English language - Knowledge

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largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India.

11920: 12946:, p. 2: "Other changes such as the spread and regularisation of do support began in the thirteenth century and were more or less complete in the nineteenth. Although do coexisted with the simple verb forms in negative statements from the early ninth century, obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth. The increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of SVO word order. Not surprisingly, do is first widely used in interrogatives, where the word order is disrupted, and then later spread to negatives." 25320: 3161: 2708: 1714: 26123: 26219: 3422:

born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries.

10573: 2876: 3763:). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. 26099: 26111: 26151: 9074:, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages. That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages. Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as 26202: 26185: 26236: 21170: 9533:

advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words. Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English. Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English.

21161: 26168: 9264:. While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal", there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world. Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word. 10540: 11269: 3281:

the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world.

11556:(SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack intrusive R. The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers. Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels. Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce 10029:

along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life. Within Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is

11270: 21152: 3505:, which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their 8840:, collections of actual written texts and spoken passages. Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available. 10021:, has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950-61 3752:(APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. 11118: 11571:. It has traditionally been based on British English, but in recent years, because of influence from the United States, some words of American English origin have made it into Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g. 10998: 3435:

and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences.

3370:(3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. 11272: 9896: 11464: 11120: 9773: 9692: 11776: 10999: 10320: 9933: 7982:, is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause. For example, 10402: 11001: 11427: 10489: 9897: 9730: 9645: 3686:. Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. 11502: 11465: 9815: 2800:

related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative

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Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng,

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Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. In fact, only 3% of the English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence. There is also variability within RP, particularly

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The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German. Nonetheless, there is an

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with which the orthography has not kept pace. Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a

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In English a sentence may be composed of one or more clauses, that may, in turn, be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and Prepositional Phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any NPs and PPs. Within a sentence, there is always

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An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective

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among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third

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opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the

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had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English was adopted in parts

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of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English

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otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words

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English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin, the ancestor of the Romance languages, during all stages of its development. Many of these words had earlier been borrowed into Latin from Greek. Latin or Greek are still highly productive sources of stems used to form vocabulary of subjects

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structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted

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American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard

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and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used

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The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around

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Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange

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Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax

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English, besides forming new words from existing words and their roots, also borrows words from other languages. This borrowing is commonplace in many world languages, but English has been especially open to borrowing of foreign words throughout the last 1,000 years. Nevertheless, most of the

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Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication,

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to a more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers

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invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than the southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain

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But one of the consequences of long language contact between French and English in all stages of their development is that the vocabulary of English has a very high percentage of "Latinate" words (derived from French, especially, and also from other Romance languages and Latin). French words from

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between them is frequent. Indeed, a way to conceptualise the relationship between such creole and standard varieties is to view them as a spectrum of language registers in which the most creole-like forms serve as the "basilect" and the most RP-like forms serve as the "acrolect", the most formal

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has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more

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dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been

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Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument

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Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native

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In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign

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to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins. AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or

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Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words. Moreover, standard English spelling shows

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is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes

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In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order. The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The example below demonstrates how the grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb:

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language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in

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English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion, using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive

8018:, verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are 20679: 11505: 9818: 11040: 9934: 3078:

to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes.

10403: 9973: 11305:, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946 and remains an official language of the Philippines. Today, the use of English is ubiquitous in the Philippines, being found on 11428: 11083: 10490: 11701: 9731: 9646: 7563:. Prepositions have a wide range of uses in English. They are used to describe movement, place, and other relations between different entities, but they also have many syntactic uses such as introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs. For example, in the phrase 11043: 16978:

MacDonald, Marguerite (1989), "The influence of Spanish phonology on the English spoken by United States Hispanics", in Bjarkman, Peter; Hammond, Robert (eds.), American Spanish pronunciation: Theoretical and applied perspectives, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press,

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and marquees, in government documents and forms, in courtrooms, in the media and entertainment industries, in the business sector, and in various other aspects of daily life. One particularly prominent form of English usage in the country is found in everyday speech: most

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marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud.

7575:. Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars such as that of 3706:. English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty, the basis for the required 11268: 10362: 3431:

for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language.

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are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently

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is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in

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of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of

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Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third-person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle. The copula verb

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English syntax relies on auxiliary verbs for many functions including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence

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A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by

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Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in

11117: 8062::274), do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, i.e. 3524:

forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers.

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is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages.

10036:, which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society. 10271: 6435:. English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into 11110: 6856:(this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit. For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in 3689:

As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the

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The only appearances of their and them in Chaucer's works are in the Reeve's Tale, where they form part of the Northern dialect spoken by the two Cambridge students, Aleyn and John, demonstrating that at this time they were still perceived to be

20675: 5148:. Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions: 3409:

with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government.

11119: 10997: 10363: 8718:(contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy). Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example, 2688:

include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones.

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Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries. Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart).

3802:, and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives. 2537:(northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them. 11228: 3733:, English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the 7054:. There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form. 3110:, have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb 11463: 10319: 9895: 9055:; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of words of Anglo-Saxon origin, while the percentage of vocabulary that is of Latinate origin is higher in legal, scientific, and academic texts. 783: 20696: 13507:

The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official

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tends to take RP as its ideal, and how well this ideal is realised in an individual's speech reflects class distinctions among Indian English speakers. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as

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from 1989. Over half of these words are nouns, a quarter adjectives, and a seventh verbs. There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words—but that count presumably includes words such as Latin

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have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally. Some differences between the various dialects are shown in the table "Varieties of Standard English and their features".

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language, in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world. English is used as the language for wider communication in countries around the world. Thus English has grown in worldwide use much more than any

9729: 9644: 9078:, while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe. 11501: 10990: 10441: 9069:

English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world

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Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the

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Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as

3138:). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power. 3782:

uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include

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The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs. Many adverbs are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix

11079: 8904:) is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer 611: 9024:

various periods of the development of French now make up one-third of the vocabulary of English. Linguist Anthony Lacoudre estimated that over 40,000 English words are of French origin and may be understood without

3587:, there is no official language at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in 32 states, as well as all five territories. Eighteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language. 11743: 21132:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. 11039: 10675:. American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level, though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents, known collectively as 1979:. Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language. 13022: 11385: 10086:). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties. 3759:. In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and 314: 9567:, which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate 3337:

Kachru based his model on the history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time.

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For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters

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at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase

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Old English is essentially a distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German:

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has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by

10270: 11000: 7579::598–600) no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases. 6887:

an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include

18853: 10215:, the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of the Republic of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the 11744: 11610:. In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. Locals are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and 10957: 10312: 9765: 9684: 3513:. The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. 11768: 10439: 9898: 13945: 11839: 9108:

are only short inscriptions. The great majority of literary works in Old English that survive to today are written in the Roman alphabet. The modern English alphabet contains 26 letters of the

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An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in

3330:"outer circle" countries have small communities of native speakers of English but widespread use of English as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes, and 3147: 1588: 13813: 11466: 16480: 7609:

tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence.

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showing how the pronunciation of the long vowels gradually shifted with the high vowels i: and u: breaking into diphthongs and the lower vowels each shifting their pronunciation up one level

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Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated, the development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly

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Though some mention a possibility of divergence of English dialects into mutually unintelligible languages, most think a more likely outcome is that English will continue to function as a

20703: 9925: 8764:, also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for 17174:. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2. Vol. 2 (2nd completely revised and extended ed.). de Gruyter. 11227: 10922:"uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities. 10394: 10322: 4954:

compiled by linguists. The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications.

3005:

were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English.

2796:. Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of 15168: 9935: 8698:). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic-comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax. 11419: 10955: 10481: 10404: 10268: 9028:

change by French speakers. Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and

3543:

at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French.

11852: 11429: 10491: 10089:

Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the

1905:, are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the 25300: 11693: 9732: 9722: 9647: 9637: 3055:

and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been.

3058:

As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755

11504: 9817: 7755:

English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix

6796:

also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive -s is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with -s the apostrophe follows the -s.

9855: 2974:

to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from the Early Modern period includes the works of

11494: 10440: 9807: 8704:

emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example,

9972: 9048:("loan translations") from languages all over the world, and words from languages other than the ancestral Anglo-Saxon language make up about 60% of the vocabulary of English. 9016:

core vocabulary and the most common words in English are still West Germanic. The English words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly Germanic words from

17172:

Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft

9845: 8784:

expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers.

3381:

estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model, the "outer circle" countries are countries such as the

2115:. The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects. 20077: 11975: 11082: 9227:, of English is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. Further complications have arisen through 3517:

and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers.

25259: 17378: 11602:. Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are 3778:, with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop the study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked 1936:, the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not 11384: 8832:

Due to its status as an international language, English adopts foreign words quickly and borrows vocabulary from many other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by

19395: 14623: 11042: 9962: 3771:

in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995.

20749: 8245:

case form. The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun:

6820:(NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives. Noun phrases can be short, such as 7191:). The English system of grammatical person no longer has a distinction between formal and informal pronouns of address (the old second person singular familiar pronoun 5028:. Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis. 18917: 15571: 12027: 10269: 8836:, the scholars who formally study vocabulary, compile dictionaries, or both, were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from good-quality 2633:

in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with

1963:. These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic 13018: 11072: 7533:. The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact"). 18586: 7110:

English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons (

17159: 10956: 7617:

is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first-person present-tense form is

13749:

The United States does not have an official language. English is the most widely used language in the U.S., and some states designate it as their official language.

25057: 11736: 3848:(i.e. speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. This overview mainly describes the 3844:

of the English language differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of

925: 10894:), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word "press" almost like "pray-us"), the 10364: 5309:. Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g. 4946:

The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The table below lists the vowel

25393: 17217: 11032: 9020:. It is not possible to speak or write English without Germanic words, but it is possible to write or speak many sentences in English without foreign loanwords. 8953: 8459:

The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions—inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say

1603:). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law (such as in the United States and 1182: 17127:"Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests" 15315: 10013:

The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects. Within the United Kingdom,

7134:

from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between

3717:

of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with

2861:. In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. 25293: 25126: 17426: 9244:

etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling—for example, the words

8369:(which can also be omitted.) In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses. 7168:

of a transitive verb). The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. While grammarians such as

6212:, which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the 1913:, which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other Anglic languages, including 18979: 18837: 2805:. The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. 25014: 23393: 22698: 18554: 10909:(AAVE) is also largely non-rhotic and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-rhotic, non-standard 2307:, brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages. 13835: 6652:

English nouns are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into

22638: 18474: 2720: 3377:

and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist

25252: 21598: 21560: 21547: 21539: 20393: 13767:

The United States has never had an official language and attempts to declare English its official language have been unsuccessful in the U.S. Congress.

1504: 18895:. International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau. 2011. In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency?. 13937: 10898:, and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later. 2122:

and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international

25193: 24803: 21555: 18362: 17641:

Carr, Philip; Honeybone, Patrick (2007). "English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology'".

15030: 13809: 12691: 9233: 3577: 18896: 14226: 25388: 25286: 21575: 21303: 16495: 8129:(a noun phrase), the verb is "sat", and "on the mat" is a prepositional phrase composed of a noun phrase "the mat", headed by the preposition "on". 8050:

meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g.

3151: 2784:

With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with

1478: 950: 8173:(SVO). The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as 6957:). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners. English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g., 25099: 25085: 24938: 13618:

1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language.

8914: 7593:

English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with present-tense third-person singular subject. Only the copula verb

6380: 16847: 16729:

Dayag, Danilo (2008). "English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.).

15678: 2335:

have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed.

26296: 10354: 1569: 885: 10878:. Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang", being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by 15160: 10180:

comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots.

9389:

are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include

3274: 3042:

of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent

1553: 18277: 17170:

Ammon, Ulrich (2008). "Pluricentric and Divided Languages". In Ammon, Ulrich N.; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; et al. (eds.).

15090:, p. 52: "But in that special class of nouns called personal pronouns we find a totally different system of case-inflection, namely, a 13967: 8861:. A process more common in Old English than in Modern English, but still productive in Modern English, is the use of derivational suffixes ( 25581: 25438: 24897: 23768: 22846: 21415: 19931: 17958: 11173:

grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb (as in

10913:. A minority of linguists, contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a 8878: 1670: 965: 748: 10753:

Separate from General American English are American dialects with clearly distinct sound systems that have developed over time, including

2801:

cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating

23566: 17451: 12992: 12861: 11564:

pronounced rather than as as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap instead of as the more common fricative.

11219: 10874:, the most populous American "accent group" outside of General American English, rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's 21270: 20254: 20219: 11578:

Several varieties of English are also spoken in the Caribbean islands that were colonial possessions of Britain, including Jamaica, the

2031: 25245: 25231: 22733: 21706: 21590: 21565: 20723: 17662:

Cassidy, Frederic G. (1982). "Geographical Variation of English in the United States". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

14457: 13154: 10025:, grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear. 19974:

Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2006). "Chapter 5: Standardization". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

10556:

found over 50% non-rhoticity with at least one local speaker in each US metropolitan area (designated with a red dot) and non-rhotic

2685: 16219: 7183:

Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in

3520:

The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce

2661:. After 920 CE, when Lindsey was reincorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region. 1967:—but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered a 19134: 19086: 18641: 11155:

has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being

9579:(NAE). There also exists a third common major grouping of English varieties: Southern Hemisphere English, the most prominent being 9267:

Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or

8893: 1608: 18397: 17404: 6675:, but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g. 25266: 25222: 25064: 17815: 11800: 6376: 1146: 19994: 19376: 14631: 12725: 11883: 11536:

English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In

10654:

Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéization that occurred during the colonial period,

7517:. A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation—for example, the pronoun 5112:. This gives an English syllable the following structure, (CCC)V(CCCCC), where C represents a consonant and V a vowel; the word 1952:, although some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. 25367: 21524: 20730: 19751: 17237:

Bailey, Guy (2001). "Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars". In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.).

8949: 7176:

noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, for example

4412: 3745: 3603: 2159: 1662: 1497: 13542: 10172:

in early Northern Middle English and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly

10094:

influencing neighbouring regions throughout history. Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of

6394:. In addition, the words that have each vowel vary by dialect. The table "Dialects and open vowels" shows this variation with 6386:. These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three 3562: 2887:

The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the

25416: 24796: 22783: 22568: 21663: 21644: 21624: 21334: 21224: 21197: 21115: 21088: 21030: 21009: 20990: 20963: 20932: 20911: 20892: 20873: 20845: 20807: 20773: 20743: 20664: 20633: 20571: 20538: 20505: 20453: 20426: 20375: 20348: 20321: 20295: 20248: 20213: 20192: 20165: 20138: 20066: 20035: 19983: 19964: 19904: 19880: 19853: 19737: 19698: 19674: 19655: 19614: 19568: 19523: 19504: 19477: 19389: 19343: 19324: 19297: 19271: 19243: 19216: 19170: 19120: 19072: 19051: 19024: 18953: 18921: 18847: 18806: 18771: 18744: 18725: 18698: 18679: 18635: 18599: 18540: 18513: 18463: 18444: 18425: 18339: 18312: 18242: 18223: 18196: 18148: 18109: 18088: 18045: 18012: 17991: 17927: 17891: 17867: 17840: 17809: 17786: 17759: 17692: 17671: 17631: 17601: 17574: 17541: 17535: 17479: 17445: 17398: 17367: 17346: 17327: 17300: 17254: 17206: 17179: 17115: 17084: 17057: 17038: 16794: 16746: 16593: 16322: 15774: 15735: 15579: 14969: 14845: 14817: 13980: 12855: 12667: 12339: 12270: 12116: 12053: 12017: 11393: 7529:

refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence

5165: 4722: 2664:

An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with

21036: 20938: 20639: 20577: 20544: 20511: 20464: 20041: 19910: 19704: 19620: 18115: 18051: 18018: 17933: 17897: 17706: 16599: 15780: 15741: 8481:. Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do-support, thus in Modern English 3612: 1681:

per its historical origin; much of English's most basic vocabulary remains identifiably Germanic, as well as aspects of its

24904: 23383: 22803: 21876: 21761: 21532: 21296: 18605: 11680: 10711: 10047: 9604: 9044:

learned in higher education such as the sciences, philosophy, and mathematics. English continues to gain new loanwords and

8690:. Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g., 6903:, are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g. 6233: 3064: 2650: 25710: 10050:. Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the 8419:

shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English

8337:

are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence

1409: 1083: Countries and territories where English is an official or administrative language but not a majority native language 26139: 25238: 25218: 22284: 18820: 16426: 15829: 15393: 15137: 10906: 10770: 10557: 10552: 10432: 10240: 8909: 7763:

or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix

7229: 6413: 6305: 5186:

while vowels in stressed syllables are not. Some words, primarily short function words but also some modal verbs such as

4349:

or pre-glottalised at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: thus

4267: 4241: 1102: 915: 24295: 20105: 18260: 8283:(IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as 7829:

English does not have future verb forms. The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs

25160: 25133: 24929: 22389: 21145: 18937: 13118: 6971:

in form with the noun they modify, as adjectives in most other Indo-European languages do. For example, in the phrases

5035:

only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions. Some dialects do not contrast

4875: 4464:) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word. 3790:

The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words

2288: 20883:

Toon, Thomas E. (1982). "Variation in Contemporary American English". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

17221: 11168:

and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the

10524:

Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each public usage microdata area (PUMA) of the 50 states,

25092: 25028: 25021: 19543: 19197: 18882: 17277: 17011: 16984: 15307: 13779: 12609: 12535: 12124: 6208:, some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the 5289: 5243: 3749: 2645:

area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in

2280: 2118:

Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of the worldwide influence of the

1549: 1490: 970: 18233:

Eagleson, Robert D. (1982). "English in Australia and New Zealand". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

8415:

can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I

6656:(names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into 6470:

Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected

3755:

Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a

25561: 24789: 22839: 22188: 21408: 21344: 21167: 21158: 21149: 17002:

Aarts, Bas; Haegeman, Liliane (2006). "6. English Word classes and Phrases". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.).

9571:. The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of 9237: 5191: 4162: 4089: 3815: 3775: 3714: 2026:. English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the 1976: 511: 20593:

Schönweitz, Thomas (2001). "Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis".

11659:

with dentals and . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent

11635:

pronounced and ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced and "wind" .

8877:) to derive new words from existing words (especially those of Germanic origin) or stems (especially for words of 8497:

introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb

7088:, occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as 2792:, influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by the elite in England eventually developed into the 173: 26301: 26291: 25357: 25071: 22436: 22232: 21512: 21369: 21289: 21241: 20279: 18964: 10910: 10875: 8549: 8405: 8386: 6464: 6205: 4761: 4120: 3876: 3741: 3734: 3569: 3540: 3536: 1612: 1207: 1092: 905: 880: 18563: 17725:; Myres, J. N. L. (1936). "Chapter XX. The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent". 2385:

developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the early period of Old English were written using a

26174: 25986: 25078: 24961: 24881: 22753: 22193: 21699: 19797: 19365: 18484: 17508: 13839: 12366:

Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130

11862: 11811:

of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in

11376: 10832: 7597:

is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects. Auxiliary verbs such as

7164:(for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or 6792:

possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use -

4745: 4636: 3584: 3418: 2702: 1624: 1533: 643: 26157: 20175:

Payne, John; Huddleston, Rodney (2002). "5. Nouns and noun phrases". In Huddleston, R.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.).

3082:

In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as

24812: 24662: 22793: 22486: 22448: 20385: 18942:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

16457: 11306: 10618: 10169: 9654: 8882: 4169: 4096: 3607: 2821:, which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time. 2027: 994: 960: 21260: 21053: 13630: 9487: 2739:, the world's second-oldest English-speaking university and world's third-oldest university, founded in 1209 1012: 25605: 25167: 25007: 24692: 23862: 23824: 23809: 22788: 22441: 22261: 22078: 21899: 21435: 18435:

Gneuss, Helmut (2013). "Chapter 2: The Old English Language". In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.).

18322:

Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim (2006). "Chapter 3: Syntax". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17611: 11824: 11815:. They may create innovative pronunciations for English sounds, not found in the speaker's first language. 11298: 10964: 10597: 8959: 5169: 4345:

when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often

4148: 4127: 3682:

English has ceased to be an "English language" in the sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically

3226: 2727: 2622: 2284: 1768: 1239: 1187: 1059: 870: 773: 204: 23136: 21549: 21541: 15022: 12684: 12312: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11624: 11620: 11557: 10883: 10787:, are generally considered to fall under the General American English continuum, although they often show 10211:, however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into 10151: 10139: 10124: 10106: 9450: 9446: 9438: 9430: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9402: 9394: 9378: 9367: 9356: 9352: 9340: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6369: 6368:

in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide

6365: 6361: 6349: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6287: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6171: 6147: 6142: 6130: 6106: 6082: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6044: 5982: 5974: 5900: 5306: 5302: 5153: 5149: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5087: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5040: 5036: 5032: 4993: 4989: 4966: 4950:

in Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA), with examples of words in which they occur from

4660: 4655: 4642: 4622: 4617: 4582: 4569: 4556: 4542: 4537: 4524: 4461: 4457: 4400: 4338: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4295: 4286: 2990: 26281: 26276: 26266: 25185: 24672: 24532: 23882: 23841: 23831: 22832: 22164: 22154: 21752: 21719: 21715: 21401: 18892: 14218: 12657: 10766: 9596: 9568: 9564: 9558: 9550: 9052: 8170: 6213: 5527: 4837: 4815: 4706: 4699: 4222: 4189: 3707: 3207:

Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Microdata Area (PUMA) of the 50 states,

1461: 1304: 875: 26225: 26208: 20676:"Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories" 16439:

Chambers, Jack K. (2010). "English in Canada" (PDF). Kingston, Ontario. p. 14. Retrieved July 20, 2012.

2986:. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the 26089: 25616: 25420:

Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority

25119: 25037: 24988: 24873: 23048: 22748: 22463: 22321: 21732: 21277:

International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents

19280:

Lass, Roger (2006). "Chapter 2: Phonology and Morphology". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

18945: 11812: 10758: 10739: 10261: 10188: 10022: 4232: 4134: 4025: 4007: 3597: 2390: 1998:. These shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor called 1761: 1167: 21684: 16855: 14568: 12317: 10042:

can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as

8768:

in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example,

8662:

to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction,

7180:, retain traditional labels for the cases, calling them nominative and accusative cases respectively. 1901:/Low Saxon on the continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the 26271: 26261: 25000: 24847: 24840: 24833: 24389: 22728: 22254: 22212: 22183: 22115: 22083: 21692: 19334:

Lawton, David L. (1982). "English in the Caribbean". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

18789:

Hogg, Richard M. (2006). "Chapter7: English in Britain". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17498: 15825: 15686: 14995: 10871: 10828: 10824: 10773:; all of these, aside from certain subdialects of the American South, were historically non-rhotic. 10754: 10625: 10588: 10577: 10533: 10248: 10236: 7225: 6824:, composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g. 6416: 6231: 5297:) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb. Here stress is connected to 4821: 4784: 4777: 4738: 4179: 4155: 3506: 3216: 25714:

Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language

19487:

Maclagan, Margaret (2010). "Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).

19435:

Li, David C. S. (2003). "Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language?".

18376: 11919: 7220:) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as 3572:

does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside

2641:

language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the

26002: 25593: 25140: 24921: 24889: 24667: 24621: 24616: 24540: 24150: 24134: 24013: 23872: 23763: 23758: 22453: 22407: 22306: 22279: 22244: 22139: 22010: 21470: 17974:

Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17593: 11440: 10743: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10660: 10502: 10334: 10232: 6111: 4859: 4852: 3784: 3554: 3510: 3426:

language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the

3320: 2802: 2343: 2332: 1309: 1053: 945: 768: 728: 21107: 8748:

used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event).

8117: 6844:). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as 3638: 26286: 25878: 24914: 24606: 24550: 24545: 24465: 24138: 24088: 23388: 23206: 22962: 22890: 22878: 22665: 22498: 22316: 22291: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21273:. Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world. 19207:

Lanham, L. W. (1982). "English in South Africa". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

18479: 18284: 17623: 15000: 11607: 11190: 11012: 10948: 10282: 10200: 10095: 8649:

serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts.

8382: 8047: 6968: 4891: 4799: 4141: 4045: 4032: 4014: 3573: 3558: 3333:"expanding circle" countries are countries where many people learn English as a foreign language. 3074: 2732: 2469: 2147: 1902: 1851: 1785: 1739: 1650: 1561: 1525: 860: 663: 284: 272: 209: 168: 158: 148: 24728: 24448: 23846: 20312:

Romaine, Suzanne (1982). "English in Scotland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

19927: 19414:

Levine, L.; Crockett, H. J. (1966). "Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*".

17950: 17337:

Barry, Michael V. (1982). "English in Ireland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

11181:). New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English. 10207:

developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern

3888: 2232:("Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings...") 25492: 25352: 24611: 24093: 24059: 23677: 23493: 23353: 23193: 23088: 22580: 22558: 22362: 22059: 22028: 21906: 20625:

Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level

19496: 19043: 19034:

Kastovsky, Dieter (2006). "Chapter 4: Vocabulary". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

18798: 18371: 18331: 17983: 13656: 13520: 11829: 10655: 10547: 10014: 9576: 8806: 8733: 8729: 6345: 4683: 4602: 4509: 3932: 3893:

Most English dialects share the same 24 (or 26 if marginal /x/ and glottal stop (/ʔ/) included)

3861: 3799: 3155: 2907: 2525: 2191: 2112: 1859: 1757: 1521: 1434: 1419: 1141: 648: 291: 127: 71: 22476: 19289: 18080: 17435: 17265: 17246: 16738: 12845: 12123:

Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the

10699:-dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of 10520: 8722:, emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition, 8443:) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary 7629:

is used in the second-person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is

6443:, and add the class of interjections. English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs, such as 6419:. Unlike other Indo-European languages though, English has largely abandoned the inflectional 4337:

at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as

3794:

into the vocabularies of other languages. This influence of English has led to concerns about

3277:. English is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. 3203: 2061:

dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by

25930: 25551: 24954: 24769: 24733: 24001: 23994: 23946: 23716: 23687: 23656: 23619: 23544: 23301: 23214: 23075: 23037: 22778: 22563: 22458: 22171: 22105: 21859: 21849: 21844: 21482: 20236: 20203: 17288: 17095: 15008: 14265: 13986: 11834: 11553: 11343: 11165: 10762: 10703:. This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard. 10611: 10018: 9268: 8632: 8307: 7547:

Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g.

6436: 6247: 6197: 6063: 5537: 3977: 3964: 3917: 3502: 2963: 2793: 2778: 2524:, but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable 2328: 1937: 1753: 1429: 1314: 930: 618: 501: 24234: 23109: 22771: 19690:

Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading

19488: 19281: 19035: 18790: 18323: 18072: 17975: 17585: 17238: 17052:. Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies; no. 4. Edinburgh: Chambers. 14453: 7275:) are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural. 4496: 3779: 25660: 25174: 24738: 24718: 24687: 24560: 24420: 24166: 23984: 23576: 23403: 23365: 23360: 23234: 23181: 22939: 22200: 22093: 22033: 21911: 21884: 21801: 21631: 21492: 19647: 18754:

Hogg, Richard M. (1992). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).

14592: 10836: 10820: 10688: 10672: 10643: 10543: 10453: 10372: 10216: 10063: 10043: 8765: 8408:

is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions.

7542: 6987: 6499: 6440: 6357: 5852: 5719: 5558: 5174: 4981: 4052: 3811: 3722: 3547: 3222: 3168: 2870: 2857: 2847: 2712: 2208: 2084: 2003: 1875: 1620: 1615:, and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto 835: 224: 24394: 20863: 5305:, but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to 4325:

are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as

3289: 3194: Secondary language: spoken as a second language by more than 20% of the population, 8: 26059: 25631: 25587: 25464: 25429: 24981: 24865: 24677: 23913: 23867: 23801: 23554: 23201: 23114: 22912: 22798: 22628: 22620: 22518: 22481: 22367: 22352: 22227: 22217: 22144: 21983: 21460: 21359: 21339: 17586: 17390: 16215: 14964:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. 13601: 12531:

Old English and Old Norse: An Inquiry into Intelligibility and Categorization Methodology

12296: 12294: 11587: 11363: 11302: 11235: 11160: 10935: 10867:

have a wide variety of phrases and words not spoken outside of their respective regions.

10750:

and establishing the United States as an independent sovereign nation in September 1783.

10735: 10715: 10059: 9584: 9095: 8701: 8538: 7956: 7514: 7063: 6193: 6152: 6087: 5978: 5549: 4342: 3363: 3047: 2975: 2774: 2465: 2347: 2015: 1941: 1596: 1389: 1284: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1172: 955: 566: 321: 91: 26191: 24224: 24069: 23316: 20818: 19108: 19062: 18625: 13706: 9998: 8657:

While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a

5194:

depending on whether they occur in stressed or non-stressed position within a sentence.

3122:

are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g.

3017:

instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French (

2377: 1960: 1658: 1623:, technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the 26115: 25151: 24946: 24723: 24647: 24575: 24565: 24520: 24282: 24209: 24106: 23951: 23926: 23921: 23814: 23642: 23527: 23348: 23126: 23121: 23100: 23061: 22865: 22855: 22688: 22655: 22590: 22573: 22428: 22249: 21796: 21786: 21580: 21475: 21424: 21364: 21255: 20762: 20610: 20284: 19824: 19591: 19427: 19176: 19126: 19078: 18777: 18500:

Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Angela;

18389: 18350: 18068: 17800:

Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990

17730: 17698: 17504: 17420: 17149: 16890: 16786: 12022: 11279: 11198: 11156: 11152: 11127: 11090: 10931: 10895: 10864: 10780: 10278: 10075: 10067: 10039: 9580: 8837: 8670:

where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a

8620: 8576: 8473:, which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not 8154: 8138: 8134: 7237: 7093: 6920: 6185: 5544: 3990: 3927: 3912: 3898: 3009: 2979: 2943: 2658: 2517: 2513: 2351: 2256: 2175: 2058: 2043: 2007: 1929: 1906: 1867: 1846: 1454: 1439: 1404: 1244: 1151: 163: 153: 23877: 21281: 17798: 17584:

Burridge, Kate (2010). "Chapter 7: English in Australia". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).

14580: 14091: 13679:

Huws, Catrin Fflur (June 2006). "The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success?".

12291: 9220:

forms: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z).

8645:

is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant

6246:, but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced , a dialect feature called 6227:

than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a

3774:

International communities such as international business people may use English as an

3301: 1045: 25862: 24697: 24496: 24412: 24405: 24360: 24304: 24064: 24054: 24037: 24032: 23936: 23698: 23498: 23459: 23439: 23277: 23169: 23151: 23003: 22693: 22678: 22650: 22610: 22402: 22339: 22088: 21864: 21828: 21570: 21329: 21220: 21216: 21193: 21189: 21111: 21084: 21026: 21005: 20986: 20982: 20959: 20928: 20907: 20906:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–451. 20888: 20869: 20841: 20828:

Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural Southern white accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

20803: 20799: 20769: 20739: 20660: 20629: 20614: 20567: 20534: 20501: 20449: 20445: 20422: 20418: 20371: 20367: 20344: 20317: 20291: 20244: 20209: 20188: 20161: 20157: 20134: 20130: 20062: 20031: 20005: 19979: 19960: 19956: 19900: 19876: 19872: 19849: 19845: 19828: 19793: 19733: 19729: 19694: 19670: 19651: 19637: 19610: 19595: 19564: 19519: 19514:

MacMahon, M. K. (2006). "16. English Phonetics". In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.).

19500: 19489: 19473: 19469: 19448: 19385: 19361: 19339: 19320: 19316: 19293: 19282: 19267: 19239: 19212: 19193: 19180: 19166: 19116: 19103:, John Ole Askedal, Erik Andersson, Neil Jacobs, Silke Van Ness, and Suzanne Romaine. 19099:

The survey of the Germanic branch languages includes chapters by Winfred P. Lehmann,

19068: 19047: 19036: 19020: 19016: 18949: 18878: 18843: 18802: 18791: 18781: 18767: 18740: 18721: 18694: 18675: 18631: 18595: 18536: 18532: 18509: 18459: 18440: 18421: 18393: 18335: 18324: 18308: 18238: 18219: 18215: 18192: 18144: 18140: 18105: 18084: 18073: 18041: 18008: 17987: 17976: 17923: 17887: 17863: 17836: 17805: 17782: 17778: 17755: 17738: 17722: 17688: 17667: 17627: 17597: 17570: 17566: 17531: 17475: 17441: 17394: 17363: 17357: 17342: 17323: 17319: 17296: 17273: 17250: 17239: 17202: 17198: 17175: 17154: 17145: 17111: 17080: 17076: 17053: 17034: 17030: 17007: 16980: 16790: 16742: 16589: 16491: 16318: 15770: 15731: 14965: 14841: 14813: 13976: 12851: 12717: 12663: 12605: 12335: 12266: 12112: 12049: 11875: 11804: 11359: 11351: 11327: 11202: 11194: 10902: 10731: 10636: 10561: 10176:

and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots,

10051: 9105: 8658: 8333:

shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted.

8150: 7838: 7288: 7130:) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing 6471: 6424: 6224: 6209: 5680: 5060: 4930: 4907: 4334: 4252: 4205: 3949: 3939: 3849: 3831: 3414: 2987: 2959: 2947: 2888: 2880: 2789: 2386: 2363: 2155: 2139: 2088: 1894: 1749: 1702: 1690: 1686: 1674: 1628: 1424: 1399: 1364: 1294: 1269: 1234: 1229: 1203: 865: 262: 22384: 19747: 18758:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–168. 18624:

Graddol, David; Leith, Dick; Swann, Joan; Rhys, Martin; Gillen, Julia, eds. (2007).

18556:

English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language'

14373: 13572: 13550: 13094: 8922:, words formed by pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g. 8349:, the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns 5301:: in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel 3806: 3521: 3130:), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. 2894:

The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a

2381:, is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the 1098: 1077: Countries and territories where English is the native language of the majority 26013: 25981: 25871: 25686: 25516: 25198: 25110: 25048: 24652: 24443: 24377: 24333: 24328: 24288: 24277: 24269: 24074: 24042: 23989: 23978: 23891: 23600: 23539: 23329: 23311: 23146: 22899: 22813: 22766: 22645: 22553: 22543: 22538: 22528: 22374: 22347: 22205: 22125: 22070: 21968: 21950: 21937: 21774: 21769: 21636: 21349: 21212: 21185: 21133: 21103: 20978: 20859: 20833: 20795: 20602: 20441: 20414: 20363: 20336: 20180: 20153: 20126: 19952: 19868: 19841: 19816: 19776: 19725: 19684: 19643: 19583: 19465: 19440: 19423: 19312: 19231: 19158: 19100: 19012: 18759: 18713: 18528: 18381: 18211: 18184: 18167: 18136: 17855: 17774: 17650: 17562: 17386: 17315: 17295:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–66. 17194: 17141: 17103: 17072: 17026: 16886: 16778: 16734: 14666: 13688: 13496: 12482: 12258: 12104: 11603: 11583: 11474: 11436: 11347: 11323: 10808: 10794: 10788: 10776: 10525: 10244: 10228: 10177: 10110: 9905: 9825: 9787: 9612: 9087: 9029: 8749: 7963:, both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular 7105: 6428: 6341: 6181: 5932: 5858: 5757: 5640: 5596: 5522: 5503: 5496: 5423: 5387: 5349: 5316: 5254: 5208: 4962: 4688: 4607: 4514: 4318: 3922: 3865: 3756: 3208: 2842: 2626: 2477: 2296: 2179: 2108: 1995: 1933: 1886: 1718: 1577: 1573: 1545: 1414: 1394: 1384: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1329: 1324: 1289: 1264: 1224: 1068: 733: 678: 658: 486: 446: 256: 34: 24489: 20475: 20340: 20286:

Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages

19780: 19540:

Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online | Macquarie Dictionary

19235: 17654: 17525: 17107: 16763: 12771: 12108: 7200:

Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular:

3737:, specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. 3327:

the "inner circle" countries have large communities of native speakers of English,

2942:

English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of

2808:

The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the

26103: 26023: 24972: 24682: 24642: 24475: 24382: 24365: 24350: 24345: 24338: 24047: 23956: 23941: 23896: 23748: 23711: 23703: 23682: 23669: 23649: 23635: 23398: 23375: 23306: 23296: 23288: 23068: 22683: 22585: 22523: 22493: 22301: 22176: 21997: 21973: 21945: 21916: 21889: 21854: 21741: 21465: 21354: 21324: 21020: 20922: 20623: 20561: 20528: 20495: 20025: 19894: 19767:

Mesthrie, Rajend (November 2010). "New Englishes and the native speaker debate".

19688: 19604: 19253:

Lass, Roger (2000). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Lass, Roger (ed.).

19162: 18659: 18099: 18035: 18002: 17917: 17881: 17682: 17489: 16583: 15764: 15725: 14556: 12599: 11579: 11549: 11512: 11326:

and English. A similar code-switching method is used by urban native speakers of

11008: 10852: 10840: 10747: 10719: 10679:(GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including 10664: 10506: 10208: 10173: 9980: 9743: 9658: 9624: 9600: 9572: 9554: 9371: 9091: 8810: 8334: 8280: 8079: 7960: 7849: 7245: 7165: 7161: 7153: 7149: 6407: 6332: 6324:. Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as 6309: 6189: 5811: 5508: 5474: 5298: 5183: 5072: 4914: 4346: 3956: 3944: 3718: 3374: 3160: 2473: 2339: 2300: 2151: 2135: 2074: 2023: 1991: 1983: 1972: 1805: 1682: 1678: 1581: 1444: 1374: 1339: 1319: 1299: 1274: 935: 536: 268: 140: 117: 14079: 8849:

word-formation process is nominal compounding, producing compound words such as

7923:

For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as

3164:

Percentage of native speakers of English and English creoles globally as of 2017

2002:. Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into 26127: 25953: 25679: 25650: 25567: 25504: 25362: 24824: 24763: 24657: 24637: 24589: 24481: 24355: 24025: 23792: 23731: 23510: 23467: 23424: 23341: 23336: 23225: 23175: 23026: 22977: 22932: 22925: 22758: 22673: 22633: 22533: 22357: 22110: 22015: 22005: 21921: 21723: 21616: 21497: 21487: 20855: 20837: 20331:

Romaine, Suzanne (1999). "Chapter 1: Introduction". In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.).

19992: 19353: 19153:(1972). "The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores". 18870: 18816: 18501: 17729:. Vol. Book V: The English Settlements. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. 17467: 16877:

Adegbija, Efurosibina (1989). "Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English".

16579: 15679:"What is the proportion of English words of French, Latin, or Germanic origin?" 13501: 13484: 13124: 11651:(often pronounced with retroflex articulation as and ) and the replacement of 11639: 11611: 11595: 11545: 11516: 11355: 11206: 11094: 10918: 10856: 10604: 10457: 10212: 10192: 10165: 10003: 9942: 9783: 9702: 9620: 9616: 9101: 9064: 9025: 8667: 8477:

can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb

8424: 8146: 7605:

are paired with verbs in the infinitive, past, or progressive forms. They form

7173: 7157: 6854:

the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles

6667:

Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural

6217: 5515: 3853: 3795: 3791: 3726: 3703: 3691: 3683: 3347: 3270: 3059: 3043: 3038: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2915: 2698: 2646: 2638: 2417: 2382: 2268: 2163: 2119: 2104: 2100: 2070: 2066: 2019: 1999: 1987: 1968: 1914: 1910: 1818: 1795: 1733: 1694: 1654: 1604: 1557: 1541: 1349: 1334: 1279: 1177: 855: 850: 723: 653: 623: 581: 242: 219: 105: 75: 20606: 20241:

Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication

20184: 19587: 18763: 18385: 18171: 17437:

Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses

15817: 15385: 15133: 13732: 13692: 12262: 6871:

The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of

6788:. Historically the -s possessive has been used for animate nouns, whereas the 5201:, and some pairs of words are distinguished by stress. For instance, the word 3529: 2707: 2528:

with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the

1713: 26255: 25599: 25545: 25449: 24713: 24555: 24311: 24262: 24079: 24018: 23931: 23836: 23774: 23721: 23605: 23532: 22808: 22723: 22379: 22296: 22237: 22149: 22100: 21978: 21960: 21141: 21137: 21125: 20101: 19452: 19150: 18717: 18582: 18550: 17913: 17877: 17859: 17021:

Abercrombie, D.; Daniels, P.T. (2006). "Spelling Reform Proposals: English".

16421: 12429: 11786: 11668: 11520: 11054: 11016: 10844: 10707: 10668: 10659:

apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as

10412: 9984: 9866: 9747: 9608: 8793: 8671: 8641: 8166: 7978:

An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition

7588: 7390: 7276: 7140: 6647: 6353: 6228: 5532: 5470: 4341:

have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are

4330: 3857: 3699: 3378: 3343: 2852: 2557: 2304: 2292: 2252: 2248: 2187: 2183: 2143: 2127: 1922: 1890: 1863: 1826: 1616: 1565: 1537: 1449: 758: 586: 79: 21380: 20832:. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. de Gruyter. pp. 87–114. 20358:

Romaine, S. (2006). "Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts".

18252: 14808:

Carter, Ronald; McCarthey, Michael; Mark, Geraldine; O'Keeffe, Anne (2016).

14694: 13651: 8918:(1961). Another active word-formation process in English is the creation of 8792:

It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words, or 220,000 if

6983:

does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun.

2898:, meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. 1587:

English is either the official language or one of the official languages in

26122: 25959: 25804: 25794: 25574: 24582: 24006: 23970: 23903: 23726: 23549: 23522: 23505: 23449: 23408: 22990: 22969: 22311: 22159: 22038: 21083:. Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4 (Sixth ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 20902:

Toon, Thomas E. (1992). "Old English Dialects". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).

19375:

Leech, Geoffrey; Hundt, Marianne; Mair, Christian; Smith, Nicholas (2009).

19226:

Lass, Roger (1992). "2. Phonology and Morphology". In Blake, Norman (ed.).

13810:"Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject" 13142: 11710: 11537: 11169: 10848: 10727: 10700: 10465: 10449: 9909: 9791: 9228: 9109: 8833: 8802: 8711:(emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or 8440: 8015: 7842: 7292: 7089: 6872: 6494:). Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( 6325: 5465: 4958: 4060: 3730: 3359: 3069: 2815: 2759: 2541: 1835: 1642: 1369: 753: 668: 541: 526: 252: 24781: 24229: 20239:. In Richter, Dagmar; Richter, Ingo; Toivanen, Reeta; et al. (eds.). 19820: 19534: 19444: 18815: 18188: 18098:

Denning, Keith; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (17 February 2007).

12529: 12300: 11907: 7291:

set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted as part of the

3198:

working language of government, language of instruction in education, etc.

3051:

Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the

2891:(1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. 1909:

languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into

1029: 25901: 25851: 25809: 25673: 25637: 25556: 25469: 25372: 25278: 24820: 24399: 24372: 24190: 24098: 23780: 23741: 23324: 23019: 22983: 22918: 21656: 21651: 21455: 20533:. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. 19890: 18891: 14097: 13485:"'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific" 11294: 10879: 10529: 10416: 10338: 10286: 10128: 9946: 9862: 9829: 9706: 9537: 9224: 9217: 9017: 8905: 8608: 8542: 8432: 7606: 7187:), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g. 7169: 7027: 6817: 6653: 6456: 6420: 6395: 6298: 6291: 6020: 4951: 4353:

has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, but not phonemically) than

4199: 3616:

Countries in which English language is a mandatory or an optional subject

3427: 3382: 3367: 3316: 3305: 3212: 3068:, which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, 2951: 2911: 2895: 2521: 2512:), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more 2394: 2355: 2237: 2223: 2203: 2092: 2054: 1871: 1809: 1638: 1529: 830: 738: 703: 546: 506: 491: 466: 331: 214: 95: 24244: 19262:

Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),

19230:. Vol. II: 1066–1476. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–154. 17472:

The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis

15054:, p. 69: "Nominative is a traditional name for the subjective case" 14989: 13707:"Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament" 13106: 8627:-word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs: 8101:. Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as 7904:, which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ( 6451:, expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by 6220:

have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents.

3273:, and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the 3114:

is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in

3106:), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of 25799: 25744: 25538: 25203: 24239: 24219: 23584: 23254: 22955: 22222: 21714: 21608: 20335:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 01–56. 19130: 19115:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. pp. 532–562. 19082: 17734: 17702: 17102:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–91. 16782: 15766:

Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages

14671: 14654: 13589:

French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status.

11912: 11840:

List of countries and territories where English is an official language

11752: 11722: 11405: 11247: 11050: 10976: 10376: 10298: 10204: 10071: 10030: 9870: 9670: 8561: 8505:, although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with 8378: 8142: 7896:

Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily

7197:

acquired a pejorative or inferior tinge of meaning and was abandoned).

7011: 6942: 6657: 6452: 6432: 6280: 3148:

List of countries and territories where English is an official language

3107: 2903: 2785: 2549: 2545: 2397: 2219: 2167: 2131: 2078: 2011: 1918: 1898: 1822: 1778: 1698: 1632: 1584:

in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers.

790: 713: 521: 451: 381: 14175: 13163:, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). 12637: 12597: 12099:

Burnley, David (1992). "Lexis and Semantics". In Blake, Norman (ed.).

10572: 8014:

English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called

6364:

at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses

2875: 2327:) are both named after the Angles. English may have a small amount of 673: 25923: 25906: 25885: 25774: 25668: 24425: 24173: 23819: 23736: 23517: 23472: 23444: 23270: 22824: 21779: 21393: 19606:

The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience

17067:

Alcaraz Ariza, M.Á.; Navarro, F. (2006). "Medicine: Use of English".

16710: 15615: 15266: 15264: 11808: 11541: 11311: 10860: 10461: 10330: 10079: 8979: Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin (28.24%) 8936: 8889: 8732:

between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as

7283:(sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form 6784:(also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition 6661: 5608: 4404: 4302: 4112: 4071: 3897:

consonant phonemes. The consonant inventory shown below is valid for

3841: 3837: 3819: 3580:

respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language.

3398: 3355: 2919: 2899: 2824:

In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written:

2736: 2634: 2630: 2367: 2123: 2062: 2053:

The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as

1956: 1949: 1882: 1799: 1646: 1038: 1022: 1004: 986: 825: 815: 698: 683: 531: 326: 87: 24249: 19559:

Mair, C.; Leech, G. (2006). "14 Current Changes in English Syntax".

19255:

The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776

18037:

Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention

17493: 15504: 15468: 15249: 14960:

Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022).

13763:

Language Rights and the Law in the United States and Its Territories

12949: 12598:

Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).

12381: 8796:

are counted; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the

4321:(strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as 3509:, but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international 2081:

vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries.

26110: 26098: 25976: 25896: 25834: 25819: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25625: 25510: 25474: 25458: 24214: 23562: 21806: 21603: 21073:

The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French.

21022:

International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English

21002:

International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English

18915: 16585:

Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English

16449: 15868: 15276: 15113: 14085: 11591: 11552:. Today, about nine percent of the South African population speaks 11131: 10539: 10498: 9515: 9058: 9032:. Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as 8726:, where reference to the girl is established as an "afterthought". 6946: 6777: 5774: 5178: 4985: 4453: 3710: 3402: 3394: 2797: 2781:

in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500.

2654: 2553: 1556:

in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former

1110: 810: 693: 628: 601: 556: 476: 421: 371: 366: 356: 346: 336: 26242: 21276: 21271:

Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)

18936: 18420:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 17245:. Varieties of English around the World. John Benjamins. pp. 16018: 16016: 15288: 15261: 15215: 15213: 15200: 15198: 14878: 14562: 14379: 14349: 13969:

Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition

13166: 12567: 12195: 12046:

Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon

11627:

are monophthongs and or even the reverse diphthongs and (e.g.

8058:). In spite of the idiomatic meaning, some grammarians, including 3118:, appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as 2773:

Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the

2338:

Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects (

1645:. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from 26040: 26029: 25784: 25779: 25764: 25759: 25532: 25522: 25485: 25208: 24255: 23851: 23753: 22743: 22738: 22548: 21894: 21821: 21816: 19580:

Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization

17241:

Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English

16945: 16921: 15693: 15528: 15516: 14902: 14684: 14682: 14199: 14187: 14127: 14040: 12910: 11803:

may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered

11568: 11331: 11319: 11148: 10723: 10706:

The English language is far and away the most widely used in the

10184: 10168:

is today considered a separate language from English, but it has

10090: 10055: 10007: 8919: 8826: 6276: 5198: 4947: 4001: 3845: 3406: 3386: 2810: 2642: 2529: 2371: 2287:. By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons 2264: 2214: 1840: 1379: 1106: 763: 638: 633: 591: 471: 456: 431: 426: 411: 406: 391: 351: 20790:

Swan, M. (2006). "English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900)".

19995:"Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" 19973: 18158:

Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). "The grammar of English phrasal verbs".

18071:(2006). "Overview". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.). 17742: 16828: 16686: 16662: 16003: 16001: 15999: 15997: 15844: 15492: 15456: 15342: 15183: 15161:"The Pedant: The sheer usefulness of singular 'they' is obvious" 14433: 12777: 8825:, foreign words of extremely limited English use, and technical 6911:(pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase. 6509:

The seven word-classes are exemplified in this sample sentence:

3297:

residents for whom English was their primary language as of 2021

2831: 2825: 2745: 2679: 2673: 2564: 2453: 2438: 2423: 2408: 2322: 2316: 2227: 2030:

of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see

26035: 25829: 25824: 25789: 25769: 25644: 25527: 25498: 25479: 23558: 21811: 21791: 21054:"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations" 20148:

Patrick, P.L. (2006b). "English, African-American Vernacular".

20100: 18439:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–49. 17619: 17557:

Brutt-Griffler, J. (2006). "Languages of Wider Communication".

17310:

Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English".

17289:"Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European" 17215: 16013: 15237: 15210: 15195: 14914: 14890: 14807: 14782: 14574: 13296: 13148: 12662:. Early English text society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12231: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11858: 11599: 11315: 10914: 10823:

and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well.

10784: 10196: 10083: 9360: 9075: 9045: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8420: 7510: 6668: 6475: 5461: 3351: 3294: 2716: 2533: 2359: 2272: 2260: 2171: 1982:

English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares

1945: 1879: 1635:

estimated that there were 1.4 billion speakers worldwide.

1600: 805: 800: 795: 743: 708: 596: 576: 571: 496: 436: 396: 361: 341: 83: 20075: 19460:

Lim, L.; Ansaldo, U. (2006). "Singapore: Language Situation".

18998:

Jespersen, Otto (2007) . "Case: The number of English cases".

16909: 15904: 14679: 14655:"Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English" 13938:"Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language – The Times of India" 13440: 13274: 13272: 13100: 12082: 12080: 8985: Germanic languages (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) (25%) 8423:

permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present.

3284: 2229:

Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon...

26133: 26018: 26008: 25991: 25936: 25891: 25814: 25754: 25749: 23476: 19807:

Montgomery, M. (1993). "The Southern Accent—Alive and Well".

19190:

Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change

16270: 16196: 16184: 16172: 16052: 16040: 15994: 15101: 14854: 14604: 14532: 14472: 14421: 14409: 14397: 13428: 13392: 13130: 13054: 13052: 12132: 12067: 12065: 11999: 11997: 10811: 9739: 8930: 8635:

can also be fronted when they are the question's theme, e.g.

8149:

mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the

5369: 5331: 4305:(stops, affricates, and fricatives) appear in pairs, such as 3760: 3557:

is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are

3390: 2719:, the world's oldest English-speaking university and world's 2276: 2096: 1964: 1666: 1641:

emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the

1627:. English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of the 1592: 940: 900: 820: 561: 551: 516: 481: 461: 441: 416: 401: 386: 19925: 19720:

Meierkord, C. (2006). "Lingua Francas as Second Languages".

16160: 15880: 15659: 15069: 14866: 14496: 13112: 12827: 12825: 12470: 12369: 11926: 8493:, although this construction may be found in older English. 6412:

As is typical of an Indo-European language, English follows

5643: 5358: 5325: 25996: 25970: 25964: 20179:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–522. 19188:

Labov, W. (2012). "1. About Language and Language Change".

18508:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. 17769:

Connell, B.A. (2006). "Nigeria : Language Situation".

17474:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. 16512: 15945: 15943: 15818:"L'incroyable histoire des mots français en anglais !" 15800: 15798: 15649: 15647: 15066:: "English has subjective, objective and possessive cases." 14758: 14325: 14289: 14151: 13858: 13416: 13356: 13344: 13284: 13269: 13019:"Which countries are best at English as a second language?" 12077: 10797: 9490:" are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the 9104:(also called Roman alphabet). Earlier Old English texts in 8924: 7193: 5260: 3725:

negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of the

3269:

As of 2016, 400 million people spoke English as their

2955: 2818: 2814:. The oldest Middle English texts that were written by the 2402: 2130:

in many regions and professional contexts such as science,

920: 910: 890: 718: 688: 376: 43: 16258: 15540: 14484: 14337: 13084: 13082: 13049: 12927: 12925: 12405: 12207: 12062: 11994: 7096:. They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison. 5599: 5446: 5432: 5405: 5396: 5217: 2621:

From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually

2447: 2331:

influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible

2267:

by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the

1109:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

55: 19257:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–186. 16957: 16933: 16733:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 49–66. 16453: 16100: 16028: 15634: 15632: 15630: 14544: 14313: 14115: 14028: 13882: 12822: 12812: 12810: 12393: 12173: 12171: 9234:

spelling differences between British and American English

8325:, but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause 6967:

In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to

5449: 5408: 5275: 5229: 3052: 2432: 2375:

is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem,

2103:

words and roots, concurrent with the introduction of the

2032:

Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization

895: 52: 46: 40: 21207:

Wolfram, W. (2006). "Variation and Language: Overview".

19993:

Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2012).

18623: 18499: 18278:

Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages

17886:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 16731:

Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives

16716: 16548: 16148: 16124: 15940: 15928: 15916: 15795: 15644: 15480: 15420: 15057: 14959: 14931: 14929: 14722: 14057: 14055: 13894: 13069: 13067: 12759: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12387: 12253:

Short, Ian (1 January 2002). "Language and Literature".

12156: 12043: 11337: 10017:(RP), an educated accent associated originally with the 7994:

is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as

6223:

Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and

3698:

Modern English, sometimes described as the first global

3532:

has no official languages at the federal or state level.

2754:

stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.

1673:. While the majority of English vocabulary derives from 926:

GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

25394:

List of countries where English is an official language

21311: 20721: 20059:

Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position

19665:

McCrum, Robert; MacNeil, Robert; Cran, William (2003).

18303:

Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeffrey, eds. (2014).

18283:(Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. Archived from 16764:"Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse" 16536: 16524: 16246: 16136: 16076: 15960: 15958: 15892: 14941: 13918: 13464: 13452: 13160: 13079: 13037: 12922: 12900: 12898: 12896: 12625: 12579: 12460: 12458: 12456: 11540:, English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with 10730:, English was ultimately widely adopted throughout the 9381:. The differences in the pronunciations of the letters 9100:

Since the ninth century, English has been written in a

8954:

Lists of English words by country or language of origin

6486:) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as 6431:

retain morphological case more strongly than any other

6375:

There is complex dialectal variation in words with the

3319:

distinguished countries where English is spoken with a

2358:

in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of

20865:

Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics

20694: 20436:

Rubino, C. (2006). "Philippines: Language Situation".

20121:

Patrick, P.L. (2006a). "Jamaica: Language Situation".

19157:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–178. 16112: 15970: 15705: 15627: 15552: 14139: 14067: 13906: 13870: 13380: 13233: 13197: 13172: 12883: 12881: 12879: 12807: 12795: 12783: 12506: 12279: 12168: 11955: 10219:

which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP.

10187:, various forms of English have been spoken since the 7216:) in the second person (except in the reflexive form: 6478:(i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs 3740:

Many regional international organisations such as the

2958:, and a new standard form of Middle English, known as 26087: 19836:

Mountford, J. (2006). "English Spelling: Rationale".

19067:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. 19061:

König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994).

17376: 16698: 16674: 16650: 16638: 16088: 15856: 15605: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15597: 15444: 15432: 15408: 15366: 15354: 15225: 14926: 14770: 14520: 14508: 14385: 14361: 14355: 14163: 14052: 13846: 13404: 13320: 13308: 13257: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13181: 13064: 12961: 12550: 12417: 11982: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 7967:), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive: 6776:

Possession can be expressed either by the possessive

5361: 5328: 5290: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5214: 5105:, and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects) 4407:(pronunciation variants): the clear or plain , as in 2087:

began in the late 15th century with the start of the

1940:

with any continental Germanic language, differing in

20409:

Rowicka, G.J. (2006). "Canada: Language Situation".

19532: 19111:. In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). 18321: 17066: 16379: 16355: 16343: 16282: 16064: 15955: 15081: 15045: 14746: 14710: 14598: 14277: 14241: 14193: 14016: 14004: 13221: 13125:

Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012

12937: 12893: 12847:

Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education

12643: 12453: 12441: 12348: 12144: 11943: 8744:

refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or

7571:

marks the recipient, or Indirect Object of the verb

5935: 5861: 5766: 5760: 5443: 5435: 5402: 5399: 5372: 5355: 5334: 5322: 5281: 5272: 5269: 5235: 5226: 5223: 3869: 3413:

Those countries have millions of native speakers of

49: 20500:. Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press. 19378:

Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study

19374: 19060: 18661:

African American English: a linguistic introduction

18302: 18275: 18097: 17189:Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". 16897: 16804: 16614: 16560: 16403: 16294: 16234: 15874: 15850: 15699: 15621: 15572:"How many words are there in the English language?" 14253: 14181: 14103: 13368: 13302: 13245: 12955: 12876: 12749: 12747: 12237: 12219: 12183: 11567:Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in 8619:appears as the first constituent despite being the 8427:does not allow the addition of the negating adverb 5440: 5429: 5426: 5393: 5390: 5366: 5352: 5319: 5266: 5211: 37: 25319: 25253:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 20887:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 210–250. 20761: 20724:"Population by first language spoken and province" 20283: 19926:National Records of Scotland (26 September 2013). 19533: 19437:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 19338:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 251–280. 19211:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 324–352. 18658: 18588:English Next India: The future of English in India 18237:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 415–438. 17919:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 17797: 17666:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 177–210. 17020: 16626: 16391: 16331: 16022: 15982: 15594: 15330: 14988: 14734: 13543:"Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)" 13489:Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 13209: 13178: 12656:Johannesson, Nils-Lennart; Cooper, Andrew (2023). 12601:A Practical Introduction to the History of English 11575:). Over 150 million Nigerians speak English. 11297:to the English language occurred in 1762 when the 10687:. In most American and Canadian English dialects, 9544: 7912:), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ( 6261:is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes 4969:⟩ in the table above, such as the vowel of 2827:Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis 2158:pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed 1885:coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the 25194:Collaborative International Dictionary of English 20738:. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. p. 23. 20673: 20384: 20205:English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy 19669:(Third Revised ed.). London: Penguin Books. 19664: 18437:The Cambridge companion to Old English literature 18363:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 18001:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). 17795: 17684:Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation 17425:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 17341:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 84–134. 17216:Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). 16816: 16367: 14219:"Globish – a language of international business?" 14133: 13136: 12916: 12722:The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales 12655: 12494: 12248: 12246: 11937: 10714:, which began with the settlement in present-day 10070:dialects, which include the urban subdialects of 7092:or indefinite. They often agree with the noun in 6316:, but replace them with dental or alveolar stops 5486:Varieties of Standard English and their features 5251:) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable ( 5152:can only occur in syllable-initial position, and 3234: "Very High Proficiency" (score 63.07–70.27) 2571:Fox-as habb-að hol-u and heofon-an fugl-as nest-∅ 26253: 25389:List of countries by English-speaking population 20563:Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World 20316:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 56–83. 18836:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). 18835: 17721: 17377:Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo; McMahon, April (2006). 15534: 15522: 15510: 15498: 15474: 15462: 15294: 15282: 15270: 15255: 15243: 15219: 15204: 15189: 15119: 14920: 14908: 14896: 14884: 14788: 12973: 12744: 12375: 12257:. Boydell and Brewer Limited. pp. 191–214. 11807:. This can happen either because they apply the 11318:use or, at the very least, have been exposed to 9059:English loanwords and calques in other languages 8059: 8046:, etc. The phrasal verb frequently has a highly 7576: 7177: 6990:, with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix 5159: 5059:are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the 3642:English Proficiency Index by country as of 2014 3258: "Very Low Proficiency" (score 40.87–48.19) 3246: "Moderate Proficiency" (score 52.50–57.38) 3152:List of countries by English-speaking population 2962:, developed from the dialects of London and the 2612:"Foxes have holes and the birds of heaven nests" 2197: 20854: 20174: 20076:Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013). 19746: 19007:Kachru, B. (2006). "English: World Englishes". 18972:Journal of English as an International Language 18669: 18348: 18307:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 15685:. Oxford University Press. 2008. Archived from 15075: 14872: 14586: 14502: 14301: 13332: 12573: 12301:How English evolved into a global language 2010 12201: 11751:An example of a Japanese man speaking English ( 8372: 8165:English word order has moved from the Germanic 7026:. Other adjectives have comparatives formed by 6352:after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the 5124:; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in 3591: 3342:English speakers are, in descending order, the 2672:) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with 25309: 21051: 21018: 20999: 20659:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 20004:. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Archived from 19542:. Macmillan Publishers Group Australia. 2015. 19413: 18965:"English Language Imperialism: Points of View" 18868: 18506:New Zealand English: its origins and evolution 18131:Deumert, A. (2006). "Migration and Language". 17556: 17524:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010). 17523: 17488: 17379:"Chapter 17: English phonology and morphology" 17047: 16951: 16927: 16915: 16834: 16692: 16668: 16518: 16276: 16202: 16190: 16178: 16166: 15910: 14987: 14688: 14610: 14538: 14439: 14427: 14415: 14295: 14205: 14157: 14098:International Civil Aviation Organization 2011 14046: 13446: 13398: 13362: 13350: 13290: 13278: 12411: 12330:Upward, Christopher; Davidson, George (2011). 12329: 12243: 12018:"How the English Language Conquered the World" 11619:vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs 10901:Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class 10695:-fulness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or 10002:A map showing the main dialect regions in the 9232:word is pronounced. There are also systematic 5144:, a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in 3182: Co-official and majority native language 3025:originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE 2285:the Roman economy and administration collapsed 2107:to London. This era notably culminated in the 25294: 24797: 22840: 21700: 21409: 21385: 21297: 21180:Wojcik, R.H. (2006). "Controlled Languages". 20921:Trask, Larry; Trask, Robert Lawrence (2010). 20904:The Cambridge History of the English Language 20759: 18839:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 18756:The Cambridge History of the English Language 18688: 18523:Gottlieb, H. (2006). "Linguistic Influence". 18349:Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie (2007). 18179:Donoghue, D. (2008). Donoghue, Daniel (ed.). 18000: 17796:Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (1996). 17640: 17433: 17293:The Cambridge History of the English Language 17001: 16974: 16972: 16058: 16007: 15546: 14860: 14343: 14271: 13864: 13434: 13058: 12399: 12101:The Cambridge History of the English Language 12086: 11876:"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?" 11785:An example of a German man speaking English ( 10726:immigrants, who arrived primarily in eastern 8973: French, including Anglo-Norman (28.30%) 8133:Modern English syntax language is moderately 7759:, and for the strong verbs either the suffix 7099: 6390:, and in Canadian English, they merge to two 5086:), which in RP is realised as (phonemically 3875:The phonetic symbols used below are from the 2653:. The centre of Norsified English was in the 1498: 25582:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 25439:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 24898:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary 22058: 20697:"2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" 19639:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 19602: 18916:International Maritime Organization (2011). 18817:"How English evolved into a global language" 18737:Irish English: History and present-day forms 18181:Old English Literature: A Short Introduction 17922:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 17286: 17165:on 2 January 2011 – via DYLAN project. 17134:International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13888: 12778:Nevalainen & Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2006 12649: 12138: 12071: 11903: 11901: 10925: 9271:used to spell consonant sounds. The letters 8915:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 8724:she was stung by a bee, that girl over there 8720:That girl over there, she was stung by a bee 7525:, the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as 5177:plays an important role in English. Certain 3240: "High Proficiency" (score 58.26–61.86) 3141: 2259:, and originally spoken along the coasts of 1677:, it is considered a member of the Germanic 749:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 24811: 20056: 19899:. Cambridge University Press. p. 477. 18918:"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases" 18689:Halliday, M. A. K.; Hasan, Ruqaiya (1976). 18305:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics 18066: 17750:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) . 17749: 17048:Aitken, A. J.; McArthur, Tom, eds. (1979). 15769:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196. 15063: 14983: 14981: 14962:A student's introduction to English grammar 14478: 14403: 12534:(MA thesis). University of South Carolina. 12523: 12521: 12476: 12044:Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). 9979:An example of a woman with one of the many 8967:Source languages of the English vocabulary 8843: 7014:comparative and superlative forms, such as 6836:) and specifiers such as determiners (e.g. 6459:(fronting of question words beginning with 4980:In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically 3546:English is the official second language of 3285:Three circles of English-speaking countries 3252: "Low Proficiency" (score 48.69–52.39) 3188: Official but minority native language 3075:American Dictionary of the English language 3032: 2930:is today, and the second vowel in the word 2476:than in Modern English. Modern English has 25308: 25301: 25287: 25246:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 24804: 24790: 22847: 22833: 22734:Comparison of American and British English 21707: 21693: 21416: 21402: 21304: 21290: 21209:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 21182:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 21004:(4th ed.). London: Hodder Education. 20975:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20920: 20792:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20592: 20438:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20411:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20360:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20201: 20150:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20123:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19949:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19865:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19838:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19806: 19722:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19683: 19462:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19459: 19309:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19009:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18525:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18251: 18208:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18206:Durrell, M. (2006). "Germanic Languages". 18133:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17830: 17771:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17754:(5th ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. 17680: 17559:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17527:The linguistic structure of modern English 17355: 17312:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17266:"When did southern American English begin" 17191:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17069:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17023:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 16969: 16542: 16530: 16430:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148. 16082: 14835: 14490: 14121: 13786:. Central Intelligence Agency. 29 May 2024 13602:"Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland" 13579:. Québec Official Publisher. 26 March 2024 13386: 13239: 12789: 12512: 11988: 11544:and various African languages such as the 9536:English writing also includes a system of 9441:in Greek-derived words. The single letter 8439:—it can only be added to an auxiliary (or 8160: 8097:is derived in this way from the adjective 7412:himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves 7204:Plural and singular are always identical ( 7160:is used in the sense both of the previous 6348:vary in their pronunciation of historical 5008:are noticeably shorter than the vowels of 4996:or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of 4977:. In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive. 2566:Foxas habbað holu and heofonan fuglas nest 2544:from 1000 shows examples of case endings ( 2077:of England, when a considerable amount of 2057:or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of 1609:co-official language of the United Nations 1505: 1491: 1067: 21108:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 21100:Language Myths and the History of English 21078: 20559: 20526: 20465:"Language Use in the United States: 2011" 20333:Cambridge History of the English Language 20061:(2nd ed.). Canada: Broadview Press. 19863:Mufwene, S.S. (2006). "Language Spread". 19835: 19719: 19558: 19491:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes 19228:Cambridge History of the English Language 19033: 18997: 18842:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18415: 18375: 17727:Roman Britain and the English Settlements 17588:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes 17188: 17153: 17100:Cambridge History of the English Language 16578: 16106: 16046: 16034: 15976: 15638: 15558: 15107: 14728: 14670: 14319: 14034: 13912: 13500: 13263: 12967: 12604:. : Universitat de València. p. 21. 11961: 11898: 11053:man with a cultivated Australian accent ( 9904:An example of a man with one of the many 8652: 7750: 7582: 6641: 2616: 2279:. From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons 2138:is the result of a gradual change from a 2073:began in the late 11th century after the 2069:, starting in the 8th and 9th centuries. 22427: 21511: 20972: 20953: 20621: 20278: 20147: 20120: 20023: 19766: 19635: 19513: 19486: 18522: 18232: 18178: 17912: 17876: 17610: 17583: 17356:Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). 16876: 16761: 16704: 16680: 16656: 16644: 16488:Atlas of North American English (online) 16450:"Do You Speak American: What Lies Ahead" 16264: 16252: 16154: 16142: 16130: 16094: 15949: 15934: 15922: 15886: 15804: 15665: 15653: 15348: 14978: 14831: 14829: 14367: 14086:International Maritime Organization 2011 14061: 13900: 13760: 13733:"Official language of the United States" 13521:"40 Years of the Official Languages Act" 13410: 13227: 13203: 13043: 12904: 12831: 12518: 12447: 12423: 12285: 12150: 12039: 12037: 12003: 11976:The Rise of English as a Global Language 11949: 10538: 10519: 9997: 9824:An example of a man with a contemporary 9653:An example of a man with a contemporary 9238:proposals for spelling reform in English 8339:I saw the letter that you received today 8317:, the main clause is headed by the verb 8116: 7990:is inflected for time and the main verb 7521:identifies the speaker, and the pronoun 3637: 3611: 3300: 3288: 3221: 3202: 3167: 3159: 2874: 2726: 2706: 2207: 1986:with other Germanic languages including 1845: 1712: 1697:and is then most closely related to the 21206: 20760:Svartvik, Jan; Leech, Geoffrey (2006). 20493: 20408: 20357: 20330: 20311: 20234: 19896:Learning Vocabulary in Another Language 19862: 19603:Mazrui, Ali A.; Mazrui, Alamin (1998). 19518:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 359–382. 19288:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19042:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18797:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18707: 18581: 18549: 18453: 18330:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18205: 18130: 18079:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18033: 17982:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17973: 17948: 17849: 17768: 17661: 17385:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 382–410. 16963: 16739:10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004 16385: 16361: 16288: 16070: 15862: 15762: 15730:. Oxford University Press. p. 34. 15723: 14803: 14801: 14799: 14797: 14563:International Phonetic Association 1999 14454:"IPA transcription systems for English" 14380:International Phonetic Association 1999 14331: 14283: 14247: 14145: 14022: 14010: 13924: 13852: 13549:. Department of Justice. Archived from 13470: 13458: 13374: 13251: 12943: 12931: 12887: 12816: 12801: 12765: 12334:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 84. 12313:English language: Historical background 12225: 12189: 12162: 12098: 11674: 11435:An example of a woman with an educated 11147:Since 1788, English has been spoken in 10532:. according to the 2016–2021 five-year 9003: Derived from proper names (3.28%) 8688:there was a girl who was stung by a bee 7509:Pronouns are used to refer to entities 6338:, and reduction of consonant clusters. 5170:Intonation (linguistics) § English 4992:, but not before lenis consonants like 3438: 3215:, according to the 2016–2021 five-year 2864: 2247:). Old English developed from a set of 2236:The earliest form of English is called 1103:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 26254: 25368:English in the Commonwealth of Nations 22854: 21423: 21179: 21019:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2008). 21000:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002). 20827: 20755:from the original on 13 November 2015. 20657:Old English: A Linguistic Introduction 20435: 20027:How English Became the Global Language 19889: 19787: 19333: 19306: 19206: 19006: 18962: 18823:from the original on 25 September 2015 18734: 18473:Gordin, Michael D. (4 February 2015). 18472: 18434: 18403:from the original on 19 September 2018 17818:from the original on 24 September 2015 17466: 17381:. In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.). 17263: 17236: 16939: 16903: 16810: 16717:Gordon, Campbell & Hay et al. 2004 16620: 16566: 16554: 16478: 16460:from the original on 14 September 2007 16409: 16300: 16118: 15711: 15486: 15426: 15136:. American Psychological Association. 14652: 14460:from the original on 19 September 2018 14274:, Chapter 12: English into the Future. 14259: 14109: 14073: 13876: 13326: 13314: 13215: 13073: 13016: 12491:, Chapter 3. Phonology and Morphology. 12464: 12388:Graddol, Leith & Swann et al. 2007 11293:The first significant exposure of the 9590: 9339:represent, respectively, the phonemes 8950:Foreign-language influences in English 8485:is the correct answer to the question 8400:is the complement of the negated verb 8291:or in a prepositional phrase, such as 7068:English determiners are words such as 6257:. The voiceless velar fricative sound 5464:, English is generally described as a 3870:§ Dialects, accents and varieties 3746:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3604:Foreign-language influences in English 3275:largest language by number of speakers 2926:was originally pronounced as the word 2466:nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs 2354:). Through the educational reforms of 2048: 1874:originated from a Germanic tribal and 1540:. The namesake of the language is the 25334: 25282: 24785: 24518: 24132: 22876: 22828: 21688: 21510: 21397: 21384: 21285: 21124: 21097: 20816: 20695:Statistics New Zealand (April 2014). 20654: 20269: 20078:"Language in England and Wales, 2011" 19947:Neijt, A. (2006). "Spelling Reform". 19946: 19750:. Merriam Webster. 26 February 2015. 19352: 19187: 19149: 19106: 18985:from the original on 11 December 2023 18899:from the original on 20 December 2014 18856:from the original on 12 February 2015 18656: 18644:from the original on 24 February 2015 18562:. The British Council. Archived from 18355:: reduced vowels in American English" 18263:from the original on 26 December 2018 18157: 17511:from the original on 21 December 2012 17434:Blench, R.; Spriggs, Matthew (1999). 17336: 17169: 17124: 17093: 16728: 16632: 16424:; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006). 16397: 16349: 16337: 16240: 15988: 15898: 15832:from the original on 25 November 2020 15609: 15450: 15438: 15414: 15396:from the original on 16 November 2019 15372: 15360: 15336: 15231: 15140:from the original on 14 February 2020 15087: 15051: 14935: 14836:Baugh, Albert; Cable, Thomas (2012). 14826: 14776: 14764: 14740: 14716: 14550: 14526: 14514: 14451: 14391: 14229:from the original on 18 February 2020 14169: 13422: 13025:from the original on 25 November 2016 12850:. Multilingual Matters. p. 311. 12843: 12538:from the original on 16 December 2022 12500: 12354: 12255:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World 12252: 12213: 12177: 12034: 11338:Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 11234:An example of a male teenager with a 10560:pronunciations found primarily among 10120:is pronounced with a glottal stop as 8639:. The personal interrogative pronoun 8637:To whose house did you go last night? 7969:It is important that he run every day 7230:African-American (Vernacular) English 6925:English adjectives are words such as 6811:The child of the husband of the woman 5480: 5166:Stress and vowel reduction in English 3647: Very high proficiency (80–100%) 1580:; it is also the most widely learned 1479:Teaching English as a second language 26140: 25260:Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's 24907:A Dictionary of the English Language 22804:Non-native pronunciations of English 20901: 20882: 20789: 20674:Statistics Canada (22 August 2014). 20462: 20396:from the original on 24 October 2015 20202:Phillipson, Robert (28 April 2004). 20108:from the original on 9 February 2015 19648:10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001 19577: 19279: 19261: 19252: 19225: 18788: 18753: 18456:Introduction to Early Modern English 17391:10.1111/b.9781405113823.2006.00018.x 17272:. John Benjamins. pp. 255–275. 16822: 16373: 16222:from the original on 11 January 2010 15964: 15318:from the original on 7 December 2019 15158: 15033:from the original on 21 October 2020 15009:participating institution membership 14947: 14794: 14752: 14704: 14700: 13816:from the original on 31 October 2022 13678: 13482: 13149:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013 13088: 12985: 12979: 12864:from the original on 6 November 2023 12753: 12728:from the original on 3 December 2019 12697:from the original on 2 February 2017 12682: 12631: 12585: 12561: 12488: 12435: 12015: 11681:Non-native pronunciations of English 9605:English language in Northern England 9341:/b,d,f,h,dʒ,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,v,w,j,z/ 8509:. For example, putting the sentence 8145:as resources for conveying meaning. 8137:. It has developed features such as 8002:, which is in a preterite form, and 7621:, the third person singular form is 3671: Very low proficiency (0.1–20%) 3627: English is an optional subject 3621: English is a mandatory subject 3065:A Dictionary of the English Language 2362:, the West Saxon dialect became the 23409:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 21081:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 20958:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. 19561:The Handbook of English Linguistics 19516:The Handbook of English Linguistics 18877:(3rd ed.). Arnold Publishers. 17383:The Handbook of English Linguistics 17309: 17218:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" 17004:The Handbook of English Linguistics 16762:Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004). 16427:The Atlas of North American English 15131: 13338: 13191: 13101:Office for National Statistics 2013 12993:"EF English Proficiency Index 2019" 12715: 12527: 11979:. Oxford University Press, pp. 6-7. 11473:An example of a woman and man with 11322:, a form of code-switching between 11161:English of neighbouring New Zealand 10907:African-American Vernacular English 10779:varieties, except for those of the 10771:African-American Vernacular English 10722:was the predominant language among 10558:African-American Vernacular English 10553:The Atlas of North American English 10241:African-American Vernacular English 8910:international scientific vocabulary 8908:attributed many such words to the " 8548:in English are mostly formed using 6242:that contrasts with the voiced in 5205:is stressed on the first syllable ( 5043:in unstressed positions, such that 3889:English phonology § Consonants 3659: Moderate proficiency (40–60%) 2226:script between 975 AD and 1025 AD: 13: 25318: 25134:Dictionary of Newfoundland English 24768:Languages between parentheses are 24133: 21063:from the original on 17 March 2023 21039:from the original on 17 March 2023 20941:from the original on 17 March 2023 20868:. University of California Press. 20642:from the original on 17 March 2023 20580:from the original on 17 March 2023 20547:from the original on 17 March 2023 20514:from the original on 17 March 2023 20257:from the original on 17 March 2023 20222:from the original on 17 March 2023 20044:from the original on 17 March 2023 19913:from the original on 17 March 2023 19754:from the original on 25 March 2015 19707:from the original on 17 March 2023 19623:from the original on 17 March 2023 19434: 19428:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x 19307:Lawler, J. (2006). "Punctuation". 18938:International Phonetic Association 18672:An introduction to English grammar 18670:Greenbaum, S.; Nelson, G. (2002). 18418:English Phonology: An Introduction 18257:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 18118:from the original on 17 March 2023 18054:from the original on 17 March 2023 18021:from the original on 17 March 2023 17961:from the original on 17 April 2008 17936:from the original on 17 March 2023 17900:from the original on 17 March 2023 17752:The Phonetics of English and Dutch 17709:from the original on 17 March 2023 17454:from the original on 17 March 2023 16891:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00652.x 16602:from the original on 17 March 2023 15783:from the original on 20 March 2024 15744:from the original on 17 March 2023 14452:Wells, John C. (8 February 2001). 14307: 13948:from the original on 22 April 2016 13017:Breene, Keith (15 November 2019). 12030:from the original on 1 March 2022. 10734:that ultimately launched both the 9981:accents of the Republic of Ireland 8684:it was the girl that the bee stung 8345:specifies the meaning of the word 6986:Some adjectives are inflected for 6941:that most typically modify nouns, 6312:do not have the dental fricatives 4982:shortened before fortis consonants 3721:as a language of diplomacy at the 2492:) and has a few verb inflections ( 2014:, and the sound changes affecting 14: 26313: 25335: 25100:Webster's Third New International 21235: 20764:English – One Tongue, Many Voices 20682:from the original on 26 July 2018 20472:American Community Survey Reports 20088:from the original on 2 April 2015 19976:A History of the English language 19934:from the original on 2 April 2015 19790:An Introduction to English Syntax 19546:from the original on 21 July 2019 19401:from the original on 2 April 2015 19284:A History of the English language 19137:from the original on 2 April 2015 19089:from the original on 2 April 2015 19038:A History of the English language 18793:A History of the English language 18326:A History of the English language 18276:European Commission (June 2012). 18160:Australian Journal of Linguistics 18075:A History of the English language 17978:A History of the English Language 17833:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 17359:A History of the English Language 16800:from the original on 15 May 2022. 15851:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 15700:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 15171:from the original on 19 June 2019 15159:Kamm, Oliver (12 December 2015). 14838:A history of the English language 14630:. British Council. Archived from 14356:Bermúdez-Otero & McMahon 2006 13975:. Oxford University Press. 2005. 13113:National Records of Scotland 2013 12125:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 11886:from the original on 18 June 2023 11278:Examples of a man and woman with 11184: 9236:. These situations have prompted 8696:there are many cars on the street 8469:Negation is done with the adverb 7010:. Some adjectives have irregular 5156:only in syllable-final position. 4957:In RP, vowel length is phonemic; 4929: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4874: 4858: 4851: 4836: 4820: 4814: 4798: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4744: 4737: 4721: 4705: 4698: 4635: 4266: 4240: 4231: 4221: 4188: 4178: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4095: 4088: 4059: 4051: 4044: 4031: 4024: 4013: 4006: 3989: 3976: 3963: 3750:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 3346:(at least 231 million), the 2692: 2520:endings. Its closest relative is 2430:, and the modified Latin letters 1708: 1570:third-most spoken native language 26234: 26217: 26200: 26183: 26166: 26149: 26121: 26109: 26097: 25562:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21025:(5th ed.). London: Arnold. 20177:The Cambridge Grammar of English 19192:. University of Virginia Press. 17146:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x 16870: 16840: 16755: 16722: 16572: 16472: 16442: 16433: 16415: 16306: 16208: 15810: 15756: 15717: 15671: 15564: 15378: 15300: 15152: 15132:Lee, Chelsea (31 October 2019). 15125: 15015: 14953: 14646: 14616: 14575:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 14445: 14211: 14194:Alcaraz Ariza & Navarro 2006 13960: 13930: 13828: 13802: 13772: 13754: 13725: 13699: 13672: 13644: 13623: 13594: 13573:"Charter of the French language" 13565: 13535: 13513: 13476: 12644:Fischer & van der Wurff 2006 12438:, Chapter: Old English Dialects. 11918: 11859:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 11773: 11741: 11721:Problems playing this file? See 11698: 11499: 11461: 11424: 11404:Problems playing this file? See 11381: 11266: 11246:Problems playing this file? See 11224: 11115: 11077: 11037: 10995: 10975:Problems playing this file? See 10953: 10807: 10793: 10571: 10486: 10437: 10399: 10359: 10317: 10297:Problems playing this file? See 10266: 10222: 10199:, two extinct dialects known as 9967: 9930: 9893: 9850: 9812: 9770: 9727: 9689: 9669:Problems playing this file? See 9642: 9449:in word-initial position and as 9051:English has formal and informal 8997: No etymology given (4.03%) 8447:is used, to produce a form like 8329:. The subordinating conjunction 8301: 8009: 7004:the boy is smaller than the girl 5931: 5857: 5756: 5639: 5595: 5422: 5386: 5348: 5315: 5253: 5207: 3816:international auxiliary language 3702:, is also regarded as the first 2400:. It included the runic letters 2162:. Modern English relies more on 2113:the works of William Shakespeare 1977:Middle English creole hypothesis 1671:the source for an additional 28% 1663:28% of Modern English vocabulary 1657:borrowed words extensively from 512:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 33: 25358:History of the English language 20973:Trudgill, P. (2006). "Accent". 20272:English Phonetics and Phonology 20102:"Oxford Learner's Dictionaries" 19609:. University of Chicago Press. 17951:"Subcontinent Raises Its Voice" 17544:from the original on 1 May 2015 17492:; Toller, T. Northcote (1921). 17440:. Routledge. pp. 285–286. 17268:. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). 16994: 16315:The Handbook of World Englishes 16216:"Estuary English Q and A – JCW" 15875:Fasold & Connor-Linton 2014 15826:Université Paris Dauphine - PSL 13652:"Recognition for sign language" 13127:, Table KS207NI: Main Language. 13010: 12917:McCrum, MacNeil & Cran 2003 12837: 12709: 12676: 12591: 12360: 12332:The History of English Spelling 12323: 12306: 12238:König & van der Auwera 1994 12127:(Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973) 12092: 12009: 9545:Dialects, accents and varieties 8943: 8888:Formation of new words, called 8611:. For example, in the question 8105:, which has the adverbial form 7536: 7152:corresponds to the Old English 6498:) and in the inflection of the 5093: 4497:English phonology § Vowels 4399:In RP, the lateral approximant 3877:International Phonetic Alphabet 3742:European Free Trade Association 3735:International Olympic Committee 3653: High proficiency (60–80%) 24962:Dictionary of American English 24882:The New World of English Words 24772:of the language on their left. 22754:English-based creole languages 21217:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 21190:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 20983:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 20927:. Cambridge University Press. 20800:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6 20566:. Cambridge University Press. 20446:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3 20419:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 20368:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 20158:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 20131:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 19978:. Cambridge University Press. 19957:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 19873:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 19846:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 19792:. Edinburgh University Press. 19730:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 19582:. Cambridge University Press. 19470:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 19384:. Cambridge University Press. 19360:. Edinburgh University Press. 19317:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 19266:, Cambridge University Press, 19017:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 18819:. BBC News. 20 December 2010. 18739:. Cambridge University Press. 18533:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 18458:. Cambridge University Press. 18216:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1 18141:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3 17779:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2 17567:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1 17320:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7 17199:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 17077:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8 17031:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 16481:"Rural White Southern Accents" 16023:Abercrombie & Daniels 2006 15308:"Finite and Nonfinite Clauses" 13812:. The University of Winnipeg. 13765:. Lexington Books. p. 8. 13547:Act current to July 11th, 2010 13523:. Department of Justice Canada 12724:. Louisiana State University. 11967: 11868: 10876:historical non-rhotic prestige 10839:. It was mostly influenced by 10710:. Its roots trace back to the 9563:Dialectologists identify many 9081: 8175:he had hoped to try to open it 8070:are syntactically equivalent. 8056:terminate someone's employment 7986:where only the auxiliary verb 7178:Huddleston & Pullum (2002) 7057: 4333:. Lenis consonants are partly 4294:** Conventionally transcribed 3665: Low proficiency (20–40%) 3539:, English and French share an 3176: Majority native language 3037:By the late 18th century, the 2879:Graphic representation of the 2703:Influence of French on English 2470:inflectional endings and forms 2170:for the expression of complex 2160:subject–verb–object word order 1661:, which make up approximately 644:British Indian Ocean Territory 1: 26297:Subject–verb–object languages 24663:Germanic substrate hypothesis 24519: 22794:List of English-based pidgins 20823:. Cambridge University Press. 20463:Ryan, Camille (August 2013). 20341:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 20290:. Stanford University Press. 19781:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 19358:A glossary of English grammar 19236:10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003 18665:. Cambridge University Press. 17655:10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018 17393:(inactive 2 September 2024). 17291:. In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.). 17287:Bammesberger, Alfred (1992). 17108:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003 17098:. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). 16771:Asia Pacific Education Review 15386:"Cases of Nouns and Pronouns" 14456:. University College London. 13761:Faingold, Eduardo D. (2018). 12109:10.1017/chol9780521264754.006 12016:Chua, Amy (18 January 2022). 11845: 11089:An example of a woman with a 10757:, the English of the coastal 9655:Received Pronunciation accent 9514:), or the historically based 8787: 8694:) or in existential clauses ( 8664:the girl was stung by the bee 8394:the dog did not find its bone 8089:. For example, in the phrase 8060:Huddleston & Pullum (2002 7633:and its gerund-participle is 7577:Huddleston & Pullum (2002 7034:marking the comparative, and 6994:marking the comparative, and 6914: 6860:, where the enclitic follows 6858:The President of India's wife 6398:in which these sounds occur. 6360:, meaning that it pronounces 6286:" lack the glottal fricative 5160:Stress, rhythm and intonation 3882: 3608:Study of global communication 2763: 2556:singular) and a verb ending ( 2291:, replacing the languages of 2241: 2198:Proto-Germanic to Old English 1526:Indo-European language family 961:Organization of Turkic States 25606:United States Virgin Islands 25232:Cambridge Advanced Learner's 24693:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 23384:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 22789:Linguistic purism in English 21261:Resources in other libraries 20732:Census 2011: Census in Brief 20702:. p. 23. Archived from 19163:10.1007/978-1-349-25582-5_14 18875:English Accents and Dialects 18674:(Second ed.). Longman. 18416:Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). 17883:English as a Global Language 17006:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 16588:. Basic Books. p. 162. 16494:, p. 16, archived from 15535:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15523:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15511:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15499:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15475:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15463:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15390:Guide to Grammar and Writing 15295:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15283:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15271:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15256:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15244:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15220:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15205:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15190:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15120:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14921:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14909:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14897:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14885:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14789:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 13161:Statistics South Africa 2012 12376:Collingwood & Myres 1936 11825:Linguistic purism in English 10195:and in the area surrounding 9861:An example of a man with a ( 9782:An example of a man with a ( 8960:Linguistic purism in English 8532: 8463:; grammatical rules require 8373:Auxiliary verb constructions 8315:I think (that) you are lying 8169:to being almost exclusively 7837:. Many varieties also use a 6711:Irregular plural formation: 6372:like RP or keep it like GA. 5136:and a voiceless stop, as in 3825: 3708:controlled natural languages 3592:English as a global language 3373:Estimates of the numbers of 3358:(at least 17 million), 3264: Not included in report 3227:EF English Proficiency Index 2263:, Lower Saxony and southern 2067:Viking invaders and settlers 1769:North Sea Germanic languages 774:United States Virgin Islands 7: 24673:High German consonant shift 21890:London & Thames Estuary 21102:. Oxford University Press. 20885:English as a World Language 20722:Lehohla, Pali, ed. (2012). 20622:Shaywitz, Sally E. (2003). 20527:Schiffrin, Deborah (1988). 20474:. p. 1. Archived from 20314:English as a World Language 19642:. Oxford University Press. 19636:McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992). 19336:English as a World Language 19209:English as a World Language 18235:English as a World Language 18104:. Oxford University Press. 18101:English Vocabulary Elements 18034:Dehaene, Stanislas (2009). 18007:. Oxford University Press. 18004:The World's Writing Systems 17835:(8th ed.). Routledge. 17804:. de Gruyter. p. 261. 17681:Cercignani, Fausto (1981). 17664:English as a World Language 17339:English as a World Language 16854:. Microsoft. Archived from 16317:. Wiley. 2020. p. 45. 15727:English Vocabulary Elements 15076:Greenbaum & Nelson 2002 14873:Payne & Huddleston 2002 14861:Aarts & Haegeman (2006) 14840:(6th ed.). Routledge. 14503:Flemming & Johnson 2007 13173:Statistics New Zealand 2014 12574:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 12202:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 11818: 11801:Non-native English speakers 11667:is pronounced as an Indian 11392:An example of a man with a 11126:An example of a man with a 10963:An example of a man with a 10835:(or Maritimer English) and 10767:Eastern New England English 10460:) and the interviewee from 10448:An example of two men with 10411:An example of a man with a 10371:An example of a man with a 9941:An example of a man with a 9701:An example of a man with a 9597:English language in England 9559:Regional accents of English 9551:List of dialects of English 9445:is generally pronounced as 8738:that is exactly what I mean 8666:. Another way is through a 8623:of the sentence. (When the 8550:subject–auxiliary inversion 8406:Subject–auxiliary inversion 8387:Subject–auxiliary inversion 8167:verb-second (V2) word order 7641:English inflectional forms 6805:The woman's husband's child 6306:African-American Vernacular 6214:Northern Cities Vowel Shift 6204:English has undergone many 4358: 3550:, while Irish is the first. 2954:began using English in its 2934:was pronounced as the word 2251:dialects, often grouped as 2218:, an Old English epic poem 2095:trend of borrowing further 1462:List of dialects of English 10: 26318: 25323:English speaking countries 25127:Dictionary of Canadianisms 24874:The English Schoole-Master 23211:Westlauwers–Terschellings 22864:According to contemporary 22749:English as a lingua franca 21098:Watts, Richard J. (2011). 21079:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2010). 20838:10.1515/9783110208405.1.87 20274:(4th ed.). Cambridge. 19930:. Scotland's Census 2011. 18946:Cambridge University Press 18253:"Summary by language size" 17270:Englishes around the world 16952:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16928:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16916:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16835:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16693:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16669:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16519:Levine & Crockett 1966 16277:Aitken & McArthur 1979 16203:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16191:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16179:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16167:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 15134:"Welcome, singular "they"" 14689:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 14611:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14539:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14440:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14428:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 14416:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13502:10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 13447:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13399:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13363:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13351:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13291:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13279:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 12718:"Chaucer's Middle English" 12412:Bosworth & Toller 1921 11813:first language acquisition 11678: 11341: 11188: 10929: 10759:Northeastern United States 10740:American Revolutionary War 10333:woman with a contemporary 10226: 10134:, or the pronunciation of 10023:Survey of English Dialects 9594: 9548: 9085: 9062: 8957: 8947: 8776:expressing disbelief), or 8376: 8305: 8077: 8073: 8068:he ran up in the mountains 7586: 7540: 7300:English personal pronouns 7103: 7100:Pronouns, case, and person 7061: 7028:periphrastic constructions 6918: 6879:marks a definite noun and 6848:, or prepositions such as 6799:Possessive constructions: 6686:Regular plural formation: 6645: 6405: 6401: 6320:or labiodental fricatives 5943:can always be pronounced 5163: 4494: 3886: 3829: 3601: 3598:English as a lingua franca 3595: 3145: 2868: 2696: 2393:was adopted, written with 2346:) and the Saxon dialects ( 2289:became dominant in Britain 2201: 2041: 2037: 1168:English as a lingua franca 26057: 25945: 25915: 25861: 25843: 25722: 25709: 25700: 25659: 25615: 25448: 25428: 25415: 25406: 25402: 25381: 25345: 25341: 25330: 25316: 25267:Oxford Advanced Learner's 25217: 25184: 25150: 25109: 25047: 24971: 24857: 24848:Middle English Dictionary 24841:Dictionary of Old English 24834:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 24819: 24755: 24706: 24630: 24599: 24531: 24527: 24514: 24463: 24436: 24390:Southern Schleswig Danish 24321: 24202: 24158: 24149: 24145: 24128: 23969: 23912: 23800: 23791: 23696: 23668: 23627: 23618: 23593: 23575: 23486: 23458: 23432: 23423: 23374: 23287: 23262: 23253: 23192: 23087: 23036: 23011: 23002: 22898: 22889: 22885: 22872: 22862: 22729:Broad and general accents 22711: 22664: 22639:regional and occupational 22619: 22606: 22599: 22511: 22472: 22420: 22398: 22338: 22270: 22135: 22124: 22069: 22051: 22024: 21996: 21959: 21936: 21875: 21837: 21760: 21751: 21740: 21731: 21589: 21523: 21519: 21506: 21431: 21391: 21386:Links to related articles 21335:Stress and reduced vowels 21320: 21256:Resources in your library 20655:Smith, Jeremy J. (2009). 20607:10.1215/00031283-76-3-259 20560:Schneider, Edgar (2007). 20494:Sailaja, Pingali (2009). 20185:10.1017/9781316423530.006 20057:O'Dwyer, Bernard (2006). 19928:"Census 2011: Release 2A" 19588:10.1017/S1360674307002420 19000:The Philosophy of Grammar 18893:"Personnel Licensing FAQ" 18764:10.1017/CHOL9780521264747 18693:. Pearson Education ltd. 18454:Görlach, Manfred (1991). 18386:10.1017/S0025100306002817 18172:10.1080/07268608208599280 17831:Cruttenden, Alan (2014). 17723:Collingwood, Robin George 17499:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 17362:(5th ed.). Longman. 16059:Daniels & Bright 1996 16008:Daniels & Bright 1996 15547:Halliday & Hasan 1976 14996:Oxford English Dictionary 14703:, pp. 90, 118, 610; 14599:Macquarie Dictionary 2015 14344:Carr & Honeybone 2007 14272:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13865:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13693:10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 13631:"Maori Language Act 1987" 13435:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13059:Svartvik & Leech 2006 12528:Gay, Eric Martin (2014). 12400:Blench & Spriggs 1999 12263:10.1017/9781846150463.011 12087:Svartvik & Leech 2006 11973:Salome, Rosemary (2022). 11560:without aspiration (e.g. 10965:general Australian accent 10926:Australia and New Zealand 10872:Southern American English 10829:Standard Canadian English 10825:Atlantic Canadian English 10755:Southern American English 10570: 10534:American Community Survey 10249:Atlantic Canadian English 10237:Southern American English 9742:man with a working-class 8798:Oxford English Dictionary 8513:into the passive becomes 8112: 8064:he woke up in the morning 7998:, where the main verb is 7939:and the past tense forms 7884: 7874: 7864: 7859: 7857: 7812: 7797: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7733: 7718: 7703: 7688: 7671: 7656: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7477: 7447: 7417: 7384: 7354: 7324: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7251:In the third person, the 7226:Southern American English 7038:marking the superlative: 6998:marking the superlative: 6945:characteristics of their 6417:morphosyntactic alignment 6151: 6146: 6141: 6129: 6110: 6105: 6081: 6057: 6048: 4928: 4889: 4873: 4813: 4797: 4782: 4759: 4720: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4523: 4490: 4289:can only occur as a coda. 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4246: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4198: 4174: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4041: 4021: 4019: 4000: 3996: 3984: 3982: 3971: 3969: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3563:New Zealand Sign Language 3477: South Africa (1.3%) 3217:American Community Survey 3142:Geographical distribution 3021:) and word replacements ( 2830:. Here the plural suffix 1528:, whose speakers, called 1089: 1066: 1052: 1036: 1020: 1002: 984: 979: 612:31 non-sovereign entities 307:Official language in 305: 300: 281: 239: 197: 137: 101: 66: 28: 23: 26003:Northern Mariana Islands 25594:Turks and Caicos Islands 25239:Collins COBUILD Advanced 24890:A New English Dictionary 24668:West Germanic gemination 24622:Ancient Belgian language 24617:Germanic parent language 24561:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 23683:Austrian Standard German 22877: 21548:Changes before historic 21540:Changes before historic 21142:10.1017/CBO9780511611766 21138:10.1017/CBO9780511611759 20954:Trudgill, Peter (1999). 20924:Why Do Languages Change? 20024:Northrup, David (2013). 19578:Mair, Christian (2006). 19264:Language in South Africa 19155:Sociolinguistic patterns 19107:König, Ekkehard (1994). 18963:Jambor, Paul Z. (2007). 18718:10.1017/CBO9780511755071 17860:10.1017/CBO9781139106856 16479:Thomas, Erik R. (2003), 15763:Solodow, Joseph (2010). 14182:European Commission 2012 13889:Mazrui & Mazrui 1998 13303:European Commission 2012 13021:. World Economic Forum. 11638:As a historical legacy, 11441:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 10886:vowel (e.g. pronouncing 10827:, notably distinct from 10744:Kingdom of Great Britain 10685:Western American English 10677:General American English 10661:African American English 10503:Standard Canadian accent 10335:Southern American accent 10233:General American English 10191:of the 11th century. In 10046:), Midlands English and 9223:The spelling system, or 8894:Greek and/or Latin roots 8844:Word-formation processes 8121:In the English sentence 8091:the woman walked quickly 7008:that boy is the smallest 6474:stems inflected through 6427:constructions. Only the 6206:historical sound changes 6015:Dialects and low vowels 5869:-dropping after vowels) 5024:is shorter than that of 3511:standard written English 3366:(4.2 million), and 3310:Three Circles of English 3033:Spread of Modern English 2980:translation of the Bible 2922:. For example, the word 2748:and garryng grisbytting. 2721:second-oldest university 2389:. By the 6th century, a 2364:standard written variety 2333:Brittonicisms in English 1631:branch, and as of 2021, 946:ASEAN Economic Community 769:Turks and Caicos Islands 729:Northern Mariana Islands 25879:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 24813:Dictionaries of English 21451:Anglo-Frisian languages 21052:United Nations (2010). 20956:The Dialects of England 20748:. Report No. 03‑01‑41. 20386:"The Routes of English" 18708:Harbert, Wayne (2006). 18657:Green, Lisa J. (2002). 18594:. The British Council. 17949:Crystal, David (2004). 17850:Crystal, David (2000). 17624:Oxford University Press 15724:Denning, Keith (2007). 15351:, pp. 64, 610–611. 15001:Oxford University Press 14479:Collins & Mees 2003 14404:Collins & Mees 2003 12477:Denison & Hogg 2006 12318:Encyclopædia Britannica 11863:English – Pronunciation 11663:found in words such as 11299:British occupied Manila 11191:Southeast Asian English 11013:broad Australian accent 10911:older Southern dialects 10564:regardless of location. 10452:, the interviewer from 10283:General American accent 10058:dialect (spoken around 8912:" (ISV) when compiling 8383:English auxiliary verbs 8343:that you received today 8161:Basic constituent order 7916:) and present perfect ( 7531:I already told you that 3850:standard pronunciations 3715:international languages 2832: 2826: 2746: 2733:University of Cambridge 2680: 2674: 2565: 2454: 2439: 2424: 2409: 2323: 2317: 2228: 2148:inflectional morphology 1903:Anglo-Frisian languages 1786:West Germanic languages 1740:Anglo-Frisian languages 1651:North Germanic language 1562:Commonwealth of Nations 1122:Part of a series on the 861:Commonwealth of Nations 664:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 273:Unified English Braille 26302:Cultural globalization 26292:Stress-timed languages 25493:British Virgin Islands 25353:English-speaking world 25324: 25310:English-speaking world 25086:Random House Webster's 24729:Preterite-present verb 24612:Proto-Germanic grammar 24566:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 23678:German Standard German 23354:East Frisian Low Saxon 21907:Received Pronunciation 20817:Sweet, Henry (2014) . 20768:. Palgrave Macmillan. 20235:Richter, Ingo (2012). 20030:. Palgrave Macmillan. 19693:. Simon and Schuster. 19535:"Macquarie Dictionary" 19495:. Routledge. pp. 19113:The Germanic Languages 19064:The Germanic Languages 18710:The Germanic Languages 17592:. Routledge. pp. 17125:Ammon, Ulrich (2006). 17096:"Chapter 2:Vocabulary" 14134:ConradRubal-Lopez 1996 13657:Television New Zealand 13387:Baugh & Cable 2002 13240:Lim & Ansaldo 2006 13137:Statistics Canada 2014 12513:Trask & Trask 2010 11830:English-speaking world 10656:North American English 10565: 10548:North American English 10536: 10015:Received Pronunciation 10010: 9744:Estuary English accent 9577:North American English 9486:). As a result, some " 9359:, but there is also a 8807:scientific terminology 8772:(the idiomatic marker 8706:the girl was stung by 8653:Discourse level syntax 8341:, the relative clause 8130: 8123:The cat sat on the mat 8006:is in the infinitive. 7751:Tense, aspect and mood 7583:Verbs and verb phrases 7317:Independent possessive 6642:Nouns and noun phrases 6346:Received Pronunciation 3862:Received Pronunciation 3800:linguistic imperialism 3713:and Airspeak, used as 3679: 3635: 3489: New Zealand (1%) 3471: Australia (4.7%) 3312: 3298: 3266: 3219: 3200: 3165: 3156:English-speaking world 2884: 2756: 2740: 2724: 2617:Influence of Old Norse 2526:mutual intelligibility 2233: 1860:Indo-European language 1855: 1843: 1689:. English exists on a 1534:early medieval England 1522:West Germanic language 1410:San Andrés–Providencia 1142:English-speaking world 1091:This article contains 649:British Virgin Islands 292:Manually coded English 72:English-speaking world 16:West Germanic language 25931:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 25552:Saint Kitts and Nevis 25322: 24955:World Book Dictionary 24734:Grammatischer Wechsel 23717:Namibian Black German 23688:Swiss Standard German 23657:Early New High German 23215:Mainland West Frisian 23076:Harlingerland Frisian 22101:Multicultural Toronto 21483:Anglo-Norman language 20820:A new English grammar 20270:Roach, Peter (2009). 19821:10.1353/scu.1993.0006 19445:10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 18189:10.1002/9780470776025 17050:Languages of Scotland 14812:. Cambridge Univ Pr. 14810:English Grammar Today 14767:, pp. xviii–xix. 14653:Lunden, Anya (2017). 13483:Ward, Rowena (2019). 13425:, pp. 1537–1539. 12968:Mair & Leech 2006 12844:Baker, Colin (1998). 11938:The Routes of English 11835:English-only movement 11805:English pronunciation 11713:man speaking English. 11554:South African English 11344:South African English 11166:South African English 10763:New York City English 10542: 10523: 10019:South East of England 10001: 9943:Northern Irish accent 8633:Prepositional phrases 8560:), which may require 8308:English clause syntax 8120: 7841:constructed with the 7277:In the singular, the 5197:Stress in English is 5192:weak and strong forms 4468:voiceless sonorants: 3641: 3615: 3503:pluricentric language 3304: 3292: 3225: 3206: 3171: 3163: 2878: 2794:Anglo-Norman language 2779:William the Conqueror 2743: 2730: 2710: 2472:, and word order was 2211: 2184:passive constructions 2018:consonants, known as 1975:—a theory called the 1938:mutually intelligible 1850:A family tree of the 1849: 1789:, which also include 1772:, which also include 1743:, which also include 1716: 1544:, one of the ancient 1240:Antiguan and Barbudan 845:Various organisations 619:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 502:Saint Kitts and Nevis 24915:Webster's Dictionary 24739:Indo-European ablaut 24719:Germanic strong verb 24688:Germanic spirant law 23825:Southeast Limburgish 23321:Gelders-Overijssels 22950:Irish Middle English 22940:Early Modern English 22262:Western Pennsylvania 21513:Phonological history 21493:Early Modern English 21370:Phonological history 21211:. pp. 333–341. 21184:. pp. 139–142. 20830:Varieties of English 20794:. pp. 149–156. 20440:. pp. 323–326. 20413:. pp. 194–195. 20362:. pp. 584–596. 20152:. pp. 159–163. 20082:2011 Census Analysis 19867:. pp. 613–616. 19840:. pp. 156–159. 19788:Miller, Jim (2002). 19724:. pp. 163–171. 19667:The Story of English 19464:. pp. 387–389. 19416:Sociological Inquiry 19311:. pp. 290–291. 19011:. pp. 195–202. 18527:. pp. 196–206. 18135:. pp. 129–133. 17773:. pp. 635–637. 17561:. pp. 690–697. 17314:. pp. 377–380. 17193:. pp. 610–613. 17094:Algeo, John (1999). 17071:. pp. 752–759. 15312:MyEnglishGrammar.com 14659:Laboratory Phonology 14587:Merriam Webster 2015 13836:"World Factbook CIA" 12103:. pp. 409–499. 11675:Non-native varieties 11394:South African accent 10837:Newfoundland English 10821:voiceless consonants 10712:British colonial era 10673:Newfoundland English 10373:New York City accent 10044:West Country English 9454:of Germanic origin. 8770:no way is that true! 8554:Am I going tomorrow? 8435:lexical verb, as in 8327:(that) you are lying 7543:English prepositions 7314:Dependent possessive 7255:series of pronouns ( 6988:degree of comparison 6290:, and dialects with 4597:Centring diphthongs 4479:syllabic sonorants: 3812:constructed language 3723:Treaty of Versailles 3483: Ireland (1.1%) 3439:Pluricentric English 3419:English-based creole 3362:(4.8 million), 3315:The Indian linguist 3120:had been being built 3048:indigenous languages 2871:Early Modern English 2865:Early Modern English 2848:The Canterbury Tales 2713:University of Oxford 2085:Early Modern English 2010:classes, the use of 1876:linguistic continuum 1554:most spoken language 1147:As a second language 836:United Arab Emirates 225:Early Modern English 25588:Trinidad and Tobago 25465:Antigua and Barbuda 25161:Australian National 25093:Webster's New World 25079:New Oxford American 24939:Imperial Dictionary 24866:Catholicon Anglicum 24707:Synchronic features 24678:Germanic a-mutation 24631:Diachronic features 23981:in the broad sense 23914:East Central German 23868:Lorraine Franconian 23842:Transylvanian Saxon 23802:West Central German 23577:East Low Franconian 23487:West Low Franconian 22799:Mid-Atlantic accent 22390:Trinidad and Tobago 21446:Proto-West-Germanic 21436:Proto-Indo-European 21312:Description of the 20011:on 24 December 2012 20002:Statistics Bulletin 18735:Hickey, R. (2007). 18691:Cohesion in English 18611:on 12 February 2015 18569:on 12 February 2015 17687:. Clarendon Press. 17616:Old English Grammar 17264:Bailey, G. (1997). 16858:on 9 September 2010 16501:on 22 December 2014 16049:, pp. 157–158. 15911:Brutt-Griffler 2006 15889:, pp. 124–127. 15668:, pp. 120–121. 15582:on 9 September 2017 15576:Oxford Dictionaries 15513:, pp. 1365–70. 15477:, pp. 786–790. 15258:, pp. 208–210. 15110:, pp. 173–185. 14999:(Online ed.). 14707:, pp. 80, 656. 14601:, Entry "contract". 14589:, Entry "contract". 14577:, Entry "contract". 14553:, pp. 537–538. 14334:, pp. 334–335. 14296:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14206:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14158:United Nations 2010 14047:Brutt-Griffler 2006 13992:on 11 December 2015 12634:, pp. 103–123. 12588:, pp. 360–361. 12576:, pp. 284–290. 12204:, pp. 264–265. 12006:, pp. 108–109. 11588:Trinidad and Tobago 11364:Bangladeshi English 10936:New Zealand English 10736:American Revolution 10716:Jamestown, Virginia 10599:Aboriginal Canadian 10279:Midwestern American 9906:accents of Scotland 9591:Britain and Ireland 9585:New Zealand English 9351:normally represent 9096:English orthography 9009: Other (5.83%) 8991: Greek (5.32%) 8702:Focus constructions 8577:interrogative words 8171:subject–verb–object 7918:I have been running 7704:Plain (infinitive) 7642: 7407:his/hers/its/theirs 7301: 7218:yourself/yourselves 7064:English determiners 6681:two loaves of bread 6016: 5487: 5071:are realised as an 5020:, and the vowel of 4679: 4598: 4505: 4504:Closing diphthongs 4301:In the table, when 3906: 3905:Consonant phonemes 3798:, and to claims of 3465: Canada (5.3%) 3354:(19 million), 3350:(60 million), 3321:three circles model 2976:William Shakespeare 2946:. Around 1430, the 2775:conquest of England 2540:The translation of 2142:pattern typical of 2049:Overview of history 2016:Proto-Indo-European 1862:and belongs to the 1589:59 sovereign states 1550:migrated to Britain 956:Caribbean Community 567:Trinidad and Tobago 322:Antigua and Barbuda 205:Proto-Indo-European 26282:Germanic languages 26277:Fusional languages 26267:Analytic languages 25325: 25152:Australian English 24947:Century Dictionary 24724:Germanic weak verb 24533:Language subgroups 23883:Pennsylvania Dutch 23832:Moselle Franconian 23810:Central Franconian 23643:Middle High German 23394:Central Pomeranian 23349:Northern Low Saxon 23062:Wangerooge Frisian 22856:Germanic languages 22322:Pennsylvania Dutch 21581:Trisyllabic laxing 21561:Close front vowels 21425:History of English 21130:Accents of English 20856:Thomason, Sarah G. 20709:on 15 January 2015 20481:on 5 February 2016 20125:. pp. 88–90. 19951:. pp. 68–71. 18487:on 7 February 2015 18475:"Absolute English" 18210:. pp. 53–55. 17612:Campbell, Alistair 17530:. John Benjamins. 17505:Charles University 17224:on 6 November 2015 17025:. pp. 72–75. 16954:, pp. 115–16. 16930:, pp. 117–18. 16848:"Nigerian English" 16783:10.1007/BF03024960 16580:McWhorter, John H. 16218:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 15828:. 23 March 2016 . 15689:on 17 August 2008. 15285:, pp. 210–11. 14950:, pp. 148–49. 14672:10.5334/labphon.37 14634:on 3 December 2019 14208:, pp. 694–95. 14184:, pp. 21, 19. 14049:, pp. 690–91. 13942:The Times of India 13784:The World Factbook 13739:. 27 December 2023 13606:Irish Statute Book 12780:, pp. 274–79. 12646:, pp. 111–13. 12023:The New York Times 11330:under the name of 11236:Singaporean accent 11199:Philippine English 11157:General Australian 11153:Australian English 11128:New Zealand accent 11091:New Zealand accent 10932:Australian English 10865:Cape Breton Island 10859:. Regions such as 10781:Atlantic provinces 10566: 10537: 10040:English in England 10011: 8838:linguistic corpora 8716:was stung by a bee 8621:grammatical object 8575:). In most cases, 8131: 7914:I had been running 7719:Gerund–participle 7640: 7567:, the preposition 7299: 7238:Australian English 7030:, with the adverb 6977:many slender girls 6921:English adjectives 6463:-) and word order 6014: 5485: 5481:Regional variation 4961:are marked with a 4677: 4596: 4503: 4411:, and the dark or 3904: 3899:California English 3776:auxiliary language 3769:Chemical Abstracts 3680: 3636: 3495: Other (5.6%) 3313: 3299: 3267: 3220: 3201: 3166: 3046:that had multiple 3010:King James Version 2988:consonant clusters 2956:official documents 2885: 2741: 2725: 2257:North Sea Germanic 2234: 2059:North Sea Germanic 2044:History of English 1907:North Sea Germanic 1868:Germanic languages 1856: 1844: 1560:(succeeded by the 295:(multiple systems) 164:North Sea Germanic 26085: 26084: 26079: 26078: 26075: 26074: 26071: 26070: 26053: 26052: 26049: 26048: 25696: 25695: 25276: 25275: 25168:Australian Oxford 25065:American Regional 25058:American Heritage 24779: 24778: 24764:extinct languages 24751: 24750: 24747: 24746: 24698:Great Vowel Shift 24510: 24509: 24506: 24505: 24459: 24458: 24305:Greenlandic Norse 24124: 24123: 24120: 24119: 24116: 24115: 24055:Southern Bavarian 24038:Northern Bavarian 24014:Highest Alemannic 23965: 23964: 23699:standard variants 23614: 23613: 23460:Standard variants 23419: 23418: 23278:Middle Low German 23249: 23248: 23245: 23244: 23049:Saterland Frisian 22822: 22821: 22707: 22706: 22507: 22506: 22416: 22415: 22334: 22333: 22330: 22329: 22255:Pacific Northwest 22116:Standard Canadian 22047: 22046: 21992: 21991: 21932: 21931: 21682: 21681: 21678: 21677: 21674: 21673: 21571:Great Vowel Shift 21556:Close back vowels 21378: 21377: 21242:Library resources 21226:978-0-08-044854-1 21199:978-0-08-044854-1 21117:978-0-19-532760-1 21090:978-1-4051-8668-1 21032:978-0-340-97161-1 21011:978-0-340-80834-4 20992:978-0-08-044854-1 20965:978-0-631-21815-9 20934:978-0-521-83802-3 20913:978-0-521-26474-7 20894:978-3-12-533872-2 20875:978-0-520-91279-3 20860:Kaufman, Terrence 20847:978-3-11-020840-5 20809:978-0-08-044854-1 20775:978-1-4039-1830-7 20745:978-0-621-41388-5 20666:978-0-521-86677-4 20635:978-0-375-40012-4 20573:978-0-521-53901-2 20540:978-0-521-35718-0 20530:Discourse Markers 20507:978-0-7486-2595-6 20455:978-0-08-044854-1 20428:978-0-08-044854-1 20392:. 1 August 2015. 20377:978-0-08-044854-1 20350:978-0-521-26477-8 20323:978-3-12-533872-2 20297:978-0-8047-2221-6 20250:978-3-8305-2809-8 20215:978-1-134-44349-9 20194:978-0-521-43146-0 20167:978-0-08-044854-1 20140:978-0-08-044854-1 20068:978-1-5511-1763-8 20037:978-1-137-30306-6 19985:978-0-521-71799-1 19966:978-0-08-044854-1 19906:978-0-521-80498-1 19882:978-0-08-044854-1 19855:978-0-08-044854-1 19809:Southern Cultures 19769:Language Sciences 19739:978-0-08-044854-1 19700:978-0-684-83161-9 19685:McGuinness, Diane 19676:978-0-14-200231-5 19657:978-0-19-214183-5 19616:978-0-226-51429-1 19570:978-1-405-16425-2 19525:978-1-4051-6425-2 19506:978-0-203-84932-3 19479:978-0-08-044854-1 19391:978-0-521-86722-1 19345:978-3-12-533872-2 19326:978-0-08-044854-1 19299:978-0-521-71799-1 19273:978-0-521-79105-2 19245:978-1-139-05553-6 19218:978-3-12-533872-2 19172:978-0-333-61180-7 19122:978-0-415-28079-2 19074:978-0-415-28079-2 19053:978-0-521-71799-1 19026:978-0-08-044854-1 18955:978-0-521-65236-0 18924:on 3 October 2011 18849:978-0-521-43146-0 18808:978-0-521-71799-1 18773:978-0-521-26474-7 18746:978-0-521-85299-9 18727:978-0-521-80825-5 18700:978-0-582-55041-4 18681:978-0-582-43741-8 18637:978-0-415-37679-2 18601:978-0-86355-627-2 18542:978-0-08-044854-1 18515:978-0-521-10895-9 18465:978-0-521-32529-5 18446:978-0-521-15402-4 18427:978-0-521-33603-1 18341:978-0-521-71799-1 18314:978-1-316-06185-5 18290:on 6 January 2016 18244:978-3-12-533872-2 18225:978-0-08-044854-1 18198:978-0-631-23486-9 18150:978-0-08-044854-1 18111:978-0-19-516803-7 18090:978-0-521-71799-1 18047:978-0-670-02110-9 18014:978-0-19-507993-7 17993:978-0-511-16893-2 17929:978-0-521-53033-0 17893:978-0-521-53032-3 17869:978-0-521-65321-3 17842:978-1-4441-8309-2 17811:978-3-11-087218-7 17788:978-0-08-044854-1 17761:978-90-04-10340-5 17694:978-0-19-811937-1 17673:978-3-12-533872-2 17643:Language Sciences 17633:978-0-19-811943-2 17603:978-0-415-62264-6 17576:978-0-08-044854-1 17537:978-90-272-8824-0 17481:978-1-139-49144-0 17447:978-0-415-11761-6 17400:978-1-4051-6425-2 17369:978-0-13-015166-7 17348:978-3-12-533872-2 17329:978-0-08-044854-1 17302:978-0-521-26474-7 17256:978-1-58811-046-6 17208:978-0-08-044854-1 17181:978-3-11-019425-8 17117:978-0-521-26477-8 17086:978-0-08-044854-1 17059:978-0-550-20261-1 17040:978-0-08-044854-1 16966:, pp. 19–24. 16942:, p. 256–60. 16837:, pp. 30–31. 16748:978-962-209-947-0 16695:, pp. 24–26. 16671:, pp. 16–21. 16595:978-0-7382-0446-8 16492:Mouton de Gruyter 16324:978-1-119-16421-0 16267:, pp. 80–81. 15901:, pp. 80–81. 15776:978-0-5215-1575-7 15737:978-0-1951-6802-0 15624:, pp. 24–50. 15622:Leech et al. 2009 15489:, pp. 26–27. 15429:, pp. 60–69. 15122:, p. 425–26. 15094:case (he) and an 15023:"Singular "They"" 15007:(Subscription or 14971:978-1-316-51464-1 14847:978-0-415-65596-5 14819:978-1-316-61739-7 14624:"Sentence stress" 14481:, pp. 46–50. 14442:, pp. 56–59. 14406:, pp. 47–53. 14382:, pp. 41–42. 13982:978-0-19-806512-8 13944:. 14 March 2010. 13842:on 22 March 2016. 13713:. 26 October 2022 13553:on 5 January 2011 12958:, pp. 18–19. 12956:Leech et al. 2009 12857:978-1-85359-362-8 12834:, pp. 81–86. 12768:, pp. 66–70. 12669:978-0-19-289043-6 12564:, pp. 46–47. 12479:, pp. 30–31. 12341:978-1-405-19024-4 12272:978-1-84615-046-3 12180:, pp. 86–87. 12165:, pp. 56–65. 12141:, pp. 29–30. 12139:Bammesberger 1992 12118:978-1-139-05553-6 12072:Bammesberger 1992 12055:978-3-533-02253-4 11916:(26th ed., 2023) 11798: 11797: 11780: 11746: 11704: 11661:⟨h⟩ 11534: 11533: 11506: 11468: 11430: 11387: 11360:Pakistani English 11352:Caribbean English 11328:Bisayan languages 11291: 11290: 11273: 11229: 11203:Malaysian English 11195:Singapore English 11175:the government is 11145: 11144: 11121: 11084: 11044: 11002: 10958: 10903:African Americans 10732:Thirteen Colonies 10629:ATLANTIC CANADIAN 10581:STANDARD CANADIAN 10562:African Americans 10518: 10517: 10497:An example of an 10492: 10443: 10406: 10366: 10329:An example of an 10324: 10272: 9996: 9995: 9974: 9936: 9899: 9856: 9819: 9777: 9738:An example of an 9733: 9696: 9648: 9216:(which also have 9106:Anglo-Saxon runes 8750:Discourse markers 8613:What did you see? 8558:Where can we eat? 8321:, the subject is 8278: 8277: 8242: 8241: 8125:, the subject is 7955:. There are also 7894: 7893: 7827: 7826: 7748: 7747: 7507: 7506: 7402:his/her/its/their 7189:the chair is mine 6677:one loaf of bread 6639: 6638: 6467:with some verbs. 6429:personal pronouns 6210:Great Vowel Shift 6177: 6176: 6012: 6011: 5899:close vowels for 5061:weak vowel merger 4943: 4942: 4672: 4671: 4594: 4593: 4329:, and are always 4298: 4290: 4282: 4281: 4255: 4208: 3832:English phonology 3792:being assimilated 2960:Chancery Standard 2948:Court of Chancery 2889:Great Vowel Shift 2881:Great Vowel Shift 2858:Le Morte d'Arthur 2816:Augustinian canon 2790:Old Norman French 2723:, founded in 1096 2670:they, them, their 2140:dependent-marking 2089:Great Vowel Shift 1895:Frisian languages 1703:Frisian languages 1691:dialect continuum 1675:Romance languages 1629:Germanic language 1568:. English is the 1536:on the island of 1515: 1514: 1188:Linguistic purism 1173:European language 1117: 1116: 1099:rendering support 1095:phonetic symbols. 866:Council of Europe 263:Anglo-Saxon runes 26309: 26272:Anglic languages 26262:English language 26247: 26239: 26238: 26237: 26230: 26229:from Wikiversity 26222: 26221: 26220: 26213: 26205: 26204: 26203: 26196: 26188: 26187: 26186: 26179: 26171: 26170: 26169: 26162: 26154: 26153: 26152: 26142: 26136:English language 26126: 26125: 26114: 26113: 26102: 26101: 26093: 26014:Papua New Guinea 25982:Marshall Islands 25872:Christmas Island 25707: 25706: 25703: 25687:Pitcairn Islands 25517:Falkland Islands 25413: 25412: 25409: 25404: 25403: 25343: 25342: 25332: 25331: 25321: 25303: 25296: 25289: 25280: 25279: 25199:Urban Dictionary 25111:Canadian English 25049:American English 24806: 24799: 24792: 24783: 24782: 24556:Elbe (Irminonic) 24529: 24528: 24516: 24515: 24444:Mainland Gutnish 24334:Swedish dialects 24296:Middle Icelandic 24270:Middle Norwegian 24159:Historical forms 24156: 24155: 24147: 24146: 24130: 24129: 24089:South Franconian 24075:Hutterite German 24043:Central Bavarian 23863:Rhine Franconian 23798: 23797: 23628:Historical forms 23625: 23624: 23540:Surinamese Dutch 23433:Historical forms 23430: 23429: 23263:Historical forms 23260: 23259: 23012:Historical forms 23009: 23008: 22896: 22895: 22887: 22886: 22874: 22873: 22849: 22842: 22835: 22826: 22825: 22719:English language 22604: 22603: 22425: 22424: 22408:Falkland Islands 22307:General American 22280:African-American 22133: 22132: 22067: 22066: 22056: 22055: 21758: 21757: 21749: 21748: 21738: 21737: 21709: 21702: 21695: 21686: 21685: 21576:Open back vowels 21551: 21543: 21521: 21520: 21508: 21507: 21418: 21411: 21404: 21395: 21394: 21382: 21381: 21365:Language history 21314:English language 21306: 21299: 21292: 21283: 21282: 21247:English language 21230: 21203: 21176: 21174: 21173: 21165: 21164: 21156: 21155: 21121: 21094: 21075: 21070: 21068: 21058: 21048: 21046: 21044: 21015: 20996: 20969: 20950: 20948: 20946: 20917: 20898: 20879: 20851: 20824: 20813: 20786: 20784: 20782: 20767: 20756: 20754: 20737: 20728: 20718: 20716: 20714: 20708: 20701: 20691: 20689: 20687: 20670: 20651: 20649: 20647: 20618: 20589: 20587: 20585: 20556: 20554: 20552: 20523: 20521: 20519: 20490: 20488: 20486: 20480: 20469: 20459: 20432: 20405: 20403: 20401: 20381: 20354: 20327: 20308: 20306: 20304: 20289: 20275: 20266: 20264: 20262: 20231: 20229: 20227: 20198: 20171: 20144: 20117: 20115: 20113: 20097: 20095: 20093: 20072: 20053: 20051: 20049: 20020: 20018: 20016: 20010: 19999: 19989: 19970: 19943: 19941: 19939: 19922: 19920: 19918: 19891:Nation, I. S. P. 19886: 19859: 19832: 19803: 19784: 19763: 19761: 19759: 19743: 19716: 19714: 19712: 19680: 19661: 19632: 19630: 19628: 19599: 19574: 19555: 19553: 19551: 19537: 19529: 19510: 19494: 19483: 19456: 19431: 19410: 19408: 19406: 19400: 19383: 19371: 19349: 19330: 19303: 19287: 19276: 19258: 19249: 19222: 19203: 19184: 19146: 19144: 19142: 19101:Ans van Kemenade 19098: 19096: 19094: 19057: 19041: 19030: 19003: 18994: 18992: 18990: 18984: 18969: 18959: 18933: 18931: 18929: 18920:. Archived from 18912: 18906: 18904: 18888: 18869:Hughes, Arthur; 18865: 18863: 18861: 18832: 18830: 18828: 18812: 18796: 18785: 18750: 18731: 18704: 18685: 18666: 18664: 18653: 18651: 18649: 18627:Changing English 18620: 18618: 18616: 18610: 18604:. Archived from 18593: 18578: 18576: 18574: 18568: 18561: 18546: 18519: 18496: 18494: 18492: 18483:. Archived from 18469: 18450: 18431: 18412: 18410: 18408: 18402: 18379: 18359: 18345: 18329: 18318: 18299: 18297: 18295: 18289: 18282: 18272: 18270: 18268: 18248: 18229: 18202: 18175: 18154: 18127: 18125: 18123: 18094: 18078: 18069:Hogg, Richard M. 18067:Denison, David; 18063: 18061: 18059: 18030: 18028: 18026: 17997: 17981: 17970: 17968: 17966: 17945: 17943: 17941: 17909: 17907: 17905: 17873: 17846: 17827: 17825: 17823: 17803: 17792: 17765: 17746: 17718: 17716: 17714: 17677: 17658: 17637: 17607: 17591: 17580: 17553: 17551: 17549: 17520: 17518: 17516: 17490:Bosworth, Joseph 17485: 17463: 17461: 17459: 17430: 17424: 17416: 17414: 17412: 17403:. Archived from 17373: 17352: 17333: 17306: 17283: 17260: 17244: 17233: 17231: 17229: 17220:. Archived from 17212: 17185: 17166: 17164: 17158:. Archived from 17157: 17131: 17121: 17090: 17063: 17044: 17017: 16988: 16976: 16967: 16961: 16955: 16949: 16943: 16937: 16931: 16925: 16919: 16913: 16907: 16901: 16895: 16894: 16874: 16868: 16867: 16865: 16863: 16844: 16838: 16832: 16826: 16820: 16814: 16808: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16768: 16759: 16753: 16752: 16726: 16720: 16714: 16708: 16702: 16696: 16690: 16684: 16678: 16672: 16666: 16660: 16654: 16648: 16642: 16636: 16630: 16624: 16618: 16612: 16611: 16609: 16607: 16576: 16570: 16564: 16558: 16557:, p. 95–96. 16552: 16546: 16540: 16534: 16528: 16522: 16516: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16506: 16500: 16485: 16476: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16465: 16446: 16440: 16437: 16431: 16419: 16413: 16407: 16401: 16395: 16389: 16383: 16377: 16371: 16365: 16359: 16353: 16347: 16341: 16335: 16329: 16328: 16310: 16304: 16298: 16292: 16286: 16280: 16274: 16268: 16262: 16256: 16250: 16244: 16238: 16232: 16231: 16229: 16227: 16212: 16206: 16200: 16194: 16188: 16182: 16176: 16170: 16164: 16158: 16152: 16146: 16140: 16134: 16128: 16122: 16116: 16110: 16104: 16098: 16092: 16086: 16080: 16074: 16068: 16062: 16056: 16050: 16044: 16038: 16032: 16026: 16020: 16011: 16005: 15992: 15986: 15980: 15974: 15968: 15962: 15953: 15947: 15938: 15932: 15926: 15920: 15914: 15908: 15902: 15896: 15890: 15884: 15878: 15872: 15866: 15860: 15854: 15848: 15842: 15841: 15839: 15837: 15814: 15808: 15802: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15788: 15760: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15749: 15721: 15715: 15709: 15703: 15697: 15691: 15690: 15675: 15669: 15663: 15657: 15651: 15642: 15636: 15625: 15619: 15613: 15607: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15578:. Archived from 15568: 15562: 15556: 15550: 15544: 15538: 15532: 15526: 15520: 15514: 15508: 15502: 15496: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15466: 15460: 15454: 15448: 15442: 15436: 15430: 15424: 15418: 15412: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15401: 15382: 15376: 15370: 15364: 15358: 15352: 15346: 15340: 15334: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15323: 15304: 15298: 15297:, p. 50–51. 15292: 15286: 15280: 15274: 15273:, p. 51–52. 15268: 15259: 15253: 15247: 15241: 15235: 15229: 15223: 15217: 15208: 15202: 15193: 15187: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15176: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15129: 15123: 15117: 15111: 15105: 15099: 15085: 15079: 15073: 15067: 15061: 15055: 15049: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15019: 15013: 15012: 15004: 14992: 14985: 14976: 14975: 14957: 14951: 14945: 14939: 14933: 14924: 14918: 14912: 14911:, pp. 54–5. 14906: 14900: 14894: 14888: 14887:, p. 56–57. 14882: 14876: 14870: 14864: 14858: 14852: 14851: 14833: 14824: 14823: 14805: 14792: 14786: 14780: 14774: 14768: 14762: 14756: 14750: 14744: 14738: 14732: 14726: 14720: 14714: 14708: 14698: 14692: 14686: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14639: 14620: 14614: 14608: 14602: 14596: 14590: 14584: 14578: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14542: 14536: 14530: 14524: 14518: 14512: 14506: 14500: 14494: 14488: 14482: 14476: 14470: 14469: 14467: 14465: 14449: 14443: 14437: 14431: 14425: 14419: 14413: 14407: 14401: 14395: 14389: 14383: 14377: 14371: 14365: 14359: 14353: 14347: 14341: 14335: 14329: 14323: 14317: 14311: 14305: 14299: 14293: 14287: 14281: 14275: 14269: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14245: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14234: 14225:. 2 April 2012. 14215: 14209: 14203: 14197: 14191: 14185: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14149: 14143: 14137: 14131: 14125: 14119: 14113: 14107: 14101: 14095: 14089: 14083: 14077: 14071: 14065: 14059: 14050: 14044: 14038: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14014: 14008: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13997: 13991: 13985:. Archived from 13974: 13964: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13953: 13934: 13928: 13922: 13916: 13910: 13904: 13898: 13892: 13886: 13880: 13874: 13868: 13862: 13856: 13850: 13844: 13843: 13838:. Archived from 13832: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13793: 13791: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13744: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13703: 13697: 13696: 13676: 13670: 13669: 13667: 13665: 13648: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13637: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13613: 13598: 13592: 13591: 13586: 13584: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13539: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13504: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13456: 13450: 13444: 13438: 13432: 13426: 13420: 13414: 13408: 13402: 13396: 13390: 13384: 13378: 13372: 13366: 13360: 13354: 13348: 13342: 13336: 13330: 13324: 13318: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13249: 13243: 13237: 13231: 13225: 13219: 13213: 13207: 13201: 13195: 13189: 13176: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13140: 13134: 13128: 13122: 13116: 13110: 13104: 13098: 13092: 13086: 13077: 13071: 13062: 13056: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13014: 13008: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12997: 12989: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12953: 12947: 12941: 12935: 12934:, pp. 1–56. 12929: 12920: 12919:, pp. 9–10. 12914: 12908: 12902: 12891: 12885: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12869: 12841: 12835: 12829: 12820: 12814: 12805: 12799: 12793: 12787: 12781: 12775: 12769: 12763: 12757: 12751: 12742: 12741: 12735: 12733: 12716:Horobin, Simon. 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12696: 12689: 12683:Wycliffe, John. 12680: 12674: 12673: 12653: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12595: 12589: 12583: 12577: 12571: 12565: 12559: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12525: 12516: 12510: 12504: 12498: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12451: 12445: 12439: 12433: 12427: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12373: 12367: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12346: 12345: 12327: 12321: 12310: 12304: 12298: 12289: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12250: 12241: 12235: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12193: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12129: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12075: 12069: 12060: 12059: 12041: 12032: 12031: 12013: 12007: 12001: 11992: 11986: 11980: 11971: 11965: 11959: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11935: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11905: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11872: 11866: 11856: 11782: 11781: 11748: 11747: 11709:An example of a 11706: 11705: 11685: 11684: 11669:voiced aspirated 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11626: 11622: 11604:Jamaican English 11584:Windward Islands 11559: 11513:Northeast Indian 11511:An example of a 11508: 11507: 11475:Jamaican accents 11470: 11469: 11432: 11431: 11389: 11388: 11368: 11367: 11348:Nigerian English 11303:Seven Years' War 11280:Filipino accents 11275: 11274: 11231: 11230: 11211: 11210: 11123: 11122: 11086: 11085: 11049:An example of a 11046: 11045: 11009:South Australian 11007:An example of a 11004: 11003: 10960: 10959: 10940: 10939: 10885: 10833:Maritime English 10818: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10804: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10777:Canadian English 10746:, then ruled by 10646: 10639: 10632: 10631: 10621: 10614: 10607: 10600: 10593: 10584: 10583: 10575: 10526:Washington, D.C. 10494: 10493: 10445: 10444: 10408: 10407: 10368: 10367: 10326: 10325: 10277:An example of a 10274: 10273: 10253: 10252: 10245:Canadian English 10229:American English 10189:Norman invasions 10178:Scottish English 10153: 10141: 10126: 10108: 10048:Northern English 9976: 9975: 9938: 9937: 9901: 9900: 9858: 9857: 9826:Liverpool accent 9821: 9820: 9788:Yorkshire accent 9779: 9778: 9735: 9734: 9698: 9697: 9650: 9649: 9629: 9628: 9613:Scottish English 9569:regional accents 9565:English dialects 9452: 9448: 9440: 9432: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9396: 9380: 9369: 9358: 9354: 9342: 9088:English alphabet 9053:speech registers 9030:northern England 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8629:Who saw the cat? 8609:fronted position 8573:Where did he go? 8569:Do you like her? 8539:yes–no questions 8487:Do you know him? 8483:I don't know him 8465:Do you know him? 8335:Relative clauses 8293:I gave the book 8281:Indirect objects 8248: 8247: 8184: 8183: 8153:and progressive 7961:imperative moods 7855: 7854: 7770: 7769: 7734:Past participle 7643: 7639: 7565:I gave it to him 7302: 7298: 7106:English pronouns 6979:, the adjective 6512: 6511: 6496:he/him, who/whom 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381:open back vowels 6371: 6367: 6363: 6351: 6342:General American 6323: 6319: 6315: 6289: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6237: 6173: 6168: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6132: 6127: 6108: 6103: 6084: 6079: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6017: 6013: 5984: 5976: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5902: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5488: 5484: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5155: 5151: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5070: 5066: 5042: 5038: 5034: 4995: 4991: 4968: 4963:triangular colon 4933: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4878: 4862: 4855: 4840: 4824: 4818: 4802: 4787: 4780: 4764: 4748: 4741: 4725: 4709: 4702: 4680: 4676: 4662: 4657: 4644: 4639: 4624: 4619: 4599: 4595: 4584: 4571: 4558: 4544: 4539: 4526: 4506: 4502: 4463: 4459: 4402: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4270: 4251: 4244: 4235: 4225: 4204: 4192: 4182: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4099: 4092: 4063: 4055: 4048: 4035: 4028: 4017: 4010: 3993: 3980: 3967: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3866:General American 3757:foreign language 3692:English language 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3459: UK (16.7%) 3458: 3453: US (64.3%) 3452: 3417:ranging from an 3415:dialect continua 3323:. In his model, 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3229:2019 in Europe: 3209:Washington, D.C. 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 2992: 2982:commissioned by 2843:Geoffrey Chaucer 2835: 2829: 2788:, in particular 2769: 2768: 2765: 2750: 2683: 2677: 2651:Northern English 2627:language contact 2609: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2568: 2459: 2457: 2444: 2442: 2429: 2427: 2414: 2412: 2326: 2320: 2297:Common Brittonic 2246: 2243: 2240:or Anglo-Saxon ( 2231: 2109:King James Bible 1917:and the extinct 1887:Anglic languages 1833: 1816: 1793: 1776: 1747: 1731: 1725: 1719:Anglic languages 1574:Standard Chinese 1546:Germanic peoples 1532:, originated in 1507: 1500: 1493: 1310:Falkland Islands 1128:English language 1119: 1118: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1062: 1048: 1032: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1007: 998: 997: 989: 784:Working language 734:Pitcairn Islands 679:Falkland Islands 659:Christmas Island 487:Papua New Guinea 447:Marshall Islands 296: 287: 257:English alphabet 245: 143: 123: 111: 74:, including the 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 51: 48: 45: 42: 39: 21: 20: 26317: 26316: 26312: 26311: 26310: 26308: 26307: 26306: 26252: 26251: 26250: 26240: 26235: 26233: 26223: 26218: 26216: 26206: 26201: 26199: 26189: 26184: 26182: 26172: 26167: 26165: 26161:from Wiktionary 26155: 26150: 26148: 26145: 26141:sister projects 26138:at Knowledge's 26132: 26120: 26108: 26096: 26088: 26086: 26081: 26080: 26067: 26045: 26024:Solomon Islands 25941: 25911: 25857: 25839: 25718: 25701: 25692: 25655: 25611: 25444: 25424: 25407: 25398: 25377: 25337: 25326: 25312: 25307: 25277: 25272: 25213: 25180: 25146: 25120:Canadian Oxford 25105: 25043: 24973:British English 24967: 24853: 24815: 24810: 24780: 24775: 24743: 24702: 24683:Germanic umlaut 24648:Holtzmann's law 24626: 24595: 24523: 24502: 24455: 24432: 24366:South Jutlandic 24351:Danish dialects 24317: 24198: 24141: 24112: 24094:East Franconian 24048:Viennese German 23961: 23942:Silesian German 23908: 23897:Central Hessian 23787: 23712:Namibian German 23701: 23692: 23670:Standard German 23664: 23650:New High German 23636:Old High German 23610: 23589: 23571: 23482: 23454: 23415: 23399:East Pomeranian 23389:Brandenburgisch 23376:East Low German 23370: 23297:Dutch Low Saxon 23289:West Low German 23283: 23241: 23207:Schiermonnikoog 23188: 23083: 23069:Wursten Frisian 23032: 22998: 22881: 22868: 22858: 22853: 22823: 22818: 22703: 22660: 22615: 22595: 22503: 22499:Solomon Islands 22468: 22412: 22394: 22326: 22317:New York Latino 22292:American Indian 22272: 22266: 22127: 22120: 22061: 22043: 22029:Channel Islands 22020: 21988: 21955: 21928: 21871: 21833: 21743: 21727: 21713: 21683: 21670: 21640:-glottalization 21585: 21515: 21502: 21427: 21422: 21387: 21379: 21374: 21345:Spelling reform 21316: 21310: 21267: 21266: 21265: 21250: 21249: 21245: 21238: 21233: 21227: 21200: 21171: 21162: 21153: 21118: 21091: 21066: 21064: 21056: 21042: 21040: 21033: 21012: 20993: 20966: 20944: 20942: 20935: 20914: 20895: 20876: 20848: 20810: 20780: 20778: 20776: 20752: 20746: 20735: 20726: 20712: 20710: 20706: 20699: 20685: 20683: 20667: 20645: 20643: 20636: 20595:American Speech 20583: 20581: 20574: 20550: 20548: 20541: 20517: 20515: 20508: 20484: 20482: 20478: 20467: 20456: 20429: 20399: 20397: 20378: 20351: 20324: 20302: 20300: 20298: 20280:Robinson, Orrin 20260: 20258: 20251: 20225: 20223: 20216: 20195: 20168: 20141: 20111: 20109: 20091: 20089: 20069: 20047: 20045: 20038: 20014: 20012: 20008: 19997: 19986: 19967: 19937: 19935: 19916: 19914: 19907: 19883: 19856: 19800: 19757: 19755: 19740: 19710: 19708: 19701: 19677: 19658: 19626: 19624: 19617: 19571: 19549: 19547: 19526: 19507: 19480: 19404: 19402: 19398: 19392: 19381: 19368: 19346: 19327: 19300: 19274: 19246: 19219: 19200: 19173: 19140: 19138: 19123: 19092: 19090: 19075: 19054: 19027: 18988: 18986: 18982: 18967: 18956: 18927: 18925: 18902: 18900: 18885: 18871:Trudgill, Peter 18859: 18857: 18850: 18826: 18824: 18809: 18774: 18747: 18728: 18701: 18682: 18647: 18645: 18638: 18614: 18612: 18608: 18602: 18591: 18572: 18570: 18566: 18559: 18543: 18516: 18502:Trudgill, Peter 18490: 18488: 18466: 18447: 18428: 18406: 18404: 18400: 18377:10.1.1.536.1989 18357: 18342: 18315: 18293: 18291: 18287: 18280: 18266: 18264: 18245: 18226: 18199: 18151: 18121: 18119: 18112: 18091: 18057: 18055: 18048: 18024: 18022: 18015: 17994: 17964: 17962: 17939: 17937: 17930: 17903: 17901: 17894: 17870: 17843: 17821: 17819: 17812: 17789: 17762: 17712: 17710: 17695: 17674: 17634: 17604: 17577: 17547: 17545: 17538: 17514: 17512: 17482: 17468:Boberg, Charles 17457: 17455: 17448: 17418: 17417: 17410: 17408: 17407:on 3 April 2017 17401: 17370: 17349: 17330: 17303: 17280: 17257: 17227: 17225: 17209: 17182: 17162: 17129: 17118: 17087: 17060: 17041: 17014: 16997: 16992: 16991: 16977: 16970: 16962: 16958: 16950: 16946: 16938: 16934: 16926: 16922: 16914: 16910: 16902: 16898: 16879:World Englishes 16875: 16871: 16861: 16859: 16846: 16845: 16841: 16833: 16829: 16821: 16817: 16809: 16805: 16797: 16766: 16760: 16756: 16749: 16727: 16723: 16715: 16711: 16703: 16699: 16691: 16687: 16679: 16675: 16667: 16663: 16655: 16651: 16643: 16639: 16631: 16627: 16619: 16615: 16605: 16603: 16596: 16577: 16573: 16565: 16561: 16553: 16549: 16543:Montgomery 1993 16541: 16537: 16531:Schönweitz 2001 16529: 16525: 16517: 16513: 16504: 16502: 16498: 16483: 16477: 16473: 16463: 16461: 16448: 16447: 16443: 16438: 16434: 16420: 16416: 16408: 16404: 16396: 16392: 16384: 16380: 16372: 16368: 16360: 16356: 16348: 16344: 16336: 16332: 16325: 16312: 16311: 16307: 16299: 16295: 16287: 16283: 16275: 16271: 16263: 16259: 16251: 16247: 16239: 16235: 16225: 16223: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16201: 16197: 16189: 16185: 16177: 16173: 16165: 16161: 16153: 16149: 16141: 16137: 16129: 16125: 16117: 16113: 16105: 16101: 16093: 16089: 16083:McGuinness 1997 16081: 16077: 16069: 16065: 16057: 16053: 16045: 16041: 16033: 16029: 16021: 16014: 16006: 15995: 15987: 15983: 15975: 15971: 15963: 15956: 15948: 15941: 15933: 15929: 15921: 15917: 15909: 15905: 15897: 15893: 15885: 15881: 15873: 15869: 15861: 15857: 15849: 15845: 15835: 15833: 15816: 15815: 15811: 15803: 15796: 15786: 15784: 15777: 15761: 15757: 15747: 15745: 15738: 15722: 15718: 15710: 15706: 15698: 15694: 15683:Ask the experts 15677: 15676: 15672: 15664: 15660: 15652: 15645: 15637: 15628: 15620: 15616: 15608: 15595: 15585: 15583: 15570: 15569: 15565: 15557: 15553: 15545: 15541: 15537:, p. 1366. 15533: 15529: 15525:, p. 1370. 15521: 15517: 15509: 15505: 15501:, pp. 7–8. 15497: 15493: 15485: 15481: 15473: 15469: 15461: 15457: 15449: 15445: 15437: 15433: 15425: 15421: 15413: 15409: 15399: 15397: 15384: 15383: 15379: 15371: 15367: 15359: 15355: 15347: 15343: 15335: 15331: 15321: 15319: 15306: 15305: 15301: 15293: 15289: 15281: 15277: 15269: 15262: 15254: 15250: 15242: 15238: 15230: 15226: 15218: 15211: 15203: 15196: 15188: 15184: 15174: 15172: 15157: 15153: 15143: 15141: 15130: 15126: 15118: 15114: 15106: 15102: 15086: 15082: 15074: 15070: 15062: 15058: 15050: 15046: 15036: 15034: 15021: 15020: 15016: 15006: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14958: 14954: 14946: 14942: 14934: 14927: 14919: 14915: 14907: 14903: 14895: 14891: 14883: 14879: 14871: 14867: 14859: 14855: 14848: 14834: 14827: 14820: 14806: 14795: 14787: 14783: 14775: 14771: 14763: 14759: 14751: 14747: 14739: 14735: 14727: 14723: 14715: 14711: 14699: 14695: 14691:, pp. 4–6. 14687: 14680: 14651: 14647: 14637: 14635: 14622: 14621: 14617: 14609: 14605: 14597: 14593: 14585: 14581: 14573: 14569: 14561: 14557: 14549: 14545: 14537: 14533: 14525: 14521: 14513: 14509: 14501: 14497: 14491:Cruttenden 2014 14489: 14485: 14477: 14473: 14463: 14461: 14450: 14446: 14438: 14434: 14426: 14422: 14414: 14410: 14402: 14398: 14390: 14386: 14378: 14374: 14366: 14362: 14354: 14350: 14342: 14338: 14330: 14326: 14318: 14314: 14306: 14302: 14294: 14290: 14282: 14278: 14270: 14266: 14258: 14254: 14246: 14242: 14232: 14230: 14217: 14216: 14212: 14204: 14200: 14192: 14188: 14180: 14176: 14168: 14164: 14156: 14152: 14144: 14140: 14132: 14128: 14122:Phillipson 2004 14120: 14116: 14108: 14104: 14096: 14092: 14084: 14080: 14072: 14068: 14060: 14053: 14045: 14041: 14033: 14029: 14021: 14017: 14009: 14005: 13995: 13993: 13989: 13983: 13972: 13966: 13965: 13961: 13951: 13949: 13936: 13935: 13931: 13927:, pp. 2–9. 13923: 13919: 13911: 13907: 13899: 13895: 13887: 13883: 13875: 13871: 13863: 13859: 13851: 13847: 13834: 13833: 13829: 13819: 13817: 13808: 13807: 13803: 13789: 13787: 13780:"United States" 13778: 13777: 13773: 13759: 13755: 13742: 13740: 13731: 13730: 13726: 13716: 13714: 13705: 13704: 13700: 13681:Language Policy 13677: 13673: 13663: 13661: 13650: 13649: 13645: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13611: 13609: 13600: 13599: 13595: 13582: 13580: 13571: 13570: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13541: 13540: 13536: 13526: 13524: 13519: 13518: 13514: 13481: 13477: 13469: 13465: 13457: 13453: 13449:, pp. 5–6. 13445: 13441: 13433: 13429: 13421: 13417: 13409: 13405: 13401:, pp. 8–9. 13397: 13393: 13385: 13381: 13373: 13369: 13361: 13357: 13349: 13345: 13337: 13333: 13325: 13321: 13313: 13309: 13301: 13297: 13289: 13285: 13277: 13270: 13262: 13258: 13250: 13246: 13238: 13234: 13226: 13222: 13214: 13210: 13202: 13198: 13190: 13179: 13171: 13167: 13159: 13155: 13147: 13143: 13135: 13131: 13123: 13119: 13111: 13107: 13099: 13095: 13087: 13080: 13072: 13065: 13057: 13050: 13042: 13038: 13028: 13026: 13015: 13011: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12991: 12990: 12986: 12978: 12974: 12966: 12962: 12954: 12950: 12942: 12938: 12930: 12923: 12915: 12911: 12903: 12894: 12886: 12877: 12867: 12865: 12858: 12842: 12838: 12830: 12823: 12815: 12808: 12800: 12796: 12790:Cercignani 1981 12788: 12784: 12776: 12772: 12764: 12760: 12752: 12745: 12731: 12729: 12714: 12710: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12687: 12681: 12677: 12670: 12654: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12630: 12626: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12596: 12592: 12584: 12580: 12572: 12568: 12560: 12551: 12541: 12539: 12526: 12519: 12511: 12507: 12499: 12495: 12487: 12483: 12475: 12471: 12463: 12454: 12446: 12442: 12434: 12430: 12422: 12418: 12410: 12406: 12398: 12394: 12386: 12382: 12374: 12370: 12365: 12361: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12328: 12324: 12311: 12307: 12299: 12292: 12284: 12280: 12273: 12251: 12244: 12236: 12232: 12224: 12220: 12212: 12208: 12200: 12196: 12188: 12184: 12176: 12169: 12161: 12157: 12149: 12145: 12137: 12133: 12119: 12097: 12093: 12085: 12078: 12070: 12063: 12056: 12042: 12035: 12014: 12010: 12002: 11995: 11989:Ethnologue 2010 11987: 11983: 11972: 11968: 11960: 11956: 11948: 11944: 11936: 11927: 11917: 11906: 11899: 11889: 11887: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11857: 11853: 11848: 11821: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11783: 11774: 11771: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11749: 11742: 11739: 11728: 11727: 11719: 11717: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11707: 11699: 11696: 11683: 11677: 11660: 11608:Jamaican Creole 11550:Bantu languages 11528: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11509: 11500: 11497: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11471: 11462: 11459: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11437:Nigerian accent 11433: 11425: 11422: 11411: 11410: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11390: 11382: 11379: 11366: 11340: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11276: 11267: 11264: 11262:Speech examples 11253: 11252: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11232: 11225: 11222: 11209: 11189:Main articles: 11187: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11124: 11116: 11113: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11087: 11078: 11075: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11058: 11047: 11038: 11035: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11005: 10996: 10993: 10982: 10981: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10951: 10938: 10930:Main articles: 10928: 10853:Scottish Gaelic 10810: 10806: 10796: 10792: 10748:King George III 10718:in 1607. While 10665:Chicano English 10652: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10579: 10578: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507:Margaret Atwood 10495: 10487: 10484: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10446: 10438: 10435: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10409: 10400: 10397: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10369: 10360: 10357: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10327: 10318: 10315: 10304: 10303: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10275: 10267: 10264: 10251: 10227:Main articles: 10225: 10201:Forth and Bargy 10114:-glottalisation 9992: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9977: 9968: 9965: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9939: 9931: 9928: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9902: 9894: 9891: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9859: 9851: 9848: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9822: 9813: 9810: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9780: 9771: 9768: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9736: 9728: 9725: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9699: 9690: 9687: 9676: 9675: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9659:Alain de Botton 9651: 9643: 9640: 9627: 9625:Hiberno-English 9601:Estuary English 9593: 9573:British English 9561: 9555:World Englishes 9549:Main articles: 9547: 9256:, or the words 9098: 9092:English Braille 9084: 9067: 9061: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8962: 8956: 8948:Main articles: 8946: 8846: 8811:botanical terms 8790: 8778:boy! I'm hungry 8655: 8535: 8491:*I know him not 8431:to an ordinary 8389: 8377:Main articles: 8375: 8310: 8304: 8163: 8147:Auxiliary verbs 8115: 8082: 8080:English adverbs 8076: 8036:to get together 8012: 7996:I saw him leave 7850:going-to future 7753: 7673: 7625:, and the form 7591: 7585: 7545: 7539: 7397:him/her/it/them 7308:Subjective case 7246:Hiberno-English 7166:indirect object 7162:accusative case 7154:nominative case 7150:subjective case 7108: 7102: 7066: 7060: 6973:the slender boy 6923: 6917: 6816:Nouns can form 6650: 6644: 6410: 6408:English grammar 6404: 6310:Estuary English 6275:. Accents like 6166: 6137: 6125: 6101: 6077: 6039: 5934: 5930: 5860: 5856: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5651:is pronounced 5642: 5638: 5598: 5594: 5551: 5539: 5517: 5510: 5498: 5492: 5483: 5475:vowel reduction 5439: 5425: 5421: 5389: 5385: 5365: 5351: 5347: 5318: 5314: 5299:vowel reduction 5292: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5210: 5206: 5172: 5162: 5096: 5076:-coloured vowel 4944: 4674: 4673: 4499: 4493: 4423:in most cases. 4403:, has two main 4317:, the first is 3934: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3834: 3828: 3814:proposed as an 3678: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3600: 3594: 3541:official status 3499: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3375:second language 3287: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3199: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3158: 3144: 3035: 2970:introduced the 2873: 2867: 2771: 2766: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2705: 2697:Main articles: 2695: 2686:Norse loanwords 2619: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2451: 2436: 2421: 2406: 2301:Celtic language 2281:settled Britain 2245: 450–1150 2244: 2212:The opening of 2206: 2200: 2164:auxiliary verbs 2152:free word order 2150:and relatively 2134:, and law. Its 2075:Norman Conquest 2051: 2046: 2040: 1961:French dialects 1893:, and into the 1854:language family 1838: 1831: 1829: 1814: 1803: 1791: 1782: 1774: 1765: 1745: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1711: 1679:language family 1659:French dialects 1582:second language 1511: 1160:Advanced topics 1097:Without proper 1085: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1058: 1044: 1028: 1021: 1011: 1010: 1003: 993: 992: 985: 975: 936:UKUSA Agreement 847: 846: 841: 840: 787: 786: 779: 778: 615: 614: 607: 606: 537:Solomon Islands 318: 317: 308: 301:Official status 294: 288: 283: 277: 269:English Braille 246: 241: 235: 200: 193: 144: 141:Language family 139: 133: 130:: 1.457 billion 121: 113: 109: 36: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 26315: 26305: 26304: 26299: 26294: 26289: 26287:Lingua francas 26284: 26279: 26274: 26269: 26264: 26249: 26248: 26231: 26214: 26212:from Wikibooks 26197: 26195:from Wikiquote 26180: 26163: 26134: 26131: 26130: 26118: 26106: 26083: 26082: 26077: 26076: 26073: 26072: 26069: 26068: 26058: 26055: 26054: 26051: 26050: 26047: 26046: 26044: 26043: 26038: 26033: 26026: 26021: 26016: 26011: 26006: 25999: 25994: 25989: 25984: 25979: 25974: 25967: 25962: 25957: 25954:American Samoa 25949: 25947: 25943: 25942: 25940: 25939: 25934: 25927: 25919: 25917: 25913: 25912: 25910: 25909: 25904: 25899: 25894: 25889: 25882: 25875: 25867: 25865: 25859: 25858: 25856: 25855: 25847: 25845: 25841: 25840: 25838: 25837: 25832: 25827: 25822: 25817: 25812: 25807: 25802: 25797: 25792: 25787: 25782: 25777: 25772: 25767: 25762: 25757: 25752: 25747: 25742: 25737: 25732: 25726: 25724: 25720: 25719: 25717: 25716: 25704: 25698: 25697: 25694: 25693: 25691: 25690: 25683: 25680:Norfolk Island 25676: 25671: 25665: 25663: 25657: 25656: 25654: 25653: 25651:United Kingdom 25648: 25641: 25634: 25629: 25621: 25619: 25613: 25612: 25610: 25609: 25602: 25597: 25590: 25585: 25578: 25571: 25568:Sint Eustatius 25564: 25559: 25554: 25549: 25542: 25535: 25530: 25525: 25520: 25513: 25508: 25505:Cayman Islands 25501: 25496: 25489: 25482: 25477: 25472: 25467: 25462: 25454: 25452: 25446: 25445: 25443: 25442: 25434: 25432: 25426: 25425: 25423: 25422: 25410: 25400: 25399: 25397: 25396: 25391: 25385: 25383: 25379: 25378: 25376: 25375: 25370: 25365: 25363:British Empire 25360: 25355: 25349: 25347: 25339: 25338: 25328: 25327: 25317: 25314: 25313: 25306: 25305: 25298: 25291: 25283: 25274: 25273: 25271: 25270: 25263: 25256: 25249: 25242: 25235: 25227: 25225: 25215: 25214: 25212: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25196: 25190: 25188: 25182: 25181: 25179: 25178: 25171: 25164: 25156: 25154: 25148: 25147: 25145: 25144: 25137: 25130: 25123: 25115: 25113: 25107: 25106: 25104: 25103: 25096: 25089: 25082: 25075: 25068: 25061: 25053: 25051: 25045: 25044: 25042: 25041: 25034: 25033: 25032: 25025: 25018: 25011: 25004: 24992: 24985: 24977: 24975: 24969: 24968: 24966: 24965: 24958: 24951: 24943: 24935: 24932:New Dictionary 24927: 24919: 24911: 24902: 24894: 24886: 24878: 24870: 24861: 24859: 24855: 24854: 24852: 24851: 24844: 24837: 24829: 24827: 24825:Middle English 24817: 24816: 24809: 24808: 24801: 24794: 24786: 24777: 24776: 24774: 24773: 24766: 24756: 24753: 24752: 24749: 24748: 24745: 24744: 24742: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24710: 24708: 24704: 24703: 24701: 24700: 24695: 24690: 24685: 24680: 24675: 24670: 24665: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24645: 24640: 24634: 24632: 24628: 24627: 24625: 24624: 24619: 24614: 24609: 24607:Proto-Germanic 24603: 24601: 24597: 24596: 24594: 24593: 24586: 24579: 24571: 24570: 24569: 24568: 24563: 24558: 24548: 24543: 24537: 24535: 24525: 24524: 24512: 24511: 24508: 24507: 24504: 24503: 24501: 24500: 24493: 24486: 24482:Crimean Gothic 24471: 24469: 24461: 24460: 24457: 24456: 24454: 24453: 24452: 24451: 24446: 24437: 24434: 24433: 24431: 24430: 24429: 24428: 24418: 24417: 24416: 24409: 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24386: 24385: 24380: 24370: 24369: 24368: 24358: 24356:Insular Danish 24353: 24343: 24342: 24341: 24339:Rinkebysvenska 24336: 24325: 24323: 24319: 24318: 24316: 24315: 24308: 24301: 24300: 24299: 24292: 24280: 24275: 24274: 24273: 24266: 24259: 24253: 24247: 24242: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24206: 24204: 24200: 24199: 24197: 24196: 24195: 24194: 24187: 24185:Old East Norse 24182: 24180:Old West Norse 24170: 24162: 24160: 24153: 24143: 24142: 24126: 24125: 24122: 24121: 24118: 24117: 24114: 24113: 24111: 24110: 24103: 24102: 24101: 24091: 24086: 24085: 24084: 24083: 24082: 24077: 24072: 24067: 24062: 24060:South Tyrolean 24052: 24051: 24050: 24040: 24030: 24029: 24028: 24023: 24022: 24021: 24011: 24010: 24009: 24002:High Alemannic 23999: 23998: 23997: 23992: 23975: 23973: 23967: 23966: 23963: 23962: 23960: 23959: 23954: 23949: 23944: 23939: 23934: 23929: 23924: 23918: 23916: 23910: 23909: 23907: 23906: 23901: 23900: 23899: 23889: 23888: 23887: 23886: 23885: 23880: 23870: 23860: 23859: 23858: 23857: 23856: 23855: 23854: 23844: 23839: 23829: 23828: 23827: 23822: 23806: 23804: 23795: 23793:Central German 23789: 23788: 23786: 23785: 23784: 23783: 23778: 23771: 23766: 23761: 23751: 23746: 23745: 23744: 23734: 23732:Barossa German 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23708: 23706: 23694: 23693: 23691: 23690: 23685: 23680: 23674: 23672: 23666: 23665: 23663: 23662: 23661: 23660: 23646: 23639: 23631: 23629: 23622: 23616: 23615: 23612: 23611: 23609: 23608: 23603: 23597: 23595: 23591: 23590: 23588: 23587: 23581: 23579: 23573: 23572: 23570: 23569: 23552: 23547: 23542: 23536: 23535: 23530: 23525: 23520: 23515: 23514: 23513: 23511:French Flemish 23503: 23502: 23501: 23490: 23488: 23484: 23483: 23481: 23480: 23470: 23464: 23462: 23456: 23455: 23453: 23452: 23447: 23442: 23436: 23434: 23427: 23425:Low Franconian 23421: 23420: 23417: 23416: 23414: 23413: 23412: 23411: 23401: 23396: 23391: 23386: 23380: 23378: 23372: 23371: 23369: 23368: 23363: 23358: 23357: 23356: 23346: 23345: 23344: 23339: 23334: 23333: 23332: 23327: 23319: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23293: 23291: 23285: 23284: 23282: 23281: 23274: 23266: 23264: 23257: 23251: 23250: 23247: 23246: 23243: 23242: 23240: 23239: 23238: 23237: 23232: 23231: 23230: 23229: 23228: 23226:Westereendersk 23220: 23209: 23204: 23198: 23196: 23190: 23189: 23187: 23186: 23185: 23184: 23179: 23172: 23167: 23166: 23165: 23160: 23157: 23149: 23144: 23143: 23142: 23131: 23130: 23129: 23124: 23119: 23118: 23117: 23112: 23104: 23093: 23091: 23085: 23084: 23082: 23081: 23080: 23079: 23072: 23065: 23053: 23052: 23051: 23042: 23040: 23034: 23033: 23031: 23030: 23027:Middle Frisian 23023: 23015: 23013: 23006: 23000: 22999: 22997: 22996: 22995: 22994: 22987: 22975: 22974: 22973: 22966: 22959: 22947: 22946: 22945: 22944: 22943: 22933:Modern English 22929: 22926:Middle English 22922: 22915: 22904: 22902: 22893: 22883: 22882: 22870: 22869: 22863: 22860: 22859: 22852: 22851: 22844: 22837: 22829: 22820: 22819: 22817: 22816: 22811: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22781: 22776: 22775: 22774: 22769: 22761: 22759:Englishisation 22756: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22736: 22731: 22726: 22721: 22715: 22713: 22709: 22708: 22705: 22704: 22702: 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22670: 22668: 22666:Southeast Asia 22662: 22661: 22659: 22658: 22653: 22648: 22643: 22642: 22641: 22631: 22625: 22623: 22617: 22616: 22614: 22613: 22607: 22601: 22597: 22596: 22594: 22593: 22588: 22583: 22581:South Atlantic 22578: 22577: 22576: 22571: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22531: 22526: 22521: 22515: 22513: 22509: 22508: 22505: 22504: 22502: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22490: 22489: 22479: 22473: 22470: 22469: 22467: 22466: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22445: 22444: 22433: 22431: 22422: 22418: 22417: 22414: 22413: 22411: 22410: 22405: 22399: 22396: 22395: 22393: 22392: 22387: 22382: 22377: 22372: 22371: 22370: 22363:Cayman Islands 22360: 22355: 22350: 22344: 22342: 22336: 22335: 22332: 22331: 22328: 22327: 22325: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22288: 22287: 22276: 22274: 22273:ethno-cultural 22268: 22267: 22265: 22264: 22259: 22258: 22257: 22252: 22242: 22241: 22240: 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22210: 22209: 22208: 22198: 22197: 22196: 22191: 22181: 22180: 22179: 22169: 22168: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22142: 22136: 22130: 22122: 22121: 22119: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22103: 22098: 22097: 22096: 22091: 22081: 22075: 22073: 22064: 22053: 22049: 22048: 22045: 22044: 22042: 22041: 22036: 22031: 22025: 22022: 22021: 22019: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22002: 22000: 21994: 21993: 21990: 21989: 21987: 21986: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21965: 21963: 21957: 21956: 21954: 21953: 21948: 21942: 21940: 21934: 21933: 21930: 21929: 21927: 21926: 21925: 21924: 21919: 21909: 21904: 21903: 21902: 21897: 21887: 21881: 21879: 21873: 21872: 21870: 21869: 21868: 21867: 21865:Stoke-on-Trent 21862: 21857: 21847: 21841: 21839: 21835: 21834: 21832: 21831: 21826: 21825: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21784: 21783: 21782: 21772: 21766: 21764: 21755: 21746: 21735: 21729: 21728: 21724:Modern English 21712: 21711: 21704: 21697: 21689: 21680: 21679: 21676: 21675: 21672: 21671: 21669: 21668: 21661: 21660: 21659: 21654: 21642: 21634: 21629: 21622: 21614: 21606: 21601: 21595: 21593: 21587: 21586: 21584: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21563: 21558: 21553: 21545: 21537: 21529: 21527: 21517: 21516: 21504: 21503: 21501: 21500: 21498:Modern English 21495: 21490: 21488:Middle English 21485: 21480: 21479: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21453: 21448: 21443: 21441:Proto-Germanic 21438: 21432: 21429: 21428: 21421: 21420: 21413: 21406: 21398: 21392: 21389: 21388: 21376: 21375: 21373: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21321: 21318: 21317: 21309: 21308: 21301: 21294: 21286: 21280: 21279: 21274: 21264: 21263: 21258: 21252: 21251: 21240: 21239: 21237: 21236:External links 21234: 21232: 21231: 21225: 21204: 21198: 21177: 21126:Wells, John C. 21122: 21116: 21095: 21089: 21076: 21049: 21031: 21016: 21010: 20997: 20991: 20977:. p. 14. 20970: 20964: 20951: 20933: 20918: 20912: 20899: 20893: 20880: 20874: 20852: 20846: 20825: 20814: 20808: 20787: 20774: 20757: 20744: 20719: 20692: 20671: 20665: 20652: 20634: 20628:. A.A. Knopf. 20619: 20601:(3): 259–285. 20590: 20572: 20557: 20539: 20524: 20506: 20497:Indian English 20491: 20460: 20454: 20433: 20427: 20406: 20382: 20376: 20355: 20349: 20328: 20322: 20309: 20296: 20276: 20267: 20249: 20243:. BWV Verlag. 20237:"Introduction" 20232: 20214: 20199: 20193: 20172: 20166: 20145: 20139: 20118: 20098: 20073: 20067: 20054: 20036: 20021: 19990: 19984: 19971: 19965: 19944: 19923: 19905: 19887: 19881: 19860: 19854: 19833: 19804: 19798: 19785: 19775:(6): 594–601. 19764: 19744: 19738: 19717: 19699: 19681: 19675: 19662: 19656: 19633: 19615: 19600: 19575: 19569: 19556: 19530: 19524: 19511: 19505: 19484: 19478: 19457: 19439:(164): 33–63. 19432: 19422:(2): 204–226. 19411: 19390: 19372: 19366: 19350: 19344: 19331: 19325: 19304: 19298: 19277: 19272: 19259: 19250: 19244: 19223: 19217: 19204: 19198: 19185: 19171: 19147: 19121: 19104: 19073: 19058: 19052: 19031: 19025: 19004: 18995: 18960: 18954: 18934: 18913: 18889: 18883: 18866: 18848: 18833: 18813: 18807: 18786: 18772: 18751: 18745: 18732: 18726: 18705: 18699: 18686: 18680: 18667: 18654: 18636: 18621: 18600: 18583:Graddol, David 18579: 18551:Graddol, David 18547: 18541: 18520: 18514: 18497: 18470: 18464: 18451: 18445: 18432: 18426: 18413: 18346: 18340: 18319: 18313: 18300: 18273: 18249: 18243: 18230: 18224: 18203: 18197: 18176: 18155: 18149: 18128: 18110: 18095: 18089: 18064: 18046: 18031: 18013: 17998: 17992: 17971: 17946: 17928: 17914:Crystal, David 17910: 17892: 17878:Crystal, David 17874: 17868: 17852:Language Death 17847: 17841: 17828: 17810: 17793: 17787: 17766: 17760: 17747: 17719: 17693: 17678: 17672: 17659: 17649:(2): 117–153. 17638: 17632: 17608: 17602: 17581: 17575: 17554: 17536: 17521: 17486: 17480: 17464: 17446: 17431: 17399: 17374: 17368: 17353: 17347: 17334: 17328: 17307: 17301: 17284: 17278: 17261: 17255: 17234: 17213: 17207: 17186: 17180: 17167: 17140:(3): 319–338. 17122: 17116: 17091: 17085: 17064: 17058: 17045: 17039: 17018: 17012: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16990: 16989: 16968: 16956: 16944: 16932: 16920: 16918:, p. 115. 16908: 16896: 16885:(2): 165–177. 16869: 16839: 16827: 16815: 16803: 16777:(2): 226–233. 16754: 16747: 16721: 16709: 16697: 16685: 16673: 16661: 16649: 16637: 16625: 16613: 16594: 16571: 16559: 16547: 16535: 16523: 16511: 16471: 16441: 16432: 16422:Labov, William 16414: 16402: 16390: 16378: 16366: 16354: 16342: 16330: 16323: 16305: 16293: 16281: 16269: 16257: 16245: 16233: 16207: 16195: 16183: 16171: 16159: 16157:, p. 125. 16147: 16135: 16133:, p. 107. 16123: 16121:, p. 290. 16111: 16109:, p. 159. 16107:Mountford 2006 16099: 16087: 16075: 16063: 16061:, p. 654. 16051: 16047:Mountford 2006 16039: 16037:, p. 156. 16035:Mountford 2006 16027: 16012: 16010:, p. 653. 15993: 15981: 15977:Mountford 2006 15969: 15967:, p. 149. 15954: 15952:, p. 202. 15939: 15937:, p. 198. 15927: 15925:, p. 197. 15915: 15913:, p. 692. 15903: 15891: 15879: 15877:, p. 302. 15867: 15855: 15843: 15809: 15807:, p. 196. 15794: 15775: 15755: 15736: 15716: 15714:, p. 265. 15704: 15692: 15670: 15658: 15656:, p. 129. 15643: 15639:Kastovsky 2006 15626: 15614: 15593: 15563: 15559:Schiffrin 1988 15551: 15539: 15527: 15515: 15503: 15491: 15479: 15467: 15465:, p. 114. 15455: 15453:, p. 557. 15443: 15441:, p. 545. 15431: 15419: 15417:, p. 551. 15407: 15377: 15375:, p. 550. 15365: 15363:, p. 553. 15353: 15341: 15329: 15299: 15287: 15275: 15260: 15248: 15236: 15234:, p. 541. 15224: 15209: 15194: 15192:, p. 426. 15182: 15151: 15124: 15112: 15108:Jespersen 2007 15100: 15080: 15068: 15056: 15044: 15014: 14977: 14970: 14952: 14940: 14938:, p. 540. 14925: 14913: 14901: 14889: 14877: 14865: 14863:, p. 118. 14853: 14846: 14825: 14818: 14793: 14781: 14779:, p. 493. 14769: 14757: 14755:, p. 114. 14745: 14733: 14729:Giegerich 1992 14721: 14709: 14693: 14678: 14645: 14615: 14603: 14591: 14579: 14567: 14555: 14543: 14531: 14529:, p. 121. 14519: 14517:, p. 167. 14507: 14495: 14493:, p. 138. 14483: 14471: 14444: 14432: 14420: 14408: 14396: 14394:, p. 534. 14384: 14372: 14360: 14348: 14336: 14324: 14322:, p. 163. 14320:Meierkord 2006 14312: 14300: 14288: 14276: 14264: 14252: 14240: 14210: 14198: 14186: 14174: 14172:, p. 321. 14162: 14150: 14138: 14136:, p. 261. 14126: 14114: 14102: 14090: 14078: 14076:, p. 139. 14066: 14051: 14039: 14037:, p. 165. 14035:Meierkord 2006 14027: 14015: 14003: 13981: 13959: 13929: 13917: 13913:Annamalai 2006 13905: 13903:, p. 594. 13893: 13881: 13879:, p. 195. 13869: 13857: 13845: 13827: 13801: 13771: 13753: 13724: 13698: 13687:(2): 141–160. 13671: 13660:. 6 April 2006 13643: 13622: 13608:. January 2020 13593: 13564: 13534: 13512: 13475: 13473:, p. 131. 13463: 13461:, p. 130. 13451: 13439: 13437:, p. 122. 13427: 13415: 13403: 13391: 13379: 13367: 13355: 13343: 13331: 13329:, p. 198. 13319: 13317:, p. 197. 13307: 13295: 13283: 13268: 13264:Schneider 2007 13256: 13244: 13232: 13220: 13208: 13196: 13194:, p. 377. 13177: 13165: 13153: 13141: 13129: 13117: 13105: 13093: 13078: 13076:, p. 196. 13063: 13048: 13046:, p. 106. 13036: 13009: 12984: 12972: 12960: 12948: 12936: 12921: 12909: 12892: 12875: 12856: 12836: 12821: 12819:, p. 614. 12806: 12804:, p. 586. 12794: 12782: 12770: 12758: 12743: 12708: 12690:. Wesley NNU. 12675: 12668: 12648: 12636: 12624: 12610: 12590: 12578: 12566: 12549: 12517: 12505: 12493: 12481: 12469: 12452: 12440: 12428: 12416: 12404: 12392: 12380: 12368: 12359: 12357:, p. 539. 12347: 12340: 12322: 12305: 12290: 12278: 12271: 12242: 12230: 12218: 12206: 12194: 12182: 12167: 12155: 12143: 12131: 12117: 12091: 12076: 12061: 12054: 12033: 12008: 11993: 11981: 11966: 11962:Wardhaugh 2010 11954: 11942: 11925: 11897: 11867: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11820: 11817: 11796: 11795: 11784: 11772: 11769:Speech example 11767: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11750: 11740: 11737:Speech example 11735: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11718: 11708: 11697: 11694:Speech example 11692: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11679:Main article: 11676: 11673: 11640:Indian English 11612:code-switching 11596:Cayman Islands 11532: 11531: 11529: 11515:woman with an 11510: 11498: 11495:Speech example 11493: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11472: 11460: 11457:Speech example 11455: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11434: 11423: 11420:Speech example 11418: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11401: 11391: 11380: 11377:Speech example 11375: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11356:Indian English 11339: 11336: 11289: 11288: 11277: 11265: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11243: 11233: 11223: 11220:Speech example 11218: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11207:Brunei English 11186: 11185:Southeast Asia 11183: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11125: 11114: 11111:Speech example 11109: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11095:Eleanor Catton 11088: 11076: 11073:Speech example 11071: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11048: 11036: 11033:Speech example 11031: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11006: 10994: 10991:Speech example 10989: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10972: 10962: 10952: 10949:Speech example 10947: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10927: 10924: 10919:Creole English 10896:pin–pen merger 10880:glide-deleting 10857:Acadian French 10791:of the vowels 10642: 10635: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10587: 10576: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10516: 10515: 10496: 10485: 10482:Speech example 10480: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10458:D. J. Shockley 10447: 10436: 10433:Speech example 10431: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10410: 10398: 10395:Speech example 10393: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10370: 10358: 10355:Speech example 10353: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10328: 10316: 10313:Speech example 10311: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10294: 10276: 10265: 10262:Speech example 10260: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10224: 10221: 10213:Ulster English 10193:County Wexford 10102:is pronounced 10054:dialects, the 10004:United Kingdom 9994: 9993: 9978: 9966: 9963:Speech example 9961: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9940: 9929: 9926:Speech example 9924: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9903: 9892: 9889:Speech example 9887: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9860: 9849: 9846:Speech example 9844: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9823: 9811: 9808:Speech example 9806: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9781: 9769: 9766:Speech example 9764: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9737: 9726: 9723:Speech example 9721: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9703:Cockney accent 9700: 9688: 9685:Speech example 9683: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9666: 9652: 9641: 9638:Speech example 9636: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9621:Ulster English 9617:Scots language 9592: 9589: 9546: 9543: 9343:. The letters 9102:Latin alphabet 9083: 9080: 9065:Englishization 9063:Main article: 9060: 9057: 9026:orthographical 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8945: 8942: 8845: 8842: 8834:lexicographers 8794:obsolete words 8789: 8786: 8668:cleft sentence 8654: 8651: 8607:) appear in a 8534: 8531: 8461:*Know you him? 8425:Modern English 8374: 8371: 8365:as well as by 8306:Main article: 8303: 8300: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8162: 8159: 8114: 8111: 8078:Main article: 8075: 8072: 8044:to put up with 8011: 8008: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7875:Second person 7872: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7798:Second person 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7672:3rd person sg. 7669: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7657:Plain present 7654: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7587:Main article: 7584: 7581: 7541:Main article: 7538: 7535: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7386: 7385:3rd, singular 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7355:2nd, singular 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7325:1st, singular 7322: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7311:Objective case 7309: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7289:gender-neutral 7249: 7174:Otto Jespersen 7158:objective case 7104:Main article: 7101: 7098: 7062:Main article: 7059: 7056: 6919:Main article: 6916: 6913: 6814: 6813: 6807: 6774: 6773: 6743: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6646:Main article: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6406:Main article: 6403: 6400: 6358:rhotic dialect 6218:Canadian Shift 6175: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6061: 6056: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5482: 5479: 5161: 5158: 5095: 5092: 5082:(phonemically 4973:as opposed to 4941: 4940: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4848: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4640: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4501: 4500: 4495:Main article: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4450: 4449: 4435: 4419:. GA has dark 4397: 4396: 4379:fortis stops: 4377: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3901:, and for RP. 3887:Main article: 3884: 3881: 3854:United Kingdom 3830:Main article: 3827: 3824: 3796:language death 3785:Simple English 3729:at the end of 3727:United Nations 3704:world language 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3596:Main article: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3570:United Kingdom 3566: 3551: 3544: 3533: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3348:United Kingdom 3335: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3293:Percentage of 3286: 3283: 3271:first language 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3143: 3140: 3072:published the 3062:published his 3060:Samuel Johnson 3039:British Empire 3034: 3031: 2972:printing press 2968:William Caxton 2869:Main article: 2866: 2863: 2742: 2699:Middle English 2694: 2693:Middle English 2691: 2684:). Other core 2681:hie, him, hera 2639:North Germanic 2618: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2572: 2569: 2468:had many more 2391:Latin alphabet 2383:Scots language 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2188:interrogatives 2136:modern grammar 2120:British Empire 2105:printing press 2071:Middle English 2050: 2047: 2042:Main article: 2039: 2036: 2028:palatalisation 2000:Proto-Germanic 1969:mixed language 1911:Middle English 1858:English is an 1830: 1813: 1798:in Europe and 1790: 1773: 1744: 1728: 1722: 1710: 1709:Classification 1707: 1655:Middle English 1619:of diplomacy, 1613:European Union 1605:United Kingdom 1558:British Empire 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1495: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1435:South Atlantic 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1178:Modern English 1175: 1170: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1115: 1114: 1101:, you may see 1087: 1086: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1008: 1000: 999: 990: 982: 981: 980:Language codes 977: 976: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 856:European Union 853: 851:United Nations 844: 843: 842: 839: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 782: 781: 780: 777: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 724:Norfolk Island 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 654:Cayman Islands 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 624:American Samoa 621: 610: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 582:United Kingdom 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 313: 312: 311: 309: 306: 303: 302: 298: 297: 289: 282: 279: 278: 276: 275: 266: 260: 249: 247: 243:Writing system 240: 237: 236: 234: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 220:Middle English 210:Proto-Germanic 203: 201: 198: 195: 194: 192: 191: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 182: 181: 147: 145: 138: 135: 134: 132: 131: 125: 114: 103: 99: 98: 76:United Kingdom 68: 67:Native to 64: 63: 30: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26314: 26303: 26300: 26298: 26295: 26293: 26290: 26288: 26285: 26283: 26280: 26278: 26275: 26273: 26270: 26268: 26265: 26263: 26260: 26259: 26257: 26246:from Wikidata 26245: 26244: 26232: 26228: 26227: 26215: 26211: 26210: 26198: 26194: 26193: 26181: 26177: 26176: 26164: 26160: 26159: 26147: 26146: 26143: 26137: 26129: 26124: 26119: 26117: 26112: 26107: 26105: 26100: 26095: 26094: 26091: 26065: 26061: 26056: 26042: 26039: 26037: 26034: 26032: 26031: 26027: 26025: 26022: 26020: 26017: 26015: 26012: 26010: 26007: 26005: 26004: 26000: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25988: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25978: 25975: 25973: 25972: 25968: 25966: 25963: 25961: 25958: 25956: 25955: 25951: 25950: 25948: 25944: 25938: 25935: 25933: 25932: 25928: 25926: 25925: 25921: 25920: 25918: 25914: 25908: 25905: 25903: 25900: 25898: 25895: 25893: 25890: 25888: 25887: 25883: 25881: 25880: 25876: 25874: 25873: 25869: 25868: 25866: 25864: 25860: 25854: 25853: 25849: 25848: 25846: 25842: 25836: 25833: 25831: 25828: 25826: 25823: 25821: 25818: 25816: 25813: 25811: 25808: 25806: 25803: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25788: 25786: 25783: 25781: 25778: 25776: 25773: 25771: 25768: 25766: 25763: 25761: 25758: 25756: 25753: 25751: 25748: 25746: 25743: 25741: 25738: 25736: 25733: 25731: 25728: 25727: 25725: 25721: 25715: 25712: 25711: 25708: 25705: 25699: 25689: 25688: 25684: 25682: 25681: 25677: 25675: 25672: 25670: 25667: 25666: 25664: 25662: 25658: 25652: 25649: 25647: 25646: 25642: 25640: 25639: 25635: 25633: 25630: 25628: 25627: 25623: 25622: 25620: 25618: 25614: 25608: 25607: 25603: 25601: 25600:United States 25598: 25596: 25595: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25583: 25579: 25577: 25576: 25572: 25570: 25569: 25565: 25563: 25560: 25558: 25555: 25553: 25550: 25548: 25547: 25543: 25541: 25540: 25536: 25534: 25531: 25529: 25526: 25524: 25521: 25519: 25518: 25514: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25506: 25502: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25494: 25490: 25488: 25487: 25483: 25481: 25478: 25476: 25473: 25471: 25468: 25466: 25463: 25461: 25460: 25456: 25455: 25453: 25451: 25447: 25441: 25440: 25436: 25435: 25433: 25431: 25427: 25421: 25418: 25417: 25414: 25411: 25405: 25401: 25395: 25392: 25390: 25387: 25386: 25384: 25380: 25374: 25371: 25369: 25366: 25364: 25361: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25350: 25348: 25344: 25340: 25336:Further links 25333: 25329: 25315: 25311: 25304: 25299: 25297: 25292: 25290: 25285: 25284: 25281: 25269: 25268: 25264: 25262: 25261: 25257: 25255: 25254: 25250: 25248: 25247: 25243: 25241: 25240: 25236: 25234: 25233: 25229: 25228: 25226: 25224: 25220: 25216: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25195: 25192: 25191: 25189: 25187: 25183: 25177: 25176: 25172: 25170: 25169: 25165: 25163: 25162: 25158: 25157: 25155: 25153: 25149: 25143: 25142: 25141:Gage Canadian 25138: 25136: 25135: 25131: 25129: 25128: 25124: 25122: 25121: 25117: 25116: 25114: 25112: 25108: 25102: 25101: 25097: 25095: 25094: 25090: 25088: 25087: 25083: 25081: 25080: 25076: 25074: 25073: 25069: 25067: 25066: 25062: 25060: 25059: 25055: 25054: 25052: 25050: 25046: 25040: 25039: 25035: 25031: 25030: 25026: 25024: 25023: 25019: 25017: 25016: 25012: 25010: 25009: 25005: 25003: 25002: 24998: 24997: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24990: 24986: 24984: 24983: 24979: 24978: 24976: 24974: 24970: 24964: 24963: 24959: 24957: 24956: 24952: 24949: 24948: 24944: 24941: 24940: 24936: 24934: 24933: 24930:Richardson's 24928: 24926: 24925: 24920: 24917: 24916: 24912: 24909: 24908: 24903: 24900: 24899: 24895: 24892: 24891: 24887: 24884: 24883: 24879: 24876: 24875: 24871: 24868: 24867: 24863: 24862: 24860: 24856: 24850: 24849: 24845: 24843: 24842: 24838: 24836: 24835: 24831: 24830: 24828: 24826: 24822: 24818: 24814: 24807: 24802: 24800: 24795: 24793: 24788: 24787: 24784: 24771: 24767: 24765: 24761: 24758: 24757: 24754: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24714:Germanic verb 24712: 24711: 24709: 24705: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24653:Sievers's law 24651: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24641: 24639: 24636: 24635: 24633: 24629: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24610: 24608: 24605: 24604: 24602: 24600:Reconstructed 24598: 24592: 24591: 24587: 24585: 24584: 24580: 24578: 24577: 24573: 24572: 24567: 24564: 24562: 24559: 24557: 24554: 24553: 24552: 24549: 24547: 24544: 24542: 24539: 24538: 24536: 24534: 24530: 24526: 24522: 24517: 24513: 24499: 24498: 24494: 24492: 24491: 24487: 24484: 24483: 24478: 24477: 24473: 24472: 24470: 24468: 24467: 24462: 24450: 24447: 24445: 24442: 24441: 24439: 24438: 24435: 24427: 24424: 24423: 24422: 24419: 24415: 24414: 24413:Middle Danish 24410: 24408: 24407: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24391: 24388: 24384: 24381: 24379: 24376: 24375: 24374: 24371: 24367: 24364: 24363: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24348: 24347: 24344: 24340: 24337: 24335: 24332: 24331: 24330: 24327: 24326: 24324: 24320: 24314: 24313: 24309: 24307: 24306: 24302: 24298: 24297: 24293: 24291: 24290: 24289:Old Icelandic 24286: 24285: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24276: 24272: 24271: 24267: 24265: 24264: 24263:Old Norwegian 24260: 24257: 24254: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24241: 24238: 24236: 24233: 24231: 24228: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24212: 24211: 24208: 24207: 24205: 24201: 24193: 24192: 24188: 24186: 24183: 24181: 24178: 24177: 24176: 24175: 24171: 24169: 24168: 24164: 24163: 24161: 24157: 24154: 24152: 24148: 24144: 24140: 24136: 24131: 24127: 24109: 24108: 24104: 24100: 24097: 24096: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24081: 24080:Gottscheerish 24078: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24057: 24056: 24053: 24049: 24046: 24045: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24035: 24034: 24031: 24027: 24024: 24020: 24019:Walser German 24017: 24016: 24015: 24012: 24008: 24005: 24004: 24003: 24000: 23996: 23993: 23991: 23988: 23987: 23986: 23985:Low Alemannic 23983: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23976: 23974: 23972: 23968: 23958: 23955: 23953: 23950: 23948: 23947:High Prussian 23945: 23943: 23940: 23938: 23935: 23933: 23932:Erzgebirgisch 23930: 23928: 23925: 23923: 23920: 23919: 23917: 23915: 23911: 23905: 23902: 23898: 23895: 23894: 23893: 23890: 23884: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23875: 23874: 23871: 23869: 23866: 23865: 23864: 23861: 23853: 23850: 23849: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23837:Luxembourgish 23835: 23834: 23833: 23830: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23817: 23816: 23813: 23812: 23811: 23808: 23807: 23805: 23803: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23790: 23782: 23779: 23777: 23776: 23775:Klezmer-loshn 23772: 23770: 23769:Scots Yiddish 23767: 23765: 23762: 23760: 23757: 23756: 23755: 23752: 23750: 23747: 23743: 23740: 23739: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23709: 23707: 23705: 23700: 23695: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23676: 23675: 23673: 23671: 23667: 23659: 23658: 23654: 23653: 23652: 23651: 23647: 23645: 23644: 23640: 23638: 23637: 23633: 23632: 23630: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23617: 23607: 23606:Meuse-Rhenish 23604: 23602: 23599: 23598: 23596: 23592: 23586: 23583: 23582: 23580: 23578: 23574: 23568: 23564: 23560: 23556: 23553: 23551: 23548: 23546: 23543: 23541: 23538: 23537: 23534: 23533:Kleverlandish 23531: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23519: 23516: 23512: 23509: 23508: 23507: 23504: 23500: 23497: 23496: 23495: 23494:Central Dutch 23492: 23491: 23489: 23485: 23478: 23474: 23471: 23469: 23466: 23465: 23463: 23461: 23457: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23443: 23441: 23438: 23437: 23435: 23431: 23428: 23426: 23422: 23410: 23407: 23406: 23405: 23402: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23381: 23379: 23377: 23373: 23367: 23364: 23362: 23359: 23355: 23352: 23351: 23350: 23347: 23343: 23340: 23338: 23335: 23331: 23328: 23326: 23323: 23322: 23320: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23302:Stellingwarfs 23300: 23299: 23298: 23295: 23294: 23292: 23290: 23286: 23280: 23279: 23275: 23273: 23272: 23268: 23267: 23265: 23261: 23258: 23256: 23252: 23236: 23233: 23227: 23224: 23223: 23222:Wood Frisian 23221: 23218: 23217: 23216: 23213: 23212: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23199: 23197: 23195: 23191: 23183: 23180: 23178: 23177: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23164: 23161: 23158: 23155: 23154: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23140: 23139: 23138: 23135: 23134: 23132: 23128: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23116: 23113: 23111: 23108: 23107: 23105: 23103: 23102: 23098: 23097: 23095: 23094: 23092: 23090: 23089:North Frisian 23086: 23078: 23077: 23073: 23071: 23070: 23066: 23064: 23063: 23059: 23058: 23057: 23054: 23050: 23047: 23046: 23044: 23043: 23041: 23039: 23035: 23029: 23028: 23024: 23022: 23021: 23017: 23016: 23014: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23001: 22993: 22992: 22988: 22986: 22985: 22981: 22980: 22979: 22976: 22972: 22971: 22967: 22965: 22964: 22960: 22958: 22957: 22953: 22952: 22951: 22948: 22942: 22941: 22937: 22936: 22935: 22934: 22930: 22928: 22927: 22923: 22921: 22920: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22910: 22909: 22906: 22905: 22903: 22901: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22891:Anglo-Frisian 22888: 22884: 22880: 22875: 22871: 22867: 22861: 22857: 22850: 22845: 22843: 22838: 22836: 22831: 22830: 22827: 22815: 22812: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22780: 22779:International 22777: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22764: 22762: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22735: 22732: 22730: 22727: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22717: 22716: 22714: 22710: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22671: 22669: 22667: 22663: 22657: 22654: 22652: 22649: 22647: 22644: 22640: 22637: 22636: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22626: 22624: 22622: 22618: 22612: 22609: 22608: 22605: 22602: 22598: 22592: 22589: 22587: 22584: 22582: 22579: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22566: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22527: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22516: 22514: 22510: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22488: 22485: 22484: 22483: 22480: 22478: 22475: 22474: 22471: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22459:Torres Strait 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22443: 22440: 22439: 22438: 22435: 22434: 22432: 22430: 22426: 22423: 22419: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22400: 22397: 22391: 22388: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22369: 22366: 22365: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22345: 22343: 22341: 22337: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22286: 22283: 22282: 22281: 22278: 22277: 22275: 22269: 22263: 22260: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22248: 22247: 22246: 22243: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22215: 22214: 22211: 22207: 22204: 22203: 22202: 22199: 22195: 22194:North-Central 22192: 22190: 22187: 22186: 22185: 22182: 22178: 22175: 22174: 22173: 22172:New York City 22170: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22137: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22123: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22109: 22107: 22106:Ottawa Valley 22104: 22102: 22099: 22095: 22092: 22090: 22087: 22086: 22085: 22082: 22080: 22077: 22076: 22074: 22072: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22057: 22054: 22050: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22026: 22023: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22003: 22001: 21999: 21995: 21985: 21982: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21966: 21964: 21962: 21958: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21943: 21941: 21939: 21935: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21914: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21901: 21900:Multicultural 21898: 21896: 21893: 21892: 21891: 21888: 21886: 21883: 21882: 21880: 21878: 21874: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21860:Black Country 21858: 21856: 21853: 21852: 21851: 21850:West Midlands 21848: 21846: 21845:East Midlands 21843: 21842: 21840: 21836: 21830: 21827: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21804: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21788: 21785: 21781: 21778: 21777: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21767: 21765: 21763: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21730: 21725: 21721: 21717: 21710: 21705: 21703: 21698: 21696: 21691: 21690: 21687: 21667: 21666: 21662: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21649: 21648: 21647: 21643: 21641: 21639: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21627: 21623: 21621: 21620:-vocalization 21619: 21615: 21613: 21611: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21596: 21594: 21592: 21588: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21546: 21544: 21538: 21536: 21535: 21531: 21530: 21528: 21526: 21522: 21518: 21514: 21509: 21505: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21458: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21433: 21430: 21426: 21419: 21414: 21412: 21407: 21405: 21400: 21399: 21396: 21390: 21383: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21322: 21319: 21315: 21307: 21302: 21300: 21295: 21293: 21288: 21287: 21284: 21278: 21275: 21272: 21269: 21268: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21228: 21222: 21218: 21214: 21210: 21205: 21201: 21195: 21191: 21187: 21183: 21178: 21169: 21160: 21151: 21147: 21143: 21139: 21135: 21131: 21127: 21123: 21119: 21113: 21109: 21105: 21101: 21096: 21092: 21086: 21082: 21077: 21074: 21062: 21055: 21050: 21038: 21034: 21028: 21024: 21023: 21017: 21013: 21007: 21003: 20998: 20994: 20988: 20984: 20980: 20976: 20971: 20967: 20961: 20957: 20952: 20940: 20936: 20930: 20926: 20925: 20919: 20915: 20909: 20905: 20900: 20896: 20890: 20886: 20881: 20877: 20871: 20867: 20866: 20861: 20857: 20853: 20849: 20843: 20839: 20835: 20831: 20826: 20822: 20821: 20815: 20811: 20805: 20801: 20797: 20793: 20788: 20777: 20771: 20766: 20765: 20758: 20751: 20747: 20741: 20734: 20733: 20725: 20720: 20705: 20698: 20693: 20681: 20677: 20672: 20668: 20662: 20658: 20653: 20641: 20637: 20631: 20627: 20626: 20620: 20616: 20612: 20608: 20604: 20600: 20596: 20591: 20579: 20575: 20569: 20565: 20564: 20558: 20546: 20542: 20536: 20532: 20531: 20525: 20513: 20509: 20503: 20499: 20498: 20492: 20477: 20473: 20466: 20461: 20457: 20451: 20447: 20443: 20439: 20434: 20430: 20424: 20420: 20416: 20412: 20407: 20395: 20391: 20387: 20383: 20379: 20373: 20369: 20365: 20361: 20356: 20352: 20346: 20342: 20338: 20334: 20329: 20325: 20319: 20315: 20310: 20299: 20293: 20288: 20287: 20281: 20277: 20273: 20268: 20256: 20252: 20246: 20242: 20238: 20233: 20221: 20217: 20211: 20208:. Routledge. 20207: 20206: 20200: 20196: 20190: 20186: 20182: 20178: 20173: 20169: 20163: 20159: 20155: 20151: 20146: 20142: 20136: 20132: 20128: 20124: 20119: 20107: 20103: 20099: 20087: 20083: 20079: 20074: 20070: 20064: 20060: 20055: 20043: 20039: 20033: 20029: 20028: 20022: 20007: 20003: 19996: 19991: 19987: 19981: 19977: 19972: 19968: 19962: 19958: 19954: 19950: 19945: 19933: 19929: 19924: 19912: 19908: 19902: 19898: 19897: 19892: 19888: 19884: 19878: 19874: 19870: 19866: 19861: 19857: 19851: 19847: 19843: 19839: 19834: 19830: 19826: 19822: 19818: 19814: 19810: 19805: 19801: 19795: 19791: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19770: 19765: 19753: 19749: 19745: 19741: 19735: 19731: 19727: 19723: 19718: 19706: 19702: 19696: 19692: 19691: 19686: 19682: 19678: 19672: 19668: 19663: 19659: 19653: 19649: 19645: 19641: 19640: 19634: 19622: 19618: 19612: 19608: 19607: 19601: 19597: 19593: 19589: 19585: 19581: 19576: 19572: 19566: 19563:. Blackwell. 19562: 19557: 19545: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19527: 19521: 19517: 19512: 19508: 19502: 19498: 19493: 19492: 19485: 19481: 19475: 19471: 19467: 19463: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19446: 19442: 19438: 19433: 19429: 19425: 19421: 19417: 19412: 19397: 19393: 19387: 19380: 19379: 19373: 19369: 19363: 19359: 19355: 19351: 19347: 19341: 19337: 19332: 19328: 19322: 19318: 19314: 19310: 19305: 19301: 19295: 19291: 19286: 19285: 19278: 19275: 19269: 19265: 19260: 19256: 19251: 19247: 19241: 19237: 19233: 19229: 19224: 19220: 19214: 19210: 19205: 19201: 19199:9780813933276 19195: 19191: 19186: 19182: 19178: 19174: 19168: 19164: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19148: 19136: 19132: 19128: 19124: 19118: 19114: 19110: 19109:"17. English" 19105: 19102: 19088: 19084: 19080: 19076: 19070: 19066: 19065: 19059: 19055: 19049: 19045: 19040: 19039: 19032: 19028: 19022: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19005: 19001: 18996: 18981: 18977: 18973: 18966: 18961: 18957: 18951: 18947: 18944:. Cambridge: 18943: 18939: 18935: 18923: 18919: 18914: 18911: 18898: 18894: 18890: 18886: 18884:9780340614457 18880: 18876: 18872: 18867: 18855: 18851: 18845: 18841: 18840: 18834: 18822: 18818: 18814: 18810: 18804: 18800: 18795: 18794: 18787: 18783: 18779: 18775: 18769: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18752: 18748: 18742: 18738: 18733: 18729: 18723: 18719: 18715: 18711: 18706: 18702: 18696: 18692: 18687: 18683: 18677: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18662: 18655: 18643: 18639: 18633: 18630:. Routledge. 18629: 18628: 18622: 18607: 18603: 18597: 18590: 18589: 18584: 18580: 18565: 18558: 18557: 18552: 18548: 18544: 18538: 18534: 18530: 18526: 18521: 18517: 18511: 18507: 18503: 18498: 18486: 18482: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18467: 18461: 18457: 18452: 18448: 18442: 18438: 18433: 18429: 18423: 18419: 18414: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18387: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18369: 18365: 18364: 18356: 18354: 18347: 18343: 18337: 18333: 18328: 18327: 18320: 18316: 18310: 18306: 18301: 18286: 18279: 18274: 18262: 18258: 18254: 18250: 18246: 18240: 18236: 18231: 18227: 18221: 18217: 18213: 18209: 18204: 18200: 18194: 18190: 18186: 18182: 18177: 18173: 18169: 18165: 18161: 18156: 18152: 18146: 18142: 18138: 18134: 18129: 18117: 18113: 18107: 18103: 18102: 18096: 18092: 18086: 18082: 18077: 18076: 18070: 18065: 18053: 18049: 18043: 18039: 18038: 18032: 18020: 18016: 18010: 18006: 18005: 17999: 17995: 17989: 17985: 17980: 17979: 17972: 17960: 17956: 17952: 17947: 17935: 17931: 17925: 17921: 17920: 17915: 17911: 17899: 17895: 17889: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17875: 17871: 17865: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17848: 17844: 17838: 17834: 17829: 17817: 17813: 17807: 17802: 17801: 17794: 17790: 17784: 17780: 17776: 17772: 17767: 17763: 17757: 17753: 17748: 17744: 17740: 17736: 17732: 17728: 17724: 17720: 17708: 17704: 17700: 17696: 17690: 17686: 17685: 17679: 17675: 17669: 17665: 17660: 17656: 17652: 17648: 17644: 17639: 17635: 17629: 17625: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17599: 17595: 17590: 17589: 17582: 17578: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17560: 17555: 17543: 17539: 17533: 17529: 17528: 17522: 17510: 17506: 17502: 17500: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17477: 17473: 17469: 17465: 17453: 17449: 17443: 17439: 17438: 17432: 17428: 17422: 17406: 17402: 17396: 17392: 17388: 17384: 17380: 17375: 17371: 17365: 17361: 17360: 17354: 17350: 17344: 17340: 17335: 17331: 17325: 17321: 17317: 17313: 17308: 17304: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17285: 17281: 17279:9789027248763 17275: 17271: 17267: 17262: 17258: 17252: 17248: 17243: 17242: 17235: 17223: 17219: 17214: 17210: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17192: 17187: 17183: 17177: 17173: 17168: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17147: 17143: 17139: 17135: 17128: 17123: 17119: 17113: 17109: 17105: 17101: 17097: 17092: 17088: 17082: 17078: 17074: 17070: 17065: 17061: 17055: 17051: 17046: 17042: 17036: 17032: 17028: 17024: 17019: 17015: 17013:9781405164252 17009: 17005: 17000: 16999: 16986: 16985:9780878400997 16982: 16975: 16973: 16965: 16960: 16953: 16948: 16941: 16936: 16929: 16924: 16917: 16912: 16905: 16900: 16892: 16888: 16884: 16880: 16873: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16843: 16836: 16831: 16824: 16819: 16812: 16807: 16796: 16792: 16788: 16784: 16780: 16776: 16772: 16765: 16758: 16750: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16725: 16718: 16713: 16706: 16705:Maclagan 2010 16701: 16694: 16689: 16682: 16681:Burridge 2010 16677: 16670: 16665: 16658: 16657:Eagleson 1982 16653: 16646: 16645:Patrick 2006b 16641: 16634: 16629: 16622: 16617: 16601: 16597: 16591: 16587: 16586: 16581: 16575: 16568: 16563: 16556: 16551: 16544: 16539: 16532: 16527: 16520: 16515: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16482: 16475: 16459: 16455: 16451: 16445: 16436: 16429: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16411: 16406: 16399: 16394: 16387: 16382: 16375: 16370: 16363: 16358: 16352:, p. 34. 16351: 16346: 16339: 16334: 16326: 16320: 16316: 16309: 16302: 16297: 16290: 16285: 16279:, p. 81. 16278: 16273: 16266: 16265:Trudgill 1999 16261: 16255:, p. 80. 16254: 16253:Trudgill 1999 16249: 16242: 16237: 16221: 16217: 16211: 16205:, p. 31. 16204: 16199: 16193:, p. 40. 16192: 16187: 16181:, p. 37. 16180: 16175: 16168: 16163: 16156: 16155:Trudgill 1999 16151: 16145:, p. 10. 16144: 16143:Trudgill 1999 16139: 16132: 16131:Crystal 2003b 16127: 16120: 16115: 16108: 16103: 16096: 16095:Shaywitz 2003 16091: 16084: 16079: 16072: 16067: 16060: 16055: 16048: 16043: 16036: 16031: 16024: 16019: 16017: 16009: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15998: 15990: 15985: 15978: 15973: 15966: 15961: 15959: 15951: 15950:Gottlieb 2006 15946: 15944: 15936: 15935:Gottlieb 2006 15931: 15924: 15923:Gottlieb 2006 15919: 15912: 15907: 15900: 15895: 15888: 15887:Crystal 2003b 15883: 15876: 15871: 15864: 15859: 15852: 15847: 15831: 15827: 15824:(in French). 15823: 15819: 15813: 15806: 15805:Gottlieb 2006 15801: 15799: 15782: 15778: 15772: 15768: 15767: 15759: 15743: 15739: 15733: 15729: 15728: 15720: 15713: 15708: 15701: 15696: 15688: 15684: 15680: 15674: 15667: 15666:Crystal 2003b 15662: 15655: 15654:Crystal 2003b 15650: 15648: 15640: 15635: 15633: 15631: 15623: 15618: 15611: 15606: 15604: 15602: 15600: 15598: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15567: 15560: 15555: 15548: 15543: 15536: 15531: 15524: 15519: 15512: 15507: 15500: 15495: 15488: 15483: 15476: 15471: 15464: 15459: 15452: 15447: 15440: 15435: 15428: 15423: 15416: 15411: 15395: 15391: 15387: 15381: 15374: 15369: 15362: 15357: 15350: 15349:McArthur 1992 15345: 15338: 15333: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15303: 15296: 15291: 15284: 15279: 15272: 15267: 15265: 15257: 15252: 15246:, p. 50. 15245: 15240: 15233: 15228: 15222:, p. 51. 15221: 15216: 15214: 15207:, p. 58. 15206: 15201: 15199: 15191: 15186: 15170: 15166: 15162: 15155: 15139: 15135: 15128: 15121: 15116: 15109: 15104: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15084: 15077: 15072: 15065: 15060: 15053: 15048: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15010: 15002: 14998: 14997: 14991: 14984: 14982: 14973: 14967: 14963: 14956: 14949: 14944: 14937: 14932: 14930: 14923:, p. 57. 14922: 14917: 14910: 14905: 14899:, p. 55. 14898: 14893: 14886: 14881: 14874: 14869: 14862: 14857: 14849: 14843: 14839: 14832: 14830: 14821: 14815: 14811: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14798: 14791:, p. 22. 14790: 14785: 14778: 14773: 14766: 14761: 14754: 14749: 14742: 14737: 14731:, p. 36. 14730: 14725: 14719:, p. 53. 14718: 14713: 14706: 14702: 14697: 14690: 14685: 14683: 14673: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14649: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14619: 14613:, p. 66. 14612: 14607: 14600: 14595: 14588: 14583: 14576: 14571: 14565:, p. 42. 14564: 14559: 14552: 14547: 14541:, p. 60. 14540: 14535: 14528: 14523: 14516: 14511: 14504: 14499: 14492: 14487: 14480: 14475: 14459: 14455: 14448: 14441: 14436: 14430:, p. 41. 14429: 14424: 14418:, p. 13. 14417: 14412: 14405: 14400: 14393: 14388: 14381: 14376: 14369: 14368:MacMahon 2006 14364: 14357: 14352: 14345: 14340: 14333: 14328: 14321: 14316: 14309: 14304: 14297: 14292: 14285: 14280: 14273: 14268: 14261: 14256: 14249: 14244: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14214: 14207: 14202: 14195: 14190: 14183: 14178: 14171: 14166: 14159: 14154: 14148:, p. 29. 14147: 14142: 14135: 14130: 14124:, p. 47. 14123: 14118: 14111: 14106: 14099: 14094: 14087: 14082: 14075: 14070: 14063: 14062:Northrup 2013 14058: 14056: 14048: 14043: 14036: 14031: 14024: 14019: 14012: 14007: 13988: 13984: 13978: 13971: 13970: 13963: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13933: 13926: 13921: 13914: 13909: 13902: 13901:Mesthrie 2010 13897: 13890: 13885: 13878: 13873: 13866: 13861: 13854: 13849: 13841: 13837: 13831: 13815: 13811: 13805: 13798: 13785: 13781: 13775: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13750: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13712: 13708: 13702: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13675: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13647: 13632: 13626: 13619: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13590: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13538: 13522: 13516: 13509: 13503: 13498: 13495:(1/2): 83–4. 13494: 13490: 13486: 13479: 13472: 13467: 13460: 13455: 13448: 13443: 13436: 13431: 13424: 13419: 13412: 13411:Trudgill 2006 13407: 13400: 13395: 13388: 13383: 13376: 13371: 13364: 13359: 13352: 13347: 13340: 13335: 13328: 13323: 13316: 13311: 13304: 13299: 13292: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13273: 13265: 13260: 13253: 13248: 13241: 13236: 13229: 13228:Patrick 2006a 13224: 13217: 13212: 13206:, p. 69. 13205: 13204:Crystal 2003a 13200: 13193: 13188: 13186: 13184: 13182: 13174: 13169: 13162: 13157: 13150: 13145: 13138: 13133: 13126: 13121: 13114: 13109: 13103:, Key Points. 13102: 13097: 13090: 13085: 13083: 13075: 13070: 13068: 13060: 13055: 13053: 13045: 13044:Crystal 2003b 13040: 13024: 13020: 13013: 12994: 12988: 12981: 12976: 12969: 12964: 12957: 12952: 12945: 12940: 12933: 12928: 12926: 12918: 12913: 12906: 12905:Crystal 2003a 12901: 12899: 12897: 12889: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12863: 12859: 12853: 12849: 12848: 12840: 12833: 12832:Northrup 2013 12828: 12826: 12818: 12813: 12811: 12803: 12798: 12791: 12786: 12779: 12774: 12767: 12762: 12755: 12750: 12748: 12740: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12712: 12693: 12686: 12679: 12671: 12665: 12661: 12660: 12652: 12645: 12640: 12633: 12628: 12613: 12611:9788437083216 12607: 12603: 12602: 12594: 12587: 12582: 12575: 12570: 12563: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12524: 12522: 12514: 12509: 12502: 12497: 12490: 12485: 12478: 12473: 12467:, p. 23. 12466: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12449: 12448:Donoghue 2008 12444: 12437: 12432: 12425: 12424:Campbell 1959 12420: 12413: 12408: 12401: 12396: 12389: 12384: 12377: 12372: 12363: 12356: 12351: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12302: 12297: 12295: 12288:, p. 30. 12287: 12286:Crystal 2003b 12282: 12274: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12249: 12247: 12239: 12234: 12227: 12222: 12215: 12210: 12203: 12198: 12191: 12186: 12179: 12174: 12172: 12164: 12159: 12152: 12151:Robinson 1992 12147: 12140: 12135: 12128: 12126: 12120: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12095: 12089:, p. 39. 12088: 12083: 12081: 12074:, p. 30. 12073: 12068: 12066: 12057: 12051: 12048:. C. Winter. 12047: 12040: 12038: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12019: 12012: 12005: 12004:Crystal 2003b 12000: 11998: 11990: 11985: 11978: 11977: 11970: 11964:, p. 55. 11963: 11958: 11951: 11950:Crystal 2003a 11946: 11939: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11902: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11864: 11860: 11855: 11851: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11816: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11788: 11787:Werner Herzog 11770: 11762: 11754: 11738: 11730: 11726: 11724: 11712: 11695: 11687: 11686: 11682: 11672: 11670: 11666: 11641: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11565: 11563: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11530: 11522: 11521:Arundhati Roy 11518: 11517:Indian accent 11514: 11496: 11488: 11486: 11485: 11476: 11458: 11450: 11442: 11438: 11421: 11413: 11409: 11407: 11395: 11378: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11281: 11263: 11255: 11251: 11249: 11237: 11221: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11171: 11167: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11141: 11133: 11129: 11112: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11074: 11066: 11065: 11056: 11055:Geoffrey Rush 11052: 11034: 11026: 11018: 11017:Julia Gillard 11014: 11011:woman with a 11010: 10992: 10984: 10980: 10978: 10966: 10950: 10942: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10845:Irish English 10842: 10838: 10834: 10831:, comprises 10830: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10802: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10708:United States 10704: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10669:Cajun English 10666: 10662: 10657: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10630: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10585: 10582: 10574: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10546:dominates in 10545: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10522: 10508: 10504: 10501:woman with a 10500: 10483: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10434: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10413:Boston accent 10396: 10388: 10387: 10378: 10374: 10356: 10348: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10300: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10263: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10223:North America 10220: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10209:Irish English 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10131: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10113: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 10005: 10000: 9986: 9985:Mary Robinson 9982: 9964: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9927: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9890: 9882: 9881: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9847: 9839: 9831: 9827: 9809: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9767: 9759: 9758: 9749: 9748:Russell Brand 9745: 9741: 9724: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9672: 9660: 9656: 9639: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9609:Welsh English 9606: 9602: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9542: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9444: 9436: 9428: 9420: 9408: 9400: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9376: 9375: 9365: 9364: 9350: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9229:sound changes 9226: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9072:lingua franca 9066: 9056: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9021: 9019: 8968: 8961: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8896:(for example 8895: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8803:species names 8799: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766:stance taking 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8715: 8710: 8709: 8703: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8692:it is raining 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8672:dummy subject 8669: 8665: 8660: 8659:topic-comment 8650: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8583:-words; e.g. 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8545: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8398:find its bone 8396:, the clause 8395: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8302:Clause syntax 8299: 8297: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8151:passive voice 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8093:, the adverb 8092: 8088: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8016:phrasal verbs 8010:Phrasal verbs 8007: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7971:; imperative 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7910:I was running 7907: 7903: 7899: 7890: 7889:John will run 7887: 7885:Third person 7883: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7865:First person 7863: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813:Third person 7811: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783:First person 7781: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7589:English verbs 7580: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7553:for my friend 7550: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7515:anaphorically 7512: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7303: 7294: 7290: 7287:) serve as a 7286: 7282: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6959:the child is 6956: 6954: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6648:English nouns 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6437:subordinators 6434: 6430: 6426: 6423:in favour of 6422: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6359: 6355: 6354:syllable coda 6347: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6294: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6136: 6135: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6034:Sound change 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5940: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471:vowel quality 5467: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5419: 5413: 5383: 5377: 5345: 5339: 5312: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5286: 5250: 5249: 5240: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5091: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678:Monophthongs 4668: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4365:lenis stops: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4320: 4304: 4299: 4291: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858:United States 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3748:(ASEAN), and 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700:lingua franca 3696: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3677: No data 3640: 3633: No data 3614: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3586: 3585:United States 3582: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501:English is a 3448: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3379:David Crystal 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344:United States 3339: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3197: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:East Midlands 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2853:Thomas Malory 2850: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2611: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480:in pronouns ( 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2378:Cædmon's Hymn 2374: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:British Latin 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Roman Britain 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:Anglo-Frisian 2250: 2249:West Germanic 2239: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182:, as well as 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144:Indo-European 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128:lingua franca 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024:Verner's laws 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1923:Yola language 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:British Isles 1888: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866:group of the 1865: 1864:West Germanic 1861: 1853: 1852:West Germanic 1848: 1842: 1837: 1828: 1827:Luxembourgish 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1726: English 1721: 1720: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:lingua franca 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:United States 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:Great Britain 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1430:South African 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1088: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1001: 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25805:South Africa 25795:Sierra Leone 25713: 25685: 25678: 25643: 25636: 25624: 25604: 25592: 25580: 25575:Sint Maarten 25573: 25566: 25544: 25537: 25515: 25503: 25491: 25484: 25457: 25437: 25419: 25265: 25258: 25251: 25244: 25237: 25230: 25173: 25166: 25159: 25139: 25132: 25125: 25118: 25098: 25091: 25084: 25077: 25070: 25063: 25056: 25036: 25027: 25020: 25013: 25006: 24999: 24994: 24987: 24980: 24960: 24953: 24945: 24937: 24931: 24923: 24922:Worcester's 24913: 24906: 24896: 24888: 24880: 24872: 24864: 24846: 24839: 24832: 24759: 24643:Verner's law 24588: 24583:Gotho-Nordic 24581: 24574: 24495: 24488: 24480: 24474: 24464: 24449:Fårö Gutnish 24411: 24404: 24310: 24303: 24294: 24287: 24268: 24261: 24189: 24184: 24179: 24172: 24165: 24105: 24007:Swiss German 23971:Upper German 23904:Amana German 23878:Volga German 23847:Hunsrückisch 23773: 23727:Unserdeutsch 23722:Berlinerisch 23655: 23648: 23641: 23634: 23594:Cover groups 23550:Mohawk Dutch 23545:Jersey Dutch 23523:East Flemish 23506:West Flemish 23450:Middle Dutch 23404:Low Prussian 23276: 23269: 23235:Terschelling 23219:Clay Frisian 23194:West Frisian 23182:Wiedingharde 23174: 23162: 23122:Heligolandic 23099: 23074: 23067: 23060: 23055: 23038:East Frisian 23025: 23018: 22991:Middle Scots 22989: 22982: 22968: 22961: 22954: 22949: 22938: 22931: 22924: 22917: 22907: 22718: 22564:South Africa 22559:Sierra Leone 22312:Miami Latino 22201:Philadelphia 22189:Inland North 22094:Newfoundland 21912:West Country 21726:by continent 21664: 21645: 21637: 21625: 21617: 21609: 21533: 21471:Northumbrian 21313: 21246: 21208: 21181: 21168:0-52128541-0 21159:0-52128540-2 21150:0-52129719-2 21129: 21099: 21080: 21072: 21065:. 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Retrieved 19377: 19357: 19354:Leech, G. N. 19335: 19308: 19283: 19263: 19254: 19227: 19208: 19189: 19154: 19139:. Retrieved 19112: 19091:. Retrieved 19063: 19037: 19008: 19002:. Routledge. 18999: 18987:. Retrieved 18975: 18971: 18941: 18926:. Retrieved 18922:the original 18908: 18901:. Retrieved 18874: 18858:. Retrieved 18838: 18825:. Retrieved 18792: 18755: 18736: 18709: 18690: 18671: 18660: 18646:. Retrieved 18626: 18613:. Retrieved 18606:the original 18587: 18571:. Retrieved 18564:the original 18555: 18524: 18505: 18489:. Retrieved 18485:the original 18478: 18455: 18436: 18417: 18405:. Retrieved 18370:(1): 83–96. 18367: 18361: 18353:Rosa's roses 18352: 18325: 18304: 18292:. Retrieved 18285:the original 18265:. Retrieved 18256: 18234: 18207: 18180: 18163: 18159: 18132: 18120:. Retrieved 18100: 18074: 18056:. Retrieved 18036: 18023:. Retrieved 18003: 17977: 17963:. Retrieved 17955:The Guardian 17954: 17938:. Retrieved 17918: 17902:. Retrieved 17882: 17851: 17832: 17820:. Retrieved 17799: 17770: 17751: 17726: 17711:. Retrieved 17683: 17663: 17646: 17642: 17615: 17587: 17558: 17546:. Retrieved 17526: 17513:. Retrieved 17497: 17494:"Engla land" 17471: 17456:. Retrieved 17436: 17409:. Retrieved 17405:the original 17382: 17358: 17338: 17311: 17292: 17269: 17240: 17226:. Retrieved 17222:the original 17190: 17171: 17160:the original 17137: 17133: 17099: 17068: 17049: 17022: 17003: 16995:Bibliography 16964:Sailaja 2009 16959: 16947: 16935: 16923: 16911: 16899: 16882: 16878: 16872: 16860:. Retrieved 16856:the original 16851: 16842: 16830: 16818: 16806: 16774: 16770: 16757: 16730: 16724: 16712: 16700: 16688: 16676: 16664: 16652: 16640: 16628: 16616: 16604:. Retrieved 16584: 16574: 16562: 16550: 16538: 16526: 16514: 16503:, retrieved 16496:the original 16487: 16474: 16462:. Retrieved 16444: 16435: 16425: 16417: 16405: 16393: 16386:Cassidy 1982 16381: 16369: 16362:Rowicka 2006 16357: 16345: 16333: 16314: 16308: 16296: 16289:Romaine 1982 16284: 16272: 16260: 16248: 16243:, p. 4. 16236: 16224:. Retrieved 16210: 16198: 16186: 16174: 16169:, p. 3. 16162: 16150: 16138: 16126: 16114: 16102: 16090: 16078: 16071:Dehaene 2009 16066: 16054: 16042: 16030: 15984: 15972: 15930: 15918: 15906: 15894: 15882: 15870: 15865:, p. 4. 15863:Romaine 1999 15858: 15846: 15834:. Retrieved 15821: 15812: 15785:. Retrieved 15765: 15758: 15746:. Retrieved 15726: 15719: 15707: 15702:, p. 7. 15695: 15687:the original 15682: 15673: 15661: 15617: 15586:13 September 15584:. Retrieved 15580:the original 15575: 15566: 15554: 15542: 15530: 15518: 15506: 15494: 15482: 15470: 15458: 15446: 15434: 15422: 15410: 15398:. Retrieved 15389: 15380: 15368: 15356: 15344: 15332: 15320:. Retrieved 15311: 15302: 15290: 15278: 15251: 15239: 15227: 15185: 15173:. Retrieved 15164: 15154: 15142:. Retrieved 15127: 15115: 15103: 15095: 15091: 15083: 15071: 15064:O'Dwyer 2006 15059: 15047: 15035:. Retrieved 15026: 15017: 14994: 14961: 14955: 14943: 14916: 14904: 14892: 14880: 14868: 14856: 14837: 14809: 14784: 14772: 14760: 14748: 14736: 14724: 14712: 14696: 14662: 14658: 14648: 14636:. Retrieved 14632:the original 14627: 14618: 14606: 14594: 14582: 14570: 14558: 14546: 14534: 14522: 14510: 14498: 14486: 14474: 14462:. Retrieved 14447: 14435: 14423: 14411: 14399: 14387: 14375: 14363: 14351: 14339: 14332:Wolfram 2006 14327: 14315: 14303: 14291: 14284:Crystal 2006 14279: 14267: 14255: 14248:Crystal 2000 14243: 14231:. Retrieved 14223:Global Lingo 14222: 14213: 14201: 14189: 14177: 14165: 14153: 14146:Richter 2012 14141: 14129: 14117: 14105: 14093: 14081: 14069: 14042: 14030: 14023:Graddol 2010 14018: 14011:Crystal 2004 14006: 13994:. Retrieved 13987:the original 13968: 13962: 13950:. Retrieved 13941: 13932: 13925:Sailaja 2009 13920: 13908: 13896: 13884: 13872: 13867:, p. 1. 13860: 13855:, p. 5. 13853:Romaine 1999 13848: 13840:the original 13830: 13818:. Retrieved 13804: 13795: 13788:. Retrieved 13783: 13774: 13766: 13762: 13756: 13748: 13741:. Retrieved 13736: 13727: 13715:. Retrieved 13710: 13701: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13662:. Retrieved 13655: 13646: 13634:. Retrieved 13625: 13617: 13610:. Retrieved 13605: 13596: 13588: 13581:. Retrieved 13577:Légis Québec 13576: 13567: 13555:. Retrieved 13551:the original 13546: 13537: 13525:. Retrieved 13515: 13506: 13492: 13488: 13478: 13471:Deumert 2006 13466: 13459:Deumert 2006 13454: 13442: 13430: 13418: 13406: 13394: 13382: 13375:Romaine 1999 13370: 13365:, p. 2. 13358: 13353:, p. 7. 13346: 13334: 13322: 13310: 13298: 13293:, p. 4. 13286: 13281:, p. 5. 13259: 13252:Connell 2006 13247: 13235: 13223: 13211: 13199: 13168: 13156: 13144: 13132: 13120: 13108: 13096: 13061:, p. 2. 13039: 13027:. Retrieved 13012: 12999:. Retrieved 12987: 12975: 12963: 12951: 12944:Romaine 1999 12939: 12932:Romaine 1999 12912: 12888:Graddol 2006 12866:. Retrieved 12846: 12839: 12817:Mufwene 2006 12802:Romaine 2006 12797: 12785: 12773: 12766:Görlach 1991 12761: 12739:Northernisms 12737: 12730:. Retrieved 12721: 12711: 12699:. Retrieved 12678: 12658: 12651: 12639: 12627: 12615:. Retrieved 12600: 12593: 12581: 12569: 12540:. Retrieved 12530: 12508: 12496: 12484: 12472: 12443: 12431: 12426:, p. 4. 12419: 12407: 12395: 12383: 12371: 12362: 12350: 12331: 12325: 12316: 12308: 12281: 12254: 12233: 12226:Durrell 2006 12221: 12216:, Chapter 4. 12209: 12197: 12190:Harbert 2006 12185: 12163:Romaine 1982 12158: 12146: 12134: 12122: 12100: 12094: 12045: 12021: 12011: 11984: 11974: 11969: 11957: 11952:, p. 6. 11945: 11911: 11888:. Retrieved 11879: 11870: 11854: 11809:speech rules 11799: 11720: 11711:Hispanophone 11664: 11637: 11632: 11628: 11617: 11577: 11572: 11566: 11561: 11538:South Africa 11535: 11403: 11307:street signs 11292: 11245: 11178: 11177:rather than 11174: 11170:South Island 11146: 10974: 10900: 10891: 10890:almost like 10887: 10869: 10783:and perhaps 10775: 10752: 10742:against the 10728:Pennsylvania 10705: 10701:World War II 10696: 10692: 10653: 10645:Newfoundland 10628: 10580: 10551: 10466:Russell Gage 10450:AAVE accents 10296: 10182: 10174:Scots Gaelic 10164: 10159: 10155: 10147: 10143: 10135: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10088: 10038: 10031: 10027: 10012: 9910:Alex Salmond 9867:Wales accent 9792:Damien Hirst 9668: 9562: 9535: 9531: 9526: 9522: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9456: 9442: 9434: 9426: 9418: 9406: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9373: 9362: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9254:photographic 9253: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9222: 9110:Latin script 9099: 9071: 9068: 9050: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9022: 9014: 8966: 8944:Word origins 8935: 8929: 8923: 8913: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8883:Greek origin 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8831: 8797: 8791: 8781: 8780:(the marker 8777: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8663: 8656: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8543: 8536: 8526: 8523:he gets seen 8522: 8518: 8514: 8511:she sees him 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8436: 8428: 8416: 8412: 8410: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8294: 8292: 8286: 8284: 8279: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8243: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8179: 8174: 8164: 8132: 8126: 8122: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7984:he has to go 7983: 7979: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7895: 7888: 7879:You will run 7878: 7868: 7845: 7843:phrasal verb 7834: 7830: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7806: 7801: 7791: 7786: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7754: 7742: 7737: 7727: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7697: 7692: 7682: 7677: 7665: 7660: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7592: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7549:with the dog 7548: 7546: 7537:Prepositions 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7478:3rd, plural 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7448:2nd, plural 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7418:1st, plural 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7293:LGBT culture 7284: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7241: 7233: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7182: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7109: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7051: 7048:the happiest 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6938: 6935:interesting, 6934: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6873:definiteness 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6818:noun phrases 6815: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6654:proper nouns 6651: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6460: 6448: 6444: 6441:coordinators 6411: 6396:lexical sets 6374: 6340: 6336:-coalescence 6333: 6326: 6299: 6292: 6281: 6269: 6262: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6222: 6203: 6198:South Africa 6178: 6157: 6153: 6116: 6112: 6092: 6088: 6068: 6064: 5816: 5812: 5724: 5720: 5685: 5681: 5563: 5559: 5491:Phonological 5466:stress-timed 5460:In terms of 5459: 5417: 5381: 5343: 5310: 5202: 5196: 5187: 5173: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5097: 5094:Phonotactics 5079: 5073: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4984:in the same 4979: 4974: 4970: 4956: 4952:lexical sets 4945: 4937: 4921: 4898: 4882: 4866: 4844: 4828: 4806: 4791: 4768: 4752: 4729: 4713: 4666: 4648: 4628: 4588: 4575: 4562: 4548: 4530: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4441:: RP and GA 4438: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4354: 4350: 4300: 4292: 4285:* The sound 4283: 3892: 3874: 3835: 3818:, including 3804: 3789: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3754: 3739: 3731:World War II 3697: 3688: 3681: 3519: 3515: 3500: 3445: 3433: 3424: 3412: 3372: 3360:South Africa 3340: 3336: 3314: 3309: 3279: 3268: 3195: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3070:Noah Webster 3063: 3057: 3036: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008:In the 1611 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2984:King James I 2941: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2912:close vowels 2893: 2886: 2856: 2846: 2837: 2836:on the verb 2823: 2809: 2807: 2783: 2772: 2760:John Trevisa 2757: 2744: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2620: 2542:Matthew 8:20 2539: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2462: 2446: 2431: 2416: 2401: 2387:runic script 2376: 2370: 2344:Northumbrian 2337: 2315:(originally 2312: 2308: 2235: 2213: 2154:to a mostly 2146:with a rich 2117: 2083: 2052: 1981: 1954: 1927: 1925:of Ireland. 1921:dialect and 1857: 1784: 1767: 1738: 1717: 1643:Anglo-Saxons 1637: 1586: 1552:. It is the 1517: 1516: 1459: 1420:Sierra Leone 1127: 1090: 1054:Linguasphere 1037: 754:Sint Maarten 669:Cook Islands 542:South Africa 527:Sierra Leone 315:57 countries 285:Signed forms 265:(historical) 178: 112: (2021) 18: 26158:Definitions 26116:Linguistics 25902:Philippines 25852:Puerto Rico 25810:South Sudan 25674:New Zealand 25638:Isle of Man 25557:Saint Lucia 25470:The Bahamas 25373:Anglosphere 24950:(1889–1891) 24942:(1847–1850) 24658:Kluge's law 24638:Grimm's law 24421:Dalecarlian 24400:Perkerdansk 24373:East Danish 24191:Old Gutnish 24167:Proto-Norse 24107:Langobardic 24099:Vogtlandian 23927:Upper Saxon 23781:Lachoudisch 23742:Lotegorisch 23620:High German 23366:Westphalian 23361:Eastphalian 23325:Achterhooks 23202:Hindeloopen 23137:Bökingharde 23106:Föhr–Amrum 23020:Old Frisian 22984:Early Scots 22919:Old English 22689:Philippines 22482:New Zealand 22368:Bay Islands 22348:The Bahamas 22271:Social and 22228:New Orleans 22145:New England 22039:Isle of Man 21984:Port Talbot 21885:East Anglia 21802:Northumbria 21456:Old English 21340:Orthography 21067:10 December 20485:16 December 20226:15 February 20112:25 February 20092:16 December 20015:16 December 19758:26 February 19627:15 February 19550:15 February 19141:26 February 19093:26 February 18989:11 December 18978:: 103–123. 18928:16 December 18903:16 December 18860:10 February 18648:11 February 18491:16 February 18407:2 September 18294:12 February 18267:10 February 18166:(1): 1–42. 18122:25 February 18025:23 February 16940:Lawton 1982 16904:Lawton 1982 16811:Lanham 1982 16621:Bailey 2001 16606:22 November 16567:Bailey 1997 16555:Thomas 2008 16505:11 November 16410:Boberg 2010 16301:Hickey 2007 16119:Lawler 2006 15712:Nation 2001 15487:Miller 2002 15427:Miller 2002 15400:24 November 15175:24 November 15144:24 November 15098:case (him)" 15037:24 November 14638:24 November 14464:3 September 14260:Jambor 2007 14233:24 November 14110:Gordin 2015 14074:Wojcik 2006 13877:Kachru 2006 13636:18 December 13327:Kachru 2006 13315:Kachru 2006 13216:Rubino 2006 13074:Kachru 2006 13029:29 November 12732:24 November 12617:19 December 12542:16 December 12465:Gneuss 2013 11573:senior wife 11558:/p,t,t͡ʃ,k/ 11301:during the 11295:Philippines 10855:, and some 10761:—including 10530:Puerto Rico 10417:Marty Walsh 10339:Martha Roby 10287:Emery Emery 10281:man with a 10170:its origins 10158:pronounced 10146:pronounced 10096:intrusive R 10064:Northumbria 9947:George Best 9830:John Bishop 9707:Danny Baker 9538:punctuation 9488:long vowels 9377:pronounced 9366:pronounced 9258:electricity 9250:photography 9225:orthography 9082:Orthography 9018:Old English 8906:Philip Gove 8892:, based on 8615:, the word 8437:*I know not 8139:modal verbs 8040:to hang out 7957:subjunctive 7846:be going to 7839:near future 7511:deictically 7170:Henry Sweet 7058:Determiners 7000:a small boy 6658:count nouns 6480:speak/spoke 6457:wh-movement 6421:case system 6356:). GA is a 6194:New Zealand 6021:Lexical set 5344:to burn out 4959:long vowels 4460:and nasals 4200:Approximant 3918:Labiodental 3868:(GA). (See 3555:New Zealand 3428:Netherlands 3383:Philippines 3368:New Zealand 3317:Braj Kachru 3306:Braj Kachru 3213:Puerto Rico 3134:instead of 3132:more polite 3126:instead of 2966:. In 1476, 2952:Westminster 2904:open vowels 2896:chain shift 2767: 1385 2623:transformed 2592:and heaven- 2522:Old Frisian 2398:letterforms 2395:half-uncial 2356:King Alfred 2238:Old English 2224:half-uncial 2220:handwritten 2204:Old English 2190:, and some 2093:Renaissance 2055:Old English 2012:modal verbs 1984:innovations 1872:Old English 1783:within the 1766:within the 1737:within the 1669:, which is 1665:, and from 1639:Old English 1607:). It is a 1530:Anglophones 1390:New Zealand 1285:Cameroonian 1260:Bay Islands 1255:Bangladeshi 1105:instead of 831:Timor-Leste 739:Puerto Rico 704:Isle of Man 547:South Sudan 507:Saint Lucia 492:Philippines 467:New Zealand 332:The Bahamas 215:Old English 199:Early forms 110:380 million 96:New Zealand 26256:Categories 26192:Quotations 25987:Micronesia 25800:Somaliland 25745:The Gambia 25539:Montserrat 25204:Wiktionary 24924:Dictionary 24905:Johnson's 24490:Burgundian 24406:Old Danish 24395:Gøtudanskt 24378:Bornholmsk 24240:Vestlandsk 24220:Kebabnorsk 23957:Halcnovian 23922:Thuringian 23585:Limburgish 23555:Stadsfries 23528:Brabantian 23255:Low German 23101:Eiderstedt 22956:Fingallian 22629:Bangladesh 22621:South Asia 22574:Cape Flats 22524:The Gambia 22449:Aboriginal 22285:vernacular 22250:California 22223:High Tider 22218:Appalachia 22079:Aboriginal 22011:South-West 21855:Birmingham 21812:Sunderland 21797:Manchester 21787:Lancashire 21591:Consonants 21566:Diphthongs 21476:West Saxon 20104:. Oxford. 19917:4 February 19799:0748612548 19367:0748624066 18615:7 February 18573:7 February 18040:. Viking. 17965:4 February 17940:4 February 17904:4 February 16633:Green 2002 16398:Labov 1972 16350:Wells 1982 16338:Labov 2012 16241:Roach 2009 15989:Neijt 2006 15899:Algeo 1999 15836:14 January 15787:6 December 15610:Algeo 1999 15451:König 1994 15439:König 1994 15415:König 1994 15373:König 1994 15361:König 1994 15337:Dixon 1982 15322:7 December 15232:König 1994 15092:nominative 15088:Sweet 2014 15052:Leech 2006 15011:required.) 14936:König 1994 14777:Wells 1982 14765:Wells 1982 14741:Wells 1982 14717:Roach 2009 14628:ESOL Nexus 14551:König 1994 14527:Wells 1982 14515:Wells 1982 14392:König 1994 14170:Ammon 2006 13820:30 October 13717:27 October 13664:30 October 13423:Ammon 2008 13091:, Table 1. 13007:(pp. 6–7). 12501:Smith 2009 12355:König 1994 12214:Watts 2011 12178:Barry 1982 11913:Ethnologue 11880:Ethnologue 11846:References 11753:Shinzo Abe 11723:media help 11615:register. 11406:media help 11342:See also: 11248:media help 11051:Queensland 10977:media help 10377:Chuck Zito 10299:media help 10205:Fingallian 10107:/ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/ 10072:Manchester 10068:Lancashire 10066:) and the 9871:Rob Brydon 9671:media help 9595:See also: 9581:Australian 9575:(BrE) and 9506:, and the 9262:electrical 9246:photograph 9086:See also: 8958:See also: 8898:television 8890:neologisms 8851:babysitter 8788:Vocabulary 8546:-questions 8489:, but not 8379:Do-support 8143:word order 8032:to give up 8028:to back up 8024:to ask out 7906:I have run 7869:I will run 7778:Preterite 7689:Preterite 7646:Inflection 7561:in England 7502:themselves 7472:yourselves 7389:he/she/it/ 7320:Reflexive 7273:themselves 7236:(found in 7224:(found in 7156:, and the 7052:most happy 7044:more happy 7012:suppletive 6915:Adjectives 6907:(sg.) but 6715:Singular: 6690:Singular: 6662:mass nouns 6556:politician 6551:loquacious 6492:hand/hands 6488:love/loved 6453:do-support 6433:word class 6414:accusative 6377:open front 5853:non-rhotic 5511:of Ireland 5164:See also: 5117:/strɛŋkθs/ 5051:rhyme and 5031:The vowel 4405:allophones 4347:unreleased 4303:obstruents 3883:Consonants 3872:, below.) 3602:See also: 3146:See also: 3108:do-support 2920:diphthongs 2803:possession 2786:Old French 2550:accusative 2546:nominative 2532:and other 2478:case forms 2474:much freer 2352:West Saxon 2295:(43–409): 2168:word order 2132:navigation 2079:Old French 2065:-speaking 1942:vocabulary 1919:Fingallian 1899:Low German 1878:along the 1779:Low German 1633:Ethnologue 1564:) and the 1460:see also: 1455:Zimbabwean 1440:Sri Lankan 1405:Philippine 1245:Australian 1230:Anguillian 791:Bangladesh 714:Montserrat 522:Seychelles 452:Micronesia 382:The Gambia 26226:Resources 26209:Textbooks 26062:shown in 25924:Gibraltar 25907:Singapore 25886:Hong Kong 25775:Mauritius 25669:Australia 25175:Macquarie 24770:varieties 24762:indicate 24576:Northwest 24521:Philology 24426:Elfdalian 24361:Jutlandic 24283:Icelandic 24258:(written) 24252:(written) 24230:Trøndersk 24210:Norwegian 24174:Old Norse 23995:Coloniero 23979:Alemannic 23952:Wymysorys 23820:Colognian 23815:Ripuarian 23737:Rotwelsch 23567:Midslands 23518:Zeelandic 23499:Hollandic 23473:Afrikaans 23445:Old Dutch 23271:Old Saxon 23170:Karrharde 23152:Goesharde 23133:Mainland 22866:philology 22694:Singapore 22656:Sri Lanka 22611:Hong Kong 22437:variation 22429:Australia 22340:Caribbean 22206:Baltimore 22089:Lunenburg 22034:Gibraltar 21951:Highlands 21829:Yorkshire 21792:Liverpool 21632:Rhoticity 21612:-dropping 21330:Phonology 20615:144403823 19829:143984864 19748:"English" 19596:120824612 19453:0165-2516 19181:107967883 19151:Labov, W. 18782:161881054 18394:145535175 18372:CiteSeerX 18183:. Wiley. 17916:(2003b). 17880:(2003a). 17421:cite book 17155:142692741 16823:Lass 2002 16791:145684166 16464:15 August 16374:Toon 1982 16226:16 August 15965:Swan 2006 15165:The Times 15096:objective 15027:APA Style 14948:Mair 2006 14753:Lass 2000 14705:Lass 2000 14701:Lass 1992 13996:5 January 13952:5 January 13557:15 August 13508:language. 13089:Ryan 2013 13001:15 August 12980:Mair 2006 12868:27 August 12754:Lass 2000 12632:Lass 1992 12586:Hogg 2006 12562:Lass 2006 12489:Hogg 1992 12436:Toon 1992 11890:3 October 11861:, Entry: 11542:Afrikaans 11312:Filipinos 10861:Miramichi 10689:rhoticity 10638:Lunenburg 10592:Northwest 10544:Rhoticity 10462:Louisiana 10331:Alabamian 10217:rhoticity 10132:-fronting 10080:Liverpool 10076:Mancunian 10060:Newcastle 10052:Yorkshire 10034:-dropping 8902:optometry 8855:ice cream 8533:Questions 8411:The verb 8048:idiomatic 8020:to get up 7817:John runs 7557:to school 7442:ourselves 7279:they/them 7253:they/them 7141:they/them 7128:they/them 6947:referents 6866:President 6809:With of: 6803:With -s: 6566:violently 6536:committee 6484:foot/feet 6465:inversion 6329:-dropping 6302:-fronting 6295:-stopping 6284:-dropping 6238:sound in 6229:voiceless 6186:Australia 5609:unrounded 5545:Australia 5418:a hot dog 5416:) versus 5342:) versus 5311:a burnout 5179:syllables 5114:strengths 5084:/ˈfɜrðər/ 4456:(liquids 4454:sonorants 4413:velarised 4359:see below 4343:aspirated 4331:voiceless 4113:Fricative 4072:Affricate 3864:(RP) and 3842:phonology 3838:phonetics 3826:Phonology 3820:Esperanto 3807:koineised 3530:Australia 3522:koineised 3399:Singapore 3356:Australia 2798:loanwords 2737:Cambridge 2635:Old Norse 2631:Old Norse 2560:plural): 2368:epic poem 2329:substrate 2318:Ænglaland 2124:discourse 2063:Old Norse 1957:Old Norse 1950:phonology 1930:Icelandic 1883:North Sea 1802:in Africa 1800:Afrikaans 1762:Saterland 1699:Low Saxon 1687:phonology 1647:Old Norse 1591:(such as 1425:Singapore 1400:Pakistani 1365:Malaysian 1295:Caribbean 1270:Bermudian 1235:Antarctic 1204:Phonology 1196:Phonology 1183:Loanwords 1039:Glottolog 1023:ISO 639-3 1005:ISO 639-2 987:ISO 639-1 826:Sri Lanka 816:Mauritius 699:Hong Kong 684:Gibraltar 532:Singapore 327:Australia 88:Australia 26104:Language 25977:Kiribati 25897:Pakistan 25844:Americas 25835:Zimbabwe 25820:Tanzania 25740:Eswatini 25735:Cameroon 25730:Botswana 25626:Guernsey 25511:Dominica 25475:Barbados 25459:Anguilla 25450:Americas 25346:Articles 25219:Learners 24982:Chambers 24858:Historic 24497:Vandalic 24440:Gutnish 24245:Vikværsk 24225:Sognamål 24215:Bergensk 24065:Cimbrian 24033:Bavarian 23990:Alsatian 23937:Lusatian 23873:Palatine 23563:Amelands 23440:Frankish 23330:Sallaans 23312:Gronings 23163:Southern 23156:Northern 23147:Halligen 23096:Insular 22913:dialects 22814:Standard 22784:Learning 22772:Nerrière 22763:Globish 22679:Malaysia 22651:Pakistan 22591:Zimbabwe 22519:Cameroon 22353:Barbados 22084:Atlantic 22052:Americas 21969:Abercraf 21938:Scotland 21917:Cornwall 21838:Midlands 21822:Teesside 21817:Tyneside 21807:Pitmatic 21770:Cheshire 21716:Dialects 21657:stopping 21652:fronting 21604:Flapping 21599:Clusters 21360:Dialects 21350:Alphabet 21128:(1982). 21061:Archived 21043:26 March 21037:Archived 20939:Archived 20862:(1988). 20750:Archived 20713:25 March 20686:25 March 20680:Archived 20640:Archived 20578:Archived 20545:Archived 20512:Archived 20400:9 August 20394:Archived 20282:(1992). 20255:Archived 20220:Archived 20106:Archived 20086:Archived 20048:25 March 20042:Archived 19938:25 March 19932:Archived 19911:Archived 19893:(2001). 19752:Archived 19705:Archived 19687:(1997). 19621:Archived 19544:Archived 19396:Archived 19356:(2006). 19135:Archived 19087:Archived 18980:Archived 18940:(1999). 18897:Archived 18873:(1996). 18854:Archived 18827:9 August 18821:Archived 18642:Archived 18585:(2010). 18553:(2006). 18504:(2004). 18398:Archived 18261:Archived 18116:Archived 18052:Archived 18019:Archived 17959:Archived 17934:Archived 17898:Archived 17816:Archived 17743:37002621 17713:14 March 17707:Archived 17614:(1959). 17542:Archived 17509:Archived 17501:(Online) 17470:(2010). 17452:Archived 17228:25 March 16795:Archived 16600:Archived 16582:(2001). 16458:Archived 16220:Archived 15830:Archived 15781:Archived 15742:Archived 15394:Archived 15316:Archived 15169:Archived 15138:Archived 15031:Archived 14458:Archived 14227:Archived 13946:Archived 13814:Archived 13711:BBC News 13527:24 March 13339:Bao 2006 13192:Bao 2006 13023:Archived 12862:Archived 12726:Archived 12692:Archived 12536:Archived 12028:Archived 11884:Archived 11882:. 2023. 11819:See also 11592:Barbados 11132:John Key 10590:Pacific 10499:Ontarian 10104:drawring 9370:, and a 9269:digraphs 8920:acronyms 8859:homesick 8827:acronyms 8819:suffixed 8815:prefixed 8752:such as 8734:anaphora 8730:Cohesion 8714:The girl 8674:such as 8565:-support 8449:I do not 8289:the book 8135:analytic 8054:meaning 7822:John ran 7674:present 7652:Regular 7379:yourself 7285:themself 7185:my chair 7090:definite 6943:denoting 6939:Canadian 6875:, where 6864:and not 6778:enclitic 6745:Plural: 6700:Plural: 6521:chairman 6425:analytic 6384:/æɑːɒɔː/ 5992:possibly 5989:possibly 5830:possibly 5827:possibly 5785:possibly 5775:flapping 5698:possibly 5692:possibly 5523:Scotland 5516:Northern 5509:Republic 5493:features 5382:a hotdog 5203:contract 5199:phonemic 5110:/aŋksts/ 5103:/sprɪnt/ 5088:/ˈfɜːðə/ 5078:, as in 4986:syllable 4965:⟨ 4948:phonemes 4476:RP , GA 4415:, as in 3935:alveolar 3928:Alveolar 3913:Bilabial 3856:and the 3846:phonemes 3711:Seaspeak 3403:Malaysia 3395:Pakistan 3196:de facto 2991:/knɡnsw/ 2978:and the 2655:Midlands 2625:through 2554:genitive 2552:plural, 2548:plural, 2502:speaking 2458:⟩ 2452:⟨ 2443:⟩ 2437:⟨ 2428:⟩ 2422:⟨ 2413:⟩ 2407:⟨ 2192:negation 2156:analytic 2126:and the 2091:and the 1804:...... 1653:. Then, 1625:Internet 1572:, after 1471:Teaching 1415:Scottish 1395:Nigerian 1380:Namibian 1360:Malawian 1355:Liberian 1345:Jamaican 1330:Gustavia 1325:Ghanaian 1290:Canadian 1265:Belizean 1225:American 1217:Dialects 1111:Help:IPA 1046:stan1293 811:Malaysia 694:Guernsey 629:Anguilla 602:Zimbabwe 557:Tanzania 477:Pakistan 422:Kiribati 372:Eswatini 367:Dominica 357:Cameroon 347:Botswana 337:Barbados 154:Germanic 102:Speakers 26128:Writing 26090:Portals 26064:italics 26041:Vanuatu 26030:Tokelau 25946:Oceania 25785:Nigeria 25780:Namibia 25765:Liberia 25760:Lesotho 25661:Oceania 25632:Ireland 25533:Jamaica 25523:Grenada 25486:Bermuda 25209:Wordnik 25072:Encarta 25038:Penguin 25029:Shorter 25022:Concise 25015:Compact 24989:Collins 24760:Italics 24383:Scanian 24329:Swedish 24278:Faroese 24256:Nynorsk 24235:Valdris 24070:Mòcheno 24026:Swabian 23892:Hessian 23852:Hunsrik 23764:Western 23759:Eastern 23754:Yiddish 23704:creoles 23601:Bergish 23317:Drèents 23307:Tweants 23159:Central 23141:Mooring 23004:Frisian 22963:Kildare 22908:English 22744:Engrish 22739:E-Prime 22712:Related 22699:Vietnam 22684:Myanmar 22554:Nigeria 22549:Namibia 22539:Liberia 22421:Oceania 22403:Bermuda 22375:Jamaica 22302:Chicano 22140:Midland 22126:United 22062:America 21998:Ireland 21974:Cardiff 21946:Glasgow 21895:Cockney 21775:Cumbria 21753:England 21744:Britain 21720:accents 21466:Mercian 21461:Kentish 21355:Braille 21325:Grammar 20945:5 March 20781:5 March 20646:3 April 20584:5 April 20551:5 April 20518:5 April 20303:5 April 20261:2 April 19711:3 April 19131:4176538 19083:4176538 18910:ground. 18058:3 April 17822:2 April 17735:2143838 17703:3728688 17548:2 April 17515:6 March 17411:2 April 16862:17 July 16852:Encarta 15822:YouTube 15748:16 June 14308:Li 2003 13797:Alaska. 12701:9 April 12685:"Bible" 12659:Ormulum 12315:at the 11908:English 11671:stop . 11580:Leeward 11569:Nigeria 11332:Bislish 11324:Tagalog 11320:Taglish 11149:Oceania 10882:in the 10841:British 10819:before 10789:raising 10681:Midland 10454:Georgia 10185:Ireland 10125:/ˈpɒʔə/ 10100:drawing 10091:Cockney 10056:Geordie 10008:Ireland 9521:(as in 9516:silent 9218:capital 9076:calques 9046:calques 8821:words, 8774:no way! 8682:, e.g. 8515:he is s 8441:copular 8402:did not 8295:to Jane 8285:I gave 8226:the dog 8216:The man 8198:the man 8188:The dog 8127:the cat 8095:quickly 8074:Adverbs 8052:lay off 7860:Future 7807:You ran 7802:You run 7775:Present 7607:complex 7573:to give 7148:). 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