586:
601:
3986:
3423:, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued in parallel for some time. As such, the Old English alphabet began to employ parts of the Roman alphabet in its construction. Futhorc influenced the emerging English alphabet by providing it with the letters
30:
3193:
words. Current standards require its use for both purposes. Therefore, apostrophes are necessary to spell many words even in isolation, unlike most punctuation marks, which are concerned with indicating sentence structure and other relationships among multiple words.
4121:, based on the Latin alphabet, introduced a number of new letters as part of a wider proposal to reform English orthography. Other proposals have gone further, proposing entirely new scripts for written English to replace the Latin alphabet such as the
3021:
The most common diacritic marks seen in
English publications are the acute (é), grave (è), circumflex (â, î, or ô), tilde (ñ), umlaut and diaeresis (ü or ï—the same symbol is used for two different purposes), and cedilla (ç). Diacritics used for
620:
3189:(ʼ) is not usually considered part of the English alphabet nor used as a diacritic, even in loanwords. But it is used for two important purposes in written English: to mark the "possessive" and to mark
4028:, although such ligatures were not used in either classical Latin or ancient Greek. These are now usually rendered as "ae" and "oe" in all types of writing, although in American English, a lone
3222:(but without cumulation). This meant that only regular nouns bearing neither could be confidently identified, and plural and possessive could be potentially confused (e.g., "the Apostles words"
3064:
and others) uses the diacritic. However, diacritics are likely to be retained even in naturalised words where they would otherwise be confused with a common native
English word (for example,
3603:, though they are largely obsolete (see "Ligatures in recent usage" below), and where they are used they are not considered to be separate letters (e.g., for collation purposes), but rather
619:
327:
during the 7th century. During the centuries that followed, various letters entered or fell out of use. By the 16th century, the present set of 26 letters had largely stabilised:
617:
4096:
3049:. Informal English writing tends to omit diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard, while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them.
3324:
The letter most commonly used in
English is E. The least used letter is Z. The frequencies shown in the table may differ in practice according to the type of text.
4828:
3218:
as the standard mark for plural + possessive). Practice settled in the 18th century; before then, practices varied but typically all three endings were written
3705:, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century. Today, the English alphabet is considered to consist of the following 26 letters:
618:
740:), but these are rare. For a letter as a letter, the letter itself is most commonly used, generally in capitalised form, in which case the plural just takes
4778:
2506:
was regarded as the 27th letter of the
English alphabet, as taught to children in the US and elsewhere. An example may be seen in M. B. Moore's 1863 book
3345:
The letter Y sometimes represents a consonant (as in "young") and sometimes a vowel (as in "myth"). Very rarely, W may represent a vowel (as in "cwm", a
3052:
As such words become naturalised in
English, there is a tendency to drop the diacritics, as has happened with many older borrowings from French, such as
3631:
2490:
pilots, police and others, are designed to eliminate this potential confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other.
270:
3408:
runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now
England, along with the proto-form of the language itself, by
4995:
4016:
were until the 19th century (slightly later in
American English) used in formal writing for certain words of Greek or Latin origin, such as
4736:
4201:
4195:
3525:
recorded the traditional order of the Old
English alphabet. He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet first, including the
3352:
The consonant sounds represented by the letters W and Y in
English (/w/ and /j/ as in went /wɛnt/ and yes /jɛs/) are referred to as
4118:
3613:, though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form gradually becoming graphically indistinguishable from the
585:
4688:
4480:
5026:
4956:
4696:
2545:
had a number of non-Latin letters that have since dropped out of use. Some of these either took the names of the equivalent
4988:
3016:
4892:
4811:
4934:
4819:
4719:
3650:
having become phonemically-distinct – as indeed also happened in Modern
English), while ð is still used in present-day
2316:
The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants, via French, of the Latin (and Etruscan) names. (See
4832:
4655:
3654:(although only as a silent letter). Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by
5036:
4159:
3169:. Some publications, particularly in UK usage, have replaced the diaeresis with a hyphen such as in co-operative.
5061:
4981:
252:
4855:"Adapting the Roman alphabet for Writing Old English: Evidence from Coin Epigraphy and Single-Sheet Characters"
4766:
2502:(&) has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, as in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011.
4774:
3380:
3275:
573:
are generally not used to write native English words, which is unusual among orthographies used to write the
5087:
2790:
4744:
3647:
3643:
3283:
argued that apostrophe is the 27th letter of the alphabet, arguing that it does not function as a form of
3172:
In general, these devices are not used even where they would serve to alleviate some degree of confusion.
2478:, are easily confused in speech, especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link.
2381:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
542:
There are 5 vowel letters and 19 consonant letters—as well as Y and W, which may function as either type.
266:
262:
4171:
2391:, shifting all Middle English long vowels. Affects A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, O, P, T, and presumably Y.
3395:
3367:
The remaining letters are considered consonant letters, since when not silent they generally represent
2743:(which did not become phonemically distinct until after the letter had fallen out of use). Replaced by
2676:(which did not become phonemically distinct until after the letter had fallen out of use). Replaced by
3338:
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent
3061:
2993:"s" that continued to be used alongside the modern lowercase s into the 1800s. Replaced by lowercase
2788:
677:
5092:
4165:
3056:. Words that are still perceived as foreign tend to retain them; for example, the only spelling of
162:
292:
182:
4147:
3299:
2483:
627:
300:
248:
4805:
3921:
3190:
3159:
3154:
3142:
546:
284:
109:
4496:
3702:
3604:
3600:
3342:, although I and U represent consonants in words such as "onion" and "quail" respectively.
3227:
2511:
790:
650:
The names of the letters are commonly spelled out in compound words and initialisms (e.g.,
172:
104:
8:
5051:
5031:
4153:
3554:
3384:
3307:
574:
124:
114:
4623:
4000:
Outside of professional papers on specific subjects that traditionally use ligatures in
5082:
5056:
4944:
4874:
4797:
4636:
4500:
4114:
4099:. These include proposals for the addition of letters to the English alphabet, such as
4080:
3990:
3942:
3639:
3486:
3302:. Written compound words may be hyphenated, open or closed, so specifics are guided by
3023:
2317:
167:
4973:
4261:
The letter J did not occur in Old French or Middle English. The Modern French name is
5021:
4962:
4952:
4930:
4878:
4815:
4692:
4554:
Linguistic analyses vary on how best to characterise the English possessive morpheme
3405:
3333:
2546:
2479:
2388:
610:
288:
4339:
Especially in American English, the /l/ is often not pronounced in informal speech.
4186: – Former braille used for the English language in the United States of America
5005:
4866:
4492:
4439:
4410:
4378:
4346:
4291:
4183:
4126:
4122:
3651:
3401:
3319:
3119:
2953:
2939:
2925:
2902:
2879:
2845:
2822:
2767:
2732:
2718:
2695:
2665:
2651:
2631:
2593:
2573:
2289:
2246:
2175:
2108:
2043:
1995:
1947:
1897:
1840:
1805:
1768:
1715:
1652:
1605:
1555:
1505:
1455:
1401:
1363:
1324:
1279:
1238:
1196:
1146:
1096:
1045:
995:
943:
893:
846:
829:
79:
5046:
5016:
4476:
4472:
4316:
4249:
4233:
4177:
3280:
630:
3237:
from which they are distinguished in writing only by an apostrophe, for example
4237:
4189:
3596:
3588:
3562:
3558:
3530:
3472:
3425:
3346:
3165:
3098:
Occasionally, especially in older writing, diacritics are used to indicate the
2685:
2550:
2542:
324:
316:
280:
237:
177:
129:
119:
4900:
4168: – Manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language
3662:. Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by
2440:
5076:
4138:
4075:. These are not independent letters – although in traditional
3476:
589:
English alphabet from 1740, with some unusual letter names. Note the use of
231:
98:
4110:
4101:
4055:
used to typeset English texts contain commonly used ligatures, such as for
4018:
3626:
3609:
3496:
3494:(Æ æ) was adopted as a letter in its own right, named after a futhorc rune
3420:
3409:
3145:), they less often represent two which may be marked with a diaresis as in
2977:
2973:
2796:
2744:
2677:
2605:
3226:"those things over there are my husbands")—which undermines the logic of "
2323:
The regular phonological developments (in rough chronological order) are:
4084:
4076:
3508:
3413:
3303:
3284:
3027:
2538:
320:
4854:
3697:
assumed the status of an independent letter. The variant lowercase form
2518:. In English and many other languages, it is used to represent the word
4870:
3985:
3614:
3522:
3506:(Œ œ) also appeared as a distinct letter, likewise named after a rune,
3207:
3186:
3078:
3072:). Rarely, they may even be added to a loanword for this reason (as in
672:
642:
2549:, since there were no Latin names to adopt, or were runes themselves (
3526:
3465:
3368:
3353:
3234:
3111:
3038:
3002:
2990:
2604:, which disappeared from the language and then reformed. Replaced by
2499:
570:
197:
4052:
4001:
3514:
3099:
2487:
258:
52:
4966:
4083:(type element) for practical reasons – but simply
3360:) by linguists, however this is a description that applies to the
3638:
Booke Shoppe". The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day
3635:
666:
660:
213:
35:
4162: – Proposed reforms to English spelling to be more phonetic
3924:, but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:
3578:
3459:
3454:
4679:
4624:
On the Status of the Latin Letter Þorn and of its Sorting Order
4621:
Michael Everson, Evertype, Baldur Sigurðsson, Íslensk Málstöð,
4207:
4024:
3994:
3698:
3295:
3199:
2985:
2795:, which disappeared from the language quite early. Replaced by
590:
39:
3364:
represented by the letters and not to the letters themselves.
2779:
2298:
2058:
2004:
1906:
1661:
1155:
1051:
1004:
952:
902:
4578:
that uniquely attaches to a noun phrase's final (rather than
4566:
inflectional suffix equivalent to prepositional periphrastic
4367:
4004:, ligatures are seldom used in modern English. The ligatures
3592:
3544:
A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z & ⁊ Ƿ Þ Ð Æ
3339:
2067:
1956:
1727:
1250:
1205:
305:
29:
2735:
2704:
2701:
2668:
1811:
1774:
4428:
4399:
4393:
4361:
3574:
3570:
3449:
3431:
3157:
is rare but found in some well-known publications, such as
2956:
2914:
2865:
2808:
2776:
2773:
2721:
2654:
2640:
2637:
2554:
2255:
2184:
2114:
1846:
1611:
1561:
1511:
1461:
1410:
1372:
1333:
1285:
1247:
1202:
1102:
835:
311:
4012:
4006:
3584:
3502:
3490:
3416:
have survived, mostly as short inscriptions or fragments.
3118:
is used widely in poetry, e.g., in Shakespeare's sonnets.
2911:
2888:
2856:. (The letter 'w' had not yet been invented.) Replaced by
2752:
2582:
2563:
2427:, a new letter, self-explanatory (the name of Latin V was
1369:
1330:
1152:
4448:
4425:
4419:
4396:
4387:
4364:
4355:
3566:
3437:
2942:
2928:
2908:
2891:
2885:
2831:
2617:
2596:
2579:
2435:, of obscure origin but with an antecedent in Old French
2064:
2052:
1953:
1724:
852:
676:
in railroading). The spellings listed below are from the
4087:
choices created to optimize the legibility of the text.
5003:
4143:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3529:, then 5 additional English letters, starting with the
3214:(apostrophe alone after a regular plural affix, giving
3198:
It distinguishes (from the otherwise identical regular
4198: – Chinese pronunciation of the English alphabet.
4192: – Tactile alphabet invented by William Bell Wait
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3617:
3443:
2994:
2969:
2965:
2857:
2848:
2834:
2828:
2800:
2707:
2609:
2407:, a new letter presumably vocalised like neighboring
2295:
2252:
2229:
2181:
2154:
2120:
2117:
2091:
2028:
1980:
1930:
1880:
1849:
1823:
1751:
1721:
1685:
1635:
1588:
1564:
1538:
1488:
1434:
1407:
1384:
1309:
1262:
1179:
1129:
1105:
1075:
1028:
978:
949:
926:
876:
812:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
4681:
MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Editors
4451:
4445:
4422:
4416:
4390:
4384:
4358:
4352:
3412:
settlers. Very few examples of this form of written
2258:
2055:
2049:
2001:
1903:
1658:
1464:
1001:
899:
257:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4442:
4413:
4381:
4349:
3595:borrowings reintroduced homographs of æ and œ into
2905:
2882:
2825:
2770:
2698:
2634:
2576:
2423:, a new letter named by analogy with the majority;
2292:
2249:
2178:
2111:
2046:
1998:
1950:
1900:
1843:
1808:
1771:
1718:
1655:
1608:
1558:
1514:
1508:
1458:
1404:
1366:
1327:
1282:
1244:
1241:
1199:
1149:
1099:
1048:
998:
946:
896:
849:
832:
4150: – Letter names for unambiguous communication
680:. Plurals of consonant names are formed by adding
4718:Zoölogist, Minnesota Office of the State (1892).
4343:, 10th ed). Common colloquial pronunciations are
3175:
5074:
4794:Cipher Systems: The Protection of Communications
3693:, were introduced in the 16th century, and
658:, etc.), and objects named after letters (e.g.,
271:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4273:), which in most areas was later replaced with
3642:(where they now represent two separate sounds,
4943:
4558:: a noun case inflectional suffix distinct to
4156: – English spelling and punctuating rules
3106:(verb) is pronounced with one syllable, while
16:Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters
4989:
4924:
4734:
4302:In the US, an L-shaped object may be spelled
4079:, each of these ligatures would have its own
3658:, which ultimately developed into the modern
3500:. In very early Old English the o-e ligature
3441:(Ð ð) was later devised as a modification of
2451:"and Z" said when reciting the alphabet; and
656:exed out, effing, to eff and blind, aitchless
4927:Alphabetical: How Every Letter Tells a Story
4097:extend or replace the basic English alphabet
3980:
2376:the inconsistent lowering of Middle English
2346:palatalization before front vowels of Latin
2327:palatalization before front vowels of Latin
315:, the names of the first two letters in the
4617:
4615:
4236:, due to the letter's pronunciation in the
3006:, an alternative form of the lowercase "r".
2061:
4996:
4982:
4791:
4202:Burmese respelling of the English alphabet
4196:Chinese respelling of the English alphabet
4180: – Tactile writing system for English
2399:, a regular development of Medieval Latin
4717:
4095:There have been a number of proposals to
4032:has mostly supplanted both (for example,
3464:) was created by Norman scribes from the
3041:marks mainly appear in loanwords such as
4637:"The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks"
4612:
4341:(Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
3984:
3512:. Additionally, the v–v or u-u ligature
584:
4214:
3093:
2922:, used for various sounds derived from
5075:
4803:
4765:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 22, 2013).
4764:
4689:Modern Humanities Research Association
4265:/ʒi/, corresponding to Modern English
4210: – Binary-to-text encoding scheme
3607:. Thorn and eth were both replaced by
2508:The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks
545:Written English has a large number of
4977:
4641:Branson, Farrar & Co., Raleigh NC
4436:(as in the nickname "Dubya") or just
4141: – Song that teaches an alphabet
4119:Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet
3938:gh (makes f or g sound (also silent))
633:speaker reciting the English alphabet
4852:
4653:
4174: – Part of a deaf sign language
4109:(Ŋ ŋ), used to replace the digraph "
3521:In the year 1011, a monk named
3404:itself was initially written in the
3114:) is pronounced with two. For this,
3017:English terms with diacritical marks
2411:to avoid confusion with established
261:. For the distinction between ,
4812:Mathematical Association of America
4656:"Accents & Accented Characters"
4090:
3233:Many common contractions have near-
3086:, from French, to distinguish from
3060:found in English dictionaries (the
2522:, plus occasionally the Latin word
2350:to Proto-Romance and Middle French
716:. Plurals of vowel names also take
13:
4918:
4792:Beker, Henry; Piper, Fred (1982).
4781:from the original on Oct 13, 2023.
4735:Fynes-Clinton, Jane (2007-04-26).
3253:, the possessive form of "it", or
3141:represent a single vowel sound (a
2533:
2459:by analogy with other consonants.
599:
14:
5104:
3957:sc (makes s sound (also a blend))
3548:
775:
323:was first written down using the
4438:
4409:
4377:
4345:
4160:English-language spelling reform
3920:Written English has a number of
2952:
2938:
2924:
2901:
2878:
2844:
2821:
2766:
2731:
2717:
2694:
2664:
2650:
2630:
2592:
2572:
2510:. Historically, the figure is a
2462:Some groups of letters, such as
2288:
2245:
2174:
2107:
2042:
1994:
1946:
1896:
1839:
1804:
1767:
1714:
1651:
1604:
1554:
1504:
1454:
1400:
1362:
1323:
1278:
1237:
1195:
1145:
1095:
1044:
994:
942:
892:
845:
828:
641:Problems playing this file? See
615:
28:
4949:The History of English Spelling
4893:"Digraphs (Phonics on the Web)"
4885:
4865:(2). Wiley Blackwell: 115–139.
4846:
4785:
4758:
4728:
4711:
4672:
4647:
4629:
4548:
4535:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4485:
4465:
2339:, and finally to Middle French
652:tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay,
580:
253:International Phonetic Alphabet
4607:The Oxford English Dictionary,
4600:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4296:
4284:
4255:
4242:
4226:
3389:
3313:
3176:Punctuation marks within words
1:
4775:Chronicle of Higher Education
4721:Report of the State Zoölogist
4593:
4204: – Burmese Transcription
3963:th (makes theta or eth sound)
3960:sh (makes ch sound without t)
3381:History of the Latin alphabet
3276:Chronicle of Higher Education
3180:
3082:but following the pattern of
3010:
65:
4829:"English letter frequencies"
4117:sound with a single letter.
3975:zh (makes j sound without d)
3929:ch (usually makes tsh sound)
3327:
3033:
2493:
2311:
654:etc.), derived forms (e.g.,
246: This article contains
7:
4951:, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
4947:; Davidson, George (2011),
4737:"Little Things that Matter"
4459:, especially in terms like
4172:Two-handed manual alphabets
4132:
3536:(⁊), an insular symbol for
3475:, and used alongside their
2455:, an American levelling of
10:
5109:
4853:Shaw, Phillip (May 2013).
4802:Table also available from
3396:Old English Latin alphabet
3393:
3378:
3374:
3331:
3317:
3298:are often used in English
3014:
2715:, used for the consonants
2648:, used for the consonants
2443:, from the Romance phrase
2419:, was taken from French);
2365:, becoming Middle English
5027:Stress and reduced vowels
5012:
4807:Cryptological Mathematics
3981:Ligatures in recent usage
3306:. Some writers may use a
3290:
2989:, an earlier form of the
2842:, used for the consonant
2526:, as in the abbreviation
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2238:
2228:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2153:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2105:
2095:
2090:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1760:
1750:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1318:
1308:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1188:
1178:
774:
771:
768:
765:
678:Oxford English Dictionary
244:
229:
219:
212:
196:
191:
153:
90:
85:
75:
71: – present
59:
47:
27:
21:
4687:(3rd ed.), London:
4219:
4166:American manual alphabet
2369:and then Modern English
291:, with each having both
163:ISO basic Latin alphabet
4804:Lewand, Robert (2000).
3579:
3460:
3455:
2318:Latin alphabet: Origins
293:uppercase and lowercase
249:phonetic transcriptions
4925:Michael Rosen (2015).
4881:– via Ebscohost.
4252:and Australian English
4148:NATO phonetic alphabet
3997:
3310:in certain instances.
2484:ICAO spelling alphabet
628:Received Pronunciation
604:
594:
287:consisting of 26
183:Saanich writing system
4859:Early Medieval Europe
4767:"Being an apostrophe"
4691:, 2013, Section 2.2,
4584:enclitic postposition
4327:in compounds such as
3988:
3630:can still be seen in
3620:in most handwriting.
3160:MIT Technology Review
3026:may be replaced with
2787:, used for the vowel
2590:, used for the vowel
603:
588:
285:Latin-script alphabet
110:Proto-Sinaitic script
5062:Phonological history
4497:Newfoundland English
4481:Commonwealth English
4215:Notes and references
4113:" and represent the
3703:early modern English
3601:Early Modern English
3133:Similarly, while in
3094:Native English words
2395:The novel forms are
208:, Latin
105:Egyptian hieroglyphs
34:An English-language
5088:English orthography
5004:Description of the
4945:Upward, Christopher
4897:phonicsontheweb.com
4545:in Scottish English
4154:English orthography
4073:⟨ffl⟩
4069:⟨ffi⟩
3966:ti (makes sh sound)
3951:qu (makes kw sound)
3681:, as distinct from
3471:in Old English and
3447:(D d), and finally
3406:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
3385:English orthography
772:Name pronunciation
575:languages of Europe
125:Old Italic alphabet
115:Phoenician alphabet
69: 16th century
4871:10.1111/emed.12012
4798:Wiley-Interscience
4662:, Monotype Imaging
4520:in British English
4511:in British English
4501:Philippine English
4248:The usual form in
4115:voiced velar nasal
4065:⟨fl⟩
4061:⟨fi⟩
4057:⟨tt⟩
3998:
3972:wr (makes r sound)
3969:wh (makes w sound)
3954:rh (makes r sound)
3948:ph (makes f sound)
3943:voiced velar nasal
3935:ck (makes k sound)
3932:ci (makes s sound)
3591:(œ) are obsolete.
3518:(W w) was in use.
3435:(Ƿ ƿ). The letter
3153:. This use of the
2480:Spelling alphabets
2357:fronting of Latin
965:/tʃeː/ > /tseː/
605:
595:
567:⟨th⟩
563:⟨sh⟩
559:⟨oo⟩
555:⟨ea⟩
551:⟨ch⟩
283:is written with a
168:Cherokee syllabary
5070:
5069:
4958:978-1-4051-9024-4
4698:978-1-78188-009-8
4654:Strizver, Ilene,
3334:English phonology
2415:(the other name,
2389:Great Vowel Shift
2361:to Middle French
2309:
2308:
1215:/haː/ > /ˈaha/
670:in printing, and
621:
278:
277:
38:written with the
5100:
5057:Language history
5006:English language
4998:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4940:
4929:. Counterpoint.
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4899:. Archived from
4889:
4883:
4882:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4831:. Archived from
4825:
4801:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4743:. Archived from
4741:The Courier-Mail
4732:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4686:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4633:
4627:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4587:
4552:
4546:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4503:
4493:American English
4489:
4483:
4469:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4300:
4294:
4292:Scottish English
4288:
4282:
4259:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4230:
4184:American Braille
4144:
4127:Shavian alphabet
4123:Deseret alphabet
4091:Proposed reforms
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
3995:Adobe Caslon Pro
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3701:(ſ) lasted into
3649:
3645:
3632:pseudo-archaisms
3582:
3545:
3463:
3458:
3402:English language
3320:Letter frequency
3304:stylistic policy
3265:) as opposed to
3249:) as opposed to
3120:J. R. R. Tolkien
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2514:for the letters
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:successively to
2330:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
948:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
859:
858:
855:
854:
851:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
777:
763:
762:
704:in the cases of
623:
622:
611:English alphabet
602:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
295:forms. The word
274:
268:
264:
207:
204:
134:English alphabet
70:
67:
42:Regular typeface
32:
22:English alphabet
19:
18:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5093:Latin alphabets
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5037:Spelling reform
5008:
5002:
4959:
4937:
4921:
4919:Further reading
4916:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4851:
4847:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4822:
4790:
4786:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4748:
4733:
4729:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4663:
4652:
4648:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4576:edge inflection
4553:
4549:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4477:Hiberno-English
4473:British English
4470:
4466:
4441:
4437:
4412:
4408:
4380:
4376:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4317:Hiberno-English
4314:
4310:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4260:
4256:
4250:Hiberno-English
4247:
4243:
4234:Hiberno-English
4231:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4178:English Braille
4142:
4135:
4093:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
3983:
3978:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3293:
3281:Geoffrey Pullum
3183:
3178:
3096:
3076:, from Spanish
3036:
3024:tonal languages
3019:
3013:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2923:
2904:
2900:
2881:
2877:
2847:
2843:
2824:
2820:
2769:
2765:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2716:
2697:
2693:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2595:
2591:
2575:
2571:
2536:
2534:Archaic letters
2496:
2373:. Affects Q, U.
2314:
2291:
2287:
2248:
2244:
2177:
2173:
2110:
2106:
2045:
2041:
1997:
1993:
1949:
1945:
1899:
1895:
1842:
1838:
1807:
1803:
1790:/ɛr/ > /ar/
1770:
1766:
1717:
1713:
1698:
1654:
1650:
1607:
1603:
1557:
1553:
1507:
1503:
1457:
1453:
1403:
1399:
1365:
1361:
1326:
1322:
1281:
1277:
1240:
1236:
1216:
1198:
1194:
1148:
1144:
1098:
1094:
1047:
1043:
997:
993:
966:
945:
941:
895:
891:
848:
844:
831:
827:
806:
801:
792:
783:
648:
647:
639:
637:
636:
635:
634:
631:British English
624:
616:
613:
606:
600:
583:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
245:
234:
222:
205:
202:
187:
156:
149:
93:
86:Related scripts
68:
62:
55:
43:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5106:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4957:
4941:
4936:978-1619027022
4935:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4884:
4845:
4821:978-0883857199
4820:
4814:. p. 36.
4800:. p. 397.
4784:
4757:
4727:
4710:
4697:
4671:
4646:
4628:
4611:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4582:) word, or an
4547:
4541:in words like
4534:
4529:in words like
4522:
4513:
4504:
4484:
4464:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4295:
4283:
4277:(rhyming with
4269:(rhyming with
4254:
4241:
4238:Irish language
4224:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4190:New York Point
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4134:
4131:
4092:
4089:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3597:Middle English
3561:, the letters
3559:Modern English
3550:
3549:Modern English
3547:
3542:
3394:Main article:
3391:
3388:
3376:
3373:
3332:Main article:
3329:
3326:
3318:Main article:
3315:
3312:
3300:compound words
3292:
3289:
3271:
3270:
3231:
3206:) the English
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3166:The New Yorker
3128:O wingëd crown
3095:
3092:
3035:
3032:
3015:Main article:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2981:
2964:. Replaced by
2861:
2804:
2748:
2681:
2613:
2543:Middle English
2535:
2532:
2495:
2492:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2374:
2355:
2344:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2171:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1711:
1706:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
991:
986:
981:
975:
974:
971:
968:
963:
960:
939:
934:
929:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
889:
884:
879:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
825:
820:
815:
809:
808:
803:
798:
795:
788:
785:
779:
778:
773:
770:
767:
638:
625:
614:
609:
608:
607:
598:
597:
596:
582:
579:
539:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
329:
325:Latin alphabet
317:Greek alphabet
281:Modern English
276:
275:
269:⟩, see
242:
241:
235:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
210:
209:
200:
194:
193:
189:
188:
186:
185:
180:
178:Osage alphabet
175:
173:Scots alphabet
170:
165:
159:
157:
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:Latin alphabet
120:Greek alphabet
96:
94:
92:Parent systems
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
63:
60:
57:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:
33:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5105:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4903:on 2016-04-13
4902:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4835:on 2008-07-08
4834:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4771:Lingua Franca
4768:
4761:
4747:on 2012-09-04
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4564:genitive case
4561:
4557:
4551:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4433:
4404:
4372:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4139:Alphabet song
4137:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4038:encyclopaedia
4035:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:Tironian note
3528:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3028:tonal numbers
3025:
3018:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2947:
2933:
2919:
2896:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2839:
2819:
2816:(Kentish) or
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2726:
2712:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2659:
2645:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2530:(et cetera).
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2356:
2345:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2303:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2263:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:/iː ˈɡraɪka/
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2129:
2125:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1854:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1779:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1217:> /ˈakːa/
1210:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
969:
964:
961:
957:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
857:
840:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
804:
799:
796:
794:
789:
786:
781:
780:
764:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
669:
668:
663:
662:
657:
653:
646:
644:
632:
629:
612:
592:
587:
578:
576:
572:
548:
543:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
260:
256:
254:
250:
243:
239:
238:U+0000–U+007E
236:
233:
232:Unicode range
228:
224:
221:Unicode alias
218:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
190:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
158:
155:Child systems
152:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:Proto-writing
95:
89:
84:
81:
78:
74:
64:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
31:
26:
20:
5041:
4948:
4926:
4905:. Retrieved
4901:the original
4896:
4887:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4837:. Retrieved
4833:the original
4806:
4793:
4787:
4770:
4760:
4749:. Retrieved
4745:the original
4740:
4730:
4720:
4713:
4702:, retrieved
4680:
4674:
4664:, retrieved
4659:
4649:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4609:2nd edition.
4606:
4602:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4487:
4467:
4460:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4244:
4228:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:encyclopedia
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:encyclopædia
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3941:ng (makes a
3919:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3669:The letters
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3625:
3621:
3608:
3552:
3537:
3533:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3477:Carolingian
3467:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3421:Latin script
3418:
3399:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3294:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3184:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3137:the letters
3135:chicken coop
3134:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:rather than
3065:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3030:or omitted.
3020:
3001:
2984:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2690:
2684:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2568:
2562:
2537:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2482:such as the
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2384:. Affects R.
2354:. Affects G.
2343:. Affects C.
2322:
2315:
2282:
2239:
2234:
2216:
2197:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2144:
2101:
2096:
2033:
1985:
1940:
1935:
1890:
1885:
1873:
1833:
1828:
1798:
1761:
1756:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1645:
1640:
1598:
1593:
1548:
1543:
1498:
1493:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1394:
1389:
1356:
1314:
1272:
1267:
1231:
1189:
1184:
1139:
1134:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1038:
1033:
988:
983:
936:
931:
886:
881:
822:
817:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
671:
665:
659:
655:
651:
649:
640:
581:Letter names
544:
541:
310:
304:
296:
279:
265:and ⟨
247:
5032:Orthography
4570:(or rarely
4085:type design
4077:typesetting
3555:orthography
3414:Old English
3410:Anglo-Saxon
3390:Old English
3354:semi-vowels
3349:loanword).
3314:Frequencies
3285:punctuation
3202:inflection
3151:coöperation
3102:of a word:
2224:/iː ɡrɛːk/
967:> /seː/
321:Old English
240:Basic Latin
61:Time period
48:Script type
5077:Categories
4967:2011008794
4907:2016-04-07
4839:2008-06-25
4751:2013-04-07
4704:2019-06-17
4666:2019-06-17
4594:References
4560:possession
4531:hallelujah
3429:(Þ þ) and
3379:See also:
3369:consonants
3235:homographs
3210:morpheme "
3208:possessive
3191:contracted
3187:apostrophe
3181:Apostrophe
3079:yerba mate
3011:Diacritics
2936:, such as
2486:, used by
643:media help
571:Diacritics
549:, such as
5083:Alphabets
5022:Phonology
4879:163075636
4660:Fontology
4232:often in
4053:typefaces
4046:manoeuvre
4002:loanwords
3991:ligatures
3640:Icelandic
3634:such as "
3615:minuscule
3605:ligatures
3587:(æ), and
3527:ampersand
3523:Byrhtferð
3328:Phonology
3259:she would
3155:diaeresis
3147:zoölogist
3112:adjective
3100:syllables
3039:Diacritic
3034:Loanwords
3003:r rotunda
2991:lowercase
2500:ampersand
2494:Ampersand
2312:Etymology
2271:/ˈzɛːdə/
2268:/ˈzeːta/
1220:/ˈaːtʃə/
198:ISO 15924
192:ISO 15924
76:Languages
5052:Dialects
5042:Alphabet
4779:Archived
4133:See also
4125:and the
4042:maneuver
3922:digraphs
3515:double-u
3487:ligature
3485:The a-e
3466:insular
3230:" forms.
3126:, as in
2512:ligature
2488:aircraft
2425:double-u
2217:ī graeca
2200: ?
2034:double-u
807:English
784:English
547:digraphs
301:compound
297:alphabet
263:/ /
259:Help:IPA
53:Alphabet
5047:Braille
5017:Grammar
4329:es-hook
3652:Faroese
3636:Ye Olde
3553:In the
3375:History
3296:Hyphens
3263:she had
3143:digraph
3058:soupçon
2764:, etc.
2198:ui, gui
1223:/aːtʃ/
1171:/dʒeː/
1168:/dʒeː/
1070:12.70%
802:French
793:English
720:(i.e.,
706:aitches
684:(e.g.,
289:letters
251:in the
214:Unicode
80:English
36:pangram
4965:
4955:
4933:
4877:
4818:
4695:
4574:), an
4407:, and
4208:Base36
4071:, and
4040:, and
3699:long s
3362:sounds
3358:glides
3340:vowels
3291:Hyphen
3279:blog,
3247:it has
3228:marked
3200:plural
3108:cursèd
3104:cursed
3070:resume
3066:résumé
3047:façade
2986:long s
2976:, and
2528:&c
2449:i zeto
2441:izzard
2277:0.07%
2274:/zɛd/
2206:1.97%
2203:/wiː/
2194:/hyː/
2149:/ɪks/
2139:0.15%
2136:/ɛks/
2133:/iks/
2130:/ɛks/
2086:2.36%
2023:0.98%
1975:2.76%
1925:9.06%
1922:/teː/
1919:/teː/
1916:/teː/
1868:6.33%
1793:5.99%
1746:0.10%
1743:/kiw/
1740:/kyː/
1737:/kuː/
1680:1.93%
1677:/peː/
1674:/peː/
1671:/peː/
1630:7.51%
1583:6.75%
1533:2.41%
1483:4.03%
1429:0.77%
1426:/kaː/
1423:/kaː/
1420:/kaː/
1351:0.15%
1304:6.97%
1232:haitch
1226:6.09%
1174:2.02%
1165:/ɡeː/
1124:2.23%
1023:4.25%
1020:/deː/
1017:/deː/
1014:/deː/
973:2.78%
970:/seː/
962:/keː/
921:1.49%
918:/beː/
915:/beː/
912:/beː/
871:8.17%
805:Middle
797:Latin
791:Modern
787:Latin
782:Modern
766:Letter
748:(e.g.
591:long s
565:, and
267:
40:FF Dax
4875:S2CID
4685:(pdf)
4572:for X
4220:Notes
4107:engma
4051:Some
4025:cœlom
3593:Latin
3589:ethel
3573:(ƿ),
3569:(ð),
3565:(þ),
3563:thorn
3503:ethel
3473:Irish
3426:thorn
3347:Welsh
3308:slash
3273:In a
3255:she'd
3243:it is
3122:used
3054:hôtel
3043:naïve
2762:œ̄þel
2753:Ethel
2686:Thorn
2551:thorn
2547:runes
2504:&
2470:, or
2445:i zed
2397:aitch
2371:/juː/
2211:/iː/
1972:/iw/
1969:/yː/
1966:/uː/
1865:/ɛs/
1862:/ɛs/
1859:/ɛs/
1787:/ɛr/
1784:/ɛr/
1627:/oː/
1624:/oː/
1621:/oː/
1580:/ɛn/
1577:/ɛn/
1574:/ɛn/
1530:/ɛm/
1527:/ɛm/
1524:/ɛm/
1480:/ɛl/
1477:/ɛl/
1474:/ɛl/
1301:/iː/
1298:/iː/
1295:/iː/
1185:aitch
1121:/ɛf/
1118:/ɛf/
1115:/ɛf/
1067:/eː/
1064:/eː/
1061:/eː/
868:/aː/
865:/aː/
862:/aː/
776:Freq.
710:esses
700:) or
306:alpha
299:is a
255:(IPA)
225:Latin
206:(215)
4963:LCCN
4953:ISBN
4931:ISBN
4826:and
4816:ISBN
4693:ISBN
4580:head
4568:of X
4562:, a
4543:loch
4499:and
4479:and
4461:www.
4081:sort
4044:for
4036:for
4022:and
4010:and
3989:The
3687:and
3675:and
3646:and
3624:for
3599:and
3575:yogh
3571:wynn
3509:œðel
3450:yogh
3432:wynn
3419:The
3400:The
3383:and
3356:(or
3267:shed
3239:it's
3185:The
3163:and
3149:and
3139:-oo-
3088:mate
3084:café
3074:maté
3045:and
2997:now.
2980:now.
2950:and
2899:or
2875:yoch
2871:ȝogh
2866:Yogh
2863:Ȝ ȝ
2860:now.
2818:wynn
2806:Ƿ ƿ
2803:now.
2799:and
2758:ēðel
2750:Œ œ
2747:now.
2729:and
2691:þorn
2683:Þ þ
2680:now.
2662:and
2615:Ð ð
2612:now.
2608:and
2561:Æ æ
2557:).
2541:and
2498:The
2474:and
2466:and
2401:acca
2387:the
2382:/ar/
2378:/ɛr/
2367:/iw/
2363:/yː/
2359:/uː/
2352:/dʒ/
2337:/ts/
2333:/tʃ/
2240:zēta
769:Name
758:cees
756:for
714:exes
694:effs
686:bees
664:and
312:beta
309:and
203:Latn
4867:doi
4556:-'s
4491:in
4471:in
4315:in
4304:ell
4290:in
4279:kay
4275:jay
4105:or
4102:eng
4048:).
3993:of
3648:/ð/
3644:/θ/
3585:ash
3583:),
3567:eth
3557:of
3538:and
3534:ond
3497:æsc
3491:ash
3444:dee
3438:eth
3261:or
3251:its
3245:or
3216:-s'
3212:'s"
3090:).
3062:OED
2873:or
2814:ƿen
2809:Wyn
2705:ɔːr
2689:or
2627:eth
2625:or
2618:Edh
2569:æsc
2567:or
2564:Ash
2555:wyn
2539:Old
2520:and
2468:bee
2464:pee
2457:zed
2453:zee
2447:or
2433:wye
2431:);
2421:vee
2413:gee
2409:kay
2405:jay
2380:to
2348:/ɡ/
2341:/s/
2329:/k/
2320:.)
2283:zee
2235:zed
2164:wye
1986:vee
1886:tee
1874:es-
1829:ess
1812:ɔːr
1775:ɑːr
1704:que
1700:kue
1695:kew
1691:cue
1641:pee
1444:ell
1390:kay
1315:jay
1135:gee
1085:eff
984:dee
932:cee
882:bee
800:Old
760:).
754:c's
752:or
746:-'s
744:or
738:ues
734:oes
730:ies
726:ees
722:aes
718:-es
702:-es
698:ems
692:or
690:efs
673:wye
303:of
5079::
4961:,
4895:.
4873:.
4863:21
4861:.
4857:.
4810:.
4796:.
4777:.
4773:.
4769:.
4739:.
4658:,
4639:.
4614:^
4495:,
4475:,
4375:,
4368:uː
4281:).
4267:jy
4263:ji
4129:.
4111:ng
4067:,
4063:,
4059:,
3666:.
3664:gh
3656:uu
3627:th
3610:th
3540::
3482:.
3371:.
3287:.
3220:-s
3204:-s
3130:.
3000:ꝛ
2983:ſ
2978:ch
2974:gh
2972:,
2968:,
2869:,
2812:,
2797:oe
2780:əl
2760:,
2756:,
2745:th
2678:th
2623:eð
2621:,
2606:ae
2553:,
2524:et
2516:Et
2476:en
2472:em
2439:;
2437:wi
2417:jy
2403:;
2335:,
2299:iː
2185:aɪ
2169:hȳ
2162:,
2160:wy
2145:ix
2102:ex
2097:ex
2083:–
2080:–
2077:–
2068:uː
2059:əl
2020:–
2017:–
2014:–
2005:iː
1957:uː
1907:iː
1891:tē
1834:es
1799:or
1762:er
1757:ar
1728:uː
1709:qū
1702:,
1693:,
1662:iː
1646:pē
1612:oʊ
1549:en
1544:en
1499:em
1494:em
1449:el
1442:,
1440:el
1411:eɪ
1395:kā
1373:aɪ
1370:dʒ
1357:jy
1346:–
1343:–
1334:eɪ
1331:dʒ
1286:aɪ
1251:tʃ
1248:eɪ
1206:tʃ
1203:eɪ
1190:hā
1156:iː
1153:dʒ
1140:gē
1090:ef
1083:,
1081:ef
1052:iː
1005:iː
989:dē
953:iː
937:cē
903:iː
887:bē
843:,
836:eɪ
750:Cs
742:-s
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
712:,
708:,
696:,
688:,
682:-s
667:em
661:en
626:A
577:.
569:.
561:,
557:,
553:,
319:.
66:c.
4997:e
4990:t
4983:v
4969:.
4939:.
4910:.
4869::
4842:.
4824:.
4754:.
4724:.
4707:.
4643:.
4586:.
4455:/
4452:b
4449:ʌ
4446:d
4443:ˈ
4440:/
4432:/
4429:ə
4426:j
4423:b
4420:ʌ
4417:d
4414:ˈ
4411:/
4403:/
4400:ə
4397:j
4394:ə
4391:b
4388:ʌ
4385:d
4382:ˈ
4379:/
4371:/
4365:j
4362:ə
4359:b
4356:ʌ
4353:d
4350:ˈ
4347:/
4306:.
4271:i
4030:e
4013:œ
4007:æ
3945:)
3914:z
3912:Z
3906:y
3904:Y
3898:x
3896:X
3890:w
3888:W
3882:v
3880:V
3874:u
3872:U
3866:t
3864:T
3858:s
3856:S
3850:r
3848:R
3842:q
3840:Q
3834:p
3832:P
3826:o
3824:O
3818:n
3816:N
3810:m
3808:M
3802:l
3800:L
3794:k
3792:K
3786:j
3784:J
3778:i
3776:I
3770:h
3768:H
3762:g
3760:G
3754:f
3752:F
3746:e
3744:E
3738:d
3736:D
3730:c
3728:C
3722:b
3720:B
3714:a
3712:A
3695:w
3690:i
3684:v
3678:j
3672:u
3660:w
3622:Y
3618:y
3580:ȝ
3577:(
3479:g
3468:g
3461:ȝ
3456:Ȝ
3453:(
3269:.
3257:(
3241:(
3224:;
3124:ë
3116:è
3110:(
2995:s
2970:j
2966:y
2960:/
2957:x
2954:/
2946:/
2943:j
2940:/
2932:/
2929:ɡ
2926:/
2918:/
2915:x
2912:ɒ
2909:j
2906:ˈ
2903:/
2895:/
2892:ɡ
2889:ɒ
2886:j
2883:ˈ
2880:/
2858:w
2852:/
2849:w
2846:/
2838:/
2835:n
2832:ɪ
2829:w
2826:ˈ
2823:/
2801:e
2793:/
2791:œ
2789:/
2783:/
2777:ð
2774:ɛ
2771:ˈ
2768:/
2739:/
2736:θ
2733:/
2725:/
2722:ð
2719:/
2711:/
2708:n
2702:θ
2699:ˈ
2696:/
2672:/
2669:θ
2666:/
2658:/
2655:ð
2652:/
2644:/
2641:ð
2638:ɛ
2635:ˈ
2632:/
2610:e
2600:/
2597:æ
2594:/
2586:/
2583:ʃ
2580:æ
2577:ˈ
2574:/
2429:ū
2302:/
2296:z
2293:ˈ
2290:/
2262:/
2259:d
2256:ɛ
2253:z
2250:ˈ
2247:/
2230:Z
2188:/
2182:w
2179:ˈ
2176:/
2155:Y
2124:/
2121:s
2118:k
2115:ɛ
2112:ˈ
2109:/
2092:X
2071:/
2065:j
2062:.
2056:b
2053:ʌ
2050:d
2047:ˈ
2044:/
2038:–
2029:W
2008:/
2002:v
1999:ˈ
1996:/
1990:–
1981:V
1960:/
1954:j
1951:ˈ
1948:/
1941:ū
1936:u
1931:U
1910:/
1904:t
1901:ˈ
1898:/
1881:T
1853:/
1850:s
1847:ɛ
1844:ˈ
1841:/
1824:S
1815:/
1809:ˈ
1806:/
1778:/
1772:ˈ
1769:/
1752:R
1731:/
1725:j
1722:k
1719:ˈ
1716:/
1697:,
1686:Q
1665:/
1659:p
1656:ˈ
1653:/
1636:P
1615:/
1609:ˈ
1606:/
1599:ō
1594:o
1589:O
1568:/
1565:n
1562:ɛ
1559:ˈ
1556:/
1539:N
1518:/
1515:m
1512:ɛ
1509:ˈ
1506:/
1489:M
1468:/
1465:l
1462:ɛ
1459:ˈ
1456:/
1435:L
1414:/
1408:k
1405:ˈ
1402:/
1385:K
1376:/
1367:ˈ
1364:/
1337:/
1328:ˈ
1325:/
1319:–
1310:J
1289:/
1283:ˈ
1280:/
1273:ī
1268:i
1263:I
1254:/
1245:h
1242:ˈ
1239:/
1209:/
1200:ˈ
1197:/
1180:H
1159:/
1150:ˈ
1147:/
1130:G
1109:/
1106:f
1103:ɛ
1100:ˈ
1097:/
1076:F
1055:/
1049:ˈ
1046:/
1039:ē
1034:e
1029:E
1008:/
1002:d
999:ˈ
996:/
979:D
956:/
950:s
947:ˈ
944:/
927:C
906:/
900:b
897:ˈ
894:/
877:B
856:/
853:æ
850:ˈ
847:/
839:/
833:ˈ
830:/
823:ā
818:a
813:A
645:.
593:.
536:z
534:Z
528:y
526:Y
520:x
518:X
512:w
510:W
504:v
502:V
496:u
494:U
488:t
486:T
480:s
478:S
472:r
470:R
464:q
462:Q
456:p
454:P
448:o
446:O
440:n
438:N
432:m
430:M
424:l
422:L
416:k
414:K
408:j
406:J
400:i
398:I
392:h
390:H
384:g
382:G
376:f
374:F
368:e
366:E
360:d
358:D
352:c
350:C
344:b
342:B
336:a
334:A
273:.
101:)
97:(
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