: 16652: 10930: 7213:

Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom.

6323: 5329: 5235: 4755: 4579: 4233: 3910: 2403: 2102: 1151: 306: 13216: 10813: 10683: 4960: 3008:

in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German

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Ansart, Séverine; Pelat, Camille; Boelle, Pierre-Yves; Carrat, Fabrice; Flahault, Antoine; Valleron, Alain-Jacques (May 2009).

7589: 5348:

were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of

4796: 4735: 4502:, arranged with the Allied Authorities in Paris. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the 4275:) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near 2666:

German defences. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the

1414: 258: 212: 7176: 5699:

of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain. The British government placed Ireland under

4807:. According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 54% of the entire population of the 4330: 2661:". By the end of 1914, the opposing forces confronted each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from the 22448: 22408: 21671: 21360: 20078: 19005: 18905: 18747: 18686: 18183: 18117: 17954: 17833: 17506: 16525: 16381: 16125: 16106: 16087: 16060: 16024: 15997: 15971: 15946: 15915: 15886: 15793: 15769: 15713: 15686: 15664: 15645: 15618: 15591: 15569: 15447: 15426: 15339: 15295: 15181: 15141: 15114: 15055: 14997: 14978: 14928: 14907: 14857: 14838: 14787: 14760: 14725: 14690: 14623: 14604: 14585: 14555: 14528: 14480: 14432: 14392: 14350: 14323: 14273: 14254: 14232: 14195: 14176: 14144: 14125: 14106: 14079: 14060: 14039: 14012: 13993: 13948: 13929: 13902: 13871: 13841: 13811: 13792: 13730: 13706: 13687: 13656: 13627: 13608: 13589: 13570: 13522: 13465: 13446: 13427: 13405: 13371: 13350: 13331: 13312: 13256: 12833: 12772: 12724: 12669: 12614: 12553: 12286: 12071: 11995: 11923: 11692: 11478: 11306: 11216: 11178: 10552: 10426: 10213: 10188: 10080: 9754: 9709: 9556: 9268: 8723: 8574: 8547: 8520: 8420: 8308: 7321: 7267: 7194: 6975: 6927: 5414: 5227: 3296:

and, with British assistance, conquered much of Ottoman-held Arabia, resulting finally in the Ottoman surrender of Damascus.

3136: 3076: 1861: 1213: 981: 964: 866: 291: 242: 158: 16349: 15921: 15657:

Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century

15453: 14641:

Kernek, Sterling (December 1970). "The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916".

13736: 13662: 13122: 11312: 11079: 10046: 8665: 7273: 7231: 3429:; Italy joined the Triple Entente and, on 23 May, declared war on Austria-Hungary, followed by Germany fifteen months later. 3151:

in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian fighters, while the Ottomans employed local

3019:

The Macedonian front was at first mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing

22593: 18797: 18358: 17778: 16563: 10229: 10140: 9576: 7960: 5949: 5909: 4847: 4291:

ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted

4174: 3607: 1011: 24: 16340: 15203:

Raudzens, George (October 1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".

12636: 10512: 5137:

to the present day, arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War

2867:

before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.

2543: 2190:

August, they declared war on France and demanded free passage across Belgium, which was refused. Early on the morning of 4

187: 22543: 21868: 19722: 19327: 19102: 18554: 18517: 18129: 17453: 17081: 16586: 8472: 8441: 6448: 4266:

Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.

2808: 2335: 2121: 1971: 1052: 728: 250: 18343: 9991:

La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20–22.000 uomini.

9602: 4115:

were more successful, though ultimately of little strategic value. Operating as a separate unit for the first time, the

3461:, which made little progress and cost many lives; by the end of the war, Italian combat deaths totalled around 548,000. 3260:. Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by 1637:, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary. 22533: 22463: 22428: 22372: 22367: 21610: 20159: 20035: 19554: 19291: 19188: 18985: 18328: 17618: 17020: 16778: 5945: 5905: 5187: 5062: 4563: 4127:, which had been involved in some of the heaviest fighting at Verdun, refused orders to go into battle, initiating the 3951:, which confirmed Russia's willingness to continue the war. However, the Petrograd Soviet refused to disband, creating 3576: 2671: 2300: 2152: 1395: 1105: 381: 11596: 7154: 2618: 2353:

The initial German advance in the West was very successful. By the end of August, the Allied left, which included the

1698: 22598: 22548: 22488: 22423: 22362: 22337: 22257: 21525: 20214: 20142: 20108: 18832: 18203: 17897: 17713: 16985: 16456: 13293: 12318: 11719: 11112: 9876: 9495: 8993: 6135:

has been reinvigorated by a cultural turn in the 21st century. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding

5871: 4901: 4361:

October, the Hindenburg Line was pierced by British and Dominion troops of the First and Third British Armies at the

4237: 3402: 2563: 2534: 2503:

attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in

2211: 2053:

as a "9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna".

1892:

resulted in partial Austrian mobilisation, starting on 21 November 1912, including units along the Russian border in

1614: 1275:

in Europe, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and

957: 5478:

state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East to achieve independence.

2948: 2887:

travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at the cost of 199 submarines.

1652:

For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by

1493:

similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War." Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "

22648: 22613: 22563: 22558: 22498: 22453: 21355: 20716: 19087: 18589: 17383: 16421: 15521: 14810: 6372: 5623: 3563: 3495: 3491: 3289: 3175: 3166:

was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August 1916, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the

859: 12276: 11940: 11892: 8260: 6565: 6529: 5727:. Even after the war, in Britain, many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need to apply". 4839: 3785:

In September 1914, Russia acknowledged Romanian rights to Austro-Hungarian territories including Transylvania and

3631: 2291:

German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.

22568: 22523: 22503: 22478: 22438: 22433: 22418: 21455: 21390: 20435: 19670: 19306: 18691: 18454: 18259: 18239: 18026: 17962: 17785: 17654: 16558: 16478: 16416: 16286: 5598: 5288: 5165: 5032: 4124: 3995: 2643: 2007: 1963: 1483: 1354: 1233: 1209: 1006: 896: 346: 286: 17119: 15306: 13036: 12867: 12171: 5618:

On both sides, there was large-scale fundraising for soldiers' welfare, their dependents and those injured. The

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in August 1916, remained static until October 1917. After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at

2311:, then swing south, encircling Paris and trapping the French army against the Swiss border. The plan's creator, 76: 22608: 22588: 22553: 22483: 22473: 22458: 22443: 20646: 20052: 20047: 19715: 19678: 19371: 18656: 18651: 18510: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18234: 17928: 16573: 16548: 16446: 16280: 11208: 8340: 6497:

World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies.

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Schindler, J. (2003). "Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916".

14402:

Howard, N.P. (1993). "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19".

14283:

Herwig, Holger (1988). "The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered".

6587: 5144:

Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and

4629: 4357:(3–27 October), forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier. On 8 2132:

to Serbia, listing ten demands made intentionally unacceptable to provide an excuse for starting hostilities.

2061: 22603: 22538: 22528: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22493: 22347: 20799: 20062: 19265: 19230: 18812: 18792: 18671: 18229: 18224: 18188: 18122: 18014: 17860: 17443: 17295: 16833: 16761: 16692: 16461: 16431: 16426: 14360:

Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). "Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914".

8193: 7867: 6176: 6075: 5755: 5516: 5298: 4551: 4526: 4479: 4048: 4044: 3837: 3070: 2098: 1759: 1723:

German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral

1407: 755: 191: 16268: 6278:

of the war, and Russian defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the

4835: 2878:. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the 2168:

At a meeting on 29 July, the British cabinet had narrowly decided its obligations to Belgium under the 1839

22468: 21410: 21395: 21290: 20123: 19968: 19842: 19357: 18772: 18676: 18646: 18620: 18615: 18559: 18178: 17805: 17745: 17642: 17547: 17310: 17096: 16800: 16639: 16538: 13282: 11281: 8985: 6292: 5953: 5720: 5122: 4271:

protracted war, but they held high hopes for success in a final quick offensive. Ludendorff drew up plans (

4170: 4140: 3474:, but made little progress and were pushed by the Italians back to Tyrol. Although Italy occupied southern 3179: 2830: 2743: 2592: 2580: 2386: 2039: 1748: 1602: 1134: 1110: 996: 5328:. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 but allowed a great increase in 4345:, launched by American and French troops on 26 September. Two days later the Belgians, French and British 22413: 21556: 20816: 20327: 20239: 19998: 19929: 18802: 18722: 18416: 17853: 17838: 17696: 17648: 17413: 16964: 16838: 16751: 16746: 16515: 16503: 16498: 15579: 13235: 10580: 8711: 6279: 6275: 6219: 6144: 5961: 5770:. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours. 5705: 5673: 5520: 5223: 5219: 4792: 4648:

A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the

4415: 4060: 3528: 3357: 2935: 2608: 2559: 2530: 2074: 2066: 1889: 1438: 1339: 1331: 1327: 925: 908: 903: 397: 219: 19172: 17025: 11041: 10618: 6388:

was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the

3046:, after most German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians were defeated at the 2389:

told an American reporter "We have lost the war. It will go on for a long time but lost it is already."

20687: 20410: 20030: 20003: 19301: 19260: 18837: 18782: 18742: 18732: 18727: 18584: 18396: 18353: 17630: 17388: 17373: 17275: 17144: 16712: 16624: 16581: 15491: 13490: 8300: 8189: 6066:

visited the site of the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and unveiled a plaque to reconciliation.

4653: 4354: 4296: 4190: 4182: 3978: 3842: 3790: 3475: 2416: 1653: 1399: 1237: 1095: 1030: 32: 19122: 6473: 6417:

Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support.

6116:, the First World War is often thought to be "a wrong war fought for the wrong reasons"; it lacks the 2144:

ordered partial mobilisation the next day; on 28 July, they declared war on Serbia and began shelling

22403: 22282: 22199: 21335: 21295: 20736: 19868: 19650: 19640: 19532: 19502: 19127: 18898: 18827: 18752: 18605: 18549: 18338: 18106: 17690: 17678: 17433: 17418: 17139: 17030: 16724: 16702: 16451: 16441: 16374: 16263: 16213: 11166: 7244:... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... 6339: 6027: 5889: 5648: 5644: 5631: 5490: 5410: 5021: 4863: 4499: 4455: 4431: 4292: 4178: 4128: 4076: 3508: 3499: 3241: 2654: 2572: 2382: 1975: 1347: 19591: 17285: 15065:

Moll, Kendall D; Luebbert, Gregory M (1980). "Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models: A Review".

14947: 13753: 11418:

Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I

4897:, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), celebrates this defining moment. 4321: 3833: 2801: 2687: 22342: 21435: 21163: 20925: 20885: 20875: 20823: 20229: 19895: 19830: 19549: 19495: 18971: 18822: 18666: 18641: 18313: 17800: 17790: 17719: 17672: 17660: 17600: 17408: 17403: 17325: 16734: 16707: 16411: 15831: 14869: 13985:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

11805: 11737:"A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers" 11240: 10476: 8160: 5527:

on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.

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resentment, nationalism and insecurity helps explain why the pre-1914 Balkans became known as the "

1893: 1679: 1617:, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the 1330:

consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The

1229: 545: 393: 331: 13066: 10982:, 10 May 1917, 30: 581–585. Die Encephalitis lethargica. Leipzig and Vienna, Franz Deuticke, 1918. 4905: 4843: 4462:

The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, the

2453:. Japan declared war on Germany before seizing territories in the Pacific, which later became the 2338:

argues that these changes meant the right wing was not strong enough to achieve decisive success.

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Germany did not reply. Aware of German plans to attack through Belgium, French Commander-in-Chief

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A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland

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were a German example. Around the British Empire, there were many patriotic funds, including the

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from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. The

5194:, and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front. 5129:

and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands. While the exact number of deaths is unknown, the

4990: 4947:

Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, an estimated

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described the situation thus: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!". On the same day, the

4471: 4342: 4316: 4253: 4131:; within days, "collective indiscipline" had spread to 54 divisions, while over 20,000 deserted. 3963: 3426: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2508: 2346: 2199: 2169: 1937: 1904: 1884:. The League quickly overran most of the Ottomans' territory in the Balkans during the 1912–1913 1822: 1774: 1709: 1665: 1382: 1378: 1127: 558: 389: 144: 17330: 15963: 15957: 14443: 12976: 12141: 10745: 9698: 9474:

Military Operations. Part I Egypt & Palestine: Volume 2 From June 1917 to the End of the War

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10.4324/9781315186405-8/balkan-clutter-american-european-handling-powder-keg-radoslava-stefanova

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American soldiers firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918

1837:

straits to be controlled by a weak Ottoman government, rather than an ambitious Slav power like

1806: 21641: 21590: 21549: 21385: 21375: 20964: 20895: 20880: 20361: 20320: 20083: 20020: 19803: 19628: 19455: 19275: 19255: 19082: 18807: 18757: 18717: 18707: 18569: 18502: 18151: 17875: 17810: 17666: 17393: 17320: 17270: 17255: 17237: 17210: 17124: 17091: 16756: 16717: 16697: 16508: 16401: 15724: 15386:

Schindler, John R. (2002). "Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914".

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and occupied substantial parts of the province before being driven back by the recently formed

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against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the

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was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives.

1241: 913: 838: 800: 361: 354: 19245: 15783: 15233: 14318:. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 12659: 12194: 11736: 11468: 10460: 10443: 10167: 9983: 9974:[Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918–1920)] 8979: 8604: 7184: 6657: 5931: 2550:

infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the

1966:

is now believed by historians to depict an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr on 28 June 1914.

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imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919

4699: 4610: 4475: 4463: 4441: 4427: 4346: 4166: 3850: 3829: 3603: 3543: 3458: 3374: 3132: 3013: 2551: 2312: 2262: 1877: 1657: 1514: 1442: 1421:, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large 1315: 1260: 1201: 991: 658: 587: 446: 429: 365: 325: 19586: 13806:. Contributions in Military Studies. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 13361: 11983: 11638: 11202: 11170: 11160: 10766: 10341: 10321: 10301: 10281: 10261: 3955:

and causing confusion and chaos, with frontline soldiers becoming increasingly demoralised.

2863:, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied 2172:

did not require it to oppose a German invasion with military force; however, Prime Minister

1954: 1915:, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of 22393: 22172: 22081: 21787: 21490: 21245: 21158: 21136: 21059: 21055: 20984: 20900: 20845: 20840: 20663: 20507: 20396: 20174: 20093: 20088: 19808: 19696: 19527: 19240: 18891: 18491: 18406: 17086: 17060: 17010: 16367: 16310: 16209: 16197:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2006

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Jelavich, Barbara (1992). "Romania in the First World War: The Pre-War Crisis, 1912–1914".

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Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics

5724: 5666: 5603: 5183: 5175: 5106: 4936: 4739: 4649: 4634: 4407: 4378: 4350: 4276: 4218: 4186: 4162: 4120: 4105: 4089: 4051:(AEF) were transported to France, a figure which reached 2 million by the end of November. 4043:

units, compared to British and French armies of 4.1 and 8.3 million respectively. The

3814: 3572: 3222: 3206: 3047: 2647: 2316: 2157: 2003: 1925: 1728: 1626: 1418: 1386: 204: 20: 22230: 17035: 16244:

The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic colour photos, pictures and music

14923:. American Heritage Pub. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. 9700:

Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War

9525: 8436: 6039: 4694: 3551: 3479: 3244:

inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland).

1449:

was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the

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Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh H.L. (1919). "Treatment of Prisoners of War".

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to use chemical weapons on the Russian front in January 1915 failed to cause casualties.

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The Russian Empire lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of

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The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923

14618:. Daily Life Through History Series. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5. 12992: 12943: 6385: 6159:. Among the major subjects that historians have long debated regarding the war include: 5602:

in 1919, the origin of fascism. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from

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Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near

4100:

replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a

3559: 3135:(1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and 2988:

Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern

2341: 1640: 234: 22262: 22184: 21958: 21928: 21903: 21895: 21880: 21730: 21235: 21151: 21141: 20974: 20937: 20867: 20806: 20789: 20743: 20653: 20567: 20381: 20287: 20254: 20219: 20098: 20015: 19993: 19973: 19939: 19633: 19623: 19618: 19601: 19522: 19507: 19147: 19132: 19117: 19077: 19072: 18955: 18433: 18348: 17707: 17571: 17553: 17518: 17482: 17315: 17280: 17232: 17217: 17104: 17055: 16894: 16853: 16533: 16325: 15543: 15516: 15403: 15374: 15328: 15220: 15102: 15090: 15082: 15032: 15024: 14886: 14826: 14666: 14658: 14507: 14300: 14050: 13782: 13180: 13006: 12957: 12822: 11884: 11571: 11449: 11298:

A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter

11136: 11107: 11023: 10956: 10925: 10709: 10626: 10588: 10346: 10326: 10306: 10286: 10266: 10234: 7045: 6451:; following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the independent Republic of 6389: 6271: 6206: 6125: 5996: 5985:

as a salute to those who perished in the war. It is still recited today, especially on

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decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a

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who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) before holding positions along the

3229:, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern 3187: 3128: 3086: 3024: 2997: 2794: 2778: 2766:

were scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied

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and exchanged fire with French units when German patrols entered French territory; on 3

1916: 1770: 1724: 1634: 1571: 1559: 1494: 1487:

wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". In October 1914, the Canadian magazine

1366: 1122: 986: 531: 266: 151: 19707: 19424: 10477:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University" 6054:, for French and German soldiers killed in the war. As part of commemorations for the 4984:

killed 200,000 in Serbia. Starting in early 1918, a major influenza epidemic known as

4953: 4931: 4543: 4247: 3896:

attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking for both sides to state their demands.

2026:

intelligence organisation, they hoped his death would free Bosnia from Austrian rule.

1987: 1766:

or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

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Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980

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Ypersele, Laurence Van (2012). "Mourning and Memory, 1919–45". In Horne, John (ed.).

10422: 10209: 10184: 10076: 9972:"Trento, Bolzano e Innsbruck: l'occupazione militare italiana del Tirolo (1918–1920)" 9750: 9715: 9705: 9552: 9503: 9477: 9454: 9264: 8989: 8719: 8570: 8543: 8516: 8416: 8304: 8082: 7317: 7263: 7190: 7180: 7037: 6996: 6971: 6923: 5969: 5827: 5691: 5567: 5374: 5074: 4800: 4747: 4661: 4614: 4503: 4272: 4101: 4072: 3797:, the Romanian army planned an offensive into Transylvania, while defending Southern 3567: 3410: 3390: 3338: 3214: 3113: 3035: 2844: 2815: 2786: 2767: 2512: 2466: 2432: 2408: 2050: 1912: 1881: 1869: 1826: 1575: 1555: 1446: 1307: 1249: 1090: 1042: 971: 918: 227: 21510: 19596: 11806:"The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918" 11453: 11027: 9572: 3061:

and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement.

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Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918

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The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide

11441: 11131: 11121: 11005: 10951: 10943: 10547:. Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences. p. 19. 9451:

The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders

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On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, and signed the Armistice of Mudros.

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Russian revolution, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of

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campaign and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe.

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The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis

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Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

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Murrin, John; Johnson, Paul; McPherson, James; Gerstle, Gary; Fahs, Alice (2010).

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Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne

2826: 2349:; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead. 1999: 22189: 22145: 21978: 21973: 21953: 21933: 21875: 21841: 21765: 21755: 21717: 21678: 21631: 21576: 21500: 21440: 21325: 21173: 21168: 21146: 21066: 21020: 20777: 20731: 20629: 20606: 20589: 20562: 20347: 20249: 20244: 19912: 19772: 19752: 19485: 19475: 19376: 18961: 18933: 18333: 18173: 17512: 17065: 17040: 16739: 16647: 16486: 16344: 16332: 16275: 15905: 15779: 15437: 15416: 13720: 13646: 13511: 13393: 13220: 13176:"As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography" 13118: 11857:"Military Diplomats in the Prussian and German Service: The Attachés, 1816- 1914" 11593: 11416: 11296: 11071: 10991: 10773: 10692: 10144: 10038: 8657: 8564: 8537: 8510: 8350: 7834:"India and WWI: Piecing together the impact of the Great War on the subcontinent" 7257: 7225: 6663: 6148: 6059: 5813: 5764: 5512: 5452: 5191: 4981: 4882: 4795:

was incorporated into Yugoslavia). The details were contained in the treaties of

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By September, the Germans had fallen back to the Hindenburg Line. The Allies had

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was standing. He fired two pistol shots, fatally wounding Ferdinand and his wife

2035: 1991: 1959: 1888:, much to the surprise of outside observers. The Serbian capture of ports on the 1740: 1661: 1606: 1567: 1450: 1422: 1323: 1322:

were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year.

1303: 1296: 1276: 1141: 945: 930: 701: 651: 369: 169: 22225: 16315: 10994:"Experimenting on the Past: The Enigma of von Economo's Encephalitis Lethargica" 10137: 10099:(2006). "Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918". In Fleischhauer; Turowski (eds.). 8296:

A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945

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Fornassin, Alessio (2017). "The Italian Army's Losses in the First World War".

13890: 12851: 12626: 10705:"'ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey" 10508: 8259:

Nova Scotia House of Assembly Committee on Veterans Affairs (9 November 2006).

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Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included

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out of the war, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the

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Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane

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this defeat, but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the

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Medlicott, W.N. (1945). "Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881–87".

14938: 14882: 14654: 14313: 13194: 13175: 11752: 11567: 11445: 11272: 9481: 8468: 6392:, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne. 4664:. For the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the 4262: 3877: 3147:

by the Ottomans (1915–1916), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured

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lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.

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Beginning on 12 August, the Austrians and Serbs clashed at the battles of the

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Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). "The Campaign in Armenia". In Young, Peter (ed.).

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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1921). Scott, James Brown (ed.).

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Ward, Alan J. (1974). "Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis".

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Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević

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were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used

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For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous

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Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections

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The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

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by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as

5041:

French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders

3562:, Russian plans at the start of the war were to simultaneously advance into 2870:

The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in

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And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930

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and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war. The

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provided troops for Austria-Hungary. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.

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The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War

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Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18

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Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli Italiani d'Austria dal '48 all'annessione

9899:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 9868: 9806:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 6907: 4547: 3370: 2996:. Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat toward the Adriatic coast in the 2979: 2571:

and other groups believed support for the British war effort would hasten

1656:. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new 1417:

of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the

851: 85: 56: 22267: 22150: 22047: 21782: 21688: 21460: 21208: 21203: 21195: 21180: 21005: 20910: 20721: 20522: 20502: 20482: 20460: 20425: 20264: 20234: 20198: 20129: 20114: 19958: 19606: 19576: 19470: 18943: 18914: 17938: 17843: 17541: 16969: 15534: 15197: 14573: 14242: 13829: 13415: 10790: 8062: 5976: 5876: 5774:

World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century

5700: 5596:

for International Action") in October 1914 that later developed into the

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died, three-quarters of them from the extreme conditions they worked in.

4985: 4965: 4927: 4878: 4877:

with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Romania would

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to join the Grand Fleet, and provided convoy escorts. In April 1917, the

3939:

but the troops refused to fire on the crowds. Revolutionaries set up the

3437: 3277: 3218: 3140: 2856: 2731: 2715: 2695:

In February 1916, the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the

2635: 2428: 2304: 2092: 2079: 1818: 1794: 1558:. After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called 1288: 1280: 1253: 1001: 572: 15517:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic" 14798: 14511: 14304: 8606:

New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War

5463:, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national 22155: 21600: 20991: 20979: 20949: 20915: 20855: 20537: 19934: 19900: 19581: 19015: 15224: 15028: 14662: 14154:

Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). "Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson".

11888: 11856: 9522:"Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control" 7049: 6443:

Bessarabia remained part of Romania until 1940, when it was annexed by

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were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918.

4824: 4495: 4467: 4399: 4209:

was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by

4032: 3983: 3952: 3944: 3846: 3421:

islands. To secure Italian neutrality, the Central Powers offered them

3418: 3163: 3097: 2879: 2148:. Russia ordered general mobilization in support of Serbia on 30 July. 1732: 1683: 1591: 1362: 15086: 6556: 6291:

The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the

1900:

decided not to mobilise in response, unprepared to precipitate a war.

22030: 22020: 21636: 21595: 21425: 21262: 20997: 20959: 20552: 20366: 19949: 18574: 17733: 17500: 13439:

The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918

13001: 12952: 12927: 12627:"Winchester Whisperer: The secret newspaper made by jailed pacifists" 11981: 11761: 11665: 9498:(1968) . "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). 9157: 7017: 6431: 6234: 5743: 5444: 5427:

Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the

5381:

in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3

5349: 5245: 4894: 4890: 4812: 4811:. Within the country, numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1% 4722: 4507: 4198: 3818: 3450: 3361: 3326: 3236: 3101: 2875: 2771: 2639: 2436: 2331: 1252:). The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the 1197: 490: 377: 22220: 15959:

Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina

15216: 15020: 13804:

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War

11872: 10905: 10545:

Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin

8448: 7546: 7033: 5859: 5760: 5505:

I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow at the

5133:

estimates around 1.5 million. The government of Turkey continues to

4368: 3845:

with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over

3805:

against a possible Bulgarian counterattack. On 27 August 1916, they

3478:

in May 1916, their main focus was the Isonzo front which, after the

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Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).

15817:"Romania's Entry into the First World War: The Problem of Strategy" 14717: 12631: 10893: 10793:(1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective". 8368: 8299:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Washington, DC: 5843: 5779: 5619: 5118: 5054: 4893:, and independent national identities for these nations took hold. 4388: 4295:, pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne ( 4248:

German offensive and Allied counter-offensive (March–November 1918)

3511:

ended hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Italy which occupied

3398: 3386: 3230: 3093: 3054: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2906: 2864: 2675: 2626: 2492: 2462: 2145: 2120:

Bosnia and saw war as the best way of achieving this. However, the

2015: 1979: 1842: 1834: 129: 14708:

Knobler, S. L.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. M., eds. (2005).

12587: 12582:

The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892–1920

11278:"Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan" 11204:

Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era

7864:"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War" 7863: 6015:, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War 2748: 2710:

on 1 July 1916 was the bloodiest single day in the history of the

2056: 360:

Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as

22208: 22074: 22069: 21330: 21185: 21097: 13305:

Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania

11499: 9232: 7498: 6452: 5960:. Many of these graveyards also have monuments to the missing or 5804:, pilot of the French 2nd Bombardment, Group GB 2, in August 1915 4941: 4820: 4816: 4531: 3798: 3512: 3148: 3053:

The disappearance of the Macedonian front meant that the road to

2782: 2763: 2496: 2308: 2030: 1908: 1778: 1622: 1618: 1430: 1314:

mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia,

1284: 96: 18532: 16248: 14710:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary

13722:

Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War

10992:

Reid, A.H.; McCall, S.; Henry, J.M.; Taubenberger, J.K. (2001).

10926:"Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe" 10119: 9107:

Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866–1947, p. 269

7729: 6956:"Balkan Clutter: American and European Handling of a Powder Keg" 6108:

The first efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of

6088:... "Strange, friend," I said, "Here is no cause to mourn." 5101:

Armenians killed during the Armenian genocide. Image taken from

3464:

In the spring of 1916, the Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in

3248:

The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern

3143:, by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the 2115:

Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared.

1810:

Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the

22101: 22086: 21745: 21350: 15196:

Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping

14521:

Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897

14169:

The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I

12765:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

9549:

The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War

9334: 9310: 8816: 6755: 6202: 5610:

to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.

5593: 5341:

I debt in 1934; the last installment was finally paid in 2015.

5271:

List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I

5005: 4973: 4759: 4451: 4411: 3465: 3445:

difficult terrain; much of the fighting took place high in the

3394: 3301: 3105: 3020: 2957: 2840: 2835:

exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice

2723: 2407:

Japanese soldiers occupy an abandoned German trench during the

2370: 1786:

six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

401: 385: 18883: 16359: 14445:

Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years

13420:

The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War

12333: 12229: 11523: 10854:

Sévillia, Jean, Histoire Passionnée de la France, 2013, p. 395

9502:(4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 153–155. 8569:. New York: Continuum Publishing Corporation. pp. 80–81. 8542:. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14. 7313:

Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad

7068: 6375:

was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.

5519:

First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining

4881:

all Romanian-speaking people under a single state, leading to

2807:

Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval

2706:

was an Anglo-French offensive from July to November 1916. The

1903:

The Great Powers sought to re-assert control through the 1913

1872:

demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the

22272: 22237: 22140: 21863: 21750: 21735: 21315: 21305: 21300: 20772: 20767: 18161: 15762:

The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919

14032:

The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon

12868:"Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars" 12562: 12408: 12381: 12369: 12357: 12345: 12256: 10203: 9274: 8912: 8020:"Verdun: myths and memories of the 'lost villages' of France" 6610: 5739: 5419:

Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War

5385:

October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds.

5078: 5001: 4828: 4578:, spread across the whole country within days and led to the 4511: 4300: 3786: 3261: 3152: 3121: 2914: 2719: 2420: 1830: 1751:

began. Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of

1621:, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest. 1244:, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including 16118:

America's Great War: World War I and the American experience

14780:

Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia

13758:

Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest

13119:"Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One" 13085: 11916:

Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948

11511: 9158:

Alexander Lanoszka; Michael A. Hunzeker (11 November 2018).

9014: 7596:. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. 7570: 7558: 4193:. Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the 3252:) in December 1914 to cut off British and Russian access to 3096:

territories and Britain's communications with India via the

3085:

Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the

2377:

on 17 August did so without many of their support elements.

21740: 21445: 16227: 16099:

France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety

15907:

The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia

11371: 11072:"History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare" 10398: 10386: 8828: 8392: 8228: 7912: 6028:

the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018

5787: 5428: 5260: 5009: 4575: 4486:, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless. 4134: 3446: 3257: 3249: 3034:

Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917.

2083:

was established, and carried out the persecution of Serbs.

1852:

began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of

16243: 14343:

Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I

11535: 11108:"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I" 10206:

Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People

9641: 9220: 9196: 9134: 9110: 9058: 9056: 9031: 9029: 8780: 8680: 7681: 7647: 7645: 7390: 7104: 6680: 4873:, later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the 4244:

attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918.

4201:

had been captured following another Ottoman defeat at the

3888:, a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun 3768:

Romania key locations 1916–1918 (note; using 2022 borders)

3201: 2789:

in November 1914, before being virtually destroyed at the

1501:

was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher

12745: 11392:"Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire" 10107: 10018: 9346: 9322: 9286: 9080: 8744: 8515:(4th ed.). New York: Grove Press. pp. 119–120. 8356: 7765: 7291: 6803: 6733: 6731: 6090:"None," said the other, "Save the undone years"... 6026:

The British government budgeted substantial resources to

4717: 3606:

remained at the front, with the home front controlled by

2276: 14005:

Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?

13093:"French, German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary" 11982:

Anton Kaes; Martin Jay; Edward Dimendberg, eds. (1994).

11327: 9617: 9430: 9406: 9382: 8888: 8840: 8289: 8105: 8063:"Trench Conflict with Combatants and Infectious Disease" 7936: 7813: 7801: 7534: 7474: 7426: 7402: 7366: 7342: 6912:

British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24

6863: 6827: 6779: 6622: 5257:

initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of war.

4310: 4307:

on 8 August, led to a marked collapse in German morale.

3401:, considered vital to secure the borders established in 21430: 19737: 16019:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp. 15047:

A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918

14707: 14473:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

12789: 12733: 11963: 10923: 10911: 9951: 9370: 9358: 9298: 9250:

Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918

9208: 9053: 9041: 9026: 8947: 8900: 8876: 8864: 8852: 8804: 8792: 8768: 8756: 8732: 8613: 8487: 8380: 8216: 8129: 7900: 7693: 7669: 7642: 7354: 7230:. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. 6887: 6791: 6767: 6743: 6652:

Bertrand Joly, "La France et la Revanche (1871–1914)",

6048:

the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France

5730:

On 1–4 May 1917, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of

5279:" positions within the opposing land and naval forces. 3127:

The British and French opened overseas fronts with the

1735:. This policy was based on the work of US naval author 15109:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14247:

The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18

14052:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

13070: 12433:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 284. 12217: 11162:

The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir

10857: 10836: 9786: 9184: 9098:

România în anii primului război mondial, vol.2, p. 831

9068: 8959: 8704: 8042: 7987: 7789: 7777: 7522: 7378: 7140: 7128: 7092: 6851: 6839: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6304:

Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.

5443:, strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of 5182:

About 8 million soldiers surrendered and were held in

5174:

British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the

3337:, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale 2322:

The plan was substantially modified by his successor,

1469:, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the 14755:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13754:"Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I" 12609:, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, 12164:"World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend" 10658:"The Minor Powers During World War One – Serbia" 9653: 9629: 9418: 8141: 7999: 7924: 7717: 7705: 7486: 7462: 7450: 7438: 7414: 7116: 6634: 5509:

due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy.

5399: 4910:

massive population exchange between the two countries

4418:

signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.

4066: 3566:

and East Prussia as soon as possible. Although their

2221: 2160:

had long assumed they faced a war on two fronts; the

1781:

and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the

1590:. Post-1871, the primary aim of French policy was to 1357:

on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of

1192:(28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the 16295:

Who is at fault for World War I? (YouTube Premium):

15877:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).

15134:

The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946

14753:

Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia

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Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999).

13208:

see Christoph Cornelissen, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.

12315:"How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans" 10159: 10157: 9863: 9861: 9726: 9677: 9394: 9122: 8692: 8240: 7741: 7510: 7169: 6875: 6692: 6668: 6510: 5236:

Conscription in the United States § World War I

5059:

1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases

4667:

Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918

3915: 3866:

On 12 December 1916, after ten brutal months of the

1715:

battleship, Germany's first response to the British

1406:

abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the

15611:

Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy

14750: 12716:

The First Air Campaign: August 1914 – November 1918

12593: 11984:"The Treaty of Versailles: The Reparations Clauses" 11683:

To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America

10917: 10735: 9774: 9665: 9453:. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 67. 8117: 7753: 7657: 6815: 6522: 5790:(especially with the advent of the prototype tank, 4506:. In the following days, the Italian Army occupied 3345:. Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916. 2073:Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged subsequent 1519: 16287:Personal accounts of American World War I veterans 15985: 15584:Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 15327: 15263:"The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918" 13510: 13281: 13137: 12821: 12398: 12396: 12246: 12244: 12100: 11680: 11613:"Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I" 11294: 11241:"XXV: Talaat Tells Why He "Deports" the Armenians" 10869: 10561: 9697: 8413:Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 6555: 5606:(an armaments firm) and other companies to create 5523:in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after 5232:Recruitment to the British Army during World War I 5186:during the war. All nations pledged to follow the 5068: 4303:. The resulting counter-attack, which started the 19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 16234:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 14867:Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations". 10154: 10075:. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. p. 91. 9969: 9858: 8977: 7080: 6914:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–59, 6908:"Eastern Europe: Cordon Sanitaire or Powder-Keg?" 5467:for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary. 5373:during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. 5141:I; these claims are rejected by most historians. 4369:Breakthrough of Macedonian front (September 1918) 3861: 2682: 2425:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force 22634:Wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania 22385: 15903: 15857:Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I 15655:Stevenson, David (2016). Mahnken, Thomas (ed.). 15475:Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia 15150: 13513:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 13478:Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea 13400:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 11505: 11431: 11390:International Association of Genocide Scholars. 11347:"International Association of Genocide Scholars" 11238: 10881: 10543:Kocsis, Károly; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998). 8718:. Princeton University Press. pp. 180–181. 8602: 8454: 7975: 7894:British administration and the Amritsar massacre 7175: 5939:, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers 5535:held by radical socialists such as Marxists and 3947:forced Nicholas to abdicate and established the 2518: 2124:had no solid proof of Serbian involvement. On 23 1361:against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the 452: 17336:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 16281:World War I British press photograph collection 16041: 14949:The United States Marine Corps in the World War 14916: 14137:Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive 13938: 13398:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 12393: 12241: 10527: 10208:. Vol. II. Cengage Learning. p. 622. 9929:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9836:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9238: 8822: 8646:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v. 28, p. 403 8505: 7620:"How was the first military airplane shot down" 7074: 6274:, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the 5590:Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista 4993:affected nearly five million people worldwide. 4520: 4421: 3989: 3498:in June 1918. On 24 October, Diaz launched the 3440:, one of the most challenging fronts of the war 3436:Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the 3016:before the Allied expeditionary force arrived. 3004:In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at 2804:, these too were either destroyed or interned. 2638:, machine guns and above all far more powerful 2575:, a promise allegedly made explicit in 1917 by 2469:. After Vienna refused to withdraw its cruiser 2057:Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1865:diplomatic relations between Serbia and Italy. 1833:states, they preferred the strategically vital 1798:Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. 625: 195:(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) 15980: 15562:The First World War and International Politics 15414: 15288:East-Central Europe between the Two World Wars 14917:Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982). 14427:. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 14345:. Vol. ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 13939:Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). 13029: 12874:. Commonwealth of Australia. 10 October 2023. 12701:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925 12526: 11590:Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 11295:Vartparonian, Paul Leverkuehn; Kaiser (2008). 11274:International Association of Genocide Scholars 11268: 11266: 10814:"A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost" 10685:Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe 8234: 6616: 6171:; how soldiers endured the poor conditions of 5131:International Association of Genocide Scholars 5026: 4213:, and a few months later the commander of the 3292:. The Sharif declared the independence of the 2800:escaped with a few auxiliaries, but after the 2065:Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the 1242:9 million military dead and 23 million wounded 578: 21571: 21557: 20342: 20328: 19723: 18899: 18518: 16375: 16082:(2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 15876: 15638:1914–1918: The History of the First World War 15514: 14268:(4th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 14166: 13784:The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History 12657: 12568: 12414: 12402: 12387: 12375: 12363: 12351: 12339: 12262: 12250: 12235: 11990:. University of California Press. p. 8. 11529: 10899: 10729: 10163: 9340: 9316: 8918: 8374: 8346: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8178: 7735: 7564: 7303: 6906:Bennett, G. H. (1995), Bennett, G. H. (ed.), 6128:that obscure the complexity of the conflict. 5970:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme 5858:in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at 3459:a series of frontal assaults along the Isonzo 2602: 1668:in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904 867: 16080:The Cambridge History of the First World War 15064: 15009:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14920:The American heritage history of World War I 14266:Britain in transition: the twentieth century 13288:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13154: 13152: 12712: 12033: 12031: 11941:"UK finally finishes paying for World War I" 11918:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 48. 11200: 10542: 9153: 9151: 9149: 8159: 7001:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 6960:Revival: The New Transatlantic Agenda (2001) 6761: 6654:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 6270:with the Central Powers shortly after their 4023:as an "Associated Power" of the Allies. The 3366:Military history of Italy during World War I 3213:Russian armies generally had success in the 3027:, which brought stabilisation of the front. 2330:, which was the strategy envisaged by their 1958:Traditionally thought to show the arrest of 1381:in March 1918. That month, Germany launched 17826: 15785:War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945 15330:The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924 14900:The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 13787:(4th ed.). Harper Collins Publishers. 13272:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary 12778: 12695: 12693: 11263: 10581:"Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians" 9704:. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. p. 50. 8163:(June 2016). "Jutland's Place in History". 6225:List of military engagements of World War I 6167:won; whether generals were responsible for 6082:Historiography of the causes of World War I 5902:List of last surviving World War I veterans 5723:. Many suffered years of prison, including 4763:in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s: 3694: 3666: 3558:As previously agreed with French president 2265:after an Austrian plane was shot down with 1789: 1664:. This gave France an opening to agree the 1385:, which despite initial successes left the 881: 21564: 21550: 20335: 20321: 19730: 19716: 18906: 18892: 18525: 18511: 16382: 16368: 15962:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 15860:. Montana State University. Archived from 15778: 15703: 15415:Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). 15285: 14847: 14831:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 14340: 14263: 14070:Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). 14069: 13601:Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914 13541:. Montana State University. Archived from 12474:"Chapter 4 – Response from the Home Front" 11541: 11201:Graham, Thomas; Lavera, Damien J. (2003). 11105: 10985: 10392: 9769: 9763: 9140: 8716:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire 8634: 8556: 8329: 8175: 7297: 5846:as well. Towards the end of the conflict, 4570:, which then ensued in the naval ports of 3825:to the Central Powers on 6 December 1916. 3680: 3413:Italy had occupied Ottoman possessions in 2295:Upon mobilisation, in accordance with the 1825:Russia considered itself the protector of 1682:. While not formal alliances, by settling 1310:responsible, and declared war on 28 July. 874: 860: 719: 15955: 15729:The Quarterly Journal of Military History 15654: 15635: 15608: 15578: 15559: 15542: 15385: 15356: 15131: 15006: 14825: 14422: 14215:Hammond's Frontier Atlas of the World War 14115: 13957: 13458:Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918 13193: 13149: 13000: 12951: 12824:Diplomatic History of the First World War 12807: 12508:Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand 12192: 12028: 11803: 11760: 11663:Chelmsford, J.E. "Clergy and Man-Power", 11466: 11288: 11135: 11125: 11009: 10955: 10404: 10125: 10113: 10070: 10024: 9695: 9412: 9352: 9328: 9292: 9280: 9146: 8953: 8834: 8655: 8630: 8628: 8591:The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 8562: 8460: 8017: 7942: 7699: 7675: 7651: 7576: 7504: 7408: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7309: 7249: 7189:. East European Monographs. p. 313. 6953: 6797: 6773: 6686: 5979:, a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem 5308:sent to war. This aided the struggle for 4586:November 1918, shortly thereafter to the 4207:Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein 3904: 3652: 3617: 3385:designs on Austro-Hungarian territory in 3023:on 19 November 1916 following the costly 1950:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1943: 1625:and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879 678: 157:Ottoman Arab camel corps leaving for the 22579:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922) 19297:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 17625:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 16191: 16050: 16014: 15759: 15673: 15492:"War and Revolution in Russia 1914–1921" 15242:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 15202: 15107:Fighting the Great War: A Global History 14987: 14968: 14799:"The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915" 14489: 13919: 13889: 13801: 13579: 13535:The historical impact of epidemic typhus 13436: 12690: 12193:MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010). 11938: 11734: 11678: 11517: 11421:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 11333: 11101: 11099: 11097: 10458: 10340: 10320: 10300: 10280: 10260: 9792: 9659: 9623: 9436: 9388: 9116: 9020: 8894: 8846: 8810: 8786: 8774: 8750: 8738: 8710: 8539:Genocide: modern crimes against humanity 8512:The Middle East and Islamic world reader 8415:. Indiana University Press. p. 11. 8293:; Förster, Stig; Greiner, Bernd (2005). 7918: 7906: 7888: 7552: 7528: 7384: 7227:Reports Service: Southeast Europe series 7134: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6809: 6737: 6710: 6131:Historian Heather Jones argues that the 6009:National World War I Museum and Memorial 5995: 5930: 5875: 5796: 5759: 5672: 5511: 5493:who were at war with the British in the 5422: 5314: 5267:List of military attachés in World War I 5261:Military attachés and war correspondents 5239: 5201: 5169: 5096: 5036: 4959: 4935: 4900:In the aftermath of World War I, Greece 4778: 4721: 4693: 4628: 4624: 4530: 4445: 4382: 4320: 4299:) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle 4261: 4144: 4135:Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918) 4080: 3999: 3876: 3537: 3431: 3369: 3235: 3200: 3080: 3029: 2978: 2947: 2825: 2747: 2686: 2617: 2613: 2542: 2402: 2399:Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I 2340: 2286: 2240: 2110: 2060: 1953: 1805: 1793: 1697: 1639: 1523: 507: 437: 18002:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 16224:, worldwide links from Brigham Young U. 15260: 15231: 15101: 14677: 14470: 14241: 14185: 14096: 14029: 14002: 13978: 13858: 13781:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). 13751: 13715: 13677: 13582:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 13455: 13414: 13359: 13321: 13302: 13243: 13158: 12751: 12739: 12703:. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 471 12543: 12444:"No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier" 12274: 12131: 11711:A People's History of the United States 11615:. Parliament of Australia. 4 May 2015. 11377: 10931:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 10842: 10655: 10441: 10181:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 10178: 9957: 9732: 9683: 9376: 9364: 9304: 9261:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 9214: 9086: 9062: 9047: 9035: 8933:, pp. 152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182. 8906: 8882: 8870: 8858: 8798: 8762: 8698: 8619: 8535: 8493: 8398: 8386: 8362: 8222: 8135: 7930: 7795: 7711: 7492: 7468: 7456: 7396: 7122: 7110: 7098: 6905: 6516: 5850:were used for the first time, with HMS 5392:, wrote to the British prime minister, 5352:, used in munitions production, in the 4964:Emergency military hospital during the 4011:to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917 3198:and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917. 3012:dismissed the pro-Allied government of 2392: 2103:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I 2018:community), from the movement known as 1868:Tensions increased after the 1911–1912 1860:since 1878. Timed to coincide with the 1841:. Russia had ambitions in northeastern 1684:long-standing colonial disputes in Asia 1350:and others joined in from 1915 onward. 642: 609: 563: 522: 22386: 16264:WWI Films on the European Film Gateway 16205:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 16115: 16096: 16077: 15936: 15814: 15722: 15679:The First World War: Volume I: To Arms 15613:. New York: Basic Books. p. 560. 15472: 15325: 15305:Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009). 14956:from the original on 16 September 2018 14897: 14813:from the original on 16 September 2018 14777: 14640: 14594: 14572: 14458:from the original on 16 September 2018 14441: 14401: 14359: 14311: 14282: 14222: 13883:The Origins of the World War; Volume I 13682:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. 13680:Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 13651:. Research and Education Association. 13560: 13234:For a comprehensive bibliography, see 12223: 11913: 11741:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 11158: 10863: 10811: 10789: 10637:from the original on 16 September 2018 10599:from the original on 16 September 2018 10416: 9647: 9494: 9400: 9226: 9202: 9190: 9074: 8965: 8936: 8686: 8625: 8609:. Exisle Publishing. pp. 219–220. 8603:Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (2007). 8147: 8111: 8060: 8048: 7844:from the original on 28 September 2022 7771: 7723: 7687: 7444: 7420: 7015: 6893: 6749: 6698: 6674: 6640: 6182: 6179:accepted and endorsed the war effort. 4908:, a war that eventually resulted in a 4857: 4718:Peace treaties and national boundaries 4341:on the Hindenburg Line began with the 4039:had fewer than 300,000 men, including 3943:and fearing a left-wing takeover, the 2890:World War I also saw the first use of 2277:German offensive in Belgium and France 2216: 2205: 1982:, the capital of the recently annexed 1731:, that could compete with the British 1727:sought to use this growth to build an 21545: 20316: 19711: 18887: 18506: 17955:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 17291:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 16363: 15586:. New York: Oxford University Press. 15435: 15304: 15171: 15043: 14866: 14613: 14518: 14382: 14153: 14048: 13828: 13780: 13739:from the original on 17 February 2024 13696: 13665:from the original on 17 February 2024 13644: 13617: 13598: 13505: 13474: 13392: 13380:from the original on 17 February 2024 13265: 13173: 13125:from the original on 10 December 2020 12974: 12819: 12795: 12784: 12086: 12061: 12049: 12037: 12022: 11969: 11854: 11804:Trumpener, Ulrich (4 November 1987). 11619:from the original on 15 December 2018 11605: 11414: 11094: 10875: 10824:from the original on 25 November 2018 10567: 10350:. 12 August 1924. pp. 6030–6031. 10330:. 12 August 1921. pp. 6371–6372. 10095: 9982:(in Italian): 436–437. Archived from 9939:from the original on 23 December 2019 9846:from the original on 23 December 2019 9744: 9635: 9605:from the original on 27 December 2007 9579:from the original on 20 November 2015 9546: 9524:. First World War.com. Archived from 9471: 9448: 9424: 8930: 8668:from the original on 9 September 2021 8566:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe 8335: 8317:from the original on 17 February 2024 8271:from the original on 23 November 2011 8246: 8188: 8123: 8005: 7993: 7954: 7819: 7807: 7783: 7759: 7747: 7663: 7540: 7516: 7480: 7432: 7330:from the original on 17 February 2024 7276:from the original on 17 February 2024 7255: 7234:from the original on 6 September 2023 7203:from the original on 17 February 2024 7146: 7086: 6881: 6833: 6821: 6785: 6628: 5415:British propaganda during World War I 5228:World War I conscription in Australia 5063:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare 4871:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 4466:on 29 September 1918. German Emperor 4311:Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line 3583:allowed the Central Powers to invade 3322:before surrendering in January 1919. 3186:, pushing Ottoman forces back in the 3137:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 3077:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 2925: 1862:Bulgarian Declaration of Independence 1391:A successful Allied counter-offensive 1300:assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1224:, and in Europe was characterised by 855: 22629:Wars involving the Republic of China 22619:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy 21642:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 18359:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 15502:from the original on 23 October 2011 15456:from the original on 7 December 2023 15273:from the original on 10 October 2017 15248:from the original on 10 January 2008 14945: 14848:Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999). 14796: 14545: 14451:. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. 14225:Douglas Haig and the First World War 14218:. C. S. Hammond & Company. 1916. 14156:Geological Society Quarterly Journal 14134: 13752:Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian (2012). 13699:A Brief History of the Austrian Navy 13340: 13279: 13223:; full coverage for major countries. 12908:from the original on 14 October 2023 12639:from the original on 7 February 2022 12532: 12504:"5.2: Provincial patriotic councils" 12113:from the original on 10 January 2022 12098: 12004:from the original on 15 January 2016 11707: 11553: 10489:from the original on 29 October 2013 10374:from the original on 12 January 2021 10242:from the original on 4 December 2013 10183:. Infobase Publishing. p. 483. 9780: 9671: 9599:"Who's Who – Otto Liman von Sanders" 9573:"Who's Who – Kress von Kressenstein" 9551:. London: John Murray. p. 162. 9128: 8410: 8030:from the original on 22 October 2017 8018:Lichfield, John (21 February 2006). 7981: 7831: 5950:American Battle Monuments Commission 5910:American Battle Monuments Commission 5895: 4940:Men transporting wounded Ottoman at 4904:against Turkish nationalists led by 4742:dealt with Germany and, building on 4016:ships were reluctant to put to sea. 3872:successful offensive against Romania 3793:. Under the strategic plan known as 3602:Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia as 2920: 2691:German casualties at the Somme, 1916 2480: 2435:. On 28 October, the German cruiser 1762:acknowledged defeat, leading to the 25:The First World War (disambiguation) 19739:International relations (1814–1919) 19425:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 19328:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 18288:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 17082:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16249:A multimedia history of World War I 15853: 15841:from the original on 10 August 2019 15802:from the original on 4 January 2014 15747:from the original on 14 August 2021 15153:Transactions of the Grotius Society 14425:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 14120:. New York: Random House; Bonanza. 13880: 12828:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 12713:Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2002). 12548:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12170:. 30 September 2010. Archived from 11052:from the original on 8 January 2024 10887: 10812:Hedges, Chris (17 September 2000). 10515:from the original on 3 January 2022 10290:. 23 July 1920. pp. 7765–7766. 10036: 9905:. 21 September 2017. 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The Serbs suffered defeat in the 2230: 2151:Anxious to ensure backing from the 1972:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 1907:, which had created an independent 1876:, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, 1528:Rival military coalitions in 1914: 121:French attack from a trench at the 13: 21611:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 17021:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16269:The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive 16228:The World War One Document Archive 16101:(1986 ed.). Clarendon Press. 15924:from the original on 1 August 2020 15290:. University of Washington Press. 15067:The Journal of Conflict Resolution 14167:Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006). 13864:The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918 13768:from the original on 19 March 2022 13531: 12938:(2521). Historica: 487–488. 1918. 12902:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 12856:. 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Mittal Publications. p. 45. 7832:Kant, Vedica (24 September 2014). 7157:from the original on 20 April 2017 6175:; and to what extent the civilian 6023:was dedicated on 1 November 1921. 5966:Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing 5946:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5906:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5613: 5497:. Von Syburg, the German envoy in 5400:Support and opposition for the war 5319:Poster showing women workers, 1915 4228:In early 1918, the front line was 4067:Nivelle Offensive (April–May 1917) 3533: 2593:the campaign for full independence 2222:Confusion among the Central Powers 1739:, who argued that possession of a 1236:(gas). World War I was one of the 357:and territories to other countries 259:United States–Hungary Peace Treaty 251:United States–Germany Peace Treaty 243:United States–Austria Peace Treaty 14: 22660: 22639:Wars involving the United Kingdom 22624:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 22574:Wars involving the Russian Empire 21526:Western European and Others Group 18929:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 16304: 16136: 16044:Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace 16042:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938). 15704:Taliaferro, William Hay (1972) . 15489: 15238:], 1865–1937, German General" 13099:from the original on 3 April 2017 13017:from the original on 4 March 2016 12878:from the original on 1 March 2024 12763:Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). 12699:Seton-Watson, Christopher. 1967. 12454:from the original on 16 June 2022 12431:Modern Italy: A Political History 12102:"First World War officially ends" 12099:Hall, Allan (28 September 2010). 11939:Cosgrave, Jenny (10 March 2015). 11785:from the original on 10 June 2024 11679:Chambers, John Whiteclay (1987). 11645:from the original on 13 July 2014 11251:from the original on 12 June 2012 11113:American Journal of Public Health 11106:Fitzgerald, Gerard (April 2008). 11082:from the original on 1 March 2024 10717:from the original on 15 July 2016 10270:. 10 February 1920. p. 1671. 8942: 8658:"Saving Forty Thousand Armenians" 8093:from the original on 10 June 2024 8061:Chorba, Terence (November 2018). 7955:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). 7600:from the original on 10 July 2017 7056:from the original on 10 June 2024 6984:from the original on 10 June 2024 6936:from the original on 10 June 2024 6598:from the original on 19 June 2015 6258:Russian Empire during 1914–1917, 6069: 6004:to soldiers killed in World War I 5880:1917 political cartoon about the 5872:Diplomatic history of World War I 5244:U.S. Army recruiting poster with 4494:November, Austria-Hungary sent a 3958:Following the Tsar's abdication, 3916:Russian Revolution and withdrawal 3736: 3638: 3590:Despite the successful June 1916 3092:The Ottomans threatened Russia's 3064: 2952:Refugee transport from Serbia in 2905:in a successful raid against the 2499:. On 10 August, German forces in 2345:French bayonet charge during the 2212:Diplomatic history of World War I 2194:August, the Germans invaded, and 1613:and Germany. After the 1877–1878 1601:In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the 1256:pandemic, which killed millions. 115:From top to bottom, left to right 22644:Wars involving the United States 17384:Second Battle of the Piave River 17006:Russian invasion of East Prussia 16316:State Library of New South Wales 16190: 16178: 16168: 16158: 15522:American Journal of Epidemiology 15313:from the original on 13 May 2011 15136:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 14492:The International History Review 14285:The International History Review 14249:. Brassey's Defence Publishers. 14116:Goodspeed, Donald James (1985). 14072:Chronicle of the First World War 13202: 13167: 13111: 13059: 13047:from the original on 29 May 2015 12968: 12920: 12898:"Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery" 12890: 12860: 12842: 12813: 12757: 12706: 12664:. 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Fighting took place mainly in 721: 707: 694: 680: 644: 627: 611: 598: 580: 565: 551: 538: 524: 509: 496: 483: 454: 439: 128:German machine gun crew wearing 104: 95: 84: 75: 64: 55: 18913: 18455:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 17655:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 16389: 16311:National Library of New Zealand 15725:"Audacious Cruise of the Emden" 15723:Taylor, John M. (Summer 2007). 15234:"Erich von Ludendorff [ 15205:The Journal of Military History 14852:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 14599:. Manchester University Press. 13988:. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 13229: 13146:, 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004) 12872:Department of Veterans' Affairs 12594:Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 12317:. BBC News. 25 September 2016. 12134:"Why Did World War I Just End?" 11714:. Harper Collins. p. 134. 10310:. 27 August 1920. p. 1924. 9879:from the original on 5 May 2016 9873:League of Nations Photo Archive 8509:; Schaar, Stuart, eds. (2003). 8471:(in Russian). militera.lib.ru. 8437:The Balkan Wars and World War I 7948: 7882: 7856: 7825: 7612: 7582: 7218: 7009: 6947: 6899: 6656:. 1999, vol. 46-2, pp. 325–347 6646: 6580: 6548: 6411: 6395: 6324:declared war on Austria-Hungary 6056:centenary of the 1918 Armistice 5599:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento 5388:The Australian prime minister, 5289:Economic history of World War I 5213: 5166:Prisoners of war in World War I 5069:Genocides by the Ottoman Empire 5033:Chemical weapons in World War I 4588:abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II 4331:advanced to the Hindenburg Line 3996:American entry into World War I 3813:, led by former Chief of Staff 3722: 3554:, the longest siege of the war. 2415:On 30 August 1914, New Zealand 1936:For a chronological guide, see 1481:. In August 1914, the magazine 1453:contributed to the outbreak of 1279:. Growing tensions between the 347:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 213:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 19415:Bulgarians deportation program 18986:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 18278:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 18137:Deportations from East Prussia 17934:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 16326:Indiana University Bloomington 15824:Emporia State Research Studies 15477:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. 15326:Sachar, Howard Morley (1970). 15261:Rickard, J. (27 August 2007). 14264:Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). 14188:A Naval History of World War I 14171:. Cambridge University Press. 13121:. BBC News. 10 November 2018. 12719:. Da Capo Press. p. 123. 12064:World War One: A Short History 11988:The Weimar Republic Sourcebook 11735:Pedersen, Sarah (1 May 2002). 11473:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83, 218. 11209:University of Washington Press 10980:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 8455:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999 7316:. Zenith Imprint. p. 29. 6485:10 in this context – see 6378: 6366: 6349: 6333: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6285: 6252: 6038:August 2014, French President 5916:World War I in popular culture 5830:. To shoot down enemy planes, 5736:Russian Provisional Government 5065:, which prohibited their use. 4989:1915 and 1926, an epidemic of 4784:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary 4730:after World War I (as of 1923) 4564:German Revolution of 1918–1919 4111:Concurrent British attacks at 3949:Russian Provisional Government 3862:Central Powers peace overtures 2861:unrestricted submarine warfare 2791:Battle of the Falkland Islands 2683:Continuation of trench warfare 2560:instigating uprisings in India 2525:Indian Army during World War I 2487:African theatre of World War I 2324:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 2107:Russian entry into World War I 2086: 1974:, heir presumptive to Emperor 1800:Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed 1359:unrestricted submarine warfare 1238:deadliest conflicts in history 351:dissolution of Austria-Hungary 29:World War One (disambiguation) 1: 20109:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 20063:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 20053:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 19266:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 18189:Ukrainian Canadian internment 16253:European Newspapers from the 15788:. Stanford University Press. 15708:. Books for Libraries Press. 15176:. London: Jane's Publishing. 14523:. Scholarly Resources Books. 14504:10.1080/07075332.1992.9640619 14297:10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469 13475:Clark, Charles Upson (1927). 13366:. Berghahn Books. p. 8. 13275:. Government Printing Office. 11822:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 11190:– via Internet Archive. 10795:Idea Journal of Social Issues 10041:[The Kiel 14 points] 9696:Schreiber, Shane B. (2004) . 8986:Jones & Bartlett Learning 8656:Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). 7262:. Studienverlag. p. 55. 6954:Stefanova, Radoslava (2001), 6536:. 17 August 1914. p. 228 6504: 6076:Historiography of World War I 5756:Technology during World War I 5749: 5638: 5517:Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps 5299:Home front during World War I 5103:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 5015: 4915: 4728:territorial changes in Europe 4527:Armistice of 11 November 1918 4514:, with over 20,000 soldiers. 4414:at 29 September, after which 4149:British artillery battery on 4049:American Expeditionary Forces 4045:Selective Service Act of 1917 3750: 3205:Russian forest trench at the 3178:. Following this victory, an 3071:Ottoman Empire in World War I 2670:, the Germans (violating the 2564:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2535:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2519:Indian support for the Allies 2099:German entry into World War I 1760:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1645: 1564:decline of the Ottoman Empire 1508: 1408:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1355:United States entered the war 1306:throne. Austria-Hungary held 1269:decline of the Ottoman Empire 133: 22449:Wars involving British India 22409:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 19969:Second Industrial Revolution 19843:League of the Three Emperors 19358:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 18344:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 17643:Estonian War of Independence 17311:Southern Palestine offensive 16289:, Veterans History Project, 16255:start of the First World War 16120:. Rowman & Littlefield. 15232:Rickard, J. (5 March 2001). 13802:Erickson, Edward J. (2001). 13725:. Harvard University Press. 13307:. Indiana University Press. 13251:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11687:. New York: The Free Press. 11506:Phillimore & Bellot 1919 11434:Journal of Genocide Research 11247:. Brigham Young University. 11245:Ambassador Mogenthau's story 11046:Alberta Animal Health Source 11042:"War Horse – The True Story" 9749:. London: Pan. p. 190. 8563:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). 8067:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7957:"Weapons of War: Poison Gas" 7555:, pp. 292–296, 343–354. 6245: 5954:German War Graves Commission 5920: 5865: 5719:, refused both military and 4593: 4521:German government surrenders 4422:Armistices and capitulations 4293:Operations Blücher and Yorck 4236:was occupied, following the 4171:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4141:Sinai and Palestine campaign 3990:United States enters the war 3280:, instigated by the British 3180:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 2744:Naval warfare of World War I 2737: 2581:Secretary of State for India 1749:Anglo-German naval arms race 1693: 1603:League of the Three Emperors 1365:seized power in the Russian 1240:, resulting in an estimated 1200:between two coalitions: the 150:Bulgarian troops during the 7: 22594:Wars involving South Africa 19999:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 19353:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 18298:USA against Austria-Hungary 17697:Turkish War of Independence 17649:Latvian War of Independence 17374:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 16965:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 15988:German Navy in World War II 15881:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. 15879:Encyclopedia of World War I 15659:. Oxford University Press. 15564:. Oxford University Press. 15436:Smith, David James (2010). 15418:The Yale Book of Quotations 15307:"Dreaming of Greater Syria" 15286:Rothschild, Joseph (1975). 14971:July 1914: Countdown to War 14074:. New York: Facts on File. 13924:. New York: Penguin Press. 13622:. New York: Paragon Press. 13563:Ireland in the 20th Century 13303:Barrett, Michael B (2013). 13249:How America Won World War I 13236:Bibliography of World War I 12767:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 11861:Political Science Quarterly 10998:J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 10448:. Harvard U.P. p. 204. 8823:Marshall & Josephy 1982 7310:Schindler, John R. (2007). 7075:Finestone & Massie 1981 6220:Lists of World War I topics 6213: 5711:Other opposition came from 5706:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5661:in Britain. In the US, the 5224:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5220:Conscription Crisis of 1917 5027:Chemical weapons in warfare 4793:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 4676:Germany on 10 January 1920. 4476:German Supreme Army Command 3529:Eastern Front (World War I) 3375:Isonzo Offensives 1915–1917 3358:Italian front (World War I) 3329:tribe, along the border of 3300:, the Ottoman commander of 2936:Bulgaria during World War I 2609:Western Front (World War I) 2355:British Expeditionary Force 2269:fire, as well as the first 2184:Germany occupied Luxembourg 2128:July, Austria delivered an 2075:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2067:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 1812:Austrian annexation in 1908 1644:World empires and colonies 1578:. Victory in the 1870–1871 1389:exhausted and demoralised. 220:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 10: 22665: 22544:Wars involving New Zealand 22278:Asia and the Pacific Group 20048:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 19372:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 18381:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 17929:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 17389:Second Battle of the Marne 17276:Second battle of the Aisne 17145:Second Battle of Champagne 16986:German invasion of Belgium 16116:Zieger, Robert H. (2001). 15992:. New York: T.Y. Crowell. 15079:10.1177/002200278002400107 14992:(2016 ed.). Penguin. 14614:Keene, Jennifer D (2006). 14387:(1993 ed.). Penguin. 13422:(2015 ed.). Vintage. 13233: 13069:. 1914.org. Archived from 12544:Pennell, Catriona (2012). 12275:Mukhtar, Mohammed (2003). 10462:A Companion to World War I 10179:Hastedt, Glenn P. (2009). 10004:"Clairière de l'Armistice" 9970:Andrea di Michele (2014). 9449:Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). 8978:Lawrence Goodrich (2011). 8301:Cambridge University Press 7016:Nelson, Daniel N. (1984). 6617:Shapiro & Epstein 2006 6557:"great, adj., adv., and n" 6342:was considered one of the 6201:at battlefield sites like 6186: 6079: 6073: 5924: 5913: 5899: 5869: 5753: 5642: 5558:, under the leadership of 5408: 5404: 5296: 5293:Post–World War I recession 5286: 5264: 5217: 5163: 5086: 5072: 5030: 5019: 4925: 4919: 4861: 4682:Bulgaria on 9 August 1920. 4597: 4580:proclamation of a republic 4524: 4472:Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I 4439: 4425: 4394:Allied forces started the 4372: 4355:Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge 4314: 4297:Second Battle of the Marne 4251: 4138: 4070: 4019:On 6 April 1917, Congress 3993: 3919: 3908: 3621: 3526: 3486:, Cadorna was replaced by 3355: 3074: 3068: 2929: 2917:for antisubmarine patrol. 2741: 2606: 2603:Western Front 1914 to 1916 2528: 2522: 2484: 2396: 2280: 2234: 2209: 2096: 2090: 1947: 1935: 1931: 1919:to Serbia and Greece, and 1678:was completed by the 1907 1512: 1324:Germany's strategy in 1914 312:Mediterranean and Adriatic 33:Great War (disambiguation) 18: 22534:Wars involving Montenegro 22464:Wars involving Costa Rica 22429:Wars involving Azerbaijan 22283:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 22248: 22014:Southern/Eastern/Northern 21989: 21894: 21716: 21667:Asian and Pacific Theatre 21624: 21583: 21296:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 21276: 21194: 21031: 20866: 20737:Standard Average European 20605: 20434: 20354: 20207: 20071: 19984: 19869:European balance of power 19861: 19796: 19745: 19692: 19533:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 19438: 19397: 19345: 19336: 19320: 19284: 19223: 19212: 19181: 19050: 19039: 18972:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 18921: 18860: 18700: 18629: 18598: 18542: 18487: 18446: 18367: 18306: 18268: 18212: 18201: 18162:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 18105: 18077: 18025: 17947: 17921: 17873: 17766: 17759: 17691:Irish War of Independence 17587: 17469: 17434:Armistice of Villa Giusti 17419:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 17344: 17246: 17173: 17074: 17031:First Battle of the Marne 16978: 16940: 16875: 16866: 16809: 16683: 16672: 16638: 16610: 16572: 16524: 16477: 16470: 16397: 16097:Zeldin, Theodore (1977). 16078:Winter, Jay, ed. (2014). 15982:von der Porten, Edward P. 15956:Velikonja, Mitja (2003). 15815:Torrie, Glenn E. (1978). 15636:Stevenson, David (2012). 15609:Stevenson, David (2004). 15560:Stevenson, David (1988). 15515:Spreeuwenberg, P (2018). 15421:. Yale University Press. 15400:10.1191/0968344502wh250oa 15371:10.1191/0968344503wh260oa 14883:10.1017/S0008938900018707 14655:10.1017/S0018246X00009481 14186:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 14118:The German Wars 1914–1945 13941:The last courts of Europe 13897:. New York: Basic Books. 13678:DiNardo, Richard (2015). 13618:Cross, Wilbur L. (1991). 13456:Clayton, Anthony (2003). 13437:Christie, Norm M (1997). 13195:10.1017/S0018246X13000216 13159:Neiberg, Michael (2007). 12569:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12448:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 12415:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12403:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12388:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12376:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12364:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12352:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12340:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12263:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12251:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12236:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11855:Craig, Gordon A. (1949). 11753:10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 11639:"The Conscription Crisis" 11568:10.1017/S0018246X00005689 11530:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11446:10.1080/14623520801950820 11239:Henry Morgenthau (1918). 11167:Little, Brown and Company 10780:Online. 28 November 2006. 10738:"The ANZAC Day tradition" 10736:Australian War Memorial. 10164:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8919:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8536:January, Brendan (2007). 8375:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8347:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7736:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7565:Tucker & Roberts 2005 6970:(inactive 11 June 2024), 6588:"The war to end all wars" 6562:Oxford English Dictionary 6282:, and the end of the war. 5649:1917 French Army mutinies 5645:Opposition to World War I 5632:Queensland Patriotic Fund 5411:Propaganda in World War I 5022:War crimes in World War I 4554:that ended the war there. 4500:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4456:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4432:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4077:1917 French Army mutinies 3509:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3500:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3304:, resisted for more than 3242:Prince Leopold of Bavaria 2913:in July 1918, as well as 2655:First Battle of the Marne 2383:First Battle of the Marne 1976:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1216:, as well as in parts of 892: 767: 748: 422: 216:Signed 10 September 1919 179: 164:Aftermath of the Russian 49: 44: 16:1914–1918 global conflict 22599:Wars involving Sri Lanka 22549:Wars involving Nicaragua 22489:Wars involving Guatemala 22424:Wars involving Australia 21436:Lancaster House Treaties 20926:Christian existentialism 20886:Ancient Roman philosophy 20876:Ancient Greek philosophy 20160:Venezuela Naval Blockade 19831:Anglo-Russian Convention 19307:Treaty of Constantinople 19199:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 18314:Constantinople Agreement 17607:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 17470:Co-belligerent conflicts 17439:Second Romanian campaign 17409:Third Transjordan attack 17120:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 17026:Battle of Grand Couronné 16222:Links to other WWI Sites 15939:The Great War, 1914–1918 15937:Tucker, Spencer (2002). 15910:. Taylor & Francis. 15832:Emporia State University 15132:Northedge, F.S. (1986). 15044:Meyer, Gerald J (2006). 14870:Central European History 14778:Lieven, Dominic (2016). 14471:Jackson, Julian (2018). 14383:Horne, Alistair (1964). 14312:Heyman, Neil M. (1997). 14097:Gilbert, Martin (1994). 13920:Ferguson, Niall (2006). 13620:Zeppelins of World War I 13580:Crampton, R. J. (1994). 13481:. New York: Dodd, Mead. 13219:29 November 2020 at the 13037:"Monumental Undertaking" 12820:Zeman, Z. A. B. (1971). 11467:Whitehorn, Alan (2015). 11159:Taylor, Telford (1993). 10417:Morrow, John H. (2005). 10362:"Dates on war memorials" 9745:Brown, Malcolm (1999) . 7866:. Memorial Gates Trust. 7590:"Veliki rat – Avijacija" 7507:, pp. 579–580, 585. 6762:Moll & Luebbert 1980 5822:were initially used for 5303:Financial crisis of 1914 5093:Armenian genocide denial 5051:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 4688:Turkey on 6 August 1924. 4685:Hungary on 26 July 1921. 4679:Austria on 16 July 1920. 4600:Aftermath of World War I 4590:, and German surrender. 4363:Second Battle of Cambrai 4197:and, early in December, 4063:in late September 1918. 3581:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 2569:Indian National Congress 2427:landed on the island of 2423:). On 11 September, the 1790:Conflicts in the Balkans 1680:Anglo-Russian Convention 1460: 1383:an offensive in the west 1291:on 28 June 1914, when a 1172:Indian and Pacific Ocean 332:Aftermath of World War I 22649:Wars involving Slovenia 22614:Wars involving Thailand 22564:Wars involving Rhodesia 22559:Wars involving Portugal 22499:Wars involving Honduras 22454:Wars involving Bulgaria 21214:Equality before the law 20421:Romano-Germanic culture 20165:Alaska boundary dispute 19838:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 19821:Franco-Russian Alliance 19377:Balkans campaign of WWI 19026:Albanian revolt of 1912 18377:Modus vivendi of Acroma 18329:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 17637:Greater Poland Uprising 17537:National Protection War 17414:Meuse–Argonne offensive 17364:German spring offensive 17359:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 17135:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 17110:Second Battle of Artois 16991:Battle of the Frontiers 16230:, from Brigham Young U. 16051:Willmott, H.P. (2003). 15760:Thompson, Mark (2009). 15439:One Morning in Sarajevo 14988:McMeekin, Sean (2015). 14969:McMeekin, Sean (2014). 14898:Martel, Gordon (2014). 14797:Love, Dave (May 1996). 14683:Europe Between the Wars 14595:Keenan, George (1986). 14190:. New York: Routledge. 14101:. Stoddart Publishing. 14003:Fromkin, David (2004). 13697:Donko, Wilhelm (2012). 13343:History of Transylvania 13174:Jones, Heather (2013). 13067:"Commemoration website" 11127:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 10742:Australian War Memorial 10442:Schulze, Hagen (1998). 10367:. War Memorials Trust. 10143:28 October 2016 at the 9601:. First World War.com. 9575:. First World War.com. 9547:Bruce, Anthony (2002). 7256:Kröll, Herbert (2008). 6920:10.1057/9780230377356_3 6662:27 January 2024 at the 6357:declared war on Germany 6030:. The lead body is the 5937:Redipuglia War Memorial 5713:conscientious objectors 5628:Canadian Patriotic Fund 5572:Italian Socialist Party 5521:1 Lincolnshire Regiment 5310:voting rights for women 4991:encephalitis lethargica 4660:July 1921 by President 4542:) pictured outside the 4343:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4334:talks were inevitable. 4317:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4254:German spring offensive 4061:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4021:declared war on Germany 3964:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3953:competing power centres 3585:Russian-occupied Poland 3519:awarded to it in 1915. 2623:British Indian soldiers 2531:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2509:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2347:Battle of the Frontiers 2135:Serbia ordered general 2045:According to historian 1938:Timeline of World War I 1775:1905 Russian Revolution 1666:Franco-Russian Alliance 1123:Mexican-American Border 223:Signed 27 November 1919 145:German spring offensive 22569:Wars involving Romania 22524:Wars involving Liberia 22504:Wars involving Ireland 22479:Wars involving Germany 22439:Wars involving Bolivia 22434:Wars involving Belgium 22419:Wars involving Armenia 21694:Middle Eastern Theatre 21672:Middle Eastern Theatre 21591:Cradle of civilization 21376:Eastern European Group 20965:Continental philosophy 20896:Judeo-Christian ethics 20881:Hellenistic philosophy 20362:Cradle of civilization 20084:Unification of Germany 20031:Taft–Katsura agreement 19651:Crown Prince Alexander 19629:Crown Prince Ferdinand 19592:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 19420:Massacres of Civilians 19410:Massacres of Albanians 19363:Sarajevo Assassination 19292:Greek–Serbian Alliance 19285:Diplomacy and politics 19182:Diplomacy and politics 19006:Bulgarian Independence 18402:Paris Peace Conference 18390:Ukraine–Central Powers 18184:Massacres of Albanians 18152:Late Ottoman genocides 17959:Bulgarian occupations 17667:Third Anglo-Afghan War 17631:Hungarian–Romanian War 17449:Naval Victory Bulletin 17444:Armistice with Germany 17394:Hundred Days Offensive 17321:Battle of La Malmaison 17271:Second battle of Arras 17238:Battle of Transylvania 17092:Second Battle of Ypres 16960:Sarajevo assassination 16849:South African Republic 16321:US Library of Congress 16143:Listen to this article 16055:. Dorling Kindersley. 16017:World War I Day by Day 16015:Westwell, Ian (2004). 15473:Souter, Gavin (2000). 15172:Price, Alfred (1980). 14643:The Historical Journal 14519:Jones, Howard (2001). 14442:Inglis, David (1995). 14227:(2009 ed.). CUP. 14030:Gardner, Hall (2015). 13972:10.3917/popu.1701.0039 13943:. JM Dent & Sons. 13881:Fay, Sidney B (1930). 13603:. Palgrave Macmillan. 13360:Braybon, Gail (2004). 13341:Béla, Köpeczi (1998). 13280:Ball, Alan M. (1994). 13161:The World War I Reader 12661:The Russian Revolution 12658:Richard Pipes (1990). 12062:Stone, Norman (2008). 10445:Germany: A New History 10101:Kieler Erinnerungsorte 10071:Dähnhardt, D. (1978). 10039:"Die 14 Kieler Punkte" 10006:(in French). Ville de 9903:Militaryhistorynow.com 9810:Militaryhistorynow.com 9770:Gray & Argyle 1990 8411:Hall, Richard (2010). 8079:10.3201/eid2411.ac2411 8073:(11). CDC: 2136–2137. 7890:Horniman, Benjamin Guy 6293:Paris Peace Conference 6272:armed seizure of power 6230:Outline of World War I 6106: 6062:and German Chancellor 6005: 5940: 5884: 5805: 5802:Captain Marcel Courmes 5780:wireless communication 5771: 5686: 5677:Sackville Street (now 5528: 5432: 5320: 5249: 5179: 5110: 5109:and published in 1918. 5089:Late Ottoman genocides 5042: 4977: 4944: 4922:World War I casualties 4787: 4774: 4736:Paris Peace Conference 4731: 4706: 4654:Knox–Porter Resolution 4645: 4555: 4550:after agreeing to the 4459: 4391: 4326: 4305:Hundred Days Offensive 4267: 4258:Hundred Days Offensive 4223:Otto Liman von Sanders 4195:Battle of Mughar Ridge 4173:resumed, when General 4167:Second Battles of Gaza 4158: 4093: 4055:AEF commander General 4012: 3905:Final years of the war 3889: 3624:Romania in World War I 3618:Romanian participation 3614:, at the end of 1916. 3555: 3550:following the Russian 3548:Grand Duke Nikolaevich 3496:offensive was repulsed 3441: 3377: 3245: 3240:Kaiser Wilhelm II and 3210: 3172:ANZAC Mounted Division 3133:Mesopotamian campaigns 3089: 3039: 2984: 2961: 2836: 2823:was confined to port. 2802:Battle of Más a Tierra 2759: 2692: 2668:Second Battle of Ypres 2630: 2555: 2539:Third Anglo-Afghan War 2412: 2350: 2292: 2250: 2116: 2070: 1984:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1967: 1944:Sarajevo assassination 1854:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1814: 1803: 1720: 1649: 1596:French colonial empire 1547: 1415:Paris Peace Conference 1271:, which disturbed the 958:Trans-Siberian Railway 749:Commanders and leaders 22609:Wars involving Taiwan 22589:Wars involving Serbia 22554:Wars involving Panama 22484:Wars involving Greece 22474:Wars involving France 22459:Wars involving Canada 22444:Wars involving Brazil 21919:Vietnamese philosophy 21657:Industrial Revolution 21496:Three Seas Initiative 21471:Pacific Islands Forum 21336:British–Irish Council 21084:Greek Orthodox Church 20543:Industrial Revolution 20513:Scientific Revolution 20170:First Moroccan Crisis 19884:Spread of nationalism 19848:Eight-Nation Alliance 19677:Other Balkan states: 19518:Eleftherios Venizelos 19194:Albanian Independence 18996:Young Turk Revolution 18537:by region and country 18412:Treaty of St. Germain 18385:Russia–Central Powers 18339:Sykes–Picot Agreement 18167:Pontic Greek genocide 18142:Destruction of Kalisz 18118:Eastern Mediterranean 17679:Polish–Lithuanian War 17461:Armistice of Belgrade 17424:Armistice of Salonica 17354:Operation Faustschlag 17301:Third Battle of Oituz 17223:Baranovichi offensive 17191:Lake Naroch offensive 17165:Battle of Robat Karim 17140:Vistula–Bug offensive 17115:Battles of the Isonzo 17046:First Battle of Ypres 16350:University of Alberta 16274:24 March 2019 at the 15764:. Faber & Faber. 14685:. New York: Longman. 14546:Karp, Walter (1979). 14223:Harris, J.P. (2008). 14135:Gray, Randal (1991). 13645:Crowe, David (2001). 13322:Beckett, Ian (2007). 13267:Ayers, Leonard Porter 13043:. 21 September 2015. 12975:David, Evans (1918). 12450:. 22 September 1939. 11914:Noakes, Lucy (2006). 11708:Zinn, Howard (2003). 11415:Gaunt, David (2006). 11011:10.1093/jnen/60.7.663 10902:, pp. 2561–2567. 10660:. firstworldwar.com. 10465:. Wiley. p. 584. 9933:historycollection.com 9747:1918: Year of Victory 9472:Falls, Cyril (1930). 8664:. New York Times Co. 8593:(London: Faber, 1967) 8377:, pp. 1075–1076. 7959:. Firstworldwar.com. 7177:Djordjević, Dimitrije 6487:Long and short scales 6401:Often abbreviated as 6187:Further information: 6085: 6080:Further information: 6042:and German President 6013:Kansas City, Missouri 5999: 5934: 5927:World War I memorials 5914:Further information: 5879: 5800: 5763: 5676: 5663:Espionage Act of 1917 5556:Italian Liberal Party 5515: 5437:Yugoslav nationalists 5426: 5409:Further information: 5318: 5297:Further information: 5243: 5218:Further information: 5202:Soldiers' experiences 5190:on fair treatment of 5173: 5100: 5040: 4963: 4949:8 million were killed 4939: 4926:Further information: 4864:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4862:Further information: 4797:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 4782: 4765: 4725: 4700:Eleftherios Venizelos 4698:Greek prime minister 4697: 4632: 4625:Formal end of the war 4534: 4464:Armistice of Salonica 4450:Italian troops reach 4449: 4442:Armistice of Belgrade 4440:Further information: 4428:Armistice of Salonica 4386: 4347:attacked around Ypres 4324: 4287:against the northern 4265: 4148: 4084: 4071:Further information: 4003: 3880: 3807:attacked Transylvania 3541: 3435: 3373: 3239: 3204: 3084: 3033: 3014:Eleftherios Venizelos 2982: 2951: 2829: 2777:, part of the German 2751: 2690: 2621: 2614:Trench warfare begins 2552:Mesopotamian campaign 2546: 2529:Further information: 2417:occupied German Samoa 2406: 2369:In 1911, the Russian 2344: 2313:Alfred von Schlieffen 2290: 2273:by the Serbian army. 2263:anti-aircraft warfare 2244: 2210:Further information: 2114: 2064: 1957: 1809: 1797: 1701: 1643: 1527: 1515:Causes of World War I 1263:included the rise of 1261:causes of World War I 1204:(or Entente) and the 997:Sinai & Palestine 768:Casualties and losses 262:Signed 29 August 1921 254:Signed 25 August 1921 246:Signed 24 August 1921 238:Signed 10 August 1920 22604:Wars involving Sudan 22539:Wars involving Nepal 22529:Wars involving Malta 22519:Wars involving Korea 22514:Wars involving Japan 22509:Wars involving Italy 22494:Wars involving Haiti 21491:Special Relationship 20901:Christian philosophy 20846:Western Christianity 20508:Age of Enlightenment 20382:Hellenistic Kingdoms 20175:Algeciras Conference 20155:Annexation of Hawaii 20094:Great Eastern Crisis 20089:Unification of Italy 20079:Formation of Romania 19896:French–German enmity 19528:Pavlos Kountouriotis 18407:Treaty of Versailles 18123:Mount Lebanon famine 18038:in the United States 18006:Russian occupations 17720:Turkish–Armenian War 17661:Polish–Ukrainian War 17601:Ukrainian–Soviet War 17548:Central Asian Revolt 17331:Armistice of Focșani 17061:Battle of Sarikamish 17011:Battle of Tannenberg 16407:Military engagements 16343:5 April 2015 at the 16214:More spoken articles 15706:Medicine and the War 15681:. New York: Viking. 14550:. Harper & Row. 14049:Grant, R.G. (2005). 13836:. London: Longmans. 13830:Falls, Cyril Bentham 13599:Crisp, Olga (1976). 13561:Coogan, Tim (2009). 12635:. 24 February 2014. 12478:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz 11669:15 April 1918, p. 12 11048:. 10 November 2020. 9935:. 22 February 2017. 9909:on 23 September 2017 9842:. 22 February 2017. 9840:historycollection.co 9816:on 23 September 2017 9239:Wheeler-Bennett 1938 7690:, pp. 194, 211. 6594:. 10 November 1998. 6430:, or "Battle of the 6266:government signed a 5958:Le Souvenir français 5890:propaganda campaigns 5725:solitary confinement 5667:Sedition Act of 1918 5470:In the Middle East, 5439:such as the leader, 5176:First Battle of Gaza 5107:Henry Morgenthau Sr. 4740:Treaty of Versailles 4650:Treaty of Versailles 4635:Treaty of Versailles 4408:Battle of Dobro Pole 4379:Battle of Dobro Pole 4219:Erich von Falkenhayn 4187:Desert Mounted Corps 4129:French Army mutinies 4090:Battle of Vimy Ridge 3815:Erich von Falkenhayn 3765:class=notpageimage| 3515:and areas along the 3494:. A second Austrian 3254:petroleum reservoirs 3223:Battle of Sarikamish 3207:Battle of Sarikamish 3190:in December and the 3182:advanced across the 3048:Battle of Dobro Pole 2625:digging trenches in 2457:, as well as German 2393:Asia and the Pacific 2387:Crown Prince Wilhelm 2317:German General Staff 2158:German General Staff 1926:powder keg of Europe 1729:Imperial German Navy 1582:allowed Bismarck to 1419:Treaty of Versailles 1396:a revolution at home 1232:, machine guns, and 762:Main Central leaders 205:Treaty of Versailles 159:Middle Eastern front 21:WWI (disambiguation) 22469:Wars involving Cuba 21949:Buddhist philosophy 21909:Japanese philosophy 21652:Early modern period 21516:West Nordic Council 21381:Eastern Partnership 20970:Analytic philosophy 20671:Classical tradition 20493:Early modern period 20449:Classical antiquity 20444:European Bronze Age 20240:Philippine–American 20225:First Sino-Japanese 20058:Racconigi agreement 20004:Treaty of Frankfurt 19964:Great Rapprochement 19918:Scramble for Africa 19555:Crown Prince Danilo 19405:Carnegie Commission 19302:Treaty of Bucharest 18991:Macedonian Struggle 18967:Serbo-Bulgarian War 18474:They shall not pass 18397:Treaty of Bucharest 18354:Treaty of Bucharest 18293:USA against Germany 18270:Declarations of war 17974:German occupations 17887:British casualties 17746:Soviet–Georgian War 17673:Egyptian Revolution 17613:Armeno-Georgian War 17477:Somaliland campaign 17429:Armistice of Mudros 17306:Battle of Caporetto 17296:Battle of Mărășești 17266:Zimmermann telegram 17261:February Revolution 17206:Battle of the Somme 17130:Bug-Narew Offensive 17105:Battle of Gallipoli 17097:Sinking of the RMS 16889:Scramble for Africa 16883:Franco-Prussian War 16539:Sinai and Palestine 16338:New York University 16331:5 June 2015 at the 16291:Library of Congress 15496:World Wars in-depth 15103:Neiberg, Michael S. 14946:McLellan, Edwin N. 14827:MacMillan, Margaret 14578:The First World War 14548:The Politics of War 14416:10.1093/gh/11.2.161 14007:. Alfred A. Knopf. 13834:The First World War 13345:. Akadémiai Kiadó. 13144:Wilfred Owen: poems 13095:. France News.Net. 12993:1918Natur.100..487. 12944:1918Natur.100..487. 12066:. London: Penguin. 11520:, pp. 368–369. 11380:, pp. 212–215. 10912:Knobler et al. 2005 10772:4 June 2012 at the 10691:15 May 2016 at the 10630:. 5 November 1918. 10509:"Open-Site:Hungary" 9989:on 2 October 2018. 9650:, pp. 146–147. 9283:, pp. 315–316. 9263:, Routledge, 1994, 9229:, pp. 110–132. 9205:, pp. 721–766. 9165:The Washington Post 9023:, pp. 441–442. 8689:, pp. 122–138. 8457:, pp. 150–152. 8401:, pp. 108–110. 8261:"Committee Hansard" 8235:von der Porten 1969 8198:World Wars in Depth 7921:, pp. 421–423. 7822:, pp. 201–203. 7810:, pp. 197–198. 7774:, pp. 224–232. 7738:, pp. 376–378. 7624:National Geographic 7579:, pp. 159–195. 7543:, pp. 550–551. 7483:, pp. 539–541. 7435:, pp. 526–527. 7399:, pp. 196–197. 7113:, pp. 188–189. 6836:, pp. 251–252. 6788:, pp. 174–196. 6764:, pp. 153–185. 6725:, pp. 290–293. 6631:, pp. 121–152. 6346:to Austria-Hungary. 6199:unexploded ordnance 6183:Unexploded ordnance 6169:high casualty rates 6137:military occupation 6058:, French President 6052:Hartmannswillerkopf 6032:Imperial War Museum 5882:Zimmermann Telegram 5820:Fixed-wing aircraft 5721:alternative service 5552:Italian irredentism 5548:Gabriele D'Annunzio 5544:Italian nationalism 5495:Somaliland campaign 5489:was supporting the 4858:National identities 4744:Wilson's 14th point 4633:The signing of the 4480:Imperial Chancellor 4436:Armistice of Mudros 4285:Operation Georgette 4281:motorised artillery 4205:. About this time, 4203:Battle of Jerusalem 4191:Battle of Beersheba 4155:Battle of Jerusalem 3979:Treaty of Bucharest 3926:February Revolution 3884:They shall not pass 3843:Treaty of Bucharest 3791:Treaty of Bucharest 3701:Constanța (Dobruja) 3673:Cluj (Transylvania) 3552:capture of Przemyśl 2809:blockade of Germany 2752:Battleships of the 2704:Battle of the Somme 2588:British Indian Army 2548:British Indian Army 2217:Opening hostilities 2206:Progress of the war 2196:Albert I of Belgium 2029:Čabrinović threw a 2012:Muhamed Mehmedbašić 1996:Nedeljko Čabrinović 1737:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1629:, which became the 1580:Franco-Prussian War 1353:In April 1917, the 1106:North-West Frontier 756:Main Allied leaders 270:Signed 24 July 1923 231:Signed 4 June 1920 208:Signed 28 June 1919 22414:Russo-Turkish wars 22333:EAEU Customs Union 22263:Arab Customs Union 22185:Oriental Orthodoxy 21959:Islamic philosophy 21929:Iranian philosophy 21904:Chinese philosophy 20975:Post-structuralism 20938:Christian humanism 20568:Universal suffrage 20099:Congress of Berlin 20016:Reinsurance Treaty 19994:Congress of Vienna 19974:Industrial warfare 19940:Scramble for China 19634:Alexandru Averescu 19602:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 19523:Panagiotis Danglis 19430:Places burned down 18956:Congress of Berlin 18434:Treaty of Lausanne 18349:Paris Economy Pact 18283:UK against Germany 18213:Entry into the war 18179:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 17898:Ottoman casualties 17708:Franco-Turkish War 17588:Post-War conflicts 17572:Russian Revolution 17554:Invasion of Darfur 17519:Kelantan rebellion 17507:Kurdish rebellions 17483:Mexican Revolution 17316:October Revolution 17281:Kerensky offensive 17256:Capture of Baghdad 17233:Monastir offensive 17218:Brusilov offensive 17056:Battle of Kolubara 16895:Russo-Japanese War 15854:Tschanz, David W. 15535:10.1093/aje/kwy191 14385:The Price of Glory 13717:Doughty, Robert A. 13532:Conlon, Joseph M. 13507:Clark, Christopher 13181:Historical Journal 13073:on 8 February 2014 12199:The New York Times 12052:, pp. 223–234 12025:, pp. 231–232 11556:Historical Journal 11359:on 10 October 2017 11284:on 6 October 2007. 10900:Spreeuwenberg 2018 10818:The New York Times 10710:The New York Times 10627:The New York Times 10589:The New York Times 10347:The London Gazette 10327:The London Gazette 10307:The London Gazette 10287:The London Gazette 10267:The London Gazette 10235:The New York Times 10151:, 20 January 2008. 10073:Revolution in Kiel 10014:on 27 August 2007. 9341:Grotelueschen 2006 9317:Grotelueschen 2006 8712:Hanioglu, M. Sukru 8637:, pp. 499–503 8589:Arthur J. Barker, 7181:Spence, Richard B. 6390:Republic of Turkey 6355:The United States 6322:The United States 6006: 6000:A typical village 5982:In Flanders Fields 5964:dead, such as the 5941: 5885: 5832:anti-aircraft guns 5806: 5772: 5692:Irish nationalists 5687: 5608:Il Popolo d'Italia 5585:Il Popolo d'Italia 5529: 5465:self-determination 5449:Yugoslav Committee 5433: 5394:David Lloyd George 5321: 5250: 5180: 5111: 5043: 4978: 4945: 4875:Kingdom of Bohemia 4809:Kingdom of Hungary 4788: 4746:, established the 4732: 4707: 4646: 4556: 4484:Georg von Hertling 4460: 4392: 4327: 4268: 4242:Second Transjordan 4221:, was replaced by 4159: 4096:In December 1916, 4094: 4013: 3930:October Revolution 3922:Russian Revolution 3890: 3687:Chișinău (Moldova) 3592:Brusilov offensive 3556: 3480:capture of Gorizia 3442: 3378: 3246: 3211: 3188:Battle of Magdhaba 3090: 3087:Gallipoli campaign 3040: 3025:Monastir offensive 3010:King Constantine I 2998:Battle of Mojkovac 2985: 2962: 2926:War in the Balkans 2837: 2779:East Asia Squadron 2760: 2693: 2631: 2556: 2505:German East Africa 2473:Kaiserin Elisabeth 2455:South Seas Mandate 2413: 2351: 2293: 2271:medical evacuation 2251: 2182:war. On 2 August, 2117: 2071: 1968: 1898:Russian government 1815: 1804: 1771:Russo-Japanese War 1725:Alfred von Tirpitz 1721: 1674:with Britain. The 1650: 1635:Reinsurance Treaty 1570:, and the rise of 1560:splendid isolation 1548: 1495:the war to end war 1367:October Revolution 1002:Hejaz & Levant 267:Treaty of Lausanne 152:Monastir offensive 31:, and 22381: 22380: 22180:Eastern Orthodoxy 21924:Indian philosophy 21914:Korean philosophy 21708:Post–Cold War era 21539: 21538: 21366:Council of Europe 21268:International law 21221:Constitutionalism 21079:Eastern Orthodoxy 20585:Post–Cold War era 20518:Age of Revolution 20372:Greco-Roman world 20310: 20309: 20279:Albanian Revolts 20136:German Naval Laws 20120:Naval arms races 20104:Berlin Conference 20036:Hague Conventions 19705: 19704: 19612:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 19491:Stiliyan Kovachev 19216:Second Balkan War 19189:London Conference 19021:Italo-Turkish War 19011:31 March Incident 18881: 18880: 18590:Southern Rhodesia 18585:South West Africa 18500: 18499: 18483: 18482: 18467:The Golden Virgin 18461:Mutilated victory 18442: 18441: 18422:Treaty of Trianon 18417:Treaty of Neuilly 18324:Damascus Protocol 18197: 18196: 18157:Armenian genocide 18114:Allied blockades 18086:Belgian refugees 17869: 17868: 17779:Strategic bombing 17755: 17754: 17740:Franco-Syrian War 17714:Greco-Turkish War 17702:Anglo-Turkish War 17685:Polish–Soviet War 17619:German Revolution 17595:Russian Civil War 17578:Finnish Civil War 17404:Battle of Megiddo 17379:Battle of Goychay 17326:Battle of Cambrai 17286:Battle of Mărăști 17201:Battle of Jutland 17181:Erzurum offensive 17036:Siege of Przemyśl 17016:Siege of Tsingtao 17001:Battle of Galicia 16931:Second Balkan War 16919:Italo-Turkish War 16876:Pre-War conflicts 16862: 16861: 16752:Portuguese Empire 16668: 16667: 16630:German New Guinea 16612:Asian and Pacific 16183: 16173: 16163: 16127:978-0-8476-9645-1 16108:978-0-19-822125-8 16089:978-1-316-60066-5 16062:978-0-7894-9627-0 16026:978-0-7603-1937-6 15999:978-0-213-17961-8 15973:978-1-58544-226-3 15948:978-1-134-81750-4 15917:978-0-8153-3351-7 15888:978-1-85109-420-2 15795:978-0-8047-7924-1 15771:978-0-571-22333-6 15715:978-0-8369-2629-3 15688:978-0-670-03295-2 15666:978-0-19-873526-7 15647:978-0-7181-9795-7 15620:978-0-465-08184-4 15593:978-0-19-820208-0 15571:978-0-19-873049-1 15529:(12): 2561–2567. 15490:Smele, Jonathan. 15449:978-0-297-85608-5 15428:978-0-300-10798-2 15341:978-0-7139-0158-0 15297:978-0-295-95350-2 15183:978-0-7106-0008-0 15143:978-0-7185-1316-0 15116:978-0-674-01696-5 15057:978-0-553-80354-9 14999:978-0-7181-9971-5 14980:978-1-84831-657-7 14930:978-0-517-38555-5 14909:978-0-19-966538-9 14859:978-90-411-1239-2 14840:978-0-8129-9470-4 14833:. Profile Books. 14789:978-0-14-139974-4 14762:978-0-691-01232-2 14727:978-0-309-09504-4 14692:978-0-582-41869-1 14625:978-0-313-33181-7 14606:978-0-7190-1707-0 14587:978-0-09-180178-6 14557:978-0-06-012265-2 14530:978-0-8420-2918-6 14482:978-1-84614-351-9 14434:978-0-88920-508-6 14394:978-0-14-017041-2 14352:978-0-86307-181-2 14325:978-0-313-29880-6 14275:978-0-226-31971-1 14256:978-0-08-033591-9 14234:978-0-521-89802-7 14197:978-1-85728-498-0 14178:978-0-521-86434-3 14146:978-1-85532-157-1 14127:978-0-517-46790-9 14108:978-0-7737-2848-6 14081:978-0-8160-2595-4 14062:978-0-7566-5578-5 14055:. DK Publishing. 14041:978-1-4724-3056-4 14014:978-0-375-41156-4 13995:978-0-8050-0857-9 13950:978-0-460-04519-3 13931:978-1-59420-100-4 13904:978-0-465-05711-5 13873:978-0-393-30564-7 13843:978-1-84342-272-3 13813:978-0-313-31516-9 13794:978-0-06-270056-8 13732:978-0-674-01880-8 13708:978-3-8442-2129-9 13689:978-1-4408-0092-4 13658:978-0-87891-710-5 13629:978-1-55778-382-0 13610:978-0-333-16907-0 13591:978-0-415-05346-4 13572:978-0-09-941522-0 13524:978-0-06-219922-5 13517:. HarperCollins. 13493:on 8 October 2019 13467:978-0-304-35949-3 13448:978-1-896979-18-2 13429:978-0-09-958133-8 13407:978-0-19-873113-9 13373:978-1-57181-801-0 13352:978-84-8371-020-3 13333:978-1-4058-1252-8 13314:978-0-253-00865-7 13258:978-1-4930-3192-4 12987:(2521): 487–488. 12835:978-0-297-00300-7 12798:, pp. 56–57. 12773:978-1-85109-732-6 12754:, pp. 82–86. 12726:978-0-306-81213-2 12671:978-0-307-78857-3 12615:978-0-8020-8707-2 12580:O'Halpin, Eunan, 12555:978-0-19-959058-2 12288:978-0-8108-6604-1 12144:on 5 October 2010 12073:978-0-14-103156-9 11997:978-0-520-90960-1 11925:978-0-415-39056-9 11694:978-0-02-905820-6 11480:978-1-61069-688-3 11404:on 22 April 2008. 11308:978-1-903656-81-5 11218:978-0-295-98296-0 11180:978-0-316-83400-1 11076:www.denix.osd.mil 10713:. 26 April 1916. 10619:"Serbia Restored" 10554:978-963-7395-84-0 10428:978-0-415-20440-8 10407:, pp. 35–36. 10215:978-0-495-90383-3 10190:978-1-4381-0989-3 10082:978-3-529-02636-2 9756:978-0-330-37672-3 9711:978-1-55125-096-0 9558:978-0-7195-5432-2 9343:, pp. 44–46. 9319:, pp. 14–15. 9269:978-0-415-05346-4 9241:, pp. 36–41. 9119:, pp. 24–25. 9089:, pp. 96–98. 8837:, pp. 39–62. 8789:, pp. 30–31. 8725:978-0-691-13452-9 8576:978-1-4411-9478-7 8549:978-0-7613-3421-7 8522:978-0-8021-3936-8 8507:Gettleman, Marvin 8422:978-0-253-35452-5 8365:, pp. 54–55. 8310:978-0-521-83432-2 8291:Chickering, Roger 8114:, pp. 39–47. 7786:, pp. 79–80. 7323:978-1-61673-964-5 7269:978-3-7065-4526-6 7196:978-0-88033-217-0 6977:978-1-315-18640-5 6929:978-0-230-37735-6 6896:, pp. 48–49. 6812:, pp. 66–67. 6752:, pp. 72–73. 6689:, pp. 66–70. 6428:Skagerrakschlacht 6262:during 1917. The 6197:As late as 2007, 6161:Why the war began 6040:François Hollande 5896:Legacy and memory 5848:aircraft carriers 5840:Strategic bombers 5794:), and aircraft. 5681:) after the 1916 5568:Leonida Bissolati 5379:London Conference 5188:Hague Conventions 5135:deny the genocide 5075:Armenian genocide 4750:on 28 June 1919. 4748:League of Nations 4662:Warren G. Harding 4540:second from right 4504:Habsburg monarchy 4498:and accepted the 4470:in a telegram to 4273:Operation Michael 4238:First Transjordan 4073:Nivelle offensive 3659:Timișoara (Banat) 3608:Empress Alexandra 3568:attack on Galicia 3391:Austrian Littoral 3318:years during the 3215:Caucasus campaign 3114:Armenian genocide 2921:Southern theatres 2892:aircraft carriers 2845:submarine warfare 2816:Battle of Jutland 2793:in December. The 2787:Battle of Coronel 2768:merchant shipping 2513:guerrilla warfare 2507:, led by Colonel 2501:South-West Africa 2481:African campaigns 2433:German New Guinea 2409:Siege of Tsingtao 2051:Christopher Clark 1970:On 28 June 1914, 1913:Second Balkan War 1870:Italo-Turkish War 1615:Russo-Turkish War 1605:, which included 1576:Otto von Bismarck 1556:Concert of Europe 1447:League of Nations 1250:Armenian genocide 1180: 1179: 1031:South West Africa 850: 849: 418: 417: 228:Treaty of Trianon 166:siege of Przemyśl 22656: 22404:Global conflicts 22200:Eastern Churches 21944:Hindu philosophy 21566: 21559: 21552: 21543: 21542: 21411:EU Customs Union 20943:Secular humanism 20891:Christian ethics 20841:East–West Schism 20824:Physical culture 20548:Great Divergence 20498:Age of Discovery 20337: 20330: 20323: 20314: 20313: 20230:Spanish–American 20150:Fashoda Incident 20026:Treaty of Björkö 20011:Treaty of Berlin 19945:Open Door Policy 19879:Eastern question 19826:Entente Cordiale 19732: 19725: 19718: 19709: 19708: 19671:Božidar Janković 19666:Stepa Stepanović 19538:Viktor Dousmanis 19387:Macedonian front 19382:Serbian campaign 19312:Treaty of Athens 19261:Southern Dobruja 19204:Treaty of London 19043:First Balkan War 18908: 18901: 18894: 18885: 18884: 18527: 18520: 18513: 18504: 18503: 18427:Treaty of Sèvres 18319:Treaty of London 18210: 18209: 17988:Northeast France 17919: 17918: 17891:Parliamentarians 17824: 17823: 17786:Chemical weapons 17764: 17763: 17525:Senussi campaign 17495:Muscat rebellion 17489:Maritz rebellion 17457: 17399:Vardar offensive 17228:Battle of Romani 17196:Battle of Asiago 17186:Battle of Verdun 17150:Kosovo offensive 16925:First Balkan War 16873: 16872: 16772:Russian Republic 16681: 16680: 16475: 16474: 16417:Economic history 16384: 16377: 16370: 16361: 16360: 16204: 16202: 16194: 16193: 16185: 16184: 16175: 16174: 16165: 16164: 16152: 16150: 16144: 16131: 16112: 16093: 16074: 16047: 16038: 16011: 15991: 15977: 15952: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15900: 15873: 15871: 15869: 15850: 15848: 15846: 15840: 15821: 15811: 15809: 15807: 15780:Tomasevich, Jozo 15775: 15756: 15754: 15752: 15719: 15700: 15670: 15651: 15632: 15605: 15580:Stevenson, David 15575: 15556: 15546: 15511: 15509: 15507: 15486: 15469: 15463: 15461: 15432: 15411: 15382: 15353: 15333: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15301: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15267:historyofwar.org 15257: 15255: 15253: 15228: 15195: 15168: 15147: 15128: 15098: 15061: 15050:. Random House. 15040: 15003: 14984: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14942: 14913: 14894: 14863: 14844: 14822: 14820: 14818: 14793: 14774: 14747: 14704: 14674: 14637: 14610: 14591: 14569: 14542: 14515: 14486: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14457: 14450: 14438: 14419: 14398: 14379: 14356: 14337: 14308: 14279: 14260: 14238: 14219: 14209: 14182: 14163: 14150: 14131: 14112: 14093: 14066: 14045: 14026: 13999: 13975: 13954: 13935: 13916: 13886: 13877: 13855: 13825: 13798: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13748: 13746: 13744: 13712: 13693: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13641: 13614: 13595: 13576: 13565:. Random House. 13557: 13555: 13553: 13547: 13540: 13528: 13516: 13502: 13500: 13498: 13489:. Archived from 13471: 13452: 13433: 13411: 13394:Brown, Judith M. 13389: 13387: 13385: 13356: 13337: 13318: 13299: 13287: 13276: 13262: 13224: 13206: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13171: 13165: 13164: 13156: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13115: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13033: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13022: 13004: 13002:10.1038/100487b0 12972: 12966: 12965: 12955: 12953:10.1038/100487b0 12924: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12913: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12864: 12858: 12857: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12827: 12817: 12811: 12805: 12799: 12793: 12787: 12782: 12776: 12761: 12755: 12749: 12743: 12737: 12731: 12730: 12710: 12704: 12697: 12688: 12687: 12685: 12683: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12623: 12617: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12584:, (Dublin, 1987) 12578: 12572: 12566: 12560: 12559: 12541: 12535: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12440: 12434: 12427:Denis Mack Smith 12424: 12418: 12412: 12406: 12400: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12355: 12349: 12343: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12272: 12266: 12260: 12254: 12248: 12239: 12233: 12227: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12174:on 16 March 2017 12160: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12140:. Archived from 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12104: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12078: 12077: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12035: 12026: 12020: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12009: 11979: 11973: 11972:, p. cxxvi. 11967: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11911: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11764: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11705: 11699: 11698: 11686: 11676: 11670: 11661: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11609: 11603: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11508:, pp. 4–64. 11503: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11397:. Archived from 11396: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11358: 11352:. Archived from 11351: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11280:. Archived from 11276:(13 June 2005). 11270: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11256: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11211:. pp. 7–9. 11198: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11139: 11129: 11103: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11068: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11013: 10989: 10983: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10959: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10787: 10781: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10744:. Archived from 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10701: 10695: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10636: 10623: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10598: 10592:. 27 July 1918. 10585: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10488: 10481: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10395:, pp. 8–12. 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10373: 10366: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10176: 10170: 10161: 10152: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10051: 10044: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10010:. Archived from 10000: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9977: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9865: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9812:. Archived from 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9703: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9259:R. J. Crampton, 9257: 9251: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9155: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8981:Cultural Studies 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8753:, pp. 9–10. 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8600: 8594: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8344: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8190:Sheffield, Garry 8186: 8173: 8172: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7281: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7150:Month of Madness 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6872:, pp. 2–23. 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6559: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6455: 6441: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6399: 6393: 6386:Treaty of Sèvres 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6353: 6347: 6344:successor states 6337: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6260:Russian Republic 6256: 6122:good versus evil 6104: 6046:together marked 6037: 6021:Liberty Memorial 6018: 5838:were developed. 5836:fighter aircraft 5717:Stephen Hobhouse 5679:O'Connell Street 5659:Bertrand Russell 5592:("Revolutionary 5564:Benito Mussolini 5507:Battle of Segale 5504: 5481:In East Africa, 5472:Arab nationalism 5435:In the Balkans, 5384: 5370:Great Depression 5363: 5340: 5283:Economic effects 5192:prisoners of war 5160:Prisoners of war 5140: 5127:marched to death 5115:ethnic cleansing 4770:stab in the back 4704:Treaty of Sèvres 4659: 4585: 4493: 4396:Vardar offensive 4375:Vardar offensive 4360: 4057:John J. Pershing 4029:battleship group 4005:President Wilson 3969: 3941:Petrograd Soviet 3868:Battle of Verdun 3855:King Ferdinand I 3753: 3752: 3739: 3738: 3725: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3697: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3669: 3668: 3655: 3654: 3641: 3640: 3634: 3612:Grigori Rasputin 3564:Austrian Galicia 3560:Raymond Poincaré 3506: 3427:Treaty of London 3343:Senussi campaign 3317: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3294:Kingdom of Hejaz 3270:Persian campaign 3168:Battle of Romani 3044:Vardar offensive 2994:Battle of Kosovo 2944:Macedonian front 2940:Serbian campaign 2894:in combat, with 2697:Battle of Verdun 2672:Hague Convention 2573:Indian Home Rule 2451:Battle of Penang 2444:Russian cruiser 2237:Serbian campaign 2231:Serbian campaign 2227:against Russia. 2200:Treaty of London 2193: 2189: 2170:Treaty of London 2142: 2127: 2122:Foreign Ministry 1921:Southern Dobruja 1905:Treaty of London 1886:First Balkan War 1671:Entente Cordiale 1647: 1552:balance of power 1541: 1532: 1403: 1379:a separate peace 1304:Austro-Hungarian 1289:a breaking point 1273:balance of power 1234:chemical weapons 887: 876: 869: 862: 853: 852: 742: 731: 727: 725: 724: 713: 711: 710: 700: 698: 697: 690: 686: 684: 683: 664: 654: 650: 648: 647: 637: 633: 631: 630: 621: 617: 615: 614: 603: 602: 601: 590: 586: 584: 583: 575: 571: 569: 568: 557: 555: 554: 544: 542: 541: 534: 530: 528: 527: 519: 515: 513: 512: 501: 500: 499: 489: 487: 486: 477: 464: 460: 458: 457: 449: 445: 443: 442: 235:Treaty of Sèvres 192:11 November 1918 181: 180: 135: 123:Battle of Verdun 108: 99: 88: 79: 68: 59: 42: 41: 22664: 22663: 22659: 22658: 22657: 22655: 22654: 22653: 22384: 22383: 22382: 22377: 22250: 22244: 21985: 21954:Jain philosophy 21934:Buddhist ethics 21890: 21712: 21679:Interwar period 21632:Ancient history 21620: 21579: 21570: 21540: 21535: 21501:UKUSA Agreement 21441:Lublin Triangle 21326:Baltic Assembly 21278: 21272: 21190: 21027: 20862: 20732:Eurolinguistics 20601: 20590:Information age 20563:Interwar period 20430: 20350: 20341: 20311: 20306: 20245:Boxer Rebellion 20203: 20067: 20021:Treaty of Paris 19986: 19980: 19913:New Imperialism 19874:Ottoman decline 19857: 19804:Triple Alliance 19792: 19753:Austria-Hungary 19741: 19736: 19706: 19701: 19688: 19486:Radko Dimitriev 19476:Vasil Kutinchev 19434: 19393: 19341: 19332: 19316: 19280: 19231:Kilkis–Lachanas 19219: 19208: 19177: 19046: 19035: 18962:Eastern Rumelia 18917: 18912: 18882: 18877: 18856: 18713:Austria-Hungary 18696: 18625: 18594: 18538: 18531: 18501: 18496: 18479: 18438: 18370: 18363: 18334:Treaty of Darin 18302: 18264: 18220:Austria-Hungary 18206: 18193: 18174:Rape of Belgium 18101: 18073: 18021: 18015:Western Armenia 18010:Eastern Galicia 17943: 17917: 17881: 17880:Civilian impact 17879: 17865: 17822: 17751: 17583: 17513:Ovambo Uprising 17465: 17451: 17340: 17242: 17169: 17087:Battle of Łomża 17070: 17066:Christmas truce 17041:Race to the Sea 16974: 16936: 16858: 16829:Austria-Hungary 16805: 16740:Empire of Japan 16677: 16675: 16664: 16648:U-boat campaign 16634: 16606: 16568: 16520: 16466: 16447:Popular culture 16393: 16388: 16345:Wayback Machine 16333:Wayback Machine 16307: 16276:Wayback Machine 16218: 16217: 16206: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16188: 16179: 16169: 16159: 16154: 16148: 16147: 16146:(3 parts, 16145: 16142: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16109: 16090: 16063: 16027: 16000: 15974: 15949: 15927: 15925: 15918: 15889: 15867: 15865: 15864:on 11 June 2010 15844: 15842: 15838: 15819: 15805: 15803: 15796: 15772: 15750: 15748: 15716: 15689: 15667: 15648: 15621: 15594: 15572: 15505: 15503: 15459: 15457: 15450: 15442:. Hachette UK. 15429: 15342: 15316: 15314: 15298: 15276: 15274: 15251: 15249: 15217:10.2307/1986064 15184: 15144: 15117: 15058: 15021:10.2307/3678575 15000: 14981: 14959: 14957: 14931: 14910: 14860: 14841: 14816: 14814: 14790: 14763: 14728: 14693: 14679:Kitchen, Martin 14626: 14607: 14588: 14558: 14531: 14483: 14461: 14459: 14455: 14448: 14435: 14395: 14370:(2): 194, 211. 14353: 14326: 14276: 14257: 14235: 14212: 14198: 14179: 14147: 14128: 14109: 14099:First World War 14082: 14063: 14042: 14015: 13996: 13951: 13932: 13905: 13895:The Pity of War 13891:Ferguson, Niall 13885:(2nd ed.). 13874: 13866:. W.W. Norton. 13844: 13814: 13795: 13771: 13769: 13742: 13740: 13733: 13709: 13701:. epubli GmbH. 13690: 13668: 13666: 13659: 13630: 13611: 13592: 13573: 13551: 13549: 13548:on 11 June 2010 13545: 13538: 13525: 13496: 13494: 13468: 13449: 13430: 13408: 13383: 13381: 13374: 13353: 13334: 13315: 13296: 13259: 13239: 13232: 13227: 13221:Wayback Machine 13207: 13203: 13188:(3): 857–878 . 13172: 13168: 13157: 13150: 13142: 13138: 13128: 13126: 13117: 13116: 13112: 13102: 13100: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13035: 13034: 13030: 13020: 13018: 12973: 12969: 12926: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12909: 12896: 12895: 12891: 12881: 12879: 12866: 12865: 12861: 12847: 12843: 12836: 12818: 12814: 12806: 12802: 12794: 12790: 12783: 12779: 12762: 12758: 12750: 12746: 12738: 12734: 12727: 12711: 12707: 12698: 12691: 12681: 12679: 12672: 12656: 12652: 12642: 12640: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12592: 12588: 12579: 12575: 12567: 12563: 12556: 12542: 12538: 12531: 12527: 12517: 12515: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12487: 12485: 12472: 12471: 12467: 12457: 12455: 12442: 12441: 12437: 12425: 12421: 12413: 12409: 12401: 12394: 12386: 12382: 12374: 12370: 12362: 12358: 12350: 12346: 12342:, p. 1069. 12338: 12334: 12324: 12322: 12313: 12312: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12289: 12273: 12269: 12261: 12257: 12249: 12242: 12238:, p. 1189. 12234: 12230: 12222: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12191: 12187: 12177: 12175: 12162: 12161: 12157: 12147: 12145: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12097: 12093: 12085: 12081: 12074: 12060: 12056: 12048: 12044: 12036: 12029: 12021: 12017: 12007: 12005: 11998: 11980: 11976: 11968: 11964: 11954: 11952: 11937: 11933: 11926: 11912: 11908: 11898: 11896: 11873:10.2307/2144182 11853: 11849: 11839: 11837: 11802: 11798: 11788: 11786: 11733: 11729: 11722: 11706: 11702: 11695: 11677: 11673: 11662: 11658: 11648: 11646: 11637: 11636: 11632: 11622: 11620: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11599:7 July 2015 at 11587: 11583: 11552: 11548: 11542:Havighurst 1985 11540: 11536: 11532:, p. 2733. 11528: 11524: 11516: 11512: 11504: 11500: 11490: 11488: 11481: 11465: 11461: 11430: 11426: 11413: 11409: 11401: 11394: 11388: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11356: 11349: 11345: 11344: 11340: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11309: 11293: 11289: 11271: 11264: 11254: 11252: 11237: 11233: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11199: 11195: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11157: 11153: 11104: 11095: 11085: 11083: 11070: 11069: 11065: 11055: 11053: 11040: 11039: 11035: 10990: 10986: 10978:K. von Economo. 10977: 10973: 10922: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10886: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10862: 10858: 10853: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10827: 10825: 10810: 10806: 10788: 10784: 10774:Wayback Machine 10765: 10761: 10751: 10749: 10734: 10730: 10720: 10718: 10703: 10702: 10698: 10693:Wayback Machine 10681: 10677: 10667: 10665: 10654: 10650: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10612: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10583: 10579: 10578: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10555: 10541: 10537: 10533:Frucht, p. 356. 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10479: 10475: 10474: 10470: 10457: 10453: 10440: 10436: 10429: 10415: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10393:Magliveras 1999 10391: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10339: 10335: 10319: 10315: 10299: 10295: 10279: 10275: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10243: 10238:. 3 July 1921. 10228: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10177: 10173: 10162: 10155: 10145:Wayback Machine 10136: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10069: 10065: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10019: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9986: 9975: 9968: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9940: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9897: 9896: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9869:"1918 Timeline" 9867: 9866: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9764: 9757: 9743: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9712: 9694: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9608: 9606: 9597: 9596: 9592: 9582: 9580: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9545: 9541: 9531: 9529: 9528:on 14 June 2011 9520: 9519: 9515: 9493: 9489: 9470: 9466: 9447: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9423: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9327: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9291: 9287: 9279: 9275: 9258: 9254: 9249: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9201: 9197: 9189: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9156: 9147: 9141:Rothschild 1975 9139: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9102: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9077:, pp. 7–8. 9073: 9069: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9005: 9003: 8996: 8988:. p. 376. 8976: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8671: 8669: 8662:Current History 8654: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8635:Hinterhoff 1984 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8601: 8597: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8550: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8478: 8476: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8434: 8430: 8423: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8345: 8341: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8311: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8187: 8176: 8158: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8033: 8031: 8024:The Independent 8016: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996:, p. 1042. 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7519:, pp. 4–5. 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7331: 7324: 7308: 7304: 7298:Tomasevich 2001 7296: 7292: 7279: 7277: 7270: 7254: 7250: 7237: 7235: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7206: 7204: 7197: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7153:. BBC Radio 4. 7145: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7034:10.2307/2499359 7014: 7010: 6994: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6978: 6952: 6948: 6939: 6937: 6930: 6904: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6664:Wayback Machine 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6534:The Independent 6530:"The Great War" 6528: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6400: 6396: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6290: 6286: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6216: 6195: 6185: 6149:medical science 6105: 6101:Strange Meeting 6095: 6092: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6060:Emmanuel Macron 6035: 6016: 5987:Remembrance Day 5929: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5900:Main articles: 5898: 5874: 5868: 5814:field telephone 5765:Royal Air Force 5758: 5752: 5651: 5643:Main articles: 5641: 5616: 5614:Patriotic funds 5570:. However, the 5550:, who promoted 5502: 5421: 5407: 5402: 5382: 5361: 5338: 5305: 5295: 5287:Main articles: 5285: 5273: 5265:Main articles: 5263: 5238: 5216: 5204: 5168: 5162: 5138: 5095: 5085: 5073:Main articles: 5071: 5035: 5029: 5024: 5018: 4982:epidemic typhus 4954:gueules cassées 4934: 4932:Gueules cassées 4924: 4918: 4883:Greater Romania 4866: 4860: 4720: 4657: 4656:was signed on 2 4639:Hall of Mirrors 4627: 4602: 4596: 4583: 4568:sailors' revolt 4529: 4523: 4491: 4444: 4438: 4426:Main articles: 4424: 4381: 4373:Main articles: 4371: 4358: 4319: 4313: 4289:English Channel 4260: 4252:Main articles: 4250: 4143: 4137: 4079: 4069: 3998: 3992: 3967: 3932: 3920:Main articles: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3864: 3811:German 9th Army 3771: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3626: 3620: 3536: 3534:Initial actions 3531: 3525: 3504: 3471:Strafexpedition 3368: 3356:Main articles: 3354: 3320:siege of Medina 3314: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3286:Battle of Mecca 3184:Sinai Peninsula 3079: 3073: 3067: 2946: 2932:Balkans theatre 2930:Main articles: 2928: 2923: 2821:High Seas Fleet 2746: 2740: 2685: 2659:Race to the Sea 2616: 2611: 2605: 2541: 2527: 2521: 2489: 2483: 2461:on the Chinese 2431:, then part of 2401: 2395: 2328:Alsace-Lorraine 2297:Schlieffen Plan 2285: 2279: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2208: 2191: 2187: 2162:Schlieffen Plan 2140: 2125: 2109: 2095: 2089: 2059: 2036:Gavrilo Princip 2004:Vaso Čubrilović 1992:Gavrilo Princip 1988:Cvjetko Popović 1960:Gavrilo Princip 1952: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1792: 1773:and subsequent 1741:blue-water navy 1696: 1662:Leo von Caprivi 1631:Triple Alliance 1607:Austria-Hungary 1568:New Imperialism 1554:, known as the 1546: 1544:Triple Alliance 1539: 1537: 1530: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1499:First World War 1484:The Independent 1463: 1451:interwar period 1423:war reparations 1401: 1297:Gavrilo Princip 1248:(including the 1228:and the use of 1198:global conflict 1190:First World War 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 888: 882: 880: 846: 841:further details 808: 803:further details 740: 735: 722: 720: 708: 706: 702:Austria-Hungary 695: 693: 681: 679: 662: 657: 645: 643: 638: 628: 626: 612: 610: 599: 597: 593: 581: 579: 566: 564: 552: 550: 539: 537: 525: 523: 510: 508: 497: 495: 484: 482: 479: 478: 471: 467: 455: 453: 440: 438: 414: 355:German colonies 339: 329: 317: 316: 274: 271: 269: 263: 261: 255: 253: 247: 245: 239: 237: 230: 224: 222: 215: 209: 207: 201: 200: 194: 175: 170:Austria-Hungary 113: 112: 111: 110: 109: 101: 100: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 22662: 22652: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22616: 22611: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22584:White movement 22581: 22576: 22571: 22566: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22531: 22526: 22521: 22516: 22511: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22379: 22378: 22376: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22323:Easternization 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22254: 22252: 22246: 22245: 22243: 22242: 22241: 22240: 22235: 22234: 22233: 22228: 22218: 22217: 22216: 22206: 22205: 22204: 22203: 22202: 22197: 22187: 22182: 22177: 22176: 22175: 22160: 22159: 22158: 22153: 22148: 22133: 22132: 22131: 22126: 22124:Zoroastrianism 22116: 22115: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22099: 22094: 22089: 22079: 22078: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22066: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22035: 22034: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22017: 22016: 21995: 21993: 21987: 21986: 21984: 21983: 21982: 21981: 21976: 21966: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21941: 21939:Islamic ethics 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21916: 21911: 21906: 21900: 21898: 21892: 21891: 21889: 21888: 21883: 21878: 21873: 21872: 21871: 21866: 21856: 21851: 21846: 21845: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21813: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21792: 21791: 21790: 21780: 21775: 21774: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21722: 21720: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21710: 21705: 21704: 21703: 21698: 21697: 21696: 21691: 21681: 21676: 21675: 21674: 21669: 21659: 21654: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21628: 21626: 21622: 21621: 21619: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21587: 21585: 21581: 21580: 21569: 21568: 21561: 21554: 21546: 21537: 21536: 21534: 21533: 21531:Westernization 21528: 21523: 21518: 21513: 21511:Visegrád Group 21508: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21451:Nordic Council 21448: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21428: 21423: 21418: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21346:Bucharest Nine 21343: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21311:Arctic Council 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21282: 21280: 21274: 21273: 21271: 21270: 21265: 21260: 21259: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21223: 21218: 21217: 21216: 21206: 21200: 21198: 21192: 21191: 21189: 21188: 21183: 21178: 21177: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21155: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21109: 21108: 21107: 21106: 21105: 21095: 21094: 21093: 21088: 21087: 21086: 21076: 21075: 21074: 21064: 21063: 21062: 21037: 21035: 21029: 21028: 21026: 21025: 21024: 21023: 21013: 21008: 21003: 21002: 21001: 20989: 20988: 20987: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20946: 20945: 20940: 20930: 20929: 20928: 20921:Existentialism 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20872: 20870: 20864: 20863: 20861: 20860: 20859: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20833: 20832: 20831: 20821: 20820: 20819: 20814: 20804: 20803: 20802: 20792: 20787: 20786: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20765: 20764: 20763: 20753: 20752: 20751: 20741: 20740: 20739: 20734: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20709: 20708: 20707: 20697: 20692: 20691: 20690: 20680: 20679: 20678: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20656: 20651: 20650: 20649: 20639: 20634: 20633: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20611: 20609: 20603: 20602: 20600: 20599: 20598: 20597: 20592: 20582: 20581: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20540: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20485: 20480: 20479: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20458: 20457: 20456: 20454:Late antiquity 20446: 20440: 20438: 20432: 20431: 20429: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20407: 20406: 20405: 20404: 20399: 20389: 20384: 20379: 20369: 20364: 20358: 20356: 20352: 20351: 20340: 20339: 20332: 20325: 20317: 20308: 20307: 20305: 20304: 20299: 20298: 20297: 20296: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20277: 20272: 20262: 20257: 20255:Russo-Japanese 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20220:Anglo-Egyptian 20217: 20211: 20209: 20205: 20204: 20202: 20201: 20196: 20194:Bosnian Crisis 20191: 20190: 20189: 20179: 20178: 20177: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20146: 20145: 20143:Austro-Italian 20140: 20139: 20138: 20133: 20118: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20075: 20073: 20069: 20068: 20066: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20041:Martens Clause 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20007: 20006: 19996: 19990: 19988: 19982: 19981: 19979: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19955: 19954: 19953: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19927: 19926: 19925: 19923:Egyptian Lever 19910: 19908:Pax Britannica 19905: 19904: 19903: 19893: 19892: 19891: 19889:Sovereign debt 19886: 19881: 19871: 19865: 19863: 19859: 19858: 19856: 19855: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19834: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19816:Triple Entente 19813: 19812: 19811: 19800: 19798: 19794: 19793: 19791: 19790: 19785: 19783:United Kingdom 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19749: 19747: 19743: 19742: 19735: 19734: 19727: 19720: 19712: 19703: 19702: 19700: 19699: 19693: 19690: 19689: 19687: 19686: 19675: 19674: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19656:Radomir Putnik 19653: 19648: 19638: 19637: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19616: 19615: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19597:Ali Rıza Pasha 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19567:Ottoman Empire 19564: 19563: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19542: 19541: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19500: 19499: 19498: 19496:Georgi Todorov 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19468: 19463: 19458: 19453: 19442: 19440: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19401: 19399: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19391: 19390: 19389: 19384: 19374: 19369: 19360: 19355: 19349: 19347: 19343: 19342: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19331: 19330: 19324: 19322: 19318: 19317: 19315: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19288: 19286: 19282: 19281: 19279: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19227: 19225: 19221: 19220: 19213: 19210: 19209: 19207: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19185: 19183: 19179: 19178: 19176: 19175: 19173:Second Çatalca 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19054: 19052: 19048: 19047: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19034: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19013: 19008: 19003: 19001:Bosnian Crisis 18998: 18993: 18988: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18960:Annexation of 18958: 18953: 18952: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18925: 18923: 18919: 18918: 18911: 18910: 18903: 18896: 18888: 18879: 18878: 18876: 18875: 18870: 18864: 18862: 18858: 18857: 18855: 18854: 18843:United Kingdom 18840: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18793:Ottoman Empire 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18704: 18702: 18698: 18697: 18695: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18672:Ottoman Empire 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18633: 18631: 18627: 18626: 18624: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18602: 18600: 18596: 18595: 18593: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18546: 18544: 18540: 18539: 18530: 18529: 18522: 18515: 18507: 18498: 18497: 18495: 18494: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18481: 18480: 18478: 18477: 18470: 18463: 18458: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18443: 18440: 18439: 18437: 18436: 18431: 18430: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18399: 18394: 18393: 18392: 18387: 18379: 18373: 18371: 18369:Peace treaties 18368: 18365: 18364: 18362: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18310: 18308: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18274: 18272: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18262: 18257: 18255:United Kingdom 18252: 18247: 18245:Ottoman Empire 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18216: 18214: 18207: 18202: 18199: 18198: 18195: 18194: 18192: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18170: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18149: 18147:Sack of Dinant 18144: 18139: 18134: 18133: 18132: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18111: 18109: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18099: 18098: 18097: 18095:United Kingdom 18092: 18083: 18081: 18075: 18074: 18072: 18071: 18070: 18069: 18064: 18055: 18049:POW locations 18047: 18042: 18041: 18040: 18031: 18029: 18023: 18022: 18020: 18019: 18018: 18017: 18012: 18004: 17999: 17998: 17997: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17972: 17971: 17970: 17965: 17957: 17951: 17949: 17945: 17944: 17942: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17925: 17923: 17916: 17915: 17914: 17913: 17908: 17900: 17895: 17894: 17893: 17884: 17882: 17874: 17871: 17870: 17867: 17866: 17864: 17863: 17858: 17857: 17856: 17849:United Kingdom 17846: 17844:Ottoman Empire 17841: 17836: 17830: 17828: 17821: 17820: 17818:Trench warfare 17815: 17814: 17813: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17782: 17781: 17770: 17768: 17761: 17757: 17756: 17753: 17752: 17750: 17749: 17743: 17737: 17731: 17725: 17724: 17723: 17717: 17711: 17705: 17694: 17688: 17682: 17676: 17670: 17664: 17658: 17652: 17646: 17640: 17634: 17628: 17622: 17616: 17610: 17604: 17598: 17591: 17589: 17585: 17584: 17582: 17581: 17575: 17569: 17563: 17557: 17551: 17545: 17539: 17534: 17531:Volta-Bani War 17528: 17522: 17516: 17510: 17504: 17498: 17492: 17486: 17480: 17473: 17471: 17467: 17466: 17464: 17463: 17458: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17369:Zeebrugge Raid 17366: 17361: 17356: 17350: 17348: 17342: 17341: 17339: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17252: 17250: 17244: 17243: 17241: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17177: 17175: 17171: 17170: 17168: 17167: 17162: 17160:Battle of Loos 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17078: 17076: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17051:Black Sea raid 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16982: 16980: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16953:Historiography 16944: 16942: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16934: 16928: 16922: 16916: 16910: 16907:Bosnian Crisis 16904: 16901:Tangier Crisis 16898: 16892: 16886: 16879: 16877: 16870: 16864: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16834:Ottoman Empire 16831: 16826: 16821: 16815: 16813: 16811:Central Powers 16807: 16806: 16804: 16803: 16798: 16797: 16796: 16794:British Empire 16789:United Kingdom 16786: 16781: 16776: 16775: 16774: 16769: 16767:Russian Empire 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16721: 16720: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16689: 16687: 16685:Entente Powers 16678: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16662: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16653:North Atlantic 16644: 16642: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16616: 16614: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16578: 16576: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16566: 16564:Central Arabia 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16530: 16528: 16526:Middle Eastern 16522: 16521: 16519: 16518: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16501: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16483: 16481: 16472: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16427:Historiography 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16387: 16386: 16379: 16372: 16364: 16358: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16335: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16306: 16305:Library guides 16303: 16302: 16301: 16293: 16284: 16278: 16266: 16261: 16259:end of the war 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16225: 16207: 16196: 16189: 16187: 16186: 16176: 16166: 16155: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16137:External links 16135: 16133: 16132: 16126: 16113: 16107: 16094: 16088: 16075: 16061: 16048: 16039: 16025: 16012: 15998: 15978: 15972: 15953: 15947: 15934: 15916: 15901: 15887: 15874: 15851: 15812: 15794: 15776: 15770: 15757: 15720: 15714: 15701: 15687: 15671: 15665: 15652: 15646: 15633: 15619: 15606: 15592: 15576: 15570: 15557: 15512: 15487: 15470: 15448: 15433: 15427: 15412: 15394:(2): 159–195. 15388:War in History 15383: 15359:War in History 15354: 15340: 15334:. Allen Lane. 15323: 15309:. Al Jazeera. 15302: 15296: 15283: 15258: 15229: 15211:(4): 403–434. 15200: 15182: 15169: 15148: 15142: 15129: 15115: 15099: 15073:(1): 153–185. 15062: 15056: 15041: 15004: 14998: 14985: 14979: 14973:. Icon Books. 14966: 14943: 14929: 14914: 14908: 14895: 14877:(3): 231–255. 14864: 14858: 14845: 14839: 14823: 14794: 14788: 14775: 14761: 14748: 14726: 14718:10.17226/11150 14705: 14691: 14675: 14649:(4): 721–766. 14638: 14624: 14611: 14605: 14592: 14586: 14580:. Hutchinson. 14570: 14556: 14543: 14529: 14516: 14498:(3): 441–451. 14487: 14481: 14475:. Allen Lane. 14468: 14439: 14433: 14420: 14410:(2): 161–188. 14404:German History 14399: 14393: 14380: 14363:War in History 14357: 14351: 14338: 14324: 14309: 14280: 14274: 14261: 14255: 14239: 14233: 14220: 14210: 14196: 14183: 14177: 14164: 14151: 14145: 14132: 14126: 14113: 14107: 14094: 14080: 14067: 14061: 14046: 14040: 14027: 14013: 14000: 13994: 13980:Fromkin, David 13976: 13955: 13949: 13936: 13930: 13917: 13903: 13887: 13878: 13872: 13860:Farwell, Byron 13856: 13842: 13826: 13812: 13799: 13793: 13778: 13749: 13731: 13713: 13707: 13694: 13688: 13675: 13657: 13642: 13628: 13615: 13609: 13596: 13590: 13577: 13571: 13558: 13529: 13523: 13503: 13472: 13466: 13453: 13447: 13434: 13428: 13412: 13406: 13390: 13372: 13357: 13351: 13338: 13332: 13319: 13313: 13300: 13294: 13277: 13263: 13257: 13240: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13201: 13166: 13148: 13136: 13110: 13084: 13058: 13028: 12967: 12919: 12889: 12859: 12841: 12834: 12812: 12808:Stevenson 1988 12800: 12788: 12777: 12756: 12744: 12742:, p. 154. 12732: 12725: 12705: 12689: 12670: 12650: 12618: 12605:Brock, Peter, 12598: 12586: 12573: 12571:, p. 584. 12561: 12554: 12536: 12525: 12495: 12465: 12435: 12419: 12417:, p. 826. 12407: 12392: 12390:, p. 209. 12380: 12378:, p. 219. 12368: 12366:, p. 335. 12356: 12354:, p. 884. 12344: 12332: 12306: 12287: 12267: 12265:, p. 117. 12255: 12253:, p. 1001 12240: 12228: 12226:, p. 354. 12216: 12185: 12155: 12124: 12091: 12079: 12072: 12054: 12042: 12027: 12015: 11996: 11974: 11962: 11931: 11924: 11906: 11847: 11816:(4): 621–638. 11796: 11727: 11720: 11700: 11693: 11671: 11656: 11630: 11604: 11581: 11562:(1): 107–129. 11546: 11544:, p. 131. 11534: 11522: 11510: 11498: 11479: 11459: 11424: 11407: 11382: 11370: 11338: 11336:, p. 177. 11326: 11307: 11287: 11262: 11231: 11217: 11193: 11179: 11151: 11120:(4): 611–625. 11093: 11063: 11033: 11004:(7): 663–670. 10984: 10971: 10916: 10904: 10892: 10880: 10868: 10866:, p. 166. 10856: 10847: 10835: 10804: 10782: 10759: 10728: 10696: 10675: 10648: 10610: 10572: 10560: 10553: 10535: 10526: 10500: 10468: 10451: 10434: 10427: 10409: 10405:Northedge 1986 10397: 10385: 10353: 10333: 10313: 10293: 10273: 10253: 10221: 10214: 10196: 10189: 10171: 10153: 10130: 10126:Stevenson 2004 10118: 10116:, p. 383. 10114:Stevenson 2004 10106: 10097:Wette, Wolfram 10088: 10081: 10063: 10029: 10027:, p. 385. 10025:Stevenson 2004 10017: 9995: 9962: 9960:, p. 260. 9950: 9920: 9890: 9857: 9827: 9797: 9785: 9773: 9762: 9755: 9737: 9725: 9710: 9688: 9676: 9664: 9652: 9640: 9638:, p. 104. 9628: 9626:, p. 195. 9616: 9590: 9564: 9557: 9539: 9513: 9487: 9464: 9441: 9439:, p. 163. 9429: 9427:, p. 323. 9417: 9413:Humphries 2007 9405: 9393: 9391:, p. 244. 9381: 9379:, p. 129. 9369: 9367:, p. 124. 9357: 9355:, p. 403. 9353:Stevenson 2012 9345: 9333: 9331:, p. 318. 9329:Stevenson 2012 9321: 9309: 9307:, p. 318. 9297: 9295:, p. 317. 9293:Stevenson 2012 9285: 9281:Stevenson 2012 9273: 9252: 9243: 9231: 9219: 9217:, p. 523. 9207: 9195: 9193:, p. 345. 9183: 9145: 9143:, p. 314. 9133: 9131:, p. 429. 9121: 9109: 9100: 9091: 9079: 9067: 9065:, p. 282. 9052: 9050:, p. 170. 9040: 9038:, p. 171. 9025: 9013: 8994: 8970: 8968:, p. 119. 8958: 8954:Schindler 2003 8946: 8935: 8923: 8921:, p. 715. 8911: 8909:, p. 491. 8899: 8897:, p. 364. 8887: 8885:, p. 484. 8875: 8873:, p. 482. 8863: 8861:, p. 317. 8851: 8849:, p. 163. 8839: 8835:Fornassin 2017 8827: 8825:, p. 108. 8815: 8803: 8801:, p. 166. 8791: 8779: 8767: 8765:, p. 120. 8755: 8743: 8731: 8724: 8703: 8691: 8679: 8648: 8639: 8624: 8622:, p. 119. 8612: 8595: 8582: 8575: 8555: 8548: 8528: 8521: 8498: 8496:, p. 491. 8486: 8459: 8447: 8428: 8421: 8403: 8391: 8389:, p. 102. 8379: 8367: 8355: 8339: 8328: 8309: 8282: 8251: 8239: 8227: 8225:, p. 306. 8215: 8174: 8152: 8140: 8138:, p. 293. 8128: 8116: 8104: 8053: 8051:, p. 271. 8041: 8010: 8008:, p. 276. 7998: 7986: 7974: 7947: 7945:, p. 199. 7943:Goodspeed 1985 7935: 7923: 7911: 7909:, p. 424. 7899: 7881: 7855: 7824: 7812: 7800: 7798:, p. 353. 7788: 7776: 7764: 7752: 7750:, p. 221. 7740: 7728: 7726:, p. 327. 7716: 7704: 7700:Stevenson 2012 7692: 7680: 7676:Stevenson 2004 7668: 7656: 7652:Stevenson 2004 7641: 7611: 7581: 7577:Schindler 2002 7569: 7567:, p. 172. 7557: 7545: 7533: 7521: 7509: 7505:MacMillan 2013 7497: 7485: 7473: 7461: 7449: 7447:, p. 335. 7437: 7425: 7423:, p. 326. 7413: 7411:, p. 536. 7409:MacMillan 2013 7401: 7389: 7377: 7375:, p. 532. 7373:MacMillan 2013 7365: 7361:Stevenson 1996 7353: 7351:, p. 141. 7349:Velikonja 2003 7341: 7322: 7302: 7300:, p. 485. 7290: 7268: 7248: 7217: 7195: 7168: 7139: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7101:, p. 103. 7091: 7079: 7077:, p. 247. 7067: 7028:(4): 717–718. 7008: 6976: 6946: 6928: 6898: 6886: 6884:, p. 288. 6874: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6798:Stevenson 2016 6790: 6778: 6774:Stevenson 2016 6766: 6754: 6742: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6687:Medlicott 1945 6679: 6667: 6645: 6643:, p. 117. 6633: 6621: 6619:, p. 329. 6609: 6579: 6547: 6521: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6490: 6478: 6474:German attempt 6465: 6456: 6436: 6419: 6410: 6394: 6377: 6365: 6348: 6332: 6330:December 1917. 6315: 6306: 6297: 6284: 6268:separate peace 6250: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6212: 6184: 6181: 6173:trench warfare 6141:radicalisation 6133:historiography 6110:modern warfare 6093: 6086: 6074:Main article: 6071: 6070:Historiography 6068: 5925:Main article: 5922: 5919: 5897: 5894: 5870:Main article: 5867: 5864: 5856:Sopwith Camels 5824:reconnaissance 5751: 5748: 5657:in the US and 5640: 5637: 5615: 5612: 5576:general strike 5533:class conflict 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5375:David Andelman 5284: 5281: 5262: 5259: 5215: 5212: 5203: 5200: 5164:Main article: 5161: 5158: 5083:Greek genocide 5070: 5067: 5031:Main article: 5028: 5025: 5020:Main article: 5017: 5014: 4996:Eight million 4920:Main article: 4917: 4914: 4859: 4856: 4719: 4716: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4626: 4623: 4598:Main article: 4595: 4592: 4536:Ferdinand Foch 4525:Main article: 4522: 4519: 4423: 4420: 4370: 4367: 4312: 4309: 4249: 4246: 4217:in Palestine, 4175:Edmund Allenby 4139:Main article: 4136: 4133: 4117:Canadian Corps 4098:Robert Nivelle 4088:troops at the 4086:Canadian Corps 4068: 4065: 4041:National Guard 3994:Main article: 3991: 3988: 3986:with Romania. 3975:Russian Empire 3960:Vladimir Lenin 3917: 3914: 3909:Main article: 3906: 3903: 3898:Lloyd George's 3894:Woodrow Wilson 3863: 3860: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3622:Main article: 3619: 3616: 3577:Masurian Lakes 3535: 3532: 3527:Main article: 3524: 3521: 3507:November, the 3353: 3350: 3290:Sharif Hussein 3282:Foreign Office 3192:Battle of Rafa 3124:respectively. 3118:Greek genocide 3069:Main article: 3066: 3065:Ottoman Empire 3063: 3059:Central Powers 2972:, Croatia and 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2903:Sopwith Camels 2874:, escorted by 2742:Main article: 2739: 2736: 2684: 2681: 2629:, France, 1915 2615: 2612: 2607:Main article: 2604: 2601: 2597:Mahatma Gandhi 2523:Main article: 2520: 2517: 2485:Main article: 2482: 2479: 2397:Main article: 2394: 2391: 2357:(BEF), was in 2336:Richard Holmes 2315:, head of the 2281:Main article: 2278: 2275: 2235:Main article: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2207: 2204: 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2069:, 29 June 1914 2058: 2055: 1948:Main article: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1850:Bosnian Crisis 1791: 1788: 1695: 1692: 1676:Triple Entente 1538: 1535:Triple Entente 1529: 1521: 1518: 1513:Main article: 1510: 1507: 1475:or simply the 1462: 1459: 1439:Czechoslovakia 1400:Kaiser Wilhelm 1377:, followed by 1320:United Kingdom 1302:, heir to the 1226:trench warfare 1206:Central Powers 1178: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1135:Naval theatres 1131: 1130: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1012:Central Arabia 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 968: 967: 961: 960: 955: 950: 949: 948: 943: 938: 928: 923: 922: 921: 916: 906: 900: 899: 893: 890: 889: 879: 878: 871: 864: 856: 848: 847: 845: 844: 836: 835:Over 8,000,000 833: 828: 827:Over 3,700,000 825: 823:Civilian dead: 820: 819:Over 4,386,000 817: 815:Military dead: 811: 809: 807: 806: 798: 797:Over 9,000,000 795: 790: 789:Over 4,000,000 787: 785:Civilian dead: 782: 781:Over 5,525,000 779: 777:Military dead: 773: 770: 769: 765: 764: 758: 751: 750: 746: 745: 734: 733: 717: 715:Ottoman Empire 704: 691: 675: 671:Central Powers 667: 656: 655: 640: 623: 607: 594: 592: 591: 576: 561: 548: 535: 520: 505: 493: 470: 469: 468: 466: 465: 462:United Kingdom 450: 434: 425: 424: 420: 419: 416: 415: 413: 412: 398:Czechoslovakia 370:Weimar Germany 358: 353:, transfer of 343: 341: 335: 334: 323: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 283: 282: 280: 276: 275: 273: 272: 264: 256: 248: 240: 232: 225: 217: 210: 199:Peace treaties 198: 197: 196: 185: 177: 176: 174: 173: 162: 155: 148: 141:Sopwith Camels 137: 126: 118: 103: 102: 94: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22661: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22527: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22391: 22389: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22255: 22253: 22247: 22239: 22236: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22223: 22222: 22219: 22215: 22212: 22211: 22210: 22207: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22192: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22174: 22171: 22170: 22169: 22166: 22165: 22164: 22161: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22147: 22144: 22143: 22142: 22139: 22138: 22137: 22134: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22121: 22120: 22117: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22105: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22093: 22090: 22088: 22085: 22084: 22083: 22080: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22040: 22039: 22036: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22015: 22012: 22011: 22010: 22007: 22006: 22005: 22002: 22001: 22000: 21997: 21996: 21994: 21992: 21988: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21971: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21910: 21907: 21905: 21902: 21901: 21899: 21897: 21893: 21887: 21884: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21870: 21867: 21865: 21862: 21861: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21852: 21850: 21847: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21829: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21796: 21793: 21789: 21786: 21785: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21728: 21727: 21724: 21723: 21721: 21719: 21715: 21709: 21706: 21702: 21699: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21686: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21664: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21649: 21648: 21647:Modern period 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21629: 21627: 21623: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21588: 21586: 21582: 21578: 21574: 21573:Eastern world 21567: 21562: 21560: 21555: 21553: 21548: 21547: 21544: 21532: 21529: 21527: 21524: 21522: 21519: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21507: 21504: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21476:PROSUR/PROSUL 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21424: 21422: 21419: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21382: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21371:Craiova Group 21369: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21297: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21287: 21286:ABCANZ Armies 21284: 21283: 21281: 21275: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21228: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21215: 21212: 21211: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21201: 21199: 21197: 21193: 21187: 21184: 21182: 21179: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21134: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21114: 21113: 21110: 21104: 21101: 21100: 21099: 21096: 21092: 21091:Protestantism 21089: 21085: 21082: 21081: 21080: 21077: 21073: 21070: 21069: 21068: 21065: 21061: 21057: 21054: 21053: 21052: 21049: 21048: 21047: 21044: 21043: 21042: 21039: 21038: 21036: 21034: 21030: 21022: 21019: 21018: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21011:Sovereigntism 21009: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20999: 20995: 20994: 20993: 20990: 20986: 20983: 20982: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20935: 20934: 20931: 20927: 20924: 20923: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20906:Scholasticism 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20873: 20871: 20869: 20865: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20838: 20837: 20834: 20830: 20827: 20826: 20825: 20822: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20809: 20808: 20805: 20801: 20798: 20797: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20770: 20769: 20766: 20762: 20759: 20758: 20757: 20754: 20750: 20747: 20746: 20745: 20742: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20729: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20706: 20703: 20702: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20693: 20689: 20686: 20685: 20684: 20681: 20677: 20674: 20673: 20672: 20669: 20665: 20662: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20648: 20645: 20644: 20643: 20640: 20638: 20635: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20617: 20616: 20613: 20612: 20610: 20608: 20604: 20596: 20595:War on terror 20593: 20591: 20588: 20587: 20586: 20583: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20490: 20489: 20488:Modern period 20486: 20484: 20481: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20463: 20462: 20459: 20455: 20452: 20451: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20441: 20439: 20437: 20433: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20394: 20393: 20390: 20388: 20385: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20374: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20359: 20357: 20353: 20349: 20345: 20344:Western world 20338: 20333: 20331: 20326: 20324: 20319: 20318: 20315: 20303: 20300: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20280: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20267: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20260:Italo-Turkish 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20215:Russo-Turkish 20213: 20212: 20210: 20206: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20188: 20187:Treaty of Fes 20185: 20184: 20183: 20182:Agadir Crisis 20180: 20176: 20173: 20172: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20144: 20141: 20137: 20134: 20132: 20131: 20127: 20126: 20125: 20122: 20121: 20119: 20117: 20116: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20076: 20074: 20070: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20042: 20039: 20038: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20005: 20002: 20001: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19991: 19989: 19983: 19975: 19972: 19971: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19932: 19931: 19928: 19924: 19921: 19920: 19919: 19916: 19915: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19902: 19899: 19898: 19897: 19894: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19866: 19864: 19860: 19854: 19853:Balkan League 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19818: 19817: 19814: 19810: 19809:Dual Alliance 19807: 19806: 19805: 19802: 19801: 19799: 19795: 19789: 19788:United States 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19750: 19748: 19744: 19740: 19733: 19728: 19726: 19721: 19719: 19714: 19713: 19710: 19698: 19695: 19694: 19691: 19684: 19680: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19661:Petar Bojović 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19643: 19642: 19639: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19621: 19620: 19617: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19569: 19568: 19565: 19561: 19560:Janko Vukotić 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19547: 19546: 19543: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19513:Constantine I 19511: 19509: 19506: 19505: 19504: 19501: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19481:Nikola Ivanov 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19447: 19444: 19443: 19441: 19437: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19400: 19396: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19379: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19350: 19348: 19344: 19340: 19335: 19329: 19326: 19325: 19323: 19319: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19289: 19287: 19283: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19228: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19217: 19211: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19180: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19123:First Çatalca 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19068:Pente Pigadia 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19055: 19053: 19049: 19045: 19044: 19038: 19032: 19031:Balkan League 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18930: 18927: 18926: 18924: 18920: 18916: 18909: 18904: 18902: 18897: 18895: 18890: 18889: 18886: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18865: 18863: 18859: 18852: 18848: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18773:Liechtenstein 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18705: 18703: 18699: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18634: 18632: 18628: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18616:United States 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18603: 18601: 18597: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18547: 18545: 18541: 18536: 18528: 18523: 18521: 18516: 18514: 18509: 18508: 18505: 18493: 18490: 18489: 18486: 18476: 18475: 18471: 18469: 18468: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18456: 18452: 18451: 18449: 18445: 18435: 18432: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18404: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18382: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18374: 18372: 18366: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18309: 18305: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18273: 18271: 18267: 18261: 18260:United States 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18217: 18215: 18211: 18208: 18205: 18200: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18112: 18110: 18108: 18104: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18084: 18082: 18080: 18076: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18050: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18032: 18030: 18028: 18024: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18007: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17996: 17995: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17973: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17960: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17952: 17950: 17946: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17920: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17903: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17885: 17883: 17877: 17872: 17862: 17861:United States 17859: 17855: 17852: 17851: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17831: 17829: 17825: 17819: 17816: 17812: 17811:Convoy system 17809: 17808: 17807: 17806:Naval warfare 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17775: 17772: 17771: 17769: 17765: 17762: 17758: 17747: 17744: 17741: 17738: 17735: 17732: 17729: 17726: 17721: 17718: 17715: 17712: 17709: 17706: 17703: 17700: 17699: 17698: 17695: 17692: 17689: 17686: 17683: 17680: 17677: 17674: 17671: 17668: 17665: 17662: 17659: 17656: 17653: 17650: 17647: 17644: 17641: 17638: 17635: 17632: 17629: 17626: 17623: 17620: 17617: 17614: 17611: 17608: 17605: 17602: 17599: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17586: 17579: 17576: 17573: 17570: 17567: 17566:Kaocen revolt 17564: 17561: 17560:Easter Rising 17558: 17555: 17552: 17549: 17546: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17532: 17529: 17526: 17523: 17520: 17517: 17514: 17511: 17508: 17505: 17502: 17499: 17496: 17493: 17490: 17487: 17484: 17481: 17478: 17475: 17474: 17472: 17468: 17462: 17459: 17455: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17351: 17349: 17347: 17343: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17253: 17251: 17249: 17245: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17208: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17176: 17172: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17125:Great Retreat 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17100: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17073: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16996:Battle of Cer 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16977: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16945: 16943: 16939: 16932: 16929: 16926: 16923: 16920: 16917: 16914: 16913:Agadir Crisis 16911: 16908: 16905: 16902: 16899: 16896: 16893: 16890: 16887: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16865: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16812: 16808: 16802: 16801:United States 16799: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16741: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16719: 16718:French Empire 16716: 16715: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16671: 16661: 16660:Mediterranean 16658: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16643: 16641: 16640:Naval warfare 16637: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16617: 16615: 16613: 16609: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16577: 16575: 16571: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16527: 16523: 16517: 16516:Italian Front 16514: 16510: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16504:Eastern Front 16502: 16500: 16499:Western Front 16497: 16493: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16480: 16476: 16473: 16469: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16457:Puppet states 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16396: 16392: 16385: 16380: 16378: 16373: 16371: 16366: 16365: 16362: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16342: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16330: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16300: 16299: 16294: 16292: 16288: 16285: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16273: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16256: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16177: 16167: 16157: 16156: 16129: 16123: 16119: 16114: 16110: 16104: 16100: 16095: 16091: 16085: 16081: 16076: 16072: 16068: 16064: 16058: 16054: 16049: 16045: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16028: 16022: 16018: 16013: 16009: 16005: 16001: 15995: 15990: 15989: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15960: 15954: 15950: 15944: 15941:. Routledge. 15940: 15935: 15923: 15919: 15913: 15909: 15908: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15890: 15884: 15880: 15875: 15863: 15859: 15858: 15852: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15825: 15818: 15813: 15801: 15797: 15791: 15787: 15786: 15781: 15777: 15773: 15767: 15763: 15758: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15734: 15730: 15726: 15721: 15717: 15711: 15707: 15702: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15680: 15676: 15675:Strachan, Hew 15672: 15668: 15662: 15658: 15653: 15649: 15643: 15639: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15616: 15612: 15607: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15567: 15563: 15558: 15554: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15536: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15476: 15471: 15468: 15455: 15451: 15445: 15441: 15440: 15434: 15430: 15424: 15420: 15419: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15384: 15380: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15332: 15331: 15324: 15312: 15308: 15303: 15299: 15293: 15289: 15284: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15259: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15237: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15201: 15199: 15193: 15189: 15185: 15179: 15175: 15170: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15149: 15145: 15139: 15135: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15118: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15068: 15063: 15059: 15053: 15049: 15048: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14986: 14982: 14976: 14972: 14967: 14955: 14951: 14950: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14926: 14922: 14921: 14915: 14911: 14905: 14901: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14871: 14865: 14861: 14855: 14851: 14846: 14842: 14836: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14800: 14795: 14791: 14785: 14781: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14758: 14754: 14749: 14745: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14617: 14612: 14608: 14602: 14598: 14593: 14589: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14553: 14549: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14526: 14522: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14474: 14469: 14454: 14447: 14446: 14440: 14436: 14430: 14426: 14421: 14417: 14413: 14409: 14405: 14400: 14396: 14390: 14386: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14364: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14344: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14321: 14317: 14316: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14291:(1): 68–105. 14290: 14286: 14281: 14277: 14271: 14267: 14262: 14258: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14230: 14226: 14221: 14217: 14216: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14193: 14189: 14184: 14180: 14174: 14170: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14152: 14148: 14142: 14138: 14133: 14129: 14123: 14119: 14114: 14110: 14104: 14100: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14077: 14073: 14068: 14064: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14047: 14043: 14037: 14034:. Routledge. 14033: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14001: 13997: 13991: 13987: 13986: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13942: 13937: 13933: 13927: 13923: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13879: 13875: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13809: 13805: 13800: 13796: 13790: 13786: 13785: 13779: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13750: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13704: 13700: 13695: 13691: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13664: 13660: 13654: 13650: 13649: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13625: 13621: 13616: 13612: 13606: 13602: 13597: 13593: 13587: 13584:. Routledge. 13583: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13564: 13559: 13544: 13537: 13536: 13530: 13526: 13520: 13515: 13514: 13508: 13504: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13479: 13473: 13469: 13463: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13441:. CEF Books. 13440: 13435: 13431: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13379: 13375: 13369: 13365: 13364: 13358: 13354: 13348: 13344: 13339: 13335: 13329: 13325: 13324:The Great War 13320: 13316: 13310: 13306: 13301: 13297: 13295:0-520-08010-6 13291: 13286: 13285: 13278: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13245:Axelrod, Alan 13242: 13241: 13237: 13222: 13218: 13215: 13214:free download 13211: 13205: 13196: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13170: 13162: 13155: 13153: 13145: 13140: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13098: 13094: 13088: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13041:kclibrary.org 13038: 13032: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12977:"John McCrae" 12971: 12963: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12928:"John McCrae" 12923: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12863: 12855: 12854: 12845: 12837: 12831: 12826: 12825: 12816: 12809: 12804: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12781: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12760: 12753: 12748: 12741: 12736: 12728: 12722: 12718: 12717: 12709: 12702: 12696: 12694: 12677: 12673: 12667: 12663: 12662: 12654: 12638: 12634: 12633: 12628: 12622: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12596:, p. 62. 12595: 12590: 12583: 12577: 12570: 12565: 12557: 12551: 12547: 12540: 12534: 12529: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12469: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12439: 12432: 12428: 12423: 12416: 12411: 12405:, p. 596 12404: 12399: 12397: 12389: 12384: 12377: 12372: 12365: 12360: 12353: 12348: 12341: 12336: 12320: 12316: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12280: 12279: 12271: 12264: 12259: 12252: 12247: 12245: 12237: 12232: 12225: 12220: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12189: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12128: 12112: 12108: 12107:The Telegraph 12103: 12095: 12089:, p. 233 12088: 12083: 12075: 12069: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12046: 12040:, p. 237 12039: 12034: 12032: 12024: 12019: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11978: 11971: 11966: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11935: 11927: 11921: 11917: 11910: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11851: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11800: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11731: 11723: 11721:9780060528423 11717: 11713: 11712: 11704: 11696: 11690: 11685: 11684: 11675: 11668: 11667: 11660: 11644: 11641:. CBC. 2001. 11640: 11634: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11602: 11601:archive.today 11598: 11595: 11591: 11585: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11538: 11531: 11526: 11519: 11518:Ferguson 1999 11514: 11507: 11502: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11463: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11428: 11420: 11419: 11411: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11379: 11374: 11355: 11348: 11342: 11335: 11334:Ferguson 2006 11330: 11314: 11310: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11267: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11235: 11220: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11197: 11182: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11155: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10988: 10981: 10975: 10967: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10901: 10896: 10889: 10884: 10877: 10872: 10865: 10860: 10851: 10845:, p. 22. 10844: 10839: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10763: 10748:on 1 May 2008 10747: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10679: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10633: 10629: 10628: 10620: 10614: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10582: 10576: 10569: 10564: 10556: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10530: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10485: 10478: 10472: 10464: 10463: 10455: 10447: 10446: 10438: 10430: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10370: 10363: 10357: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10317: 10309: 10308: 10303: 10297: 10289: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10257: 10241: 10237: 10236: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10192: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10160: 10158: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10134: 10128:, Chapter 17. 10127: 10122: 10115: 10110: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10067: 10048: 10040: 10033: 10026: 10021: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9981: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9954: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9894: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9862: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9794: 9793:Christie 1997 9789: 9783:, p. 49. 9782: 9777: 9771: 9766: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9729: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9702: 9701: 9692: 9685: 9680: 9674:, p. 86. 9673: 9668: 9661: 9660:Westwell 2004 9656: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9624:Erickson 2001 9620: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9560: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9437:Erickson 2001 9433: 9426: 9421: 9415:, p. 66. 9414: 9409: 9402: 9397: 9390: 9389:Strachan 2003 9385: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9306: 9301: 9294: 9289: 9282: 9277: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9228: 9223: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9199: 9192: 9187: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9117:Crampton 1994 9113: 9104: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9057: 9049: 9044: 9037: 9032: 9030: 9022: 9021:Jelavich 1992 9017: 9001: 8997: 8995:9781449637286 8991: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8915: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8895:Thompson 2009 8891: 8884: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8855: 8848: 8847:Thompson 2009 8843: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8813:, p. 57. 8812: 8811:Thompson 2009 8807: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8787:Thompson 2009 8783: 8777:, p. 14. 8776: 8775:Thompson 2009 8771: 8764: 8759: 8752: 8751:Thompson 2009 8747: 8741:, p. 13. 8740: 8739:Thompson 2009 8735: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8683: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8616: 8608: 8607: 8599: 8592: 8586: 8578: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8559: 8551: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8532: 8524: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8495: 8490: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8424: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8383: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8332: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8249:, p. 80. 8248: 8243: 8236: 8231: 8224: 8219: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8170: 8166: 8165:Naval History 8162: 8156: 8150:, p. 50. 8149: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8125: 8120: 8113: 8108: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8045: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8007: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7939: 7933:, p. 99. 7932: 7927: 7920: 7919:Raudzens 1990 7915: 7908: 7907:Raudzens 1990 7903: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7797: 7792: 7785: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7762:, p. 79. 7761: 7756: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7714:, p. 55. 7713: 7708: 7702:, p. 54. 7701: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7678:, p. 23. 7677: 7672: 7666:, p. 22. 7665: 7660: 7654:, p. 22. 7653: 7648: 7646: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7553:Strachan 2003 7549: 7542: 7537: 7531:, p. 29. 7530: 7529:Willmott 2003 7525: 7518: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7495:, p. 29. 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7471:, p. 45. 7470: 7465: 7459:, p. 27. 7458: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7387:, p. 27. 7386: 7385:Willmott 2003 7381: 7374: 7369: 7363:, p. 12. 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7252: 7245: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7137:, p. 26. 7136: 7135:Willmott 2003 7131: 7125:, p. 16. 7124: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7022:Slavic Review 7019: 7012: 7004: 6998: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6962:, Routledge, 6961: 6957: 6950: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6871: 6870:Willmott 2003 6866: 6860:, p. 73. 6859: 6858:McMeekin 2015 6854: 6848:, p. 69. 6847: 6846:McMeekin 2015 6842: 6835: 6830: 6824:, p. 86. 6823: 6818: 6811: 6810:McMeekin 2015 6806: 6800:, p. 42. 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6776:, p. 45. 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6740:, p. 21. 6739: 6738:Willmott 2003 6734: 6732: 6724: 6719: 6713:, p. 15. 6712: 6711:Willmott 2003 6707: 6701:, p. 20. 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6677:, p. 52. 6676: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6551: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6469: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6445:Joseph Stalin 6440: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6387: 6384:Although the 6381: 6374: 6369: 6358: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6281: 6280:Western Front 6277: 6276:Eastern Front 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6157:mental health 6154: 6150: 6146: 6143:of politics, 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118:metanarrative 6115: 6111: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6064:Angela Merkel 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6044:Joachim Gauck 6041: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5828:ground attack 5825: 5821: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5810:indirect fire 5803: 5799: 5795: 5793: 5792:Little Willie 5789: 5785: 5784:armoured cars 5781: 5777: 5769: 5768:Sopwith Camel 5766: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5697:Easter Rising 5693: 5684: 5683:Easter Rising 5680: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560:Paolo Boselli 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5491:Dervish state 5488: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461:Transylvanian 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346:Albert Kitson 5342: 5336: 5333:States $ 4.4 5331: 5330:US government 5327: 5317: 5313: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5154:Pontic Greeks 5151: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5105:, written by 5104: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5039: 5034: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906:Mustafa Kemal 4903: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891:British Crown 4886: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4715: 4712: 4711:war memorials 4705: 4701: 4696: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4643:William Orpen 4640: 4636: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611:Hohenzollerns 4608: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572:Wilhelmshaven 4569: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:flag of truce 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4339:final assault 4335: 4332: 4323: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4277:Saint-Quentin 4274: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234:Jordan Valley 4231: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4125:21st Division 4122: 4119:' capture of 4118: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4102:spring attack 4099: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3912: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892:US president 3887: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3766: 3633: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3530: 3523:Eastern Front 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455:Luigi Cadorna 3452: 3448: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352:Italian Front 3349: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3339:guerrilla war 3336: 3335:British Egypt 3332: 3331:Italian Libya 3328: 3323: 3321: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3273:Mesopotamia. 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3139:(ANZACs). In 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2884:depth charges 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857:cruiser rules 2854: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781:stationed at 2780: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2755:Hochseeflotte 2750: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586:In 1914, the 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577:Edwin Montagu 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2465:peninsula at 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299:, 80% of the 2298: 2289: 2284: 2283:Great Retreat 2274: 2272: 2268: 2267:ground-to-air 2264: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2245:Serbian Army 2243: 2238: 2228: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2180: 2179:Joseph Joffre 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2068: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:Bosnian Serbs 2005: 2001: 2000:Trifko Grabež 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:Balkan League 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779:Balkan powers 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1764:Rüstungswende 1761: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1688:Agadir Crisis 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:Dual Alliance 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:German Empire 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1536: 1526: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1503:Ernst Haeckel 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:Baltic states 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:Soviet Russia 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Eastern Front 1329: 1328:Western Front 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 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War II 21661: 21521:Western Bloc 21321:AUSCANNZUKUS 21277:Contemporary 21226:Human rights 21072:Latin Church 21046:Christianity 20996: 20955:Conservatism 20800:contemporary 20637:Architecture 20573:World War II 20557: 20533:Emancipation 20528:Abolitionism 20416:Romanization 20411:Roman legacy 20392:Roman Empire 20301: 20128: 20124:Anglo-German 20113: 19985:Treaties and 19746:Great powers 19683:Ismail Kemal 19466:Mihail Savov 19461:Stoyan Danev 19439:Participants 19366: 19338: 19256:Kresna Gorge 19214: 19083:Kirk Kilisse 19041: 18977:Cretan State 18580:South Africa 18534: 18472: 18465: 18453: 18060: / 17992: 17827:Conscription 17791:Cryptography 17728:Iraqi Revolt 17155:Siege of Kut 17098: 16676:participants 16625:German Samoa 16559:South Arabia 16390: 16297: 16117: 16098: 16079: 16052: 16046:. 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Penguin. 15506:12 November 15198:hydrophones 14817:20 November 14782:. Penguin. 14616:World War I 14315:World War I 13460:. Cassell. 13326:. Longman. 13077:28 February 12810:, p. . 12325:28 February 12299:28 February 12224:Souter 2000 12008:11 December 11623:15 December 11588:J.M. Main, 11491:11 November 11440:(1): 7–14. 10864:Howard 1993 10828:23 February 10778:Der Spiegel 10682:Cas Mudde. 10342:"No. 32964" 10322:"No. 32421" 10302:"No. 13627" 10282:"No. 31991" 10262:"No. 31773" 10056:23 November 9943:21 November 9913:21 November 9883:20 November 9850:21 November 9820:21 November 9648:Heyman 1997 9401:Inglis 1995 9271:, pp. 24–25 9227:Winter 2014 9203:Kernek 1970 9191:Keegan 1998 9176:11 November 9075:Torrie 1978 8966:Tucker 2002 8687:Sachar 1970 8672:9 September 8467:Korsun, N. 8321:12 November 8208:11 November 8171:(3): 16–21. 8148:Zieger 2001 8112:Taylor 2007 8097:29 February 8049:Harris 2008 7874:12 December 7772:Keegan 1998 7724:Lieven 2016 7688:Holmes 2014 7445:Martel 2014 7421:Lieven 2016 7334:12 November 7280:1 September 7207:12 November 6894:Keegan 1998 6750:Herwig 1988 6699:Keenan 1986 6675:Keegan 1998 6641:Zeldin 1977 6602:15 December 6363:April 1917. 5977:John McCrae 5701:martial law 5655:Eugene Debs 5499:Addis Ababa 5455:, Italian, 5326:Wall Street 5208:conscripted 5047:Fritz Haber 4986:Spanish flu 4966:Spanish flu 4928:Spanish flu 4756:Article 231 4454:during the 4404:Dojran Lake 3823:surrendered 3544:Nicholas II 3492:Piave River 3438:Ortler Alps 3383:nationalist 3278:Arab Revolt 3219:Enver Pasha 3209:, 1914–1915 3141:Mesopotamia 3131:(1915) and 2909:hangars at 2732:Spanish flu 2730:, and the ' 2716:trench foot 2708:opening day 2644:gas warfare 2636:barbed wire 2511:, fought a 2429:New Britain 2305:Netherlands 2301:German Army 2093:July Crisis 2087:July Crisis 2080:Schutzkorps 1856:, which it 1755:Dreadnought 1717:Dreadnought 1584:consolidate 1387:German Army 1283:and in the 1277:imperialism 1254:Spanish flu 1214:Middle East 1186:World War I 1053:East Africa 992:Mesopotamia 965:Middle East 885:World War I 831:Total dead: 793:Total dead: 732:(from 1915) 639:(from 1917) 622:(from 1915) 559:New Zealand 338:Territorial 292:Middle East 143:during the 45:World War I 22399:World Wars 22388:Categories 21979:Philippine 21896:Philosophy 21881:Philosophy 21854:Literature 21481:Rio Treaty 20992:Relativism 20950:Liberalism 20916:Empiricism 20868:Philosophy 20856:Secularism 20807:Philosophy 20744:Literature 20538:Capitalism 19987:agreements 19935:Great Game 19901:Revanchism 19587:Esad Pasha 19582:Zeki Pasha 19550:Nicholas I 19545:Montenegro 19398:Atrocities 19241:Bregalnica 19103:Adrianople 19016:Goudi coup 18922:Background 18778:Luxembourg 18307:Agreements 18107:War crimes 17983:Luxembourg 17876:Casualties 16747:Montenegro 16582:South West 16462:Technology 16452:Propaganda 16442:Opposition 16210:Audio help 16201:2006-06-24 15806:4 December 15252:6 February 14960:26 October 14939:1028047398 14803:Sabretache 14139:. Osprey. 13960:Population 13497:6 November 12796:Cross 1991 12785:Cross 1991 12643:7 February 12109:. Berlin. 12087:Marks 1978 12050:Marks 1978 12038:Marks 1978 12023:Marks 1978 11970:Green 1938 11169:. p. 10942:: 99–106. 10876:Saadi 2009 10568:Clark 1927 10519:11 January 10493:27 October 10166:, p. 9636:Ayers 1919 9482:1113542987 9425:Horne 1964 8931:Meyer 2006 8439:". p. 28. 8349:, p. 8336:Price 1980 8247:Jones 2001 8124:Keene 2006 8006:Grant 2005 7994:Dupuy 1993 7820:Brown 1994 7808:Brown 1994 7784:Falls 1960 7760:Donko 2012 7748:Horne 1964 7664:Horne 1964 7541:Clark 2013 7517:Crowe 2001 7481:Clark 2013 7433:Clark 2013 7238:7 December 7087:Smith 2010 6882:Clark 2013 6834:Clark 2013 6822:Clark 2013 6786:Crisp 1976 6629:Clark 2013 6505:References 6189:Zone rouge 6177:home front 6163:; why the 5854:launching 5754:See also: 5750:Technology 5744:anarchists 5639:Opposition 5525:Guedecourt 5354:Gold Coast 5123:Tehcir Law 5087:See also: 5016:War crimes 4916:Casualties 4825:Ruthenians 4805:Hungarians 4617:, and the 4468:Wilhelm II 4400:Dobro Pole 4315:See also: 4179:XXth Corps 4121:Vimy Ridge 4033:Scapa Flow 3984:Bessarabia 3945:State Duma 3851:Parliament 3847:Bessarabia 3573:Tannenberg 3419:Dodecanese 3225:. General 3164:Suez Canal 3098:Suez Canal 3075:See also: 2901:launching 2880:hydrophone 2876:destroyers 2653:After the 2247:Blériot XI 2097:See also: 2024:Black Hand 2014:(from the 1978:, visited 1964:this photo 1878:Montenegro 1829:and other 1819:Pan-Slavic 1733:Royal Navy 1658:Chancellor 1654:Wilhelm II 1509:Background 1443:Yugoslavia 1363:Bolsheviks 1318:, and the 1167:Baltic Sea 1101:New Guinea 1070:Somaliland 738:and others 660:and others 472: and 366:Yugoslavia 22136:Abrahamic 22031:Vajrayana 22021:Theravada 21876:Mythology 21849:Languages 21637:Silk Road 21596:Old World 21426:Five Eyes 21421:EU–UK TCA 21263:Democracy 21152:Old Norse 21041:Abrahamic 20998:Peritrope 20980:Tolerance 20960:Socialism 20790:Mythology 20778:Classical 20727:Languages 20705:Astrology 20553:Modernism 20367:Old World 19950:Meiji era 19797:Alliances 19607:Enver Bey 19346:Aftermath 19251:Kalimanci 19246:Knjaževac 19063:Kardzhali 18939:Bulgarian 18868:Australia 18677:Palestine 18647:Hong Kong 18621:Venezuela 18204:Diplomacy 17911:Olympians 17834:Australia 17801:Logistics 17734:Vlora War 17663:(1918–19) 17639:(1918–19) 17633:(1918–19) 17621:(1918–19) 17568:(1916–17) 17550:(1916–17) 17501:Zaian War 17491:(1914–15) 17211:first day 17099:Lusitania 16927:(1912–13) 16921:(1911–12) 16909:(1908–09) 16903:(1905–06) 16885:(1870–71) 16674:Principal 16534:Gallipoli 16437:Memorials 16422:Geography 16412:Aftermath 16008:164543865 15741:0899-3718 15483:222801639 15408:145488166 15379:143618581 15350:153103197 15317:14 August 15159:: 47–64. 15095:155405415 15037:154285570 15015:: 61–83. 14891:144072556 14701:247285240 14681:(2000) . 14671:159979098 14376:1477-0385 13852:460327352 13487:150789848 12533:Karp 1979 11881:0032-3195 11830:0707-5332 11771:1748-538X 11762:10059/294 11666:The Times 11649:14 August 11576:162360809 11056:8 January 10378:4 January 10103:. Boyens. 10037:K. Kuhl. 10008:Compiègne 9672:Gray 1991 9459:156767391 9129:Béla 1998 8087:1080-6040 7982:Love 1996 7042:0037-6779 6432:Skagerrak 6264:Bolshevik 6246:Footnotes 6235:World war 5975:In 1915, 5921:Memorials 5866:Diplomacy 5862:in 1918. 5844:Zeppelins 5732:Petrograd 5685:in Dublin 5445:Yugoslavs 5350:manganese 5246:Uncle Sam 5184:POW camps 5150:Anatolian 4895:Anzac Day 4848:Lithuania 4813:Romanians 4786:after war 4615:Habsburgs 4594:Aftermath 4552:armistice 4548:Compiègne 4508:Innsbruck 4406:. In the 4402:and near 4351:Champagne 4199:Jerusalem 4183:XXI Corps 4106:Champagne 3973:With the 3937:Petrograd 3838:Mărășești 3819:Bucharest 3776:Hungarian 3743:Mărășești 3645:Bucharest 3484:Caporetto 3451:Dolomites 3362:White War 3288:, led by 3129:Gallipoli 3094:Caucasian 2896:HMS 2865:sea lanes 2852:Lusitania 2772:SMS 2738:Naval war 2640:artillery 2471:SMS 2442:sank the 2437:SMS 2363:von Kluck 2332:Plan XVII 2130:ultimatum 1962:(right), 1917:Macedonia 1753:HMS 1705:Rheinland 1703:SMS 1694:Arms race 1490:Maclean's 1478:World War 1472:Great War 1457:in 1939. 1230:artillery 1194:Great War 1162:Black Sea 1147:North Sea 1128:Chihuahua 987:Gallipoli 982:Kurdistan 941:Macedonia 491:Australia 378:Lithuania 130:gas masks 22129:Yazidism 22112:Tengrism 22063:Smartism 22058:Shaktism 22053:Shaivism 22038:Hinduism 22026:Mahayana 22004:Buddhism 21991:Religion 21974:Japanese 21886:Religion 21837:Japanese 21827:Folklore 21805:Buddhist 21795:Calendar 21766:Cyrillic 21726:Alphabet 21701:Cold War 21616:Islamdom 21486:Schengen 21416:Eurozone 21256:Property 21251:Religion 21142:Frankish 21132:Germanic 21112:Paganism 21033:Religion 21021:European 20933:Humanism 20836:Religion 20795:Painting 20761:Internet 20712:Folklore 20683:Clothing 20654:Calendar 20630:Cyrillic 20615:Alphabet 20578:Cold War 19697:Category 19572:Mehmed V 19508:George I 19446:Bulgaria 19133:Merhamli 19128:Kaliakra 19118:Monastir 19078:Kumanovo 19073:Sorovich 18934:Albanian 18803:Portugal 18723:Bulgaria 18637:Caucasus 18599:Americas 18565:Ethiopia 18492:Category 18079:Refugees 18045:Italians 18034:Germans 17994:Ober Ost 17774:Aviation 16868:Timeline 16839:Bulgaria 16620:Tsingtao 16597:Togoland 16544:Caucasus 16479:European 16471:Theatres 16341:Archived 16329:Archived 16272:Archived 16257:and the 16212: · 16071:52541937 16035:57533366 15984:(1969). 15922:Archived 15897:61247250 15845:12 April 15836:Archived 15800:Archived 15782:(2001). 15745:Archived 15697:53075929 15677:(2003). 15629:54001282 15602:33079190 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1980:Sarajevo 1890:Adriatic 1843:Anatolia 1839:Bulgaria 1835:Bosporus 1823:Orthodox 1802:in 1908. 1783:Ottomans 1340:Bulgaria 1287:reached 1246:genocide 1220:and the 1212:and the 1196:, was a 1152:Atlantic 1091:Tsingtao 1075:Ethiopia 1048:Cameroon 1043:Togoland 972:Caucasus 729:Bulgaria 328:victory 307:Atlantic 279:Location 139:British 22293:BIMSTEC 22214:Culture 22209:Judaism 22173:Eastern 22168:Culture 22146:Culture 22119:Iranian 22097:Shenism 22075:Jainism 22070:Sikhism 22043:Culture 22009:Culture 21999:Dharmic 21832:Chinese 21817:Cuisine 21800:Chinese 21788:History 21756:Brahmic 21718:Culture 21625:History 21577:culture 21331:Benelux 21236:Thought 21186:Atheism 21127:Finnish 21103:Culture 21098:Judaism 21060:Eastern 21056:Western 21051:Culture 20985:Paradox 20851:Decline 20812:Science 20688:History 20676:Studies 20659:Cuisine 20647:Periods 20607:Culture 20436:History 20402:Eastern 20397:Western 20348:culture 19930:In Asia 19763:Germany 19679:Albania 19646:Peter I 19624:Carol I 19619:Romania 19339:General 19224:Battles 19148:Korytsa 19138:Driskos 19098:Yenidje 19088:Scutari 19051:Battles 18949:Serbian 18861:Oceania 18851:Ireland 18838:Ukraine 18808:Romania 18763:Ireland 18758:Hungary 18748:Germany 18738:Estonia 18733:Denmark 18728:Croatia 18718:Belgium 18708:Albania 18687:Vietnam 18575:Morocco 18570:Liberia 18230:Germany 18130:Germany 18058:Germany 17978:Belgium 17963:Albania 17922:Disease 17902:Sports 17854:Ireland 17767:Warfare 17760:Aspects 16948:Origins 16941:Prelude 16844:Senussi 16824:Germany 16819:Leaders 16757:Romania 16698:Belgium 16693:Leaders 16592:Kamerun 16574:African 16509:Romania 16487:Balkans 16402:Outline 16199: ( 16151:minutes 15834:: 7–8. 15544:7314216 15498:. BBC. 15225:1986064 15029:3678575 14902:. OUP. 14663:2637713 14566:4593327 14462:23 July 13212:(2020) 13011:4275807 12989:Bibcode 12962:4275807 12940:Bibcode 12912:1 March 12882:1 March 12775:p. 444. 12682:30 July 12518:16 June 12488:16 June 12458:16 June 11899:10 June 11889:2144182 11840:10 June 11789:10 June 11592:(1970) 11186:20 June 11137:2376985 11086:1 March 10957:4634693 10888:Tschanz 10721:25 July 10641:12 June 10603:12 June 9006:30 July 8265:Hansard 8200:. BBC. 8034:23 July 7604:16 July 7060:10 June 7050:2499359 6988:10 June 6940:10 June 6453:Moldova 6447:as the 6373:Hungary 6340:Austria 6019:I. The 5852:Furious 5776:tactics 5604:Ansaldo 5578:called 5483:Iyasu V 5405:Support 5335:billion 5178:in 1917 5049:at the 5006:donkeys 5000:mostly 4998:equines 4942:Sirkeci 4840:Finland 4836:Estonia 4827:, 2.5% 4823:, 2.5% 4821:Germans 4817:Slovaks 4801:Trianon 4726:Map of 4637:in the 4353:at the 4157:, 1917. 4153:in the 4037:US Army 4027:sent a 4025:US Navy 4007:asking 3834:Mărăști 3803:Giurgiu 3799:Dobruja 3729:Hungary 3513:Trieste 3476:Albania 3468:in the 3423:Tunisia 3327:Senussi 3313:⁄ 3262:Kurdish 3256:around 3170:by the 3153:Kurdish 3149:Baghdad 2990:Albania 2911:Tondern 2898:Furious 2872:convoys 2841:U-boats 2839:German 2797:Dresden 2783:Qingdao 2674:) used 2663:Channel 2595:led by 2497:Kamerun 2449:in the 2309:Belgium 2174:Asquith 2031:grenade 1932:Prelude 1909:Albania 1894:Galicia 1747:and an 1623:Germany 1619:Balkans 1572:Prussia 1465:Before 1431:Finland 1373:signed 1344:Romania 1285:Balkans 1265:Germany 1188:or the 953:Ireland 931:Balkans 919:Finland 914:Romania 688:Germany 394:Hungary 390:Austria 382:Estonia 340:changes 302:Pacific 22231:Baháʼí 22221:Bábism 22102:Shinto 22087:Taoism 21969:Values 21842:Korean 21761:Arabic 21746:Hangul 21351:CANZUK 21241:Speech 21169:Slavic 21147:Gothic 21122:Celtic 21117:Baltic 21016:Values 20817:Values 20377:Greece 20288:Second 20275:Second 20072:Events 19862:Trends 19778:Russia 19758:France 19641:Serbia 19503:Greece 19236:Doiran 19168:Bizani 19163:Şarköy 19158:Bulair 19153:Lemnos 19113:Himara 19108:Prilep 18984:& 18828:Sweden 18818:Serbia 18813:Russia 18798:Poland 18788:Norway 18753:Greece 18743:France 18701:Europe 18611:Canada 18606:Brazil 18550:Angola 18543:Africa 18250:Russia 18225:France 18053:Canada 17968:Serbia 17839:Canada 17796:Horses 17748:(1921) 17742:(1920) 17736:(1920) 17730:(1920) 17722:(1920) 17675:(1919) 17669:(1919) 17615:(1918) 17580:(1918) 17574:(1917) 17562:(1916) 17556:(1916) 17521:(1915) 16933:(1913) 16915:(1911) 16897:(1905) 16854:Darfur 16779:Serbia 16762:Russia 16725:Greece 16713:France 16703:Brazil 16549:Persia 16492:Serbia 16124: 16105: 16086: 16069: 16059: 16033: 16023: 16006: 15996: 15970: 15945: 15928:6 June 15914: 15895: 15885: 15792: 15768: 15751:5 July 15739: 15712: 15695: 15685: 15663: 15644: 15627: 15617: 15600: 15590: 15568: 15551: 15541: 15481: 15460:5 July 15446: 15425: 15406: 15377: 15348: 15338: 15294: 15223: 15190: 15180: 15163: 15140: 15123: 15113: 15093: 15087:173938 15085: 15054: 15035: 15027: 14996: 14977: 14937: 14927: 14906: 14889: 14856: 14837: 14786: 14769: 14759: 14742: 14734: 14724: 14699: 14689: 14669: 14661: 14632: 14622: 14603: 14584: 14564: 14554: 14537: 14527: 14510: 14479: 14431: 14391: 14374: 14349: 14332: 14322: 14303: 14272: 14253: 14231: 14204: 14194: 14175: 14143: 14124: 14105: 14088: 14078: 14059: 14038: 14021: 14011: 13992: 13947: 13928: 13911: 13901: 13870: 13850: 13840: 13820: 13810: 13791: 13743:5 July 13729: 13705: 13686: 13669:5 July 13655: 13636: 13626: 13607: 13588: 13569: 13521: 13485: 13464: 13445: 13426: 13404: 13384:5 July 13370: 13349: 13330: 13311: 13292: 13255: 13051:23 May 13021:8 June 13009: 12981:Nature 12960: 12932:Nature 12832: 12771: 12723: 12668: 12613: 12552: 12285: 12148:1 July 12070: 11994: 11922: 11887: 11879: 11828: 11777: 11769: 11718: 11691: 11574: 11477: 11452: 11319:14 May 11305: 11255:6 June 11224:5 July 11215: 11177: 11144: 11134: 11026: 11018: 10964: 10954: 10668:27 May 10551: 10425: 10212: 10187: 10079: 9753: 9718: 9708: 9609:13 May 9583:13 May 9555: 9532:13 May 9506: 9480: 9457: 9267: 8992: 8722: 8573: 8546: 8519: 8419: 8307: 8085: 7967:5 July 7594:rts.rs 7320: 7266: 7193: 7048: 7040: 6974: 6926: 6540:17 May 6361: 6328: 6203:Verdun 6165:Allies 6153:gender 6126:tropes 6103:, 1918 6036: 6034:. On 3 6017: 5956:, and 5952:, the 5948:, the 5908:, and 5860:Tønder 5503: 5457:Polish 5431:, 1915 5417:, and 5383: 5339: 5248:, 1917 5234:, and 5146:Greeks 5139: 5081:, and 5002:horses 4976:, 1918 4974:Kansas 4902:fought 4852:Poland 4850:, and 4844:Latvia 4760:diktat 4658: 4613:, the 4609:, the 4584: 4492: 4482:Count 4458:, 1918 4452:Trento 4434:, and 4412:Skopje 4359: 4092:, 1917 3968: 3928:, and 3870:and a 3597:Verdun 3505: 3466:Asiago 3395:Rijeka 3389:, the 3364:, and 3302:Medina 3120:, and 3108:, and 3036:Serbia 3021:Bitola 2974:Bosnia 2960:, 1914 2958:Styria 2942:, and 2915:blimps 2758:, 1917 2724:typhus 2579:, the 2537:, and 2411:, 1914 2371:Stavka 2192: 2188: 2141: 2126: 2105:, and 2040:Sophie 2010:) and 1896:. The 1882:Greece 1880:, and 1827:Serbia 1719:, 1910 1713:-class 1711:Nassau 1611:Russia 1592:avenge 1574:under 1562:, the 1542: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1445:. The 1441:, and 1433:, the 1427:Poland 1402: 1348:Greece 1316:France 1312:Russia 1308:Serbia 1295:named 1218:Africa 1210:Europe 1202:Allies 1142:U-boat 1024:Africa 977:Persia 946:Greece 936:Serbia 897:Europe 741: 726: 712: 699: 685: 663: 649: 632: 616: 605:Russia 585: 570: 556: 543: 529: 517:Ceylon 514: 503:Canada 488: 474:Empire 459: 447:France 444: 408:, and 402:Turkey 386:Latvia 372:, the 362:Poland 322:Result 297:Africa 287:Europe 172:, 1915 161:, 1916 154:, 1916 147:, 1918 125:, 1916 27:, 23:, 22368:SEATO 22358:SAARC 22313:CPTPP 22298:CAREC 22273:ASEAN 22238:Druze 22226:Azali 22151:Sunni 22141:Islam 22107:Muism 22082:Taoic 21864:Chant 21859:Music 21810:Hindu 21771:Latin 21751:Hanja 21736:Kanji 21731:Hanzi 21506:USMCA 21361:CEFTA 21316:AUKUS 21306:ANZUS 21301:ANZUK 21246:Press 21164:Roman 20829:Sport 20773:Chant 20768:Music 20756:Media 20749:Canon 20695:Dance 20625:Latin 20620:Greek 20466:early 20293:Third 20283:First 20270:First 19773:Japan 19768:Italy 19321:Other 19276:Pirot 19271:Vidin 18944:Greek 18847:Wales 18823:Spain 18768:Italy 18692:Yemen 18667:Japan 18652:India 18642:China 18560:Egypt 18447:Other 18240:Japan 18235:Italy 18062:camps 17906:Rugby 17456:] 16735:Japan 16730:Italy 16708:China 16602:North 15839:(PDF) 15830:(4). 15820:(PDF) 15467:Behr. 15404:S2CID 15375:S2CID 15221:JSTOR 15091:S2CID 15083:JSTOR 15033:S2CID 15025:JSTOR 14887:S2CID 14809:(4). 14667:S2CID 14659:JSTOR 14508:JSTOR 14456:(PDF) 14449:(PDF) 14301:JSTOR 13546:(PDF) 13539:(PDF) 13007:S2CID 12958:S2CID 11885:JSTOR 11572:S2CID 11450:S2CID 11402:(PDF) 11395:(PDF) 11357:(PDF) 11350:(PDF) 11024:S2CID 10940:Wiley 10938:(3). 10752:2 May 10635:(PDF) 10622:(PDF) 10597:(PDF) 10584:(PDF) 10487:(PDF) 10480:(PDF) 10372:(PDF) 10365:(PDF) 10050:(PDF) 10043:(PDF) 9987:(PDF) 9976:(PDF) 8943:Smele 7046:JSTOR 6207:Somme 5788:tanks 5740:Milan 5738:. In 5594:Fasci 5079:Sayfo 5010:mules 4879:unite 4829:Serbs 4709:Some 4512:Tyrol 4301:Reims 4163:First 4113:Arras 3830:Oituz 3787:Banat 3757:Oituz 3415:Libya 3266:Azeri 3196:Sinai 3122:Sayfo 3106:Greek 2832:U-155 2774:Emden 2439:Emden 2421:Samoa 2419:(now 2139:on 25 1461:Names 1336:Italy 1096:Samoa 1063:Libya 926:Italy 652:Japan 619:Italy 573:India 532:Egypt 410:Yemen 406:Hejaz 22353:RCEP 22328:EAEU 22308:CSTO 22258:APEC 22156:Shia 21869:Folk 21741:Kana 21575:and 21466:OSCE 21446:NATO 21391:EFTA 21356:CBSS 21341:BSEC 21231:Life 20783:Folk 20664:Diet 20476:late 20471:high 20387:Rome 20346:and 20208:Wars 19365:and 19143:Elli 18982:IMRO 18682:Siam 18662:Iraq 18657:Iran 18630:Asia 18027:POWs 17346:1918 17248:1917 17174:1916 17075:1915 16979:1914 16784:Siam 16587:East 16298:Link 16122:ISBN 16103:ISBN 16084:ISBN 16067:OCLC 16057:ISBN 16031:OCLC 16021:ISBN 16004:OCLC 15994:ISBN 15968:ISBN 15943:ISBN 15930:2020 15912:ISBN 15893:OCLC 15883:ISBN 15870:2009 15847:2022 15808:2013 15790:ISBN 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