522:(like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions, and prepositions show the most marked Danish influence. The best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in extensive word borrowings, yet no texts exist in either Scandinavia or Northern England from this period to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. However, at least one scholarly study of this influence shows that Old English may have been replaced entirely by Norse, by virtue of the change from the Old English syntax to Norse syntax. The effect of Old Norse on Old English was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Like close cousins, Old Norse and Old English resembled each other, and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time, the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most "important to recognise that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population that existed in the Danelaw, these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost." This blending of peoples and languages resulted in "simplifying English grammar".
449:
541:, which were under Danish control, words in the spoken language emerged in the 10th and 11th centuries near the transition from Old to Middle English. Influence on the written languages only appeared from the beginning of the 13th century, this delay in Scandinavian lexical influence in English has been attributed to the lack of written evidence from the areas of Danish control, as the majority of written sources from Old English were produced in
848:. It is also argued that Norse immigrants to England had a great impact on the loss of inflectional endings in Middle English. One argument is that, although Norse and English speakers were somewhat comprehensible to each other due to similar morphology, the Norse speakers' inability to reproduce the ending sounds of English words influenced Middle English's loss of inflectional endings.
366:. Writing conventions during the Middle English period varied widely. Examples of writing from this period that have survived show extensive regional variation. The more standardized Old English literary variety broke down and writing in English became fragmented and localized and was, for the most part, being improvised. By the end of the period (about 1470), and aided by the
4329:
52:
572:. The use of Norman as the preferred language of literature and polite discourse fundamentally altered the role of Old English in education and administration, even though many Normans of this period were illiterate and depended on the clergy for written communication and record-keeping. A significant number of words of
6155:
And it was done afterwards, that Jesus made a journey by cities and castles, preaching and evangelising the realm of God: and with him (the) Twelve; and some women that were healed of wicked spirits and sicknesses; Mary who is called
Magdalene, from whom seven devils went out; and Joanna the wife of
6149:
And it was don aftirward, and Jhesus made iourney bi citees and castels, prechynge and euangelisynge þe rewme of God, and twelue wiþ hym; and sum wymmen þat weren heelid of wickid spiritis and sijknessis, Marie, þat is clepid
Maudeleyn, of whom seuene deuelis wenten out, and Joone, þe wijf of Chuse,
6141:
And it was don aftirward, and Jhesu made iorney by citees and castelis, prechinge and euangelysinge þe rewme of God, and twelue wiþ him; and summe wymmen þat weren heelid of wickide spiritis and syknessis, Marie, þat is clepid
Mawdeleyn, of whom seuene deuelis wenten out, and Jone, þe wyf of Chuse,
7199:
However, this delay in
Scandinavian lexical influence in English has also been attributed to the lack of written evidence from the areas of Danish control (the north and east of England), as the majority of written sources from Old English were produced in Wessex, the heart of Anglo-Saxon political
510:
to communicate with their Anglo-Saxon neighbours resulted in the erosion of inflection in both languages. Old Norse may have had a more profound impact on Middle and Modern
English development than any other language. Simeon Potter says, "No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon
6768:
So we are taught what was written by them when they were alive. So it's good that we, in our times here on earth, write of new matters – Following the example of our forefathers – So that, in such a way, we may leave our knowledge to the world after we are dead and gone. But it's said, and it is
972:
London dialect began to develop as a result of this clash of the different dialects, that was based chiefly on the speech of the East
Midlands but also influenced by that of other regions. The writing of this period, however, continues to reflect a variety of regional forms of English. The
6100:
Man, come and see how all dead men shall lie: when that comes bad and bare,we have nothing when we away fare: all that we care for is worms:—except for that which we do for God's sake, we have nothing ready:under this grave lies John the smith, God give his soul heavenly peace
4116:
in the period prior to the Norman
Conquest, Middle English came to be written in a wide variety of scribal forms, reflecting different regional dialects and orthographic conventions. Later in the Middle English period, however, and particularly with the development of the
1653:), or with a name or in a form of address. This derives from the Old English "weak" declension of adjectives. This inflexion continued to be used in writing even after final -e had ceased to be pronounced. In earlier texts, multisyllable adjectives also receive a final
374:
in 1439, a standard based on the London dialects (Chancery
Standard) had become established. This largely formed the basis for Modern English spelling, although pronunciation has changed considerably since that time. Middle English was succeeded in England by
6096:
Man, come and see how shall all dead lie: when thou comes bad and barenaught have we away fare: all is worms that we for care:—but that we do for God's love, we have nothing ready:under this grave lies John the smith, God give his soul heaven great
4762:. As explained above, single vowel letters had alternative pronunciations depending on whether they were in a position where their sounds had been subject to lengthening. Long vowel pronunciations were in flux due to the beginnings of the
843:
that also occurred in other
Germanic languages (though more slowly and to a lesser extent), and therefore, it cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French-speaking sections of the population: English did, after all, remain the
6090:
man com & se how schal alle dede li: wen þow comes bad & barenoth hab ven ve awaẏ fare: All ẏs wermēs þ ve for care:—bot þ ve do for godẏs luf ve haue nothyng yare:hundyr þis graue lẏs John þe smẏth god yif his soule heuen
1857:
The following table shows some of the various Middle
English pronouns. Many other variations are noted in Middle English sources because of differences in spellings and pronunciations at different times and in different dialects.
1827:
forms were lost), but pronouns, unlike nouns, retained distinct nominative and accusative forms. Third person pronouns also retained a distinction between accusative and dative forms, but that was gradually lost: The masculine
4211:(i.e., had genuinely been "doubled" and would thus have regularly blocked the lengthening of the preceding vowel). In other cases, by analogy, the consonant was written double merely to indicate the lack of lengthening.
6769:
true, that if one only reads of wisdom all day long It often dulls one's brains. So, if it's alright with you, I'll take the middle route and write a book between the two – Somewhat of amusement, and somewhat of fact.
1578:
survived to a limited extent in early Middle English before being replaced by natural gender in the course of the Middle English period. Grammatical gender was indicated by agreement of articles and pronouns (e.g.,
1044:, influencing the forms they chose. The Chancery Standard, which was adopted slowly, was used in England by bureaucrats for most official purposes, excluding those of the Church and legalities, which used Latin and
4206:
A related convention involved the doubling of consonant letters to show that the preceding vowel was not to be lengthened. In some cases, the double consonant represented a sound that was (or had previously been)
6031:
Forrþrihht anan se time commþatt ure Drihhtin wolldeben borenn i þiss middellærdforr all mannkinne nedehe chæs himm sone kinnessmennall swillke summ he wolldeand whær he wollde borenn benhe chæs all att hiss
909:
Some scholars have defined "Early Middle English" as encompassing English texts up to 1350. This longer time frame would extend the corpus to include many Middle English Romances (especially those of the
4187:, originally pronounced as two syllables, the /a/ in the first syllable (originally an open syllable) lengthened, the final weak vowel was later dropped, and the remaining long vowel was modified in the
4183:– originally pronounced but lost in normal speech by Chaucer's time. This letter, however, came to indicate a lengthened – and later also modified – pronunciation of a preceding vowel. For example, in
421:, due in part to Norman domination and the prestige that came with writing in French rather than English. During the 14th century, a new style of literature emerged with the works of writers including
406:
vocabulary, especially in the areas of politics, law, the arts, and religion, as well as poetic and emotive diction. Conventional English vocabulary remained primarily Germanic in its sources, with
4203:. In fact, vowels could have this lengthened and modified pronunciation in various positions, particularly before a single consonant letter and another vowel or before certain pairs of consonants.
410:
influences becoming more apparent. Significant changes in pronunciation took place, particularly involving long vowels and diphthongs, which in the later Middle English period began to undergo the
698:. The role of Anglo-Norman as the language of government and law can be seen in the abundance of Modern English words for the mechanisms of government that are derived from Anglo-Norman, such as
6037:
Forthwith when the time camethat our Lord wantedbe born in this earthfor all mankind sake,He chose kinsmen for Himself,all just as he wanted,and where He would be bornHe chose all at His will.
1800:(the original Old English form clashed with the third person singular and was eventually dropped). Also, the nominative form of the feminine third person singular was replaced by a form of the
763:(from French, which borrowed it from classical Latin). Later French appropriations were derived from standard, rather than Norman, French. Examples of resultant cognate pairs include the words
1036:, had normally been written in French. Like Chaucer's work, this new standard was based on the East Midlands-influenced speech of London. Clerks using this standard were usually familiar with
778:
as they had before the Conquest. Once the writing of Old English came to an end, Middle English had no standard language, only dialects that evolved individually from Old English.
989:, wrote in the second half of the 14th century in the emerging London dialect, although he also portrays some of his characters as speaking in northern dialects, as in the "
1456:-stem nouns in Old English, but joined the weak declension in Middle English. Nouns of the strong declension are inherited from the other Old English noun stem classes.
4121:
in the 15th century, orthography became relatively standardised in a form based on the East Midlands-influenced speech of London. Spelling at the time was mostly quite
1059:'s printing press, developed during the 1470s. The press stabilized English through a push towards standardization, led by Chancery Standard enthusiast and writer
4320:
in Old English. Eth fell out of use during the 13th century and was replaced by thorn. Thorn mostly fell out of use during the 14th century and was replaced by
4754:
Although Middle English spelling was never fully standardised, the following table shows the pronunciations most usually represented by particular letters and
8866:
5615:
5197:
4809:
4900:
1657:
in these situations, but this occurs less regularly in later Middle English texts. Otherwise, adjectives have no ending and adjectives already ending in
941:) remained the dominant language of literature and law until the 14th century, even after the loss of the majority of the continental possessions of the
5861:
1481:
The distinct dative case was lost in early Middle English. The genitive survived, however, but by the end of the Middle English period, only the strong
351:
states the period when Middle English was spoken as being from 1150 to 1500. This stage of the development of the English language roughly followed the
8211:
8173:
8160:
8152:
4066:
ending. The past-tense forms, without their personal endings, also served as past participles with past-participle prefixes derived from Old English:
394:
During the Middle English period, many Old English grammatical features either became simplified or disappeared altogether. Noun, adjective, and verb
10299:
10284:
8168:
8188:
4489:, which had not normally been used by Old English scribes, came to be commonly used in the writing of Middle English. Also, the newer Latin letter
1188:(and in certain other positions). The resultant long vowels (and other preexisting long vowels) subsequently underwent changes of quality in the
576:
origin began to appear in the English language alongside native English words of similar meaning, giving rise to such Modern English synonyms as
511:
the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south."
10294:
10289:
9241:
8319:
8028:
1485:
ending (variously spelt) was in use. Some formerly feminine nouns, as well as some weak nouns, continued to make their genitive forms with
1463:
in the nominative/accusative singular, like the weak declension, but otherwise strong endings. Often, these are the same nouns that had an
9039:
8203:
8178:
6805:
1051:
The Chancery Standard's influence on later forms of written English is disputed, but it did undoubtedly provide the core around which
7975:
10279:
1131:
to monophthongs and the emergence of new diphthongs due to vowel breaking in certain positions, change of Old English post-vocalic
774:
The end of Anglo-Saxon rule did not result in immediate changes to the language. The general population would have spoken the same
7326:
8137:
6181:. The text was written in a dialect associated with London and spellings associated with the then-emergent Chancery Standard.
8276:
8257:
8237:
7886:
7818:
7336:
7290:
6975:
6886:
556:
of England in 1066 saw the replacement of the top levels of the English-speaking political and ecclesiastical hierarchies by
8856:
8145:
5893:
7087:
5874:
5860:
in "lengthened" positions (although it had generally not gone through the same lengthening process as other vowels – see
5713:
5435:
311:
9768:
7903:
343:
of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the
7375:
7139:
Faarlund, Jan Terje, and Joseph E. Emonds. "English as North Germanic". Language Dynamics and Change 6.1 (2016): 1–17.
1682:
to all adjectives not in the nominative, here only inflecting adjectives in the weak declension (as described above).
1674:
inflects adjectives for the masculine accusative, genitive, and dative, the feminine dative, and the plural genitive.
7851:
7623:
7245:
7052:
6849:
787:
8312:
8021:
7183:
THE OLD NORSE INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH, THE 'VIKING HYPOTHESIS', AND MIDDLE ENGLISH WORD ORDER PARALLELS WITH ICELANDIC
6790:
5777:
4964:
1866:
7189:(2 ed.). Newcastle University: English Language & Linguistics Dissertation Repository (ELLDR). p. 11
6876:
8125:
5210:
5150:
5086:
5015:
4390:
that had been used for Old English. However, because of the significant difference in appearance between the old
4130:
301:
5387:
5175:
5135:
5101:
5060:
5034:
4838:
10135:
5366:
5232:
4460:
was not available in their fonts; this led to new spellings (often giving rise to new pronunciations), as in
7155:"121028 Charlene Lohmeier "Evolution of the English Language" – 23:40 – 25:00; 30:20 – 30:45; 45:00 – 46:00"
244:
10165:
9335:
9297:
9282:
8048:
7391:
5921:
5837:
5742:
5629:
5521:
5502:
4929:
4921:
824:, but most of the other case endings disappeared in the Early Middle English period, including most of the
192:
8609:
8162:
8154:
5913:
5851:
5756:
5705:
5674:
5659:
5641:
5626:
5605:
5590:
5568:
5518:
5508:
5384:
5354:
5187:
5172:
5147:
5132:
5098:
5083:
5057:
5031:
5021:
4892:
4859:
4835:
4820:
4801:
4791:
4604:
4577:
4553:
4471:
4417:
4360:
4306:
4279:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1109:
1105:
1101:
10274:
10145:
10005:
9355:
9314:
9304:
8305:
8014:
6965:
5995:
5854:
5677:
5644:
5598:
5593:
5571:
5348:
5312:
5289:
5273:
5190:
4828:
1704:. Adjectives with long vowels sometimes shortened these vowels in the comparative and superlative (e.g.,
1258:
The combination of the last three processes listed above led to the spelling conventions associated with
969:
902:
825:
8521:
6156:
Chuza, the procurator of Herod; and Susanna, and many others, who ministered to Him out of her riches.
5937:
5805:
5791:
5693:
5108:
4862:
4823:
4785:
4220:
7842:. Translated by Foster Hopper, Vincent (revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. 1970. p.
7211:
494:
with a stricter word order. Both Old English and Old Norse (as well as the descendants of the latter,
10269:
9862:
6800:
6795:
6193:
6069:
5999:
5985:
5968:
5966:
5943:
5935:
5891:
5872:
5843:
5835:
5811:
5803:
5789:
5775:
5750:
5748:
5740:
5726:
5691:
5532:
5500:
5485:
5477:
5469:
5461:
5447:
5433:
5410:
5364:
5346:
5310:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5271:
5230:
5222:
5208:
5013:
4999:
4976:
4962:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4880:
4783:
4313:
1824:
1214:'s time, this vowel was silent in normal speech, although it was normally pronounced in verse as the
851:
Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the
833:
418:
6924:
10140:
10094:
10089:
10013:
9623:
9607:
9486:
9345:
9236:
9231:
8083:
5845:
5662:
5608:
5534:
5180:
4867:
4759:
1090:
1080:
7044:
10264:
10079:
10023:
10018:
9938:
9611:
9561:
8861:
8679:
8435:
8363:
8351:
8063:
8058:
8053:
5916:
5813:
5708:
5479:
5412:
5001:
4978:
4913:
4882:
4315:
4125:. (There was a fairly consistent correspondence between letters and sounds.) The irregularity of
4113:
867:
in the second half of the 12th century, incorporating a unique phonetic spelling system; and the
197:
156:
146:
136:
10201:
9921:
9319:
10084:
9566:
9532:
9150:
8966:
8826:
8666:
8561:
6919:
6150:þe procuratoure of Eroude, and Susanne, and many oþir, þat mynystriden to hym of her ritchesse.
2407:
As a general rule, the indicative first person singular of verbs in the present tense ended in
1287:
1226:
was dropped when adjacent to only a single consonant on either side if there was another short
884:
853:
473:
wrote what are widely regarded as the oldest surviving texts in Middle English, now called the
348:
7957:(1960) "A Middle English Syntax. 1. Parts of Speech". Helsinki : Société néophilologique.
7843:
7759:
7755:
1286:
Middle English retains only two distinct noun-ending patterns from the more complex system of
10242:
10206:
9474:
9467:
9419:
9189:
9160:
9129:
9092:
9017:
8774:
8687:
8548:
8510:
8095:
7982:
7954:
7878:
7181:
6142:
procuratour of Eroude, and Susanne, and manye oþere, whiche mynystriden to him of her riches.
5728:
5463:
5449:
4755:
4383:
1893:
1086:
1068:
912:
569:
403:
9707:
8582:
7325:
Montgomery, Martin; Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel; Furniss, Tom; Mills, Sara (24 January 2007).
7036:
1071:, which made the new standard of English publicly recognizable and lasted until about 1650.
887:
in the early 13th century. The language found in the last two works is sometimes called the
10211:
10191:
10160:
10033:
9893:
9639:
9457:
9049:
8876:
8838:
8833:
8707:
8654:
8412:
8244:
8105:
6173:
5945:
5487:
5224:
4845:
4662:
4287:
4134:
4081:
1793:
1052:
1015:(rather than via French). Examples are "absolute", "act", "demonstration", and "probable".
1001:
836:
personal pronouns (denoting exactly two) also disappeared from English during this period.
775:
431:
384:
376:
151:
106:
62:
9867:
1063:. Early Modern English began in the 1540s after the printing and wide distribution of the
8:
10150:
9386:
9340:
9274:
9027:
8674:
8587:
8385:
8073:
7579:
6113:
4758:
towards the end of the Middle English period, using the notation given in the article on
4614:
4601:
4549:
4461:
4126:
4039:
Plural forms vary strongly by dialect, with Southern dialects preserving the Old English
1467:
in the nominative/accusative singular of Old English (they, in turn, were inherited from
9697:
9542:
8789:
7986:
7705:
Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged
7596:
7222:
7126:
981:, a translation of a French confessional prose work, completed in 1340, is written in a
10196:
10120:
10048:
10038:
9993:
9755:
9682:
9579:
9424:
9399:
9394:
9287:
9115:
9000:
8821:
8599:
8594:
8573:
8534:
8338:
8328:
8193:
8088:
8037:
7836:
7088:"[BBC World News] BBC Documentary English Birth of a Language – 35:00 to 37:20"
6937:
6910:
6783:
6049:
5667:
5634:
5576:
5511:
5471:
5392:
5357:
5302:
is often retained in Chancery spellings even though the sound was starting to be lost.
5140:
5091:
5065:
5024:
4794:
4688:
1898:
1575:
957:
821:
546:
519:
499:
487:
371:
141:
9350:
7665:
4379:
in modern editions of Old and Middle English texts even when the manuscript has wynn.
362:
Middle English saw significant changes to its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and
291:
10170:
9969:
9885:
9878:
9833:
9777:
9537:
9527:
9510:
9505:
9409:
9171:
8971:
8932:
8912:
8750:
8642:
8624:
8476:
8183:
7882:
7847:
7814:
7788:
7619:
7561:
7371:
7332:
7286:
7241:
7048:
7037:
6971:
6941:
6882:
6845:
6524:
6335:
6328:
6017:
4763:
4637:
elsewhere (as in "bridge"). It could also be written, mainly in French loanwords, as
4188:
1903:
1670:
1189:
976:
896:
799:
751:, usually through French transmission. This gave rise to various synonyms, including
530:
491:
411:
7004:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 110–130 (Danelaw), 131–132 (Normans).
6954:
The name "tales of Canterbury" appears within the surviving texts of Chaucer's work.
1823:
As with nouns, there was some inflectional simplification (the distinct Old English
525:
While the Old Norse influence was strongest in the dialects of the southern part of
307:
10125:
9916:
9850:
9806:
9801:
9761:
9750:
9742:
9547:
9515:
9462:
9451:
9364:
9073:
9012:
8802:
8784:
8619:
8380:
8372:
8249:
8000:
7992:
7967:
7716:
For certain details, see "Chancery Standard spelling" in Upward, C., Davidson, G.,
6929:
6421:
6411:
6178:
6168:
6055:
5116:
4199:, now silent, thus became the indicator of the longer and changed pronunciation of
4122:
1789:
986:
942:
829:
526:
495:
466:
to Early Middle English had taken place by the 1150s to 1180s, the period when the
426:
399:
356:
352:
336:
161:
57:
9962:
10155:
10115:
9948:
9855:
9838:
9823:
9818:
9811:
9520:
9429:
9414:
9369:
9221:
9184:
9176:
9155:
9142:
9122:
9108:
8871:
8848:
8779:
8769:
8761:
8541:
8078:
7773:
7613:
7567:
7235:
6839:
4951:
4743:
4642:
4541:
4109:
2389:
2378:
1883:
1765:
1219:
1037:
1033:
990:
982:
876:
573:
553:
538:
340:
128:
51:
7744:
7119:
10236:
10130:
10110:
10062:
9954:
9828:
9498:
9265:
9204:
8983:
8940:
8897:
8814:
8809:
8698:
8648:
8499:
8450:
8405:
8229:
8110:
7395:
6197:
6120:
6073:
5991:
5823:
4739:
4625:
in Old English. By the time of Modern English, the sound came to be written as
4557:
4387:
4238:
4138:
2439:
1888:
1468:
1060:
1056:
1012:
1005:
839:
The loss of case endings was part of a general trend from inflections to fixed
737:
380:
216:
7935:; 5. Auflage. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer (1st ed. Halle (Saale): M. Niemeyer, 1938)
7154:
7095:
5818:(which had previously been allophones of a single phoneme), replacing earlier
1623:
when modifying a noun in the plural and when used after the definite article (
10258:
10186:
10028:
9784:
9735:
9552:
9491:
9404:
9309:
9247:
9194:
9078:
9005:
7911:
7792:
6493:
6486:
5157:
4576:, etc. would have originally followed the Latin pronunciation beginning with
4398:
4145:
2393:
2127:
2084:
1801:
1521:
1266:
1215:
1185:
1178:
1064:
961:
934:
870:
602:
534:
422:
114:
7140:
794:
system. The grammatical relations that were expressed in Old English by the
786:
Early Middle English (1150–1350) has a largely Anglo-Saxon vocabulary (with
10055:
9479:
9443:
9376:
9199:
9022:
8995:
8978:
8922:
8881:
8463:
8442:
7571:
7328:
Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature
7307:
4445:
4321:
4224:
4084:, by contrast, formed their past tense by changing their stem vowel (e.g.,
2451:
in "that"). The following table illustrates a typical conjugation pattern:
2233:
2221:
2132:
2035:
1841:
864:
467:
367:
223:
9702:
6908:
Carlson, David. (2004). "The Chronology of Lydgate's Chaucer References".
502:) were synthetic languages with complicated inflections. The eagerness of
448:
261:
9872:
9845:
9663:
9571:
9253:
9214:
8797:
8492:
8456:
8391:
8269:
8264:
8068:
7870:
6933:
4675:
2374:
1919:
1685:
1302:
1011:
A large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from
949:
888:
803:
463:
363:
344:
202:
9717:
7640:
6415:
771:(from later French; both share a common ancestor loaned from Germanic).
9712:
9692:
9057:
8727:
8428:
8221:
7833:
This Knowledge translation closely mirrors the translation found here:
6529:
5899:
5363:, which had started to be diphthongised by about 1500. As a consonant,
4618:
4589:
4505:
came into use but were still used interchangeably; the same applies to
4278:
Ash was no longer required in Middle English, as the Old English vowel
4208:
2447:
in "think", but under certain circumstances, it may be like the voiced
1196:
1045:
938:
845:
840:
791:
724:
565:
561:
395:
110:
7281:
Burchfield, Robert W. (1987). "Ormulum". In Strayer, Joseph R. (ed.).
7233:
6837:
4424:
was normally used for . Instances of yogh were eventually replaced by
1436:
Nouns of the weak declension are primarily inherited from Old English
9898:
9646:
9292:
9209:
8990:
8945:
8917:
8743:
8297:
8006:
7367:
4728:
4391:
4310:
1797:
1307:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1098:
880:
741:
733:
729:
483:
407:
284:
270:
254:
236:
9722:
7234:
Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).
6838:
Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).
398:
were simplified by the reduction (and eventual elimination) of most
9687:
9035:
8216:
7212:
https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1901-34.2.8.1.9
6279:
5425:
at the start of words; here both consonants were still pronounced.
4666:
4177:
4154:
4097:
1872:
1780:. Other irregular forms were mostly the same as in modern English.
1259:
997:
965:
807:
515:
388:
319:
87:
79:
5973:(in Scotland sometimes used as a substitute for yogh; see above).
1796:, with the exception of the third person plural, a borrowing from
9728:
9324:
9226:
6011:
4724:
4352:
1211:
1113:
859:
678:
652:
596:
590:
557:
507:
503:
475:
315:
118:
95:
75:
6501:
6478:
6463:
6448:
6429:
6403:
6388:
6373:
6358:
6343:
6320:
6305:
6290:
6271:
6256:
6237:
6222:
6207:
6147:
6139:
5559:
for legibility, i.e. to avoid a succession of vertical strokes.
4524:
4518:
4333:
4091:
4085:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3793:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3463:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2749:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2432:
2422:
2412:
1845:
1835:
1815:
1805:
1775:
1769:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1500:
1490:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
974:
868:
811:
41:
35:
29:
16:
Stage of development of English, from the 12th to 15th centuries
9031:
7463:
Fischer, O., van Kemenade, A., Koopman, W., van der Wurff, W.,
7285:. Vol. 9. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 280.
6970:. Early English text society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6088:
6029:
5764:
4608:
4223:
consisted of 20 standard letters plus four additional letters:
1603:(strong shaft), with the masculine accusative adjective ending
953:
795:
790:
in the northern parts of the country) but a greatly simplified
718:
642:
632:
542:
402:
distinctions. Middle English also saw considerable adoption of
7362:
Wright, L. (2012). "About the evolution of Standard English".
4408:), the former continued in use as a separate letter, known as
8949:
7970:
A Concise Dictionary of Middle English from A.D. 1150 to 1580
7581:
A Concise Dictionary of Middle English from A.D. 1150 to 1580
6437:
6398:
it is at these times that people desire to go on pilgrimages
4670:
4416:. This was adopted for use to represent a variety of sounds:
4371:
during the 13th century. Due to its similarity to the letter
1668:
Earlier texts sometimes inflect adjectives for case as well.
1203:
1041:
894:
More literary sources of the 12th and 13th centuries include
748:
706:
700:
626:
91:
83:
7746:
The Ormulum: with the notes and glossary of Dr R. M. White.
4887:, but in later Middle English became silent in words ending
7324:
5942:(earlier this was one of the uses of yogh). Sometimes also
5880:
5295:
4561:
4545:
4529:
for "wife" and "paradise" can be found in Middle English.)
4493:
was introduced (replacing wynn). The distinct letter forms
4409:
4245:
2309:
2281:
2078:
1981:
1969:
728:. There are also many Norman-derived terms relating to the
712:
620:
608:
584:
470:
7641:"The Cambridge History of English and American Literature"
5673:, which had started to be diphthongised by about 1500, or
952:
of the 14th century, there was significant migration into
318:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6245:
5819:
4328:
4231:
2227:
1976:
759:(from French, which inherited it from Vulgar Latin), and
614:
578:
549:), the heart of Anglo-Saxon political power at the time.
1199:(double consonants came to be pronounced as single ones)
7908:
John Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' Modern English Version
7125:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin. pp.
6765:
Of those who wrote before we were born, books survive,
6043:
2176:
1512:
plural form has survived into Modern English. The weak
1495:, horses' hooves), and nouns of relationship ending in
1004:. This would develop into what came to be known as the
1000:, an independent standard was developing, based on the
387:(prevalent in northern England and spoken in southeast
7043:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1452:-stem nouns, which did not inflect in the same way as
1055:
formed. Early Modern English emerged with the help of
435:
remains the most studied and read work of the period.
7981:
7223:
https://deaf-server.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/book/garder
6772:
In that way, somebody might, more or less, like that.
6544:
Translation into Modern English: (by Richard Brodie)
5250:
4947:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4366:
4345:
4054:
The past tense of weak verbs was formed by adding an
2443:(the letter "thorn") is pronounced like the unvoiced
2427:, "thou speakest"), and the third person singular in
1192:, which began during the later Middle English period.
1020:
7945:
7813:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Robert Dugdale. p. 39.
6541:
Near word-for-word translation into Modern English:
6522:
The following is the beginning of the Prologue from
5958:
is often preferred beside letters with downstrokes.
4051:
in the third person singular as well as the plural.
514:
Viking influence on Old English is most apparent in
7997:
With grammatical introduction, notes, and glossary.
7942:; translated by Grahame Johnston. Oxford: Blackwell
7731:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
7512:
7491:
7308:"Making Early Middle English: About the Conference"
4633:at the start of words (like "joy"), and usually as
4338:, "the") has led to the modern mispronunciation of
732:cultures that arose in the 12th century, an era of
7835:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7505:
7503:
7475:
7473:
7237:A Practical Introduction to the History of English
7118:
7039:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
7024:. Leipzig, Germany: B. G. Teubner. pp. 58–82.
6964:Johannesson, Nils-Lennart; Cooper, Andrew (2023).
6841:A Practical Introduction to the History of English
4749:
4326:. Anachronistic usage of the scribal abbreviation
6963:
1844:by the early 14th century, and the neuter dative
1829:
1025:The Chancery Standard of written English emerged
857:, which continued to be compiled up to 1154; the
10256:
7518:Burrow & Turville-Petre 2005, pp. 28–29
7497:Burrow & Turville-Petre 2005, pp. 27–28
6503:That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.
5582:(became commonly used in Early Modern English).
4263:, and Old English scribes did not generally use
1768:in their comparatives and superlatives, such as
7946:Burrow, J. A.; Turville-Petre, Thorlac (2005).
7521:
7500:
7482:
7470:
6907:
6443:and distant shrines venerated in other places.
4294:in many words of Greek or Latin origin, as did
1688:and superlatives were usually formed by adding
6263:From which goodness is engendered the flower;
4286:. The symbol nonetheless came to be used as a
443:
8313:
8022:
7679:The Cambridge History of the English Language
7638:
7426:
7424:
6440:), respected (couth, known) in sundry lands;
6300:has coaxed in every wood and dale, to sprout
6229:The drought of March has pierced to the root
5111:the latter vowel came to be commonly written
4991:(for the phenomenon of doubling, see above).
4470:replaced a yogh, which had the pronunciation
4448:, yogh became indistinguishable from cursive
863:, a biblical commentary probably composed in
383:developed concurrently from a variant of the
7536:Burrow & Turville-Petre 2005, p. 29
7509:Burrow & Turville-Petre 2005, p. 28
7488:Burrow & Turville-Petre 2005, p. 38
7479:Burrow & Turville-Petre 2005, p. 23
7022:Growth and Structure of the English Language
6874:
6508:That has helped them, when they were sick.
6251:filling every capillary with nourishing sap
6224:The droȝte of March hath perced to the roote
6016:This passage explains the background to the
4171:
1139:(sometimes resulting from the allophone of
82:), some localities in the eastern fringe of
7577:
6957:
6405:And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
6380:(So Nature prompts them in their courage);
6232:has drenched March's drought to the roots,
6202:Translation into Modern U.K. English prose
6167:The following is the very beginning of the
5826:, although thorn was still sometimes used.
5329:, etc.). In some French loanwords, such as
2417:, "I hear"), the second person singular in
985:. The best known writer of Middle English,
802:were replaced in Early Middle English with
8320:
8306:
8029:
8015:
7804:
7802:
7421:
7364:Studies in English Language and Literature
7361:
7280:
7075:. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 70–71.
6806:A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English
6760:Translation in Modern English: (by J. Dow)
5321:was used). Also used in several digraphs (
4691:above an adjacent letter, so for example,
4047:from about 1200, and Northern forms using
1665:etymologically receive no ending as well.
1499:frequently have no genitive ending (e.g.,
933:Gradually, the wealthy and the government
490:with relatively free word order to a more
347:period. Scholarly opinion varies, but the
50:
7632:
7559:
7357:
7355:
7240:. : Universitat de València. p. 21.
7141:https://doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601002
7019:
6923:
6844:. : Universitat de València. p. 21.
6511:who has helped them when they were sick.
6431:To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
6390:Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
6315:the tender plants, as the springtime sun
6107:
4477:Under continental influence, the letters
1585:"the feminine owl") or using the pronoun
1532:. Some dialects still have forms such as
1143:) to offglides, and borrowing from French
996:In the English-speaking areas of lowland
937:again, although Norman (and subsequently
10300:15th-century disestablishments in Europe
10285:Languages attested from the 11th century
8124:
7396:"Mental furniture from the philosophers"
7390:
7152:
6742:Sometimes I'll write of things profound,
6285:and when Zephyrus with his sweet breath
6273:Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
6209:Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
6005:
4738:Numbers were still always written using
4540:was sometimes used to transliterate the
4382:Under Norman influence, the continental
1820:remained in some areas for a long time.
486:aided the development of English from a
447:
7968:A. L. Mayhew and Walter William Skeat.
7808:
7799:
7771:
7611:
7034:
6465:Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,
6375:(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);
6322:Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,
6307:The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
6239:And bathed every veyne in swich licour,
6185:First 18 lines of the General Prologue
5417:, used particularly in positions where
4588:. In some words, however, notably from
4166:pronounced, the latter sounding as the
1864:Below each Middle English pronoun, the
781:
312:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
10257:
8327:
8036:
7901:
7774:"Medieval Inscriptions in Oxfordshire"
7671:
7352:
7179:
7153:Lohmeier, Charlene (28 October 2012).
7116:
7070:
6875:Horobin, Simon; Smith, Jeremy (2002).
6667:For that like cause, if that you read,
6383:their spirits thus aroused by Nature;
6258:Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
5834:Used interchangeably. As a consonant,
5294:(this was formerly one of the uses of
4742:, except for some rare occurrences of
4687:were often omitted and indicated by a
4665:were also used. It was common for the
4153:
4144:Middle English generally did not have
4118:
1459:Some nouns of the strong type have an
1032:in official documents that, since the
928:
10295:Languages extinct in the 15th century
10290:11th-century establishments in Europe
9991:
9605:
8349:
8301:
8123:
8010:
7933:Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik
7875:First Middle English Primer (updated)
7869:
7684:
7598:The Principles of English Composition
7594:
7066:
7064:
6999:
6715:When we have left this mortal sphere,
6697:From what was written then, we learn,
6628:Been taught of that was written then:
6473:from England, they go to Canterbury,
6470:Of England, to Canterbury they went,
6455:And specially from every shire's end
6395:Then folk long to go on pilgrimages.
6360:That slepen al the nyght with open ye
6353:and small birds that chirp melodies,
6297:Inspired has in every holt and heath
6292:Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
5317:(except for the allophones for which
4800:, becoming by about 1500. Sometimes
1641:), after a possessive pronoun (e.g.,
7940:An Outline of Middle English Grammar
7742:
7578:Mayhew, AL; Skeat, Walter W (1888).
7015:
7013:
7011:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6870:
6868:
6709:Like those we from these sages cite,
6664:To him that shall it every day read,
6480:The hooly blisful martir for to seke
6450:And specially from every shires ende
6368:sleep all night with half-open eyes
6365:That sleep all night with open eyes
6312:The tender crops; and the young sun
6044:Epitaph of John the smyth, died 1371
5551:spelling was often used rather than
4359:Wynn, which represented the phoneme
1591:to refer to masculine nouns such as
66:, published in the late 14th century
8882:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
7612:Horobin, Simon (9 September 2016).
7566:. London: Oxford University Press.
7430:cf. 'Sawles Warde' (The protection
7085:
6751:So all can something pleasing find.
6706:Do write anew some things of worth,
6691:Of those who wrote before our lives
6676:Somewhat of lust, somewhat of lore,
6334:passes halfway through the sign of
6214:When April with his showers sweet
4891:(while some words that never had a
1218:required (much as occurs in modern
956:, of people to the counties of the
13:
10241:Languages between parentheses are
9606:
7061:
6745:And sometimes for amusement's sake
6730:Of wisdom all day long, one breeds
6712:So that such in like manner might,
6682:Some man may like of that I write:
6658:That who that all of wisdom writes
6607:Somwhat of lust, somewhat of lore,
6598:For thilke cause, if that ye rede,
6217:When April with its sweet showers
4517:. (For example, spellings such as
1764:. A few adjectives also displayed
1516:form is now rare and used only in
1021:Transition to Early Modern English
568:, which developed in England into
14:
10311:
7961:
7677:Salmon, V., (in) Lass, R. (ed.),
7662:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
7560:Stratmann, Francis Henry (1891).
7547:An Introduction to Middle English
7008:
7002:A History of the English Language
6984:
6878:An Introduction to Middle English
6865:
6700:And so it's well that we in turn,
6673:And write a book between the two,
6625:The books dwell, and we therefore
6613:Som man mai lyke of that I wryte:
6604:And wryte a bok betwen the tweie,
6586:Bot for men sein, and soth it is,
6556:The bokes duelle, and we therfore
6162:
6058:in an Oxfordshire parish church:
5920:
5915:
5853:
5712:
5707:
5676:
5666:
5661:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5575:
5570:
5520:
5510:
5391:
5386:
5356:
5189:
5179:
5174:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5100:
5090:
5085:
5064:
5059:
5033:
5023:
4866:
4861:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4793:
1862:Middle English personal pronouns
1716:, greater). Adjectives ending in
1615:Single-syllable adjectives added
379:, which lasted until about 1650.
7733:, Cengage Learning 2013, p. 128.
7639:Ward, AW; Waller, AR (1907–21).
6791:Middle English creole hypothesis
6718:Remain for all the world to hear
6610:That of the lasse or of the more
6595:To him that schal it aldai rede,
6577:Whan we ben dede and elleswhere,
6574:So that it myhte in such a wyse,
6559:Ben tawht of that was write tho:
6345:And smale foweles maken melodye,
5421:would be softened. Also used in
4656:
4621:, which had been represented as
4327:
4108:With the discontinuation of the
1732:formed comparatives either with
1270:
1230:in an adjoining syllable. Thus,
10280:History of the English language
7895:
7863:
7827:
7765:
7736:
7723:
7718:The History of English Spelling
7710:
7697:
7655:
7605:
7588:
7552:
7549:, Broadview Press, 2012, p. 65.
7539:
7457:
7437:
7384:
7318:
7300:
7274:
7269:Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue,
7261:
7227:
7216:
7205:
7173:
7146:
7133:
7110:
7079:
6748:A lighter path of pleasure take
6727:To say that when one only reads
6724:But it is so that men are prone
6694:Their precious legacy survives;
6679:That of the less or of the more
6643:So that it might in such a way,
6589:That who that al of wisdom writ
6458:Particularly from every county
6350:And small birds make melodies,
6266:prompting the flowers to grow,
5979:
5755:(formerly was an allophone of
4750:Letter-to-sound correspondences
4305:Eth and thorn both represented
4251:. There was not yet a distinct
4176:). The major exception was the
4133:that have taken place over the
4127:present-day English orthography
2455:Middle English verb inflection
2383:
2368:
1597:("helmet"), or phrases such as
806:constructions. The Old English
452:The dialects of Middle English
368:invention of the printing press
10245:of the language on their left.
7618:. Edinburgh University Press.
7615:Introduction to Middle English
7028:
6948:
6901:
6831:
6826:Introduction to Middle English
6818:
6736:If you agree I'll choose to go
6655:But for men say, and so it is,
6646:When we be dead and elsewhere,
6553:Of hem that written ous tofore
6517:
6244:And bathed every vein in such
5640:, becoming by about 1500; or
5616:Late Middle English diphthongs
5198:Late Middle English diphthongs
5107:, becoming by about 1500. In
5097:, becoming by about 1500; or
4810:Late Middle English diphthongs
4375:, it is mostly represented by
4283:
4192:
4191:(for these sound changes, see
4103:
1854:in most dialects by the 15th.
1013:scholastic philosophical Latin
879:, religious texts written for
755:(inherited from Old English),
560:rulers who spoke a dialect of
1:
10136:Germanic substrate hypothesis
9992:
7283:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
6811:
6739:Along a kind of middle ground
6703:In our allotted time on earth
6568:Do wryte of newe som matiere,
5507:, or in lengthened positions
5353:, or in lengthened positions
5020:, or in lengthened positions
4790:, or in lengthened positions
4715:; the thorn here resembled a
4699:. A thorn with a superscript
4673:(as in Latin manuscripts) to
4452:, and printers tended to use
2091:heo / his / hie / hies / hire
1610:
1276:
1222:). Also, nonfinal unstressed
1127:Reduction of the Old English
1085:The main changes between the
1026:
916:
453:
10166:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
8857:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
7681:, Vol. III, CUP 2000, p. 39.
6622:Of them that wrote us before
6592:It dulleth ofte a mannes wit
6571:Essampled of these olde wyse
6565:In oure tyme among ous hiere
5996:sense-for-sense translations
1860:
1074:
747:Words were often taken from
7:
10146:High German consonant shift
8001:Middle English encyclopedia
7978:(archived 22 February 2012)
7838:Canterbury Tales (selected)
7809:Utechin, Patricia (1990) .
7601:. Cochrane and Pickersgill.
7563:A Middle-English dictionary
7465:The Syntax of Early English
6776:
6631:For it is good that we also
6583:In tyme comende after this.
6562:Forthi good is that we also
6538:Original in Middle English
6282:even with his sweet breath
6190:Original in Middle English
5286:, post-vowel allophones of
4641:, with the adoption of the
4214:
4043:, Midland dialects showing
1792:were mostly developed from
1783:
1676:The Owl and the Nightingale
1202:Loss of weak final vowels (
903:The Owl and the Nightingale
444:Transition from Old English
10:
10316:
8684:Westlauwers–Terschellings
8337:According to contemporary
7752:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7743:Holt, Robert, ed. (1878).
7692:Oxford English Dictionary,
7668:retrieved February 1, 2009
7584:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7180:Wright, Mary Anne (2022).
6787:(collection of glossaries)
6721:In ages following our own.
6661:It dulls often a man's wit
6652:In time coming after this.
6649:Be left to the world's ear
6640:Exampled by these old ways
6601:I wolde go the middel weie
6580:Beleve to the worldes eere
6047:
6009:
6000:word-for-word translations
5983:
5950:. As a vowel, the same as
5468:, including its allophone
5371:((corresponding to modern
4834:(alternatively denoted by
4669:to abbreviate the name of
4617:. This was similar to the
4221:Old English Latin alphabet
2669:
2513:
2437:, "he cometh/he comes"). (
1629:), after a demonstrative (
1440:-stem nouns but also from
1426:
1420:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1342:
1333:
1236:began to be pronounced as
1156:Raising of the long vowel
1078:
438:
339:that was spoken after the
10228:
10179:
10103:
10072:
10004:
10000:
9987:
9936:
9909:
9863:Southern Schleswig Danish
9794:
9675:
9631:
9622:
9618:
9601:
9442:
9385:
9273:
9264:
9169:
9141:
9100:
9091:
9066:
9048:
8959:
8931:
8905:
8896:
8847:
8760:
8735:
8726:
8665:
8560:
8509:
8484:
8475:
8371:
8362:
8358:
8345:
8335:
8202:
8136:
8132:
8119:
8044:
7811:Epitaphs from Oxfordshire
7448:cf. 'Ancrene Wisse' (The
6828:, Edinburgh 2016, s. 1.1.
6801:Middle English literature
6796:Middle English Dictionary
6670:I would go the middle way
6637:Do write some new matter,
6634:In our time among us here
6194:Word-for-word translation
6089:
6070:Word-for-word translation
6030:
5986:Middle English literature
4746:during the 15th century.
4100:), as in Modern English.
2755:
2748:
2738:
2731:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2569:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2528:
2521:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2273:
2250:eower / ower / gur / our
2241:eow / ou / ȝow / gu / you
2216:
2172:
2167:
2028:
1964:
1914:
1909:
1879:
1368:
1355:
1339:
1330:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1288:inflection in Old English
1184:Lengthening of vowels in
462:The transition from Late
419:Middle English literature
417:Little survives of early
298:
282:
268:
252:
234:
229:
213:
185:
125:
101:
71:
49:
28:
23:
10141:West Germanic gemination
10095:Ancient Belgian language
10090:Germanic parent language
10034:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
9156:Austrian Standard German
8350:
8161:Changes before historic
8153:Changes before historic
7991:. Macmillan – via
7950:(3 ed.). Blackwell.
7948:A Book of Middle English
7902:Brodie, Richard (2005).
7877:. Evolution Publishing:
7772:Bertram, Jerome (2003).
7729:Algeo, J., Butcher, C.,
7086:BBC (27 December 2014).
7020:Jespersen, Otto (1919).
6733:A paucity of wit, and so
5994:translations are poetic
4760:Middle English phonology
4727:". Various forms of the
4613:(modern "joy"), used in
4580:, that is, the sound of
4420:, while the Carolingian
4282:that it represented had
2402:
2100:hio / heo / hire / heore
1281:
1177:Unrounding of the front
1174:in the southern dialects
1097:Emergence of the voiced
1087:Old English sound system
1081:Middle English phonology
948:In the aftermath of the
518:, modals, comparatives,
8064:Anglo-Frisian languages
7988:A Middle English Reader
7976:Middle English Glossary
7117:Potter, Simeon (1950).
7071:McCrum, Robert (1987).
7035:Crystal, David (1995).
6502:
6479:
6464:
6449:
6430:
6404:
6389:
6374:
6359:
6344:
6321:
6306:
6291:
6272:
6257:
6238:
6223:
6208:
6148:
6140:
5618:; these later merged).
5200:; these later merged).
4987:as the doubled form of
4895:sound came to be spelt
4609:
4556:(and transliterated in
4525:
4519:
4334:
4092:
4086:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3794:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3719:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3464:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2193:ure / our / ures / urne
1846:
1836:
1830:
1816:
1814:), but the alternative
1806:
1776:
1770:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1501:
1491:
1350:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1146:Merging of Old English
975:
968:of England, and a new
869:
826:roughly one dozen forms
812:
42:
36:
30:
10202:Preterite-present verb
10085:Proto-Germanic grammar
10039:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
9151:German Standard German
8827:East Frisian Low Saxon
7000:Baugh, Albert (1951).
6774:
6492:in order to visit the
6108:Wycliffe's Bible, 1384
5990:Most of the following
5879:(replaced Old English
5263:was still pronounced.
5127:Sometimes the same as
4775:Description and notes
4172:
4114:writing of Old English
4112:standard used for the
1875:forms in parentheses)
1091:that of Middle English
854:Peterborough Chronicle
529:(which formed part of
459:
349:University of Valencia
300:This article contains
10207:Grammatischer Wechsel
9190:Namibian Black German
9161:Swiss Standard German
9130:Early New High German
8688:Mainland West Frisian
8549:Harlingerland Frisian
8096:Anglo-Norman language
7983:Oliver Farrar Emerson
7938:Brunner, Karl (1963)
7931:Brunner, Karl (1962)
7879:Bristol, Pennsylvania
7858:when april, with his.
7595:Booth, David (1831).
7094:. BBC. Archived from
6763:
6331:his half-course run,
6048:Further information:
6010:Further information:
6006:Ormulum, 12th century
4719:, giving rise to the
4663:scribal abbreviations
4384:Carolingian minuscule
4350:in this context; see
4131:pronunciation changes
1894:Possessive determiner
1294:Middle English nouns
1120:of the corresponding
913:Auchinleck manuscript
788:many Norse borrowings
451:
10212:Indo-European ablaut
10192:Germanic strong verb
10161:Germanic spirant law
9298:Southeast Limburgish
8794:Gelders-Overijssels
8423:Irish Middle English
8413:Early Modern English
8126:Phonological history
8106:Early Modern English
7073:The Story of English
6934:10.1353/cr.2004.0003
6487:holy blissful martyr
6436:To far-off shrines (
6174:The Canterbury Tales
5862:Development of /juː/
5759:). Also appeared as
5109:Early Modern English
4695:could be written as
4195:, above). The final
4135:Early Modern English
2265:Ȝou self / ou selue
2208:us self / ous silue
1804:that developed into
1794:those of Old English
1505:, "father's bane").
1489:or no ending (e.g.,
1150:into a single vowel
1053:Early Modern English
1002:Northumbrian dialect
958:southeast of England
883:, apparently in the
782:Early Middle English
385:Northumbrian dialect
377:Early Modern English
107:Early Modern English
63:The Canterbury Tales
10180:Synchronic features
10151:Germanic a-mutation
10104:Diachronic features
9454:in the broad sense
9387:East Central German
9341:Lorraine Franconian
9315:Transylvanian Saxon
9275:West Central German
9050:East Low Franconian
8960:West Low Franconian
8059:Proto-West-Germanic
8049:Proto-Indo-European
6494:holy blessed martyr
6186:
6124:
6082:by Patricia Utechin
5383:Used sometimes for
4983:, replaced earlier
4602:affricate consonant
4550:palatal approximant
4548:, representing the
4096:, a process called
2456:
2310:þa / þei / þeo / þo
1955:min one / mi seluen
1876:
1869:is shown in italics
1295:
1116:, rather than mere
929:Late Middle English
335:) is a form of the
193:Proto-Indo-European
121:by the 15th century
10275:Medieval languages
10197:Germanic weak verb
10006:Language subgroups
9356:Pennsylvania Dutch
9305:Moselle Franconian
9283:Central Franconian
9116:Middle High German
8867:Central Pomeranian
8822:Northern Low Saxon
8535:Wangerooge Frisian
8329:Germanic languages
8194:Trisyllabic laxing
8174:Close front vowels
8038:History of English
7754:Internet Archive:
7694:2nd edition (1989)
7467:, CUP 2000, p. 72.
7200:power at the time.
7098:on 31 January 2016
6911:The Chaucer Review
6784:Medulla Grammatice
6424:) seek new shores
6184:
6119:
6054:An epitaph from a
6050:Brightwell Baldwin
5902:⟨wh⟩
5423:⟨kn⟩
5327:⟨th⟩
5323:⟨ch⟩
5319:⟨gh⟩
5300:⟨gh⟩
5255:for details). The
5129:⟨ai⟩
5113:⟨ea⟩
4985:⟨kk⟩
4731:replaced the word
4707:could be used for
4635:⟨dg⟩
4623:⟨cg⟩
4434:⟨gh⟩
4363:, was replaced by
4323:⟨th⟩
4300:⟨oe⟩
4292:⟨ae⟩
4168:⟨ch⟩
4164:⟨gh⟩
4129:is largely due to
3885:willende, willynge
2454:
2051:his / hisse / hes
2018:þeself / þi seluen
1946:min / mire / minre
1899:Possessive pronoun
1861:
1576:Grammatical gender
1293:
1267:doubled consonants
822:English possessive
800:instrumental cases
767:(from Norman) and
547:West Saxon dialect
520:pronominal adverbs
488:synthetic language
460:
372:Johannes Gutenberg
152:North Sea Germanic
10252:
10251:
10237:extinct languages
10224:
10223:
10220:
10219:
10171:Great Vowel Shift
9983:
9982:
9979:
9978:
9932:
9931:
9778:Greenlandic Norse
9597:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9528:Southern Bavarian
9511:Northern Bavarian
9487:Highest Alemannic
9438:
9437:
9172:standard variants
9087:
9086:
8933:Standard variants
8892:
8891:
8751:Middle Low German
8722:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8522:Saterland Frisian
8295:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8184:Great Vowel Shift
8169:Close back vowels
7888:978-1-889758-70-1
7820:978-0-946976-04-1
7338:978-1-134-28025-4
7292:978-0-684-18275-9
7271:2008, pp. 89–136.
7161:. Dutch Lichliter
6977:978-0-19-289043-6
6888:978-0-19-521950-0
6757:
6756:
6525:Confessio Amantis
6515:
6514:
6160:
6159:
6105:
6104:
6041:
6040:
6022:
5977:
5976:
5956:⟨y⟩
5952:⟨i⟩
5555:when adjacent to
5553:⟨u⟩
5549:⟨o⟩
5419:⟨c⟩
5373:⟨j⟩
5335:⟨h⟩
5257:⟨g⟩
5252:⟨g⟩
5247:⟨y⟩
5243:⟨i⟩
5239:⟨e⟩
5115:. The two vowels
5046:⟨e⟩
4989:⟨k⟩
4944:⟨y⟩
4940:⟨i⟩
4936:⟨e⟩
4901:reduction of /mb/
4806:⟨l⟩
4764:Great Vowel Shift
4717:⟨Y⟩
4705:⟨e⟩
4701:⟨t⟩
4685:⟨m⟩
4681:⟨n⟩
4639:⟨g⟩
4631:⟨i⟩
4627:⟨j⟩
4600:was used for the
4598:⟨i⟩
4594:⟨j⟩
4582:⟨y⟩
4566:⟨i⟩
4538:⟨i⟩
4534:⟨j⟩
4514:⟨i⟩
4508:⟨j⟩
4502:⟨u⟩
4496:⟨v⟩
4491:⟨w⟩
4487:⟨z⟩
4483:⟨q⟩
4479:⟨k⟩
4468:⟨z⟩
4454:⟨z⟩
4430:⟨y⟩
4426:⟨j⟩
4414:⟨ȝ⟩
4377:⟨w⟩
4373:⟨p⟩
4296:⟨œ⟩
4249:⟨ƿ⟩
4242:⟨þ⟩
4235:⟨ð⟩
4228:⟨æ⟩
4201:⟨a⟩
4197:⟨e⟩
4189:Great Vowel Shift
4180:⟨e⟩
4160:⟨k⟩
4119:Chancery Standard
4037:
4036:
2460:Verbs inflection
2364:
2363:
2277:From Old English
1972:/ þu / tu / þeou
1790:personal pronouns
1520:and as part of a
1434:
1433:
1262:⟨e⟩
1228:⟨e⟩
1224:⟨e⟩
1208:⟨e⟩
1190:Great Vowel Shift
977:Ayenbite of Inwyt
531:Scandinavian York
492:analytic language
482:The influence of
468:Augustinian canon
412:Great Vowel Shift
326:
325:
308:rendering support
304:phonetic symbols.
94:, to some extent
78:(except for west
10307:
10270:Anglic languages
10029:Elbe (Irminonic)
10002:
10001:
9989:
9988:
9917:Mainland Gutnish
9807:Swedish dialects
9769:Middle Icelandic
9743:Middle Norwegian
9632:Historical forms
9629:
9628:
9620:
9619:
9603:
9602:
9562:South Franconian
9548:Hutterite German
9516:Central Bavarian
9336:Rhine Franconian
9271:
9270:
9101:Historical forms
9098:
9097:
9013:Surinamese Dutch
8906:Historical forms
8903:
8902:
8736:Historical forms
8733:
8732:
8485:Historical forms
8482:
8481:
8369:
8368:
8360:
8359:
8347:
8346:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8299:
8298:
8189:Open back vowels
8164:
8156:
8134:
8133:
8121:
8120:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8008:
8007:
7996:
7993:Internet Archive
7955:Mustanoja, Tauno
7951:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7910:. Archived from
7899:
7893:
7892:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7841:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7806:
7797:
7796:
7778:
7769:
7763:
7753:
7740:
7734:
7727:
7721:
7714:
7708:
7701:
7695:
7688:
7682:
7675:
7669:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7575:
7556:
7550:
7543:
7537:
7534:
7519:
7516:
7510:
7507:
7498:
7495:
7489:
7486:
7480:
7477:
7468:
7461:
7449:
7444:
7435:
7428:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7400:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7370:. p. 99ff.
7359:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7304:
7298:
7296:
7278:
7272:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7231:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7196:
7194:
7188:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7150:
7144:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7124:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7068:
7059:
7058:
7042:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7017:
7006:
7005:
6997:
6982:
6981:
6961:
6955:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6927:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6872:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6835:
6829:
6822:
6535:
6534:
6505:
6482:
6467:
6452:
6433:
6407:
6392:
6377:
6362:
6347:
6324:
6309:
6294:
6275:
6260:
6241:
6226:
6211:
6187:
6183:
6179:Geoffrey Chaucer
6169:General Prologue
6152:
6144:
6125:
6118:
6114:Wycliffe's Bible
6061:
6060:
6056:monumental brass
6026:
6025:
6020:
5972:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5941:
5934:As a consonant,
5926:
5924:
5919:
5903:
5897:
5878:
5859:
5857:
5849:
5841:
5817:
5809:
5795:
5781:
5758:
5754:
5746:
5732:
5718:
5716:
5711:
5697:
5682:
5680:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5649:
5647:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5613:
5611:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5554:
5550:
5538:
5526:
5524:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5467:
5453:
5439:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5360:
5352:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5214:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5114:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5094:
5089:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5047:
5039:
5037:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5005:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4968:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4899:by analogy; see
4894:
4886:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4843:
4841:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4789:
4769:
4768:
4718:
4706:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4615:Wycliffe's Bible
4612:
4606:
4599:
4595:
4583:
4579:
4567:
4564:and in Latin by
4555:
4539:
4535:
4532:The consonantal
4528:
4522:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4455:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4349:
4337:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4308:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4290:for the digraph
4281:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4202:
4198:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4155:[ˈkniçt]
4095:
4089:
4074:, and sometimes
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3968:witende, witynge
3963:
3955:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3722:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3467:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2753:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2670:Irregular verbs
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2457:
2453:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2372:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2251:
2242:
2224:
2194:
2101:
2092:
2081:
2079:sche / sho / ȝho
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1973:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1922:
1880:Person / gender
1877:
1849:
1839:
1834:was replaced by
1833:
1819:
1809:
1779:
1773:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1504:
1494:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1296:
1292:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1209:
1181:in most dialects
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1031:
1028:
987:Geoffrey Chaucer
980:
943:English monarchy
921:
918:
874:
830:definite article
816:survives in the
815:
458:
455:
432:Canterbury Tales
427:Geoffrey Chaucer
400:grammatical case
357:Late Middle Ages
337:English language
331:(abbreviated to
294:
278:
273:
264:
257:
248:
247:
239:
219:
131:
58:Geoffrey Chaucer
54:
45:
39:
33:
21:
20:
10315:
10314:
10310:
10309:
10308:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10255:
10254:
10253:
10248:
10216:
10175:
10156:Germanic umlaut
10121:Holtzmann's law
10099:
10068:
9996:
9975:
9928:
9905:
9839:South Jutlandic
9824:Danish dialects
9790:
9671:
9614:
9585:
9567:East Franconian
9521:Viennese German
9434:
9415:Silesian German
9381:
9370:Central Hessian
9260:
9185:Namibian German
9174:
9165:
9143:Standard German
9137:
9123:New High German
9109:Old High German
9083:
9062:
9044:
8955:
8927:
8888:
8872:East Pomeranian
8862:Brandenburgisch
8849:East Low German
8843:
8770:Dutch Low Saxon
8762:West Low German
8756:
8714:
8680:Schiermonnikoog
8661:
8556:
8542:Wursten Frisian
8505:
8471:
8354:
8341:
8331:
8326:
8296:
8283:
8253:-glottalization
8198:
8128:
8115:
8040:
8035:
7964:
7928:
7927:
7917:
7915:
7914:on Mar 29, 2013
7900:
7896:
7889:
7868:
7864:
7854:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7807:
7800:
7776:
7770:
7766:
7741:
7737:
7728:
7724:
7715:
7711:
7703:"J" and "jay",
7702:
7698:
7689:
7685:
7676:
7672:
7660:
7656:
7646:
7644:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7610:
7606:
7593:
7589:
7557:
7553:
7544:
7540:
7535:
7522:
7517:
7513:
7508:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7471:
7462:
7458:
7447:
7438:
7429:
7422:
7412:
7410:
7398:
7392:Franklin, James
7389:
7385:
7378:
7360:
7353:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7323:
7319:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7293:
7279:
7275:
7266:
7262:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7206:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7178:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7151:
7147:
7138:
7134:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7084:
7080:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7033:
7029:
7018:
7009:
6998:
6985:
6978:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6925:10.1.1.691.7778
6906:
6902:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6873:
6866:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6836:
6832:
6824:Simon Horobin,
6823:
6819:
6814:
6779:
6520:
6414:) to seek new
6165:
6131:Second version
6110:
6093:
6092:
6052:
6046:
6034:
6033:
6014:
6008:
5988:
5982:
5955:
5951:
5901:
5552:
5548:
5422:
5418:
5375:); see above).
5372:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5299:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5128:
5112:
5045:
4988:
4984:
4952:hard and soft C
4943:
4939:
4935:
4808:or nasals (see
4805:
4752:
4744:Arabic numerals
4716:
4704:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4659:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4597:
4593:
4581:
4565:
4537:
4533:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4467:
4453:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4413:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4343:
4322:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:merged into /a/
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4217:
4200:
4196:
4179:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:(with both the
4152:was pronounced
4148:. For example,
4110:Late West Saxon
4106:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2390:Accusative case
2388:
2384:
2379:indirect object
2373:
2369:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2305:From Old Norse
2292:
2287:
2280:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2225:
2220:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2020:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1863:
1788:Middle English
1786:
1766:Germanic umlaut
1613:
1284:
1279:
1261:
1227:
1223:
1207:
1083:
1077:
1034:Norman Conquest
1029:
1023:
983:Kentish dialect
931:
925:
919:
877:Katherine Group
784:
564:, now known as
554:Norman Conquest
539:East of England
456:
446:
441:
341:Norman Conquest
306:Without proper
290:
276:
269:
260:
253:
243:
242:
235:
220:
215:
209:
188:
181:
132:
129:Language family
127:
105:developed into
67:
40:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10313:
10303:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10265:Middle English
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10239:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10183:
10181:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10080:Proto-Germanic
10076:
10074:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10021:
10016:
10010:
10008:
9998:
9997:
9985:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9966:
9959:
9955:Crimean Gothic
9944:
9942:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9919:
9910:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9882:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9831:
9829:Insular Danish
9826:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9812:Rinkebysvenska
9809:
9798:
9796:
9792:
9791:
9789:
9788:
9781:
9774:
9773:
9772:
9765:
9753:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9739:
9732:
9726:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9672:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9660:
9658:Old East Norse
9655:
9653:Old West Norse
9643:
9635:
9633:
9626:
9616:
9615:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9583:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9564:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9533:South Tyrolean
9525:
9524:
9523:
9513:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9475:High Alemannic
9472:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9448:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9391:
9389:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9379:
9374:
9373:
9372:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9343:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9317:
9312:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9279:
9277:
9268:
9266:Central German
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9224:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9207:
9205:Barossa German
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9181:
9179:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9119:
9112:
9104:
9102:
9095:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9070:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8984:French Flemish
8976:
8975:
8974:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8943:
8937:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8900:
8898:Low Franconian
8894:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8853:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8766:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8747:
8739:
8737:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8699:Westereendersk
8693:
8682:
8677:
8671:
8669:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8645:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8630:
8622:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8577:
8566:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8515:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8500:Middle Frisian
8496:
8488:
8486:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8460:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8406:Modern English
8402:
8399:Middle English
8395:
8388:
8377:
8375:
8366:
8356:
8355:
8343:
8342:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8325:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8255:
8247:
8242:
8235:
8227:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8158:
8150:
8142:
8140:
8130:
8129:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8111:Modern English
8108:
8103:
8101:Middle English
8098:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8054:Proto-Germanic
8051:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7998:
7985:, ed. (1915).
7979:
7973:
7963:
7962:External links
7960:
7959:
7958:
7952:
7943:
7936:
7926:
7925:
7894:
7887:
7862:
7852:
7826:
7819:
7798:
7764:
7735:
7722:
7709:
7696:
7683:
7670:
7654:
7631:
7624:
7604:
7587:
7551:
7538:
7520:
7511:
7499:
7490:
7481:
7469:
7456:
7436:
7420:
7383:
7377:978-1138006935
7376:
7351:
7337:
7317:
7299:
7291:
7273:
7260:
7246:
7226:
7215:
7204:
7172:
7145:
7132:
7109:
7078:
7060:
7053:
7027:
7007:
6983:
6976:
6956:
6947:
6918:(3): 246–254.
6900:
6887:
6864:
6850:
6830:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6778:
6775:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6420:and pilgrims (
6418:
6410:And pilgrims (
6408:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6198:Modern English
6191:
6164:
6163:Chaucer, 1390s
6161:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6128:First version
6109:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6076:
6074:Modern English
6067:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6007:
6004:
5992:Modern English
5984:Main article:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5842:. As a vowel,
5832:
5828:
5827:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5044:). For silent
5011:
5007:
5006:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4954:for details).
4909:
4905:
4904:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4751:
4748:
4740:Roman numerals
4679:. The letters
4658:
4655:
4619:geminate sound
4568:); words like
4436:in words like
4388:insular script
4216:
4213:
4146:silent letters
4139:Modern English
4105:
4102:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3648:owende, owynge
3644:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3347:
3328:
3309:
3290:
3282:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3043:
3036:
3035:"be good for"
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2944:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2689:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2602:
2599:
2587:
2568:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2514:Regular verbs
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1867:Modern English
1850:was ousted by
1785:
1782:
1671:Layamon's Brut
1612:
1609:
1478:-stem nouns).
1469:Proto-Germanic
1432:
1431:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1256:
1255:
1200:
1193:
1186:open syllables
1182:
1179:rounded vowels
1175:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1125:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1061:Richard Pynson
1057:William Caxton
1048:respectively.
1022:
1019:
1006:Scots language
930:
927:
897:Layamon's Brut
820:of the modern
783:
780:
738:seigneurialism
445:
442:
440:
437:
329:Middle English
324:
323:
310:, you may see
296:
295:
288:
280:
279:
274:
266:
265:
258:
250:
249:
240:
232:
231:
230:Language codes
227:
226:
221:
217:Writing system
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
205:
198:Proto-Germanic
191:
189:
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
167:Middle English
135:
133:
126:
123:
122:
103:
99:
98:
73:
69:
68:
55:
47:
46:
26:
25:
24:Middle English
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10312:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10244:
10240:
10238:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10227:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10187:Germanic verb
10185:
10184:
10182:
10178:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10126:Sievers's law
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10073:Reconstructed
10071:
10065:
10064:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10053:
10051:
10050:
10046:
10045:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10026:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9972:
9971:
9967:
9965:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9911:
9908:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9888:
9887:
9886:Middle Danish
9883:
9881:
9880:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9844:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9820:
9817:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9782:
9780:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9770:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9762:Old Icelandic
9759:
9758:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9745:
9744:
9740:
9738:
9737:
9736:Old Norwegian
9733:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9674:
9666:
9665:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9644:
9642:
9641:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9604:
9600:
9582:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9554:
9553:Gottscheerish
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9526:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9493:
9492:Walser German
9490:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9458:Low Alemannic
9456:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9441:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9420:High Prussian
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9405:Erzgebirgisch
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9392:
9390:
9388:
9384:
9378:
9375:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9363:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9310:Luxembourgish
9308:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9248:Klezmer-loshn
9245:
9243:
9242:Scots Yiddish
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9140:
9132:
9131:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9080:
9079:Meuse-Rhenish
9077:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9065:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9047:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9007:
9006:Kleverlandish
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8967:Central Dutch
8965:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8930:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8775:Stellingwarfs
8773:
8772:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8709:
8706:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8695:Wood Frisian
8694:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8562:North Frisian
8559:
8551:
8550:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8364:Anglo-Frisian
8361:
8357:
8353:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8318:
8316:
8311:
8309:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8233:-vocalization
8232:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8159:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8027:
8025:
8020:
8018:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8002:
7999:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7965:
7956:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7941:
7937:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7859:
7855:
7853:9780812000399
7849:
7845:
7840:
7839:
7830:
7822:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7803:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7739:
7732:
7726:
7720:, Wiley 2011.
7719:
7713:
7706:
7700:
7693:
7687:
7680:
7674:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7642:
7635:
7627:
7625:9781474408462
7621:
7617:
7616:
7608:
7600:
7599:
7591:
7583:
7582:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7564:
7555:
7548:
7542:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7515:
7506:
7504:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7474:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7443:
7442:
7433:
7427:
7425:
7408:
7404:
7397:
7393:
7387:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7356:
7340:
7334:
7331:. Routledge.
7330:
7329:
7321:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7294:
7288:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7264:
7249:
7247:9788437083216
7243:
7239:
7238:
7230:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7208:
7201:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7160:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7136:
7128:
7123:
7122:
7113:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7067:
7065:
7056:
7054:9780521401791
7050:
7046:
7041:
7040:
7031:
7023:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7003:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6979:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6960:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6904:
6890:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6871:
6869:
6853:
6851:9788437083216
6847:
6843:
6842:
6834:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6154:
6151:
6146:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6115:
6099:
6095:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:Original text
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5970:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5947:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5895:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5847:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5807:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5744:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5679:
5669:
5664:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5557:i, m, n, v, w
5546:
5542:
5536:
5531:). Sometimes
5530:
5523:
5517:or sometimes
5513:
5504:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5414:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5389:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5368:
5359:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5332:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5297:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5152:
5142:
5137:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5103:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5048:, see above.
5043:
5036:
5030:or sometimes
5026:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4890:
4884:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4796:
4787:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:Other symbols
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4591:
4587:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4423:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4386:replaced the
4385:
4380:
4368:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4303:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:þurven, þaren
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3636:"owe, ought"
3634:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2395:
2394:direct object
2391:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1937:min / minen
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1840:south of the
1838:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:demonstrative
1799:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1678:adds a final
1677:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:scaft stærcne
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:double plural
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1417:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1347:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:English Bible
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
978:
971:
967:
963:
960:and from the
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
926:
923:
915:
914:
907:
905:
904:
899:
898:
892:
890:
886:
885:West Midlands
882:
878:
873:
872:
871:Ancrene Wisse
866:
862:
861:
856:
855:
849:
847:
842:
837:
835:
832:("the"). The
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
804:prepositional
801:
797:
793:
789:
779:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
720:
715:
714:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:East Midlands
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
477:
472:
469:
465:
450:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:John Wycliffe
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
297:
293:
289:
287:
286:
281:
275:
272:
267:
263:
259:
256:
251:
246:
241:
238:
233:
228:
225:
222:
218:
212:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
194:
190:
184:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:Anglo-Frisian
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:West Germanic
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:Indo-European
134:
130:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:and Scottish
89:
86:, south east
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
65:
64:
59:
53:
48:
44:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
10232:
10116:Verner's law
10061:
10056:Gotho-Nordic
10054:
10047:
9968:
9961:
9953:
9947:
9937:
9922:Fårö Gutnish
9884:
9877:
9783:
9776:
9767:
9760:
9741:
9734:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9645:
9638:
9578:
9480:Swiss German
9444:Upper German
9377:Amana German
9351:Volga German
9320:Hunsrückisch
9246:
9200:Unserdeutsch
9195:Berlinerisch
9128:
9121:
9114:
9107:
9067:Cover groups
9023:Mohawk Dutch
9018:Jersey Dutch
8996:East Flemish
8979:West Flemish
8923:Middle Dutch
8877:Low Prussian
8749:
8742:
8708:Terschelling
8692:Clay Frisian
8667:West Frisian
8655:Wiedingharde
8647:
8635:
8595:Heligolandic
8572:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8528:
8511:East Frisian
8498:
8491:
8464:Middle Scots
8462:
8455:
8441:
8434:
8427:
8422:
8411:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8390:
8277:
8258:
8250:
8238:
8230:
8222:
8146:
8100:
8084:Northumbrian
7987:
7969:
7947:
7939:
7932:
7916:. Retrieved
7912:the original
7907:
7897:
7874:
7871:Sweet, Henry
7865:
7857:
7837:
7829:
7810:
7784:
7780:
7767:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7730:
7725:
7717:
7712:
7704:
7699:
7691:
7686:
7678:
7673:
7661:
7657:
7645:. Retrieved
7634:
7614:
7607:
7597:
7590:
7580:
7562:
7554:
7546:
7545:Fulk, R.D.,
7541:
7514:
7493:
7484:
7464:
7459:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7431:
7411:. Retrieved
7406:
7402:
7386:
7363:
7342:. Retrieved
7327:
7320:
7312:hcmc.uvic.ca
7311:
7302:
7282:
7276:
7268:
7263:
7251:. Retrieved
7236:
7229:
7218:
7207:
7198:
7191:. Retrieved
7182:
7175:
7163:. Retrieved
7158:
7148:
7135:
7121:Our Language
7120:
7112:
7100:. Retrieved
7096:the original
7091:
7081:
7072:
7038:
7030:
7021:
7001:
6966:
6959:
6950:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6892:. Retrieved
6877:
6855:. Retrieved
6840:
6833:
6825:
6820:
6782:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6523:
6521:
6172:
6166:
6134:Translation
6111:
6081:
6078:
6064:
6053:
6015:
5989:
5980:Sample texts
5760:
5747:, sometimes
5556:
5544:
5540:
5528:
5399:
5345:As a vowel,
5337:was silent.
5330:
5260:
5158:
5131:; sometimes
5117:later merged
5072:
5041:
4896:
4888:
4846:
4753:
4737:
4732:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4696:
4692:
4674:
4660:
4650:
4646:
4645:convention (
4585:
4573:
4569:
4531:
4476:
4466:, where the
4462:
4457:
4449:
4446:Middle Scots
4441:
4437:
4421:
4405:
4400:
4399:Carolingian
4393:
4381:
4358:
4351:
4339:
4304:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4218:
4205:
4184:
4149:
4143:
4107:
4082:Strong verbs
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4038:
3795:Þurven/Þaren
2448:
2444:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2385:
2370:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2083:
2067:
2060:
2058:his / hisse
2053:
2046:
2039:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1975:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1920:ic / ich / I
1865:
1856:
1851:
1842:River Thames
1822:
1811:
1787:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1697:
1689:
1686:Comparatives
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1303:Strong nouns
1285:
1257:
1166:Rounding of
1112:as separate
1084:
1050:
1024:
1017:
1010:
995:
991:Reeve's Tale
964:and central
947:
932:
924:
911:
908:
901:
895:
893:
865:Lincolnshire
858:
852:
850:
838:
817:
792:inflectional
785:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
647:
641:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
570:Anglo-Norman
551:
524:
513:
481:
474:
461:
430:
416:
404:Anglo-Norman
393:
361:
332:
328:
327:
299:
283:
166:
61:
56:A page from
18:
10131:Kluge's law
10111:Grimm's law
9894:Dalecarlian
9873:Perkerdansk
9846:East Danish
9664:Old Gutnish
9640:Proto-Norse
9580:Langobardic
9572:Vogtlandian
9400:Upper Saxon
9254:Lachoudisch
9215:Lotegorisch
9093:High German
8839:Westphalian
8834:Eastphalian
8798:Achterhooks
8675:Hindeloopen
8610:Bökingharde
8579:Föhr–Amrum
8493:Old Frisian
8457:Early Scots
8392:Old English
8069:Old English
8003:on Miraheze
7453:Anchoresses
7432:of the soul
7344:14 February
7267:McWhorter,
7253:19 December
6881:. Oup USA.
6857:19 December
6518:Gower, 1390
6079:Translation
5259:in initial
4104:Orthography
2509:3rd person
2506:2nd person
2503:1st person
2500:3rd person
2497:2nd person
2494:1st person
2483:Participle
2474:Participle
2463:Infinitive
2424:þou spekest
2375:Dative case
2293:heore / her
2065:him-seluen
2044:him / hine
1508:The strong
1448:-stem, and
1366:Accusative
1328:Nominative
1271:Orthography
1269:(see under
1069:Prayer Book
1030: 1430
950:Black Death
920: 1330
889:AB language
881:anchoresses
464:Old English
457: 1300
396:inflections
364:orthography
345:Old English
314:instead of
203:Old English
187:Early forms
10259:Categories
9963:Burgundian
9879:Old Danish
9868:Gøtudanskt
9851:Bornholmsk
9713:Vestlandsk
9693:Kebabnorsk
9430:Halcnovian
9395:Thuringian
9058:Limburgish
9028:Stadsfries
9001:Brabantian
8728:Low German
8574:Eiderstedt
8429:Fingallian
8204:Consonants
8179:Diphthongs
8089:West Saxon
7904:"Prologue"
7781:Oxoniensia
7643:. Bartleby
7193:August 24,
7165:12 January
7102:12 January
6894:2023-12-01
6812:References
6530:John Gower
6116:, (1384):
6021:(3494–501)
5567:Rare, for
5156:(see also
5056:Rare, for
4590:Old French
4412:, written
4219:The basic
4170:in German
2359:themselves
2328:þam-selue
2268:yourselves
2159:hit sulue
2138:hit / him
2115:heo-seolf
2032:Masculine
2024:(thyself)
1611:Adjectives
1502:fader bone
1492:fole hoves
1474:-stem and
1308:Weak nouns
1277:Morphology
1273:, below).
1206:, written
1197:gemination
1129:diphthongs
1124:fricatives
1118:allophones
1099:fricatives
1046:Law French
935:Anglicised
846:vernacular
841:word order
725:parliament
670:courageous
566:Old Norman
562:Old French
111:Fingallian
10243:varieties
10235:indicate
10049:Northwest
9994:Philology
9899:Elfdalian
9834:Jutlandic
9756:Icelandic
9731:(written)
9725:(written)
9703:Trøndersk
9683:Norwegian
9647:Old Norse
9468:Coloniero
9452:Alemannic
9425:Wymysorys
9293:Colognian
9288:Ripuarian
9210:Rotwelsch
9040:Midslands
8991:Zeelandic
8972:Hollandic
8946:Afrikaans
8918:Old Dutch
8744:Old Saxon
8643:Karrharde
8625:Goesharde
8606:Mainland
8339:philology
8245:Rhoticity
8225:-dropping
7918:March 15,
7793:0308-5562
7409:: 177–191
7403:Et Cetera
7368:Routledge
6942:162332574
6920:CiteSeerX
6489:to seek,
6112:From the
4934:) before
4926:(earlier
4847:vein–vain
4729:ampersand
4570:Jerusalem
4311:allophone
4209:geminated
4193:Phonology
3772:scholdest
3723:"should"
3102:doughtest
2486:Singular
2477:Singular
2288:his / heo
2211:ourselves
2185:us / ous
2074:Feminine
2008:þin / þyn
1910:Singular
1904:Reflexive
1798:Old Norse
1710:, great;
1379:Genitive
1320:Singular
1314:Singular
1148:/æ/and/ɑ/
1122:voiceless
1093:include:
1075:Phonology
742:crusading
734:feudalism
730:chivalric
500:Icelandic
484:Old Norse
408:Old Norse
285:Glottolog
271:ISO 639-6
255:ISO 639-3
237:ISO 639-2
9970:Vandalic
9913:Gutnish
9718:Vikværsk
9698:Sognamål
9688:Bergensk
9538:Cimbrian
9506:Bavarian
9463:Alsatian
9410:Lusatian
9346:Palatine
9036:Amelands
8913:Frankish
8803:Sallaans
8785:Gronings
8636:Southern
8629:Northern
8620:Halligen
8569:Insular
8386:dialects
8270:stopping
8265:fronting
8217:Flapping
8212:Clusters
7873:(2005).
7760:Volume 2
7756:Volume 1
7748:Two vols
7572:7114246M
7394:(1983).
7297:, p. 280
6777:See also
6280:Zephyrus
6018:Nativity
5954:, where
5900:English
5772:sch, sh
5543:(modern
5539:, as in
5476:(before
5331:horrible
4756:digraphs
4667:Lollards
4653:, etc.)
4607:, as in
4526:paradijs
4463:McKenzie
4404:(modern
4397:and the
4392:insular
4369:⟩
4365:⟨
4348:⟩
4344:⟨
4288:ligature
4215:Alphabet
4162:and the
4098:apophony
3610:mightest
3201:durstest
3146:durrynge
3140:durrende
3116:doughten
2898:couthest
2831:cunnynge
2825:cunnende
2466:Present
2434:he comeþ
2414:ich here
2316:þem / þo
2282:heo / he
2022:yourself
1929:me / mi
1810:(modern
1784:Pronouns
1530:brethren
1526:children
1245:palmeres
1195:Loss of
1114:phonemes
998:Scotland
970:prestige
966:Midlands
875:and the
808:genitive
776:dialects
769:guardian
662:valuable
545:(in the
537:and the
516:pronouns
429:, whose
389:Scotland
320:Help:IPA
292:midd1317
142:Germanic
88:Scotland
80:Cornwall
31:Englisch
10233:Italics
9856:Scanian
9802:Swedish
9751:Faroese
9729:Nynorsk
9708:Valdris
9543:Mòcheno
9499:Swabian
9365:Hessian
9325:Hunsrik
9237:Western
9232:Eastern
9227:Yiddish
9177:creoles
9074:Bergish
8790:Drèents
8780:Tweants
8632:Central
8614:Mooring
8477:Frisian
8436:Kildare
8381:English
8079:Mercian
8074:Kentish
7785:LXVVIII
7455:Guide)
7413:29 June
7159:YouTube
7092:YouTube
6967:Ormulum
6438:hallows
6422:palmers
6416:strands
6412:palmers
6329:the Ram
6327:Has in
6012:Ormulum
5658:Either
5655:ou, ow
5587:oi, oy
5547:); the
5298:). The
5237:before
5171:Either
5124:ei, ey
4856:au, aw
4817:ai, ay
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4544:letter
4432:and by
4353:ye olde
4309:or its
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2924:couthen
2892:coudest
2519:Strong
2489:Plural
2480:Plural
2431:(e.g.,
2421:(e.g.,
2411:(e.g.,
2258:youres
2222:ȝe / ye
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2118:herself
2068:himself
2014:(thine)
1998:þi / ti
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1884:Subject
1873:archaic
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1713:gretter
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1444:-stem,
1407:Dative
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1251:palmers
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591:chicken
533:), the
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496:Faroese
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439:History
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316:Unicode
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9949:Gothic
9819:Danish
9723:Bokmål
9222:Yenish
9032:Bildts
8815:Veluws
8810:Urkers
8649:Strand
8373:Anglic
8138:Vowels
7885:
7850:
7817:
7791:
7787:: 30.
7707:(1993)
7647:Oct 4,
7622:
7570:
7374:
7335:
7289:
7244:
7051:
6974:
6940:
6922:
6885:
6848:
6246:liquor
6123:8:1–3
6032:wille.
5998:, not
5765:long s
5333:, the
5161:merger
5159:fleece
4918:, but
4849:merger
4844:; see
4772:Symbol
4689:macron
4643:soft G
4574:Joseph
4552:sound
4542:Hebrew
4485:, and
4244:, and
4173:Knecht
4150:knight
4141:eras.
4087:binden
4056:-ed(e)
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3617:mighte
3603:mighte
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3543:"may"
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3325:yodest
3319:yedest
3289:(gen)
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2675:Been "
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2201:oures
2173:First
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2029:Third
1994:(thee)
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1915:First
1889:Object
1871:(with
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1582:þo ule
1299:Nouns
1242:, and
1220:French
1210:). By
1038:French
954:London
939:French
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765:warden
753:kingly
740:, and
722:, and
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5831:u, v
5824:thorn
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5527:(see
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5470:[
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5280:[
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5272:[
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7848:ISBN
7815:ISBN
7789:ISSN
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7620:ISBN
7576:and
7558:See
7415:2021
7372:ISBN
7346:2023
7333:ISBN
7287:ISBN
7255:2017
7242:ISBN
7195:2024
7167:2016
7143:Web.
7104:2016
7049:ISBN
6972:ISBN
6883:ISBN
6859:2017
6846:ISBN
6485:The
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5822:and
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1110:/z/
1106:/ð/
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615:cow
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