132:
2355:
of respectability to impunity because the imprimatur of a peace conference was attached to it. A French jurist observed that the treaty was an "assurance" for impunity for the crime of massacre; indeed, it was a "glorification" of the crime in which an entire race, the
Armenians, was "systematically exterminated." For his part, David Lloyd George, wartime Prime Minister of Great Britain, found it appropriate to vent his ire when he was out of power: He declared the Western Allies' conduct at the Lausanne Conference to be "abject, cowardly and infamous." A creature of political deal-making, the Lausanne Treaty was a triumph of the principle of impunity over the principle of retributive justice.
237:
190:
1101:
220:
55:
160:
175:
6632:
2231:
and Turkey , art. 230, at 235, Aug. 10, 1920, reprinted in 15 AM. J. INT'L L. 179 (Supp 1921). "The Treaty of Sevres was, however, not ratified and did not come into force. It was replaced by the Treaty of
Lausanne, which not only did not contain provisions respecting the punishment of war crimes, but was accompanied by a 'Declaration of Amnesty' of all offenses committed between 1914 and 1922." Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey , July 24, 1923, League of Nations Treaty Series 11, reprinted in 18 AM. J. INT'L L. 1 (Supp. 1924). 99.
6454:
146:
6656:
6644:
6306:
281:
205:
6620:
6443:
451:
6608:
6369:
1138:
874:
5377:
2354:
After expunging all references to
Armenian massacres (and, indeed, to Armenia itself) from the draft version, they signed the Lausanne Peace Treaty, thus helping to codify impunity by ignoring the Armenian genocide. The international law flowing from this treaty, while a sham in reality, lent an aura
1241:
Turkish secular nationalist rule of the country. For example, it has been claimed that the treaty was signed to be effective for a century and there are "secret articles" in the treaty regarding Turkey's mining of natural resources. One conspiracy theory that had following in the 2010s held that the
1079:
Besides, Turkey was obliged to instate four
European advisors on juridical matters for five years. The advisors were to observe a juridical reform in Turkey. The advisors contract could be renewed if the suggested reforms would not have taken place. Subsequently, Turkey worked on and announced a new
2230:
Initially, the Allied Powers sought the prosecution of those responsible for the massacres. The Treaty of Sevres, which was signed on August 10, 1920, would have required the
Turkish Government to hand over those responsible to the Allied Powers for trial. Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers
5444:
5434:
853:
Protocol relative to the Treaty concluded at Sèvres between the principal Allied Powers and Greece on 10 August 1920, concerning the protection of minorities in Greece, and the Treaty concluded on the same day between the same Powers relating to Thrace.
5449:
545:. The negotiations took many months. On 20 November 1922, the peace conference was opened; the treaty was signed on 24 July after eight months of arduous negotiation, punctuated by several Turkish withdrawals. The Allied delegation included U.S. Admiral
5429:
5439:
5382:
936:. Specifically, the treaty provisioned that all the islands, islets and other territories in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean in the original text) beyond three miles from the Turkish shores were ceded to Greece, with the exception of
1377:
Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "The
Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat’s Assassination," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 59: No. 3, Article 4. Available at:
952:). There is a special notation in both articles, that, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise, the Turkish sovereignty extends three miles from Asia Minor shores. The Greek population of Imbros and Tenedos was not included in the
5387:
1009:
was signed on 30 October 1918, were not explicitly identified in the text of the treaty. However, the definition of Turkey's southern border in
Article 3 also meant that Turkey officially ceded them. These territories included the
1417:
1221:
states, "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups, with fatal attraction for German revisionists and many other nationalists".
1108:
Annex VIII to the treaty, called "Declaration of
Amnesty", granted immunity to the perpetrators of any crimes "connected to political events" committed between 1914 and 1922. The treaty thus put an end to the
6088:
5821:
517:
similarly declined. Under the Treaty of
Lausanne, signed in 1923, Eastern Anatolia became part of modern-day Turkey, in exchange for Turkey's relinquishing Ottoman-era claims to the oil-rich Arab lands.
612:
5413:
1671:
1190:, which later joined Turkey after a referendum in 1939. Political amnesty was given to opponents of the new Turkish regime but the government reserved the right to make 150 exceptions. The
2593:
6387:
2563:
1172:, the notion that modern Greece should encompass those territories in Asia Minor which had been populated with Greek speakers for up to 3000 years and which also formed the core of the
1157:
of the
Ottoman Empire. As result of the Treaty, the Ottoman public debt was divided between Turkey and the countries which emerged from the former Ottoman Empire. The convention on the
5069:
1438:
4206:
2465:
6575:
5762:
4221:
2495:
4405:
6114:
6109:
5784:
5774:
6746:
4303:
1214:
states that the treaty "essentially confirmed the effectiveness of deportations or even murderous ethnic cleansing as a potential solution to population problems".
3940:
3764:
3104:
6402:
5408:
4840:
4382:
1162:
534:
5581:
4410:
2917:
2217:
1110:
1076:
refused to ratify the treaty by a vote of 50–34, six votes short of the two-thirds required by the Constitution. Consequently, Turkey annulled the concession.
5779:
1072:. In the United States, the treaty was opposed by several groups, including the Committee Opposed to the Lausanne Treaty (COLT), and on 18 January 1927, the
6427:
5739:
5505:
4598:
4325:
4017:
2975:
1668:
1207:
states, "The Lausanne Treaty served as a pivotal international precedent for transferring populations against their will throughout the twentieth century."
6726:
6075:
5692:
5648:
5220:
4705:
5752:
5232:
4613:
4368:
5955:
5134:
4608:
4298:
4249:
4164:
6490:
4452:
6585:
4293:
3651:
2632:
2601:
530:
2571:
1524:
6761:
6741:
5831:
1590:
3082:
1718:
5712:
5622:
3144:
1299:
953:
426:
asserts that "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups".
6766:
6294:
4353:
4283:
3922:
3134:
3045:
2521:
2270:
583:) – Article 28 provided: "Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of the
2069:
1430:
6756:
6681:
6262:
5227:
5093:
4833:
4377:
3268:
2722:
2449:
2322:"The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice"
6781:
6721:
6272:
2945:
1635:
2487:
1908:
611:. However, most of the Christian population of Turkey and the Muslim population of Greece had already been deported under the earlier
6191:
5498:
5086:
3275:
1889:
777:
Agreement between Greece and Turkey respecting the reciprocal restitution of interned civilians and the exchange of prisoners of war
478:
241:
115:, the treaty would come into force for those "high contracting parties" and thereafter for each additional signatory upon deposit of
2341:
6751:
5675:
5100:
2927:
2036:
1871:
1608:
991:
4603:
6736:
6412:
4910:
4535:
4373:
4360:
4317:
4226:
3952:
3754:
3661:
3563:
3321:
2968:
1569:
913:
1959:
6158:
5268:
5255:
5127:
5054:
4978:
4870:
4849:
4826:
4727:
4717:
4585:
1309:
418:
Additionally, a declaration of amnesty was issued, granting immunity for crimes committed between 1914 and 1922, including the
2099:
1460:
6731:
6483:
6231:
4875:
4499:
4433:
4270:
4149:
3822:
2841:
2697:
2531:
2459:
2407:
2376:
2301:
2264:
2130:
1712:
1394:
2413:
6241:
6038:
5491:
5347:
5312:
5167:
4674:
4094:
2879:
2670:
6771:
6716:
5392:
4445:
3769:
3397:
2902:
584:
580:
489:, previously signed by the Ottoman Empire but remaining unratified. Britain had sought to undermine Turkish influence in
39:
Accord relatif à la restitution réciproque des internés civils et à l'échange des prisonniers de guerre, signé à Lausanne
20:
4659:
4644:
3934:
3336:
3094:
1089:
522:
441:
435:
321:
6801:
6776:
6377:
5965:
5757:
5703:
5601:
5120:
4865:
4519:
4213:
4029:
3301:
2772:
1816:
1365:
1346:
1191:
639:", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. Turkey also formally accepted the loss of
401:
389:
6525:
2294:
The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law
2181:
957:
949:
925:
825:
Protocol relating to the accession of Belgium and Portugal to contain provisions and instruments signed at Lausanne
542:
6476:
6287:
3699:
2737:
1988:
412:
380:, which had sought to partition Ottoman territories. The earlier treaty, signed in 1920, was later rejected by the
6510:
963:
The major issue of the war reparations, demanded from Greece by Turkey, was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede
332:, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the
5528:
5472:
5322:
5006:
4930:
4770:
4575:
4555:
4342:
4278:
4101:
3970:
2874:
2794:
2732:
3435:
833:
Protocol relating to the evacuation of the Turkish territory occupied by the British, French and Italian forces
6806:
6691:
5059:
4962:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4244:
2889:
2864:
2762:
2251:. Studies in the History of Law and Justice. Vol. 15. Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104.
1942:
1011:
945:
6417:
6033:
2121:
Trask, Roger R. (1971). "Rejection of the Lausanne Treaty and Resumption of Diplomatic Relations, 1923–1927".
6706:
6515:
5627:
5617:
4545:
4540:
4504:
4438:
4330:
4176:
3759:
3611:
3149:
3077:
3008:
2777:
2747:
2742:
1269:
1234:
345:
108:
6028:
2292:
Marchesi, Antonio (2018). "Metz Yeghern and the Origin of International Norms on the Punishment of Crimes".
6711:
6555:
6545:
4494:
4121:
4061:
3958:
3863:
3626:
3412:
3116:
2955:
2854:
1081:
1487:"Imperial Bending of Rules: The British Empire, the Treaty of Lausanne, and Cypriot Immigration to Turkey"
6696:
6520:
6318:
6280:
6211:
6148:
5887:
5514:
5273:
5028:
5011:
4983:
4940:
4885:
4732:
4169:
4154:
4012:
3964:
3729:
3280:
3154:
3067:
3062:
2831:
2819:
2814:
2666:
2182:"The Letter of the Law: The Scope of the International Legal Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes"
1238:
908:
unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened this claim with the
459:
445:
385:
6302:
3341:
6598:
6310:
5945:
5722:
5566:
5190:
5185:
4712:
4669:
3946:
3704:
3689:
3591:
3460:
3028:
2940:
2897:
6058:
2624:
2543:
603:
The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the
284:
6791:
6686:
6530:
6457:
6063:
5556:
5538:
5162:
5023:
4892:
4654:
4422:
4006:
3994:
3749:
3734:
3455:
3346:
3040:
3018:
2767:
2757:
2690:
1294:
1259:
608:
482:
381:
3601:
6786:
6560:
5940:
5874:
5372:
5307:
4629:
4116:
4106:
4035:
3988:
3976:
3916:
3724:
3719:
3641:
3050:
3023:
2727:
1692:
1264:
5806:
5801:
470:
6676:
6550:
6540:
6392:
6348:
6338:
6221:
6206:
5973:
5864:
5859:
5357:
5337:
5317:
5215:
5202:
5177:
4915:
4700:
4692:
4634:
4394:
4089:
3852:
3679:
3674:
3606:
3465:
3450:
3445:
3425:
3306:
3183:
1324:
1319:
1183:
995:
6053:
3646:
2244:
1194:(mostly descendants of the Ottoman dynasty) slowly acquired citizenship – the last one in 1974.
458:(1920) which was annulled and replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) in the aftermath of the
6580:
6535:
6328:
6201:
6018:
5897:
5811:
5747:
5332:
5049:
4957:
4467:
4191:
4126:
3982:
3709:
3636:
3586:
3571:
3553:
3526:
3440:
3407:
3072:
3033:
3013:
2824:
2717:
2399:
2061:
1779:
54:
6140:
6083:
6043:
5935:
5930:
5892:
5796:
5682:
5653:
4920:
4457:
4111:
4000:
3776:
3739:
3669:
3616:
3538:
3506:
3480:
3430:
3361:
3263:
3216:
3000:
2869:
2752:
1856:
1313:
1142:
964:
956:
and would be protected under the stipulations of the protection of the minorities in Turkey (
916:
in 1970, which also removed the possibility of a potential legal claim by the descendants of
842:
538:
526:
357:
337:
253:
225:
137:
104:
1100:
505:. Secular Kemalist rhetoric relieved some of the international concerns about the future of
6353:
6333:
6236:
6216:
5977:
5352:
5263:
4902:
4807:
4722:
3402:
3376:
3326:
2683:
1379:
1073:
983:
397:
5839:
5586:
5327:
3351:
1912:
1149:
The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new
8:
6153:
6023:
6008:
5717:
5197:
5016:
4789:
3928:
3792:
3744:
3621:
3581:
3576:
3521:
3204:
3198:
3099:
2321:
1304:
1141:
Turkish delegation after having signed the Treaty of Lausanne. The delegation was led by
1006:
929:
6181:
5283:
4998:
4742:
2662:
2011:
1868:
1604:
486:
455:
377:
6565:
6407:
6176:
5907:
5849:
4664:
4023:
3887:
3869:
3834:
3798:
3631:
3596:
3548:
3533:
3420:
3371:
3210:
3169:
2849:
2517:
2209:
1757:
1740:
Darren L. Logan (2009). "Thoughts on Iraqi Kurdistan: Present Realities, Future Hope".
1516:
1211:
1150:
1069:
1046:
1038:
971:
905:
885:
666:
644:
631:(about 129,120 in 1923) were excluded. Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of
514:
361:
210:
6013:
5950:
2657:
2488:"Ethnic Cleansing | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"
1559:
6796:
6701:
5993:
5769:
5670:
5533:
5278:
5172:
4988:
4880:
4857:
4818:
4782:
4776:
4737:
4639:
4472:
4055:
3910:
3893:
3694:
3516:
3496:
3331:
3316:
3246:
3234:
2935:
2912:
2859:
2527:
2455:
2403:
2372:
2333:
2297:
2260:
2201:
2126:
1955:
1938:
1812:
1808:
1797:
1753:
1708:
1584:
1520:
1390:
1361:
1342:
1289:
1218:
1118:
1114:
1042:
1002:
909:
678:
662:
510:
423:
419:
353:
195:
1372:
6422:
6119:
6104:
5915:
5697:
5576:
5207:
4947:
3840:
3810:
3804:
3714:
3543:
3511:
3501:
3240:
3164:
3159:
3087:
2907:
2807:
2252:
2193:
2091:
2026:
1749:
1700:
1506:
1498:
1279:
1173:
1085:
987:
979:
670:
604:
549:, who served as the United States High Commissioner and supported Turkish efforts.
502:
369:
325:
309:
263:
46:
Lozan'da Türkiye ile Barış ve Savaş Esirlerinin Değişimi üzerine İmzalanan Antlaşma
2523:'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide
1502:
1068:
Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, the
6648:
6499:
6048:
5998:
5925:
5854:
5844:
5596:
5571:
5561:
5467:
5237:
4649:
4489:
3828:
3381:
3356:
3055:
2963:
2802:
2393:
1875:
1675:
1154:
1057:
1023:
674:
572:
546:
469:
and the expulsion of the Ottoman Sultan by the Turkish army under the command of
415:
the treaty on 23 August 1923, and all other signatories did so by 16 July 1924.
405:
373:
349:
301:
267:
180:
112:
2256:
1486:
1186:
according to the Treaty of Lausanne, but in 1938 gained its independence as the
6343:
6226:
6168:
6003:
5920:
5882:
5665:
5591:
5362:
4482:
4462:
4133:
3846:
3684:
3475:
3366:
3222:
3126:
3109:
2594:"Lozan Antlaşması'nın 100. Yılında Komplo Teorileri ve Gizli Maddelerin İzinde"
1832:
1804:
1358:
The Last Treaty: Lausanne and the End of the First World War in the Middle East
1274:
1204:
1179:
1122:
1092:
and the German Commercial law before completion of the five years in question.
917:
895:
628:
616:
341:
333:
236:
151:
100:
5988:
5483:
1704:
6670:
6636:
6624:
6447:
5816:
5660:
5643:
5342:
4593:
3881:
3875:
3311:
3228:
3139:
2337:
2205:
1053:
165:
34:
Treaty of Peace and Exchange of War Prisoners with Turkey Signed at Lausanne
2564:"In Turkey, conspiracy theories about the Peace Treaty of Lausanne run riot"
1165:
in 1936. The customs limitations in the treaty were shortly after reworked.
753:
Convention respecting conditions of Residence and Business and Jurisdiction
6612:
5983:
5687:
4952:
4043:
3470:
2136:
1284:
1197:
317:
116:
376:. It emerged as a second attempt at peace after the failed and unratified
6397:
5143:
5064:
4254:
4159:
3857:
3285:
2706:
2031:
1187:
1169:
1029:
By Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey officially ceded
654:
490:
365:
6643:
2170:, Vol. 18., No. 2, Supplement:Official Documents (Apr. 1924), pp. 92–95.
1984:
1761:
6660:
5112:
4935:
4925:
2213:
2140:
2123:
The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914–1939
817:
Protocol relation to certain concessions granted in the Ottoman Empire
557:
The treaty was composed of 143 articles with major sections including:
466:
288:
1511:
4049:
3816:
1891:
The Reasons for Immigration from Western Thrace to Turkey (1923–1950)
1247:
1030:
877:
506:
6655:
2197:
769:
Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
450:
404:
and allowed unrestricted civilian, non-military passage through the
6468:
4309:
2548:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1565:
1231:
1126:
900:
673:
had been obliged to return to Turkey according to Article 2 of the
636:
613:
Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
329:
76:
1200:
declared the treaty an "abject, cowardly and infamous surrender".
1049:, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire.
912:
in 1920.) The island was submerged during the construction of the
393:
1852:
1339:
When Democracy Died: The Middle East's Enduring Peace of Lausanne
1158:
941:
890:
809:
Declaration relating to the administration of justice in Turkey;
649:
624:
1242:
treaty would expire in 2023 and Turkey would be allowed to mine
1168:
For Greece, the treaty brought to an end the impetus behind the
6576:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
6305:
2395:
Verflochtene Nationsbildung: Die Neue Türkei und der Völkerbund
2369:
Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007
1935:
The Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and The League of Nations
1848:
1836:
1034:
975:
937:
933:
881:
862:
Protocol relating to signature by the Serb-Croat-Slovene State
640:
632:
620:
494:
474:
96:
2675:
4477:
1844:
1840:
1243:
1137:
1019:
658:
537:
of that time, was the chief negotiator for the Allies, while
498:
6368:
1060:
in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.)
898:'s private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 (
873:
400:
was signed in October 1922. This armistice provided for the
1015:
643:(which had been leased to the British Empire following the
627:(about 270,000 at that time), and the Muslim population of
1026:. They were held by Turkish forces until 23 January 1919.
2249:
The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later
1084:
and reformed the Turkish justice system by including the
1380:
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4
615:
signed by Greece and Turkey. Only the Greek Orthodox of
2296:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 143–160.
1163:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits
4848:
1799:
Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey
1461:"Palais de Rumine & Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts"
1045:
of 1920. Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878
1041:
by formally recognizing the related provisions in the
1005:, which still remained under Turkish control when the
1001:
The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the
845:
territory and the Islands of Imbros and Tenedos
6596:
6428:
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
5254:
1937:, Princeton University Press, 1965 (reprinted 2015),
1230:
The Treaty of Lausanne has given rise to a number of
665:. Turkey also explicitly renounced all claims to the
5649:
United States during the Turkish War of Independence
1161:
lasted for thirteen years and was replaced with the
998:) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations.
801:
Declaration relating to sanitary matters in Turkey;
793:
Declaration relating to Muslim properties in Greece
485:
rejected the territorial losses imposed by the 1920
2245:"The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?"
2092:"Arabistan Cephesi – Osmanlı Web Sitesi – Forsnet"
2012:"Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British"
1796:
2125:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 37–64.
6668:
2526:. Princeton University Press. pp. 367–368.
684:
59:Borders of Turkey set by the Treaty of Lausanne.
6586:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
5513:
3652:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1897:, Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, p. 255
1739:
1629:
2391:
1693:"Germany and the Armenian Genocide of 1915–17"
1561:Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne
454:Borders of Turkey according to the unratified
6484:
6288:
5499:
5155:
5128:
4834:
2691:
2158:Liebisch-Gümüş, Carolin (6 July 2020). p. 257
1794:
1300:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
970:Turkey also formally ceded all claims on the
44:
6747:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
2663:Newspaper clippings about Treaty of Lausanne
884:was forgotten during the peace talks at the
465:After the withdrawal of the Greek forces in
216:
37:
6727:Treaties of the Turkish War of Independence
5094:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors
4142:
2438:. 4th ed. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. p. 163
2371:. Yale University Press. pp. 224–226.
605:Greek Orthodox Christian minority in Turkey
16:1923 peace treaty between Turkey and Allies
6491:
6477:
6295:
6281:
5506:
5492:
5135:
5121:
4841:
4827:
2698:
2684:
2658:Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
2600:(in Turkish). 25 July 2023. Archived from
2315:
2313:
1979:
1977:
1636:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1589:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1260:Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
785:Declaration relating to the Amnesty
53:
2168:The American Journal of International Law
2030:
1686:
1684:
1510:
1111:effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals
1095:
894:Ottoman territory and the Ottoman Sultan
201:
5142:
5101:To the Unknown British Soldier in France
3941:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
2622:
2291:
2242:
1790:
1788:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1136:
1099:
1056:which were defined by Article 10 of the
1052:Turkey also renounced its privileges in
872:
521:Negotiations were undertaken during the
449:
368:. The original text of the treaty is in
186:
128:
5414:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt
4318:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
2366:
2319:
2310:
2009:
2003:
1974:
1623:
1484:
1404:
924:The treaty delimited the boundaries of
171:
156:
6669:
5087:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay
5055:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
4958:Possible cause of the Second World War
2451:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
2179:
1697:The Routledge History of the Holocaust
1690:
1681:
1441:from the original on 14 September 2018
1384:
1336:
1310:Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum
1225:
888:in 1878, which allowed it to remain a
737:Communications and Sanitary Questions
661:was left to be determined through the
6762:Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
6742:Treaties of the French Third Republic
6472:
6276:
5487:
5116:
4822:
4271:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
3607:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
2679:
2454:. Taylor & Francis. p. 231.
2447:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2120:
2102:from the original on 6 September 2018
1962:from the original on 26 February 2021
1901:
1887:
1785:
1721:from the original on 13 December 2020
1539:
1355:
529:was the chief negotiator for Turkey.
402:exchange of Greek-Turkish populations
226:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
6498:
5378:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments
4675:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
2516:
2510:
2468:from the original on 14 January 2023
2416:from the original on 14 January 2023
2344:from the original on 3 December 2020
1642:
1611:from the original on 2 February 2021
1572:from the original on 12 January 2013
1527:from the original on 14 January 2023
1387:They All Made Peace – What is Peace?
653:remained an Ottoman territory until
6767:Treaties entered into force in 1924
6413:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
4604:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
3398:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1909:"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912"
690:Lausanne Treaty I. Treaty of Peace
637:special administrative organisation
635:(Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada) "
21:Treaty of Lausanne (disambiguation)
13:
6757:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
6682:Aftermath of World War I in Turkey
6388:Greco-Turkish Friendship Agreement
4850:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
3337:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2542:Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015).
2273:from the original on 21 March 2021
2147:
2072:from the original on 7 August 2020
1695:. In Friedman, Jonathan C. (ed.).
1651:League of Nations Official Journal
1649:"Official Journal, October 1924".
1330:
442:Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
14:
6818:
6722:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
4866:Covenant of the League of Nations
2651:
2623:Danforth, Nick (2 October 2014).
2326:Yale Journal of International Law
2220:from the original on 19 July 2018
2062:"Arabia (Yemen–Hejaz) Front Side"
1991:from the original on 25 July 2011
1192:150 personae non gratae of Turkey
994:(Article 3); and (along with the
6654:
6642:
6630:
6618:
6606:
6453:
6452:
6441:
6367:
6304:
6232:Conference of London (1921–1922)
3700:Second Battle of the Piave River
3322:Russian invasion of East Prussia
2498:from the original on 11 May 2021
2392:Liebisch-Gümüş, Carolin (2020).
2042:from the original on 2 June 2018
1985:"Adakale Island in River Danube"
1754:10.1163/160984909X12476379008205
1418:Archives de la Ville de Lausanne
745:Miscellaneous Provisions
279:
235:
218:
203:
188:
173:
158:
144:
130:
6752:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
6329:Treaty of Alexandropol (Gyumri)
5758:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah
5529:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
5473:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
5007:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
4979:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
4931:Hague conference on reparations
4771:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3971:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2705:
2635:from the original on 9 May 2020
2625:"Notes on a Turkish Conspiracy"
2616:
2586:
2570:. 29 March 2023. Archived from
2556:
2480:
2441:
2428:
2385:
2360:
2285:
2236:
2173:
2161:
2114:
2084:
2054:
1948:
1927:
1881:
1862:
1825:
1768:
1733:
657:). The fate of the province of
552:
6737:Treaties of the United Kingdom
6458:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
5628:Grand National Assembly (1923)
5623:Grand National Assembly (1920)
5060:Commission of Responsibilities
4963:International Opium Convention
4594:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
4453:Deportations from East Prussia
4250:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1661:
1597:
1478:
1453:
1423:
1411:
1360:. Cambridge University Press.
1341:. Cambridge University Press.
1012:Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
914:Iron Gates hydroelectric plant
436:Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
388:its terms. As a result of the
322:Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
1:
6782:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
6516:Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)
5709:Ankara Government and Georgia
4505:Ukrainian Canadian internment
2186:Law and Contemporary Problems
1776:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
1568:, Switzerland, 24 July 1923,
1503:10.1080/09592296.2021.1996711
1270:Conspiracy theories in Turkey
1235:conspiracy theories in Turkey
1063:
685:Summary of contents of treaty
497:by seeking the creation of a
429:
6546:League of the Three Emperors
6418:Zürich and London Agreements
6089:Liberation of Constantinople
5822:Liberation of Constantinople
4660:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
3959:Estonian War of Independence
3627:Southern Palestine offensive
2494:(in French). 16 April 2019.
1878:– Hellenic Resources Network
1869:The Greek minority of Turkey
1632:Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923
7:
6521:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
6212:Conference of London (1920)
5515:Turkish War of Independence
5383:Italian reparation payments
5029:Turkish War of Independence
5012:Conference of London (1920)
4984:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
4886:Little Treaty of Versailles
4614:USA against Austria-Hungary
4013:Turkish War of Independence
3965:Latvian War of Independence
3690:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
3281:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
2667:20th Century Press Archives
2367:Findley, Carter V. (2010).
2257:10.1007/978-3-319-78169-3_3
1859:were parties to the Treaty.
1831:In addition to Turkey, the
1691:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2010).
1337:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2023).
1253:
460:Turkish War of Independence
446:Turkish War of Independence
231:
10:
6823:
6772:League of Nations treaties
6717:Treaties concluded in 1923
5723:Yalova Peninsula massacres
5567:Sultanahmet demonstrations
4697:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
4245:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
3705:Second Battle of the Marne
3592:Second battle of the Aisne
3461:Second Battle of Champagne
3302:German invasion of Belgium
1491:Diplomacy & Statecraft
868:
581:abolition of capitulations
513:, and support for Kurdish
509:who had survived the 1915
439:
433:
95:Following ratification by
18:
6531:London Straits Convention
6526:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
6506:
6436:
6376:
6365:
6317:
6259:
6190:
6167:
6139:
6132:
6097:
6074:
5964:
5906:
5873:
5830:
5738:
5731:
5636:
5618:Ottoman Parliament (1919)
5610:
5557:Turkish National Movement
5547:
5521:
5462:
5422:
5401:
5303:
5296:
5250:
5151:
5078:
5042:
5024:Turkish National Movement
4997:
4971:
4901:
4856:
4803:
4762:
4683:
4622:
4584:
4528:
4517:
4478:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
4421:
4393:
4341:
4263:
4237:
4189:
4082:
4075:
4007:Irish War of Independence
3903:
3785:
3750:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3735:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3660:
3562:
3489:
3390:
3347:First Battle of the Marne
3294:
3256:
3191:
3182:
3125:
2999:
2988:
2954:
2926:
2888:
2840:
2793:
2786:
2713:
2243:Lattanzi, Flavia (2018).
1705:10.4324/9780203837443.ch3
1385:Conlin, Jonathan (2023).
1295:Muslim minority of Greece
1132:
841:Protocol relative to the
609:Muslim minority in Greece
535:British Foreign Secretary
483:Turkish National Movement
382:Turkish National Movement
278:
273:
259:
249:
122:
91:
83:
72:
64:
52:
33:
6802:20th century in Lausanne
6777:Peace treaties of Greece
6732:Romania–Turkey relations
6561:Constantinople Agreement
6556:Anglo–Russian Convention
6511:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
6019:Summer Offensive of 1920
5812:Summer Offensive of 1920
5393:U.S.–German Peace Treaty
5388:Sino-German Peace Treaty
4630:Constantinople Agreement
3923:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
3786:Co-belligerent conflicts
3755:Second Romanian campaign
3725:Third Transjordan attack
3436:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
3342:Battle of Grand Couronné
2436:Turkey: a Modern History
2320:Dadrian, Vahakn (1998).
2180:Scharf, Michael (1996).
1699:. Taylor & Francis.
1630:Martin Lawrence (1924).
1356:Tusan, Michelle (2023).
1265:Aftermath of World War I
541:negotiated on behalf of
6551:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
6541:Treaty of London (1871)
6393:Treaty of Ankara (1926)
6349:Treaty of Ankara (1921)
6059:Liberation of Balıkesir
5860:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur
5602:Grand National Assembly
4693:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4645:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
3953:Greater Poland Uprising
3853:National Protection War
3730:Meuse–Argonne offensive
3680:German spring offensive
3675:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3451:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
3426:Second Battle of Artois
3307:Battle of the Frontiers
2492:ethnic-cleansing-0.html
1742:Iran & the Caucasus
1674:18 October 2017 at the
1325:Turks of Western Thrace
1320:Turks of the Dodecanese
1184:French Mandate of Syria
1182:remained a part of the
1113:for crimes such as the
585:Capitulations in Turkey
396:was reclaimed, and the
6581:Turkish straits crisis
6536:Treaty of Paris (1856)
6242:Conference of Lausanne
6202:Treaty of Alexandropol
6159:Paris Peace Conference
5256:Paris Peace Conference
4718:Paris Peace Conference
4706:Ukraine–Central Powers
4500:Massacres of Albanians
4468:Late Ottoman genocides
4275:Bulgarian occupations
3983:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3947:Hungarian–Romanian War
3765:Naval Victory Bulletin
3760:Armistice with Germany
3710:Hundred Days Offensive
3637:Battle of La Malmaison
3587:Second battle of Arras
3554:Battle of Transylvania
3408:Second Battle of Ypres
3276:Sarajevo assassination
3165:South African Republic
2400:Walter de Gruyter GmbH
2010:Xypolia, Ilia (2011).
1888:Öksüz, Hikmet (2004),
1795:Mango, Andrew (2002).
1780:Wayne State University
1605:"Armistice of Mudanya"
1485:Xypolia, Ilia (2021).
1420:(consulté le 22.07.23)
1146:
1105:
1104:Declaration of Amnesty
1096:Declaration of Amnesty
921:
761:Commercial Convention
677:in 1912 following the
523:Conference of Lausanne
462:
320:negotiated during the
313:
305:
45:
38:
6807:20th century in Mosul
6692:Eleftherios Venizelos
6084:Bombardment of Samsun
5654:Bombardment of Samsun
5539:King–Crane Commission
5409:Regime of the Straits
5269:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
5168:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne
4921:Reparation Commission
4728:Treaty of St. Germain
4701:Russia–Central Powers
4655:Sykes–Picot Agreement
4483:Pontic Greek genocide
4458:Destruction of Kalisz
4434:Eastern Mediterranean
3995:Polish–Lithuanian War
3777:Armistice of Belgrade
3740:Armistice of Salonica
3670:Operation Faustschlag
3617:Third Battle of Oituz
3539:Baranovichi offensive
3507:Lake Naroch offensive
3481:Battle of Robat Karim
3456:Vistula–Bug offensive
3431:Battles of the Isonzo
3362:First Battle of Ypres
2096:www.osmanli700.gen.tr
2066:www.osmanli700.gen.tr
1857:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1657:: 1292. October 1924.
1140:
1103:
876:
539:Eleftherios Venizelos
471:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
453:
99:and any three of the
6707:World War I treaties
6354:Armistice of Mudanya
6334:Cilicia Peace Treaty
6237:Armistice of Mudanya
6217:Cilicia Peace Treaty
6149:Conference of London
5070:List of participants
4903:Treaty of Versailles
4723:Treaty of Versailles
4439:Mount Lebanon famine
4354:in the United States
4322:Russian occupations
4036:Turkish–Armenian War
3977:Polish–Ukrainian War
3917:Ukrainian–Soviet War
3864:Central Asian Revolt
3647:Armistice of Focșani
3377:Battle of Sarikamish
3327:Battle of Tannenberg
2723:Military engagements
2448:Jones, Adam (2016).
2141:chapter 1252066
2032:10.21773/boun.25.2.6
1874:3 March 2016 at the
1435:www.lonelyplanet.com
1405:Notes and references
1174:Eastern Roman Empire
1090:Italian criminal law
1082:Turkish constitution
1074:United States Senate
398:Armistice of Mudanya
364:since the outset of
19:For other uses, see
6712:1923 in Switzerland
6403:Montreux Convention
6321:War of Independence
6154:San Remo conference
5775:Battle of Babaçiçek
5718:Samsun deportations
5713:Population exchange
5704:Personae non gratae
5198:Act of 5th November
5017:San Remo conference
4972:Subsequent treaties
4941:Lausanne Conference
4790:They shall not pass
4713:Treaty of Bucharest
4670:Treaty of Bucharest
4609:USA against Germany
4586:Declarations of war
4290:German occupations
4203:British casualties
4062:Soviet–Georgian War
3989:Egyptian Revolution
3929:Armeno-Georgian War
3793:Somaliland campaign
3745:Armistice of Mudros
3622:Battle of Caporetto
3612:Battle of Mărășești
3582:Zimmermann telegram
3577:February Revolution
3522:Battle of the Somme
3446:Bug-Narew Offensive
3421:Battle of Gallipoli
3413:Sinking of the RMS
3205:Scramble for Africa
3199:Franco-Prussian War
2855:Sinai and Palestine
2544:"Armenian Genocide"
2518:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1774:Morgenthau, Henry,
1305:San Remo conference
1237:to defame the post-
1226:Conspiracy theories
1007:Armistice of Mudros
954:population exchange
691:
587:in every respect."
562:
479:Kemalist government
30:
6697:Treaties of Turkey
6571:Treaty of Lausanne
6566:Gallipoli campaign
6408:Treaty of Saadabad
6378:After Proclamation
6359:Treaty of Lausanne
6311:Treaties of Turkey
6247:Treaty of Lausanne
5850:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
5582:Balıkesir Congress
5034:Treaty of Lausanne
4911:"War guilt" clause
4750:Treaty of Lausanne
4665:Paris Economy Pact
4599:UK against Germany
4529:Entry into the war
4495:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
4214:Ottoman casualties
4024:Franco-Turkish War
3904:Post-War conflicts
3888:Russian Revolution
3870:Invasion of Darfur
3835:Kelantan rebellion
3823:Kurdish rebellions
3799:Mexican Revolution
3632:October Revolution
3597:Kerensky offensive
3572:Capture of Baghdad
3549:Monastir offensive
3534:Brusilov offensive
3372:Battle of Kolubara
3211:Russo-Japanese War
2434:Zürcher Erik Jan.
1915:on 25 October 2021
1431:"Palais de Rumine"
1373:online book review
1212:Ronald Grigor Suny
1151:Republic of Turkey
1147:
1129:for these crimes.
1106:
1070:Chester concession
1047:Congress of Berlin
972:Dodecanese Islands
922:
886:Congress of Berlin
721:Financial Clauses
713:Political Clauses
689:
667:Dodecanese Islands
645:Congress of Berlin
571:Convention on the
560:
515:self determination
463:
362:Kingdom of Romania
324:and signed in the
306:Traité de Lausanne
298:Treaty of Lausanne
285:Treaty of Lausanne
29:Treaty of Lausanne
28:
6594:
6593:
6466:
6465:
6448:Turkey portal
6270:
6269:
6255:
6254:
6128:
6127:
6064:Capture of Smyrna
5840:Koçgiri rebellion
5780:Özdemir Operation
5770:Tal Afar uprising
5671:Burning of Smyrna
5587:Alaşehir Congress
5534:Khilafat Movement
5481:
5480:
5458:
5457:
5292:
5291:
5274:Neuilly-sur-Seine
5246:
5245:
5110:
5109:
4989:Treaty of Trianon
4881:Minority Treaties
4858:League of Nations
4816:
4815:
4799:
4798:
4783:The Golden Virgin
4777:Mutilated victory
4758:
4757:
4738:Treaty of Trianon
4733:Treaty of Neuilly
4640:Damascus Protocol
4513:
4512:
4473:Armenian genocide
4430:Allied blockades
4402:Belgian refugees
4185:
4184:
4095:Strategic bombing
4071:
4070:
4056:Franco-Syrian War
4030:Greco-Turkish War
4018:Anglo-Turkish War
4001:Polish–Soviet War
3935:German Revolution
3911:Russian Civil War
3894:Finnish Civil War
3720:Battle of Megiddo
3695:Battle of Goychay
3642:Battle of Cambrai
3602:Battle of Mărăști
3517:Battle of Jutland
3497:Erzurum offensive
3352:Siege of Przemyśl
3332:Siege of Tsingtao
3317:Battle of Galicia
3247:Second Balkan War
3235:Italo-Turkish War
3192:Pre-War conflicts
3178:
3177:
3068:Portuguese Empire
2984:
2983:
2946:German New Guinea
2928:Asian and Pacific
2533:978-1-4008-6558-1
2461:978-1-317-53386-3
2409:978-3-11-064341-1
2378:978-0-300-15260-9
2303:978-3-319-78169-3
2266:978-3-319-78169-3
2137:Project MUSE
2132:978-1-4529-3717-5
1714:978-1-136-87060-6
1638:. p. lxxvii.
1465:MySwitzerland.com
1396:978-1-914983-05-4
1290:Minority Treaties
1219:Hans-Lukas Kieser
1119:Assyrian genocide
1115:Armenian genocide
1043:Treaty of Trianon
1022:like the city of
1003:Arabian Peninsula
950:Articles 6 and 12
910:Treaty of Trianon
866:
865:
729:Economic clauses
679:Italo-Turkish War
663:League of Nations
601:
600:
511:Armenian genocide
424:Hans-Lukas Kieser
420:Armenian genocide
390:Greco-Turkish War
358:Kingdom of Serbia
354:Kingdom of Greece
294:
293:
6814:
6792:July 1923 events
6687:Forced migration
6659:
6658:
6647:
6646:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6500:Straits Question
6493:
6486:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6456:
6455:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6423:Ankara Agreement
6371:
6339:Treaty of Moscow
6309:
6308:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6274:
6273:
6222:Treaty of Ankara
6207:Treaty of Moscow
6182:Treaty of Sèvres
6137:
6136:
5956:Alemdar Incident
5802:Şehzadebaşı raid
5793:Eskişehir (1920)
5753:Al-Jazeera Front
5736:
5735:
5698:Menemen massacre
5683:Kaç Kaç incident
5577:Erzurum Congress
5508:
5501:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5301:
5300:
5252:
5251:
5153:
5152:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5114:
5113:
4999:Treaty of Sèvres
4843:
4836:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4743:Treaty of Sèvres
4635:Treaty of London
4526:
4525:
4304:Northeast France
4235:
4234:
4207:Parliamentarians
4140:
4139:
4102:Chemical weapons
4080:
4079:
3841:Senussi campaign
3811:Muscat rebellion
3805:Maritz rebellion
3773:
3715:Vardar offensive
3544:Battle of Romani
3512:Battle of Asiago
3502:Battle of Verdun
3466:Kosovo offensive
3241:First Balkan War
3189:
3188:
3088:Russian Republic
2997:
2996:
2791:
2790:
2733:Economic history
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2604:on 6 August 2023
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2540:Lay summary in:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2019:Bogazici Journal
2016:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1956:"Treaty Summary"
1952:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:. Archived from
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1792:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1688:
1679:
1669:House of Commons
1665:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1556:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1514:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1400:
1371:
1352:
1314:Karaağaç, Edirne
1280:Greeks in Turkey
1145:(in the middle).
1086:Swiss Civil code
996:Treaty of Ankara
692:
688:
597:Binding letters
563:
559:
503:Eastern Anatolia
487:Treaty of Sèvres
456:Treaty of Sèvres
386:actively opposed
378:Treaty of Sèvres
346:Kingdom of Italy
326:Palais de Rumine
314:Lozan Antlaşması
283:
282:
240:
239:
228:
224:
222:
221:
213:
209:
207:
206:
198:
194:
192:
191:
183:
179:
177:
176:
168:
164:
162:
161:
150:
148:
147:
140:
136:
134:
133:
57:
48:
41:
31:
27:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6787:Greater Romania
6667:
6666:
6665:
6653:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6597:
6595:
6590:
6502:
6497:
6467:
6462:
6442:
6440:
6432:
6380:of the Republic
6379:
6372:
6363:
6320:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6271:
6266:
6251:
6193:
6186:
6163:
6124:
6093:
6070:
6049:Great Offensive
5960:
5902:
5869:
5855:Battle of Geyve
5845:Konya rebellion
5826:
5727:
5632:
5606:
5597:Amasya Protocol
5572:Amasya Circular
5562:Karakol society
5549:
5543:
5517:
5512:
5482:
5477:
5468:Fourteen Points
5454:
5418:
5397:
5288:
5242:
5147:
5141:
5111:
5106:
5074:
5038:
4993:
4967:
4897:
4852:
4847:
4817:
4812:
4795:
4754:
4686:
4679:
4650:Treaty of Darin
4618:
4580:
4536:Austria-Hungary
4522:
4509:
4490:Rape of Belgium
4417:
4389:
4337:
4331:Western Armenia
4326:Eastern Galicia
4259:
4233:
4197:
4196:Civilian impact
4195:
4181:
4138:
4067:
3899:
3829:Ovambo Uprising
3781:
3767:
3656:
3558:
3485:
3403:Battle of Łomża
3386:
3382:Christmas truce
3357:Race to the Sea
3290:
3252:
3174:
3145:Austria-Hungary
3121:
3056:Empire of Japan
2993:
2991:
2980:
2964:U-boat campaign
2950:
2922:
2884:
2836:
2782:
2763:Popular culture
2709:
2704:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2541:
2534:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2410:
2402:. p. 256.
2390:
2386:
2379:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2345:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2241:
2237:
2223:
2221:
2198:10.2307/1192189
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2148:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1876:Wayback Machine
1867:
1863:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1793:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1689:
1682:
1678:, 16 July 1924.
1676:Wayback Machine
1666:
1662:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:. Vol. I.
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1557:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1368:
1349:
1333:
1331:Further reading
1256:
1228:
1155:successor state
1135:
1125:, and codified
1098:
1066:
1058:Treaty of Ouchy
871:
687:
675:Treaty of Ouchy
573:Turkish Straits
555:
547:Mark L. Bristol
448:
438:
432:
406:Turkish Straits
350:Empire of Japan
338:French Republic
336:and the Allied
280:
254:French Republic
234:
219:
217:
204:
202:
189:
187:
174:
172:
159:
157:
145:
143:
131:
129:
60:
43:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6820:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6677:Peace treaties
6664:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6627:
6615:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6496:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Treaty of Kars
6341:
6336:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6315:
6314:
6300:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6227:Treaty of Kars
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5750:
5748:Constantinople
5744:
5742:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5676:Responsibility
5668:
5666:Fire of Manisa
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5592:Sivas Congress
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5373:Rapallo (1922)
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5308:Rapallo (1920)
5304:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5212:Brest-Litovsk
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5156:During the war
5149:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4685:Peace treaties
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4571:United Kingdom
4568:
4563:
4561:Ottoman Empire
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4463:Sack of Dinant
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4411:United Kingdom
4408:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4371:
4365:POW locations
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4165:United Kingdom
4162:
4160:Ottoman Empire
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4134:Trench warfare
4131:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3850:
3847:Volta-Bani War
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:Zeebrugge Raid
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3476:Battle of Loos
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Black Sea raid
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3269:Historiography
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3223:Bosnian Crisis
3220:
3217:Tangier Crisis
3214:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Ottoman Empire
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3127:Central Powers
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:British Empire
3105:United Kingdom
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3083:Russian Empire
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3001:Entente Powers
2994:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2969:North Atlantic
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2880:Central Arabia
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2842:Middle Eastern
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Historiography
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2653:
2652:External links
2650:
2647:
2646:
2629:Foreign Policy
2615:
2585:
2574:on 2 July 2023
2555:
2553:
2552:
2532:
2509:
2479:
2460:
2440:
2427:
2408:
2384:
2377:
2359:
2309:
2302:
2284:
2265:
2235:
2172:
2160:
2146:
2131:
2113:
2083:
2053:
2025:(2): 109–120.
2002:
1973:
1947:
1933:James Barros,
1926:
1900:
1880:
1861:
1833:British Empire
1824:
1817:
1805:Overlook Press
1784:
1767:
1748:(1): 161–186.
1732:
1713:
1680:
1660:
1641:
1622:
1596:
1538:
1497:(4): 674–691.
1477:
1452:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1353:
1347:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Greek refugees
1272:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1227:
1224:
1205:Norman Naimark
1180:Hatay Province
1134:
1131:
1123:Greek genocide
1097:
1094:
1065:
1062:
1031:Adakale Island
986:(Article 17);
978:(Article 20);
974:(Article 15);
946:Rabbit islands
918:Abdul Hamid II
878:Adakale Island
870:
867:
864:
863:
860:
856:
855:
851:
847:
846:
839:
835:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
700:
699:
696:
686:
683:
629:Western Thrace
617:Constantinople
599:
598:
594:
593:
589:
588:
576:
575:
568:
567:
554:
551:
434:Main article:
431:
428:
342:British Empire
334:Ottoman Empire
292:
291:
276:
275:
271:
270:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
245:
244:
230:
229:
214:
199:
184:
169:
154:
152:United Kingdom
141:
124:
120:
119:
101:United Kingdom
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6819:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6482:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6459:
6451:
6449:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6375:
6370:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6265:
6264:
6258:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Misak-ı Millî
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6110:Artvin (1921)
6108:
6106:
6105:Artvin (1919)
6103:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Chanak crisis
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Chanak crisis
5659:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Amasya trials
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4576:United States
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4177:United States
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4127:Convoy system
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:Naval warfare
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:Kaocen revolt
3880:
3877:
3876:Easter Rising
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Great Retreat
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Battle of Cer
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:Agadir Crisis
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3117:United States
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:French Empire
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2987:
2977:
2976:Mediterranean
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2956:Naval warfare
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2832:Italian Front
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:Eastern Front
2818:
2816:
2815:Western Front
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Puppet states
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2398:(in German).
2397:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1818:1-58567-334-X
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1782:, 2003), 303.
1781:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:9781009371087
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:9781316516423
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1018:and parts of
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
896:Abdülhamid II
893:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
861:
858:
857:
852:
849:
848:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
701:
697:
694:
693:
682:
681:(1911–1912).
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
647:in 1878, but
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
595:
591:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
574:
570:
569:
565:
564:
558:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
461:
457:
452:
447:
443:
437:
427:
425:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
286:
277:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
243:
238:
233:
232:
227:
215:
212:
200:
197:
185:
182:
170:
167:
155:
153:
142:
139:
127:
126:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:6 August 1924
86:
82:
79:, Switzerland
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
47:
42:
40:
32:
26:
22:
6570:
6358:
6261:
6246:
5974:Smyrna, 1919
5898:Alexandropol
5702:
5688:Malta exiles
5367:
5348:Tartu (1921)
5333:Alexandropol
5313:Tartu (1920)
5099:
5092:
5085:
5033:
4953:Stresa Front
4876:Organisation
4788:
4781:
4769:
4749:
4376: /
4308:
4143:Conscription
4107:Cryptography
4044:Iraqi Revolt
3471:Siege of Kut
3414:
2992:participants
2941:German Samoa
2875:South Arabia
2637:. Retrieved
2628:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:the original
2597:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2572:the original
2567:
2558:
2547:
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2491:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2450:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2394:
2387:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2346:. Retrieved
2329:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2229:
2222:. Retrieved
2192:(4): 41–61.
2189:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2122:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2065:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2022:
2018:
2005:
1995:21 September
1993:. Retrieved
1964:. Retrieved
1950:
1934:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1903:
1890:
1883:
1864:
1827:
1798:
1778:, (Detroit:
1775:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1696:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1631:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1599:
1574:, retrieved
1560:
1529:. Retrieved
1494:
1490:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1434:
1425:
1413:
1386:
1357:
1338:
1285:Karamanlides
1229:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1198:Lloyd George
1196:
1178:
1167:
1148:
1107:
1078:
1067:
1051:
1035:Danube River
1028:
1000:
969:
962:
923:
899:
889:
882:River Danube
648:
602:
556:
553:Stipulations
520:
464:
422:. Historian
417:
410:
318:peace treaty
297:
295:
117:ratification
68:24 July 1923
35:
25:
6398:Balkan Pact
5343:Riga (1921)
5323:Riga (1920)
5163:Sykes–Picot
5144:World War I
5065:The Inquiry
4916:Reparations
4406:Netherlands
4383:Switzerland
4264:Occupations
4255:Spanish flu
4032:(1919–1922)
4026:(1918–1921)
4020:(1918–1923)
4009:(1919–1921)
4003:(1919–1921)
3997:(1919–1920)
3973:(1918–1920)
3967:(1918–1920)
3961:(1918–1920)
3943:(1918–1920)
3925:(1918–1920)
3919:(1917–1921)
3913:(1917–1921)
3860:(1916-1918)
3858:Arab Revolt
3849:(1915–1917)
3843:(1915–1917)
3831:(1914-1917)
3825:(1914–1917)
3819:(1914–1921)
3813:(1913–1920)
3801:(1910–1920)
3795:(1900–1920)
3768: [
3286:July Crisis
3207:(1880–1914)
2870:Mesopotamia
2748:Home fronts
2707:World War I
2568:The Skeptic
2472:17 December
2420:19 November
2348:24 November
2277:27 November
2224:17 December
2106:6 September
2076:6 September
2046:10 November
1966:28 February
1919:18 November
1615:17 November
1576:28 November
1470:6 September
1445:6 September
1188:Hatay State
1170:Megali Idea
1143:İsmet İnönü
967:to Turkey.
655:World War I
592:Agreements
531:Lord Curzon
527:İsmet İnönü
491:Mesopotamia
366:World War I
6671:Categories
6319:During the
6133:Agreements
6054:Dumlupınar
5978:Occupation
5946:Kanlıgeçit
5466:See also:
5264:Versailles
5182:Bucharest
4936:Young Plan
4926:Dawes Plan
4623:Agreements
4423:War crimes
4299:Luxembourg
4192:Casualties
3063:Montenegro
2898:South West
2778:Technology
2768:Propaganda
2758:Opposition
2598:Yalansavar
1943:1400874610
1807:. p.
1512:2164/18252
1389:. Gingko.
1217:Historian
1210:Historian
1203:Historian
1064:Agreements
958:Article 38
859:Part XVII
822:Part XIII
782:Part VIII
726:Part III.
467:Asia Minor
440:See also:
430:Background
360:, and the
289:Wikisource
250:Depositary
6039:Eskişehir
6034:2nd İnönü
6029:1st İnönü
6009:Tellidede
5941:Kovanbaşı
5931:Karboğazı
5888:Sarıkamış
5785:Köysancak
5732:Campaigns
5611:Elections
5550:awakening
5297:Aftermath
5079:Paintings
4520:Diplomacy
4227:Olympians
4150:Australia
4117:Logistics
4050:Vlora War
3979:(1918–19)
3955:(1918–19)
3949:(1918–19)
3937:(1918–19)
3884:(1916–17)
3866:(1916–17)
3817:Zaian War
3807:(1914–15)
3527:first day
3415:Lusitania
3243:(1912–13)
3237:(1911–12)
3225:(1908–09)
3219:(1905–06)
3201:(1870–71)
2990:Principal
2850:Gallipoli
2753:Memorials
2738:Geography
2728:Aftermath
2639:2 January
2338:0889-7743
2206:0023-9186
1725:4 January
1667:Hansard,
1521:246234931
1248:petroleum
850:Part XVI
843:Karagatch
830:Part XIV
814:Part XII
774:Part VII
750:Part IV.
705:Preamble
698:Sections
507:Armenians
501:state in
274:Full text
92:Condition
84:Effective
6797:Impunity
6702:Lausanne
6649:Politics
6263:Timeline
6194:Assembly
6192:National
5548:National
5522:Concepts
5450:Portugal
5402:Montreux
5368:Lausanne
5173:Damascus
5146:treaties
5050:Big Four
4893:Mandates
4808:Category
4395:Refugees
4361:Italians
4350:Germans
4310:Ober Ost
4090:Aviation
3184:Timeline
3155:Bulgaria
2936:Tsingtao
2913:Togoland
2860:Caucasus
2795:European
2787:Theatres
2633:Archived
2520:(2015).
2502:29 March
2496:Archived
2466:Archived
2414:Archived
2342:Archived
2271:Archived
2218:Archived
2100:Archived
2070:Archived
2037:Archived
1989:Archived
1960:Archived
1872:Archived
1855:and the
1762:25597401
1719:Archived
1672:Archived
1609:Archived
1585:citation
1570:archived
1566:Lausanne
1531:19 April
1525:Archived
1439:Archived
1316:, Turkey
1254:See also
1232:Islamist
1127:impunity
965:Karaağaç
930:Bulgaria
901:de facto
838:Part XV
806:Part XI
790:Part IX
766:Part VI
742:Part V.
734:Part IV
718:Part II
669:, which
607:and the
413:ratified
330:Lausanne
260:Language
77:Lausanne
73:Location
6599:Portals
6169:Ottoman
6115:Ardahan
6098:Georgia
6044:Sakarya
5999:Erbeyli
5994:Bergama
5936:Kaç Kaç
5875:Armenia
5832:Revolts
5763:Taşlıca
5740:British
5430:Denmark
5353:Cilicia
5328:Suwałki
5279:Trianon
5221:Ukraine
4948:Locarno
4871:Members
4546:Germany
4446:Germany
4374:Germany
4294:Belgium
4279:Albania
4238:Disease
4218:Sports
4170:Ireland
4083:Warfare
4076:Aspects
3264:Origins
3257:Prelude
3160:Senussi
3140:Germany
3135:Leaders
3073:Romania
3014:Belgium
3009:Leaders
2908:Kamerun
2890:African
2825:Romania
2803:Balkans
2718:Outline
2669:of the
2665:in the
2214:1192189
1945:, p. 69
1853:Romania
1159:Straits
1153:as the
1039:Romania
1033:in the
942:Tenedos
906:Romania
891:de jure
869:Borders
798:Part X
758:Part V
710:Part I
650:de jure
625:Tenedos
579:Trade (
561:Treaty
499:Kurdish
481:of the
477:-based
411:Turkey
370:English
316:) is a
310:Turkish
264:English
211:Romania
123:Parties
6637:Europe
6625:Turkey
6141:Allies
6120:Batumi
6004:Erikli
5989:Malgaç
5926:Aintab
5916:Marash
5908:French
5865:Yozgat
5797:Samsun
5637:Issues
5445:Sweden
5440:Norway
5435:Greece
5358:Angora
5338:Moscow
5318:Warsaw
5284:Sèvres
5233:Vienna
5228:Berlin
5216:Russia
5208:Buftea
5203:Acroma
5178:London
4566:Russia
4541:France
4369:Canada
4284:Serbia
4155:Canada
4112:Horses
4064:(1921)
4058:(1920)
4052:(1920)
4046:(1920)
4038:(1920)
3991:(1919)
3985:(1919)
3931:(1918)
3896:(1918)
3890:(1917)
3878:(1916)
3872:(1916)
3837:(1915)
3249:(1913)
3231:(1911)
3213:(1905)
3170:Darfur
3095:Serbia
3078:Russia
3041:Greece
3029:France
3019:Brazil
2865:Persia
2808:Serbia
2608:18 May
2578:18 May
2530:
2458:
2406:
2375:
2336:
2300:
2263:
2212:
2204:
2139:
2129:
1941:
1849:Greece
1837:France
1815:
1760:
1711:
1519:
1393:
1364:
1345:
1133:Legacy
1121:, the
1117:, the
1088:, the
1024:Medina
976:Cyprus
938:Imbros
934:Turkey
932:, and
926:Greece
904:until
695:Parts
641:Cyprus
633:Imbros
621:Imbros
566:Parts
543:Greece
533:, the
495:Kirkuk
475:Ankara
473:, the
384:which
374:French
302:French
268:French
242:Turkey
223:
208:
196:Greece
193:
178:
163:
149:
138:France
135:
105:France
97:Turkey
65:Signed
6613:1920s
6024:Gediz
6014:Aydın
5966:Greek
5951:Fadıl
5807:Akbaş
5693:Media
5423:Egypt
5238:Batum
5043:Other
4763:Other
4556:Japan
4551:Italy
4378:camps
4222:Rugby
3772:]
3051:Japan
3046:Italy
3024:China
2918:North
2332:(2).
2210:JSTOR
2040:(PDF)
2015:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1845:Japan
1841:Italy
1758:JSTOR
1517:S2CID
1244:boron
1054:Libya
1020:Hejaz
988:Syria
984:Sudan
980:Egypt
671:Italy
659:Mosul
394:İzmir
181:Japan
166:Italy
113:Japan
109:Italy
6076:U.S.
5984:Urla
5921:Urfa
5893:Kars
5883:Oltu
5363:Kars
5191:1918
5186:1916
4343:POWs
3662:1918
3564:1917
3490:1916
3391:1915
3295:1914
3100:Siam
2903:East
2641:2023
2610:2024
2580:2024
2528:ISBN
2504:2021
2474:2020
2456:ISBN
2422:2021
2404:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2350:2020
2334:ISSN
2298:ISBN
2279:2020
2261:ISBN
2226:2020
2202:ISSN
2127:ISBN
2108:2018
2078:2018
2048:2012
1997:2010
1968:2019
1939:ISBN
1921:2008
1813:ISBN
1727:2021
1709:ISBN
1617:2021
1591:link
1578:2012
1533:2022
1472:2018
1447:2018
1391:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1246:and
1016:Asir
992:Iraq
990:and
982:and
944:and
623:and
493:and
444:and
372:and
296:The
266:and
111:and
6661:Law
2671:ZBW
2253:doi
2194:doi
2027:doi
1809:388
1750:doi
1701:doi
1507:hdl
1499:doi
1312:in
1239:war
1037:to
960:).
880:in
328:in
287:at
6673::
3770:It
2631:.
2627:.
2596:.
2566:.
2546:.
2490:.
2464:.
2412:.
2352:.
2340:.
2330:23
2328:.
2324:.
2312:^
2269:.
2259:.
2247:.
2228:.
2216:.
2208:.
2200:.
2190:59
2188:.
2184:.
2149:^
2135:.
2098:.
2094:.
2068:.
2064:.
2035:.
2023:25
2021:.
2017:.
1987:.
1976:^
1958:.
1851:,
1847:,
1843:,
1839:,
1835:,
1811:.
1803:.
1787:^
1756:.
1746:13
1744:.
1717:.
1707:.
1683:^
1653:.
1607:.
1587:}}
1583:{{
1564:,
1541:^
1523:.
1515:.
1505:.
1495:32
1493:.
1489:.
1463:.
1437:.
1433:.
1250:.
1176:.
1014:,
940:,
928:,
619:,
525:.
408:.
392:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
312::
308:,
304::
107:,
103:,
6601::
6492:e
6485:t
6478:v
6296:e
6289:t
6282:v
5980:)
5976:(
5507:e
5500:t
5493:v
5136:e
5129:t
5122:v
4842:e
4835:t
4828:v
4194:/
2699:e
2692:t
2685:v
2643:.
2612:.
2582:.
2550:.
2536:.
2506:.
2476:.
2424:.
2381:.
2306:.
2281:.
2255::
2196::
2143:.
2110:.
2080:.
2050:.
2029::
1999:.
1970:.
1923:.
1821:.
1764:.
1752::
1729:.
1703::
1655:4
1619:.
1593:)
1535:.
1509::
1501::
1474:.
1449:.
1399:.
1370:.
1351:.
948:(
920:.
300:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
