Scots language - Knowledge

1790:, and only included reared speakers (people raised speaking Scots), not those who had learned the language. Part of the difference resulted from the central question posed by surveys: "Do you speak Scots?". In the Aberdeen University study, the question was augmented with the further clause "... or a dialect of Scots such as Border etc.", which resulted in greater recognition from respondents. The GRO concluded that there simply was not enough linguistic self-awareness amongst the Scottish populace, with people still thinking of themselves as speaking badly pronounced, grammatically inferior English rather than Scots, for an accurate census to be taken. The GRO research concluded that " more precise estimate of genuine Scots language ability would require a more in-depth interview survey and may involve asking various questions about the language used in different situations. Such an approach would be inappropriate for a Census." Thus, although it was acknowledged that the "inclusion of such a Census question would undoubtedly raise the profile of Scots", no question about Scots was, in the end, included in the 2001 Census. The Scottish Government's 480: 1560: 3476:. Consequently, this written Scots looked very similar to contemporary Standard English, suggesting a somewhat modified version of that, rather than a distinct speech form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for many centuries. This modern literary dialect, "Scots of the book" or Standard Scots, once again gave Scots an orthography of its own, lacking neither "authority nor author". This literary language used throughout Lowland Scotland and Ulster, embodied by writers such as Allan Ramsay, Robert Fergusson, Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, 920: 1435: 468: 10944: 2213: 10646: 3935: 3949: 1810:

1.2 million (24%) could speak, read and write Scots, 3.2 million (62%) had no skills in Scots and the remainder had some degree of skill, such as understanding Scots (0.27 million, 5.2%) or being able to speak it but not read or write it (0.18 million, 3.5%). There were also small numbers of Scots speakers recorded in England and Wales on the 2011 Census, with the largest numbers being either in bordering areas (e.g.

1339: 6296: 1372:. Wright had great difficulty in recruiting volunteers from Scotland, as many refused to cooperate with a venture that regarded Scots as a dialect of English, and he obtained enough help only through the assistance from a Professor Shearer in Scotland. Wright himself rejected the argument that Scots was a separate language, saying that this was a "quite modern mistake". 1591:

proponents of Scots alike. One example of the educational establishment's approach to Scots is, "Write a poem in Scots. (It is important not to be worried about spelling in this – write as you hear the sounds in your head.)", whereas guidelines for English require teaching pupils to be "writing fluently and legibly with accurate spelling and punctuation".

1779:(GRO), suggested that there were around 1.5 million speakers of Scots, with 30% of Scots responding "Yes" to the question "Can you speak the Scots language?", but only 17% responding "Aye" to the question "Can you speak Scots?". It was also found that older, working-class people were more likely to answer in the affirmative. The 3907:

wis een ettlin tae dae, whan an angel o the Lord kythed til him in a draim an said til him, "Joseph, son o Dauvit, be nane feared tae tak Mary your trystit wife intil your hame; the bairn she is cairrein is o the Halie Spírit. She will beir a son, an the name ye ar tae gíe him is Jesus, for he will sauf his fowk frae their sins."

2216: 2215: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2221: 3906:

This is the storie o the birth o Jesus Christ. His mither Mary wis trystit til Joseph, but afore they war mairriet she wis fund tae be wi bairn bi the Halie Spírit. Her husband Joseph, honest man, hed nae mind tae affront her afore the warld an wis for brakkin aff their tryst hidlinweys; an sae he

1384:

was that Scots had no value: "it is not the language of 'educated' people anywhere, and could not be described as a suitable medium of education or culture". Students reverted to Scots outside the classroom, but the reversion was not complete. What occurred, and has been occurring ever since, is a

3455:

descended from the old court Scots, but with an orthography that had abandoned some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings and adopted many standard English spellings. Despite the updated spelling, however, the rhymes make it clear that a Scots pronunciation was intended. These writings also

1809:

was set up to help individuals answer the question. The specific wording used was "Which of these can you do? Tick all that apply" with options for "Understand", "Speak", "Read" and "Write" in three columns: English, Scottish Gaelic and Scots. Of approximately 5.1 million respondents, about

1538:

Notwithstanding the UK government's and the Scottish Executive's obligations under part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the Scottish Executive recognises and respects Scots (in all its forms) as a distinct language, and does not consider the use of Scots to be an

1590:

of Scots, although it may have been covered superficially in English lessons, which could entail reading some Scots literature and observing the local dialect. Much of the material used was often Standard English disguised as Scots, which caused upset among proponents of Standard English and

3507:(2003: 260) writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century". Most proposals entailed regularising the use of established eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conventions, in particular, the avoidance of the 2218: 1278:

rather than Scottish. They attempted to rid themselves of their Scots in a bid to establish standard English as the official language of the newly formed union. Nevertheless, Scots was still spoken across a wide range of domains until the end of the eighteenth century.

869:. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the English language used in Scotland had arguably become a distinct language, albeit one lacking a name which clearly distinguished it from all the other English variants and dialects spoken in Britain. From 1495, the term 4213:, pp. 4, 50. "Scots developed out of a mixture of Scandinavianised Northern English during the early Middle English period.... Scots originated as one form of Northern Old English and quickly developed into a language in its own right up to the seventeenth century." 4875:

The dialect of the southern counties of Scotland : its pronunciation, grammar, and historical relations; with an appendix on the present limits of the Gaelic and lowland Scotch, and the dialectical divisions of the lowland tongue; and a linguistical map of

1617:

The Scottish government set its first Scots Language Policy in 2015, in which it pledged to support its preservation and encourage respect, recognition and use of Scots. The Scottish Parliament website also offers some information on the language in Scots.

3499:

Other authors developed dialect writing, preferring to represent their own speech in a more phonological manner rather than following the pan-dialect conventions of modern literary Scots, especially for the northern and insular dialects of Scots.

1770:

It has been difficult to determine the number of speakers of Scots via census, because many respondents might interpret the question "Do you speak Scots?" in different ways. Campaigners for Scots pressed for this question to be included in the

4893:

On early English pronunciation: with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day means of the ordinary printing

4122: 1389:, whereby successive generations have adopted more and more features from Standard English. This process has accelerated rapidly since widespread access to mass media in English and increased population mobility became available after the 1425:

of Scotland's adult population) "don't really think of Scots as a language", also finding "the most frequent speakers are least likely to agree that it is not a language (58%) and those never speaking Scots most likely to do so (72%)".

1269:

based in London. After the Union and the shift of political power to England, the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authority and education, as was the notion of "Scottishness" itself. Many leading Scots of the period, such as

5918: 1743:-born linguist Warren Maguire has argued that some of the criteria that Gregg used as distinctive of Ulster-Scots are common in south-west Tyrone and were found in other sites across Northern Ireland investigated by the 3863:

But as he had thir things in his mind, see! an Angel o' the Lord appear't to him by a dream, sayin, "Joseph, son o' Dauvid, binna feared to tak till ye yere wife, Mary; for that whilk is begotten in her is by the Holie

1331:. Following this, some of the city's intellectuals formed the Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland. These eighteenth-century activities would lead to the creation of 1514:

along the continuum depending on the situation. Where on this continuum English-influenced Scots becomes Scots-influenced English is difficult to determine. Because standard English now generally has the role of a

1857: 6046:

Agutter, Alex (1987) "A taxonomy of Older Scots orthography" in Caroline Macafee and Iseabail Macleod eds. The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language Presented to A. J. Aitken, Aberdeen University Press, p.

1636:

newspaper has regularly published some news articles in the language. The 2010s also saw an increasing number of English books translated in Scots and becoming widely available, particularly those in popular

3584:

is used before the names of seasons, days of the week, many nouns, diseases, trades and occupations, sciences and academic subjects. It is also often used in place of the indefinite article and instead of a

2217: 1375:

During the first half of the twentieth century, knowledge of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literary norms waned, and as of 2006, there is no institutionalised standard literary form. By the 1940s, the

5179:

Menzies (1991:42) also found that in her sample of forty secondary-school children from Easterhouse in Glasgow, there was a tendency to describe Scots words as 'slang' alongside the use of the term 'Scots'

3511:, which represented letters that were perceived to be missing when compared to the corresponding English cognates but were never actually present in the Scots word. For example, in the fourteenth century, 1218: 1311:, who went to great lengths to get rid of every Scotticism from their writings. Following such examples, many well-off Scots took to learning English through the activities of those such as 6318: 9503: 3910:

Aa this happent at the wurd spokken bi the Lord throu the Prophet micht be fulfilled: Behaud, the virgin wil bouk an beir a son, an they will caa his name Immanuel – that is, "God wi us".

1783:

Scots Leid Quorum performed its own research in 1995, cautiously suggesting that there were 2.7 million speakers, though with clarification as to why these figures required context.

1299:

He scorned modern literature, spoke broad Scots from the bench, and even in writing took no pains to avoid the Scotticisms which most of his colleagues were coming to regard as vulgar.

727:

at the other. Scots is sometimes regarded as a variety of English, though it has its own distinct dialects; other scholars treat Scots as a distinct Germanic language, in the way that

5657: 3913:

Whan he hed waukit frae his sleep, Joseph did as the angel hed bidden him, an tuik his trystit wife hame wi him. But he bedditna wi her or she buir a son; an he caa'd the bairn Jesus.

5789: 1133:, some 200,000 Scots-speaking Lowlanders settled as colonists in Ulster in Ireland. In the core areas of Scots settlement, Scots outnumbered English settlers by five or six to one. 1236:). However, with the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion. In his first speech to the 5524: 5383: 4247:

Whereas Modern Standard English is traced back to an East Midland dialect of Middle English, Modern Scots developed from a northern variety which goes back to Old Northumbrian

5712:(1996) Scots Language. A Report on the Scots Language Research carried out by the General Register Office for Scotland in 1996, Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland). 4126: 719:. Although a number of paradigms for distinguishing between languages and dialects exist, they often render contradictory results. Broad Scots is at one end of a bipolar 5465: 3538:

Through the twentieth century, with the decline of spoken Scots and knowledge of the literary tradition, phonetic (often humorous) representations became more common.

1523:('roofing language'), disputes often arise as to whether the varieties of Scots are dialects of Scottish English or constitute a separate language in their own right. 10682: 1280: 1626:

Serious use of the language for news, encyclopaedias, documentaries, etc., remains rare and usually reserved for niches where it is deemed acceptable, e.g. comedy,

10910: 9939: 3859:

Noo the nativitie o' Jesus Christ was this gate: whan his mither Mary was mairry't till Joseph, 'or they cam thegither, she was fund wi' bairn o' the Holie Spirit.

3443:

of England came to have an increasing influence on the spelling of Scots through the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England. After the

1159:

alongside results from Orkney and Shetland, as well as the whole of England. Murray and Ellis differed slightly on the border between English and Scots dialects.

1798:

study in 2010 found that 85% of around 1000 respondents (being a representative sample of Scotland's adult population) claim to speak Scots to varying degrees.

9837: 7054: 5316:"Second Report submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to article 25, paragraph 2 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities" 1531: 9895: 9622: 5541: 715:, scholars and other interested parties often disagree about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots, particularly its relationship to 5439: 5195: 5495: 988:, and the common use of Old English remained largely confined to this area until the thirteenth century. The succeeding variety of Northern Early 5862: 1459:, when Scotland and England joined to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, there is ample evidence that Scots was widely held to be an independent 11068: 10932: 9208: 5596: 4415: 10675: 10386: 9922: 6395: 5896: 3861:

Than her guidman, Joseph, bein an upricht man, and no desirin her name sud be i' the mooth o' the public, was ettlin to pit her awa' hidlins.

1551:. Because Scotland retained distinct political, legal, and religious systems after the Union, many Scots terms passed into Scottish English. 7429: 6507: 10967: 10339: 9635: 8870: 7227: 3874:"Tak tent! a maiden sal be wi' bairn, and sal bring forth a son; and they wull ca' his name Emmanuel," whilk is translatit, "God wi' us." 2186: 9822: 1543:

Evidence for its existence as a separate language lies in the extensive body of Scots literature, its independent – if somewhat fluid –

10222: 9498: 8961: 5517: 4282: 6422: 5391: 10249: 9775: 8464: 5294: 3311: 1001: 10940: 11063: 10668: 10585: 10082: 9346: 4935:

Ausgewählte Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in den Sprachen Europas: untersucht anhand der Datensammlungen des Atlas Linguarum Europae

587: 4972:"A Speach in Parliament. Anno 1603" in "The Workes of the Most High and Mightie Prince Iames, by the Grace of God" (1616), pg. 485 10426: 10421: 9902: 9780: 8841: 5344: 3529:

in the word for over 700 years, representing its omission with an apostrophe is of little value. The current spelling is usually

484:

The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland aged 3 and above who stated that they can speak Ulster Scots

1611: 11053: 10411: 10296: 9700: 8971: 8722: 5147: 1502:

framework, although today in Scotland most people's speech is somewhere on a continuum ranging from traditional broad Scots to

1156: 1118:. In fourteenth-century Scotland, the growth in prestige of Early Scots and the complementary decline of French made Scots the 1992:

popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular, often of unprecedented proportions.

10138: 9615: 8885: 8695: 8568: 5953: 5769: 5697: 5469: 5269: 5165: 4942: 4487: 4240: 4210: 10580: 10266: 10256: 10011: 9965: 9934: 9525: 9260: 8792: 7044: 2894: 1776: 6262: 6001: 472:

The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Scotland aged 3 and above who stated that they can speak Lowland Scots

10416: 10274: 9436: 9240: 9136: 8812: 8558: 6074:

Tulloch, Graham (1980) The Language of Walter Scott. A Study of his Scottish and Period Language, London: Deutsch. p. 249

4003: 2921: 2899: 7956: 10925: 10175: 9842: 9096: 5102:

Primary education: a report of the Advisory Council on Education in Scotland, Scottish Education Department 1946, p. 75

3451:

replaced Scots for most formal writing in Scotland. The eighteenth-century Scots revival saw the introduction of a new

1614:, a question on Scots language ability was featured In 2022 a question regarding the Scots language was also featured. 10379: 10059: 9483: 9218: 8955: 8880: 8797: 8603: 8523: 6344: 5121: 4994: 4917: 4838: 4717: 4593: 4585: 4177: 2012: 1786:

The GRO questions, as freely acknowledged by those who set them, were not as detailed and systematic as those of the

4326: 4283:"States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages" 1421:

study of "public attitudes towards the Scots language" found that 64% of respondents (around 1,000 individuals in a

10279: 10209: 10145: 9656: 9608: 8548: 8533: 8513: 6500: 6382: 6056:

Millar, Robert McColl (2005) Language, Nation and Power An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. pp. 90–91

4891: 4771: 3717:

in all persons and numbers except when a single personal pronoun is next to the verb. Certain verbs are often used

2827: 2751: 2004: 1191: 9473: 5315: 10691: 10133: 9542: 8900: 8690: 8573: 3988: 2992:

may be a glottal stop between vowels or word final. In Ulster dentalised pronunciations may also occur, also for

2791: 2253: 2056:

and poems in Scots. The book contains a five-page glossary of contemporary Scots words and their pronunciations.

5112:

Macafee, C. (2003). "Studying Scots Vocabulary". In Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (eds.).

1582:

The status of the language was raised in Scottish schools, with Scots being included in the new national school

11058: 10861: 10242: 10185: 10128: 9975: 9890: 9885: 9790: 9750: 9310: 8981: 8717: 8707: 5286: 2062:'s translations into Scots constitute the greater part of his work, and are the main basis for his reputation. 1861:(fifteenth century). From the fifteenth century, much literature based on the Royal Court in Edinburgh and the 1335:. Scots remained the vernacular of many rural communities and the growing number of urban working-class Scots. 704:. In a Scottish census from 2022, over 1.5 million people in Scotland reported being able to speak Scots. 479: 19:

This article is about the distinct West Germanic language. For the dialects of English spoken in Scotland, see

5632: 1965:" is in Scots, for example. Scott introduced vernacular dialogue to his novels. Other well-known authors like 458: 11048: 10918: 10889: 10431: 10155: 10032: 9552: 9056: 9006: 8928: 8543: 8457: 8323: 3993: 3469: 2832: 2756: 2207: 1744: 1377: 1254: 1164: 914: 501: 3503:

During the twentieth century, a number of proposals for spelling reform were presented. Commenting on this,

1594:

A course in Scots language and culture delivered through the medium of Standard English and produced by the

399: 10626: 10372: 10301: 10054: 9929: 9868: 9827: 9715: 9676: 9300: 9203: 9150: 9101: 9061: 8858: 8836: 8503: 8353: 7523: 7485: 7470: 4701: 4479:

Buchan Claik: The Saut and the Glaur O't: a Compendium of Words and Phrases from the North-east of Scotland

2815: 2796: 1488: 838: 580: 440: 6797: 5549: 4958: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3301: 3261: 3223: 3159: 3155: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3110: 3090: 3086: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3010: 2993: 2989: 2977: 2605: 2601: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2519: 2506: 2493: 2480: 2467: 2454: 2441: 2428: 2415: 2402: 2389: 2376: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2267: 10565: 10482: 10332: 10237: 10049: 10027: 9953: 9832: 9810: 9643: 9510: 9446: 9305: 9250: 8712: 8702: 8675: 8518: 8333: 8193: 7543: 7502: 7492: 6493: 5260:

Jane Stuart-Smith (2004). "Scottish English: phonology". In Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

4300: 3553: 3306: 2878: 2853: 2839: 1266: 881:, meaning "Irish", was used as a name for Gaelic. For example, towards the end of the fifteenth century, 6387: 5443: 10570: 10539: 10227: 9441: 9235: 8943: 8937: 8787: 8732: 8613: 6709: 6116:

Mackie, Albert D. (1952) "Fergusson's Language: Braid Scots Then and Now" in Smith, Sydney Goodsir ed.

5491: 5157: 2887: 2803: 2739: 2725: 2628: 2008: 1923: 1772: 1365: 5870: 847:. Before the end of the fifteenth century, English speech in Scotland was known as "English" (written 10867: 10534: 10348: 10044: 9917: 9912: 9760: 9705: 9671: 9661: 9520: 9515: 9197: 8865: 8680: 8050: 2846: 2820: 1883: 1831: 1583: 1559: 1288: 1247: 1243:"Hath not God first united these two Kingdomes both in Language, Religion, and similitude of maners?" 1102:

of Northern England and Scotland, are the suspected source of a small number of Scots words, such as

985: 674: 4735: 4097: 1126:

had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England.

1052:. Scots also includes loan words in the legal and administrative fields resulting from contact with 700:

by the Scottish government, a regional or minority language of Europe, and a vulnerable language by

10560: 10291: 9451: 9431: 9366: 9280: 9213: 9171: 9131: 9086: 8951: 8853: 8819: 8650: 8450: 8328: 8282: 8277: 8201: 7811: 7795: 7674: 7533: 7424: 7419: 6326: 6322: 6306: 4264: 3973: 3406: 2121: 2066: 1919: 1862: 1369: 1262: 965: 561: 452: 261: 5892: 4653: 4631: 1172:, which began in 1949 and began to publish results in the 1970s. Also beginning in the 1970s, the 11043: 10467: 10452: 10353: 10217: 9992: 9720: 9691: 9426: 9041: 8824: 8737: 8727: 8608: 8553: 8267: 8211: 8206: 8126: 7799: 7749: 7049: 6867: 6623: 6551: 6539: 5222: 2808: 2765: 2744: 2730: 2094: 2007:" (1926) did much to demonstrate the power of Scots as a modern idiom. Other contemporaries were 1631: 1312: 1174: 1169: 573: 220: 210: 200: 10744: 8389: 8109: 7507: 3878:

And leev'd in continence wi' her till she had brocht forth her firstborn son; and ca'd his name

3876:

Sae Joseph, comin oot o' his sleep, did as the Angel had bidden him, and took till him his wife.

10575: 10462: 10313: 9735: 9695: 9315: 9106: 8890: 8802: 8760: 8588: 8272: 7754: 7720: 7338: 7154: 7014: 6854: 6749: 3872:

Noo, a' this was dune, that it micht come to pass what was said by the Lord throwe the prophet,

3785: 3489: 2659: 1966: 1787: 1780: 1548: 1323:

at a time (about £200 in today's money), they were attended by over 300 men, and he was made a

1304: 1190:

of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England. When

611: 5785: 4829:

Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane, eds. (2003). "A Brief History of Scots".

10894: 10884: 10851: 10195: 9907: 9488: 9403: 9375: 9351: 9191: 9116: 9051: 8831: 8782: 8635: 8623: 8430: 8394: 7662: 7655: 7607: 7377: 7348: 7317: 7280: 7205: 6962: 6875: 6736: 6698: 5731: 4793: 3710: 3508: 3504: 3477: 3457: 3316: 2947: 2861: 2698: 2689: 2649: 2112:("Our Own Language") calls "General Scots". Like all cyberpunk work, it contains imaginative 2078: 2059: 1764: 1638: 1587: 1464: 1422: 1320: 1237: 795: 607: 9285: 7895: 6770: 6217: 5413: 5079: 4098:"Fact: Scotland's official languages are English, Scots, Gaelic & British Sign Language" 1586:. Previously in Scotland's schools there had been little education taking place through the 1186:

From the mid-sixteenth century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing

10988: 10948: 10794: 10766: 10477: 10180: 10037: 9997: 9710: 9686: 9532: 9478: 9465: 9066: 8910: 8905: 8769: 8751: 8563: 8508: 8399: 8379: 8348: 8221: 8081: 7827: 7645: 7237: 7064: 7026: 7021: 6895: 6842: 6600: 5010: 3726: 3314:

is also common, especially among older speakers in rural areas. The realisation as a trill

2770: 2539: 2087: 2076:

Scots is sometimes used in contemporary fiction, such as the Edinburgh dialect of Scots in

2024: 2016: 1996: 1704: 1655: 1456: 1402: 1152: 1130: 1021: 830: 690: 631: 556: 317: 266: 10749: 8055: 6233:

Rennie, S. (2001) "The Electronic Scottish National Dictionary (eSND): Work in Progress",

5466:"National Guidelines 5–14: ENGLISH LANGUAGE Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service" 1598:

in Scotland, the Open University's School of Languages and Applied Linguistics as well as

919: 8: 11011: 10943: 10856: 10503: 10395: 10190: 10074: 9847: 9681: 9575: 9547: 9270: 9265: 9245: 9163: 9111: 9076: 9029: 8875: 8807: 8777: 8665: 8645: 8598: 8538: 8528: 8495: 8485: 8338: 7574: 7528: 7462: 7215: 6862: 6775: 6573: 5575: 4008: 3512: 3473: 3436: 3194: 2785: 1942: 1935: 1837: 1795: 1716: 1418: 1347: 1115: 1099: 708: 372: 141: 95: 7885: 7730: 6977: 6461: 6314: 3435:

had become more or less standardised by the middle to late sixteenth century. After the

10899: 10601: 10513: 10092: 9880: 9795: 9765: 9725: 9493: 9356: 9223: 8996: 8991: 8933: 8846: 8670: 8593: 8578: 8384: 8308: 8236: 8226: 8181: 7943: 7870: 7767: 7612: 7587: 7582: 7475: 7303: 7188: 7009: 6787: 6782: 6761: 6722: 6526: 6516: 6378: 6103:

McClure, J. Derrick (1985) "The debate on Scots orthography" in Manfred Görlach (ed.),

5690:

Language and Dialect Contact in Ireland: The Phonological Origins of Mid-Ulster English

5387: 5199: 5027: 4555: 4409: 4225:"Good or Bad Scots?: Attitudes to Optional Lexical and Grammatical Usages in Edinburgh" 3983: 3754: 3734: 3586: 3571: 3444: 2709: 2654: 1728: 1599: 1386: 1292: 1258: 1250: 1213: 765: 754: 728: 658: 651: 215: 205: 152: 7538: 5348: 1910:

After the seventeenth century, anglicisation increased. At the time, many of the oral

1225:"For albeit sindrie hes written of it in English, quhilk is lykest to our language..." 432: 10621: 10606: 10508: 10232: 9584: 9537: 9332: 9295: 9290: 9275: 9255: 9081: 8986: 8976: 8685: 8660: 8655: 8358: 8157: 8073: 8066: 8021: 7965: 7725: 7715: 7698: 7693: 7597: 7359: 7159: 7120: 7100: 6938: 6830: 6812: 6664: 6065:

Wilson, James (1926) The Dialects of Central Scotland, Oxford University Press. p.194

5949: 5765: 5742: 5693: 5658:"Singer wins campaign to persuade Spotify to recognise Scots language for first time" 5614: 5322: 5265: 5161: 5117: 4990: 4938: 4913: 4834: 4763: 4589: 4483: 4236: 4206: 4173: 3718: 3452: 2910: 2867: 2676: 2666: 2226: 2203: 1814:) or in areas that had recruited large numbers of Scottish workers in the past (e.g. 1811: 1712: 1680: 1527: 1434: 1414: 1354: 1045: 791: 720: 635: 112: 6464:– The BBC Voices Project is a major, though informal, look at UK language and speech 5571: 1178:

studied the Scots language used at 15 sites in Scotland, each with its own dialect.

467: 10824: 10717: 10703: 10631: 10616: 10610: 10529: 9852: 9800: 9651: 9631: 9388: 9383: 9320: 9186: 9046: 8947: 8313: 8104: 8038: 7994: 7989: 7949: 7938: 7930: 7735: 7703: 7650: 7639: 7552: 7261: 7200: 6990: 6972: 6807: 6568: 6560: 6456: 6093:. Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association. p. xv. 3954: 3722: 3648: 3578: 3557: 3547: 3448: 3440: 3297: 2644: 2551:

Merges with vowels 15. and 8. in central dialects and vowel 2 in Northern dialects.

2230: 1970: 1954: 1950: 1503: 1390: 1332: 1187: 1119: 1017: 1005: 901:

as a name for the Lowland vernacular. The Gaelic of Scotland is now usually called

724: 716: 367: 225: 20: 10660: 8150: 5811: 5363: 4987:

A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century

4400:

Stuart-Smith, J. (2008). "Scottish English: Phonology". In Kortman; Upton (eds.).

2046:; and A. L. "Ross" Taylor, rector of Cumnock Academy – collaborated to write 1208:. As he found this hard to understand, they switched into her native French. King 10835: 10799: 10773: 10732: 10650: 10472: 10163: 10102: 10097: 9970: 9589: 9413: 9393: 9011: 8895: 8343: 8303: 8136: 8043: 8026: 8011: 8006: 7999: 7708: 7617: 7602: 7557: 7409: 7372: 7364: 7343: 7330: 7310: 7296: 7059: 7036: 6967: 6957: 6949: 6729: 5033: 4477: 4224: 4201: 4167: 4072: 4013: 3940: 2937: 2683: 2671: 2028: 2000: 1978: 1927: 1866: 1595: 1460: 1448: 1406: 1398: 1381: 1057: 1033: 902: 866: 732: 682: 654: 647: 604: 445: 192: 173: 24: 3733:

forms which are distinctive from Standard English. The regular past form of the

10962: 10778: 10722: 10457: 10168: 8424: 8318: 8298: 8250: 8142: 8016: 7686: 7453: 7392: 7171: 7128: 7085: 7002: 6997: 6886: 6836: 6687: 6593: 6586: 6266: 6005: 5038: 5034:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 4873: 4577: 3978: 3730: 3481: 3410: 2719: 2152: 2020: 1962: 1915: 1870: 1802: 1760: 1752: 1732: 1684: 1664: 1511: 1410: 1394: 1209: 1195: 1041: 989: 882: 686: 639: 551: 541: 376: 328: 307: 302: 156: 116: 91: 10285: 11037: 10830: 10817: 10727: 10544: 10064: 9770: 9755: 9745: 9417: 9181: 9121: 9090: 8966: 8374: 8216: 7972: 7923: 7740: 7679: 7592: 7497: 7435: 7382: 7266: 7193: 6440: 5746: 5440:"Scots – Teaching approaches – Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service" 3702: 3627:

into Modern Scots, but have become weak plurals in Standard Modern English –

2070: 2053: 1989: 1878: 1874: 1756: 1748: 1724: 1692: 1566: 1284: 1275: 1199: 1086: 1049: 1037: 1029: 892: 546: 536: 312: 297: 160: 148: 124: 9600: 6472: 6373: 10112: 9785: 9176: 9126: 9071: 8640: 8243: 7667: 7631: 7564: 7387: 7210: 7183: 7166: 7110: 7069: 6651: 6630: 4454: 4382: 3967: 3963: 3738: 3422: 3418: 2777: 2624: 2248: 2191: 2181: 2148: 2134: 2099: 2083: 1982: 1974: 1958: 1946: 1931: 1894: 1649: 1643: 1627: 1358: 1343: 1137: 1123: 1106:(derived from Cumbric) meaning "chimney". From the thirteenth century, the 1053: 981: 957: 933: 776: 678: 520: 515: 335: 276: 9339: 7890: 1805:

was the first to ask residents of Scotland about Scots. A campaign called

1630:, or representations of traditions and times gone by. However, since 2016 1324: 416: 10487: 9985: 9666: 8060: 8033: 7851: 7759: 7441: 7402: 6985: 6680: 6644: 6579: 6452: 4533: 3624: 3432: 3428: 3414: 2172: 2039: 1852: 1720: 1696: 1544: 1518: 1476: 1444: 1409:. By the end of the twentieth century, Scots was at an advanced stage of 1107: 997: 993: 977: 973: 969: 947: 937: 929: 826: 510: 459:(varieties: 52-ABA-aaa to -aav) 52-ABA-aa (varieties: 52-ABA-aaa to -aav) 271: 256: 144: 128: 7905: 2129:

and published in 2004. Alexander Hutchison has translated the poetry of

968:

had been established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the

10754: 8583: 7900: 7880: 7245: 6915: 6616: 6449: 6412: 4432: 3998: 3485: 2166: 2160: 2126: 1660: 1308: 1291:(1706–1782) in the eighteenth century while serving as a judge of the 1271: 1144: 769:, an English loan, occurs occasionally, especially in Ulster. The term 744: 10364: 6032:

Johnston, Paul (1997). "Regional Variation". In Jones, Charles (ed.).

5966: 4165: 3468:. This Written Scots drew not only on the vernacular, but also on the 2144: 1287:(1740–1795), described James's view of the use of Scots by his father 1219:

Some Reulis and Cautelis to Be Observit and Eschewit in Scottis Poesie

1062: 10738: 9730: 8920: 8086: 7834: 7480: 7397: 7178: 7133: 7105: 6931: 6485: 5153: 4205:, Languages of the World series, № 242 (Bow Historical Books, 2001), 3825: 3461: 2113: 2103: 1736: 1688: 1507: 1467: 1328: 1316: 1151:. Murray's results were given further publicity by being included in 805: 425: 409: 391: 120: 8442: 7910: 4609: 4166:

Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).

1574:

During the 2010s, increased interest was expressed in the language.

1338: 790:, is also used, though this is more often taken to mean the Lallans 9980: 9740: 9230: 9001: 8473: 7875: 7223: 6445: 6325:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

5384:"Knowledge of Language: Scots: Scots and Curriculum for Excellence" 5368: 4148: 4044: 3948: 2139: 2130: 2035: 1443:("Love God above all and thy neighbour as thyself"), an example of 1009: 932:

by the beginning of the 9th century in the northern portion of the

786: 697: 666: 662: 615: 352: 108: 80: 6467: 5937:

The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival

5597:"The National at the fore of dictionary updates of Scots language" 1353:

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the use of Scots as a

10811: 10805: 10107: 10087: 7916: 7512: 7414: 6417: 5721:

Steve Murdoch, Language Politics in Scotland (AUSLQ, 1995), p. 18

4582:

Language and Tradition in Ireland: Continuities and Displacements

4034: 3516: 3465: 3188: 3182: 3176: 1918:

and the North East were written down. Writers of the period were

1889: 1844: 1794:

found that 306 pupils spoke Scots as their main home language. A

1740: 1708: 1668: 1417:. Residual features of Scots are often regarded as slang. A 2010 1095: 1091: 1060:

loans are mainly for geographical and cultural features, such as

1013: 771: 753:(or "broad Scots" in English) or use a dialect name such as the " 712: 627: 623: 137: 11015: 6368: 5759: 4847: 1241: 1223: 1203: 1114:, which were proto-urban institutions first established by King 1056:, and reflected in early medieval legal documents. Contemporary 10995: 9327: 7219: 6358: 5223:"Nostra Vulgari Lingua: Scots as a European Language 1500–1700" 4123:"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148" 3821: 3758: 3656: 3590: 2591:

Vowels 8a and 10 are ultimately the same vowel in Modern Scots.

1911: 1903: 1898: 1700: 1074: 701: 619: 133: 1361:. Such writers established a new cross-dialect literary norm. 10447: 7137: 3472:, and was heavily influenced by the norms and conventions of 1815: 1602:

became available online for the first time in December 2019.

1111: 1025: 1016:. Later influences on the development of Scots came from the 923:

The growth and distribution of Scots in Scotland and Ulster:

875:

was increasingly used to refer to the Lowland vernacular and

6434: 6363: 3647:

of measure and quantity remain unchanged in the plural. The

1162:

Scots was studied alongside English and Scots Gaelic in the

10308: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5863:"How to fill in your questionnaire: Individual question 16" 5245:

Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800

3706: 3644: 3151: 1819: 1080: 1068: 6401: 4828: 4090: 3146:

but may occur in some words as a substitute for the older

1999:

in the use of Scots occurred, its most vocal figure being

1775:. The results from a 1996 trial before the Census, by the 689:, as the two diverged independently from the same source: 5837: 3866:"And she sall bring forth a son, and ye sal ca' his name 2043: 1234:

in English, which is the language most similar to ours...

996:. It began to further diverge from the Middle English of 6407: 6379:

a phonetic description of Scottish Language and Dialects

6251:. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press. p. 356. 6012: 1547:, and in its former use as the language of the original 891:

to refer to Gaelic and, in the early sixteenth century,

837:(modern English "Scottish"), which replaced the earlier 4623: 3721:

and verbs of motion may be dropped before an adverb or

1122:

of most of eastern Scotland. By the sixteenth century,

6247:

Beal, J. "Syntax and Morphology". In Jones, C. (ed.).

6084: 6082: 6080: 5869:. General Register Office for Scotland. Archived from 4736:"Scotslanguage.com - 550-1100 Anglo-Saxon (Pre-Scots)" 4393: 2542:

this vowel has generally merged with vowels 2, 4 or 8.

2031:. The revival extended to verse and other literature. 1048:

influences due to trade with and immigration from the

1000:

due to twelfth- and thirteenth-century immigration of

972:

by the seventh century, as the region was part of the

6036:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 510. 5116:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 51. 4910:

The Study of Dialect: An introduction to dialectology

4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 3753:, according to the preceding consonant or vowel. The 5678:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996; pp. xi–xii. 5442:. Ltscotland.org.uk. 3 November 2005. Archived from 4833:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 9. 4534:"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Lawland, adj" 3930: 3319:

is obsolete and only sporadically used for emphasis.

10690: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6077: 5542:"Planning the 2022 census | Scotland's Census" 5193: 5189: 5187: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 4610:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: DOST ::" 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4265:"Scots language policy: English version - gov.scot" 3577:may be used before both consonants and vowels. The 1711:, its area is usually defined through the works of 1532:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1393:. It has recently taken on the nature of wholesale 1315:, who in 1761 gave a series of lectures on English 1140:is used to describe the Scots language after 1700. 794:. Scots in Ireland is known in official circles as 6091:The Scottish National Dictionary (SND) (1929–1976) 5080:"Aw Ae Wey – Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" 4807: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4433:"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Scots, adj" 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4222: 4169:A Practical Introduction to the History of English 1357:was revived by several prominent Scotsmen such as 804:in revivalist Ulster-Scots) or "Ullans", a recent 6391:Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung 6309:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 5287:"The Scots Continuum and Descriptive Linguistics" 5259: 4980: 4978: 4794:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language – vocabulary" 4728: 4469: 4301:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger" 4259: 4257: 4255: 3659:. Modern Scots also has a third adjective/adverb 1202:and her councillors in 1560, they first used the 992:spoken in southeastern Scotland is also known as 696:Scots is recognised as an indigenous language of 11035: 6218:"Aw Ae Wey—Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" 6162: 5967:"Wir Ain Leed – An introduction to Modern Scots" 5764:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 263–264. 5353:, written in Scots and still part of British Law 5184: 5130: 4989:. Edinburgh: J. Donald Publishers. p. vii. 4427: 4425: 657:that was historically restricted to most of the 5987:Aitken A. J. "How to Pronounce Older Scots" in 5615:"Scotslanguage.com – Children's books in Scots" 5255: 5253: 5063:"The Dialect Dictionary: meeting in Bradford". 4746: 4576: 4344: 3824:usually take the same form as the verb root or 3525:. It is argued that, because there has been no 6263:"SND Introduction - Dialect Districts. p.xxxi" 6237:, 2001 16(2), Oxford University Press, pp. 159 5572:"The Scottish Parliament: – Languages – Scots" 4975: 4252: 3843: 2151:translated poetry and fiction from German and 1110:language spread further into Scotland via the 642:, and northern Ulster, it is sometimes called 10926: 10676: 10380: 9630: 9616: 8458: 6501: 6477: 5732:"The Scots Language in education in Scotland" 5196:"Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language" 4786: 4761: 4475: 4455:"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Doric" 4422: 2038:men – Sandy MacMillan, an English teacher at 1440:Lufe God abufe al and yi nychtbour as yi self 1240:in March 1603, King James VI and I declared, 707:Given that there are no universally accepted 581: 5278: 5250: 5020: 4399: 4387:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 3870:; for he sal save his folk frae their sins." 3570:) vs. "Give it to me" may be preferred. The 3492:among others, is well described in the 1921 3345:, do not merge. Northern dialects also have 3304:is most commonly realised as an approximant 3251: 3085:. In Mid Northern varieties an intervocalic 2052:("Child Songs"), a collection of children's 1985:also wrote in Scots or used it in dialogue. 1516: 1495: 1489: 1482: 1474: 1261:led to Scotland joining England to form the 1149:Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland 6249:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language 6034:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language 5633:"Book List: Scots books for 9–14 year olds" 5345:"Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560" 5149:The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language 5058: 5056: 4507:. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. p. 244. 4038: 3857: 3835: 3829: 3828:, especially after verbs. Examples include 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3561: 3530: 3520: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3275: 3269: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3169: 3163: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3020: 3014: 2107: 2047: 2042:; Thomas Limond, noted town chamberlain of 1941:In the eighteenth century, writers such as 1438: 1246:. Following James VI's move to London, the 1143:A seminal study of Scots was undertaken by 896: 886: 876: 870: 860: 854: 848: 842: 820: 799: 780: 758: 748: 67: 61: 55: 48: 10933: 10919: 10683: 10669: 10387: 10373: 9623: 9609: 8465: 8451: 6508: 6494: 6188:Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921). 6187: 6089:Grant, William; Murison, David D. (eds.). 5964: 5893:"Scotland's Census 2011: Standard Outputs" 4688:Companion to the Oxford English Dictionary 4673:The Stewart Kingdom of Scotland, 1371–1603 4517: 4414:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4404:. Mouton de Gruyter, New York. p. 47. 4067: 4065: 3903: 1674: 1554: 588: 574: 478: 466: 6345:Learn how and when to remove this message 6204:Doric: The Dialect of North–East Scotland 6146:, "Underwoods", London: Heinemann, p. 152 6133:, Aberdeen University Press, 1985 p. xiii 5760:T.G.K. Bryce and Walter M. Humes (2003). 5692:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 4. 5364:"Scots language being revived in schools" 5295:Association for Scottish Literary Studies 5030:inflation figures are based on data from 4768:A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue 4172:. : Universitat de València. p. 21. 3681:) indicating something at some distance. 1539:indication of poor competence in English. 1526:The UK government now accepts Scots as a 1303:However, others did scorn Scots, such as 743:Native speakers sometimes refer to their 6192:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6088: 6031: 5812:"Scottish Census Day 2011 survey begins" 5053: 4762:Macafee, Caroline; Aitken, A.J. (2002). 4685: 3655:for all persons and numbers, but may be 3456:introduced what came to be known as the 2211: 2187:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 2178:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stane 1887:was an early printed work in Scots. The 1558: 1530:and has recognised it as such under the 1433: 1337: 918: 10394: 6428: 6402:Dictionaries and linguistic information 5838:"Scots language – Scottish Census 2011" 5687: 5111: 4962:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 322 no. 662 4670: 4502: 4402:Varieties of English: The British Isles 4389:. Oxford University Press. p. 894. 4062: 3250:("dreary"), etc. Similar to the German 2073:from the original Greek was published. 1836:Among the earliest Scots literature is 1667:. In 2021, the music streaming service 731:is closely linked to but distinct from 11036: 6515: 5492:"OLCreate: Scots language and culture" 4871: 4476:Buchan, Peter; Toulmin, David (1998). 4381: 4043: 3899:(William Laughton Lorimer, 1885–1967) 3296:and pronounced in all positions, i.e. 3206: 3204: 1907:, completed by Gavin Douglas in 1513. 1283:, the twentieth-century biographer of 1157:On Early English Pronunciation, Part V 785: 79: 10914: 10664: 10368: 9604: 8472: 8446: 8179: 7793: 6537: 6489: 6476: 6446:Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech 6215: 5284: 5264:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 48–49. 5220: 5145: 5077: 5031: 4984: 4907: 4872:Murray, James Augustus Henry (1873). 4634:from the original on 26 December 2019 4520:Plural Identities—singular Narratives 4327:"Endangered languages: the full list" 4324: 4125:. Conventions.coe.int. Archived from 3288: 3286: 2587: 2585: 2559: 2557: 8793:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland 6408:The Dictionary of the Scots Language 6289: 6120:, Edinburgh: Nelson, p. 123–124, 129 5706: 5564: 4932: 1777:General Register Office for Scotland 1679:In Scotland, Scots is spoken in the 1429: 950:by the beginning of the 15th century 9823:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty 7070:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 6413:Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. 6144:The Works of R. L. Stevenson Vol. 8 6004:. 22 September 2012. Archived from 5899:from the original on 5 October 2016 5792:from the original on 26 August 2020 5498:from the original on 26 August 2020 5468:. Ltscotland.org.uk. Archived from 4897:. Trübner & Co. pp. 20–21. 4004:Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech 3264:word initially or where it follows 3201: 3034:In Northern dialects, the clusters 2180:, a Scots translation of the first 1230:For though several have written of 13: 8429:Languages between parentheses are 7794: 6129:Mairi Robinson (editor-in-chief), 5923:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk 5262:A Handbook of Varieties of English 3623:("shoe/shoes") that survived from 3283: 2582: 2554: 2242:The vowel system of Modern Scots: 1995:In the early twentieth century, a 1961:continued to use Scots – Burns's " 1671:created a Scots language listing. 1129:From 1610 to the 1690s during the 859:at the time), whereas "Scottish" ( 14: 11080: 10060:Ulster Folk and Transport Museums 9219:Scottish Qualifications Authority 8956:Office of the Accountant of Court 8881:Member of the Scottish Parliament 6437:– books, poems and texts in Scots 6285: 6235:Literary and Linguistic Computing 5939:, Aberdeen University Press 1989. 5788:. Scotland.gov.uk. 1 April 2009. 5530:from the original on 7 July 2023. 4912:. Andre Deutsch. pp. 94–98. 4889: 4586:University of Massachusetts Press 3834:("Having a really good day") and 3449:Scottish form of Standard English 3315: 3310: 3305: 2946: 2920: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2729: 2724: 2708: 2697: 2688: 1487:('half language') in terms of an 1397:, sometimes also termed language 1364:Scots terms were included in the 1181: 1004:Middle English–speakers from the 10942: 10644: 6383:Dictionary of the Scots Language 6294: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6227: 6209: 6196: 6157:The Language of Irish Literature 6149: 6136: 6123: 6110: 6097: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6040: 5895:. National Records of Scotland. 5114:The Edinburgh Companion to Scots 4853:Montgomery & Gregg 1997: 572 4831:The Edinburgh Companion to Scots 4772:Dictionary of the Scots Language 4235:. Ubsaliensis S. Academiae: 13. 3947: 3933: 3768:but may still be differentiated 3322: 2137:produced a Scots translation of 2005:A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle 1865:was produced by writers such as 1735:(especially in East Donegal and 1257:of the Bible; subsequently, the 669:after the sixteenth century; or 11064:Languages of the United Kingdom 10692:Languages of the United Kingdom 5994: 5991:. Glasgow University Press 1977 5981: 5958: 5942: 5929: 5911: 5885: 5855: 5830: 5804: 5778: 5753: 5724: 5715: 5681: 5668: 5650: 5625: 5607: 5589: 5534: 5510: 5484: 5458: 5432: 5406: 5376: 5356: 5336: 5308: 5285:Scott, Maggie (November 2007). 5237: 5214: 5105: 5096: 5071: 5003: 4966: 4951: 4926: 4901: 4883: 4865: 4856: 4710: 4694: 4679: 4664: 4646: 4616: 4602: 4570: 4548: 4526: 4511: 4496: 4447: 4318: 4293: 4275: 3989:Languages of the United Kingdom 3850:The Four Gospels in Braid Scots 3464:exists in the Standard English 3116: 3075: 3028: 2999: 2983: 2966: 2611: 2594: 2545: 2532: 2106:novel written entirely in what 2088:motion picture of the same name 787:[ˈlo̜ːlən(d)z,ˈlɑːlənz] 738: 634:). Most commonly spoken in the 23:. For the Celtic language, see 10186:Northern Ireland Sign Language 9891:Parliament of Northern Ireland 9886:Government of Ireland Act 1920 8433:of the language on their left. 6107:, Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 204 5247:, Düsseldorf: Bagel. pp.70, 79 4960:Calendar State Papers Scotland 4522:. Berghahn Books. p. 107. 4505:The English dialect of Donegal 4229:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 4216: 4193: 4159: 4141: 4115: 4027: 3460:, generally occurring where a 3400: 2627:is usually conditioned by the 2133:into Scots, and in the 1980s, 1818:or the former mining areas of 1792:Pupils in Scotland Census 2008 1: 11069:Subject–verb–object languages 11054:Languages of Northern Ireland 10711:Recognised regional languages 10083:Association football (soccer) 8324:Germanic substrate hypothesis 8180: 6206:. Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 79 5518:"Scottish government website" 4908:Petyt, Keith Malcolm (1980). 4325:Evans, Lisa (15 April 2011). 4055: 3994:Phonological history of Scots 3589:. Scots includes some strong 2634: 2208:Phonological history of Scots 2204:Modern Scots § Phonology 2125:was translated into Scots by 1825: 1745:Linguistic Survey of Scotland 1605: 1378:Scottish Education Department 1307:intellectuals David Hume and 1255:Authorized King James Version 1165:Linguistic Survey of Scotland 915:History of the Scots language 829:and northern version of late 612:West Germanic language family 9940:Parliamentary constituencies 8569:Colonisation of the Americas 8354:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 7045:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 6418:Scottish words – illustrated 6202:McClure, J. Derrick (2002). 6131:The Concise Scots Dictionary 5741:. Mercator-Education. 2002. 4764:"A History of Scots to 1700" 2197: 1747:. Dialects of Scots include 1577: 811: 808:merging Ulster and Lallans. 7: 10483:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance 8334:High German consonant shift 6265:. Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from 6159:, London: Macmillan, p. 134 5965:Andy Eagle (26 July 2005). 5919:"UK Government Web Archive" 5676:A Concise Ulster Dictionary 5674:Caroline I. Macafee (ed.), 4937:. Peter Lang. p. 301. 4722:The Online Scots Dictionary 4703:The British Isles about 802 4223:Sandred, Karl Inge (1983). 3970:of Scottish/British descent 3926: 3844:Sample text of Modern Scots 3725:of motion. Many verbs have 3309:, although an alveolar tap 1267:Parliament of Great Britain 1040:. Additionally, there were 709:criteria for distinguishing 10: 11085: 9908:Good Friday Agreement 1998 9241:Inventions and discoveries 8944:Supreme Courts of Scotland 6872:Westlauwers–Terschellings 6525:According to contemporary 6364:The Scots Language Society 6118:Robert Fergusson 1750–1774 5786:"Pupils in Scotland, 2008" 5158:Edinburgh University Press 4690:. Oxford University Press. 4675:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4671:Bingham, Caroline (1974). 4654:"A Brief History of Scots" 3897:The New Testament in Scots 3858: 3560:. However, the word order 3545: 3541: 3404: 3369:in Northern dialects e.g. 2629:Scottish vowel length rule 2617:Some mergers with vowel 5. 2201: 2108: 1924:Robert Sempill the younger 1829: 1481:considered Modern Scots a 1366:English Dialect Dictionary 1293:Supreme Courts of Scotland 912: 908: 18: 11004: 10976: 10955: 10877: 10844: 10787: 10710: 10698: 10640: 10594: 10553: 10522: 10496: 10440: 10404: 10326: 10265: 10208: 10154: 10121: 10073: 10023: 10019: 10010: 9961: 9952: 9918:Northern Ireland Assembly 9913:Northern Ireland Act 1998 9876: 9867: 9838:National Trust properties 9818: 9809: 9642: 9569: 9516:Scottish Episcopal Church 9464: 9412: 9374: 9365: 9198:Curriculum for Excellence 9162: 9158: 9149: 9037: 9028: 8919: 8768: 8759: 8750: 8631: 8622: 8494: 8481: 8416: 8367: 8291: 8260: 8192: 8188: 8175: 8124: 8097: 8051:Southern Schleswig Danish 7982: 7863: 7819: 7810: 7806: 7789: 7630: 7573: 7461: 7452: 7357: 7329: 7288: 7279: 7254: 7236: 7147: 7119: 7093: 7084: 7035: 6948: 6923: 6914: 6853: 6748: 6697: 6672: 6663: 6559: 6550: 6546: 6533: 6523: 6483: 6478:Links to related articles 6462:BBC Voices, Scots section 6423:Scots Language Recordings 5194:The Scottish Government. 4503:Traynor, Michael (1953). 3904: 3840:("She's awfully tired"). 3552:Modern Scots follows the 3174:(a beggar) and the names 2936: 2860: 2784: 2718: 2682: 2641: 2237: 2176:use some Scots. In 2018, 1977:and other members of the 1884:The Complaynt of Scotland 1832:Scots-language literature 1504:Scottish Standard English 1475: 1333:Scottish Standard English 725:Scottish Standard English 675:Scottish Standard English 477: 465: 451: 439: 423: 407: 389: 384: 358: 348:Official language in 346: 341: 325: 291: 249: 189: 179: 169: 101: 87: 75: 46: 39: 34: 8952:High Court of Justiciary 8329:West Germanic gemination 8283:Ancient Belgian language 8278:Germanic parent language 8222:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 7344:Austrian Standard German 6538: 6142:Stevenson, R.L. (1905). 5739:Regional Dossiers Series 5688:Maguire, Warren (2020). 4580:; Ireland, C.A. (2003). 4020: 3974:Doric dialect (Scotland) 3556:sentence structure like 3407:Northumbrian Old English 2122:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 2067:William Laughton Lorimer 1863:University of St Andrews 1621: 1545:orthographic conventions 1274:, defined themselves as 1263:Kingdom of Great Britain 984:was the language of the 980:. By the tenth century, 966:Northumbrian Old English 262:Northumbrian Old English 10586:Science fiction writers 10453:Renaissance in Scotland 10218:Christianity in Ireland 9993:Invest Northern Ireland 9526:Free Church of Scotland 8813:International relations 5146:Jones, Charles (1997). 5032:Clark, Gregory (2017). 4985:Jones, Charles (1995). 4890:Ellis, Alexander John. 4518:Nic Craith, M. (2002). 4039: 3836: 3830: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784:in Northern Scots. The 3776:in Southern Scots, and 3689: 3683: 3677: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3562: 3531: 3521: 3474:Augustan English poetry 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3276: 3270: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3170: 3164: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3021: 3015: 2540:North Northern dialects 2048: 1773:2001 UK National Census 1675:Geographic distribution 1555:Language revitalisation 1439: 1242: 1224: 1216:, observed in his work 1204: 1175:Atlas Linguarum Europae 1170:University of Edinburgh 1002:Scandinavian-influenced 960:by the mid-20th century 897: 887: 877: 871: 861: 855: 849: 843: 834: 821: 800: 781: 759: 749: 673:to distinguish it from 646:to distinguish it from 379:; also as Ulster Scots) 68: 62: 56: 49: 10314:Coat of arms of Ulster 9107:Royal Bank of Scotland 8803:Great Seal of Scotland 8390:Preterite-present verb 8273:Proto-Germanic grammar 8227:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 7339:German Standard German 7015:East Frisian Low Saxon 6190:Manual of Modern Scots 5225:. www.scots-online.org 4686:McArthur, Tom (1994). 3924: 3893: 3713:whereby verbs end in - 3494:Manual of Modern Scots 3252: 3226:in Northern dialects. 2600:Monophthongisation to 2538:With the exception of 2234: 2069:'s translation of the 2003:whose benchmark poem " 1967:Robert Louis Stevenson 1843:(fourteenth century), 1788:University of Aberdeen 1781:University of Aberdeen 1739:). More recently, the 1571: 1549:Parliament of Scotland 1541: 1517: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1452: 1350: 1305:Scottish Enlightenment 1301: 962: 940:, now part of Scotland 16:West Germanic language 11059:Languages of Scotland 10257:Northern Irish people 10250:Immigrant communities 10196:British Sign Language 10181:Ulster Scots language 9833:Geography and climate 9404:British Sign Language 8871:Members of Parliament 8798:Deputy First Minister 8636:Anglo-Scottish border 8604:Industrial Revolution 8395:Grammatischer Wechsel 7378:Namibian Black German 7349:Swiss Standard German 7318:Early New High German 6876:Mainland West Frisian 6737:Harlingerland Frisian 6389:Words Without Borders 6369:Scots Language Centre 6155:Todd, Loreto (1989). 6008:on 22 September 2012. 5619:www.scotslanguage.com 5414:"Exposed to ridicule" 5243:Kloss, Heinz, ²1968, 4933:Eder, Birgit (2004). 4740:www.scotslanguage.com 3901: 3854: 3852:(William Wye Smith): 3831:Haein a real guid day 3711:Northern subject rule 3509:apologetic apostrophe 3458:apologetic apostrophe 3447:in 1707 the emerging 3405:Further information: 3232:("fjord" or "lake"), 2579:depending on dialect. 2224: 2202:Further information: 1969:, William Alexander, 1562: 1536: 1437: 1423:representative sample 1341: 1297: 1212:, who in 1603 became 922: 763:". The old-fashioned 185:1,508,540 (2022) 11049:Languages of Ireland 10949:Languages of Ireland 10478:Scottish Renaissance 9687:Plantation of Ulster 9347:World Heritage Sites 8544:Wars of Independence 8400:Indo-European ablaut 8380:Germanic strong verb 8349:Germanic spirant law 7486:Southeast Limburgish 6982:Gelders-Overijssels 6611:Irish Middle English 6601:Early Modern English 6429:Collections of texts 6315:improve this article 6216:Eagle, Andy (2014). 5078:Eagle, Andy (2006). 4556:"Ethnologue – Scots" 3794:, sometimes spelled 3548:Modern Scots grammar 3009:is usually realised 2025:Edith Anne Robertson 2017:Sydney Goodsir Smith 1656:Diary of a Wimpy Kid 1612:2011 Scottish census 1596:Open University (OU) 1563:William Wye Smith's 1506:. Many speakers are 1457:Treaty of Union 1707 1153:Alexander John Ellis 1131:Plantation of Ulster 819:is a contraction of 721:linguistic continuum 691:Early Middle English 267:Early Middle English 11012:Irish Sign Language 10878:Languages by region 10651:Scotland portal 10581:Short story writers 10397:Scottish literature 10191:Irish Sign Language 9761:War of Independence 9736:Second Great Famine 9682:Flight of the Earls 9137:International trade 8691:Mountains and hills 8599:Highland Clearances 8574:Glorious Revolution 8539:Davidian Revolution 8486:Outline of Scotland 8368:Synchronic features 8339:Germanic a-mutation 8292:Diachronic features 7642:in the broad sense 7575:East Central German 7529:Lorraine Franconian 7503:Transylvanian Saxon 7463:West Central German 7238:East Low Franconian 7148:West Low Franconian 6327:footnote references 5935:William Donaldson, 5637:Scottish Book Trust 5576:Scottish Parliament 5372:. 13 February 2015. 5221:Horsbroch, Dauvit. 4706:(Map). 1:7 500 000. 4077:Scottish Government 4009:Scottish literature 3837:She's awfu fauchelt 3693:are the plurals of 3554:subject–verb–object 3437:Union of the Crowns 3220:⟨cht⟩ 3142:is seldom used for 3042:may be realised as 3007:⟨nch⟩ 2190:, was published by 2158:The strip cartoons 2086:(later made into a 1936:Lady Grizel Baillie 1796:Scottish Government 1510:and may be able to 1419:Scottish Government 1348:Canberra, Australia 1100:Brittonic languages 775:, a variant of the 373:Republic of Ireland 360:Recognised minority 96:Republic of Ireland 10977:Minority languages 10956:Official languages 10602:British literature 9903:Secretary of State 9766:Anglo-Irish Treaty 9716:First Great Famine 9701:Settlement of 1652 9677:Tyrone's Rebellion 9494:Church of Scotland 9286:Royal National Mòd 9224:Education Scotland 8997:Scots property law 8992:College of Justice 8901:Secretary of State 8723:Biosphere reserves 8594:Lowland Clearances 8579:1707 Acts of Union 8385:Germanic weak verb 8194:Language subgroups 7544:Pennsylvania Dutch 7493:Moselle Franconian 7471:Central Franconian 7304:Middle High German 7055:Central Pomeranian 7010:Northern Low Saxon 6723:Wangerooge Frisian 6517:Germanic languages 6468:Scots Syntax Atlas 6269:on 21 January 2012 6105:Focus on: Scotland 6002:"SND INTRODUCTION" 5969:. Scots-online.org 5762:Scottish Education 5446:on 30 October 2004 5394:on 14 October 2016 5388:Education Scotland 5351:on 26 August 2020. 5028:Retail Price Index 3755:present participle 3701:respectively. The 3643:being exceptions. 3611:("horse/horses"), 3587:possessive pronoun 3572:indefinite article 3355:⟨wr⟩ 3336:⟨wh⟩ 3258:⟨ch⟩ 3216:⟨gh⟩ 3212:⟨ch⟩ 3136:⟨se⟩ 3095:⟨th⟩ 3083:⟨th⟩ 3040:⟨gn⟩ 3036:⟨kn⟩ 2974:⟨ng⟩ 2235: 1639:children's fiction 1600:Education Scotland 1572: 1453: 1387:language attrition 1351: 1265:, having a single 1259:Acts of Union 1707 1251:Church of Scotland 1238:English Parliament 1214:James I of England 963: 711:a language from a 659:Scottish Highlands 216:North Sea Germanic 11031: 11030: 11025: 11024: 10908: 10907: 10699:Official language 10658: 10657: 10622:Opera in Scotland 10607:Celtic literature 10362: 10361: 10322: 10321: 10233:Church of Ireland 10204: 10203: 10139:Same-sex marriage 10006: 10005: 9948: 9947: 9881:Act of Union 1800 9863: 9862: 9776:Northern Campaign 9598: 9597: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9553:Ethnic minorities 9511:Roman Catholicism 9460: 9459: 9145: 9144: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9007:Prison population 8987:Sheriff principal 8982:Solicitor General 8977:Procurator fiscal 8886:Political parties 8746: 8745: 8524:Early Middle Ages 8440: 8439: 8425:extinct languages 8412: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8359:Great Vowel Shift 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8120: 8119: 7966:Greenlandic Norse 7785: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7716:Southern Bavarian 7699:Northern Bavarian 7675:Highest Alemannic 7626: 7625: 7360:standard variants 7275: 7274: 7121:Standard variants 7080: 7079: 6939:Middle Low German 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6710:Saterland Frisian 6374:Scots at Omniglot 6355: 6354: 6347: 5954:978-0-907526-11-7 5867:Scotland's Census 5771:978-0-7486-1625-1 5699:978-1-4744-5290-8 5552:on 26 August 2020 5546:Scotland's Census 5472:on 6 October 2008 5420:. 7 February 2004 5323:Council of Europe 5271:978-3-11-017532-5 5167:978-0-7486-0754-9 5067:. 7 October 1895. 5065:Bradford Observer 4944:978-3-631-52873-0 4879:. Asher & Co. 4489:978-0-903065-94-8 4482:. Gordon Wright. 4242:978-91-554-1442-9 4211:978-3-89586-513-8 4199:Alexander Bergs, 4149:"Gaelic Language" 3786:negative particle 3617:("cow/cows") and 3605:("calf/calves"), 3453:literary language 3329:⟨w⟩ 3294:⟨r⟩ 3266:⟨r⟩ 3148:⟨ȝ⟩ 3140:⟨z⟩ 3132:⟨s⟩ 2962: 2961: 2913: 2870: 2604:may occur before 2528: 2527: 2258:Common spellings 2227:Christine De Luca 2222: 2095:But'n'Ben A-Go-Go 1713:Robert John Gregg 1681:Scottish Lowlands 1659:, and several by 1528:regional language 1430:Decline in status 1355:literary language 1289:Alexander Boswell 1253:adopted the 1611 1205:"Scottyshe toung" 1147:and published as 1046:Middle Low German 1018:Romance languages 636:Scottish Lowlands 626:(where the local 598: 597: 489: 488: 370:(as Ulster Scots) 113:Scottish Lowlands 11076: 10947: 10946: 10935: 10928: 10921: 10912: 10911: 10890:Northern Ireland 10685: 10678: 10671: 10662: 10661: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10632:Welsh literature 10617:Irish literature 10595:Related articles 10398: 10389: 10382: 10375: 10366: 10365: 10342: 10335: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10016: 9959: 9958: 9935:Local government 9874: 9873: 9853:Mourne Mountains 9848:Giant's Causeway 9816: 9815: 9801:History of Derry 9751:Home Rule crisis 9652:Annals of Ulster 9632:Northern Ireland 9625: 9618: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9578: 9499:General Assembly 9389:Scottish English 9384:Highland English 9372: 9371: 9261:Oldest buildings 9160: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9102:Renewable energy 9047:Bank of Scotland 9035: 9034: 8948:Court of Session 8929:Advocate General 8859:Military history 8837:Local government 8766: 8765: 8757: 8756: 8629: 8628: 8549:Late Middle Ages 8534:High Middle Ages 8467: 8460: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8217:Elbe (Irminonic) 8190: 8189: 8177: 8176: 8105:Mainland Gutnish 7995:Swedish dialects 7957:Middle Icelandic 7931:Middle Norwegian 7820:Historical forms 7817: 7816: 7808: 7807: 7791: 7790: 7750:South Franconian 7736:Hutterite German 7704:Central Bavarian 7524:Rhine Franconian 7459: 7458: 7289:Historical forms 7286: 7285: 7201:Surinamese Dutch 7094:Historical forms 7091: 7090: 6924:Historical forms 6921: 6920: 6673:Historical forms 6670: 6669: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6547: 6535: 6534: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6487: 6486: 6474: 6473: 6457:Scottish English 6396:Scots in Schools 6350: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6330: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6213: 6207: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6075: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6029: 6010: 6009: 5998: 5992: 5989:Bards and Makars 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5962: 5956: 5946: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5603:. 22 March 2019. 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5548:. Archived from 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5390:. Archived from 5380: 5374: 5373: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5347:. Archived from 5342:See for example 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5257: 5248: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5198:. Archived from 5191: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5143: 5128: 5127: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4982: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4826: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4770:. Vol. 12. 4759: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4624:"Scots, a. (n.)" 4620: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4379: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4261: 4250: 4249: 4220: 4214: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4069: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4031: 3966:of the Canadian 3957: 3955:Languages portal 3952: 3951: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3922: 3891: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3869: 3839: 3833: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764:are now usually 3723:adverbial phrase 3692: 3686: 3680: 3649:relative pronoun 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3579:definite article 3565: 3558:Standard English 3534: 3524: 3515:spelt the Scots 3470:King James Bible 3441:Standard English 3394: 3393:("worked"), etc. 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357:may be realised 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3199: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3089:may be realised 3088: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2950: 2924: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2881: 2866: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2733: 2728: 2712: 2701: 2692: 2639: 2638: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2521: 2508: 2495: 2482: 2469: 2456: 2443: 2430: 2417: 2404: 2391: 2378: 2365: 2352: 2339: 2326: 2313: 2300: 2287: 2274: 2269: 2245: 2244: 2231:Shetland dialect 2223: 2111: 2110: 2051: 1971:George MacDonald 1955:Robert Fergusson 1522: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1473:German linguist 1442: 1415:Lowland Scotland 1391:Second World War 1281:Frederick Pottle 1276:Northern British 1245: 1227: 1207: 1188:Standard English 1120:prestige dialect 955: 945: 927: 900: 890: 880: 874: 864: 858: 852: 846: 824: 803: 789: 784: 762: 752: 622:in the north of 608:language variety 590: 583: 576: 491: 490: 482: 470: 461: 435: 419: 412: 403: 402: 394: 368:Northern Ireland 362:language in 331: 195: 83: 71: 65: 59: 52: 32: 31: 21:Scottish English 11084: 11083: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11073: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11000: 10972: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10909: 10904: 10873: 10840: 10800:Beurla Reagaird 10788:Other languages 10783: 10774:Scottish Gaelic 10706: 10694: 10689: 10659: 10654: 10645: 10643: 10636: 10590: 10549: 10540:Scottish Gaelic 10518: 10492: 10473:Kailyard school 10436: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10363: 10358: 10345: 10338: 10331: 10318: 10261: 10243:Presbyterianism 10200: 10164:Hiberno-English 10150: 10117: 10103:Gaelic handball 10098:Gaelic football 10069: 10002: 9971:Bank of Ireland 9944: 9859: 9805: 9781:Border Campaign 9696:Confederate War 9657:Norman invasion 9638: 9629: 9599: 9594: 9581: 9574: 9557: 9456: 9408: 9394:Scottish Gaelic 9361: 9266:Performing arts 9141: 9016: 9012:Police Scotland 8915: 8896:Scotland Office 8742: 8703:Protected areas 8618: 8490: 8477: 8471: 8441: 8436: 8404: 8363: 8344:Germanic umlaut 8309:Holtzmann's law 8287: 8256: 8184: 8163: 8116: 8093: 8027:South Jutlandic 8012:Danish dialects 7978: 7859: 7802: 7773: 7755:East Franconian 7709:Viennese German 7622: 7603:Silesian German 7569: 7558:Central Hessian 7448: 7373:Namibian German 7362: 7353: 7331:Standard German 7325: 7311:New High German 7297:Old High German 7271: 7250: 7232: 7143: 7115: 7076: 7060:East Pomeranian 7050:Brandenburgisch 7037:East Low German 7031: 6958:Dutch Low Saxon 6950:West Low German 6944: 6902: 6868:Schiermonnikoog 6849: 6744: 6730:Wursten Frisian 6693: 6659: 6542: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6479: 6431: 6404: 6351: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6312: 6303:This section's 6299: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6201: 6197: 6186: 6163: 6154: 6150: 6141: 6137: 6128: 6124: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6098: 6087: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6030: 6013: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5947: 5943: 5934: 5930: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5873:on 1 March 2011 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5818:. 26 March 2011 5810: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5758: 5754: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5664:. 4 March 2021. 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5258: 5251: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5202:on 1 April 2017 5192: 5185: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5160:. p. 518. 5144: 5131: 5124: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5011:"Scuilwab, p.3" 5009: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4906: 4902: 4888: 4884: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4827: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4774:. p. xxxvi 4760: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4684: 4680: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588:. p. 159. 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4380: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4263: 4262: 4253: 4243: 4221: 4217: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4164: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4045:[skɔts] 4032: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014:Scots Knowledge 3953: 3946: 3941:Scotland portal 3939: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3921:Matthew 1:18–21 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3892: 3890:Matthew 1:18–21 3889: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3846: 3709:adheres to the 3550: 3544: 3490:William Laidlaw 3425: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3354: 3335: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3293: 3291: 3284: 3280:("march"), etc. 3265: 3257: 3256:. The spelling 3219: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3202: 3162:. For example: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3117: 3094: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072:("knoll"), etc. 3039: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2661: 2637: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2270: 2240: 2212: 2210: 2200: 2034:In 1955, three 2029:Robert McLellan 2001:Hugh MacDiarmid 1979:Kailyard school 1928:Francis Sempill 1897:translation of 1867:Robert Henryson 1834: 1828: 1715:to include the 1703:, the northern 1677: 1641:series such as 1624: 1608: 1580: 1557: 1461:sister language 1449:John Knox House 1432: 1382:language policy 1327:of the City of 1313:Thomas Sheridan 1184: 1098:, the medieval 1058:Scottish Gaelic 1034:Parisian French 961: 953: 951: 943: 941: 925: 917: 911: 903:Scottish Gaelic 814: 741: 683:sister language 655:Celtic language 648:Scottish Gaelic 594: 485: 473: 457: 431: 415: 408: 398: 397: 390: 380: 371: 363: 361: 349: 342:Official status 332: 327: 287: 252: 245: 196: 193:Language family 191: 182: 181:Native speakers 165: 81:[skɔts] 66: 60: 54: 41: 28: 25:Scottish Gaelic 17: 12: 11: 5: 11082: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11044:Scots language 11029: 11028: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11008: 11006: 11005:Sign languages 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10938: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10915: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10864: 10862:Northern Irish 10859: 10854: 10848: 10846: 10845:Sign languages 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10809: 10802: 10797: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10688: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10665: 10656: 10655: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10458:Castalian Band 10455: 10450: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10392: 10391: 10384: 10377: 10369: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10344: 10343: 10336: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10289: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10214: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10176:Irish language 10173: 10172: 10171: 10169:Ulster English 10160: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10079: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10030: 10024: 10014: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9888: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9721:1798 Rebellion 9718: 9713: 9708: 9706:Williamite War 9703: 9698: 9692:1641 Rebellion 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9672:Tudor conquest 9669: 9664: 9662:Bruce campaign 9659: 9654: 9648: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9628: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9605: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9580: 9579: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9491: 9481: 9476: 9470: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9423: 9421: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9378: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9313: 9308: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9097:Power stations 9094: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8972:Lord President 8969: 8964: 8959: 8941: 8931: 8925: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8834: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8788:First Minister 8785: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8763: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8733:Municipalities 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: articles 8470: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8427: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8268:Proto-Germanic 8264: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8186: 8185: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8143:Crimean Gothic 8132: 8130: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8019: 8017:Insular Danish 8014: 8004: 8003: 8002: 8000:Rinkebysvenska 7997: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7953: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7848: 7846:Old East Norse 7843: 7841:Old West Norse 7831: 7823: 7821: 7814: 7804: 7803: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:South Tyrolean 7713: 7712: 7711: 7701: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7663:High Alemannic 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7636: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7531: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7505: 7500: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7467: 7465: 7456: 7454:Central German 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7393:Barossa German 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7290: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7172:French Flemish 7164: 7163: 7162: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7088: 7086:Low Franconian 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6954: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6925: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6887:Westereendersk 6881: 6870: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6818: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6765: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6703: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6688:Middle Frisian 6684: 6676: 6674: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6594:Modern English 6590: 6587:Middle English 6583: 6576: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6544: 6543: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6443: 6438: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6385: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6353: 6352: 6307:external links 6302: 6300: 6293: 6287: 6286:External links 6284: 6281: 6280: 6254: 6239: 6226: 6208: 6195: 6161: 6148: 6135: 6122: 6109: 6096: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6039: 6011: 5993: 5980: 5957: 5941: 5928: 5910: 5884: 5854: 5829: 5803: 5777: 5770: 5752: 5723: 5714: 5705: 5698: 5680: 5667: 5649: 5624: 5606: 5588: 5563: 5533: 5509: 5483: 5457: 5431: 5405: 5375: 5355: 5335: 5307: 5291:The Bottle Imp 5277: 5270: 5249: 5236: 5213: 5183: 5166: 5129: 5122: 5104: 5095: 5070: 5052: 5039:MeasuringWorth 5019: 5002: 4995: 4974: 4965: 4950: 4943: 4925: 4918: 4900: 4882: 4864: 4862:Adams 1977: 57 4855: 4846: 4839: 4806: 4785: 4745: 4727: 4709: 4693: 4678: 4663: 4645: 4615: 4601: 4594: 4569: 4547: 4525: 4510: 4495: 4488: 4468: 4446: 4421: 4392: 4343: 4317: 4305:www.unesco.org 4292: 4274: 4251: 4241: 4215: 4192: 4178: 4158: 4153:cranntara.scot 4140: 4129:on 9 July 2011 4114: 4089: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979:Glasgow patter 3976: 3971: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3944: 3928: 3925: 3918: 3902: 3887: 3855: 3845: 3842: 3818:("mightn't"). 3599:("eye/eyes"), 3543: 3540: 3519:of "taken" as 3482:David Herbison 3478:Charles Murray 3411:Middle English 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3353:. The cluster 3321: 3300:. The phoneme 3282: 3244:("daughter"), 3200: 3115: 3109:, etc. may be 3074: 3027: 3025:("push"), etc. 2998: 2982: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2774: 2762: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2734: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2593: 2581: 2553: 2544: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2239: 2236: 2225:Scottish poet 2199: 2196: 2153:Medieval Latin 2060:Alexander Gray 2054:nursery rhymes 2021:Robert Garioch 1963:Auld Lang Syne 1920:Robert Sempill 1871:William Dunbar 1838:John Barbour's 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1803:2011 UK census 1761:Southern Scots 1753:Northern Scots 1685:Northern Isles 1676: 1673: 1665:David Walliams 1623: 1620: 1607: 1604: 1579: 1576: 1569:in Braid Scots 1556: 1553: 1470:with English. 1431: 1428: 1411:language death 1395:language shift 1196:English herald 1192:William Flower 1183: 1182:Language shift 1180: 1022:ecclesiastical 990:Middle English 986:Scottish court 952: 942: 924: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 883:William Dunbar 865:) referred to 813: 810: 740: 737: 687:Modern English 640:Northern Isles 596: 595: 593: 592: 585: 578: 570: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 552:Southern Scots 549: 544: 542:Northern Scots 539: 531: 530: 526: 525: 524: 523: 518: 513: 505: 504: 498: 497: 495:Scots language 487: 486: 483: 475: 474: 471: 463: 462: 455: 449: 448: 443: 437: 436: 429: 421: 420: 413: 405: 404: 395: 387: 386: 385:Language codes 382: 381: 377:County Donegal 366: 364: 359: 356: 355: 350: 347: 344: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329:Writing system 326: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 293: 289: 288: 286: 285: 284: 283: 282: 281: 280: 279: 255: 253: 250: 247: 246: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 236: 235: 234: 233: 199: 197: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 164: 163: 131: 117:Northern Isles 105: 103: 99: 98: 92:United Kingdom 89: 88:Native to 85: 84: 77: 73: 72: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11081: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10945: 10936: 10931: 10929: 10924: 10922: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10831:Scottish Cant 10829: 10827: 10826: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10686: 10681: 10679: 10674: 10672: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10653: 10652: 10639: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10535:Lowland Scots 10533: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10463:Enlightenment 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10390: 10385: 10383: 10378: 10376: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10144: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122:Social issues 10120: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10065:Ulster Museum 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10009: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9791:Peace process 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9771:Belfast Blitz 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9756:Easter Rising 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Fenian Rising 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9619: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9521:Baptist Union 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9321:national flag 9319: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9091:North Sea oil 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8967:Lord Advocate 8965: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Republicanism 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8589:Enlightenment 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8375:Germanic verb 8373: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314:Sievers's law 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261:Reconstructed 8259: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8074:Middle Danish 8071: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7950:Old Icelandic 7947: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7924:Old Norwegian 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7742: 7741:Gottscheerish 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7680:Walser German 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7646:Low Alemannic 7644: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7608:High Prussian 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7593:Erzgebirgisch 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498:Luxembourgish 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7436:Klezmer-loshn 7433: 7431: 7430:Scots Yiddish 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7267:Meuse-Rhenish 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7194:Kleverlandish 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7155:Central Dutch 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6963:Stellingwarfs 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6897: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6883:Wood Frisian 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6750:North Frisian 6747: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Anglo-Frisian 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455:of Scots and 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6346: 6338: 6328: 6324: 6323:inappropriate 6320: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6199: 6191: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6071: 6062: 6053: 6043: 6035: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5254: 5246: 5240: 5224: 5217: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5188: 5180: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5123:0-7486-1596-2 5119: 5115: 5108: 5099: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5057: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5012: 5006: 4998: 4996:0-85976-427-3 4992: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4957:Joseph Bain, 4954: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4919:0-233-97212-9 4915: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4895: 4886: 4878: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4842: 4840:0-7486-1596-2 4836: 4832: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4795: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4718:"cairt n. v." 4713: 4705: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4658:Scotslanguage 4655: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4595:1-55849-427-8 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4557: 4551: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4456: 4450: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4383:Aitken, A. J. 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4181: 4179:9788437083216 4175: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4046: 4041: 4037:for Scots is 4036: 4030: 4026: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3931: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3900: 3898: 3885: 3853: 3851: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3812:("daren't"), 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:progressively 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703:present tense 3700: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484:, James Orr, 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445:Acts of Union 3442: 3439:in 1603, the 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3365:, but may be 3361:, more often 3325: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3153: 3130:may be spelt 3119: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3002: 2986: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2407:i-e, y-e, ey 2406: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2381:i-e, y-e, ey 2380: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277:i-e, y-e, ey 2276: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2232: 2229:speaking the 2228: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2079:Trainspotting 2074: 2072: 2071:New Testament 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Douglas Young 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1990:Victorian era 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1879:David Lyndsay 1876: 1875:Gavin Douglas 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:Central Scots 1754: 1750: 1749:Insular Scots 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1567:New Testament 1561: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413:over much of 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1370:Joseph Wright 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319:. Charging a 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:James Boswell 1282: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1232:(the subject) 1231: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1200:Mary of Guise 1198:, spoke with 1197: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:Low Countries 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Auld Alliance 1036:, due to the 1035: 1031: 1030:Norman French 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 949: 939: 935: 931: 921: 916: 906: 904: 899: 894: 893:Gavin Douglas 889: 884: 879: 873: 868: 863: 857: 851: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 818: 809: 807: 802: 801:Ulstèr-Scotch 797: 793: 792:literary form 788: 783: 778: 774: 773: 768: 767: 761: 756: 751: 746: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 693:(1150–1350). 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 653: 649: 645: 644:Lowland Scots 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 618:and parts of 617: 613: 609: 606: 602: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 571: 569: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:Central Scots 545: 543: 540: 538: 537:Insular Scots 535: 534: 533: 532: 528: 527: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 506: 503: 500: 499: 496: 493: 492: 481: 476: 469: 464: 460: 456: 454: 450: 447: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 428: 427: 422: 418: 414: 411: 406: 401: 396: 393: 388: 383: 378: 374: 369: 365: 357: 354: 351: 345: 340: 337: 334: 330: 324: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 294: 290: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 269: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 258: 254: 248: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221:Anglo-Frisian 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211:West Germanic 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201:Indo-European 198: 194: 188: 184: 178: 175: 172: 168: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 135: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 106: 104: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76:Pronunciation 74: 70: 64: 58: 51: 45: 40:Lowland Scots 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 10989:Ulster Scots 10983: 10866: 10823: 10816: 10804: 10767:Ulster Scots 10761: 10737: 10642: 10432:20th century 10427:19th century 10422:18th century 10417:Early modern 10284: 10280:Coat of arms 10210:Demographics 10146:Prostitution 9786:The Troubles 9726:Act of Union 9694: / 9484:Christianity 9474:Baháʼí Faith 9398: 9367:Demographics 9311:coat of arms 9281:Prostitution 9214:Universities 9196: 9172:Architecture 9132:Unemployment 9127:Silicon Glen 9087:Oil industry 9072:Harris Tweed 8962:Crown Office 8854:Armed forces 8832:Independence 8820:Human rights 8651:Conservation 8641:Central Belt 8559:Early modern 8420: 8304:Verner's law 8249: 8244:Gotho-Nordic 8242: 8235: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8125: 8110:Fårö Gutnish 8072: 8065: 7971: 7964: 7955: 7948: 7929: 7922: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7766: 7668:Swiss German 7632:Upper German 7565:Amana German 7539:Volga German 7508:Hunsrückisch 7434: 7388:Unserdeutsch 7383:Berlinerisch 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7255:Cover groups 7211:Mohawk Dutch 7206:Jersey Dutch 7184:East Flemish 7167:West Flemish 7111:Middle Dutch 7065:Low Prussian 6937: 6930: 6896:Terschelling 6880:Clay Frisian 6855:West Frisian 6843:Wiedingharde 6835: 6823: 6783:Heligolandic 6760: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6716: 6699:East Frisian 6686: 6679: 6652:Middle Scots 6650: 6643: 6638: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6441:Scots Threap 6388: 6359:Scots-online 6341: 6332: 6317:by removing 6304: 6271:. Retrieved 6267:the original 6257: 6248: 6242: 6234: 6229: 6211: 6203: 6198: 6189: 6156: 6151: 6143: 6138: 6130: 6125: 6117: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6090: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6042: 6033: 6006:the original 5996: 5988: 5983: 5973:15 September 5971:. Retrieved 5960: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5901:. Retrieved 5887: 5875:. Retrieved 5871:the original 5866: 5857: 5845:. Retrieved 5841: 5832: 5820:. Retrieved 5815: 5806: 5794:. Retrieved 5780: 5761: 5755: 5738: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5689: 5683: 5675: 5670: 5662:The Scotsman 5661: 5652: 5640:. Retrieved 5636: 5627: 5618: 5609: 5601:The National 5600: 5591: 5579:. Retrieved 5566: 5554:. Retrieved 5550:the original 5545: 5536: 5512: 5500:. Retrieved 5486: 5474:. Retrieved 5470:the original 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5444:the original 5434: 5422:. Retrieved 5418:The Scotsman 5417: 5408: 5396:. Retrieved 5392:the original 5378: 5367: 5358: 5349:the original 5338: 5326:. Retrieved 5310: 5298:. Retrieved 5290: 5280: 5261: 5244: 5239: 5227:. Retrieved 5216: 5204:. Retrieved 5200:the original 5178: 5171:. Retrieved 5148: 5113: 5107: 5098: 5086:. Retrieved 5073: 5064: 5043:. Retrieved 5037: 5022: 5005: 4986: 4968: 4959: 4953: 4934: 4928: 4909: 4903: 4892: 4885: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4830: 4797:. Retrieved 4788: 4776:. Retrieved 4767: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4702: 4696: 4687: 4681: 4672: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4627: 4618: 4604: 4581: 4578:Tymoczko, M. 4572: 4560:. Retrieved 4558:. Ethnologue 4550: 4538:. Retrieved 4528: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4498: 4478: 4471: 4459:. Retrieved 4449: 4437:. Retrieved 4401: 4395: 4386: 4334:. Retrieved 4331:The Guardian 4330: 4320: 4308:. Retrieved 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4269:www.gov.scot 4268: 4246: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4202:Modern Scots 4200: 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4168: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4131:. Retrieved 4127:the original 4117: 4105:. Retrieved 4102:Scotland.org 4101: 4092: 4080:. Retrieved 4076: 4029: 3968:Metis people 3964:Bungi Creole 3912: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3894: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3820: 3761: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3678:thon/thonder 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3551: 3537: 3526: 3505:John Corbett 3502: 3498: 3493: 3426: 3423:Modern Scots 3419:Middle Scots 3324: 3260:is realised 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3118: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3077: 3030: 3019:("branch"), 3005:The cluster 3001: 2985: 2968: 2625:Vowel length 2623: 2613: 2596: 2547: 2534: 2342:ou, oo, u-e 2290:ee, e-e, ie 2241: 2192:Matthew Fitt 2185: 2182:Harry Potter 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2155:into Scots. 2149:J. K. Annand 2138: 2135:Liz Lochhead 2120: 2118: 2109:Wir Ain Leed 2100:Matthew Fitt 2093: 2092: 2084:Irvine Welsh 2077: 2075: 2064: 2058: 2033: 1994: 1987: 1983:Ian Maclaren 1975:J. M. Barrie 1959:Walter Scott 1947:Robert Burns 1943:Allan Ramsay 1940: 1932:Lady Wardlaw 1909: 1902: 1895:Middle Scots 1888: 1882: 1856: 1848: 1840: 1835: 1806: 1800: 1791: 1785: 1769: 1765:Ulster Scots 1678: 1654: 1650:Harry Potter 1648: 1644:The Gruffalo 1642: 1633:The National 1632: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1593: 1581: 1573: 1564: 1542: 1537: 1525: 1472: 1465:pluricentric 1454: 1374: 1368:, edited by 1363: 1359:Robert Burns 1352: 1344:Robert Burns 1302: 1298: 1233: 1229: 1217: 1185: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1148: 1142: 1138:Modern Scots 1135: 1128: 1124:Middle Scots 1103: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1054:Middle Irish 1032:, and later 982:Middle Irish 964: 958:Modern Scots 816: 815: 796:Ulster-Scots 777:Modern Scots 770: 764: 760:Buchan Claik 742: 739:Nomenclature 706: 695: 679:Modern Scots 670: 643: 632:Ulster Scots 630:is known as 614:, spoken in 600: 599: 557:Ulster Scots 521:Modern Scots 516:Middle Scots 494: 453:Linguasphere 424: 277:Middle Scots 230: 29: 10868:Old Kentish 10795:Angloromani 10745:Guernésiais 10523:By language 10488:Tartan Noir 10468:Romanticism 10302:flags issue 10286:Cú Chulainn 10228:Catholicism 10134:LGBT rights 9986:Ulster Bank 9976:Danske Bank 9930:Flags issue 9667:Black Death 9042:Agriculture 8906:Nationalism 8825:LGBT rights 8728:Environment 8609:Romanticism 8564:Reformation 8554:Renaissance 8519:Middle Ages 8514:Roman times 8509:Prehistoric 8319:Kluge's law 8299:Grimm's law 8082:Dalecarlian 8061:Perkerdansk 8034:East Danish 7852:Old Gutnish 7828:Proto-Norse 7768:Langobardic 7760:Vogtlandian 7588:Upper Saxon 7442:Lachoudisch 7403:Lotegorisch 7281:High German 7027:Westphalian 7022:Eastphalian 6986:Achterhooks 6863:Hindeloopen 6798:Bökingharde 6767:Föhr–Amrum 6681:Old Frisian 6645:Early Scots 6580:Old English 5948:Bairnsangs 5903:12 December 5796:9 September 5502:22 December 4562:9 September 4540:13 December 4536:. Dsl.ac.uk 4461:13 December 4457:. Dsl.ac.uk 4439:13 December 4435:. Dsl.ac.uk 4185:19 December 4133:9 September 3806:("can't"), 3625:Old English 3608:horse/horse 3433:Early Scots 3429:orthography 3415:Early Scots 3401:Orthography 3381:("wrong"), 3375:("wreck"), 3238:("night"), 3171:gaberlunzie 3168:("broil"), 3154:) realised 2862:Approximant 2173:Sunday Post 2040:Ayr Academy 2013:John Buchan 1997:renaissance 1858:The Wallace 1853:Blind Harry 1729:Londonderry 1697:Campbeltown 1628:Burns Night 1519:Dachsprache 1512:code-switch 1484:Halbsprache 1477:Heinz Kloss 1455:Before the 1451:, Edinburgh 1445:Early Scots 1403:convergence 1385:process of 1108:Early Scots 998:Northumbria 994:Early Scots 978:Northumbria 976:kingdom of 974:Anglo-Saxon 970:River Forth 948:Early Scots 938:Northumbria 936:kingdom of 934:Anglo-Saxon 930:Old English 831:Old English 827:Older Scots 750:braid Scots 671:Broad Scots 562:Doric Scots 511:Early Scots 272:Early Scots 257:Old English 251:Early forms 153:Londonderry 129:Campbeltown 42:Broad Scots 11038:Categories 10755:Sercquiais 10566:Dramatists 10129:Corruption 10038:integrated 9711:Penal Laws 9504:Moderators 9447:Scientists 9333:regimental 9276:Placenames 9271:Philosophy 9246:Literature 8876:Parliament 8808:Government 8778:Devolution 8761:Government 8718:Ecoregions 8708:Waterfalls 8584:Jacobitism 8151:Burgundian 8067:Old Danish 8056:Gøtudanskt 8039:Bornholmsk 7901:Vestlandsk 7881:Kebabnorsk 7618:Halcnovian 7583:Thuringian 7246:Limburgish 7216:Stadsfries 7189:Brabantian 6916:Low German 6762:Eiderstedt 6617:Fingallian 6450:Multimedia 5642:21 October 5581:18 October 5424:18 October 5398:18 October 5229:18 October 5206:18 October 5088:18 October 4778:18 October 4628:OED online 4056:References 3999:Scotticism 3620:shae/shuin 3568:Give us it 3546:See also: 3486:James Hogg 3298:rhotically 3274:("arch"), 3093:. Initial 3060:("talk"), 2635:Consonants 2167:The Broons 2161:Oor Wullie 2127:Rab Wilson 2114:neologisms 2049:Bairnsangs 1826:Literature 1661:Roald Dahl 1606:Government 1584:curriculum 1463:forming a 1342:Statue of 1309:Adam Smith 1272:David Hume 1248:Protestant 1145:JAH Murray 1024:and legal 895:was using 885:was using 757:" or the " 745:vernacular 10739:Auregnais 10611:mythology 10571:Novelists 10441:Movements 10238:Methodism 10156:Languages 10033:Education 9998:Transport 9811:Geography 9731:Tithe War 9489:Christmas 9442:Musicians 9437:Inventors 9376:Languages 9352:Festivals 9192:Education 9117:Transport 9057:Companies 9052:Charities 8783:Elections 8671:Highlands 8624:Geography 8431:varieties 8423:indicate 8237:Northwest 8182:Philology 8087:Elfdalian 8022:Jutlandic 7944:Icelandic 7919:(written) 7913:(written) 7891:Trøndersk 7871:Norwegian 7835:Old Norse 7656:Coloniero 7640:Alemannic 7613:Wymysorys 7481:Colognian 7476:Ripuarian 7398:Rotwelsch 7228:Midslands 7179:Zeelandic 7160:Hollandic 7134:Afrikaans 7106:Old Dutch 6932:Old Saxon 6831:Karrharde 6813:Goesharde 6794:Mainland 6527:philology 6435:ScotsteXt 6335:July 2015 6319:excessive 5747:1570-1239 5556:7 January 5328:16 August 5154:Edinburgh 4410:cite book 4336:6 October 4310:6 October 3984:Billy Kay 3826:adjective 3741:verbs is 3731:irregular 3602:cauf/caur 3462:consonant 3218:. Medial 3195:Mackenzie 2976:, always 2786:Fricative 2446:ow, #owe 2420:#ee, #ie 2316:a-e, #ae 2198:Phonology 2104:cyberpunk 2065:In 1983, 1951:James Orr 1914:from the 1737:Inishowen 1689:Caithness 1578:Education 1508:diglossic 1500:languages 1468:diasystem 1329:Edinburgh 1317:elocution 1136:The name 839:i-mutated 812:Etymology 806:neologism 729:Norwegian 426:Glottolog 410:ISO 639-3 392:ISO 639-2 170:Ethnicity 121:Caithness 10895:Scotland 10885:Cornwall 10750:Jèrriais 10627:Theatres 10412:Medieval 10349:Category 10223:Baptists 10055:Religion 9981:AIB (NI) 9869:Politics 9828:Counties 9741:Land War 9636:articles 9585:Category 9533:Hinduism 9479:Buddhism 9466:Religion 9296:Surnames 9236:Identity 9231:Hogmanay 9209:Colleges 9067:Forestry 9002:Udal law 8911:Unionism 8866:Monarchs 8770:Politics 8752:Politics 8686:Lowlands 8504:Timeline 8474:Scotland 8158:Vandalic 8101:Gutnish 7906:Vikværsk 7886:Sognamål 7876:Bergensk 7726:Cimbrian 7694:Bavarian 7651:Alsatian 7598:Lusatian 7534:Palatine 7224:Amelands 7101:Frankish 6991:Sallaans 6973:Gronings 6824:Southern 6817:Northern 6808:Halligen 6757:Insular 6574:dialects 5897:Archived 5816:BBC News 5790:Archived 5525:Archived 5496:Archived 5369:BBC News 5173:9 August 4876:Scotland 4799:30 April 4632:Archived 4385:(1992). 4107:19 April 3927:See also 3919:— 3888:— 3641:children 3593:such as 3563:Gie's it 3341:, older 2662:alveolar 2655:Alveolar 2433:au, #aw 2368:ai, #ay 2329:oa, o-e 2233:of Scots 2140:Tartuffe 2131:Catullus 2036:Ayrshire 1849:Cronykil 1812:Carlisle 1717:counties 1705:province 1210:James VI 1155:'s book 1010:Midlands 844:Scyttisc 841:version 835:Scottisc 782:lawlands 698:Scotland 667:Galloway 663:Hebrides 652:Goidelic 616:Scotland 529:Dialects 433:scot1243 353:Scotland 308:Northern 303:Southern 292:Dialects 206:Germanic 142:Counties 109:Scotland 10968:English 10852:British 10825:Pictish 10812:Llanito 10806:Cumbric 10718:Cornish 10704:English 10561:Writers 10530:English 10333:Outline 10267:Symbols 10108:Hurling 10093:Cricket 10088:Camogie 10050:Parades 10028:Culture 10012:Society 9966:Banking 9954:Economy 9796:Belfast 9644:History 9576:Outline 9548:Sikhism 9543:Judaism 9452:Writers 9432:Artists 9340:unicorn 9301:Symbols 9251:Museums 9204:Schools 9187:Cuisine 9164:Culture 9151:Society 9112:Tourism 9077:Housing 9062:Fishing 9030:Economy 8842:History 8696:Highest 8676:Islands 8666:Geology 8646:Climate 8529:Kingdom 8496:History 8421:Italics 8044:Scanian 7990:Swedish 7939:Faroese 7917:Nynorsk 7896:Valdris 7731:Mòcheno 7687:Swabian 7553:Hessian 7513:Hunsrik 7425:Western 7420:Eastern 7415:Yiddish 7365:creoles 7262:Bergish 6978:Drèents 6968:Tweants 6820:Central 6802:Mooring 6665:Frisian 6624:Kildare 6569:English 6313:Please 6305:use of 6223:. v1.5. 5877:21 July 5847:21 July 5842:Aye Can 5822:21 July 5300:21 July 4638:28 July 4287:coe.int 4082:29 June 4073:"Scots" 4035:endonym 3864:Spirit. 3822:Adverbs 3815:michtna 3800:, e.g. 3739:regular 3614:cou/kye 3591:plurals 3542:Grammar 3517:cognate 3513:Barbour 3466:cognate 3241:dochter 3222:may be 3214:, also 3189:Culzean 3183:Finzean 3177:Menzies 3165:brulzie 3016:brainch 2911:lateral 2868:central 2677:Glottal 2667:Palatal 2571:before 2429:/ɑː,ɔː/ 2394:oi, oy 2355:ui, eu 2303:ei, ea 2170:in the 2145:Molière 1988:In the 1916:borders 1912:ballads 1890:Eneados 1845:Wyntoun 1807:Aye Can 1741:Fintona 1733:Donegal 1709:Ireland 1669:Spotify 1610:In the 1491:abstand 1325:freeman 1168:at the 1116:David I 1096:Pictish 1092:Cumbric 1063:cèilidh 1014:England 909:History 898:Scottis 872:Scottis 862:Scottis 822:Scottis 772:Lallans 723:, with 717:English 713:dialect 628:dialect 624:Ireland 610:in the 502:History 313:Insular 298:Central 157:Donegal 138:Ireland 63:Lallans 10996:Shelta 10836:Shelta 10733:Norman 10514:Poetry 10448:Makars 10354:Portal 10275:Anthem 9843:Places 9634: 9590:Portal 9427:Actors 9414:People 9357:Comedy 9328:tartan 9306:anthem 9122:Whisky 8934:Courts 8847:Cities 8614:Modern 8137:Gothic 8007:Danish 7911:Bokmål 7410:Yenish 7220:Bildts 7003:Veluws 6998:Urkers 6837:Strand 6561:Anglic 6453:corpus 6273:21 May 5952: 5768: 5745: 5696: 5476:21 May 5450:21 May 5268: 5164: 5120: 4993: 4941: 4916: 4837: 4592: 4486: 4239: 4209: 4176: 3809:daurna 3759:gerund 3727:strong 3673:yonder 3657:elided 3596:ee/een 3421:, and 3390:wrocht 3292:Spelt 3277:mairch 3247:dreich 3210:Spelt 3081:Spelt 2972:Spelt 2650:Dental 2645:Labial 2569:/(j)ʌ/ 2565:/(j)u/ 2266:short 2249:Aitken 2238:Vowels 2206:, and 2184:book, 1904:Aeneid 1899:Virgil 1725:Antrim 1701:Ulster 1683:, the 1588:medium 1497:ausbau 1407:merger 1399:change 1321:guinea 1112:burghs 1075:whisky 956: 954: 946: 944: 928: 926: 867:Gaelic 856:Inglis 850:Ynglis 825:, the 766:Scotch 733:Danish 702:UNESCO 665:, and 661:, the 650:, the 620:Ulster 605:Anglic 603:is an 318:Ulster 226:Anglic 161:Armagh 149:Antrim 134:Ulster 102:Region 10984:Scots 10963:Irish 10900:Wales 10857:Irish 10779:Welsh 10762:Scots 10723:Irish 10576:Poets 10554:Lists 10509:Novel 10504:Drama 10497:Forms 10340:Index 10113:Rugby 10075:Sport 10045:Media 9538:Islam 9399:Scots 9316:flags 9291:Sport 9256:Music 9182:Clans 9082:Media 8738:Munro 8713:Glens 8681:Lochs 8661:Flora 8656:Fauna 8251:South 8202:North 7812:North 7796:North 7138:Kaaps 7129:Dutch 6776:Amrum 6717:Weser 6639:Scots 6221:(PDF) 5735:(PDF) 5528:(PDF) 5521:(PDF) 5319:(PDF) 5083:(PDF) 5045:7 May 5014:(PDF) 4894:types 4040:Scots 4021:Notes 3895:From 3880:Jesus 3868:Jesus 3848:From 3803:canna 3707:verbs 3645:Nouns 3637:child 3384:write 3378:wrang 3372:wrack 3271:airch 3268:e.g. 3253:Nacht 3235:nicht 3122:Both 3107:thank 3103:think 3099:thing 3069:knowe 3054:e.g. 3022:dunch 3013:e.g. 2938:Trill 2684:Nasal 2672:Velar 2660:Post- 2563:Also 2494:/ɑ,a/ 2271:long 2102:is a 1981:like 1893:is a 1816:Corby 1699:. In 1693:Arran 1622:Media 1447:, on 1222:that 1194:, an 1042:Dutch 1026:Latin 1006:North 817:Scots 779:word 755:Doric 681:is a 601:Scots 446:Scots 336:Latin 231:Scots 174:Scots 125:Arran 69:Doric 57:Scots 50:Braid 35:Scots 11016:Lámh 10818:Norn 10728:Manx 10545:Norn 10405:Eras 10309:Flax 10297:list 10292:Flag 9923:Acts 9896:Acts 9418:list 8938:List 8212:West 8207:East 8127:East 7983:East 7973:Norn 7864:West 7800:East 7798:and 7363:and 7358:Non- 6788:Sylt 6771:Föhr 6706:Ems 6631:Yola 6540:West 6275:2009 5975:2012 5950:ISBN 5905:2014 5879:2011 5849:2011 5824:2011 5798:2012 5766:ISBN 5743:ISSN 5694:ISBN 5644:2021 5583:2015 5558:2022 5504:2019 5478:2009 5452:2009 5426:2015 5400:2015 5330:2013 5302:2011 5266:ISBN 5231:2015 5208:2015 5175:2010 5162:ISBN 5118:ISBN 5090:2015 5047:2024 4991:ISBN 4939:ISBN 4914:ISBN 4835:ISBN 4801:2021 4780:2015 4640:2020 4590:ISBN 4564:2012 4542:2016 4484:ISBN 4463:2016 4441:2016 4416:link 4338:2020 4312:2020 4237:ISBN 4207:ISBN 4187:2017 4174:ISBN 4135:2012 4109:2022 4084:2024 4033:The 3782:/ɪn/ 3780:and 3778:/ən/ 3774:/in/ 3772:and 3770:/ən/ 3766:/ən/ 3757:and 3735:weak 3699:that 3697:and 3695:this 3690:thae 3687:and 3684:Thir 3665:that 3661:this 3653:that 3635:and 3633:oxen 3532:taen 3522:tane 3488:and 3427:The 3367:/vr/ 3359:/wr/ 3349:for 3343:/xʍ/ 3334:and 3262:/tʃ/ 3229:loch 3198:etc. 3156:/jɪ/ 3152:yogh 3126:and 3105:and 3063:knee 3057:knap 3052:/ɡn/ 3050:and 3048:/tn/ 3044:/kn/ 3038:and 3011:/nʃ/ 2720:Stop 2575:and 2455:/ju/ 2442:/ʌu/ 2416:/iː/ 2403:/əi/ 2390:/oe/ 2377:/əi/ 2364:/eː/ 2299:/ei/ 2273:/aɪ/ 2268:/əi/ 2164:and 2119:The 2027:and 1957:and 1934:and 1877:and 1851:and 1841:Brus 1820:Kent 1801:The 1763:and 1731:and 1721:Down 1695:and 1663:and 1565:The 1494:and 1094:and 1087:clan 1084:and 1081:glen 1069:loch 1044:and 1020:via 1008:and 888:Erse 878:Erse 159:and 145:Down 127:and 9177:Art 8921:Law 6381:at 6321:or 6047:75. 5026:UK 3797:nae 3788:is 3751:-ed 3749:or 3743:-it 3737:or 3729:or 3705:of 3669:yon 3651:is 3582:the 3431:of 3363:/r/ 3351:/ʍ/ 3347:/f/ 3339:/ʍ/ 3332:/w/ 3302:/r/ 3224:/ð/ 3160:/ŋ/ 3158:or 3144:/z/ 3134:or 3128:/z/ 3124:/s/ 3111:/h/ 3097:in 3091:/d/ 3087:/ð/ 2994:/d/ 2990:/t/ 2978:/ŋ/ 2606:/k/ 2602:/o/ 2577:/x/ 2573:/k/ 2567:or 2520:/ʌ/ 2507:/ɔ/ 2481:/ɛ/ 2468:/ɪ/ 2459:ew 2351:/ø/ 2338:/u/ 2325:/o/ 2312:/e/ 2286:/i/ 2254:IPA 2143:by 2098:by 2090:). 2082:by 2044:Ayr 1901:'s 1855:'s 1847:'s 1822:). 1719:of 1707:in 1405:or 1380:'s 1346:in 1104:lum 1012:of 853:or 747:as 685:of 441:ELP 417:sco 400:sco 140:): 11040:: 8954:, 8950:, 6448:– 6164:^ 6079:^ 6014:^ 5921:. 5865:. 5840:. 5814:. 5737:. 5660:. 5635:. 5617:. 5599:. 5574:. 5544:. 5523:. 5494:. 5416:. 5386:. 5366:. 5321:. 5293:. 5289:. 5252:^ 5186:^ 5177:. 5156:: 5152:. 5132:^ 5055:^ 5036:. 4977:^ 4809:^ 4766:. 4748:^ 4738:. 4720:. 4656:. 4630:. 4626:. 4584:. 4424:^ 4412:}} 4408:{{ 4346:^ 4329:. 4303:. 4285:. 4267:. 4254:^ 4245:. 4233:48 4231:. 4227:. 4151:. 4100:. 4075:. 4064:^ 3791:na 3762:in 3747:-t 3745:, 3629:ox 3535:. 3496:. 3480:, 3417:, 3413:, 3409:, 3387:, 3285:^ 3203:^ 3192:, 3186:, 3180:, 3138:. 3101:, 3066:, 3046:, 2757:dʒ 2752:tʃ 2631:. 2584:^ 2556:^ 2524:u 2516:19 2511:o 2503:18 2498:a 2490:17 2485:e 2477:16 2472:i 2464:15 2451:14 2438:13 2425:12 2412:11 2399:10 2373:8a 2194:. 2147:. 2116:. 2023:, 2019:, 2015:, 2011:, 1973:, 1953:, 1949:, 1945:, 1938:. 1930:, 1926:, 1922:, 1881:. 1873:, 1869:, 1767:. 1759:, 1755:, 1751:, 1727:, 1723:, 1691:, 1687:, 1653:, 1647:, 1534:. 1401:, 1295:: 1090:. 1078:, 1072:, 1066:, 1028:, 905:. 833:: 735:. 677:. 638:, 155:, 151:, 147:, 123:, 119:, 115:, 111:: 94:, 11018:) 11014:( 10934:e 10927:t 10920:v 10684:e 10677:t 10670:v 10613:) 10609:( 10388:e 10381:t 10374:v 9624:e 9617:t 9610:v 9420:) 9416:( 9093:) 9089:( 8958:) 8946:( 8940:) 8936:( 8466:e 8459:t 8452:v 8146:) 8140:( 7226:/ 7222:/ 7218:/ 7140:) 7136:( 6509:e 6502:t 6495:v 6348:) 6342:( 6337:) 6333:( 6329:. 6311:. 6277:. 5977:. 5925:. 5907:. 5881:. 5851:. 5826:. 5800:. 5774:. 5749:. 5702:. 5646:. 5621:. 5585:. 5560:. 5506:. 5480:. 5454:. 5428:. 5402:. 5332:. 5304:. 5274:. 5233:. 5210:. 5126:. 5092:. 5049:. 5016:. 4999:. 4947:. 4922:. 4843:. 4803:. 4782:. 4742:. 4724:. 4660:. 4642:. 4612:. 4598:. 4566:. 4544:. 4492:. 4465:. 4443:. 4418:) 4340:. 4314:. 4289:. 4271:. 4189:. 4155:. 4137:. 4111:. 4086:. 4048:. 3882:. 3715:s 3675:( 3671:/ 3667:- 3663:- 3639:/ 3631:/ 3575:a 3566:( 3527:k 3150:( 3113:. 2996:. 2980:. 2948:r 2922:l 2900:w 2895:ʍ 2888:j 2879:ɹ 2854:h 2847:x 2840:ç 2833:ʒ 2828:ʃ 2821:z 2816:s 2809:ð 2804:θ 2797:v 2792:f 2778:ʔ 2771:ɡ 2766:k 2745:d 2740:t 2731:b 2726:p 2710:ŋ 2699:n 2690:m 2608:. 2386:9 2360:8 2347:7 2334:6 2321:5 2308:4 2295:3 2282:2 2263:1 1228:( 798:( 589:e 582:t 575:v 375:( 136:( 53:) 47:( 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.