Scottish Gaelic - Knowledge

2894:. This institution is the only source for higher education which is conducted entirely in Scottish Gaelic. They offer courses for Gaelic learners from beginners into fluency. They also offer regular bachelors and graduate programs delivered entirely in Gaelic. Concerns have been raised around the fluency achieved by learners within these language programs because they are disconnected from vernacular speech communities. In regard to language revitalization planning efforts, many feel that the initiatives must come from within Gaelic speaking communities, be led by Gaelic speakers, and be designed to serve and increase fluency within the vernacular communities as the first and most viable resistance to total language shift from Gaelic to English. Currently, language policies are focused on creating new language speakers through education, instead of focused on how to strengthen intergenerational transmission within existing Gaelic speaking communities. 2915:. This negative affect towards speaking openly with non-native Gaelic speakers has led to a language ideology at odds with revitalization efforts on behalf of new speakers, state policies (such as the Gaelic Language Act), and family members reclaiming their lost mother tongue. New learners of Gaelic often have a positive affective stance to their language learning, and connect this learning journey towards Gaelic language revitalization. The mismatch of these language ideologies, and differences in affective stance, has led to fewer speaking opportunities for adult language learners and therefore a challenge to revitalization efforts which occur outside the home. Positive engagements between language learners and native speakers of Gaelic through mentorship has proven to be productive in socializing new learners into fluency. 3227: 2030:, to consider the reform and civilisation of the Highlands, which they sought to achieve by teaching English and the Protestant religion. Initially, their teaching was entirely in English, but soon the impracticality of educating Gaelic-speaking children in this way gave rise to a modest concession: In 1723, teachers were allowed to translate English words in the Bible into Gaelic to aid comprehension, but there was no further permitted use. Other less prominent schools worked in the Highlands at the same time, also teaching in English. This process of anglicisation paused when evangelical preachers arrived in the Highlands, convinced that people should be able to read religious texts in their own language. The first well known translation of the 2043:

founded in 1811. Their purpose was to teach Gaels to read the Bible in their own language. In the first quarter of the 19th century, the SSPCK (despite their anti-Gaelic attitude in prior years) and the British and Foreign Bible Society distributed 60,000 Gaelic Bibles and 80,000 New Testaments. It is estimated that this overall schooling and publishing effort gave some 300,000 people in the Highlands some basic literacy. Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of the Bible; the lack of a well known translation may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic.

2756: 3203: 3032: 3914: 551: 2906:, accommodation ethics exist amongst native or local Gaelic speakers when engaging with new learners or non-locals. Accommodation ethics, or ethics of accommodation, is a social practice where local or native speakers of Gaelic shift to speaking English when in the presence of non-Gaelic speakers out of a sense of courtesy or politeness. This accommodation ethic persists even in situations where new learners attempt to speak Gaelic with native speakers. This creates a situation where new learners struggle to find opportunities to speak Gaelic with fluent speakers. 5362: 5283: 3215: 2943: 1721: 1350: 3533: 3125: 2047: 12638: 10268: 2696: 12914: 1249: 12938: 12926: 613: 32: 1927: 1918: 1677: 5223: 2107:. In 1863, an observer sympathetic to Gaelic stated that "knowledge of English is indispensable to any poor islander who wishes to learn a trade or to earn his bread beyond the limits of his native Isle". Generally, rather than Gaelic speakers, it was Celtic societies in the cities and professors of Celtic from universities who sought to preserve the language. 3327:. In the 2011 census, 300 people claimed to have Gaelic as their first language (a figure that may include Irish Gaelic). In the same 2011 census, 1,275 people claimed to speak Gaelic, a figure that not only included all Gaelic languages but also those people who are not first language speakers, of whom 300 claim to have Gaelic as their "mother tongue." 4481:(i.e. three contrasting "l" sounds, three contrasting "n" sounds and three contrasting "r" sounds). The historically voiced stops have lost their voicing, so the phonemic contrast today is between unaspirated and aspirated . In many dialects, these stops may however gain voicing through secondary articulation through a preceding nasal, for examples 2699: 8340: 6236: 3079:

not impact or address the lived experiences of the Gaelic speaker communities wherein the revitalization efforts may have a higher return of new Gaelic speakers. Efforts are being made to concentrate resources, language planning, and revitalization efforts towards vernacular communities in the Western Isles.

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in school. Even later, when these attitudes had changed, little provision was made for Gaelic medium education in Scottish schools. As late as 1958, even in Highland schools, only 20% of primary students were taught Gaelic as a subject, and only 5% were taught other subjects through the Gaelic language.

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This has been welcomed by many supporters of the language as a means of raising its profile as well as securing its future as a 'living language' (i.e. allowing people to use it to navigate from A to B in place of English) and creating a sense of place. However, in some places, such as Caithness, the

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The Brittonic languages Cumbric and Pictish were spoken in Scotland during the Early to High Middle Ages, and Scottish Gaelic has many Brittonic influences. Scottish Gaelic contains a number of apparently P-Celtic loanwords, but it is not always possible to disentangle P and Q Celtic words. However,

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The Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which completely ignored Gaelic and led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living in 2001 could recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic

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Bilingual railway station signs are now more frequent than they used to be. Practically all the stations in the Highland area use both English and Gaelic, and the use of bilingual station signs has become more frequent in the Lowlands of Scotland, including areas where Gaelic has not been spoken for

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said; "this is a significant step forward for the recognition of Gaelic both at home and abroad and I look forward to addressing the council in Gaelic very soon. Seeing Gaelic spoken in such a forum raises the profile of the language as we drive forward our commitment to creating a new generation of

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While the goal of the Gaelic Language Act was to aid in revitalization efforts through government mandated official language status, the outcome of the act is distanced from the actual minority language communities. It helps to create visibility of the minority language in civil structures, but does

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is one of the primary ways that the Scottish Government is addressing Gaelic language shift. Along with the Bòrd na Gàidhlig policies, preschool and daycare environments are also being used to create more opportunities for intergenerational language transmission in the Outer Hebrides. However,

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provided universal education in Scotland, but completely ignored Gaelic in its plans. The mechanism for supporting Gaelic through the Education Codes issued by the Scottish Education Department were steadily used to overcome this omission, with many concessions in place by 1918. However, the members

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The widespread use of English in worship has often been suggested as one of the historic reasons for the decline of Gaelic. The Church of Scotland is supportive today, but has a shortage of Gaelic-speaking ministers. The Free Church also recently announced plans to abolish Gaelic-language communion

3336:), which is dedicated to the development of Scottish Gaelic language, culture and tourism in Nova Scotia, and which estimates about 2,000 total Gaelic speakers to be in the province. As in Scotland, areas of North-Eastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton have bilingual street signs. Nova Scotia also has 2014:

in 1609, was one piece of legislation that addressed, among other things, the Gaelic language. It required the heirs of clan chiefs to be educated in lowland, Protestant, English-speaking schools. James VI took several such measures to impose his rule on the Highland and Island region. In 1616, the

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is now statutory (rather than advisory). In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on

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The 1755–2001 figures are census data quoted by MacAulay. The 2011 Gaelic speakers figures come from table KS206SC of the 2011 Census. The 2011 total population figure comes from table KS101SC. The numbers of Gaelic speakers relate to the numbers aged 3 and over, and the percentages are calculated

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Bilingual road signs, street names, business and advertisement signage (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout Gaelic-speaking regions in the Highlands and Islands, including Argyll. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name

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in respect of Gaelic. Gaelic, along with Irish and Welsh, is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture. It has not received the same degree of

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Dialects of Lowland Gaelic have been defunct since the 18th century. Gaelic in the Eastern and Southern Scottish Highlands, although alive until the mid-20th century, is now largely defunct. Although modern Scottish Gaelic is dominated by the dialects of the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Skye, there

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A steady shift away from Scottish Gaelic continued into and through the modern era. Some of this was driven by policy decisions by government or other organisations, while some originated from social changes. In the last quarter of the 20th century, efforts began to encourage use of the language.

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has grown, with 4,343 pupils (6.3 per 1000) being educated in a Gaelic-immersion environment in 2018, up from 3,583 pupils (5.3 per 1000) in 2014. Data collected in 2007–2008 indicated that even among pupils enrolled in Gaelic medium schools, 81% of primary students and 74% of secondary students

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produced a translation of the New Testament. In 1798, four tracts in Gaelic were published by the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home, with 5,000 copies of each printed. Other publications followed, with a full Gaelic Bible in 1801. The influential and effective Gaelic Schools Society was

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After its creation, Bòrd na Gàidhlig required a Gaelic Language Plan from the Scottish Government. This plan was accepted in 2008, and some of its main commitments were: identity (signs, corporate identity); communications (reception, telephone, mailings, public meetings, complaint procedures);

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is the way people feel about something, or the emotional response to a particular situation or experience. For Gaelic speakers, there is a conditioned and socialized negative affect through a long history of negative Scottish media portrayal and public disrespect, state mandated restrictions on

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Across the whole of Scotland, the 2011 census showed that 25,000 people (0.49% of the population) used Gaelic at home. Of these, 63.3% said that they had a full range of language skills: speaking, understanding, reading and writing Gaelic. 40.2% of Scotland's Gaelic speakers said that they used

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offers a range of Gaelic language, history and culture courses at the National Certificate, Higher National Diploma, Bachelor of Arts (ordinary), Bachelor of Arts (Honours) and Master of Science levels. It offers opportunities for postgraduate research through the medium of Gaelic. Residential

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and in North East Ireland as late as the mid-20th century. Records of their speech show that Irish and Scottish Gaelic existed in a dialect chain with no clear language boundary. Some features of moribund dialects have been preserved in Nova Scotia, including the pronunciation of the broad or

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Counterintuitively, access to schooling in Gaelic increased knowledge of English. In 1829, the Gaelic Schools Society reported that parents were unconcerned about their children learning Gaelic, but were anxious to have them taught English. The SSPCK also found Highlanders to have significant

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showed a total of 57,375 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.1% of population over three years old), of whom only 32,400 could also read and write the language. Compared with the 2001 Census, there has been a diminution of about 1300 people. This is the smallest drop between censuses since the

5346:. The lenition of other letters was not generally indicated initially but eventually the two methods were used in parallel to represent the lenition of any consonant and competed with each other until the standard practice became to use the overdot in the Insular Script and the following 3102:

performs assessment of spoken Gaelic, resulting in the issue of a Bronze Card, Silver Card or Gold Card. Syllabus details are available on An Comunn's website. These are not widely recognised as qualifications, but are required for those taking part in certain competitions at the annual

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Scottish Gaelic contains a number of words, principally toponymic elements, that are sometimes more closely aligned in their usage and sense with their Brittonic cognates than with their Irish. This is indicative of the operation of a Brittonic substrate influence. Such items include:

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spoke no Gaelic, gave her children Anglo-Saxon rather than Gaelic names, and brought many English bishops, priests, and monastics to Scotland. When Malcolm and Margaret died in 1093, the Gaelic aristocracy rejected their anglicised sons and instead backed Malcolm's brother Domnall Bán

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on the Isle of Skye offer adults the chance to become fluent in Gaelic in one year. Many continue to complete degrees, or to follow up as distance learners. A number of other colleges offer a one-year certificate course, which is also available online (pending accreditation).

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In the 2022 census, 3,551 people claimed Gaelic as their 'main language.' Of these, 1,761 (49.6%) were in Na h-Eileanan Siar, 682 (19.2%) were in Highland, 369 were in Glasgow City and 120 were in City of Edinburgh; no other council area had as many as 80 such respondents.

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and Gaelic-speaking immigrant communities could be found throughout what is modern-day Canada. Gaelic poets in Canada produced a significant literary tradition. The number of Gaelic-speaking individuals and communities declined sharply, however, after the First World War.

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names and practices spread throughout Scotland south of the Forth–Clyde line and along the northeastern coastal plain as far north as Moray. Norman French completely displaced Gaelic at court. The establishment of royal burghs throughout the same area, particularly under

1434:, it was found that 2.5% of the Scottish population had some skills in Gaelic, or 130,161 persons. Of these, 69,701 people reported speaking the language, with a further 46,404 people reporting that they understood the language, but did not speak, read, or write in it. 8336: 6228: 3824:

In May 2004, the Nova Scotia government announced the funding of an initiative to support the language and its culture within the province. Several public schools in Northeastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton offer Gaelic classes as part of the high-school curriculum.

1763:-speaking area with Ireland, connected rather than divided by the sea, since the Iron Age. These arguments have been opposed by some scholars defending the early dating of the traditional accounts and arguing for other interpretations of the archaeological evidence. 2151:

has said that there was no other period with such a high fall in the number of monolingual Gaelic speakers: "Gaelic speakers became increasingly the exception from that point forward with bilingualism replacing monolingualism as the norm for Gaelic speakers."

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Gaelic-medium playgroups for young children began to appear in Scotland during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Parent enthusiasm may have been a factor in the "establishment of the first Gaelic medium primary school units in Glasgow and Inverness in 1985".

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said the move was a strong sign of the UK government's support for Gaelic. He said; "Allowing Gaelic speakers to communicate with European institutions in their mother tongue is a progressive step forward and one which should be welcomed". Culture Minister

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The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum, on 21 April 2005. Under the provisions of the Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an

1813:, Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith. Colloquial speech in Scotland had been developing independently of that in Ireland since the eighth century. For the first time, the entire region of modern-day Scotland was called 1738:

Based on medieval traditional accounts and the apparent evidence from linguistic geography, Gaelic has been commonly believed to have been brought to Scotland, in the 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of

4642:, i.e. non-past (future-habitual), conditional (future of the past), and past (preterite); several composed TAM forms, such as pluperfect, future perfect, present perfect, present continuous, past continuous, conditional perfect, etc. Two verbs, 3003:

Requiring public bodies in Scotland, both Scottish public bodies and cross-border public bodies insofar as they carry out devolved functions, to develop Gaelic language plans in relation to the services they offer, if requested to do so by

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Four moods: independent (used in affirmative main clause verbs), relative (used in verbs in affirmative relative clauses), dependent (used in subordinate clauses, anti-affirmative relative clauses, and anti-affirmative main clauses), and

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now offers both an introductory and an advanced course in Gaelic; both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island.

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has acted in recent years to correct many of the mistakes that appear on maps. They announced in 2004 that they intended to correct them and set up a committee to determine the correct forms of Gaelic place names for their maps.

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Gaelic continues to decline in its traditional heartland. Between 2001 and 2011, the absolute number of Gaelic speakers fell sharply in the Western Isles (−1,745), Argyll & Bute (−694), and Highland (−634). The drop in

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Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that the bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published; the main alteration was that the guidance of the

2990:(BnG), on a statutory basis with a view to securing the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language and to promote the use and understanding of Gaelic. 8885: 3871:(formerly known as the "University College of Cape Breton") offer Celtic Studies degrees and/or Gaelic language programs. The government's Office of Gaelic Affairs offers lunch-time lessons to public servants in Halifax. 1908:

in the Hebrides and western coastal mainland remained thoroughly Gaelic since the language's recovery there in the 12th century, providing a political foundation for cultural prestige down to the end of the 15th century.

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By 1850 Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken European language in British North America. It was spoken by as many as 200,000 British North Americans of both Scottish and Irish origin as either a first or a second

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offer two streams of Gaelic examination across all levels of the syllabus: Gaelic for learners (equivalent to the modern foreign languages syllabus) and Gaelic for native speakers (equivalent to the English syllabus).

3047:(2006) argue that the Gaelic Act falls so far short of the status accorded to Welsh that one would be foolish or naïve to believe that any substantial change will occur in the fortunes of the language as a result of 4997:, and examples can be found dating to the eighteenth century. However, as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels has become more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary. 3815:

will be enrolled in GME (Gaelic-medium education) unless parents request differently. Children will be taught Scottish Gaelic from P1 to P4 and then English will be introduced to give them a bilingual education.

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prejudice against Gaelic. T. M. Devine attributes this to an association between English and the prosperity of employment: the Highland economy relied greatly on seasonal migrant workers travelling outside the

1784:(Constantine II, 900–943), outsiders began to refer to the region as the kingdom of Alba rather than as the kingdom of the Picts. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of 2700: 5071:

recommendations for Scottish Gaelic, the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions, were adopted by most publishers and agencies, although they remain controversial among some academics, most notably Ronald Black.

2768:, the largest parish in the Western Isles by population, was especially acute, from 57.5% of the population in 1991 to 43.4% in 2011. The only parish outside the Western Isles over 40% Gaelic-speaking is 6176: 1994:(before 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. By the end of the 15th century, English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead as 'Yrisch' or 'Erse', i.e. Irish and their own language as 'Scottis'. 8362: 4559:

They are also normally classed as either masculine or feminine. A small number of words that used to belong to the neuter class show some degree of gender confusion. For example, in some dialects

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proclaimed that schools teaching in English should be established. Gaelic was seen, at this time, as one of the causes of the instability of the region. It was also associated with Catholicism.

1422:, 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) reported being able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the 1938:

Note: Caithness Norn as shown in the orange was also spoken in the 1400s in the same region as the 1500s' picture, but its presence, exact timeline, and mixture with Scottish Gaelic is debated*

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Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.

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In 2018, the census of pupils in Scotland showed 520 students in publicly funded schools had Gaelic as the main language at home, an increase of 5% from 497 in 2014. During the same period,

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and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten. Bilingualism in

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really means "daughter of MacDonald" rather than "daughter of Donald"). The "of" part actually comes from the genitive form of the patronymic that follows the prefix; in the case of

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Gaelic at home. To put this in context, the most common language spoken at home in Scotland after English and Scots is Polish, with about 1.1% of the population, or 54,000 people.

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Rugadh na h-uile duine saor agus co-ionnan nan urram 's nan còirichean. Tha iad reusanta is cogaiseach, agus bu chòir dhaibh a ghiùlain ris a chèile ann an spiorad bràthaireil.

1759:). Campbell has also questioned the age and reliability of the medieval historical sources speaking of a conquest. Instead, he has inferred that Argyll formed part of a common 2827:, with 19.3%). Out of a total of 871 civil parishes in Scotland, the proportion of Gaelic speakers exceeds 50% in seven parishes, 25% in 14 parishes, and 10% in 35 parishes. 2023: 9311: 4127:, simply on the basis of a certain similarity in spelling. Many of these traditional Gaelic-only names are now regarded as old-fashioned, and hence are rarely or never used. 3171:

in the EU but gave it the right to be a means of formal communications in the EU's institutions. The Scottish government had to pay for the translation from Gaelic to other

3346:. In 2018, the Nova Scotia government launched a new Gaelic vehicle licence plate to raise awareness of the language and help fund Gaelic language and culture initiatives. 5504:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Word order is strictly verb–subject–object, including questions, negative questions and negatives. Only a restricted set of preverb particles may occur before the verb.

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Clan chiefs in the northern and western parts of Scotland continued to support Gaelic bards who remained a central feature of court life there. The semi-independent

3042: 8653: 8427: 10166: 8972: 8572: 8212: 8000: 6168: 6116: 6011: 7671:"Reversing Language Shift: The Social Identity and Role of Scottish Gaelic Learners (Belfast Studies in Language, Culture and Politics) by Alasdair MacCaluim" 1935:

Linguistic divide in the middle ages. Left: divide in 1400 after Loch, 1932; Right: divide in 1500 after Nicholson, 1974 (both reproduced from Withers, 1984)

8798: 6748:Ó Baoill, Colm. "The Scots–Gaelic interface", in Charles Jones, ed., The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997 3978:

majority. All these churches have Gaelic-speaking congregations throughout the Western Isles. Notable city congregations with regular services in Gaelic are

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was used both in Ireland and Scotland but had largely disappeared in Scotland by the 16th century. It consisted of the same 18 letters still in modern use

2834:. Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the number of Gaelic speakers rose in nineteen of the country's 32 council areas. The largest absolute gains were in 1892:

and the Kingdom of Alba. However, during the reigns of Malcolm Canmore's sons, Edgar, Alexander I and David I (their successive reigns lasting 1097–1153),

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Scots English orthographic rules have also been used at various times in Gaelic writing. Notable examples of Gaelic verse composed in this manner are the

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and Scotland until well into the 17th century. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language place names.

7430: 4654:(a defective verb that has only two forms), used to show a notional permanent identity or quality, have non-composed present and non-past tense forms: ( 3475:– an organisation funded by the Scottish Government, which works to promote the Gaelic language in broadcasting. The ITV franchise in central Scotland, 9813: 1901:, attracted large numbers of foreigners speaking Old English. This was the beginning of Gaelic's status as a predominantly rural language in Scotland. 8249: 8068: 7549:. Gòrdan Camshron, Pàdruig Moireach, Brian Ó Curnáin, Iain Caimbeul, Brian MacDonald, Tamás Péterváry. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press. 7493:"Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland" 6969: 2115:

of Highland school boards tended to have anti-Gaelic attitudes and served as an obstacle to Gaelic education in the late 19th and early 20th century.

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From the sixth century to the present day, Scottish Gaelic has been used as a literary language. Two prominent writers of the twentieth century are

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A number of Scottish and some Irish universities offer full-time degrees including a Gaelic language element, usually graduating as Celtic Studies.

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origin. However, Gaelic contains substantially more words of non-Goidelic extraction than Irish. The main sources of loanwords into Gaelic are the

3494:, which broadcast for an hour every evening. Upon BBC Alba's launch on Freeview, it took the channel number that was previously assigned to TeleG. 9584: 8278: 7019: 2159:(1949–1997) surveyed both the dialect of the Scottish Gaelic language, and also mixed use of English and Gaelic across the Highlands and Islands. 1484:. The Scottish Parliament is considering a Scottish Languages Bill which proposes to give Gaelic and Scots languages official status in Scotland. 12034: 7750: 6044: 1047: 9375: 7647: 5045:

has also influenced Lowland Scots and English in Scotland, but it is not always easy to distinguish its influence from that of Scottish Gaelic.

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remain some speakers of the Inner Hebridean dialects of Tiree and Islay, and even a few native speakers from Western Highland areas including

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Gaelic nouns inflect for four cases (nominative/accusative, vocative, genitive and dative) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural).

11254: 8513: 2819:, with 64.1%). In addition, no civil parish on mainland Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 20% (the highest is in 2228: 1755:, who has argued that the putative migration or takeover is not reflected in archaeological or placename data (as pointed out earlier by 8551: 8532: 7880: 3772:

in 2006 (61 partially Gaelic-medium primary schools and approximately a dozen Gaelic-medium secondary schools also exist). According to

11882: 11345: 10304: 8476: 8154: 4748:(600 AD-1200 AD) stages of the language and are often terms related to Christianity. Latin is also the source of the days of the week 10848: 9932: 9345: 9280: 9125: 7968: 4433: 1978:) emerged as the official language of government and law. Scotland's emergent nationalism in the era following the conclusion of the 12978: 12660: 11730: 9315: 4259:(pronounced ) come from the Gaelic for, respectively, James, and Mary, but derive from the form of the names as they appear in the 3864: 1171: 8101: 11225: 9981: 7855: 6376: 3882: 2240: 1613:("Scottish"). Beginning in the late 15th century, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as 9029: 3400:(The Gaelic Society of Vancouver), the Vancouver Gaelic Choir, the Victoria Gaelic Choir, as well as the annual Gaelic festival 3323:

At the start of the 21st century, it was estimated that no more than 500 people in Nova Scotia still spoke Scottish Gaelic as a

3262:, where a majority of the population can have a working knowledge of the language. These omit the English translation entirely. 2131:, combined with emigration, resulted in the 1910s seeing unprecedented damage to the use of Scottish Gaelic, with a 46% fall in 1419: 12084: 11355: 11106: 9806: 3979: 2969:, however, Scottish matters have begun to receive greater attention, and it achieved a degree of official recognition when the 1734:

meaning home, farmstead, town or city. These data give some indication of the extent of medieval Gaelic settlement in Scotland.

871: 6436: 6082: 96: 11269: 11079: 10952: 9191: 8759: 8193: 7554: 7364: 6816: 6769: 6517: 6492: 5485: 3184: 3057: 698: 9224: 8726: 5365:

Plaque commemorating the founders of the Comunn Gaidhealach in Oban in 1891 using the Insular Script for decorative purposes

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There are 12 irregular verbs. Most other verbs follow a fully predictable paradigm, although polysyllabic verbs ending in

3226: 11820: 11624: 11520: 11196: 10942: 10213: 10067: 9495: 8650: 7041: 3959: 3918: 3778:, a total of 2,092 primary pupils were enrolled in Gaelic-medium primary education in 2008–09, as opposed to 24 in 1985. 2997: 2970: 2862: 1473: 1233: 688: 573: 9421: 6861:

Mackenzie, Donald W. (1990–92). "The Worthy Translator: How the Scottish Gaels got the Scriptures in their own Tongue".

3992:—a shorter Gaelic version of the English-language Book of Common Order—was published in 1996 by the Church of Scotland. 11480: 8449: 8419: 7938: 7907: 7116: 6730: 6678: 3155:

In October 2009, a new agreement allowed Scottish Gaelic to be formally used between Scottish Government ministers and

1430:, and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses. In the 75: 9465: 8964: 12958: 11867: 11602: 11339: 11264: 11181: 10987: 10907: 10271: 9799: 9692: 9661: 9644: 9625: 9617: 9533: 9407: 9306: 9255: 9218: 9162: 8209: 8131: 7013: 6845: 6467: 4989:". This phenomenon was described over 170 years ago, by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of 3088: 1562: 1521: 1325: 1272: 733: 653: 115: 8568: 6112: 10932: 10917: 10897: 10797: 10452: 7822: 5469: 3527: 3061: 2878: 678: 663: 643: 49: 11857: 9554: 8790: 5382: 2953:

Gaelic has long suffered from its lack of use in educational and administrative contexts and was long suppressed.

12683: 12006: 11926: 11284: 11074: 10957: 10077: 6206: 4496:

In some fixed phrases, these changes are shown permanently, as the link with the base words has been lost, as in

3422: 3176: 3168: 1982:

was organized using Scots as well. For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's

703: 563: 82: 8593: 2866:

report using English more often than Gaelic when speaking with their mothers at home. The effect on this of the

12853: 11694: 11365: 11101: 11091: 10297: 9058: 8777:

Lost in transition? Celtic language revitalization in Scotland and Wales: the primary to secondary school stage

7849:"UK Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Working Paper 10 – R.Dunbar, 2003" 7599: 7327:

Lost in transition? Celtic language revitalization in Scotland and Wales: the primary to secondary school stage

5101:("slender to slender and broad to broad") requires that a word-medial consonant or consonant group followed by 4450:() which occur only in their short versions. Although some vowels are strongly nasal, instances of distinctive 2966: 53: 8494: 7546:

The Gaelic crisis in the vernacular community : a comprehensive sociolinguistic survey of Scottish Gaelic

7300: 12881: 12463: 11936: 11440: 11390: 11312: 10927: 10841: 10253: 10059: 7398: 6785:

Withers, Charles W. J. (1988). "The Geographical History of Gaelic in Scotland". In Colin H. Williams (ed.).

6595:. By Cormac McSparron and Brian Williams. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 141, 145–158 3996:

services, citing both a lack of ministers and a desire to have their congregations united at communion time.

3860: 3067:

However, given there are no longer any monolingual Gaelic speakers, following an appeal in the court case of

2993:

Requiring BnG to prepare a National Gaelic Language Plan every five years for approval by Scottish Ministers.

2189: 2156: 2111: 1979: 1655: 1640: 1373: 673: 464: 7990: 482: 64: 12973: 12059: 11684: 11587: 11534: 11485: 11445: 11242: 11220: 10887: 10340: 9988: 9838: 8242: 8057: 7144: 6960: 6351: 6299: 2224: 2192:) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct, though native speakers were still to be found on the 1265: 808: 633: 541: 523: 8995: 7841: 4439: 2736:), where the overall proportion of speakers is 52.2%. Important pockets of the language also exist in the 2227:

lists Gaelic's status as "threatened", with "20,000 to 30,000 active users". UNESCO classifies Gaelic as "

2206: 12968: 11894: 11830: 11689: 11634: 11096: 11086: 11059: 10902: 10649: 10475: 9971: 9883: 9725: 9698: 8219:", Paper read at the 3rd biannual Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig, University of Edinburgh, 21–23 July 2004, in: 7670: 6914: 6113:"Gaelic History / Highland Council Gaelic Toolkit / The Highland Council / Welcome to Northern Potential" 5202: 5054: 4541: 1203: 648: 399: 8022: 7460: 7344: 12904: 12362: 12199: 12195: 11825: 11619: 11327: 11321: 11171: 11116: 10997: 9976: 9830: 9576: 9443: 8454: 7620:"Language revitalization discourses as metaculture: Gaelic in Scotland from the 18th to 20th centuries" 6995: 5080: 5068: 4579: 4005: 3983: 2808: 2144: 2140: 1870: 1779: 1644: 816: 743: 12534: 8275: 7619: 7169: 6052: 6025: 4565:"the sea" behaves as a masculine noun in the nominative case, but as a feminine noun in the genitive ( 1449:, 2,170 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, a decline from 3,980 speakers in the 12859: 12504: 11904: 11899: 11581: 11249: 11064: 10290: 9367: 8186:

Seanchaidh na Coille / Memory-Keeper of the Forest: Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Literature of Canada

5292: 5014: 3833: 3368: 3282:("Place names in Scotland") is the national advisory partnership for Gaelic place names in Scotland. 2755: 2016: 10140: 7826: 6407: 3434: 3279: 3197: 12264: 11835: 11815: 11750: 11664: 11597: 11555: 11515: 11470: 11335: 11237: 11203: 11034: 10834: 10686: 10629: 10414: 10373: 10105: 9950: 9848: 5266:

which bears the inscription VICULA MAQ CUGINI 'Viqula, son of Comginus', with Goidelic MAQ (modern

5153: 5131: 4537: 3383: 3072: 1344: 1208: 1198: 1131: 535: 255: 165: 12569: 12529: 10017: 9090: 8907: 7775: 7260: 7228: 6534: 6138: 3097: 2721:

Gaelic-language question was first asked in 1881. The Scottish government's language minister and

1492:

Aside from "Scottish Gaelic", the language may also be referred to simply as "Gaelic", pronounced

12161: 12094: 12079: 11810: 11425: 11208: 11121: 11111: 10992: 10937: 9942: 4908: 4530: 4524: 3875: 3296:

In the nineteenth century, Canadian Gaelic was the third-most widely spoken European language in

3202: 2824: 2737: 2027: 1866: 1141: 1007: 738: 683: 245: 227:

130,000 people in Scotland reported having some Gaelic language ability in 2022; 1,300 fluent in

42: 12736: 9652: 8392: 7196: 6632:

Green, D. (1983). "'Gaelic: syntax, similarities with British syntax'". In Thomson, D.S. (ed.).

3905:

campus offers an independent 1-year course in Gaelic and Traditional Music (FE, SQF level 5/6).

3844:, the Colonel Gray High School offer an introductory and an advanced course in Scottish Gaelic. 1766:

Regardless of how it came to be spoken in the region, Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to

1002: 12485: 12357: 12191: 12104: 12044: 11699: 11490: 11274: 11186: 11144: 10972: 10802: 9917: 9402:. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. 6694:

Dunshea, Philip M. (1 October 2013). "Druim Alban, Dorsum Britanniae– 'the Spine of Britain'".

4574:

Nouns are marked for case in a number of ways, most commonly involving various combinations of

4298: 3937: 3868: 1875: 1802:

in Gaelic and syntactic influence which could be considered to constitute a Pictish substrate.

1074: 1012: 718: 343: 8510: 7106: 4678:

and all other expected verb forms, though the verb adjective ("past participle") is lacking; (

4037:

Gaelic has its own version of European-wide names which also have English forms, for example:

2882:

revitalization efforts are not unified within Scotland or Nova Scotia, Canada. One can attend

12886: 12876: 12843: 12514: 12234: 12172: 11872: 11787: 11759: 11735: 11575: 11500: 11435: 11215: 11166: 11019: 11007: 10779: 10328: 10024: 9843: 8548: 8529: 7884: 7758: 6411: 5430: 3763: 3542: 3297: 2843: 1479: 1017: 826: 766: 89: 12554: 12239: 11669: 10239: 6759: 3913: 3031: 3009:

publications (PR and media, websites); staffing (language learning, training, recruitment).

1598: 12786: 12758: 12618: 12539: 12350: 12345: 12099: 12074: 12039: 11916: 11862: 11849: 11450: 11294: 11289: 11153: 11135: 10947: 10892: 10380: 10229: 5473: 4027: 3841: 3379: 2850:(+208). The largest relative gains were in Aberdeenshire (+0.19%), East Ayrshire (+0.18%), 1450: 1446: 1431: 1111: 966: 886: 693: 638: 550: 12741: 10043: 9337: 9272: 9121: 8882:"Tens of thousands sign up in matter of hours as Duolingo releases Scottish Gaelic course" 7960: 3889: 2883: 2811:

in Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 65% (the highest value is in

8: 12848: 12377: 12259: 12182: 12114: 12069: 11999: 11959: 11931: 11654: 11649: 11629: 11547: 11495: 11460: 11413: 11259: 11191: 11161: 11049: 11029: 10982: 10922: 10912: 10879: 10869: 10791: 10681: 10674: 10657: 10423: 10387: 10171: 5327: 4734: 4648:, used to attribute a notionally temporary state, action, or quality to the subject, and 4599: 3898: 3506: 3476: 3172: 3164: 3020:

the concept of 'equal respect'. It is not clear what the legal force of this wording is.

2974: 2912: 2907: 2148: 1898: 1810: 1461: 1185: 980: 911: 728: 668: 658: 623: 603: 12229: 5361: 3797:), is a body that seeks to promote links between speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Irish. 3138:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

12930: 12891: 12613: 12524: 12274: 11877: 11740: 11607: 11380: 11375: 11317: 11230: 11054: 10977: 10962: 10744: 10580: 10538: 10038: 9878: 9853: 9631:

Gillies, William. (1993). "Scottish Gaelic", in Ball, Martin J. and Fife, James (eds).

9437: 8158: 8093: 7686: 7520: 7422: 7399:"Neoliberalism and Minority-Language Planning in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland" 6556: 5282: 5206: 5010: 4722: 4635: 4617: 4610: 4545: 3949: 3782: 2946: 1990: 1686: 1671: 1334: 1121: 1079: 882: 723: 708: 260: 194: 7848: 6384: 3497:

There are also television programmes in the language on other BBC channels and on the

3214: 1857:. In south-eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken. 1788:(which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly under way during the reigns of 1625:. Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word 515: 12584: 12224: 12187: 11968: 11921: 11716: 11679: 11674: 11659: 11639: 11465: 11370: 11360: 11069: 11044: 11039: 10396: 10364: 10350: 10097: 10031: 9688: 9657: 9640: 9621: 9613: 9529: 9413: 9403: 9251: 9214: 9187: 9179: 9158: 9025: 8755: 8224: 8189: 7639: 7595: 7560: 7550: 7524: 7512: 7426: 7414: 7360: 7112: 7009: 6841: 6812: 6765: 6726: 6674: 6617:

Jackson, Kenneth (1983). "'Loanwords, British and Pictish'". In Thomson, D.S. (ed.).

6560: 6513: 6488: 6463: 5465: 5392: 4631: 4595: 4534: 3829: 3364: 3349:

In September 2021, the first Gaelic-medium primary school outside of Scotland, named

3270:

Highland Council's intention to introduce bilingual signage has incited controversy.

3025: 2839: 2831: 2793: 1905: 1826: 1720: 1594: 1408: 1365: 1093: 1069: 1061: 1037: 990: 594: 6834: 2752:

with 5,878 such persons, who make up over 10% of all of Scotland's Gaelic speakers.

569: 12816: 12709: 12695: 12564: 12509: 12304: 12064: 11772: 11767: 11704: 11570: 11430: 11331: 10662: 10637: 10605: 10586: 10547: 10523: 10465: 10441: 10313: 9922: 9907: 9902: 9739: 7682: 7631: 7504: 7410: 7406: 7352: 7001: 6703: 6546: 5454: 5358:. The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to decorative usages. 5259: 4718: 4639: 4470: 3805: 3502: 3498: 3486:

Until BBC Alba was broadcast on Freeview, viewers were able to receive the channel

3391: 2185: 2051: 2007: 1869:) between 1058 and 1093 as the beginning of Gaelic's eclipse in Scotland. His wife 1795: 1712: 1536: 1530: 1495: 1427: 1405: 1369: 1298: 1193: 893: 789: 784: 365: 351: 250: 12652: 12129: 10750: 10221: 7928: 7897: 7635: 6321: 3258:

Some monolingual Gaelic road signs, particularly direction signs, are used on the

1879: 12942: 12918: 12827: 12791: 12724: 12599: 12559: 12367: 12283: 12203: 12155: 12150: 12054: 11973: 11797: 11395: 11279: 10705: 10559: 10460: 9927: 9858: 9761: 9208: 8733: 8714: 8695: 8676: 8657: 8638: 8619: 8600: 8555: 8536: 8517: 8498: 8282: 8216: 8027: 7265: 7233: 7203: 7102: 6592: 6445: 6169:"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion" 6012:"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion" 5458: 5243: 4730: 4624: 4478: 4451: 4409: 3975: 3945: 3413:'s Scottish Cultural Centre also holds seasonal Scottish Gaelic evening classes. 3343: 3291: 3274: 2942: 2741: 2193: 2035: 1696: 1659: 1457:, with historic communities in other parts of Canada having largely disappeared. 1438: 1397: 1253: 931: 756: 330: 325: 287: 237: 208: 12430: 10131: 8820: 5412: 3532: 3464: 1042: 528: 12770: 12753: 12714: 12641: 12519: 12401: 12310: 12249: 12214: 12167: 12119: 12109: 12029: 11992: 11782: 10817: 10773: 10726: 10697: 10553: 10490: 10403: 9580: 9488: 5985: 5525: 5300: 5239: 5184: 5124:

written vowel. For example, plurals in Gaelic are often formed with the suffix

5042: 5006: 4916: 4627:: traditionally called active and passive, but actually personal and impersonal 4399: 4389: 4373: 4103:(Thomas). Not all traditional Gaelic names have direct equivalents in English: 4015: 3812: 3324: 3259: 3156: 3106: 2962: 2903: 2855: 2777: 2717: 2055: 2011: 1971: 1952: 1776:

areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde . During the reign of

1590: 1586: 1423: 1385: 1126: 1116: 1022: 779: 405: 385: 335: 176: 20: 12449: 12434: 7564: 7508: 7356: 7049: 6809:

Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands

6551: 4421:

MacGilleBhàin, MacGilleRuaidh, MacGilleDhuibh, MacGilleDhuinn, MacGilleBhuidhe

12952: 12822: 12809: 12719: 12623: 12603: 12480: 12389: 12315: 12177: 11801: 11565: 11505: 11474: 11350: 10756: 10594: 9912: 9873: 8751: 7643: 7516: 7418: 5173:

is purely a graphic vowel inserted to conform with the spelling rule because

5121: 5064: 4950: 4512: 4447: 4260: 3933: 3926: 3479:, has, in the past, produced a number of Scottish Gaelic programmes for both 3448: 2847: 2835: 2816: 2769: 1961: 1893: 1878:). Donald had spent 17 years in Gaelic Ireland and his power base was in the 1854: 1798:

and Gaelic, prior to the former's extinction, led to the presence of Pictish

1785: 1756: 1752: 1469: 1389: 1032: 856: 836: 794: 12417: 9417: 7930: 7899: 5963:

Note: Items in brackets denote archaic, dialectal or regional variant forms

4321:(Gaelic for "daughter"), so Catherine MacPhee is properly called in Gaelic, 3447:. Launched on 19 September 2008, BBC Alba is widely available in the UK (on 2075: 2026:(SSPCK) was founded in 1709. They met in 1716, immediately after the failed 12607: 12549: 12297: 12244: 11560: 11510: 11455: 11024: 10573: 10503: 10234: 9868: 9457: 8851:"Scottish Gaelic course on Duolingo app has 20,000 signups ahead of launch" 8307:"Rebirth of a 'sleeping' language: How N.S. is reviving its Gaelic culture" 7544: 6647:

Taylor, S. (2010). "Pictish Placenames Revisited'". In Driscoll, S. (ed.).

5508: 5446: 5422: 5319: 5251: 5088: 4745: 3460: 3428: 2891: 2820: 2773: 1850: 1846: 1834: 1667: 1401: 1223: 1136: 973: 921: 831: 395: 317: 297: 12457: 12426: 12393: 12049: 11723: 9210:

Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages

8363:"Nova Scotia unveils Gaelic licence plate, as it seeks to expand language" 8123: 7005: 6707: 6083:"Scotland's Language Myths: 4. Gaelic has nothing to do with the Lowlands" 4412:– yellow) although in Gaelic these occur as part of a fuller form such as 3159:

officials. The deal was signed by Britain's representative to the EU, Sir

2046: 1742: 499: 12407: 12397: 12337: 12209: 9731: 9397: 5530: 5418: 5060: 4011: 3922: 3856: 3317: 3160: 2830:

Decline in traditional areas has recently been balanced by growth in the

2169: 2132: 2123: 2119: 1975: 1454: 1228: 866: 440: 228: 198: 10187: 3467:. The channel is being operated in partnership between BBC Scotland and 2730:

The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Outer Hebrides (

12746: 12089: 10967: 9717: 9546: 6586:'... and they won land among the Picts by friendly treaty or the sword' 5314:

In addition to the base letters, vowels in the Insular script could be

5255: 4740:

Many direct Latin loanwords in Scottish Gaelic were adopted during the

4474: 4459: 3967: 3941: 3313: 3309: 3179: 2173: 2034:

into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1767, when James Stuart of Killin and

1838: 950: 926: 713: 9685:

Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland: Policy, Planning and Public Discourse

8558:

from scotland.gov.uk. Published 27 November 2009, Scottish Government.

8221:

Cànan & Cultar / Language & Culture: Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 3

7961:"An Comunn Gàidhealach – Royal National Mod : Royal National Mod" 6198: 5943: 12730: 12544: 12453: 12385: 12290: 12124: 11304: 10785: 10738: 10566: 10496: 9863: 9636: 9303:

Computer-Assisted Learning for Gaelic: Towards a Common Teaching Core

9207:

Hall, Mark A; Driscoll, Stephen T; Geddess, Jane (11 November 2010).

8243:"Gaelic Nova Scotia – An Economic, Cultural, and Social Impact Study" 5408: 5315: 5247: 4990: 4912: 4741: 4455: 4131: 3902: 3410: 3207: 2765: 2745: 2202: 2136: 1799: 1663: 1393: 851: 508: 492: 474: 456: 292: 12219: 10826: 9743: 8491: 8124:"Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba – Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland – About Us" 7806:

Legislative Devolution and Language Regulation in the United Kingdom

6962:

Gaelic in Nova Scotia: An Economic, Cultural and Social Impact Study

6649:

Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Middle Ages

5397:⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩ 5305:⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩ 5262:

but a number of Goidelic Ogham inscriptions also exist, such as the

5147:("shoes"). But because of the spelling rule, the suffix is spelled - 5021:, gob, as well as familiar elements of Scottish geography like ben ( 4438:

Most varieties of Gaelic show either eight or nine vowel qualities (

3071:(1982), involving the status of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the 2683:

using those and the number of the total population aged 3 and over.

31: 12937: 12925: 11614: 11385: 10857: 10732: 10282: 10124: 9728:

by Thomas Owen Clancy, Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture, 4 March 2009

7995: 5500:

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

5404: 5388: 5331: 5258:

in Ireland. In Scotland, the majority of Ogham inscriptions are in

5018: 4575: 4443: 3801: 3480: 3442: 3330:

The Nova Scotia government maintains the Office of Gaelic Affairs (

2797: 2709: 2210: 2177: 1984: 1842: 1830: 1760: 1381: 1151: 916: 841: 612: 581: 222: 190: 12411: 12254: 9791: 5187:

vowels omitted in speech can be omitted in informal writing, e.g.

4295:

The most common class of Gaelic surnames are those beginning with

3075:

ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings.

12803: 12797: 10669: 10642: 10484: 10357: 5464:

Certain 18th century sources used only an acute accent along the

5370: 5075:

The quality of consonants (broad or slender) is indicated by the

5017:. Loanwords include: whisky, slogan, brogue, jilt, clan, galore, 4466: 3837: 3769: 3470: 3452: 3372: 2749: 2197: 2039: 1926: 1917: 1806: 1412: 1213: 1106: 1027: 955: 945: 941: 846: 577: 19:

For the Germanic language that diverged from Middle English, see

10178: 10092: 9786: 6291: 3230:

Bilingual English/Gaelic sign at Queen Street Station in Glasgow

2897: 1676: 12440: 12422: 11711: 10710: 8539:

from scot.gov.uk. Published February 2009, Scottish Government.

8520:

from scot.gov.uk. Published February 2007, Scottish Government.

6885:"The decade when Scotland lost half its Gaelic speaking people" 5263: 4583: 3456: 2812: 2785: 2181: 1748: 1442: 1218: 1146: 936: 821: 435: 180: 4469:

and non-palatal counterparts, including a very rich system of

3056:

On 10 December 2008, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the

2886:, a national centre for Gaelic Language and Culture, based in 2024:

Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge

1882:

of Scotland. He was the last Scottish monarch to be buried on

12594: 12445: 12145: 12015: 9781: 9633:

The Celtic Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions)

7452: 5437:

for ) or conditioned by certain consonant environments (e.g.

5236: 5222: 5076: 4920: 4726: 3971: 3489: 3219: 2887: 2851: 2801: 2781: 2727:

took this as evidence that Gaelic's long decline has slowed.

2031: 1773: 1593:-derived language which had come to be spoken in most of the 1377: 861: 411: 211: 9270: 8094:"Caithness councillors harden resolve against Gaelic signs" 5036: 3811:

Starting from summer 2020, children starting school in the

2789: 1883: 1545: 1384:. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well as both 1101: 9751: 6286: 6284: 4725:

languages English, Scots and Norse. Other sources include

4235:

Some Scottish names are Anglicized forms of Gaelic names:

1970:

By the mid-14th century what eventually came to be called

1607:("English") by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called 580:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

6723:

The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels, and Vikings

6034:, 2011 NHS, Catalogue No. 99‑004‑XWE (Ottawa: 2013‑06‑26) 6006: 6004: 3513:) produces some non-news programming in Scottish Gaelic. 2868:

significant increase in pupils in Gaelic-medium education

2748:(4.9%). The locality with the largest absolute number is 2074: 25–75% Gaelic, and English; line indicates the 50% 1551: 1542: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1453:. There exists a particular concentration of speakers in 1313: 1307: 1304: 11984: 8569:"Scottish Government: Pupils Census, Supplementary Data" 8234: 8052: 8050: 7929:

Scottish Qualifications Authority, Resource Management.

7898:

Scottish Qualifications Authority, Resource Management.

6377:"Definition of Gaelic in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 5509:

Common words and phrases with Irish and Manx equivalents

4717:

The majority of the vocabulary of Scottish Gaelic is of

4446:, which can be either long or short. There are also two 4117:(Etta) (formerly also as Henny or even as Harriet), or, 3760:

The first modern solely Gaelic-medium secondary school,

3064:

had the UDHR translated into Gaelic for the first time.

1865:

Many historians mark the reign of King Malcolm Canmore (

1601:. Prior to the 15th century, this language was known as 8938:"Gaelic core class increasingly popular in Nova Scotia" 8058:"Guide to the Gaelic Origins of Place Names in Britain" 6281: 4366:

Several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames:

1772:

until the eighth century, when it began expanding into

1751:. An alternative view has been voiced by archaeologist 9740:

Scottish Gaelic Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words

8940:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 January 2015. 8337:"National Household Survey Profile, Nova Scotia, 2011" 7345:"9. Sociolinguistic Ethnography of Gaelic Communities" 7073:"'Endangered' Gaelic on map of world's dead languages" 6878: 6876: 6001: 4511:

In medial and final position, the aspirated stops are

3917:

A sign indicating services in Gaelic and English at a

1886:, the traditional burial place of the Gaelic Kings of 12902: 10242: 10219: 10185: 10176: 10142: 10129: 10029: 10015: 9775: 9767: 9759: 9749: 9715: 9673: 9666: 9314:. SQA publication BB1532. August 2005. Archived from 9153: 9147: 8996:"Free Church plans to scrap Gaelic communion service" 8047: 7613: 7611: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7338: 7336: 5934: 5899: 5867: 5839: 5806: 5763: 5756: 5730: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5631: 5604: 5569: 5540: 5492: 5286: 5226:

The Giogha Stone bearing a Goidelic Ogham inscription

5207: 5194: 5188: 5164: 5158: 5142: 5136: 5125: 5096: 5034: 5028: 5022: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4944: 4938: 4928: 4800: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4566: 4560: 4503: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4419: 4413: 4403: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4118: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 3987: 3953: 3887: 3878:

offers Gaelic language, history and culture courses.

3792: 3786: 3773: 3768:("Glasgow Gaelic School"), was opened at Woodside in 3761: 3536: 3487: 3468: 3440: 3432: 3401: 3395: 3350: 3337: 3331: 3242: 3236: 3104: 3095: 3048: 3040: 3014: 2985: 2731: 2722: 2125: 2102: 1887: 1789: 1777: 1767: 1740: 1729: 1563: 1554: 1522: 1513: 1477: 1338: 1326: 1316: 152: 7881:"Official Status for Gaelic: Prospects and Problems" 7538: 7536: 7534: 7320: 7318: 5984:

The replies are for all Gaelic languages, including

5063:

is fairly regular; its standard was set by the 1767

2780:

with significant percentages of Gaelic speakers are

1680:

Linguistic division in early 12th century Scotland.

1548: 1507: 1310: 354: 346: 338: 320: 12682: 9726:"Gaelic in Medieval Scotland: Advent and Expansion" 9612:. Vancouver: Global Language Press (reprint 2006), 9305:. The orthographic conventions were revised by the 9206: 8622:

Spreadsheet published 11 December 2012 (Table 1.13)

6873: 5270:'son') rather than Brythonic MAB (cf. modern Welsh 4983:

telly" (I am watching the television), instead of "

4200:). These are conventionally rendered in English as 2958:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1631:in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used. 1539: 1498: 1466:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1301: 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8779:(Thesis). The University of Edinburgh. p. 48. 8603:Spreadsheet published 3 February 2012 (Table 1.13) 7608: 7475: 7403:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 7385: 7333: 7229:"Census shows decline in Gaelic speakers 'slowed'" 6833: 6462:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 276. 6139:"Census shows decline in Gaelic speakers 'slowed'" 5369:Letters with an overdot have been available since 5356:⟨bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th⟩ 4915:coined for modern concepts are typically based on 4811:; "bush") are transparently Brittonic in origin. 3136:. The reason given is: The UK has now left the EU. 3000:and Gaelic as a subject for education authorities. 2873: 9184:An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language 8965:"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada" 8908:"Gaelic to be 'default' in Western Isles schools" 8450:"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada" 8420:"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada" 8210:Gaelic in Canada: New Evidence from an Old Census 7531: 7315: 7261:"Census shows Gaelic declining in its heartlands" 5472:(1741–51) and the earliest editions (1768–90) of 5411:. The letters of the alphabet were traditionally 5000: 4630:Three non-composed combined TAM forms expressing 3082: 2949:speaking publicly in the Scottish Gaelic language 1724:Place names in Scotland that contain the element 12950: 8821:"Thousands sign up for new online Gaelic course" 7351:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 172–217. 6997:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages 5120:This rule sometimes leads to the insertion of a 3175:. The deal was received positively in Scotland; 555:2011 distribution of Gaelic speakers in Scotland 12035:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 8963:International, Radio Canada (28 January 2015). 8561: 8487: 8485: 8418:International, Radio Canada (28 January 2015). 7770: 7768: 6940:Ó Baoill, Colm (2000). "The Gaelic Continuum". 6915:"The Gaelic Story at the University of Glasgow" 6863:Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 6460:Brewer's dictionary of Irish phrase & fable 5083:) consonants are surrounded by slender vowels ( 4195: 4183: 4171: 4153: 4141: 3847: 2961:official recognition from the UK Government as 9772:'s links to pages in and about Scottish Gaelic 9186:(Digitized facsimile ed.). BiblioBazaar. 8369:. Bell Media. The Canadian Press. 1 May 2018. 7349:The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language 6811:(2013 ed.). Manchester University Press. 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6508:Chadwick, Nora Kershaw; Dyllon, Myles (1972). 6507: 12668: 12000: 10842: 10653:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 10298: 9807: 9174: 9172: 9170: 8962: 8417: 7617: 7490: 7396: 7342: 6854: 6744: 6742: 5515:Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish 5091:) consonants are surrounded by broad vowels ( 2898:Challenges to preservation and revitalization 1273: 9338:"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica" 9301:The Board of Celtic Studies Scotland (1998) 9245: 8791:"Gael-force wind of change in the classroom" 8774: 8482: 7765: 7542: 7324: 7095: 6860: 6757: 6714: 6526: 6501: 4598:can deviate from this paradigm as they show 3840:, offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. In 3800:In November 2019, the language-learning app 1841:. It was spoken to a lesser degree in north 6952: 6793: 6778: 6655: 6485:The Edinburgh history of the Scots language 6259:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population" 5941: 5913: 5906: 5880: 5874: 5846: 5819: 5813: 5782: 5774: 5737: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5638: 5611: 5576: 5548: 5383:Scottish Gaelic orthography § Alphabet 4806: 4794: 3463:). It also broadcasts across Europe on the 2690: 1820: 1814: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1571: 12675: 12661: 12007: 11993: 10849: 10835: 10305: 10291: 9814: 9800: 9722:– Scottish Gaelic language, music and news 9167: 8177: 7145:"Scotland's Census at a glance: Languages" 6825: 6761:Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language 6751: 6739: 6070:. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. 5950: 5920: 5887: 5854: 5827: 5794: 5744: 5714: 5707: 5645: 5619: 5591: 5584: 5557: 3222:(Roghadal) on Harris in the Outer Hebrides 2984:Establishing the Gaelic development body, 1577: 1280: 1266: 549: 9705:, vol. 3 pp. 97–113, 223–39, 319–32. 6764:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 8. 6673:. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. 6550: 6476: 5415:, but this custom has fallen out of use. 5352:⟨ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ⟩ 4923:, although often coming through English; 4434:Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography 3431:operates a Gaelic-language radio station 3375:, offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. 1833:, adjoining areas to the north and west, 1476:established a language-development body, 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 9778:– The Digital Archive of Scottish Gaelic 8879: 8393:"Gaelic Medium Education in Nova Scotia" 8294:99-004-XWE (Ottawa: September 11, 2013). 8248:. Nova Scotia Museum. pp. 114–115. 8152: 7491:McEWAN-FUJITA, Emily (15 January 2010). 7216:Scotland's Census Results Online (SCROL) 7101: 6939: 6720: 6532: 6438:Transactions of the Philological Society 6080: 6065: 5360: 5281: 5221: 5005:Scottish Gaelic has also influenced the 3912: 3865:Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts 3531: 3308: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3035:Police Scotland vehicle logo (Bilingual) 3030: 2941: 2754: 2694: 2045: 1747:on Scotland's west coast in present-day 1719: 1675: 1619:("Irish") and the Lowland vernacular as 1437:Outside of Scotland, a dialect known as 9577:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9279:. Archaeology Archive Moidart History. 9178: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 8993: 8745: 8385: 8288:National Household Survey (NHS) Profile 8240: 7618:McEwan-Fujita, Emily (1 January 2011). 7589: 7397:Mcewan-Fujita, Emily (1 January 2005). 6993: 6958: 6882: 6784: 6693: 6668: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6457: 6032:National Household Survey (NHS) Profile 4856:land between a house and its enclosure 3984:Greyfriars Tolbooth & Highland Kirk 3883:University of the Highlands and Islands 3206:Bilingual Gaelic–English road sign, at 2708:A Scottish Gaelic speaker, recorded in 2241:List of Scottish Gaelic-speaking people 574:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 12951: 12085:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 9736:– founded by Comhairle nan Eilean Siar 9399:Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai 9312:"Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005" 9101:from the original on 10 September 2016 8395:. Bòrd na Gàidhlig. 8 September 2021. 8329: 8304: 8183: 8157:. Multicultural Canada. Archived from 7861:from the original on 26 September 2007 7668: 7329:(Thesis). The University of Edinburgh. 6831: 6806: 6646: 6296:Province of Nova Scotia Gaelic Affairs 6269:from the original on 26 September 2023 6265:. Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. 6235:. Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. 5581:(South) (North/West) (older North) 5309:⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩ 5098:caol ri caol agus leathann ri leathann 4357:("of Donald") is the genitive form of 4339:, meaning "daughter of the son", thus 4333:is a contraction of the Gaelic phrase 4130:Some names have come into Gaelic from 3358: 3218:Monolingual Gaelic direction sign, at 2937: 12656: 11988: 10856: 10830: 10286: 9795: 9687:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, 9424:from the original on 17 November 2023 9239: 9026:"Alba air Taghadh – beò à Inbhir Nis" 8944:from the original on 15 November 2015 8888:from the original on 29 November 2019 8861:from the original on 29 November 2019 8831:from the original on 30 November 2019 8727:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2018 8708:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2017 8689:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2016 8670:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2015 8651:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2014 8632:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2013 8613:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2012 8594:Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2011 8575:from the original on 21 November 2011 8470: 8399:from the original on 8 September 2021 8355: 8146: 8035:from the original on 17 November 2023 7786:from the original on 15 November 2022 7751:"Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005" 7693:from the original on 19 December 2022 7594:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. 7571:from the original on 17 November 2023 7463:from the original on 19 December 2022 7433:from the original on 19 December 2022 7373:from the original on 19 December 2022 7343:McEwan-Fujita, Emily (2 March 2022). 7206:, Table QS211SC. Viewed 23 June 2014. 7125:from the original on 17 November 2023 6921:from the original on 24 November 2021 6895:from the original on 20 December 2022 6631: 6567:from the original on 10 November 2012 6482: 6405: 5486:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5152: 5130: 4986:Tha mi a' coimhead air an telebhisean 3058:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2996:Requiring BnG to produce guidance on 2234: 1699:zone, use of either or both languages 1343: 164: 12336: 11177:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland 10312: 9956:Dependent and independent verb forms 9787:Nova Scotia Office of Gaelic Affairs 9283:from the original on 11 October 2017 9246:Watson, W.J.; Taylor, Simon (2011). 9071:from the original on 16 January 2017 9044: 9032:from the original on 3 November 2018 9006:from the original on 11 January 2009 8918:from the original on 24 January 2020 8880:Dingwall, Blair (28 November 2019). 8801:from the original on 30 October 2008 8305:Patten, Melanie (29 February 2016). 8255:from the original on 11 October 2017 7743: 7083:from the original on 25 October 2017 7070: 7022:from the original on 26 January 2020 6883:Campsie, Alison (20 December 2022). 6836:The Making of the Crofting Community 6607: 5971: 3964:Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland 3505:franchise in the north of Scotland, 3501:, usually subtitled in English. The 3167:. This did not give Scottish Gaelic 3118: 1400:sometime in the 13th century in the 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 16:Goidelic Celtic language of Scotland 12376: 10735:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 10068:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 9821: 9756:– Dwelly's Gaelic dictionary online 9227:from the original on 5 October 2023 9200: 8373:from the original on 16 August 2021 7669:Dorian, Nancy C. (5 January 2011). 6418:from the original on 26 August 2020 6332:from the original on 4 January 2018 5927:(Scotland, Man) I saw, I was seeing 5461:replaced it with the grave accent. 5157:) after a slender consonant, as in 4995:New Statistical Account of Scotland 3932:In the Western Isles, the isles of 2980:The key provisions of the Act are: 2956:The UK government has ratified the 2863:Gaelic medium education in Scotland 2162: 1570:also refers to the Irish language ( 1474:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 1234:Scottish inventions and discoveries 13: 9697:Robertson, Charles M. (1906–07). " 9680:. Lulu Enterprises, North Carolina 9602: 9587:from the original on 16 March 2021 9501:from the original on 10 April 2018 9468:from the original on 26 March 2023 9348:from the original on 26 March 2023 9271:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair. 9248:The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland 9128:from the original on 25 April 2017 9119: 9064:. Bòrd na Gàidhlig. October 2009. 8134:from the original on 25 April 2017 7941:from the original on 25 April 2017 7910:from the original on 25 April 2017 7738:Gaelic: A Past and Future Prospect 7687:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x 7218:, Table UV12. Viewed 23 June 2014. 6302:from the original on 23 April 2020 6093:from the original on 20 April 2021 6045:"Background on the Irish Language" 4589: 4551: 14: 12995: 11603:Scottish Qualifications Authority 11340:Office of the Accountant of Court 11265:Member of the Scottish Parliament 9709: 9307:Scottish Qualifications Authority 9250:(reprint ed.). Birlinn LTD. 9059:"Gaelic Orthographic Conventions" 8994:MacLeod, Murdo (6 January 2008). 8975:from the original on 23 June 2017 8571:. Scotland.gov.uk. 14 June 2011. 8339:. Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. 8317:from the original on 13 July 2018 8104:from the original on 20 June 2012 8074:from the original on 30 July 2021 8023:"EU green light for Scots Gaelic" 8003:from the original on 23 June 2024 7991:"EU green light for Scots Gaelic" 7971:from the original on 27 June 2017 7825:. 12 October 2008. Archived from 7740:. Edinburgh: The Saltire Society. 7650:from the original on 8 March 2013 7299:. 7 December 2011. Archived from 7293:"Pupil Census Supplementary Data" 6975:from the original on 4 March 2016 6209:from the original on 22 June 2024 6179:from the original on 22 June 2024 6119:from the original on 19 June 2021 5277: 4032: 3921:congregation in the community of 3439:as well as a television channel, 3247:rather than the anglicised forms 3114: 3089:Scottish Qualifications Authority 2249:speakers in Scotland (1755–2022) 1585:Scottish Gaelic is distinct from 1460:Scottish Gaelic is classed as an 12936: 12924: 12912: 12637: 12636: 10798:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 10267: 10266: 9569: 9557:from the original on 3 July 2022 9539: 9518: 9480: 9450: 9390: 9378:from the original on 27 May 2023 9360: 9330: 9295: 9264: 9140: 9113: 9083: 9018: 8987: 8956: 8930: 8900: 8873: 8843: 8813: 8783: 8768: 8739: 8720: 8701: 8430:from the original on 9 June 2020 8343:from the original on 13 May 2014 8188:. Cape Breton University Press. 7823:Scottish Human Rights Commission 7273:from the original on 5 July 2014 7241:from the original on 5 July 2014 6634:The Companion to Gaelic Scotland 6619:The Companion to Gaelic Scotland 6239:from the original on 15 May 2021 6149:from the original on 25 May 2017 6081:Kavanagh, Paul (12 March 2011). 5470:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair 5307:. and generally did not contain 4109:, which is normally rendered as 3528:Scottish Gaelic medium education 3355:, opened in Mabou, Nova Scotia. 3123: 3062:Scottish Human Rights Commission 2759:Cumbernauld Gaelic Choir in 2021 2184:. Dialects on both sides of the 2064: 75–80% Gaelic, and English 1925: 1916: 1535: 1494: 1411:was shared by the Gaels of both 1297: 1247: 611: 30: 12979:Languages of the United Kingdom 12684:Languages of the United Kingdom 9526:Irish Dialects Past and Present 9372:Celtic Inscribed Stones Project 8682: 8663: 8644: 8625: 8606: 8587: 8542: 8523: 8504: 8442: 8411: 8298: 8267: 8202: 8116: 8086: 8015: 7983: 7953: 7922: 7891: 7873: 7811: 7798: 7776:"CHAPTER II – CORE COMMITMENTS" 7730: 7705: 7662: 7583: 7445: 7285: 7253: 7221: 7209: 7190: 7162: 7137: 7071:Ross, John (19 February 2009). 7064: 7034: 6987: 6933: 6907: 6687: 6669:Withers, Charles W. J. (1984). 6640: 6625: 6598: 6579: 6451: 6430: 6399: 6369: 6344: 6314: 6251: 6221: 5978: 5479: 5376: 5288:A' maidin neochiontas na h-óige 5250:until it was supplanted by the 4454:are rare. There are about nine 4253:, and the recently established 3499:independent commercial channels 3423:Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland 3177:Secretary of State for Scotland 2874:Preservation and revitalization 2083: 5–25% Gaelic, and English 1805:In 1018, after the conquest of 1445:since the 18th century. In the 41:needs additional citations for 10747:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 9683:McLeod, Wilson (ed.). (2006). 8746:Pagoeta, Mikel Morris (2001). 7543:Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr (2020). 7453:"Dachaigh – Sabhal Mòr Ostaig" 7411:10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.171.155 7170:"2011: Gaelic report (part 1)" 7111:. Cambridge University Press. 6787:Language in Geographic Context 6487:. Edinburgh University Press. 6191: 6161: 6131: 6105: 6074: 6059: 6037: 6018: 5109:and similarly, if followed by 5095:). The spelling rule known as 5048: 5001:Loanwords into other languages 4542:verb–subject–object word order 4442:) in their inventory of vowel 4418:'son of the servant of', i.e. 4315:(MacLean). The female form is 3304: 3188:Gaelic speakers in Scotland." 3083:Qualifications in the language 2971:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2867: 2147:Censuses. Michelle MacLeod of 2089: 0–5% Gaelic, and English 1715:may have survived in this zone 1: 12984:Verb–subject–object languages 12703:Recognised regional languages 10818:extinct or ancestor languages 10060:Education (Scotland) Act 1872 9647:(paperback), pp. 145–227 9608:Gillies, H. Cameron. (1896). 7736:See Kenneth MacKinnon (1991) 7636:10.1016/j.langcom.2010.12.001 6994:Moseley, Christopher (2008). 6758:Moray Watson (30 June 2010). 6671:Gaelic in Scotland, 1698–1981 6512:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6229:"Census Profile, 2016 Census" 5966: 5468:, such as in the writings of 5441:preceding a non-intervocalic 5427:⟨à, è, ì, ò, ù⟩ 5324:⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩ 5242:was used in Ireland to write 4902: 4704: 3999: 3861:St. Francis Xavier University 3521: 2263:Gaelic and English bilinguals 2157:Linguistic Survey of Scotland 2112:Education (Scotland) Act 1872 1997: 1980:Wars of Scottish Independence 1819:in Latin, and Gaelic was the 1656:History of the Irish language 1641:History of the Irish language 1374:Indo-European language family 221:70,000 L1 and L2 speakers in 10953:Colonisation of the Americas 9515:. Retrieved 13 October 2007. 7624:Language & Communication 7046:Endangered Languages Project 5995: 4775: 4427: 4303:(Gaelic for "son"), such as 3980:St Columba's Church, Glasgow 3848:Higher and further education 3516: 3397:Comunn Gàidhlig Bhancoubhair 2870:since that time is unknown. 2266:Total Gaelic language group 2225:Endangered Languages Project 2122:and the 1919 sinking of the 699:Colonisation of the Americas 7: 12964:Endangered Celtic languages 9489:"Latin Extended Additional" 9273:"Smeòrach Chlann Raghnaill" 7675:Journal of Sociolinguistics 6968:. Province of Nova Scotia. 5403:is mostly used to indicate 5387:The modern Scottish Gaelic 5217: 5203:Book of the Dean of Lismore 5087:), while broad (neutral or 5079:surrounding them. Slender ( 5055:Scottish Gaelic orthography 4515:rather than postaspirated. 4290: 3819: 3039:Some commentators, such as 2928: 2923: 2776:at 46%. The islands in the 2260:Monolingual Gaelic speakers 2135:speakers and a 19% fall in 1705: English-speaking zone 1426:. Nevertheless, there is a 10: 13000: 11625:Inventions and discoveries 11328:Supreme Courts of Scotland 9752:Faclair Dwelly air Loidhne 9610:Elements of Gaelic Grammar 9547:"UDHR in Celtic languages" 9091:"Catrìona Anna Nic a' Phì" 9028:. BBC Radio nan Gàidheal. 8455:Radio Canada International 7717:www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk 6725:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. 6696:Scottish Historical Review 5851:(North) (West) (South) 5512: 5380: 5344:⟨ch, ph, th⟩ 5151:(but pronounced the same, 5069:Scottish Examination Board 5052: 4781:some common words such as 4712: 4522: 4518: 4465:Most consonants have both 4431: 4247:→ (Donald), for instance. 4123:, which is "matched" with 4025: 4006:Scottish Gaelic literature 4003: 3828:Maxville Public School in 3525: 3483:and its own main channel. 3420: 3363:Maxville Public School in 3289: 3195: 3191: 2844:Aberdeen City council area 2238: 1860: 1653: 1649: 1645:History of Scottish Gaelic 1638: 1634: 18: 12869: 12836: 12779: 12702: 12690: 12632: 12577: 12496: 12329: 12273: 12138: 12022: 12014: 11953: 11900:Scottish Episcopal Church 11848: 11796: 11758: 11749: 11582:Curriculum for Excellence 11546: 11542: 11533: 11421: 11412: 11303: 11152: 11143: 11134: 11015: 11006: 10878: 10865: 10811: 10766: 10719: 10696: 10633:? (possibly hypothetical) 10621: 10537: 10515: 10474: 10451: 10433: 10422: 10413: 10338: 10320: 10262: 10206: 10154: 10117: 10085: 10076: 10052: 10006: 9997: 9964: 9941: 9895: 9829: 9656:. Munich: Lincom Europa, 9155:Roinn nan Cànan Ceilteach 8241:Kennedy, Michael (2002). 7509:10.1017/S0047404509990649 7357:10.1515/9780748637102-013 6959:Kennedy, Michael (2002). 6552:10.1017/S0003598X00060920 6352:"Scottish Languages Bill" 6066:MacAulay, Donald (1992). 5779:(North) (West) (South) 5015:Scottish Standard English 3908: 3352:Taigh Sgoile na Drochaide 3285: 3210:in the Scottish Highlands 3132:This section needs to be 2265: 2262: 2259: 2216: 2058:) and Gaelic in Scotland 1988:(1375) and Blind Harry's 1728:from the Scottish Gaelic 1576:) and the Manx language ( 560: 548: 534: 522: 506: 490: 472: 454: 449: 426: 421: 382: 308: 280: 234: 217: 204: 186: 172: 160: 151: 137: 132: 12959:Scottish Gaelic language 12265:Gaelic Christian mission 11336:High Court of Justiciary 10106:West Highland Free Press 9733:Gaelic Resource Database 9699:Scottish Gaelic Dialects 9528:. Brown and Nolan 1932, 8775:O'Hanlon, Fiona (2012). 8736:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8717:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8698:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8694:14 February 2017 at the 8679:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8660:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8656:27 February 2015 at the 8641:Spreadsheet (Table 1.13) 8637:27 February 2015 at the 8618:27 February 2015 at the 8599:27 February 2015 at the 8549:Pupils in Scotland, 2009 8530:Pupils in Scotland, 2008 8511:Pupils in Scotland, 2006 8215:21 November 2017 at the 8184:Newton, Michael (2015). 7713:"SuperWEB2(tm) - Log in" 7325:O'Hanlon, Fiona (2012). 6292:"Nova Scotia/Alba Nuadh" 5957:health; cheers! (toast) 5915:bhí mé/bhíos ag feiscint 5791:(North/West) (South) ) 5684:(North) (West) (South) 5445:is ). Traditionally the 5326:to indicate length. The 5230: 4927:, for instance, becomes 4844:palace (in place-names) 4021: 3764:Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu 3538:Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu 3416: 3384:Colonel Gray High School 2918: 2691:Distribution in Scotland 400:Scottish Gaelic alphabet 12535:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 12095:Jacobite rising of 1745 11910:Free Church of Scotland 11197:International relations 10641:? (possibly related to 10214:Gaelic-medium education 9650:Lamb, William. (2001). 8516:1 December 2008 at the 7592:The Highland Clearances 7297:The Scottish Government 7197:2011 Census of Scotland 6535:"Were the Scots Irish?" 6533:Campbell, Ewan (2001). 6483:Jones, Charles (1997). 6408:"1350–1450 Early Scots" 6326:The Scottish Government 5929:(Ireland) I was seeing 5616:(North/West) (South) 5451:⟨á, é, ó⟩ 5115:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5111:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5093:⟨a, o, u⟩ 4909:Indo-European languages 4546:two grammatical genders 4525:Scottish Gaelic grammar 4196: 4184: 4172: 4154: 4142: 3960:Free Church of Scotland 3919:Free Church of Scotland 3876:Moscow State University 2998:Gaelic medium education 2879:Gaelic Medium Education 2028:Jacobite rising of 1715 1837:, and parts of western 1829:, Gaelic was strong in 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1487: 1432:2022 census of Scotland 1420:2011 census of Scotland 1396:. It became a distinct 1008:Scottish highland dance 11491:Royal Bank of Scotland 11187:Great Seal of Scotland 10803:Welsh-medium education 10453:Southwestern Brittonic 10243: 10220: 10186: 10177: 10143: 10130: 10030: 10016: 9918:East Sutherland Gaelic 9768: 9760: 9750: 9716: 9674: 9667: 9442:: CS1 maint: others ( 9154: 9148: 9097:(in Scottish Gaelic). 8497:17 August 2011 at the 8290:, 2011 NHS, Catalogue 8153:Bumstead, J.M (2006). 7883:. 1997. Archived from 7755:www.legislation.gov.uk 7590:Prebble, John (1969). 7459:(in Scottish Gaelic). 6832:Hunter, James (1976). 6807:Devine, T. M. (1994). 6721:Clarkson, Tim (2011). 6458:McMahon, Sean (2012). 5951: 5942: 5935: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5868: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5775: 5764: 5757: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696:(South/West) (North) 5692: 5686: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5620: 5612: 5605: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5570: 5558: 5549: 5541: 5493: 5366: 5338:, while the following 5296: 5287: 5227: 5208: 5195: 5189: 5165: 5159: 5143: 5137: 5126: 5097: 5035: 5029: 5023: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4945: 4939: 4929: 4884:thicket, knoll, mound 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4567: 4561: 4531:Indo-European language 4529:Scottish Gaelic is an 4504: 4498: 4489: 4483: 4420: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4384: 4378: 4368: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4119: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 3988: 3954: 3929: 3888: 3869:Cape Breton University 3793: 3787: 3774: 3762: 3546: 3537: 3488: 3469: 3441: 3433: 3402: 3396: 3351: 3338: 3333:Iomairtean na Gàidhlig 3332: 3320: 3280:Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba 3243: 3237: 3231: 3223: 3211: 3198:Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba 3105: 3096: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3015: 2986: 2950: 2760: 2732: 2723: 2713: 2126: 2103: 2097: 1888: 1880:thoroughly Gaelic west 1821: 1815: 1790: 1778: 1768: 1741: 1735: 1730: 1717: 1578: 1572: 1478: 1472:has ratified, and the 1339: 1013:Scottish country dance 562:This article contains 153: 12570:An Coimisinéir Teanga 12530:An Comunn Gàidhealach 12235:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 11788:British Sign Language 11255:Members of Parliament 11182:Deputy First Minister 11020:Anglo-Scottish border 10988:Industrial Revolution 10780:Skol Veythrin Karenza 10720:Celtic-speaking areas 10645:or pre-Indo-European) 10018:An Comunn Gàidhealach 9744:Swadesh-list appendix 9213:. Brill. p. 93. 8281:23 April 2020 at the 8276:Nova Scotia (Code 12) 8098:The Press and Journal 7237:. 26 September 2013. 7006:10.4324/9780203645659 6708:10.3366/shr.2013.0178 6444:16 April 2023 at the 6412:Scots Language Centre 6145:. 26 September 2013. 6027:Nova Scotia (Code 12) 5513:Further information: 5488:in Scottish Gaelic: 5429:), indicated through 5381:Further information: 5364: 5330:was used to indicate 5293:Uilleam MacDhunléibhe 5285: 5225: 4907:In common with other 4696:past and conditional. 4620:: singular and plural 3989:Leabhar Sheirbheisean 3916: 3543:Glasgow Gaelic School 3535: 3339:Comhairle na Gàidhlig 3312: 3298:British North America 3229: 3217: 3205: 3098:An Comunn Gàidhealach 3034: 2965:. With the advent of 2945: 2758: 2707: 2229:definitely endangered 2139:speakers between the 2050:1891 distribution of 2049: 1974:(at that time termed 1945: Scottish Gaelic 1906:Lordship of the Isles 1723: 1679: 1654:Further information: 1018:Scottish sword dances 827:Burning of the Clavie 734:Industrial Revolution 12619:Kingdom of the Isles 12540:Seachtain na Gaeilge 12505:Údarás na Gaeltachta 12260:Insular Christianity 12075:Plantation of Ulster 12040:High King of Ireland 11731:World Heritage Sites 10928:Wars of Independence 9762:Gàidhlig air an Lìon 9678:– A Gaelic Thesaurus 8857:. 28 November 2019. 8827:. 28 November 2019. 8732:4 April 2019 at the 8675:1 March 2016 at the 8477:BBC Reception advice 8208:Jonathan Dembling, " 8128:www.ainmean-aite.org 7819:"Latest News – SHRC" 7808:, Cardiff University 7804:Williams, Colin H., 7269:. 15 November 2013. 7108:The Celtic Languages 6591:14 July 2020 at the 6068:The Celtic Languages 6055:on 24 December 2019. 6049:Údarás na Gaeltachta 5834:sleep (verbal noun) 5474:Duncan Ban MacIntyre 5350:in Roman type, i.e. 5336:⟨ḟ, ṡ⟩ 5107:⟨i, e⟩ 5103:⟨i, e⟩ 5085:⟨e, i⟩ 4508:"this time/period". 4493:"the door" as or . 4028:Scottish Gaelic name 3842:Prince Edward Island 3380:Prince Edward Island 2118:Loss of life due to 2095: Purely English 1595:Lowlands of Scotland 1533:. However, "Gaelic" 1172:World Heritage Sites 872:Units of measurement 674:Wars of Independence 50:improve this article 12974:Languages of Canada 12870:Languages by region 12115:Highland Clearances 12070:Flight of the Earls 11521:International trade 11075:Mountains and hills 10983:Highland Clearances 10958:Glorious Revolution 10923:Davidian Revolution 10870:Outline of Scotland 10792:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 10767:Immersive education 9839:Proto-Indo-European 9782:An Comunn's website 9742:(from Wiktionary's 9458:"Irish Orthography" 9124:. Library Ireland. 8914:. 23 January 2020. 8797:. 29 October 2008. 8713:17 May 2018 at the 8554:7 June 2011 at the 8535:7 June 2011 at the 8273:Statistics Canada, 8161:on 26 December 2012 8100:. 24 October 2008. 7931:"Gaelic (learners)" 7497:Language in Society 7202:4 June 2014 at the 6636:. pp. 107–108. 6621:. pp. 151–152. 6406:Horsbroch, Dauvit. 6381:Oxford Dictionaries 6356:Scottish Parliament 6024:Statistics Canada, 5554:(West/North) muid 5254:in the 5th century 5149:⟨ean⟩ 4324:Catrìona Nic a' Phì 4204:(or, historically, 3899:Lews Castle College 3794:Iomairt Cholm Cille 3511:Grampian Television 3359:Outside Nova Scotia 3165:Scottish government 2975:Scottish Parliament 2973:was enacted by the 2938:Scottish Parliament 2913:highland clearances 2257:Scottish population 2250: 2149:Aberdeen University 1811:Kingdom of Scotland 1780:Caustantín mac Áeda 1462:indigenous language 1441:has been spoken in 1404:period, although a 1392:, developed out of 1254:Scotland portal 729:Highland Clearances 704:Glorious Revolution 669:Davidian Revolution 604:Culture of Scotland 428:Recognised minority 12969:Fusional languages 12614:Kingdom of Munster 12555:Comunn na Gàidhlig 12525:Conradh na Gaeilge 12162:Lebor Gabála Érenn 11878:Church of Scotland 11670:Royal National Mòd 11608:Education Scotland 11381:Scots property law 11376:College of Justice 11285:Secretary of State 11107:Biosphere reserves 10978:Lowland Clearances 10963:1707 Acts of Union 10745:Cape Breton Island 10581:Early Modern Irish 10341:Continental Celtic 10039:The Gaelic College 10008:Gaelic development 9982:Bible translations 9879:Early Modern Irish 9462:www.nualeargais.ie 9342:www.britannica.com 9277:www.moidart.org.uk 9180:Macbain, Alexander 8031:. 7 October 2009. 7999:. 7 October 2009. 7965:www.ancomunn.co.uk 7052:on 11 October 2017 6651:. pp. 67–119. 5908:bhí mé ag feiceáil 5894:you did not drink 5859:(South) (north) 5818:(South) (North) ( 5453:to represent long 5443:⟨nn⟩ 5435:⟨ao⟩ 5421:are marked with a 5367: 5354:are equivalent to 5297: 5228: 5169:("peoples") where 4887:tom/tomen (Welsh) 4799:; "mountain") and 4613:: 1st, 2nd and 3rd 4185:Þórkell, Þórketill 3950:Church of Scotland 3948:majority (largely 3930: 3808:course in Gaelic. 3783:Columba Initiative 3547: 3465:Astra 2 satellites 3435:Radio nan Gàidheal 3321: 3232: 3224: 3212: 3173:European languages 3037: 2977:on 21 April 2005. 2951: 2947:Anne Lorne Gillies 2911:Gaelic usage, and 2761: 2733:Na h-Eileanan Siar 2714: 2245: 2235:Number of speakers 2098: 1871:Margaret of Wessex 1736: 1718: 1672:Early Modern Irish 1345:[ˈkaːlɪkʲ] 724:Lowland Clearances 709:1707 Acts of Union 195:Cape Breton Island 166:[ˈkaːlɪkʲ] 12900: 12899: 12691:Official language 12650: 12649: 12585:Haplogroup R-M269 12476: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12225:Gaelic folk music 12188:Gaelic literature 11982: 11981: 11949: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11937:Ethnic minorities 11895:Roman Catholicism 11844: 11843: 11529: 11528: 11408: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11391:Prison population 11371:Sheriff principal 11366:Solicitor General 11361:Procurator fiscal 11270:Political parties 11130: 11129: 10908:Early Middle Ages 10824: 10823: 10617: 10616: 10533: 10532: 10476:Western Brittonic 10365:Cisalpine Gaulish 10280: 10279: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10137: 10110: 10102: 10098:Stornoway Gazette 10064: 10044:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 9933:Dialect phonology 9888: 9769:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 9703:The Celtic Review 9668:MacAoidh, Garbhan 9193:978-1-116-77321-7 9122:"Gaelic Surnames" 9120:Woulfe, Patrick. 8761:978-1-86450-224-4 8748:Europe Phrasebook 8501:, from BBC Online 8458:. 28 January 2015 8367:Atlantic CTV News 8195:978-1-77206-016-4 8067:. November 2005. 7556:978-1-85752-080-4 7457:www.smo.uhi.ac.uk 7366:978-0-7486-3710-2 7177:Scotland's Census 7149:Scotland's Census 7042:"Scottish Gaelic" 6818:978-0-7190-9076-9 6771:978-0-7486-3710-2 6519:978-0-7607-4284-6 6510:The Celtic Realms 6494:978-0-7486-0754-9 6387:on 18 August 2018 6203:Scotland's Census 6173:Scotland's Census 5972:Explanatory notes 5961: 5960: 5901:bha mi a' faicinn 5484:Article 1 of the 5439:⟨u⟩ 5413:named after trees 5401:⟨h⟩ 5348:⟨h⟩ 5340:⟨h⟩ 5196:Tha mi 'n dòchas. 5193:("I hope.") > 5190:Tha mi an dòchas. 5179:⟨r⟩ 5175:⟨i⟩ 5171:⟨e⟩ 4900: 4899: 4766:("Saturday") and 4269:(James) (nom.) → 3955:Eaglais na h-Alba 3890:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 3750: 3749: 3153: 3152: 3069:Taylor v Haughney 3026:official language 2884:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 2840:North Lanarkshire 2832:Scottish Lowlands 2705: 2680: 2679: 2209:) as , as in the 1827:southern Scotland 1409:literary language 1366:Goidelic language 1356:), also known as 1290: 1289: 654:Early Middle Ages 588: 587: 570:rendering support 566:phonetic symbols. 126: 125: 118: 100: 65:"Scottish Gaelic" 12991: 12941: 12940: 12929: 12928: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12908: 12882:Northern Ireland 12677: 12670: 12663: 12654: 12653: 12640: 12639: 12578:Related subjects 12565:Clans of Ireland 12515:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 12510:Foras na Gaeilge 12374: 12373: 12358:Medical families 12334: 12333: 12305:Classical Gaelic 12230:Sean-nós singing 12173:Gaelic astrology 12156:Gaelic mythology 12065:Statutes of Iona 12009: 12002: 11995: 11986: 11985: 11962: 11883:General Assembly 11773:Scottish English 11768:Highland English 11756: 11755: 11645:Oldest buildings 11544: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11486:Renewable energy 11431:Bank of Scotland 11419: 11418: 11332:Court of Session 11313:Advocate General 11243:Military history 11221:Local government 11150: 11149: 11141: 11140: 11013: 11012: 10933:Late Middle Ages 10918:High Middle Ages 10851: 10844: 10837: 10828: 10827: 10606:Galwegian Gaelic 10587:Classical Gaelic 10548:Classical Gaelic 10442:Common Brittonic 10431: 10430: 10420: 10419: 10314:Celtic languages 10307: 10300: 10293: 10284: 10283: 10270: 10269: 10246: 10225: 10191: 10182: 10146: 10135: 10127: 10108: 10100: 10083: 10082: 10062: 10035: 10025:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 10021: 10004: 10003: 9923:Galwegian Gaelic 9908:Hebridean Gaelic 9903:Mid-Minch Gaelic 9886: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9793: 9792: 9771: 9765: 9755: 9721: 9677: 9670: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9543: 9537: 9524:O'Rahilly, T F, 9522: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9500: 9493: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9441: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9176: 9165: 9157: 9151: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9070: 9063: 9055: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9011: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8960: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8855:www.scotsman.com 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8743: 8737: 8724: 8718: 8705: 8699: 8686: 8680: 8667: 8661: 8648: 8642: 8629: 8623: 8610: 8604: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8565: 8559: 8546: 8540: 8527: 8521: 8508: 8502: 8489: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8302: 8296: 8293: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8254: 8247: 8238: 8232: 8229:978-1903765-60-9 8206: 8200: 8199: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8168: 8166: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8073: 8065:North-harris.org 8062: 8054: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7887:on 1 March 2012. 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7860: 7853: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7815: 7809: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7757:. Archived from 7747: 7741: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7615: 7606: 7605: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7540: 7529: 7528: 7488: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7405:(171): 155–171. 7394: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7174: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7103:MacAulay, Donald 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7048:. Archived from 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6967: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6839: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6804: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6666: 6653: 6652: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6605: 6602: 6596: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6554: 6545:(288): 285–292. 6530: 6524: 6523: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6455: 6449: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6383:. Archived from 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6115:. HighlandLife. 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6051:. Archived from 6041: 6035: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6008: 5989: 5982: 5954: 5947: 5938: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5869:cha do dh'òl thu 5858: 5850: 5843: 5831: 5823: 5817: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5778: 5767: 5760: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5573: 5561: 5552: 5544: 5522:Scottish Gaelic 5519: 5518: 5496: 5459:spelling reforms 5455:close-mid vowels 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5402: 5398: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5325: 5310: 5306: 5290: 5211: 5198: 5192: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5129: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5059:Scottish Gaelic 5040: 5032: 5026: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4948: 4942: 4932: 4853:les (Old Irish) 4818: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4570: 4564: 4507: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4441: 4423: 4417: 4407: 4397: 4387: 4381: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4281:(Mary) (nom.) → 4280: 4274: 4268: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4122: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 3991: 3966:). The isles of 3957: 3893: 3796: 3790: 3785:, also known as 3777: 3775:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 3767: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3493: 3474: 3446: 3438: 3405: 3399: 3392:British Columbia 3390:The province of 3354: 3341: 3335: 3246: 3240: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3052: 3050:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 3046: 3018: 2989: 2987:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 2735: 2726: 2724:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 2706: 2251: 2244: 2208: 2186:Straits of Moyle 2163:Defunct dialects 2129: 2106: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2008:Statutes of Iona 1959: 1950: 1944: 1929: 1920: 1891: 1824: 1818: 1793: 1783: 1771: 1746: 1733: 1710: 1704: 1694: 1684: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1581: 1575: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1483: 1480:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 1428:language revival 1376:) native to the 1355: 1354: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1252: 1251: 1250: 912:St. Andrew's Day 785:Scottish English 679:Late Middle Ages 664:High Middle Ages 615: 606: 590: 589: 553: 544: 518: 502: 495: 486: 485: 477: 468: 467: 459: 430:language in 388: 356: 348: 340: 322: 240: 168: 156: 130: 129: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 12999: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12935: 12923: 12913: 12911: 12903: 12901: 12896: 12865: 12832: 12792:Beurla Reagaird 12780:Other languages 12775: 12766:Scottish Gaelic 12698: 12686: 12681: 12651: 12646: 12628: 12573: 12560:Columba Project 12498: 12492: 12468: 12372: 12325: 12321:Scottish Gaelic 12284:Primitive Irish 12269: 12200:Scottish Gaelic 12134: 12060:Nine Years' War 12023:General history 12018: 12013: 11983: 11978: 11965: 11958: 11941: 11840: 11792: 11778:Scottish Gaelic 11745: 11650:Performing arts 11525: 11400: 11396:Police Scotland 11299: 11280:Scotland Office 11126: 11087:Protected areas 11002: 10874: 10861: 10855: 10825: 10820: 10807: 10762: 10715: 10706:Beurla Reagaird 10692: 10630:Ancient Belgian 10613: 10600:Scottish Gaelic 10560:Primitive Irish 10529: 10511: 10470: 10447: 10426: 10409: 10334: 10316: 10311: 10281: 10276: 10258: 10194: 10150: 10113: 10072: 10048: 9999: 9993: 9960: 9937: 9928:Canadian Gaelic 9891: 9859:Primitive Irish 9825: 9823:Scottish Gaelic 9820: 9712: 9653:Scottish Gaelic 9605: 9603:Further reading 9600: 9590: 9588: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9491: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9435: 9434: 9427: 9425: 9410: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9321: 9319: 9310: 9309:(SQA) in 2005: 9300: 9296: 9286: 9284: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9221: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9177: 9168: 9149:Brìgh nam Facal 9145: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9118: 9114: 9104: 9102: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9009: 9007: 8992: 8988: 8978: 8976: 8961: 8957: 8947: 8945: 8936: 8935: 8931: 8921: 8919: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8891: 8889: 8878: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8754:. p. 416. 8744: 8740: 8734:Wayback Machine 8725: 8721: 8715:Wayback Machine 8706: 8702: 8696:Wayback Machine 8687: 8683: 8677:Wayback Machine 8668: 8664: 8658:Wayback Machine 8649: 8645: 8639:Wayback Machine 8630: 8626: 8620:Wayback Machine 8611: 8607: 8601:Wayback Machine 8592: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8556:Wayback Machine 8547: 8543: 8537:Wayback Machine 8528: 8524: 8518:Wayback Machine 8509: 8505: 8499:Wayback Machine 8490: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8461: 8459: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8376: 8374: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8283:Wayback Machine 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8239: 8235: 8217:Wayback Machine 8207: 8203: 8196: 8182: 8178: 8164: 8162: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8028:BBC News Online 8021: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8004: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7974: 7972: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7896: 7892: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7832: 7830: 7829:on 8 April 2011 7817: 7816: 7812: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7787: 7774: 7773: 7766: 7761:on 5 July 2007. 7749: 7748: 7744: 7735: 7731: 7721: 7719: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7541: 7532: 7489: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7395: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7367: 7341: 7334: 7323: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7266:BBC News Online 7259: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7234:BBC News Online 7227: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7204:Wayback Machine 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7126: 7119: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7016: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6874: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6805: 6794: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6719: 6715: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6667: 6656: 6645: 6641: 6630: 6626: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6593:Wayback Machine 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6456: 6452: 6448:, 1872, page 50 6446:Wayback Machine 6435: 6431: 6421: 6419: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6075: 6064: 6060: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6023: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5928: 5911: 5780: 5761: 5712: 5697: 5690: 5670: 5662: 5589: 5553: 5517: 5511: 5482: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5400: 5396: 5385: 5379: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5323: 5308: 5304: 5295:, 19th century) 5280: 5244:Primitive Irish 5233: 5220: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5148: 5135:, for example, 5114: 5113:is preceded by 5110: 5106: 5105:is preceded by 5102: 5092: 5084: 5057: 5051: 5013:, particularly 5003: 4971:(Lewis, "watch 4905: 4867:ystrad (Welsh) 4778: 4715: 4707: 4592: 4590:Verb inflection 4554: 4552:Noun inflection 4527: 4521: 4436: 4430: 4309: / 4293: 4134:; for example, 4035: 4030: 4024: 4008: 4002: 3911: 3850: 3822: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3530: 3524: 3519: 3425: 3419: 3394:is host to the 3361: 3344:Maritime Canada 3307: 3294: 3292:Canadian Gaelic 3288: 3275:Ordnance Survey 3255:respectively). 3200: 3194: 3169:official status 3149: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3085: 3043:Éamonn Ó Gribín 2940: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2900: 2876: 2742:Argyll and Bute 2695: 2693: 2243: 2237: 2219: 2194:Mull of Kintyre 2165: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2036:Dugald Buchanan 2000: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1863: 1716: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1660:Primitive Irish 1652: 1647: 1639:Main articles: 1637: 1564: 1538: 1534: 1523: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1439:Canadian Gaelic 1398:spoken language 1349: 1348: 1327: 1300: 1296: 1293:Scottish Gaelic 1286: 1248: 1246: 1239: 1238: 1204:National anthem 1189: 1188: 1177: 1176: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1156: 1097: 1096: 1085: 1084: 1065: 1064: 1053: 1052: 998: 997: 995:performing arts 961: 960: 907: 906: 877: 876: 812: 811: 800: 799: 775:Scottish Gaelic 770: 769: 751: 750: 749: 748: 627: 626: 602: 568:Without proper 556: 540: 529:Scottish Gaelic 514: 498: 491: 481: 480: 473: 463: 462: 455: 445: 431: 429: 422:Official status 417: 389: 384: 373:West Sutherland 344:East Sutherland 326:Beurla Reagaird 304: 288:Primitive Irish 283: 276: 266:Scottish Gaelic 241: 238:Language family 236: 226: 147: 133:Scottish Gaelic 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12997: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12946: 12945: 12933: 12921: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12863: 12856: 12854:Northern Irish 12851: 12846: 12840: 12838: 12837:Sign languages 12834: 12833: 12831: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12801: 12794: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12762: 12761: 12751: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12692: 12688: 12687: 12680: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12657: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12597: 12592: 12589:human genetics 12581: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12520:Culture Vannin 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12488: 12477: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12461: 12443: 12438: 12420: 12415: 12405: 12382: 12380: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12346:Royal families 12342: 12340: 12331: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12279: 12277: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12250:Highland games 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12215:Insular script 12212: 12207: 12185: 12180: 12178:Gaelic kinship 12175: 12170: 12168:Gaelic warfare 12165: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12142: 12140: 12139:Gaelic culture 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12120:Gaelic Revival 12117: 12112: 12110:Irish diaspora 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12080:1641 Rebellion 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12045:Irish kingdoms 12042: 12037: 12032: 12030:Gaelic Ireland 12026: 12024: 12020: 12019: 12012: 12011: 12004: 11997: 11989: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11964: 11963: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11875: 11865: 11860: 11854: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11807: 11805: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11764: 11762: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11697: 11692: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11552: 11550: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11481:Power stations 11478: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11422: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11356:Lord President 11353: 11348: 11343: 11325: 11315: 11309: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11218: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11172:First Minister 11169: 11164: 11158: 11156: 11147: 11138: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11117:Municipalities 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11083: 11082: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11004: 11003: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: articles 10854: 10853: 10846: 10839: 10831: 10822: 10821: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10770: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10727:Lower Brittany 10723: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10687:Paleo-Hispanic 10678: 10666: 10654: 10646: 10634: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10551: 10543: 10541: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10500: 10488: 10480: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10437: 10435: 10428: 10417: 10415:Insular Celtic 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10384: 10374:Hispano-Celtic 10370: 10369: 10368: 10354: 10346: 10344: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10310: 10309: 10302: 10295: 10287: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10232: 10227: 10216: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10183: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10138: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10103: 10095: 10089: 10087: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10027: 10022: 10012: 10010: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9849:Insular Celtic 9846: 9841: 9835: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9819: 9818: 9811: 9804: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9773: 9757: 9747: 9737: 9729: 9723: 9711: 9710:External links 9708: 9707: 9706: 9695: 9681: 9664: 9648: 9629: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9581:United Nations 9568: 9538: 9517: 9479: 9449: 9408: 9389: 9359: 9329: 9294: 9263: 9256: 9238: 9219: 9199: 9192: 9166: 9139: 9112: 9082: 9043: 9017: 8986: 8955: 8929: 8899: 8872: 8842: 8812: 8782: 8767: 8760: 8738: 8719: 8700: 8681: 8662: 8643: 8624: 8605: 8586: 8560: 8541: 8522: 8503: 8492:About BBC Alba 8481: 8469: 8441: 8410: 8384: 8354: 8328: 8297: 8266: 8233: 8201: 8194: 8176: 8145: 8115: 8085: 8046: 8014: 7982: 7952: 7935:www.sqa.org.uk 7921: 7904:www.sqa.org.uk 7890: 7872: 7840: 7810: 7797: 7764: 7742: 7729: 7704: 7681:(2): 266–269. 7661: 7607: 7600: 7582: 7555: 7530: 7474: 7444: 7384: 7365: 7332: 7314: 7303:on 9 July 2019 7284: 7252: 7220: 7208: 7189: 7161: 7136: 7118:978-0521231275 7117: 7094: 7063: 7033: 7014: 6986: 6951: 6932: 6906: 6872: 6853: 6846: 6824: 6817: 6792: 6777: 6770: 6750: 6738: 6732:978-1906566296 6731: 6713: 6702:(2): 275–289. 6686: 6680:978-0859760973 6679: 6654: 6639: 6624: 6606: 6597: 6578: 6525: 6518: 6500: 6493: 6475: 6468: 6450: 6429: 6398: 6368: 6343: 6313: 6280: 6250: 6220: 6190: 6160: 6130: 6104: 6073: 6058: 6036: 6017: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5904: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5885: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5825: 5811: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5792: 5772: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5705: 5677: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5582: 5574: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5555: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5497: 5481: 5478: 5466:lines of Irish 5378: 5375: 5301:Insular script 5279: 5278:Insular script 5276: 5240:writing system 5232: 5229: 5219: 5216: 5163:(" people") / 5053:Main article: 5050: 5047: 5007:Scots language 5002: 4999: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4850:palace, court 4848: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4777: 4774: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4591: 4588: 4580:palatalisation 4553: 4550: 4523:Main article: 4520: 4517: 4448:reduced vowels 4432:Main article: 4429: 4426: 4306:MacGillEathain 4292: 4289: 4097:(Patrick) and 4034: 4033:Personal names 4031: 4026:Main article: 4023: 4020: 4016:Sorley MacLean 4004:Main article: 4001: 3998: 3910: 3907: 3874:In Russia the 3849: 3846: 3821: 3818: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3526:Main article: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3421:Main article: 3418: 3415: 3409:. The city of 3360: 3357: 3325:first language 3306: 3303: 3290:Main article: 3287: 3284: 3260:Outer Hebrides 3193: 3190: 3157:European Union 3151: 3150: 3131: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3115:European Union 3113: 3084: 3081: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2904:Outer Hebrides 2899: 2896: 2875: 2872: 2854:(+0.16%), and 2778:Inner Hebrides 2740:(5.4%) and in 2718:2011 UK Census 2692: 2689: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2236: 2233: 2218: 2215: 2164: 2161: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2066: 2060: 1999: 1996: 1956: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1923: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1862: 1859: 1822:lingua Scotica 1707: 1701: 1691: 1681: 1651: 1648: 1636: 1633: 1591:Middle English 1489: 1486: 1424:Outer Hebrides 1372:branch of the 1288: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127:Highland games 1124: 1119: 1117:Haggis hurling 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 999: 989: 988: 987: 984: 983: 977: 976: 970: 969: 963: 962: 959: 958: 953: 948: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 908: 902: 901: 900: 897: 896: 890: 889: 879: 878: 875: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 813: 807: 806: 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 771: 765: 764: 763: 760: 759: 753: 752: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 629: 628: 622: 621: 620: 617: 616: 608: 607: 599: 598: 586: 585: 572:, you may see 558: 557: 554: 546: 545: 538: 532: 531: 526: 520: 519: 512: 504: 503: 496: 488: 487: 478: 470: 469: 460: 452: 451: 450:Language codes 447: 446: 444: 443: 434: 432: 427: 424: 423: 419: 418: 416: 415: 414:(historically) 409: 408:(historically) 406:Insular script 403: 392: 390: 386:Writing system 383: 380: 379: 378: 377: 374: 371: 368: 363: 360: 357: 349: 341: 333: 328: 323: 315: 310: 306: 305: 303: 302: 301: 300: 286: 284: 281: 278: 277: 275: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 269: 268: 256:Insular Celtic 244: 242: 235: 232: 231: 219: 215: 214: 206: 202: 201: 188: 184: 183: 177:United Kingdom 174: 173:Native to 170: 169: 162: 158: 157: 149: 148: 146: 145: 142: 138: 135: 134: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 21:Scots language 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12996: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12920: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12823:Scottish Cant 12821: 12819: 12818: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12799: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12732: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12678: 12673: 12671: 12666: 12664: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12643: 12635: 12634: 12631: 12625: 12624:Gaelicisation 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12590: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12499:organisations 12495: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12409: 12406: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12328: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12300: 12299: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12288: 12286: 12285: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12183:Bardic poetry 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12130:Gàidhealtachd 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12010: 12005: 12003: 11998: 11996: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11957: 11956: 11952: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11905:Baptist Union 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11705:national flag 11703: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11532: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11475:North Sea oil 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11411: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11351:Lord Advocate 11349: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11275:Republicanism 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11133: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10973:Enlightenment 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10859: 10852: 10847: 10845: 10840: 10838: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10819: 10815: 10810: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10757:Y Fro Gymraeg 10755: 10752: 10751:Gàidhealtachd 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10608: 10607: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434:Reconstructed 10432: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10321:Reconstructed 10319: 10315: 10308: 10303: 10301: 10296: 10294: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10273: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10222:Gàidhealtachd 10217: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10139: 10134: 10133: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10116: 10107: 10104: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9913:Argyll Gaelic 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9874:Gaelicisation 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9812: 9810: 9805: 9803: 9798: 9797: 9794: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9713: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9694: 9693:1-903765-59-5 9690: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9669: 9665: 9663: 9662:3-89586-408-0 9659: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9646: 9645:0-415-28080-X 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626:1-897367-00-7 9623: 9620:(hardcover), 9619: 9618:1-897367-02-3 9615: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9535: 9534:0-901282-55-3 9531: 9527: 9521: 9513:(163 KB) 9497: 9490: 9486:Unicode 5.0, 9483: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9445: 9439: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9409:1-85791-327-2 9405: 9401: 9400: 9393: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9318:on 7 May 2007 9317: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9257:9781906566357 9253: 9249: 9242: 9226: 9222: 9220:9789004188013 9216: 9212: 9211: 9203: 9195: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9164: 9163:0-903204-21-5 9160: 9156: 9150: 9146:Cox, Richard 9143: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9067: 9060: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9031: 9027: 9021: 9005: 9002:. Edinburgh. 9001: 8997: 8990: 8974: 8970: 8969:RCI | English 8966: 8959: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8887: 8883: 8876: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8778: 8771: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8752:Lonely Planet 8749: 8742: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8685: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8647: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8628: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8590: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8545: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8507: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8488: 8486: 8478: 8473: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8429: 8425: 8424:RCI | English 8421: 8414: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8270: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8205: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8018: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7857: 7850: 7844: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7807: 7801: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7739: 7733: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7612: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7337: 7328: 7321: 7319: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7193: 7178: 7171: 7165: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7021: 7017: 7015:9781135796419 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6971: 6964: 6963: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6847:9780859760140 6843: 6838: 6837: 6828: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6754: 6745: 6743: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6650: 6643: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6613: 6611: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6469:9781849725927 6465: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6433: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6000: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5964: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5824:"to sleep" ) 5822: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5359: 5342:was used for 5333: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5302: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5224: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177:precedes the 5167: 5161: 5155: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5099: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5065:New Testament 5062: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4870:river-valley 4869: 4866: 4864:river-valley 4863: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4382:(Roy – red), 4380: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4348:MacDhòmhnaill 4343: 4342:NicDhòmhnaill 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4312:MacIllEathain 4307: 4301: 4300: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4261:vocative case 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4073:(Christina), 4071: 4065: 4061:(Catherine), 4059: 4053: 4049:(Alexander), 4047: 4041: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986:, Edinburgh. 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3927:Isle of Lewis 3924: 3920: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3817: 3814: 3813:Western Isles 3809: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3559:Gaelic medium 3554: 3551: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3266:a long time. 3263: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3244:Loch Ailleart 3239: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3147: 3144:December 2020 3135: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3033: 3029: 3028:of Scotland. 3027: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848:East Ayrshire 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836:Aberdeenshire 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2800:(20.2%), and 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2711: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190:North Channel 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2104:Gàidhealtachd 2077: 2071: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2017:Privy Council 2013: 2010:, enacted by 2009: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1954: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1855:Dumfriesshire 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1786:Gaelicisation 1782: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757:Leslie Alcock 1754: 1753:Ewan Campbell 1750: 1745: 1744: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1714: 1698: 1688: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1597:by the early 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1559: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1470:UK Government 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1321: 1294: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1048:Border Ballad 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033:Waulking song 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 992: 986: 985: 982: 979: 978: 975: 972: 971: 968: 965: 964: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 899: 898: 895: 892: 891: 888: 884: 881: 880: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 857:Scottish clan 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 837:Common Riding 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 810: 804: 803: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 768: 762: 761: 758: 755: 754: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719:Enlightenment 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 625: 619: 618: 614: 610: 609: 605: 601: 600: 596: 592: 591: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 565: 559: 552: 547: 543: 539: 537: 533: 530: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 510: 505: 501: 497: 494: 489: 484: 479: 476: 471: 466: 461: 458: 453: 448: 442: 439: 438: 437: 433: 425: 420: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 393: 391: 387: 381: 375: 372: 369: 367: 364: 361: 358: 353: 350: 345: 342: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 319: 316: 313: 312: 311: 307: 299: 296: 295: 294: 291: 290: 289: 285: 279: 267: 264: 263: 262: 259: 258: 257: 254: 253: 252: 249: 248: 247: 246:Indo-European 243: 239: 233: 230: 224: 220: 216: 213: 210: 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 161:Pronunciation 159: 155: 150: 143: 140: 139: 136: 131: 128: 120: 117: 109: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 12858: 12815: 12808: 12796: 12765: 12759:Ulster Scots 12729: 12608:Clan MacLeod 12550:ULTACH Trust 12431:Corcu Loígde 12320: 12303: 12298:Middle Irish 12296: 12289: 12282: 12245:Gaelic games 12196:Modern Irish 12160: 12105:Great Hunger 11868:Christianity 11858:Baháʼí Faith 11777: 11751:Demographics 11695:coat of arms 11665:Prostitution 11598:Universities 11580: 11556:Architecture 11516:Unemployment 11511:Silicon Glen 11471:Oil industry 11456:Harris Tweed 11346:Crown Office 11238:Armed forces 11216:Independence 11204:Human rights 11035:Conservation 11025:Central Belt 10943:Early modern 10813: 10685:? (possibly 10680: 10673:? (possibly 10668: 10661:? (possibly 10656: 10648: 10636: 10628: 10604: 10599: 10585: 10579: 10574:Middle Irish 10572: 10565: 10558: 10546: 10522: 10504:Middle Welsh 10502: 10495: 10483: 10440: 10402: 10395: 10386: 10379: 10372: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10339: 10329:Proto-Celtic 10327: 10241: 10218: 10144:nan Gàidheal 10132:BBC Gàidhlig 10118:Broadcasting 10032:Clì Gàidhlig 9989:Dictionaries 9869:Middle Irish 9844:Proto-Celtic 9822: 9732: 9702: 9684: 9672: 9651: 9632: 9609: 9589:. Retrieved 9571: 9559:. Retrieved 9551:omniglot.com 9550: 9541: 9525: 9520: 9503:. Retrieved 9482: 9470:. Retrieved 9461: 9452: 9426:. Retrieved 9398: 9392: 9380:. Retrieved 9371: 9362: 9350:. Retrieved 9341: 9332: 9320:. Retrieved 9316:the original 9302: 9297: 9285:. Retrieved 9276: 9266: 9247: 9241: 9229:. Retrieved 9209: 9202: 9183: 9142: 9130:. Retrieved 9115: 9103:. Retrieved 9094: 9085: 9073:. Retrieved 9034:. Retrieved 9020: 9008:. Retrieved 9000:The Scotsman 8999: 8989: 8977:. 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Retrieved 6087:Newsnet.scot 6086: 6076: 6067: 6061: 6053:the original 6048: 6039: 6031: 6026: 6020: 5980: 5962: 5922:va mee fakin 5788: 5768: 5719: 5499: 5483: 5480:Example text 5463: 5449:was used on 5447:acute accent 5423:grave accent 5417: 5386: 5377:Latin script 5368: 5320:acute accent 5313: 5298: 5271: 5267: 5264:Giogha Stone 5252:Latin script 5234: 5200: 5183: 5154:[ən] 5132:[ən] 5119: 5074: 5058: 5004: 4994: 4934: 4924: 4906: 4890:dung, mound 4813: 4787:("legacy"), 4779: 4772:("Sunday"). 4754:("Monday"), 4746:Middle Irish 4739: 4716: 4708: 4700:subjunctive. 4604: 4593: 4573: 4558: 4555: 4528: 4513:preaspirated 4510: 4502:"now", from 4495: 4464: 4437: 4365: 4363:("Donald"). 4336:nighean mhic 4294: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4129: 4124: 4114: 4110: 4036: 4009: 3994: 3946:Presbyterian 3931: 3897: 3880: 3873: 3854: 3851: 3827: 3823: 3810: 3799: 3780: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3570:in Scotland 3557:students in 3510: 3496: 3485: 3461:Virgin Media 3426: 3406: 3389: 3377: 3362: 3348: 3329: 3322: 3295: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3233: 3185:Mike Russell 3154: 3141: 3133: 3094: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3055: 3053:'s efforts. 3038: 3022: 3011: 3007: 2979: 2955: 2952: 2932: 2901: 2892:Isle of Skye 2877: 2860: 2846:(+216), and 2842:(+305), the 2829: 2821:Ardnamurchan 2809:civil parish 2806: 2772:in Northern 2762: 2729: 2715: 2685: 2681: 2246: 2222: 2220: 2172:, northwest 2166: 2154: 2117: 2109: 2099: 2069: 2021: 2005: 2001: 1989: 1983: 1969: 1903: 1894:Anglo-Norman 1864: 1853:and eastern 1851:Clyde Valley 1847:Renfrewshire 1835:West Lothian 1804: 1765: 1737: 1725: 1697:Norse-Gaelic 1668:Middle Irish 1584: 1491: 1468:, which the 1459: 1436: 1417: 1402:Middle Irish 1361: 1358:Scots Gaelic 1357: 1292: 1291: 1224:Celtic cross 1209:Lion Rampant 1199:Coat of arms 1137:Rugby sevens 1132:Horse racing 1043:Puirt à beul 922:Burns supper 832:Burns supper 774: 689:Early modern 561: 536:Linguasphere 507: 298:Middle Irish 265: 225: (2022) 141:Scots Gaelic 127: 112: 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 12931:Linguistics 12860:Old Kentish 12787:Angloromani 12737:Guernésiais 12600:Norse–Gaels 12450:Dál nAraidi 12435:Dál Fiatach 12408:Dalcassians 12398:Clan Donald 12210:Gaelic type 12192:Early Irish 11426:Agriculture 11290:Nationalism 11209:LGBT rights 11112:Environment 10993:Romanticism 10948:Reformation 10938:Renaissance 10903:Middle Ages 10898:Roman times 10893:Prehistoric 10427:(Brythonic) 10381:Celtiberian 10053:Legislation 9972:Orthography 9884:Renaissance 9628:(paperback) 8892:30 November 8865:30 November 8835:30 November 8462:23 December 8403:8 September 8108:22 December 7833:13 November 7790:19 December 7697:19 December 7654:19 December 7575:19 December 7467:19 December 7437:19 December 7377:19 December 6899:20 December 6263:2021 Census 6233:2016 Census 5531:Manx Gaelic 5419:Long vowels 5371:Unicode 5.0 5166:muinntirean 5141:("shoe") / 5081:palatalised 5067:. The 1981 5061:orthography 5049:Orthography 4930:telebhisean 4769:Didòmhnaich 4763:Disathairne 4760:(Tuesday), 4737:languages. 4605:There are: 4600:syncopation 4584:suffixation 4505:an tràth-sa 4487:"door" but 4460:triphthongs 4440:/ieɛaɔouɤɯ/ 4327:(strictly, 4275:(voc.) and 4241:→ (Angus), 4113:(Effie) or 4070:Cairistìona 4055:(William), 4012:Anne Frater 3958:in Gaelic, 3886:courses at 3857:Nova Scotia 3477:STV Central 3318:Nova Scotia 3305:Nova Scotia 3161:Kim Darroch 2744:(4.0%) and 2170:Wester Ross 2133:monolingual 2120:World War I 2054:(including 1991:The Wallace 1867:Malcolm III 1455:Nova Scotia 1451:2016 census 1447:2021 census 1229:Celtic knot 1142:Rugby union 932:Lanimer Day 867:Up Helly Aa 780:Broad Scots 739:Romanticism 694:Reformation 684:Renaissance 649:Middle Ages 644:Roman times 639:Prehistoric 576:instead of 441:Nova Scotia 282:Early forms 229:Nova Scotia 199:Nova Scotia 12953:Categories 12747:Sercquiais 12418:Eóganachta 12394:Clan Colla 12151:Brehon law 12100:Penal Laws 12090:Jacobitism 11888:Moderators 11831:Scientists 11717:regimental 11660:Placenames 11655:Philosophy 11630:Literature 11260:Parliament 11192:Government 11162:Devolution 11145:Government 11102:Ecoregions 11092:Waterfalls 10968:Jacobitism 10753:(Scotland) 10729:(Brittany) 10682:Tartessian 10658:Lusitanian 10388:Gallaecian 10254:Road signs 10155:Publishers 10141:BBC Radio 10109:(sporadic) 10101:(sporadic) 10086:Newspapers 9977:Literature 9671:. 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12458:Cíarraige 12454:Conmaicne 12427:Dál Riata 12402:Uí Mháine 12386:Connachta 12368:Genealogy 12291:Old Irish 12125:Gaeltacht 12050:Dál Riata 11873:Christmas 11826:Musicians 11821:Inventors 11760:Languages 11736:Festivals 11576:Education 11501:Transport 11441:Companies 11436:Charities 11167:Elections 11055:Highlands 11008:Geography 10816:indicate 10786:Gaelscoil 10782:(Cornish) 10741:(Ireland) 10739:Gaeltacht 10675:Tyrsenian 10567:Old Irish 10497:Old Welsh 10424:Brittonic 10167:Akerbeltz 9998:Official 9887:(present) 9864:Old Irish 9637:Routledge 9438:cite book 9368:"GIGHA/1" 8347:15 August 8286:(table), 8172:language. 8165:30 August 8039:7 October 7644:0271-5309 7525:145694600 7517:0047-4045 7427:144370832 7419:1613-3668 6979:5 January 6925:11 August 6561:159844564 6539:Antiquity 6030:(table), 5996:Citations 5704:"hound") 5409:consonant 5248:Old Irish 5089:velarised 5027:), glen ( 4991:Stornoway 4962:Tha mi a' 4949:, or, in 4776:Brittonic 4735:Brittonic 4499:an-dràsta 4428:Phonology 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12919:Scotland 12887:Scotland 12877:Cornwall 12742:Jèrriais 12642:Category 12604:Uí Ímair 12481:Scottish 12390:Uí Néill 12363:Nobility 12275:Language 11969:Category 11917:Hinduism 11863:Buddhism 11850:Religion 11680:Surnames 11620:Identity 11615:Hogmanay 11593:Colleges 11451:Forestry 11386:Udal law 11295:Unionism 11250:Monarchs 11154:Politics 11136:Politics 11070:Lowlands 10888:Timeline 10858:Scotland 10776:(Breton) 10733:Y Wladfa 10650:Ligurian 10539:Goidelic 10397:Lepontic 10351:Galatian 10272:Category 10188:Ùr-sgeul 10125:BBC Alba 9951:Alphabet 9896:Dialects 9854:Goidelic 9718:BBC Alba 9675:Tasgaidh 9585:Archived 9555:Archived 9505:24 March 9496:Archived 9466:Archived 9428:25 April 9422:Archived 9418:46449130 9382:25 April 9376:Archived 9352:25 April 9346:Archived 9322:24 March 9287:24 April 9281:Archived 9225:Archived 9182:(1896). 9132:24 April 9126:Archived 9099:Archived 9066:Archived 9030:Archived 9004:Archived 8973:Archived 8942:Archived 8916:Archived 8912:BBC News 8886:Archived 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10524:Pictish 10516:Pictish 10485:Cumbric 10466:Cornish 10358:Gaulish 10172:Birlinn 10000:support 9965:Writing 9943:Grammar 9831:History 9536:, p. 19 9231:30 June 9152:(1991) 8321:12 July 8155:"Scots" 8078:29 July 8007:23 June 7937:. 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