Geoffrey Chaucer - Knowledge

937: 1010:) was written to commemorate Blanche of Lancaster, John of Gaunt's first wife. The poem refers to John and Blanche in allegory as the narrator relates the tale of "A long castel with walles white/Be Seynt Johan, on a ryche hil" (1318–1319) who is mourning grievously after the death of his love, "And goode faire White she het/That was my lady name ryght" (948–949). The phrase "long castel" is a reference to Lancaster (also called "Loncastel" and "Longcastell"), "walles white" is thought to be an oblique reference to Blanche, "Seynt Johan" was John of Gaunt's name-saint, and "ryche hil" is a reference to Richmond. These references reveal the identity of the grieving black knight of the poem as John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Richmond. "White" is the English translation of the French word "blanche", implying that the white lady was Blanche of Lancaster. 1085: 1394: 2413:, corrected and revised by Timothy Thomas. The glossary appended was also mainly compiled by Thomas. The text of Urry's edition has often been criticised by subsequent editors for its frequent conjectural emendations, mainly to make it conform to his sense of Chaucer's metre. The justice of such criticisms should not obscure his achievement. His is the first edition of Chaucer in nearly a hundred and fifty years to consult any manuscripts. Additionally, it is the first since that of William Thynne in 1534 to seek systematically to assemble a substantial number of manuscripts to establish his text. It is also the first edition to offer descriptions of the manuscripts of Chaucer's works, and the first to print texts of 'Gamelyn' and 'The Tale of Beryn', works ascribed to, but not by, Chaucer." 512: 2373:, or else there never was any. And that, all his works almost, if they be thoroughly advised, will testify (albeit done in mirth, and covertly); and especially the latter end of his third book of the Testament of Love … Wherein, except a man be altogether blind, he may espy him at the full: although in the same book (as in all others he useth to do), under shadows covertly, as under a visor, he suborneth truth in such sort, as both privily she may profit the godly-minded, and yet not be espied of the crafty adversary. And therefore the bishops, belike, taking his works but for jests and toys, in condemning other books, yet permitted his books to be read." 75: 917: 1961: 5748: 2423: 5302: 2902: 823: 456: 2663: 5271: 305: 2003:'s a mere six years later. Thynne had a successful career from the 1520s until his death in 1546 as chief clerk of the kitchen of Henry VIII, one of the masters of the royal household. He spent years comparing various versions of Chaucer's works and selected 41 pieces for publication. While there were questions over the authorship of some of the material, there is no doubt that this was the first comprehensive view of Chaucer's work. 5259: 1206: 2916: 2930: 2031: 5247: 2986:, revealing that "raptus" referred to the illegal transfer of service from Staundon's household to Chaucer's and that the case was a labour dispute in which Chaucer and Chaumpaigne were co-defendants. Roger and Prescott commented that "the carefully curated, small-scale world of literary manuscripts...is far removed from the vast scale of government archives... demonstrates that there is more to be found". 2378: 1037:, in turn, does not understand Chaucer's harsh words to her for she believes that she has been kind to him, claims that he does not know what she has in store for him in the future, but most importantly, "And eek thou hast thy beste frend alyve" (32, 40, 48). Chaucer retorts, "My frend maystow nat reven, blind goddesse" (50) and orders her to take away those who merely pretend to be his friends. 2084:. As "Chaucerian" works that were not considered apocryphal until the late 19th century, these medieval texts enjoyed a new life, with English Protestants carrying on the earlier Lollard project of appropriating existing texts and authors who seemed sympathetic—or malleable enough to be construed as sympathetic—to their cause. The official Chaucer of the early printed volumes of his 2232:

maketh to his empty purse, I do find a written copy, which I had of Iohn Stow (whose library hath helped many writers) wherein ten times more is adioined, then is in print. Where he maketh great lamentation for his wrongfull imprisonment, wishing death to end his daies: which in my iudgement doth greatly accord with that in the Testament of Loue. Moreouer we find it thus in Record.

2178: 2369:"marvel to consider … how the bishops, condemning and abolishing all manner of English books and treatises which might bring the people to any light of knowledge, did yet authorise the works of Chaucer to remain still and to be occupied; who, no doubt, saw into religion as much almost as even we do now, and uttereth in his works no less, and seemeth to be a right 2394:

and authors, which before lay hid and unknown. The science of printing being found, immediately followed the grace of God; which stirred up good wits aptly to conceive the light of knowledge and judgment: by which light darkness began to be espied, and ignorance to be detected; truth from error, religion from superstition, to be discerned."

1440:, admired Chaucer for his stories but not for his rhythm and rhyme, as few critics could then read Middle English and the text had been butchered by printers, leaving a somewhat unadmirable mess. It was not until the late 19th century that the official Chaucerian canon, accepted today, was decided upon, largely as a result of 2225:

Richard the second, the King tooke Geffrey Chaucer and his lands into his protection. The occasion wherof no doubt was some daunger and trouble whereinto he was fallen by favouring some rash attempt of the common people." Under the discussion of Chaucer's friends, namely John of Gaunt, Speght further explains:

1076:, "now I beg all those that listen to this little treatise, or read it, that if there be anything in it that pleases them, they thank our Lord Jesus Christ for it, from whom proceeds all understanding and goodness.", though he was aware that as in any place some people in the church were venal and corrupt. 799:

of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most

2393:

It is significant, too, that Foxe's discussion of Chaucer leads into his history of "The Reformation of the Church of Christ in the Time of Martin Luther" when "Printing, being opened, incontinently ministered unto the church the instruments and tools of learning and knowledge; which were good books

2231:

Yet it seemeth that was in some trouble in the daies of King Richard the second, as it may appeare in the Testament of Loue: where hee doth greatly complaine of his owne rashnesse in following the multitude, and of their hatred against him for bewraying their purpose. And in that complaint which he

2062:

set the precedent for all other English authors regarding presentation, prestige and success in print. These editions certainly established Chaucer's reputation, but they also began the complicated process of reconstructing and frequently inventing Chaucer's biography and the canonical list of works

977:

Chaucer died of unknown causes on 25 October 1400, although the only evidence for this date comes from the engraving on his tomb, which was erected more than 100 years after his death. There is some speculation that he was murdered by enemies of Richard II or even on the orders of his successor

3081:

The extraordinary dominance of English now as a world language has made it hard to appreciate that its status in the medieval period was very low. Not only was English just one of three languages used in England before the 15th century, it was not the major one. Although it was, of course, the most

1995:

under Henry VIII for about twenty years, was the first to collect and sell something that resembled an edition of the collected works of Chaucer; however, in the process, he introduced five previously printed texts that are now known not to be Chaucer's. (The collection is actually three separately

2304:

The myth of the Protestant Chaucer continues to have a lasting impact on a large body of Chaucerian scholarship. Though it is extremely rare for a modern scholar to suggest Chaucer supported a religious movement that did not exist until more than a century after his death, the predominance of this

2224:

to assemble a largely fictional "Life of Our Learned English Poet, Geffrey Chaucer". Speght's "Life" presents readers with an erstwhile radical in troubled times much like their own, a proto-Protestant who eventually came round to the king's views on religion. Speght states, "In the second year of

1980:

published in 1478 and 1483. Caxton's second printing, by his own account, came about because a customer complained that the printed text differed from a manuscript he knew; Caxton obligingly used the man's manuscript as his source. Both Caxton editions carry the equivalent of manuscript authority.

2404:

produced the first edition of the complete works of Chaucer in a Latin font, published posthumously in 1721. According to the editors, several tales were printed, and for the first time, a biography of Chaucer, a glossary of old English words, and testimonials of author writers concerning Chaucer

965:

Richard II granted him an annual pension of 20 pounds in 1394 (equivalent to £22,034 in 2023), and Chaucer's name fades from the historical record not long after Richard's overthrow in 1399. The last few records of his life show his pension renewed by the new king and his taking a lease on a

978:

Henry IV, but the case is entirely circumstantial. Chaucer was buried in Westminster Abbey in London, as was his right owing to his status as a tenant of the Abbey's close. In 1556, his remains were transferred to a more ornate tomb, making him the first writer interred in the area now known as

466:

Chaucer was born in London, most likely in the early 1340s (by some accounts, including his monument, he was born in 1343), though the precise date and location remain unknown. The Chaucer family offers an extraordinary example of upward mobility. His great-grandfather was a tavern keeper, his

486:

In 1324, his father, John Chaucer, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the 12-year-old to her daughter in an attempt to keep the property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and fined £250, now equivalent to about £200,000, which suggests that the family was financially secure.

1059:

states three times in her response to the plaintiff, "And also, you still have your best friend alive" (32, 40, 48); she also refers to his "beste frend" in the envoy when appealing to his "noblesse" to help Chaucer to a higher estate. The narrator makes a fifth reference when he rails at

2057:

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Chaucer was printed more than any other English author, and he was the first author to have his works collected in comprehensive single-volume editions in which a Chaucer canon began to cohere. Some scholars contend that 16th-century editions of Chaucer's

788:, 1374, when artistic endeavours were traditionally rewarded, it is assumed to have been for another early poetic work. It is not known which, if any, of Chaucer's extant works prompted the reward, but the suggestion of him as a poet to a king places him as a precursor to later 998:

and father of Henry IV, and he served under Lancaster's patronage. Near the end of their lives, Lancaster and Chaucer became brothers-in-law when Lancaster married Katherine Swynford (de Roet) in 1396; she was the sister of Philippa (de) Roet, whom Chaucer had married in 1366.

696:

on 20 June 1367, a position which could entail a wide variety of tasks. His wife also received a pension for court employment. He travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. In 1368, he may have attended the wedding of Lionel of Antwerp to

1928:

Chaucer's original audience was a courtly one and would have included women as well as men of the upper social classes. Yet even before his death in 1400, Chaucer's audience had begun to include members of the rising literate, middle and merchant classes. This included many

800:

of his famous works during this period. Chaucer's "only surviving handwriting" dates from this period. This is a request for temporary leave from work presented to King Richard II, hitherto believed to be the work of one of his subordinates due to the low level of language.

1855:"The language of England, upon which Chaucer was the first to confer celebrity, has amply justified the foresight which led him to disdain all others for its sake, and, in turn, has conferred an enduring celebrity upon him who trusted his reputation to it without reserve." 551:, and the position brought the teenage Chaucer into the close court circle, where he was to remain for the rest of his life. He also worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for the king from 1389 to 1391 as Clerk of the King's Works. 753:, the forms and stories of which he would use later. The purposes of a voyage in 1377 are mysterious, as details within the historical record conflict. Later documents suggest it was a mission, along with Jean Froissart, to arrange a marriage between the future King 4627:"Chawcer undoubtedly did excellently in his Troilus and Creseid: of whome trulie I knowe not whether to mervaile more, either that hee in that mistie time could see so clearly, or that wee in this cleare age, goe so stumblingly after him." The text can be found at 1920:

The large number of surviving manuscripts of Chaucer's works is testimony to the enduring interest in his poetry prior to the arrival of the printing press. There are 83 surviving manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales (in whole or part) alone, along with sixteen of

2444:, who founded the Chaucer Society in 1868, pioneered the establishment of diplomatic editions of Chaucer's primary texts, along with careful accounts of Chaucer's language and prosody. Walter William Skeat, who, like Furnivall, was closely associated with the 534:

are practically non-existent, since Chaucer was a public servant, his official life is very well documented, with nearly five hundred written items testifying to his career. The first of the "Chaucer Life Records" appears in 1357, in the household accounts of

2731:, not usually doubted as Chaucer's work, in addition to Chaucer's name as a gloss to the manuscript, are the main pieces of evidence for the ascription to Chaucer. However, the evidence Chaucer wrote such a work is questionable and, thus, is not included in 4736:"The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer: To Which are Added an Essay on his Language and Versification, and an Introductory Discourse, Together with Notes and a Glossary by the late Thomas Tyrwhitt. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1798. 2 Volumes" 2289:, insisting that Chaucer was not a commoner, and he objected to the friar-beating story. Yet Thynne himself underscores Chaucer's support for popular religious reform, associating Chaucer's views with his father William Thynne's attempts to include 1043:

turns her attention to three princes whom she implores to relieve Chaucer of his pain and "Preyeth his beste frend of his noblesse/That to som beter estat he may atteyne" (78–79). The three princes are believed to represent the dukes of Lancaster,

490:

John Chaucer married Agnes Copton, who inherited properties in 1349, including 24 shops in London, from her uncle Hamo de Copton, who is described in a will dated 3 April 1354 and listed in the City Hustings Roll as "moneyer", said to be a

2448:, established the base text of all of Chaucer's works with his edition, published by Oxford University Press. Later editions by John H. Fisher and Larry D. Benson offered further refinements, along with critical commentary and bibliographies. 783:

A possible indication that his career as a writer was appreciated came when Edward III granted Chaucer "a gallon of wine daily for the rest of his life" for some unspecified task. This was an unusual grant, but given on a day of celebration,

803:

On 16 October 1379, Thomas Staundon filed a legal action against his former servant Cecily Chaumpaigne and Chaucer, accusing Chaucer of unlawfully employing Chaumpaigne before her term of service was completed, which violated the

2345:

to their pages. Like Speght's Chaucer, Foxe's Chaucer was also a shrewd (or lucky) political survivor. In his 1563 edition, Foxe "thought it not out of season … to couple … some mention of Geoffrey Chaucer" with a discussion of

808:. Though eight court documents dated between October 1379 and July 1380 survive the action, the case was never prosecuted. No details survive about Chaumpaigne's service or how she came to leave Staundon's employ for Chaucer's. 3082:

widely used spoken language, English fell far short of Latin and French as a written language. decision to write exclusively in English was indeed unusual He made English successful because he made it urban and international.

1320:

as the first author to use many common English words in his writings. These words were probably frequently used in the language at the time, but Chaucer was the earliest extant manuscript source with his ear for common speech.

953:

In September 1390, records say that Chaucer was robbed and possibly injured while conducting the business, and he stopped working in this capacity on 17 June 1391. He began as Deputy Forester in the royal forest of

2451:

With the textual issues largely addressed, if not resolved, attention turned to the questions of Chaucer's themes, structure, and audience. The Chaucer Research Project at the University of Chicago began in 1924. The

2318:. As with the Chaucer editions, it was critically significant to English Protestant identity and included Chaucer in its project. Foxe's Chaucer both derived from and contributed to the printed editions of Chaucer's 2397:

Foxe downplays Chaucer's bawdy and amorous writing, insisting that it all testifies to his piety. Troubling material is deemed metaphoric, while the more forthright satire (which Foxe prefers) is taken literally.

1052:, and a portion of line 76 ("as three of you or tweyne") is thought to refer to the ordinance of 1390 which specified that no royal gift could be authorised without the consent of at least two of the three dukes. 2476:

The following major works are in roughly chronological order, but scholars still debate the dating of most of Chaucer's output. Works made up of a collection of stories may have been compiled over a long period.

2305:

thinking for so many centuries left it for granted that Chaucer was at least hostile toward Catholicism. This assumption forms a large part of many critical approaches to Chaucer's works, including neo-Marxism.

1245:, was used in much of his later work and became one of the standard poetic forms in English. His early influence as a satirist is also important, with the common humorous device, the funny accent of a regional 467:

grandfather worked as a purveyor of wines, and his father, John Chaucer, rose to become an important wine merchant with a royal appointment. Several previous generations of Geoffrey Chaucer's family had been

2252:

Chaucer did compile this booke as a comfort to himselfe after great griefs conceiued for some rash attempts of the commons, with whome he had ioyned, and thereby was in feare to loose the fauour of his best

4423: 570: 2978:" (Latin: "omnimodas acciones, tam de raptu meo"). Furnivall, Chaucer biographers, and feminist scholars speculated that Chaucer may have raped or abducted Chaumpaigne. However, in 2022, Euan Roger and 1489:) a Modern English speaker with an extensive vocabulary of archaic words may understand it, it differs enough that most publications modernise his idiom. The following is a sample from the prologue of 6527: 543:, when he became the noblewoman's page through his father's connections, a common medieval form of apprenticeship for boys into knighthood or prestige appointments. The countess was married to 1460:

Chaucer is sometimes considered the source of the English vernacular tradition. His achievement for the language can be seen as part of a general historical trend towards the creation of a

4476:

Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be "the original mythmaker in this instance".

1182:

in detail and is sometimes cited as the first example of technical writing in the English language. It indicates that Chaucer was versed in science in addition to his literary talents.

776: 367:. He has been called the "father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of English poetry". He was the first writer to be buried in what has since come to be called 5833: 2170:

pared the canon down in his 1775 edition. The compilation and printing of Chaucer's works was, from its beginning, a political enterprise, since it was intended to establish an

1869:, who may have met Chaucer and considered him his role model, hailed Chaucer as "the firste fyndere of our fair langage". John Lydgate referred to Chaucer within his own text 1819:

portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates. Honouring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old

1936:

Lollards were particularly attracted to Chaucer's satirical writings about friars, priests, and other church officials. In 1464, John Baron, a tenant farmer in Agmondesham (

862:' that year. He appears to have been present at most of the 71 days it sat, for which he was paid £24 9s. On 15 October that year, he gave a deposition in the case of 6197: 2019:. Thynne's canon brought the number of apocryphal works associated with Chaucer to a total of 28, even if that was not his intention. As with Pynson, once included in the 2140:

took this recantation of heresy as a defence of the true faith, calling Chaucer a "right Wiclevian" and (erroneously) identifying him as a schoolmate and close friend of

3029: 1031:, proclaiming that he has learned who his enemies are through her tyranny and deceit, and declares "my suffisaunce" (15) and that "over himself hath the maystrye" (14). 868:. There is no further reference after this date to Philippa, Chaucer's wife. She is presumed to have died in 1387. He survived the political upheavals caused by the 3007: 757:

and a French princess, thereby ending the Hundred Years' War. If this was the purpose of their trip, they seem to have been unsuccessful, as no wedding occurred.

3522:

He may actually have met Petrarch, and his reading of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio provided him with subject matter as well as inspiration for later writings.

2174:

and history that grounded and authorised the Tudor monarchy and church. What was added to Chaucer often helped represent him favourably to Protestant England.

4848: 3582: 2433:

Although Chaucer's works had long been admired, serious scholarly work on his legacy did not begin until the late 18th century, when Thomas Tyrwhitt edited

891:, continued building the wharf at the Tower of London and built the stands for a tournament held in 1390. It may have been a difficult job, but it paid two 4772: 743: 962:, Somerset on 22 June. This was no sinecure, with maintenance an essential part of the job, although there were many opportunities to derive profit. 792:. Chaucer continued to collect the liquid stipend until Richard II came to power, after which it was converted to a monetary grant on 18 April 1378. 2461: 852:, being appointed as one of the commissioners of peace for Kent at a time when French invasion was a possibility. He is thought to have started work on 442:" (i.e., the first one capable of finding poetic matter in English). Almost two thousand English words are first attested to in Chaucerian manuscripts. 1307:

is sometimes to be vocalised and sometimes to be silent; however, this remains a point on which there is disagreement. Most scholars pronounce it as a

2409:"This was the first collected edition of Chaucer to be printed in Roman type. The life of Chaucer prefixed to the volume was the work of the Reverend 2712: 4345: 1925:, including the personal copy of Henry IV. Given the ravages of time, it is likely that these surviving manuscripts represent hundreds since lost. 644: 3815:

Forest of Feckenham, John Humphreys FSA, in Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeology Society's Transactions and proceedings, Volumes 44–45, p. 117.

1468:, in many parts of Europe. A parallel trend in Chaucer's lifetime was underway in Scotland through the work of his slightly earlier contemporary, 4914: 6339: 5903: 4980: 4735: 4717: 4696: 2721: – A rough translation of a Latin work derived from an Arab work of the same title. It is a description of the construction and use of a 974:

hints that the grants might not have been paid. The last mention of Chaucer is on 5 June 1400, when some debts owed to him were repaid.

4372: 936: 6217: 2166:

in 1561 brought the apocrypha to more than 50 titles. More were added in the 17th century, and they remained as late as 1810, well after

1049: 3275: 1393: 5411: 4398: 3656: 967: 536: 4520: 5379: 2725:, which was used in calculating planetary orbits and positions (at the time, it was believed the sun orbited the Earth). The similar 1192:

and sometimes ascribed to Chaucer because of its language and handwriting, an identification which scholars no longer deem tenable.

1084: 5838: 2362: 1952:, on charges of being a Lollard heretic; he confessed to owning a "boke of the Tales of Caunterburie" among other suspect volumes. 4682:

Potter, Russell A., "Chaucer and the Authority of Language: The Politics and Poetics of the Vernacular in Late Medieval England",

1237:, in his work, with only a few anonymous short works using it before him. The arrangement of these five-stress lines into rhyming 6663: 2768: – "The Book of the Lion" is mentioned in Chaucer's retraction. It has been speculated that it may have been a redaction of 768:(mercenary leader) in Milan. It has been speculated that it was Hawkwood on whom Chaucer based his character, the Knight, in the 652: 544: 2983: 895:

a day, more than three times his salary as a comptroller. Chaucer was also appointed keeper of the lodge at the King's Park in

5263: 1258:

The poetry of Chaucer, along with other writers of the era, is credited with helping to standardise the London Dialect of the

6633: 6628: 5121: 5094: 5001: 4817: 4117: 4019: 3983: 3950: 3452: 3418: 3346: 3285: 3222: 3195: 3134: 3107: 1314:

Besides the irregular spelling, much of the vocabulary is recognisable to the modern reader. Chaucer is also recorded in the

1112:. He wrote many of his major works in a prolific period when he worked as customs comptroller for London (1374 to 1386). His 2456:

was founded in 1966 and has maintained its position as the pre-eminent journal of Chaucer studies. In 1994, literary critic

2132:

mentions its author's part in a failed plot (book 1, chapter 6), his imprisonment, and (perhaps) a recantation of (possibly

1885:. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Chaucer came to be viewed as a symbol of the nation's poetic heritage. 883:

organising most of the king's building projects. No major works were begun during his tenure, but he did conduct repairs on

5354: 4964: 4807: 2220:, Speght (probably taking cues from Foxe) made good use of Usk's account of his political intrigue and imprisonment in the 1262:

language from a combination of the Kentish and Midlands dialects. This is probably overstated; the influence of the court,

3151: 6673: 3124: 3095: 2337:

Speght's "Life of Chaucer" echoes Foxe's own account, which is itself dependent upon the earlier editions that added the

1045: 1025:, believed to have been written in the 1390s, is also thought to refer to Lancaster. "Chaucer as narrator" openly defies 1897: 6332: 6136: 5896: 3496: 2564: 511: 6683: 5679: 5054: 4880: 4616: 4478: 4315: 3895: 3161: 346: 3065: 2015:. Thynne represents his edition as a book sponsored by and supportive of the king, who is praised in the preface by 6540: 656: 4840: 1295:

was dropping out of colloquial English and that its use was somewhat irregular. It may have been a vestige of the

635:. It is uncertain how many children Chaucer and Philippa had, but three or four are most commonly cited. His son, 566:. Edward paid £16 for his ransom, a considerable sum equivalent to £14,557 in 2023, and Chaucer was released. 6648: 6643: 6231: 6049: 5700: 5559: 2807: 888: 166: 1405:

Widespread knowledge of Chaucer's works is attested by the many poets who imitated or responded to his writing.

6678: 6224: 5404: 5364: 4068: 4050: 1909: 1429:. Many of the manuscripts of Chaucer's works contain material from these poets, and later appreciations by the 558:, Edward III invaded France, and Chaucer travelled with Lionel of Antwerp, Elizabeth's husband, as part of the 34: 5170:"Geoffrey Chaucer, Cecily Chaumpaigne, and the Statute of Laborers: New Records and Old Evidence Reconsidered" 6638: 6325: 6238: 6039: 5926: 5889: 5779: 5686: 5549: 4845:

Finding Aids - The Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center - The University of Chicago Library

4189: 2753: 2011:

in 1532 and 1542 were the first significant contributions to the existence of a widely recognised Chaucerian

1184: 4757:

The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: With a Life of the Martyrologist, and Vindication of the Work, Volume 4

3825:

Weiskott, Eric (1 January 2013). "Chaucer the Forester: The Friar's Tale, Forest History, and Officialdom".

2974:

filed by Chaumpaigne releasing Chaucer from any legal responsibility for "all manner of actions related to

2824:"La Belle Dame Sans Merci" – frequently attributed to Chaucer, but is a translation by Richard Roos of 671:'s coronation; and another son, Lewis Chaucer. Chaucer's "Treatise on the Astrolabe" was written for Lewis. 6668: 6653: 6472: 6283: 6171: 2070:

is that beginning with Thynne's editions, it began to include medieval texts that made Chaucer appear as a

1221:, a style which had developed in English literature since around the 12th century as an alternative to the 5357:

3 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive – complete digitised texts of Caxton's two earliest editions of

6109: 5647: 5034: 4349: 3911: 3533:

Schwebel, Leah (2014). "The Legend of Thebes and Literary Patricide in Chaucer, Boccaccio, and Statius".

2536: 2401: 2382: 2152:

is careful to highlight these facts in his editions and his "Life of Chaucer".) No other sources for the

559: 381: 2278:. Ironically – and perhaps consciously so – an introductory, apologetic letter in Speght's edition from 1291:

in Chaucer's verse is uncertain: it seems likely that during the period of Chaucer's writing, the final

1284:

of English, still not fully understood, makes the reading of Chaucer difficult for the modern audience.

1266:

and bureaucracy – of which Chaucer was a part – remains a more probable influence on the development of

6688: 6144: 6092: 5969: 5723: 5479: 5320: 5275: 4148: 2109:

until the second 1542 edition. Its entry was surely facilitated by Thynne's inclusion of Thomas Usk's

1233:, and he was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, a decasyllabic cousin to the 6658: 6613: 6510: 5397: 2967: 2727: 2569: 2441: 2314: 2171: 1316: 1174: 1143: 805: 229: 30: 4739: 4721: 4700: 2426:

Statue of Chaucer, dressed as a Canterbury pilgrim, on the corner of Best Lane and the High Street,

6317: 6044: 5964: 5693: 5640: 5554: 5474: 5251: 2849: 2522: 1433:

poets were shaped by their failure to distinguish the later "additions" from the original Chaucer.

1218: 1120: 815:, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at 410: 55: 4872: 4866: 3786: 1472:. Barbour's work was likely to have been even more general, as is evidenced by the example of the 6577: 6277: 6004: 5598: 5591: 5574: 5514: 5138: 5038: 2557: 2487: 2136:) heresy, all this was associated with Chaucer. (Usk himself was executed as a traitor in 1388.) 719: 640: 398: 4089:(1988). "Introduction: The Canon and Chronology of Chaucer's Works". In Benson, Larry D. (ed.). 4011: 4003: 3975: 3967: 3942: 3934: 6190: 6086: 6054: 6019: 6009: 5999: 5989: 5979: 5881: 5564: 5529: 5519: 5509: 5499: 5489: 2772:'s 'Dit dou lyon,' a story about courtly love (a subject about which Chaucer frequently wrote). 2735:. If Chaucer had not composed this work, it would have probably been written by a contemporary. 2145: 2051: 1491: 660: 609: 916: 742:. Numerous scholars such as Skeat, Boitani, and Rowland suggested that, on this Italian trip, 663:

before he was deposed. Geoffrey's other children probably included Elizabeth Chaucy, a nun at

600:

After this, Chaucer's life is uncertain, but he seems to have travelled in France, Spain, and

6260: 6128: 6075: 6014: 5812: 5733: 5728: 5654: 5524: 4105: 3782:

The controversy between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor, in the Court of Chivalry

3442: 3408: 3212: 3185: 2791: 2783: 2610: 2239: 2080: 1461: 858:

in the early 1380s. He also became a member of parliament for Kent in 1386 and attended the '

754: 555: 548: 4608:

As noted by Carolyn Collette in "Fifteenth Century Chaucer", an essay published in the book

3846: 2007:

published in 1532, was the first edition of Chaucer's collected works. Thynne's editions of

1873:

as the "lodesterre (guiding principle) … off our language". Around two centuries later, Sir

1055:

Most conspicuous in this short poem is the number of references to Chaucer's "beste frend".

74: 6623: 6618: 6533: 6491: 6353: 6253: 6059: 5994: 5949: 5944: 5917: 5633: 5569: 5504: 5459: 5454: 5436: 5155:

London: Published for the Chaucer Society by K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1875-1900.

4528: 2864: 2769: 2529: 2515: 2282:

defends the unseemly, "low", and bawdy bits in Chaucer from an elite, classicist position.

2035: 1441: 1126: 880: 859: 854: 842: 724: 702: 617: 605: 516: 416: 363: 290: 5376: 5270: 872:, despite the fact that Chaucer knew some of the men executed over the affair quite well. 499:. In the City Hustings Roll 110, 5, Ric II, dated June 1380, Chaucer refers to himself as 8: 6591: 6552: 6080: 6029: 5984: 5974: 5954: 5718: 5619: 5539: 5494: 5484: 5464: 5338: 4933: 4597: 2508: 2465: 2351: 1811: 1469: 1251: 1154: 1114: 943: 864: 812: 668: 425: 271: 5367:– an online edition with complete transcriptions and images captured by the HUMI Project 5132: 3780: 569: 6570: 6246: 6034: 5959: 5868: 5849: 5612: 5544: 5469: 5342: 5191: 5110: 5060: 4990: 4974: 4571: 4563: 4467: 4459: 4442: 4335:. Stephen Greenblatt. 8th ed. Vol. C. New York, London: Norton, 2006. 2132–33. p. 2132. 4247: 4230: 4206: 4165: 3885: 3850: 3842: 3761: 3745: 3697: 3550: 3374: 2882: 2501: 2047: 1806: 1222: 1158: 1102: 884: 876: 785: 760:

In 1378, Richard II sent Chaucer as an envoy (secret dispatch) to the Visconti and Sir

621: 613: 503:, which translates as: "I, Geoffrey Chaucer, son of the vintner John Chaucer, London". 100: 5011:

Biggs, David; McGivern, Hugh; Matthews, David; Murrie, Greg; Simpson, Dallas (1999) .

1276:

is somewhat distanced from the language of Chaucer's poems owing to the effect of the

6423: 6289: 5817: 5792: 5605: 5297: 5284: 5195: 5117: 5090: 5050: 5026: 4997: 4960: 4876: 4813: 4612: 4575: 4501: 4471: 4311: 4113: 4015: 3979: 3946: 3891: 3886:

Jones, Terry; Yeager, Robert F.; Doran, Terry; Fletcher, Alan; D'or, Juliett (2003).

3854: 3765: 3753: 3701: 3554: 3492: 3448: 3414: 3342: 3281: 3240: 3218: 3191: 3157: 3130: 3103: 2979: 2943: 2907: 2749: 2494: 2043: 1992: 1960: 1949: 1277: 1234: 1108: 995: 927: 698: 404: 372: 127: 2422: 5939: 5861: 5672: 5449: 5306: 5181: 5064: 5042: 4777: 4555: 4451: 4239: 4198: 4157: 3834: 3737: 3687: 3542: 3249: 2551: 2437:, and it did not become an established academic discipline until the 19th century. 2279: 2089: 2071: 1905: 1267: 1149: 979: 923: 896: 684: 648: 527: 368: 323: 5747: 5351: 5018:

Chaucer's Miller's, Reeve's, and Cook's Tales: An Annotated Bibliography 1900-1992

4789: 2385:

of Chaucer's complete works. It is the first edition of Chaucer to be entirely in

2259:

Speght is also the source of the famous tale of Chaucer being fined for beating a

1933:

sympathisers who may well have been inclined to read Chaucer as one of their own.

1100:, an elegy for Blanche of Lancaster, who died in 1368. Two other early works were 6301: 6295: 5797: 5787: 5626: 5383: 5288: 5186: 5169: 5080: 5016: 4277: 3838: 3692: 3675: 3380: 2818: 2575: 2167: 2156:

exist—there is only Thynne's construction of whatever manuscript sources he had.

2024: 2012: 1982: 1941: 1889: 1866: 1820: 1414: 1263: 1210: 959: 869: 563: 496: 433: 385:

for his 10-year-old son, Lewis. He maintained a career in the civil service as a

361:– 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for 4202: 4132:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p9: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966 6453: 5855: 5802: 5769: 4781: 4770:

Carlyle, E. I.; Edwards, A. S. G. (reviewer) (2004). "Urry, John (1666–1715)".

3385: 3381:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 3271: 3052:

A Companion to British Literature, Volume 2: Early Modern Literature, 1450–1660

2935: 2825: 2192: 2162:(1525–1605) was an antiquarian and also a chronicler. His edition of Chaucer's 2016: 2000: 1988: 1945: 1449: 1273: 1259: 1226: 970:

on 24 December 1399. Henry IV renewed the grants assigned by Richard, but

955: 900: 789: 750: 710: 636: 594: 540: 421: 219: 202: 5293: 5085: 3583:"Geoffrey Chaucer note asking for time off work identified as his handwriting" 2027:

texts stayed with those works, regardless of their first editor's intentions.

1479:

Although Chaucer's language is much closer to Modern English than the text of

1385:

are just some of almost two thousand English words first attested in Chaucer.

6607: 6584: 6445: 6398: 6163: 5843: 4628: 3267: 3100:

The Oxford History of Poetry in English: Volume 3. Medieval Poetry: 1400–1500

2948: 2921: 2370: 2182: 2149: 2141: 2094: 1972:

The first English printer, William Caxton, was responsible for the first two

1874: 1409:

was one of the earliest poets to write continuations of Chaucer's unfinished

1398: 1281: 1072:

Chaucer respected and admired Christians and was one himself, as he wrote in

991: 761: 679: 664: 632: 178: 5316: 3757: 3253: 5012: 4862: 4803: 4086: 4055:

Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church

2887: 2457: 2271: 2267: 2198: 2088:

was construed as a proto-Protestant as the same was done concurrently with

1816: 1430: 1406: 675: 578: 5046: 4486: 3546: 942:

Chaucer is commemorated by this stained glass window in the north wall of

822: 5764: 5707: 2841: 2355: 2275: 2117:

imitates, borrows from, and thus resembles Usk's contemporary, Chaucer. (

1437: 1296: 1230: 826: 796: 765: 747: 682:) at this time. He became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a 531: 252: 4643:, ed. Joanna Parker and Corinna Wagner (Oxford: OUP, 2020): pp. 189-201. 3339:

Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work

3315:

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer: Romaunt of the rose. Minor poems

1904:(Dickens held a copy in his library among other works of Chaucer), with 1303:

attached to most nouns. Chaucer's versification suggests that the final

811:

It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the

6306: 6024: 5534: 5279: 4567: 4543: 4463: 4437: 4251: 4169: 3749: 3238:

Briggs, Keith (June 2019). "The Malins in Chaucer's Ipswich Ancestry".

2835: 2722: 2662: 2427: 2386: 2347: 2260: 2205:= "spinning wheel"), and that at bottom right displays Roet quartering 1996:

printed texts, or collections of texts, bound together as one volume.)

1473: 1166: 1162: 830: 386: 376: 247: 150: 4210: 455: 6428: 6413: 4346:"William Caxton's illustrated second edition of The Canterbury Tales" 2971: 2410: 2312:, the most impressive literary monument of the period is John Foxe's 2159: 2137: 2067: 1179: 848:

While still working as comptroller, Chaucer appears to have moved to

834: 479:, once thought to mean 'shoemaker', but now known to mean a maker of 468: 242: 6347: 4654: 4559: 4455: 4243: 4161: 3741: 775: 734:

the next year as part of a military expedition; in 1373, he visited

6403: 6393: 6378: 6373: 5807: 5389: 5370: 4919:

The Canterbury Tales: Fifteenth-Century Continuations and Additions

3569:

English Writers: an attempt towards a history of English literature

2133: 1937: 1422: 1205: 1138: 892: 739: 714: 601: 480: 390: 304: 257: 5386:(descriptions of books with images, University of Glasgow Library) 4224:

Mooney, Linne R. (1996). "Reviewed Work(s): The Authorship of the

2787: – written in the 16th century with many Chaucerian allusions 1161:

called himself a "nettle in Chaucer's garden of poetry". In 1385,

727:, the late wife of John of Gaunt, who died in 1369 of the plague. 501:

me Galfridum Chaucer, filium Johannis Chaucer, Vinetarii, Londonie

6546: 6388: 6383: 6368: 5258: 5112:

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (Selected): An Interlinear Translation

5089:. Berlin-Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, De Gruyter. 5022: 4373:"The Canterbury Tales: Chaucer's 'plein speke' is a raucous read" 2800: 2030: 1930: 1481: 1246: 1238: 1027: 816: 731: 693: 492: 472: 5911: 5373:– a collection of links to resources about Chaucer and his works 3657:"Geoffrey Chaucer and Cecily Chaumpaigne: Rethinking the record" 3636: 3612: 3153:

The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set

2915: 772:, for a description matches that of a 14th-century condottiere. 437: 6418: 5311: 5246: 5030: 4988:

Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N., eds. (1987).

4399:"A New App Guides Readers Through Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales'" 4069:"Was Chaucer in favor of the church or opposed to it? – eNotes" 2975: 2405:

dating back to the 16th century. According to A. S. G Edwards,

2177: 1912:

English authors, Chaucer and Dickens have the most in common."

689: 590: 96: 4142:

Smith, Jeremy J. (1995). "Reviewed Work(s): The Authorship of

4006:. In Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N. (eds.). 3970:. In Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N. (eds.). 3937:. In Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N. (eds.). 2377: 338: 6408: 4759:. Seeley, Burnside, and Seeley. 1846. pp. 249, 252, 253. 3676:"The Archival Iceberg: New Sources for Literary Life-Records" 3476:

Chaucer A to Z: The Essential Reference to his Life and Works

2263: 2207:

Argent, a chief gules overall a lion rampant double queued or

1973: 1465: 1308: 735: 706: 655:. Thomas's great-grandson (Geoffrey's great-great-grandson), 429: 332: 329: 6198:

A Commentary on the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales

5834:

Chaucer's influence on fifteenth-century Scottish literature

5377:

Chaucer and his works: Introduction to Chaucer and his works

4699:. Westminster, England: William Caxton. 1473. Archived from 3624: 3600: 3277:

The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland

515:

Chaucer as a pilgrim, in the early 15th-century illuminated

420:. He is seen as crucial in legitimising the literary use of 5010: 4112:. W. Pickering and R. and S. Prowett. p. 126 note 15. 3728:

Scott, F. R. (1943). "Chaucer and the Parliament of 1386".

1444:'s work. Roughly seventy-five years after Chaucer's death, 849: 424:

when the dominant literary languages in England were still

4183:

Blake, N. F. (1996). "Reviewed Work(s): The Authorship of

2811: – a Lollard satire later appropriated by Protestants 2285:

Francis Thynne noted some of these inconsistencies in his

1999:

There is a likely connection between Pynson's product and

1229:. Chaucer is known for metrical innovation, inventing the 709:. Two other literary stars of the era were in attendance: 5326: 4841:"Guide to the Chaucer Research Project Records 1886-1965" 3050:

Robert DeMaria, Jr., Heesok Chang, Samantha Zacher, eds,

2982:

discovered two additional documents from the case in the

526:

While records concerning the lives of his contemporaries

4544:"The Myth of Origin and the Making of Chaucer's English" 3997: 3995: 2330:, and then it appeared in Speght's edition of Chaucer's 1130:

all date from this time. It is believed that he started

717:. Around this time, Chaucer is believed to have written 3511:

Companion to Chaucer Studies, Rev. ed., Oxford UP, 1979

2880:

Chaucer is one of the main characters in the 2001 film

4955:

Akbari, Suzanne Conklin; Simpson, James, eds. (2020).

1495:

that compares Chaucer's text to a modern translation:

604:, possibly as a messenger and perhaps even going on a 593:

Church, Oxfordshire. Possibly funeral helm of his son

5365:

Caxton's Canterbury Tales: The British Library Copies

3992: 1397:

Portrait of Chaucer by Romantic era poet and painter

347: 335: 3304:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899; Vol. I, pp. xi–xii. 2897: 2066:

Probably the most significant aspect of the growing

1452:

as one of the first books to be printed in England.

5102:

Le Livre de la Duchesse: oeuvres complètes (Tome I)

4987: 4868:

The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages

4812:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 230. 4809:

Chaucer: The Critical Heritage. Volume 1: 1385–1837

4093:(3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford UP. pp. xxii–xxv. 1896:, the Victorian era author echoed Chaucer's use of 674:According to tradition, Chaucer studied law in the 616:. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen, 326: 5109: 5086:Chaucer's Polyphony. The Modern in Medieval Poetry 4989: 3491:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 2003. p. 113. 3266: 1809:with romantic love is believed to be in Chaucer's 1088:Portrait of Chaucer (16th century). The arms are: 5104:. Paris: Classiques Garnier, ISBN 978-2406119999. 4308:The making of Chaucer's English: a study of words 1985:, but this edition has no independent authority. 1981:Caxton's edition was reprinted by his successor, 461:Per pale argent and gules, a bend counterchanged. 6605: 4659:. Penn State University Press. pp. 100–103. 4438:"St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February" 4106:"Introductory Discourse to the Canterbury Tales" 3968:"Explanatory Notes on 'The Book of the Duchess'" 3674:Roger, Euan; Prescott, Andrew (1 October 2022). 2187:Per pale argent and gules, a bend counterchanged 1436:Writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as 1090:Per pale argent and gules, a bend counterchanged 985: 375:. Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and 4450:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 534–565. 4103: 2690: 1835:That erthe & eyr & tre & euery lake 744:he came into contact with Petrarch or Boccaccio 5137:. Collegiate Press, G. Banta Pub. Co. p. 4769: 4502:"Chaucer et les origines de la Saint Valentin" 3341:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 551, 613. 2803:satire later appropriated as a Protestant text 1829:Whan euery bryd comyth there to chese his make 1800: 1632:"Now sir", said he, "Have friars such a grace 1209:Portrait of Chaucer from a 1412 manuscript by 54:"Chaucer" redirects here. For other uses, see 6333: 5897: 5405: 5167: 4954: 4940:. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications. 4921:. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications. 4639:Richard Utz, "Chaucer among the Victorians", 3974:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 3673: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3413:. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 19. 3210: 3096:"Literary Traditions – Continuity and Change" 1789:He clapte his tayl agayn and lay ful stille. 1702:"Show forth your arse, and let the friar see 1629:Now, sire, quod he, han freres swich a grace 1280:sometime after his death. This change in the 1064:that she shall not take his friend from him. 795:Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of 475:. His family name is derived from the French 4776:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4518: 4039:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 55. 4010:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 3941:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 3571:. London: Cassell & Co.; Vol. V. p. 106. 3367: 3190:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 18–19. 3183: 2868: – Borrows twelve stanzas of Chaucer's 2594:Chaucers Wordes unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn 1712:Where the nest of friars is in this place!" 1709:Where is the nest of freres in this place!– 1699:–shewe forth thyn ers, and lat the frere se 1249:, apparently making its first appearance in 903:, which was a largely honorary appointment. 6218:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle 5332: 5021:. The Chaucer Bibliographies. Vol. 5. 4712: 4710: 4554:(3). University of Chicago Press: 646–675. 3410:Medieval English Nunneries, c. 1275 to 1535 3149: 1915: 1792:He shut his tail again and lay very still. 1729:Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, 1669:–And now hath sathanas, –seith he, –a tayl 875:On 12 July 1389, Chaucer was appointed the 659:, was the heir to the throne designated by 15: 6340: 6326: 5904: 5890: 5412: 5398: 5100:Fruoco, Jonathan, ed. and transl. (2021). 4979:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4673:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), p. 1118. 4512: 4333:The Norton Anthology of English Literature 4268:, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 97. 3965: 3274:; McClure, Peter, eds. (2016). "Chaucer". 3217:. Princeton University Press. p. 26. 1839:For me to stonde, so ful was al the place. 1769:And comen agayn as faste as they may gon, 1742:Out of the devil's arse there were driven 1689:Hold up thy tayl, thou sathanas!–quod he; 1639:That noon of hem shal come to this place? 1552:For, by God, you have ofttimes heard tell 1539:Freres and feendes been but lyte asonder. 1529:And God it woot, that it is litel wonder; 1519:This frere bosteth that he knoweth helle, 73: 16: 5185: 5168:Roger, Euan; Sobecki, Sebastian (2022a). 5072:Crow, Martin M.; Olsen, Clair C. (1966). 5071: 4652: 3888:Who Murdered Chaucer?: A Medieval Mystery 3691: 3655:Roger, Euan; Sobecki, Sebastian (2022b). 3377:inflation figures are based on data from 3336: 3317:. Clarendon Press. 1894. pp. 13, 14. 3204: 3177: 2817: – its body is largely a version of 1772:And came again as fast as they could go, 1719:And er that half a furlong wey of space, 1652:"Yes", said the angel, "many a million!" 1549:For, pardee, ye han ofte tyme herd telle 51:English poet and author (c. 1340s – 1400) 5839:Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer 5225:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4934:"La Belle Dame sans Mercy: Introduction" 4707: 4686:VI (Carnegie-Mellon Press, 1991), p. 91. 4641:Oxford Handbook of Victorian Medievalism 4598:University of Rochester, Robbins Library 4422:Original e-text available online at the 4370: 4297:, NY: Broadway Publishing, 1909, p. 147. 4295:Questions at Issue in our English Speech 4034: 3824: 3532: 2661: 2421: 2376: 2363:Act for the Advancement of True Religion 2176: 2029: 1959: 1739:Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve 1649:Yis, quod this aungel, many a millioun! 1589:To shewen hym the peynes that the were, 1542:Friars and fiends are seldom far apart. 1532:And God knows that it is little wonder; 1392: 1204: 1083: 821: 774: 568: 547:, the second surviving son of the king, 510: 454: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 5345:, including interlinear translation of 5285:Works by Geoffrey Chaucer in eBook form 5130: 4938:Chaucerian Dream Visions and Complaints 4773:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4751: 4749: 4479:"Imagery, Iconography, and Mythography" 3932: 3778: 3580: 3440: 3102:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 3093: 3063: 2209:(Chaucer) with crest of Chaucer above: 1833:And that so heuge a noyse gan they make 1779:And in his ers they crepten everychon. 1762:And throughout hell swarmed all about, 1759:And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute, 1672:"And now Satan has", he said, "a tail, 1662:And unto Satan the angel led him down. 1642:That none of them come to this place?" 1592:To show him the pains that were there, 1579:And as an angel ladde hym up and doun, 1559:How that a frere ravyshed was to helle 837:, London where in 1386 the pilgrims in 545:Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence 14: 6606: 5220: 5211: 5205:The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer 5158: 5107: 4931: 4912: 4802: 4541: 4499: 4310:, Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 4223: 4085: 3772: 3478:. New York: 1999, pp. 72–73 and 75–77. 3302:The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer 3237: 3156:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 425. 2746:Of the Wreched Engendrynge of Mankynde 2739: 2185:edition. The two top shields display: 1837:So ful was that onethe was there space 1679:Brodder than of a carryk is the sayl. 1622:Unto this angel spoke the friar thus: 1599:In al the place saugh he nat a frere; 1522:This friar boasts that he knows hell, 562:. In 1360, he was captured during the 439:the firste fyndere of our fair langage 393:, diplomat, and member of parliament. 6321: 5885: 5393: 5202: 4861: 4521:"Henry Ansgar Kelly, Valentine's Day" 4435: 4429: 4182: 4141: 4001: 3727: 3406: 3378: 3129:. Yale University Press. p. 60. 3122: 3066:"Chaucer and the idea of Englishness" 3054:, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 41. 2875: 2605:The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse 2417: 1843: 1659:And unto sathanas he ladde hym doun. 1609:Of oother folk he saugh ynowe in wo. 1602:In all the place he saw not a friar; 1582:And as an angel led him up and down, 1165:made glowing mention of Chaucer, and 972:The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse 396:Among Chaucer's many other works are 5419: 5229: 5161:A First Sketch of English Literature 4915:"The Ploughman's Tale: Introduction" 4871:. New York: Harcourt Brace. p. 4746: 4396: 3447:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 74. 3150:Echard, Sian; Rouse, Robert (2017). 2462:greatest Western writers of all time 1827:For this was on seynt Volantynys day 1732:Just as bees swarm out from a hive, 1722:And before half a furlong of space, 1692:Hold up your tail, Satan!" said he. 1619:Unto this angel spak the frere tho: 1612:Of other folk he saw enough in woe. 1188:is a scientific work similar to the 1067: 643:to four kings, envoy to France, and 554:In 1359, in the early stages of the 4371:Jordison, Sam (11 September 2018). 3876:Morley (1890); Vol. V, pp. 247–248. 2322:, particularly the pseudepigrapha. 1955: 1782:And every one crept into his arse. 1749:Twenty thousand freres on a route, 779:A 19th-century depiction of Chaucer 48: 6137:The Canterbury Pilgrims (De Koven) 5303:Works by or about Geoffrey Chaucer 4996:(3rd ed.). Houghton-Mifflin. 4899:and Chaucer's Metrical Practice." 4697:"A Leaf from The Canterbury Tales" 4264:C. B. McCully and J. J. Anderson, 3032:. Cambridge University Press. 2011 3028: 3010:. Cambridge University Press. 2019 3006: 2970:discovered the case in 1873 via a 1848: 1831:Of euery kynde that men thinke may 1805:The first recorded association of 1752:Twenty thousand friars on a rout, 1178:describes the form and use of the 49: 6700: 5680:The Complaint of the Black Knight 5239: 4851:from the original on 30 May 2023. 4519:Meg Sullivan (February 1, 2001). 4348:. British Library. Archived from 4004:"Introduction to the Short Poems" 3489:Holt Literature and Language Arts 2776: 1079: 6541:The pot calling the kettle black 5746: 5269: 5257: 5245: 4397:Katz, Brigit (5 February 2020). 3785:. Vol. II. London. p. 3094:Simpson, James (27 April 2023). 2928: 2914: 2900: 2857: 2471: 2189:(Chaucer), that at bottom left: 1499: 935: 915: 657:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 583:Gules, three Catherine Wheels or 322: 303: 5234:. Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark. 5116:. Barron's Educational Series. 5108:Hopper, Vincent Foster (1970). 4948: 4925: 4906: 4889: 4855: 4833: 4796: 4763: 4728: 4689: 4676: 4663: 4646: 4633: 4621: 4602: 4582: 4535: 4493: 4416: 4390: 4364: 4338: 4321: 4300: 4287: 4271: 4258: 4217: 4176: 4135: 4126: 4110:The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer 4097: 4079: 4061: 4043: 4028: 3959: 3926: 3904: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3779:Nicolas, Sir N. Harris (1832). 3721: 3708: 3667: 3648: 3581:Alberge, Dalya (10 July 2023). 3574: 3561: 3526: 3514: 3505: 3481: 3468: 3434: 3400: 3355: 3330: 3321: 3307: 3294: 3260: 3231: 2961: 2853: – a 15th-century allegory 2543: 2361:Probably referring to the 1542 1682:Broader than a galleon's sail. 1096:Chaucer's first major work was 1013: 645:Speaker of the House of Commons 639:, had an illustrious career as 612:. Around 1366, Chaucer married 187: 6664:People from the City of London 5673:The Cuckoo and the Nightingale 5015:; Greentree, Rosemary (eds.). 4957:The Oxford handbook of Chaucer 4424:University of Virginia website 3806:Morley (1890), Vol. 5, p. 245. 3716:A Concise Companion to Chaucer 3327:Skeat (1899); Vol. I, p. xvii. 3211:Marion Turner (9 April 2019). 3143: 3123:Lerer, Seth (1 January 2006). 3116: 3087: 3057: 3044: 3022: 3000: 2797:The Complaint of the Ploughman 2755:De miseria conditionis humanae 2582: 2480: 2063:which were attributed to him. 2005:The Workes of Geffray Chaucer, 1562:How a friar was taken to hell 1008:Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse 990:Chaucer was a close friend of 13: 1: 5687:The equatorie of the planetis 4932:Symons, Dana M., ed. (2004). 4913:Bowers, John M., ed. (1992). 4190:The Review of English Studies 4185:The Equatorie of the Planetis 4144:The Equatorie of the Planetis 4104:Thomas Tyrwhitt, ed. (1822). 3535:Studies in the Age of Chaucer 3126:The Yale Companion to Chaucer 3008:"Geoffrey Chaucer in Context" 2993: 1572:In spirit, once by a vision; 1569:In spirit ones by a visioun; 1217:Chaucer wrote in continental 1200: 1185:The equatorie of the planetis 986:Relationship to John of Gaunt 906: 625: 355: 88: 6634:Burials at Westminster Abbey 6629:14th-century English writers 5701:Pierce the Ploughman's Crede 5187:10.5325/chaucerrev.57.4.0407 5131:Hulbert, James Root (1912). 4790:UK public library membership 4653:Besserman, Lawrence (2006). 4542:Cannon, Christopher (1996). 4436:Oruch, Jack B. (July 1981). 4306:Cannon, Christopher (1998). 4228:by Kari Anne Rand Schmidt". 4187:by Kari Anne Rand Schmidt". 4146:by Kari Anne Rand Schmidt". 3847:10.5325/chaucerrev.47.3.0323 3839:10.5325/chaucerrev.47.3.0323 3714:Saunders, Corrine J. (2006) 3693:10.5325/chaucerrev.57.4.0498 2808:Pierce the Ploughman's Crede 2761:Origenes upon the Maudeleyne 2719:The Equatorie of the Planets 2691:Poems of doubtful authorship 2326:was first printed in Foxe's 2121:also appears to borrow from 1485:, such that (unlike that of 1195: 1157:(extended by Jean de Meun). 889:St. George's Chapel, Windsor 7: 5648:A Treatise on the Astrolabe 5312:Chaucer Bibliography Online 5035:University of Toronto Press 4282:Geoffrey Chaucer of England 3718:. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 19. 3337:Rossignol, Rosalyn (2006). 2893: 2537:A Treatise on the Astrolabe 2464:, and in 1997 expounded on 2216:In his 1598 edition of the 1801:Valentine's Day and romance 1388: 631:) became the third wife of 382:A Treatise on the Astrolabe 379:, composing the scientific 10: 6705: 6674:14th-century English poets 6093:Prologue and Tale of Beryn 5724:Prologue and Tale of Beryn 5230:Ward, Adolphus W. (1907). 5216:. London: Faber and Faber. 5207:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5076:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4284:E. P. Dutton, 1946, p. 89. 4266:English Historical Metrics 4149:The Modern Language Review 3966:Wilcockson, Colin (1987). 3935:"The Legend of Good Women" 3933:Chaucer, Geoffrey (1984). 2821:'s "Item de Beata Virgine" 2748:, possible translation of 2652:Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton 2647:Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan 2270:, as well as a fictitious 2181:Engraving of Chaucer from 2113:in the first edition. The 1908:writing, "among the great 1455: 1213:, who may have met Chaucer 968:close of Westminster Abbey 459:Arms of Geoffrey Chaucer: 118:London, Kingdom of England 53: 6562: 6520: 6511:The Testament of Cresseid 6502: 6483: 6464: 6437: 6361: 6270: 6207: 6182: 6155: 6120: 6101: 6068: 6050:The Canon's Yeoman's Tale 5925: 5826: 5755: 5744: 5664: 5583: 5560:The Canon's Yeoman's Tale 5434: 5427: 5294:Works by Geoffrey Chaucer 4500:Fruoco, Jonathan (2018). 4329:Fables Ancient and Modern 4226:Equatorie of the Planetis 4203:10.1093/res/XLVII.186.233 4035:Williams, George (1965). 3643:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 3631:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 3619:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 3607:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 2984:British National Archives 2968:Frederick James Furnivall 2728:Treatise on the Astrolabe 2570:Consolation of Philosophy 2460:placed Chaucer among the 2446:Oxford English Dictionary 2442:Frederick James Furnivall 2172:English national identity 1476:in the north of England. 1317:Oxford English Dictionary 1175:Treatise on the Astrolabe 1144:Consolation of Philosophy 877:clerk of the king's works 746:. They introduced him to 667:, Agnes, an attendant at 506: 450: 432:. Chaucer's contemporary 311: 302: 297: 285: 277: 266: 235: 230:Middle English literature 225: 215: 208: 197: 172: 162: 134: 123: 107: 84: 79:Manuscript portrait, 1412 72: 65: 6684:14th-century translators 6521:Linguistic contributions 5694:The Floure and the Leafe 5641:The Legend of Good Women 5361:from the British Library 5333:Educational institutions 5223:Chaucer: A European Life 5153:Life-records of Chaucer. 5037:in association with the 3214:Chaucer: A European Life 2954: 2850:The Floure and the Leafe 2845: – a Lollard satire 2697:Against Women Unconstant 2523:The Legend of Good Women 2383:John Urry's 1721 edition 2381:Spine and title page of 2350:, a possible source for 1964:Title page of Chaucer's 1916:Manuscripts and audience 1287:The status of the final 1243:The Legend of Good Women 1219:accentual-syllabic metre 1137:Chaucer also translated 1121:The Legend of Good Women 411:The Legend of Good Women 56:Chaucer (disambiguation) 31:latest accepted revision 6578:To Her Inconstant Lover 6232:The Book of the Dun Cow 6225:Chanticleer and the Fox 6040:The Nun's Priest's Tale 5970:The Wife of Bath's Tale 5620:The Parliament of Fowls 5599:The Book of the Duchess 5592:The Romaunt of the Rose 5550:The Nun's Priest's Tale 5480:The Wife of Bath's Tale 5221:Turner, Marion (2019). 5134:Chaucer's Official Life 5039:University of Rochester 4590:The Regiment of Princes 3912:"Poets' Corner History" 3444:Chaucer and His England 3441:Coulton, G. G. (2006). 3379:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2622:A Complaint to His Lady 2600:The Complaint unto Pity 2558:The Romaunt of the Rose 2488:The Book of the Duchess 2468:'s debt to the author. 2105:did not enter Thynne's 2074:Lollard, primarily the 1464:, after the example of 1425:left unfinished in his 1421:completes the story of 1299:dative singular suffix 1150:The Romance of the Rose 1098:The Book of the Duchess 1004:The Book of the Duchess 720:The Book of the Duchess 445: 438: 399:The Book of the Duchess 6649:English civil servants 6644:English Catholic poets 6191:The Canterbury Puzzles 5262:Quotations related to 5159:Morley, Henry (1883). 4782:10.1093/ref:odnb/28021 4610:A Companion to Chaucer 4293:Edwin Winfield Bowen, 3914:. WestminsterAbbey.org 3407:Power, Eileen (1988). 2886:, and is portrayed by 2670: 2617:The Complaint of Venus 2430: 2415: 2390: 2375: 2213: 2146:Merton College, Oxford 2054: 2052:San Marino, California 1969: 1944:), was brought before 1857: 1841: 1402: 1311:when it is vocalised. 1214: 1093: 845: 780: 610:Santiago de Compostela 597: 523: 463: 6679:Medieval orientalists 6284:Descriptive Catalogue 6129:The Two Noble Kinsmen 6045:The Second Nun's Tale 5965:The Man of Law's Tale 5655:The Complaint of Mars 5555:The Second Nun's Tale 5475:The Man of Law's Tale 5212:Speirs, John (1951). 5203:Skeat, W. W. (1899). 5163:. Harvard University. 5074:Chaucer: Life-Records 5047:10.3138/9781442672895 4992:The Riverside Chaucer 4671:The Riverside Chaucer 4327:"From The Preface to 4091:The Riverside Chaucer 4037:A New View of Chaucer 4008:The Riverside Chaucer 4002:Gross, Zaila (1987). 3972:The Riverside Chaucer 3939:The Riverside Chaucer 3567:Morley, Henry (1890) 3547:10.1353/sac.2014.0028 3254:10.1093/notesj/gjz004 3187:Chaucer and His World 3184:Derek Brewer (1992). 2832:The Testament of Love 2766:The Book of the Leoun 2733:The Riverside Chaucer 2702:A Balade of Complaint 2665: 2611:The Complaint of Mars 2555:, possibly extant as 2425: 2407: 2380: 2367: 2315:Acts and Monuments... 2297:in the 1532 and 1542 2180: 2038:—the first tale from 2033: 1963: 1853: 1825: 1462:vernacular literature 1419:Testament of Cresseid 1396: 1208: 1087: 1021:Chaucer's short poem 966:residence within the 825: 778: 730:Chaucer travelled to 647:. Thomas's daughter, 589:= "spinning wheel"). 572: 514: 458: 6639:The Canterbury Tales 6534:The Oak and the Reed 6492:Troilus and Cressida 6473:Troilus and Cressida 6354:Troilus and Criseyde 6278:Chaucer's Retraction 6254:God Spede the Plough 6110:The Canterbury Tales 6005:The Physician's Tale 5782:The Canterbury Tales 5776:Manuscript tradition 5634:Troilus and Criseyde 5575:Chaucer's Retraction 5515:The Physician's Tale 5359:The Canterbury Tales 5347:The Canterbury Tales 5254:at Wikimedia Commons 4742:on 11 November 2005. 4724:on 11 November 2005. 4403:Smithsonian Magazine 3661:UK National Archives 3474:Rossignol, Rosalyn. 3362:Chaucer Life Records 3064:Butterfield, Ardis. 2865:God Spede the Plough 2834: – actually by 2815:The Ploughman's Tale 2770:Guillaume de Machaut 2723:planetary equatorium 2675:Balade to Rosemounde 2667:Balade to Rosemounde 2642:Lak of Stedfastnesse 2530:The Canterbury Tales 2516:Troilus and Criseyde 2435:The Canterbury Tales 2365:, Foxe said that he 2308:Alongside Chaucer's 2044:Ellesmere Manuscript 1978:The Canterbury Tales 1923:Troilus and Criseyde 1902:Troilus and Criseyde 1879:Troilus and Criseyde 1446:The Canterbury Tales 1442:Walter William Skeat 1427:Troilus and Criseyde 1241:, first seen in his 1132:The Canterbury Tales 1127:Troilus and Criseyde 860:Wonderful Parliament 855:The Canterbury Tales 843:Canterbury Cathedral 839:The Canterbury Tales 806:Statute of Labourers 725:Blanche of Lancaster 703:Galeazzo II Visconti 618:Philippa of Hainault 517:Ellesmere manuscript 417:Troilus and Criseyde 364:The Canterbury Tales 291:The Canterbury Tales 6669:Writers from London 6654:English translators 6592:Amoryus and Cleopes 6553:At sixes and sevens 6528:Words first used in 6081:The Tale of Gamelyn 6055:The Manciple's Tale 6030:The Tale of Melibee 6020:The Prioress's Tale 6010:The Pardoner's Tale 6000:The Franklin's Tale 5990:The Merchant's Tale 5980:The Summoner's Tale 5719:The Tale of Gamelyn 5565:The Manciple's Tale 5540:The Tale of Melibee 5530:The Prioress's Tale 5520:The Pardoner's Tale 5510:The Franklin's Tale 5500:The Merchant's Tale 5490:The Summoner's Tale 5065:10.3138/j.ctt2tv0bw 4703:on 31 October 2005. 4426:, trans. Knowledge. 2740:Works presumed lost 2509:Parlement of Foules 2466:William Shakespeare 1871:The Fall of Princes 1812:Parlement of Foules 1492:The Summoner's Tale 1413:. At the same time 1155:Guillaume de Lorris 1115:Parlement of Foules 1006:(also known as the 944:Southwark Cathedral 922:Tomb of Chaucer in 865:Scrope v. Grosvenor 426:Anglo-Norman French 272:English Renaissance 21:Page version status 6571:Sir Giles Goosecap 6261:The Pilgrim's Tale 6247:Palamon and Arcite 6239:Palamon and Arcite 6076:The Plowman's Tale 6015:The Shipman's Tale 5850:Katherine Swynford 5734:The Pilgrim's Tale 5729:The Plowman's Tale 5613:Anelida and Arcite 5525:The Shipman's Tale 5382:1 May 2008 at the 5343:Harvard University 5274:Works by or about 4903:86 (2017): 147–51. 4656:The Chaucer Review 4051:"Geoffrey Chaucer" 3827:The Chaucer Review 3680:The Chaucer Review 3645:, p. 407-411. 3621:, p. 407-410. 3375:Retail Price Index 3300:Skeat, W. W., ed. 2876:In popular culture 2792:The Plowman's Tale 2784:The Pilgrim's Tale 2707:Complaynt D'Amours 2671: 2502:Anelida and Arcite 2431: 2418:Modern scholarship 2391: 2343:The Plowman's Tale 2328:Acts and Monuments 2295:The Pilgrim's Tale 2291:The Plowman's Tale 2214: 2081:The Plowman's Tale 2055: 2048:Huntington Library 1970: 1844:Critical reception 1511:Modern Translation 1403: 1215: 1159:Eustache Deschamps 1103:Anelida and Arcite 1094: 885:Westminster Palace 846: 781: 622:Katherine Swynford 620:, and a sister of 614:Philippa (de) Roet 598: 556:Hundred Years' War 541:Countess of Ulster 537:Elizabeth de Burgh 524: 464: 101:Kingdom of England 27: 6689:Poets from London 6601: 6600: 6315: 6314: 6290:Ellesmere Chaucer 6060:The Parson's Tale 5995:The Squire's Tale 5950:The Miller's Tale 5945:The Knight's Tale 5879: 5878: 5818:Geoffrey Spirleng 5793:Ellesmere Chaucer 5742: 5741: 5606:The House of Fame 5570:The Parson's Tale 5505:The Squire's Tale 5460:The Miller's Tale 5455:The Knight's Tale 5298:Project Gutenberg 5250:Media related to 5214:Chaucer the Maker 5123:978-0-8120-0039-9 5095:978-1-5015-1849-2 5003:978-0-395-29031-6 4895:Weiskott, Eric. " 4819:978-0-7100-8497-2 4788:(Subscription or 4588:Thomas Hoccleve, 4531:on April 3, 2017. 4489:on 16 April 2016. 4119:978-0-8482-2624-4 4021:978-0-395-29031-6 3985:978-0-395-29031-6 3952:978-0-395-29031-6 3520:Hopper, p. viii: 3454:978-1-4286-4247-8 3420:978-0-8196-0140-7 3348:978-0-8160-6193-8 3287:978-0-19-967776-4 3241:Notes and Queries 3224:978-0-691-16009-2 3197:978-0-85991-366-9 3136:978-0-300-12597-9 3109:978-0-19-883968-2 2980:Sebastian Sobecki 2944:Chaucer (surname) 2908:Literature portal 2495:The House of Fame 2440:Scholars such as 2339:Testament of Love 2244:Testament of Love 2222:Testament of Love 2154:Testament of Love 2130:Testament of Love 2119:Testament of Love 2115:Testament of Love 2111:Testament of Love 2076:Testament of Love 2036:The Knight's Tale 1950:Bishop of Lincoln 1894:David Copperfield 1883:Defence of Poesie 1860:—T. R. Lounsbury. 1796: 1795: 1278:Great Vowel Shift 1235:iambic pentametre 1169:also lauded him. 1109:The House of Fame 1068:Religious beliefs 996:Duke of Lancaster 928:Westminster Abbey 841:set off to visit 699:Violante Visconti 471:and merchants in 405:The House of Fame 373:Westminster Abbey 315: 314: 278:Years active 270:Precursor to the 267:Literary movement 130:, London, England 128:Westminster Abbey 115:(aged 56–57) 39:15 September 2024 18: 6696: 6659:English MPs 1386 6614:Geoffrey Chaucer 6513:" (15th century) 6349:Geoffrey Chaucer 6342: 6335: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6172:Canterbury Tales 6145:Canterbury Tales 5985:The Clerk's Tale 5975:The Friar's Tale 5955:The Reeve's Tale 5940:General Prologue 5931:Canterbury Tales 5918:Canterbury Tales 5913:Geoffrey Chaucer 5906: 5899: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5862:Alice de la Pole 5750: 5495:The Clerk's Tale 5485:The Friar's Tale 5465:The Reeve's Tale 5450:General Prologue 5432: 5431: 5421:Geoffrey Chaucer 5414: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5371:Chaucer Metapage 5352:Caxton's Chaucer 5317:Geoffrey Chaucer 5307:Internet Archive 5276:Geoffrey Chaucer 5273: 5264:Geoffrey Chaucer 5261: 5252:Geoffrey Chaucer 5249: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5189: 5164: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5127: 5115: 5081:Fruoco, Jonathan 5077: 5068: 5007: 4995: 4984: 4978: 4970: 4966:978-019-9582-655 4942: 4941: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4910: 4904: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4738:. Archived from 4732: 4726: 4725: 4720:. Archived from 4714: 4705: 4704: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4600: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4527:. Archived from 4516: 4510: 4509: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4485:. Archived from 4475: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4087:Benson, Larry D. 4083: 4077: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4057:. 8 August 2008. 4047: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4025: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3004: 2987: 2965: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2685:Womanly Noblesse 2552:Roman de la Rose 2280:Francis Beaumont 2193:Catherine Wheels 2090:William Langland 2072:proto-Protestant 2040:Canterbury Tales 2034:Opening page of 1966:Canterbury Tales 1956:Printed editions 1906:G. K. Chesterton 1877:greatly praised 1861: 1500: 1448:was selected by 1268:Standard English 1252:The Reeve's Tale 1074:Canterbury Tales 939: 919: 897:Feckenham Forest 870:Lords Appellants 813:Peasants' Revolt 770:Canterbury Tales 685:valet de chambre 630: 627: 575:A unicorn's head 528:William Langland 521:Canterbury Tales 481:hose or leggings 441: 360: 357: 350: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 318:Geoffrey Chaucer 307: 191: 189: 114: 93: 90: 77: 67:Geoffrey Chaucer 63: 62: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6558: 6516: 6498: 6479: 6460: 6433: 6357: 6346: 6316: 6311: 6302:Hengwrt Chaucer 6296:Have a nice day 6266: 6209: 6203: 6178: 6151: 6121:Stage and music 6116: 6097: 6087:Siege of Thebes 6064: 6035:The Monk's Tale 5960:The Cook's Tale 5930: 5921: 5910: 5880: 5875: 5869:A Knight's Tale 5864:(granddaughter) 5852:(wife's sister) 5822: 5798:Harley MS. 7334 5788:Hengwrt Chaucer 5757: 5751: 5738: 5660: 5579: 5545:The Monk's Tale 5470:The Cook's Tale 5440: 5438: 5423: 5418: 5384:Wayback Machine 5335: 5289:Standard Ebooks 5242: 5143: 5141: 5124: 5057: 5004: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4930: 4926: 4911: 4907: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4860: 4856: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4708: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4669:Benson, Larry, 4668: 4664: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4607: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4560:10.2307/2865797 4540: 4536: 4517: 4513: 4498: 4494: 4477: 4456:10.2307/2847741 4434: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4352:on 23 July 2021 4344: 4343: 4339: 4326: 4322: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4278:Marchette Chute 4276: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4244:10.2307/2865248 4222: 4218: 4197:(186): 233–34. 4181: 4177: 4162:10.2307/3734556 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4102: 4098: 4084: 4080: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3777: 3773: 3742:10.2307/2853640 3726: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3672: 3668: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3272:Coates, Richard 3265: 3261: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3092: 3088: 3074: 3072: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2883:A Knight's Tale 2878: 2860: 2819:Thomas Hoccleve 2779: 2742: 2713:Merciles Beaute 2693: 2585: 2563:Translation of 2549:Translation of 2546: 2483: 2474: 2420: 2246:, Speght adds: 2238:Later, in "The 2168:Thomas Tyrwhitt 2025:pseudepigraphic 2009:Chaucer's Works 1983:Wynkyn de Worde 1958: 1942:Buckinghamshire 1918: 1890:Charles Dickens 1867:Thomas Hoccleve 1863: 1859: 1851: 1849:Early criticism 1846: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1821:Anne of Bohemia 1807:Valentine's Day 1803: 1458: 1415:Robert Henryson 1391: 1211:Thomas Hoccleve 1203: 1198: 1082: 1070: 1019: 988: 960:North Petherton 951: 950: 949: 948: 947: 940: 932: 931: 920: 909: 829:at the site of 786:St George's Day 653:Duke of Suffolk 628: 581:of Roet below: 564:siege of Rheims 509: 497:Tower of London 453: 448: 436:hailed him as " 434:Thomas Hoccleve 358: 348: 325: 321: 262: 193: 190: 1366) 185: 181: 158: 119: 116: 112: 111:25 October 1400 103: 94: 91: 80: 68: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6702: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6457:(12th century) 6454:Roman de Troie 6450: 6449:(14th century) 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6168: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6148:(1964 musical) 6141: 6133: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5923: 5922: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5865: 5859: 5856:Thomas Chaucer 5853: 5847: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:Adam Pinkhurst 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770:Heroic couplet 5767: 5761: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5349: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5314: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5267: 5255: 5241: 5240:External links 5238: 5237: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5180:(4): 407–437. 5174:Chaucer Review 5165: 5156: 5150: 5128: 5122: 5105: 5098: 5078: 5069: 5055: 5008: 5002: 4985: 4965: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4924: 4905: 4888: 4881: 4854: 4832: 4818: 4806:, ed. (1978). 4795: 4762: 4745: 4727: 4706: 4688: 4675: 4662: 4645: 4632: 4620: 4601: 4581: 4534: 4525:UCLA Spotlight 4511: 4492: 4483:colfa.utsa.edu 4428: 4415: 4389: 4363: 4337: 4320: 4299: 4286: 4270: 4257: 4216: 4175: 4156:(2): 405–406. 4134: 4125: 4118: 4096: 4078: 4060: 4042: 4027: 4020: 3991: 3984: 3958: 3951: 3925: 3903: 3896: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3833:(3): 323–336. 3817: 3808: 3799: 3771: 3720: 3707: 3686:(4): 498–526. 3666: 3647: 3635: 3633:, p. 424. 3623: 3611: 3609:, p. 420. 3599: 3573: 3560: 3525: 3513: 3504: 3498:978-0030573743 3497: 3480: 3467: 3453: 3433: 3419: 3399: 3386:MeasuringWorth 3366: 3354: 3347: 3329: 3320: 3306: 3293: 3286: 3268:Hanks, Patrick 3259: 3248:(2): 201–202. 3230: 3223: 3203: 3196: 3176: 3162: 3142: 3135: 3115: 3108: 3086: 3056: 3043: 3021: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2936:England portal 2925: 2911: 2895: 2892: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2846: 2838: 2829: 2826:Alain Chartier 2822: 2812: 2804: 2788: 2778: 2777:Spurious works 2775: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2758: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2627:The Former Age 2624: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2561: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2454:Chaucer Review 2419: 2416: 2287:Animadversions 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2211:A unicorn head 2103:Plowman's Tale 2017:Sir Brian Tuke 2001:William Thynne 1993:King's Printer 1989:Richard Pynson 1957: 1954: 1946:John Chadworth 1917: 1914: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1457: 1454: 1450:William Caxton 1390: 1387: 1274:Modern English 1260:Middle English 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1134:in the 1380s. 1081: 1080:Literary works 1078: 1069: 1066: 1018: 1012: 994:, the wealthy 987: 984: 956:Petherton Park 941: 934: 933: 921: 914: 913: 912: 911: 910: 908: 905: 901:Worcestershire 790:poets laureate 751:Italian poetry 711:Jean Froissart 701:, daughter of 651:, married the 637:Thomas Chaucer 595:Thomas Chaucer 573:Chaucer crest 508: 505: 452: 449: 447: 444: 422:Middle English 313: 312: 309: 308: 300: 299: 295: 294: 287: 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 268: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 250: 245: 239: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 220:Middle English 217: 213: 212: 210:Writing career 206: 205: 199: 195: 194: 183: 177: 176: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 157: 156: 153: 148: 145: 142: 138: 136: 132: 131: 125: 121: 120: 117: 109: 105: 104: 95: 86: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 66: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6701: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6585:Il Canzoniere 6582: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446:Il Filostrato 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6164:Trinity Tales 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844:Philippa Roet 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5749: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5056:9781442672895 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5013:Burton, T. L. 5009: 5005: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4897:Adam Scriveyn 4892: 4884: 4882:0-15-195747-9 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4863:Bloom, Harold 4858: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4804:Brewer, Derek 4799: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4657: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4617:0-631-23590-6 4614: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4316:0-521-59274-7 4313: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238:(1): 197–98. 4237: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4129: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3897:0-413-75910-5 3893: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3867:Ward, p. 109. 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3283: 3280:. Oxford UP. 3279: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3165: 3163:9781118396988 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3071: 3070:History Extra 3067: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3031: 3025: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2949:Poet-diplomat 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2923: 2922:Poetry portal 2917: 2912: 2909: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2858:Derived works 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2472:List of works 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2354:'s character 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2191:Gules, three 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2150:Thomas Speght 2147: 2143: 2142:John Wycliffe 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2123:Piers Plowman 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2095:Piers Plowman 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892:' 1850 novel 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:Philip Sidney 1872: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1840: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:Original Text 1504: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1399:William Blake 1395: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1282:pronunciation 1279: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1207: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1091: 1086: 1077: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 997: 993: 992:John of Gaunt 983: 981: 980:Poets' Corner 975: 973: 969: 963: 961: 957: 945: 938: 929: 925: 924:Poets' Corner 918: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 866: 861: 857: 856: 851: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 818: 814: 809: 807: 801: 798: 793: 791: 787: 777: 773: 771: 767: 763: 762:John Hawkwood 758: 756: 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 723:in honour of 722: 721: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 691: 687: 686: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 665:Barking Abbey 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:John of Gaunt 624:, who later ( 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 529: 522: 518: 513: 504: 502: 498: 494: 488: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 462: 457: 443: 440: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418: 413: 412: 407: 406: 401: 400: 394: 392: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 370: 369:Poets' Corner 366: 365: 353: 352: 343: 319: 310: 306: 301: 296: 293: 292: 288: 286:Notable works 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 265: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 204: 201:4, including 200: 196: 180: 179:Philippa Roet 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 154: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 137: 133: 129: 126: 124:Resting place 122: 110: 106: 102: 98: 87: 83: 76: 71: 64: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 6590: 6583: 6569: 6532: 6490: 6471: 6452: 6444: 6352: 6348: 6282: 6252: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6196: 6189: 6170: 6162: 6143: 6140:(1917 opera) 6135: 6127: 6108: 6085: 5928: 5916: 5912: 5867: 5813:John Shirley 5781: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5435: 5420: 5358: 5346: 5339:Chaucer Page 5321: 5266:at Wikiquote 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5177: 5173: 5160: 5152: 5142:. Retrieved 5133: 5111: 5101: 5084: 5073: 5017: 4991: 4956: 4949:Bibliography 4937: 4927: 4918: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4867: 4857: 4844: 4835: 4823:. Retrieved 4808: 4798: 4771: 4765: 4756: 4740:the original 4730: 4722:the original 4701:the original 4691: 4683: 4678: 4670: 4665: 4655: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4623: 4609: 4604: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4529:the original 4524: 4514: 4505: 4495: 4487:the original 4482: 4447: 4441: 4431: 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4402: 4392: 4380:. Retrieved 4377:The Guardian 4376: 4366: 4354:. Retrieved 4350:the original 4340: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4307: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4260: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4128: 4109: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4030: 4007: 3971: 3961: 3938: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3906: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3781: 3774: 3736:(1): 80–86. 3733: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3660: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3587:The Guardian 3586: 3576: 3568: 3563: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3507: 3488: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3443: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3409: 3402: 3390:. Retrieved 3384: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3338: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3276: 3262: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3213: 3206: 3186: 3179: 3169:11 September 3167:. Retrieved 3152: 3145: 3125: 3118: 3099: 3089: 3080: 3073:. Retrieved 3069: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3034:. Retrieved 3024: 3012:. Retrieved 3002: 2963: 2888:Paul Bettany 2881: 2879: 2869: 2863: 2848: 2840: 2831: 2814: 2806: 2796: 2790: 2782: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2750:Innocent III 2745: 2732: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669:, 1477 print 2666: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2574: 2568: 2556: 2550: 2544:Translations 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2475: 2458:Harold Bloom 2453: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2368: 2360: 2352:John Skelton 2342: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2272:coat of arms 2268:Fleet Street 2258: 2243: 2237: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199:canting arms 2190: 2186: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2046:held in the 2039: 2020: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1987: 1977: 1976:editions of 1971: 1965: 1935: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1901: 1893: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1826: 1817:dream vision 1810: 1804: 1510: 1505: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1470:John Barbour 1459: 1445: 1435: 1431:Romantic era 1426: 1418: 1410: 1407:John Lydgate 1404: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1272: 1257: 1250: 1242: 1225:Anglo-Saxon 1223:alliterative 1216: 1189: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1089: 1073: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1003: 1001: 989: 976: 971: 964: 952: 879:, a sort of 874: 863: 853: 847: 838: 810: 802: 794: 782: 769: 759: 729: 718: 683: 680:Inn of Court 676:Inner Temple 673: 641:chief butler 599: 586: 582: 579:canting arms 574: 560:English army 553: 525: 520: 500: 489: 485: 476: 465: 460: 415: 409: 403: 397: 395: 380: 362: 317: 316: 289: 209: 113:(1400-10-25) 60: 38: 29:This is the 23: 6624:1400 deaths 6619:1343 births 6210:derivations 6208:Single tale 6132:(1634 play) 5872:(2001 film) 5765:Rhyme royal 5708:Jack Upland 5584:Other works 5322:In Our Time 4901:Medium Ævum 4629:uoregon.edu 3890:. Methuen. 3460:19 December 3426:19 December 2870:Monk's Tale 2842:Jack Upland 2583:Short poems 2481:Major works 2356:Colin Clout 2324:Jack Upland 2276:family tree 2101:The famous 1881:in his own 1438:John Dryden 1355:arbitration 1351:approaching 1331:altercation 1297:Old English 1231:rhyme royal 827:Blue plaque 797:comptroller 766:condottiere 661:Richard III 629: 1396 532:Gawain Poet 359: 1343 253:short story 167:Plantagenet 147:philosopher 135:Occupations 92: 1343 6608:Categories 6362:Characters 6307:The Tabard 6249:" (Dryden) 6242:(Edwardes) 6183:Literature 6156:Television 6025:Sir Thopas 5535:Sir Thopas 5439:Canterbury 5280:Wikisource 4959:. Oxford. 4792:required.) 4506:Conference 3541:: 139–68. 2994:References 2836:Thomas Usk 2799: – a 2637:Gentilesse 2596:(disputed) 2428:Canterbury 2387:Roman type 2371:Wicklevian 2348:John Colet 2261:Franciscan 2134:Lollardism 2128:Since the 2042:—from the 1898:Luke 23:34 1815:(1382), a 1474:Pearl Poet 1323:Acceptable 1201:Linguistic 1172:Chaucer's 1167:John Gower 1163:Thomas Usk 1050:Gloucester 1002:Chaucer's 907:Later life 831:the Tabard 764:, English 755:Richard II 606:pilgrimage 549:Edward III 387:bureaucrat 377:astronomer 248:lyric poem 151:bureaucrat 6429:Deiphobus 6414:Cassandra 5927:Order of 5780:Order of 5758:and Texts 5196:252866367 4975:cite book 4718:"UWM.edu" 4596:website, 4576:161798842 4472:162849518 3855:162585929 3766:159965790 3702:252860263 3555:194954865 3030:"Chaucer" 2972:quitclaim 2411:John Dart 2402:John Urry 2242:" to the 2201:, French 2160:John Stow 2138:John Foxe 2068:apocrypha 1968:, c. 1400 1910:canonical 1865:The poet 1401:, c. 1800 1379:artillery 1347:annoyance 1196:Influence 1180:astrolabe 893:shillings 835:Southwark 298:Signature 281:from 1368 243:Epic poem 6404:Pandarus 6379:Achilles 6374:Cressida 5808:Scribe D 5756:Language 5665:Spurious 5380:Archived 5355:Archived 5083:(2020). 4865:(1994). 4849:Archived 4548:Speculum 4443:Speculum 4408:25 April 4382:25 April 4231:Speculum 3758:25967434 3730:Speculum 3364:, p. 24. 3036:20 April 3014:20 April 2894:See also 2657:Proverbs 2565:Boethius 2253:friends. 2240:Argument 2183:Speght's 1938:Amersham 1423:Cressida 1389:Literary 1367:arrogant 1264:chancery 1239:couplets 1190:Treatise 1139:Boethius 930:, London 748:medieval 740:Florence 715:Petrarch 669:Henry IV 602:Flanders 585:(French 530:and the 477:chaucier 469:vintners 391:courtier 258:treatise 216:Language 198:Children 155:diplomat 35:reviewed 6563:Related 6547:Cowbell 6394:Diomede 6389:Calchas 6384:Antenor 6369:Troilus 6271:Related 6069:Addenda 5827:Related 5325:at the 5305:at the 5232:Chaucer 5144:12 July 5027:Buffalo 5023:Toronto 4568:2865797 4464:2847741 4356:22 July 4252:2865248 4170:3734556 3976:966–976 3750:2853640 3592:13 July 2828:'s poem 2801:Lollard 2632:Fortune 2197:(Roet, 1931:Lollard 1487:Beowulf 1482:Beowulf 1456:English 1371:arsenic 1359:armless 1339:angrily 1247:dialect 1062:Fortune 1057:Fortune 1041:Fortune 1035:Fortune 1028:Fortune 1023:Fortune 1016:Fortune 881:foreman 833:inn in 817:Aldgate 732:Picardy 694:esquire 519:of the 495:at the 493:moneyer 473:Ipswich 192: 184: 6503:Poetry 6495:(1602) 6476:(1954) 6465:Operas 6438:Source 6419:Hector 6175:(2003) 6167:(1975) 6113:(1972) 5846:(wife) 5194: 5120: 5093: 5063: 5053: 5031:London 5029:, and 5000: 4963: 4879: 4825:18 May 4816: 4786: 4684:Assays 4615: 4574: 4566: 4470: 4462: 4314: 4250: 4211:518116 4209: 4168: 4116: 4073:eNotes 4018: 3982: 3949: 3918:12 May 3894: 3853: 3845: 3792:2 June 3764: 3756: 3748: 3700: 3553: 3495: 3451: 3417: 3345: 3284: 3221: 3194: 3160: 3133: 3106: 3075:22 May 2976:raptus 2589:An ABC 1991:, the 1948:, the 1383:aspect 1327:alkali 1124:, and 1048:, and 690:yeoman 591:Ewelme 539:, the 507:Career 451:Origin 414:, and 236:Genres 226:Period 203:Thomas 173:Spouse 141:Author 97:London 6484:Plays 6424:Paris 6409:Priam 6399:Helen 6102:Films 5858:(son) 5715:Tales 5627:Boece 5441:Tales 5428:Works 5192:S2CID 5061:JSTOR 4594:TEAMS 4572:S2CID 4564:JSTOR 4468:S2CID 4460:JSTOR 4248:JSTOR 4207:JSTOR 4166:JSTOR 3851:S2CID 3843:JSTOR 3762:S2CID 3746:JSTOR 3698:S2CID 3551:S2CID 3392:7 May 2955:Notes 2680:Truth 2576:Boece 2332:Works 2320:Works 2310:Works 2299:Works 2264:friar 2218:Works 2203:rouet 2164:Works 2107:Works 2086:Works 2060:Works 2021:Works 2013:canon 1974:folio 1900:from 1466:Dante 1411:Tales 1343:annex 1335:amble 1309:schwa 1227:metre 1014:Poem 736:Genoa 707:Milan 705:, in 692:, or 649:Alice 587:rouet 577:with 430:Latin 371:, in 186:( 182: 5146:2011 5118:ISBN 5091:ISBN 5051:ISBN 4998:ISBN 4981:link 4961:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4827:2014 4814:ISBN 4613:ISBN 4410:2022 4384:2022 4358:2021 4312:ISBN 4114:ISBN 4016:ISBN 3980:ISBN 3947:ISBN 3920:2020 3892:ISBN 3794:2014 3754:OCLC 3594:2023 3493:ISBN 3462:2007 3449:ISBN 3428:2007 3415:ISBN 3394:2024 3343:ISBN 3282:ISBN 3219:ISBN 3192:ISBN 3171:2021 3158:ISBN 3131:ISBN 3104:ISBN 3077:2022 3038:2020 3016:2020 2341:and 2293:and 2274:and 2092:and 2078:and 1381:and 1363:army 1147:and 1106:and 1046:York 850:Kent 738:and 713:and 678:(an 446:Life 428:and 351:-sər 349:CHAW 144:poet 108:Died 85:Born 6351:'s 5929:The 5915:'s 5437:The 5341:by 5327:BBC 5319:on 5296:at 5287:at 5278:at 5182:doi 5043:doi 4873:226 4778:doi 4556:doi 4452:doi 4331:". 4240:doi 4199:doi 4158:doi 4012:635 3943:600 3835:doi 3787:404 3738:doi 3688:doi 3543:doi 3373:UK 3250:doi 2795:or 2752:'s 2573:as 2266:in 2148:. ( 2144:at 2125:.) 2050:in 1940:in 1888:In 1417:'s 1375:arc 1153:by 958:in 899:in 608:to 163:Era 37:on 6610:: 5190:. 5178:57 5176:. 5172:. 5139:75 5059:. 5049:. 5041:. 5033:: 5025:, 4977:}} 4973:{{ 4936:. 4917:. 4875:. 4847:. 4843:. 4748:^ 4709:^ 4592:, 4570:. 4562:. 4552:71 4550:. 4546:. 4523:. 4504:. 4481:. 4466:. 4458:. 4448:56 4446:. 4440:. 4401:. 4375:. 4280:, 4246:. 4236:71 4234:. 4205:. 4195:47 4193:. 4164:. 4154:90 4152:. 4108:. 4071:. 4053:. 4014:. 3994:^ 3978:. 3945:. 3849:. 3841:. 3831:47 3829:. 3760:. 3752:. 3744:. 3734:18 3732:. 3696:. 3684:57 3682:. 3678:. 3659:. 3585:. 3549:. 3539:36 3537:. 3383:. 3270:; 3246:66 3244:. 3098:. 3079:. 3068:. 2890:. 2567:' 2389:. 2358:. 2334:. 2301:. 2195:or 2098:. 2023:, 1823:: 1377:, 1373:, 1369:, 1365:, 1361:, 1357:, 1353:, 1349:, 1345:, 1341:, 1337:, 1333:, 1329:, 1325:, 1305:-e 1301:-e 1293:-e 1289:-e 1270:. 1255:. 1141:' 1118:, 982:. 926:, 887:, 819:. 688:, 626:c. 483:. 408:, 402:, 389:, 356:c. 354:; 339:ər 333:ɔː 330:tʃ 188:m. 99:, 89:c. 33:, 6580:" 6576:" 6555:" 6551:" 6543:" 6539:" 6509:" 6341:e 6334:t 6327:v 6298:" 6294:" 6263:" 6259:" 6245:" 5905:e 5898:t 5891:v 5413:e 5406:t 5399:v 5198:. 5184:: 5148:. 5126:. 5097:. 5067:. 5045:: 5006:. 4983:) 4969:. 4885:. 4829:. 4784:. 4780:: 4578:. 4558:: 4508:. 4474:. 4454:: 4412:. 4386:. 4360:. 4318:. 4254:. 4242:: 4213:. 4201:: 4172:. 4160:: 4122:. 4075:. 4024:. 3988:. 3955:. 3922:. 3900:. 3857:. 3837:: 3796:. 3768:. 3740:: 3704:. 3690:: 3663:. 3596:. 3557:. 3545:: 3501:. 3464:. 3430:. 3396:. 3351:. 3290:. 3256:. 3252:: 3227:. 3200:. 3173:. 3139:. 3112:. 3040:. 3018:. 1092:. 946:. 342:/ 336:s 327:ˈ 324:/ 320:( 58:. 41:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.