Turkey - Knowledge

11457:, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages." 9470:, p. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." 9464:, p. 437: ‘Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, “only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land....Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease” (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of “Muslim migration.”’ 5902: 2868: 11269:, pp. 778–779: "Thus the majority of traditional 'Greek' lands, including the coastal areas of Asia Minor, remained essentially Greek-speaking, despite the superimposition of Latin and the later Slavic incursions into the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. Even on the Anatolian plateau, where Hellenic culture had come only with Alexander's conquests, both the extremely heterogeneous indigenous populations and immigrant groups (including Celts, Goths, Jews, and Persians) had become heavily Hellenized, as the steady decline in epigraphic evidence for the native languages and the great mass of public and private inscriptions in Greek demonstrate. Though the disappearance of these languages from the written record did not entail their immediate abandonment as spoken languages,..." 4698: 2474: 3264: 25967: 5717: 4509: 11451:, p. 4: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The “Turks” intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11" 5648: 6737: 5675: 28840: 27315: 26875: 7223: 7912: 3044: 5694: 7592: 27165: 6064: 26845: 6398: 7936: 2879: 26755: 28110: 2595: 135: 8804: 7437: 7327: 1917: 4999: 7103: 3141: 5322: 1651: 25459: 8612: 9315:, p. 29: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval." ... "statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth." 28431: 28971: 5990: 4272: 2027: 3935: 7094: 7355:), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%. Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures. Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD average of 9.3%. There are many private hospitals in the country. The government planned several hospital complexes, known as city hospitals, to be constructed since 2013. Turkey is one of the top 10 destinations for health tourism. 8316: 9500:, p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this ‘repatriation’ – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic’s population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen" 11511:"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role." 6780: 5556: 4062: 3914: 5621: 7203: 4867: 2270: 8621: 1630: 1600: 8136: 4435: 2465: 6747: 4364: 3887: 5180: 28783: 7882: 5582:

especially severe. Temperatures of −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F) do occur in northeastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground for at least 120 days of the year, and during the entire year on the summits of the highest mountains. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) with the mountains being even colder. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian Plateau a

28798: 9249:, p. 1576: "Turkey’s diversity is derived from its central location near the world’s earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium. Meanwhile, Turkish Thrace came to be dominated by another Indo-European group, the Thracians for whom the region is named." 6349: 5764: 28733: 28465: 28392: 27277: 26888: 8630: 618: 26272: 25632: 25092: 28748: 28703: 28688: 28673: 28507: 28275: 28214: 28201: 28162: 28149: 27291: 27249: 27221: 27207: 27179: 26829: 26803: 26790: 26777: 23865: 25116: 28885: 28405: 19906:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule. 68: 28855: 6209: 6582: 26284: 25644: 25080: 28984: 28813: 28301: 28238: 28340: 28175: 27235: 2158: 29049: 28353: 28288: 28262: 28097: 26862: 23970: 29010: 28997: 28494: 25128: 8400: 2721: 8730: 29036: 28718: 28533: 28418: 28327: 27263: 26816: 2169: 28827: 28559: 28379: 28366: 28314: 2483: 28870: 28546: 28520: 28136: 27193: 29023: 28188: 9488:, p. 93: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans" 6790: 23887: 28123: 788: 740: 721: 688: 669: 25104: 28765: 9476:, pp. 5–6: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries..." 5820: 4623: 7765: 5062: 7573: 4349:. In the years of government by the Justice and Development Party and Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey, because of political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors and in their pursuit of public duty. 763: 9458:, p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former “suppressors”. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons" 3848: 9361:, pp. 3–4: "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek." 3109:, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. The Ankara Government engaged in armed and diplomatic struggle. In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled. The military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the 9300:, pp. 233, 713: "By the time of the Old Assyrian Colony period in the early second millennium b.c.e . (see Michel, chapter 13 in this volume) the languages spoken on the plateau included Hattian, an indigenous Anatolian language, Hurrian (spoken in northern Syria), and Indo-European languages known as Luwian, Hittite, and Palaic" 9482:: "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey." ... "Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families.51" 6367:. People within the 15–64 and 0–14 age groups corresponded to 68.3% and 21.4% of the total population, respectively. Those aged 65 years or older made up 10.2%. Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million; however, the population growth rate was 0.1% in 2023. In 2023, the 3438: 5578:

the highest precipitation in the country. The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters.

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have equal rights, which increased to 45% in 2020. Another survey in 2018 found that the proportion of people who would not want a homosexual neighbor decreased from 55% in 2018 to 47% in 2019. A 2015 poll found that 27% of the Turkish public was in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage and 19% supported

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To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to

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influenced private houses. From 1950 to 1980, the second part includes urbanization, modernization, and internationalization. For residential housing, "reinforced concrete, slab-block, medium-rise apartments" became prevalent. Since 1980, the third part is defined by consumer habits and international

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results suggest improvements in education quality. There is still a gap with OECD countries. Significant challenges include differences in student outcomes from different schools, differences between rural and urban areas, pre-primary education access, and arrival of students who are Syrian refugees.

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are major manufacturers of consumer electronics. Arçelik is one of the largest producers of household goods in the world. In 2022, Turkey ranked second in the world in terms of the number of international contractors in the top 250 list. It is also the fifth largest in the world in terms of textile

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is appointed by the president. The president is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign

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in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with the US. Subsequently, Turkey benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance

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Following the revolution, Mustafa Kemal became an important figure in the military ranks of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) as a protégé ... Although the sultanate had already been abolished in November 1922, the republic was founded in October 1923. ... ambitious reform

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also influenced Turkic patterns in the medieval period. The history of the designs, motifs and ornaments used in Turkish carpets and tapestries thus reflects the political and ethnic history of the Turks and the cultural diversity of Anatolia. However, scientific attempts were unsuccessful, as yet,

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In the past 20 years, Turkey has improved quality of education and has made significant progress in increasing education access. From 2011 to 2021, improvements in education access include "one of the largest increases in educational attainment for 25-34 year-olds at upper secondary non-tertiary or

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and serves a five-year term. The president cannot run for re-election after two terms of five-years, unless the parliament prematurely renews the presidential elections during the second term. Elections for the Parliament and presidential elections are held on the same day. The Constitutional Court

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The first military training institutions were the Imperial Army Engineering School (Mühendishane-i Berr-i Hümâyun, 1793) and the Imperial School of Military Sciences (Mekteb-i Ulûm-ı Harbiye-i Şahane, 1834). Both schools taught painting to enable cadets to produce topographic layouts and technical

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communities in all of the major cities in central and western Turkey. In Istanbul, there are an estimated three million Kurds, making it the city with the largest Kurdish population in the world. 19% of adult citizens identified as ethnic Kurds in a survey in 2021. Some people have multiple ethnic

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with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the most precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of the Black Sea coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is

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The percentage of non-Muslims in modern-day Turkey was 19.1% in 1914, but fell to 2.5% in 1927. Currently, non-Muslims constitute 0.2% of the population according to the World Factbook. In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.18% for people with non-Islam religions. Some of the non-Muslim communities are

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since 1951. However, LGBT people in Turkey face discrimination, harassment and even violence. The Turkish authorities have carried out many discriminatory practices. Despite these, LGBT acceptance in Turkey is growing. In a survey conducted in 2016, 33% of respondents said that LGBT people should

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Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter but usually melts in no more than a few days. However, snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Winters on the Anatolian plateau are

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Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Pósa, Annamária; Stégmár, Balázs; Keerl, Victoria; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Harney, Eadaoin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Llamas, Bastien (November 2017).

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of 24 July 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. On 4 October 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from

9494:, p. 213: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense." 10581:

Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Omrak, Ayça; Özer, Füsun; Günther, Torsten; Büyükkarakaya, Ali Metin; Bıçakçı, Erhan; Baird, Douglas; Dönertaş, Handan Melike; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Yaka, Reyhan; Koptekin, Dilek; Açan, Sinan Can; Parvizi, Poorya; Krzewińska, Maja; Daskalaki, Evangelia A. (June 2016).

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According to the World Factbook, non-Kurdish ethnic minorities are 7–12% of the population. In 2006, KONDA estimated that non-Kurdish and non-Zaza ethnic minorities constituted 8.2% of the population; these were people that gave general descriptions such as Turkish citizen, people with

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was different from that of the nearby European Renaissance painting tradition, and the scene depicted often included different time periods and spaces in one picture. They followed closely the context of the book they were included in, more illustrations than standalone works of art.

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Before the Greek migrations that followed the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE), probably the only Greek-speaking communities on the west coast of Anatolia were Mycenaean settlements at Iasus and Müskebi on the Halicarnassus peninsula and walled Mycenaean colonies at Miletus and

122: 7541:) weaving is a traditional Turkish art form with roots in pre-Islamic times. During its long history, the art and craft of weaving carpets and tapestries in Turkey has integrated numerous cultural traditions. Apart from the Turkic design patterns that are prevalent, traces of 120: 9261:, pp. 24–28: "Göbekli Tepe’s close proximity to several very early sites of grain cultivation helped lead Schmidt to the conclusion that it was the need to maintain the ritual center that first encouraged the beginnings of settled agriculture—the Neolithic Revolution" 103: 123: 118: 9149: 110: 105: 8114:

projects have become a trend. Resilience against natural disasters such as earthquakes is one of the main goals for urban renewal projects. Around one-third of Turkey's building stock, corresponding to 6.7 million units, were assessed risky and needing urban renewal.

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Turkey has four "major theatrical traditions": "folk theatre, popular theatre, court theater, and Western theater." Turkish folk theatre goes back thousands of years and has survived among rural communities. Popular theatre includes plays by live actors, puppet and

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3. Madde: Devletin Bütünlüğü, Resmi Dili, Bayrağı, Milli Marşı ve Başkenti: Türkiye Devleti, ülkesi ve milletiyle bölünmez bir bütündür. Dili Türkçedir. Bayrağı, şekli kanununda belirtilen, beyaz ay yıldızlı al bayraktır. Milli marşı "İstiklal Marşı" dır. Başkenti

116: 124: 7728:. Court theatre was the refined version of popular theatre. Beginning in the 19th century, Western theatre tradition started appearing in Turkey. Following the establishment of Turkish Republic, a state conservatory and the State Theatre Company were formed. 15984:"Council of the European Union: Council Decision (CFSP) 2019/1341 of 8 August 2019 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism" 5647: 17311: 10992:, p. 759: "Greek cities on the shores of Asia Minor and on the Aegean islands were the nexus of trade and cultural exchange in the early Greek world, so Archaic Greek civilization was to a great extent the product of the Greek cities of Asia Minor." 6440:

are the largest ethnic minority. Their exact numbers remain disputed, with estimates ranging from 12 to 20% of the population. According to a 1990 study, Kurds made up around 12% of the population. The Kurds make up a majority in the provinces of

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as anyone who is a citizen. It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups represented in Turkey. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available because census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity after the

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Turkish music can be described in a variety of ways, ranging from "globally marketed pop music with a little bit of local colour thrown in" to a custom that includes thousands of years of legacy of Anatolia's various civilizations.

6259:. Turkish patent office ranks 21st worldwide in overall patent applications, and 3rd in industrial design applications. Vast majority of applicants to the Turkish patent office are Turkish residents. In all patent offices globally, 8805: 7180:

In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.47% for those with no religion. According to KONDA, share of adult citizens who identified as unbeliever increased from 2% in 2011 to 6% in 2021. A 2020 Gezici Araştırma poll found that 28.5% of the

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in the late 1970s and 1980s. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy and society. The resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as

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in December 2010, the choices made by the government for supporting certain political opposition groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states, such as Turkey's neighbor Syria since the start of the

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in Turkey peaked at $ 22.05 billion in 2007 and dropped to $ 13.09 billion in 2022. Potential growth is weakened by long-lasting structural and macro obstacles, such as slow rates of productivity growth and high inflation.

4759:, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO. The Turkish Armed Forces have a relatively substantial military presence abroad, with 12436: 7688:. Since then, Turkish literature reflected the socioeconomic conditions in Turkey with increasing variety. "Village Novel" genre appeared in the mid-1950s, which talked about difficulties faced from poverty. An example is 23553: 5716: 18430: 16173: 6091:. When fully operational, it will supply about 30% of the natural gas needed domestically. Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation. Several oil and gas pipelines span the country, including the 4936:, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. With time the PKK modified its demands into equal rights for ethnic Kurds and provincial autonomy within Turkey. Since 1980, the Turkish parliament stripped its members of 14932:"Turkish incursions and air strikes on Iraqi territory have been a constant issue for the Iraqi foreign ministry since 2003, with no resolution in sight," Sajad Jiyad, a political analyst based in Baghdad, told MEE. 15698: 27962: 27060: 22019: 17303: 16233: 5601:

by 2053. Accomplishing climate goals would require large investments, but would also result in net economic benefits, broadly due to reduced imports of fuel and due to better health from lowering air pollution.

16984:, p. 46: "Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces" 15736: 5037:(where the Gezi Park protests took place) have been denied government permission, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact 27065: 12993: 4951:

but soon growing into general anti-government dissent. On 20 May 2016, the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution, including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish

13097: 27984: 16880:, p. 922: "Thrace, its European area, is about the size of VERMONT at 9,412 square mi (24,378 square km). Its Asian area (Asia Minor) is called Anatolia and covers 291,971 square mi (756,202 square km)" 4407:

called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law; but the negotiations, effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2023.

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have sought refuge in Turkey. In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.

23008: 6324:, and Asfat are among the top 100 defense companies in the world. Turkish defense companies spend a significant portion of their budgets for research and development. Aselsan also invests in research in 5925:

definition. Unemployment in Turkey was 10.4% in 2022. In 2021, it was estimated that 47% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% of income earners, while the lowest 20% received only 6%.

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to the south. Turkey is bordered by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east. To the south, it's bordered by Syria and Iraq. To the north, its Thracian area is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria.

13855: 7402:, with three main views: Turkism, Islamism and Westernism. In addition to Europe or Islam, Turkish culture was also influenced by Anatolia's native cultures. After the establishment of the republic, 2950:

islands, shifting the center of the Ottoman Empire to Anatolia. In addition to a small number of Jews, the refugees were overwhelmingly Muslim; they were both Turkish and non-Turkish people, such as

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Excluding Syrians under temporary protection, there were 1,570,543 foreign citizens in Turkey in 2023. Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and the Kurdish areas of Iran during the

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patterns can also be detected. There are also similarities with the patterns used in Armenian, Caucasian and Kurdish carpet designs. The arrival of Islam in Central Asia and the development of

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is composed of 15 members. A member is elected for a term of 12 years and cannot be re-elected. The members of the Constitutional Court are obliged to retire when they are over the age of 65.

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declined from 20% to 7.6%. In 2023, 13.9% of the population was below the national at-risk-of-poverty rate. In 2021, 34% of the population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, using

1787:, approximately between 1700 and 1200 BC. As the Hittite kingdom was disintegrating, further waves of Indo-European peoples migrated from southeastern Europe, which was followed by warfare. 20774: 18481: 17267: 5674: 15550: 29298: 27972: 27967: 22131: 15065: 12946: 6518:, and others. In 2021, 4% of adult citizens identified as non-ethnic Turk or non-ethnic Kurd in a survey. According to the Constitutional Court, there are only four officially recognized 20318: 11093: 3130: 100: 23827: 16510: 13753: 13712: 23491: 22313: 9540:

Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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Since 1918, Turkish architecture can be divided into three parts. From 1918 to 1950, the first one includes the First National Architectural Movement period, which transitioned into

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goes back more than a thousand years. The Seljuk and Ottoman periods include numerous works of literature and poetry. Turkic tales and poetry from Central Asia were also kept alive.

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emphasized Turkish culture, attempted to make "Islam a matter of personal conviction", and pursued modernization. Currently, Turkey has various local cultures. Things such as music,

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Uygur, A. B.; Haktanir, O. O.; Yılmaz, F.; Işik, H. G.; Aşansü, Z. (2015). "Turkey's new Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) center and its comparison with AIT centers in Europe".

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oil wrestling tournament since 1361, making it the oldest continuously held sporting competition in the world. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, oil wrestling champions such as

6608:. Kurdish speakers are the largest linguistic minority. A survey estimated 13% of the population speak Kurdish or Zaza as a first language. Other minority languages include Arabic, 20711: 18372: 13671: 12427: 17517: 16315: 10362: 19924: 23539: 15827: 15295: 12233: 11376:

Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia

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variety may be used to identify a local area. Turkey also has a national culture, such as "national movie stars, rock bands, fashion trends, and soccer and basketball leagues".

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may mean "strong, strength, ripe" or "flourishing, in full strength". It may also mean ripe as in for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person. As an

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party. By 2020, under the pretext of responding to a failed coup attempt in 2016, authorities had arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens. According to the

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are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations. After sweeping the

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Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn, support a number of regional musical styles. Despite this however, western music styles like

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in the 2010s and early 2020s resulted in the influx of millions of refugees and immigrants. Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world as of April 2020. The

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process in Anatolia; there were Turkic/Turkish migrations, intermarriages, and conversions into Islam. The shift took several centuries and happened gradually. Members of

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Kazancı, Nizamettin; Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine (2019), Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin (eds.), "Threats and Conservation of Landscapes in Turkey",

16225: 6260: 2539:

exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as

15606: 15234: 7169:

are between 10% to 40% of the population. KONDA's estimate was 5% in 2006. 4% of adult citizens identified as Alevi in a survey in 2021, while 88% identified as Sunni.

25188: 18872: 15728: 15264: 14858: 5249:

happen frequently in Turkey. Almost the entire population lives in areas with varying seismic risk levels, with around 70% in highest or second-highest seismic areas.

4566:

in 2016, Turkey revised its stance regarding the solution of the conflict in Syria. In January 2018, the Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces, including the

23662: 13000: 10166:

The Map of Europe by Treaty showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, with numerous maps and notes

29238: 14435: 14068: 13615: 11959: 11308: 19367: 4123:

for political parties at national level is seven percent of the votes. Smaller parties can avoid the electoral threshold by forming an alliance with other parties.

2065:, the Greek city-states of the Anatolian Aegean coast regained independence, but most of the interior stayed part of the Achaemenid Empire. In northwestern Turkey, 27391: 18770: 17347: 15987: 14709: 981: 636: 16426: 5620: 29187: 27044: 26743: 24972: 23015: 20729: 15766: 11435:

nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe.

8494: 7497:) in 1793, mostly for technical purposes. In the late 19th century, human figure in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with 6270: 6203: 5938: 20693: 20278: 19044: 17556: 14340: 14305: 28580: 28086: 21039: 16134: 15170: 12403: 9067: 8493:

acquired international fame in Europe and North America by winning world heavyweight wrestling championship titles. International wrestling styles governed by

5341:

continents and the variety of the habitats across its geographical regions have produced considerable species diversity and a vibrant ecosystem. Out of the 36

16651: 6123: 20349: 16290: 15797: 14559: 2923: 1111: 22368: 22060: 13928: 10164:

Hertslet, Edward (1875). "General treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey, signed at Paris on 30th March 1856".

9636: 2364:

In the early Byzantine Empire period, the Anatolian coastal areas were Greek speaking. In addition to natives, interior Anatolia had diverse groups such as

27601: 25682: 19281: 19172: 16195: 15067:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division

14457: 13863: 9106: 5930: 3432:) and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic measurements, surveys and classifications; this does not refer to an administrative division. 14975: 14679: 14209: 10330: 9815:, p. 50: "Indonesia joins China, Türkiye, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Viet Nam as most impressive innovation climbers of the last decade" 1525:"represents and expresses the culture, civilization, and values of the Turkish nation in the best way". In May 2022, the Turkish government requested the 29283: 29258: 16453: 14828: 4501:

government, Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, also called

23785: 19158: 10174:"Protocols of conferences held at Paris relative to the general Treaty of Peace. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1856" 9686: 8243:

is used. Grains include wheat, maize, barley, oats, and millet. Beans, chickpeas, nuts, aubergines, and lamb are some of the commonly used ingredients.

5841:

Turkey has a diversified economy; main industries include automobiles, electronics, textiles, construction, steel, mining, and food processing. It is a

5104:, Turkey's European side, includes around 10% of the population and covers 3% of the surface area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the 4976:

using charges of "terrorism" and "anti-state activities". In 2020, the CPJ identified 18 jailed journalists in Turkey (including the editorial staff of

4563: 27952: 26380: 18038: 14529: 14286: 14233:

Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics)

8407: 6675: 6286: 6079:

Turkey has made security of its energy supply a top priority, given its heavy reliance on gas and oil imports. Turkey's main energy supply sources are

5767:

Turkey is expected to have fast economic growth due to demographics and rapid urbanization. The following table is from the OECD Long Term Projections.

5499:, now extinct, lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the latter half of the 20th century. Renowned domestic animals from Ankara include the 23166: 22601:

Bosma, Ulbe; Lucassen, Jan; Oostindie, Gert (2012). "Introduction. Postcolonial Migrations and Identity Politics: Towards a Comparative Perspective".

17507:. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Standing Committee, 24th meeting, 29 November-3 December 2004, Strasbourg. 16580: 16550: 14768: 14731: 14589: 7241:

is responsible for pre-tertiary education. Compulsory education is free at public schools and lasts 12 years, divided into three parts. There are 208

4026:

The Parliament has 600 voting members, each representing a constituency for a five-year term. Parliamentary seats are distributed among the provinces

27859: 27349: 27135: 27130: 27039: 27024: 26375: 23120: 18181: 18054: 17811: 15425: 15373: 14945: 12091: 10482: 9904: 4237:, which had an initial composition of 268 seats for the Justice and Development Party, 169 seats for the Republican People's Party, 61 seats for the 20660: 18712: 18358: 16532: 15580: 13403: 12022: 9213: 27125: 27120: 27115: 27110: 27105: 19966: 17281: 16624: 14264: 8198:, Turkic people had been familiar with using skewers to cook meat. Turkish cuisine can be distinguished by its various kinds of kebabs. Similarly, 7950: 7269: 5433: 2930:

resulted in estimated 5 million deaths, with more than 3 million in Balkans; the casualties included Turks. Five to seven or seven to nine million

622: 23712: 22339: 20778: 18477: 17257: 16754: 15480: 7660:

Beginning in the 19th century, Ottoman literature was influenced by the West. New genres, such as novels and journalistic style, were introduced.

29233: 28026: 27034: 26989: 26355: 26350: 24098: 18826: 16814: 15542: 12935: 11886: 4929: 4428: 4379:

In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became

3346: 3233: 1104: 22142: 19520: 13888: 13547: 7358:

Average life expectancy is 78.6 years (75.9 for males and 81.3 for females), compared with the EU average of 81 years. Turkey has high rates of

7330: 26679: 20948: 18570: 18094:

Taymaz, Erol; Yilmaz, Kamil (2008). "Integration with the Global Economy: The Case of Turkish Automobile and Consumer Electronics Industries".

17970: 17444: 9183: 8505:

are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.

7215: 4760: 4739:, with an estimated strength of 890,700 military personnel as of February 2022. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the 20326: 15040: 12492:

Levene, Mark (Winter 1998). "Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923".

29293: 27029: 24635: 22434: 22214: 21938: 19261: 18980: 18209: 18131: 17933: 16775: 16500: 15321: 15066: 13735: 13694: 13159: 6181: 5850: 5014: 4218: 3134: 744: 23812: 22317: 21139: 20153: 17919: 14145: 9041: 8906: 7489:, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid 19th century. The first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the 29243: 28912: 28907: 28764: 28654: 27342: 24798: 24177: 22415: 20858: 16970:: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)" 16755:"Almost half of people in Turkey think that LGBT+ people should have equal rights, nine percent more than last year, according to a survey" 13509: 11558:

Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations

10294: 8202:

dishes were influenced by Turkish cuisine. Further information about cuisine during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods comes from the works of

7039: 6041: 5413: 5286: 4905: 4487: 3956: 3279: 2848: 1266: 799: 22105: 16796: 14611: 14091: 13825: 6506:

identities, such as both Turk and Kurd. In 2006, an estimated 2.7 million ethnic Turks and Kurds were related from interethnic marriages.

4772: 2773:

united Anatolia under Ottoman rule. Turkification continued as Ottomans mixed with various indigenous people in Anatolia and the Balkans.

26736: 26322: 25179: 21912: 20449: 20225: 19616: 15935: 13663: 13589: 12819: 12287: 12052: 9071: 8110:

trends, such as shopping malls and office towers. Luxury residences with "Turkish house style" have been in demand. In the 21st century,

7070: 6185: 6013: 4748: 2377: 20814: 18237: 17521: 16312: 16056: 13789: 13293:

Esen, Berk; Gumuscu, Sebnem (11 May 2020). "Why did Turkish democracy collapse? A political economy account of AKP's authoritarianism".

12309: 11137: 5901: 4327:

generally shows the influence of the Swiss, German and French legal systems. Islamic principles do not play a part in the legal system.

3298:. Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories were 1951:

to the west coast of Anatolia. These eastern Greek settlements played a vital role in shaping the Archaic Greek civilization; important

28019: 27932: 27847: 26982: 26345: 24771: 24172: 22078: 20450:"Russian migration to Turkey spikes by 218% in aftermath of Ukraine war – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 19243: 17812:"Miles to Go: Emerging markets must balance overcoming the pandemic, returning to more normal policies, and rebuilding their economies" 15867: 11498: 10290: 8525:

Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable

8446: 8369: 7054: 6542:. In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to 4780: 4768: 973: 586: 26721: 17692:, p. 28: "The first prerequisite for reducing vulnerability and impacts of climate change is rapid, robust, and inclusive growth" 15819: 15287: 12222: 4536:. As of 2022, Turkey does not have an ambassador in either Syria or Egypt, but relations with both countries have started to improve. 26947: 26942: 26926: 26921: 22290: 20467: 16599: 16368: 15132: 13181: 11989: 8147: 8050:

mixed "traditional Anatolian Islamic architecture with local building materials and techniques". Following the conquest of Istanbul,

7250: 4881:

The human rights record of Turkey has been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1959 and 2011 the

4647: 4396: 4368: 4171: 3319: 3098: 2785: 1250: 692: 502: 19225: 16336: 15961: 15006: 14909: 5949:

report, Istanbul is the most visited city in the world, with more than 20.2 million foreign visitors in 2023. Antalya has surpassed

3113:

on 11 October 1922. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of

2003:

in 750–480 BC. The Greek cities along the Aegean prospered with trade, and saw remarkable scientific and scholarly accomplishments.

29248: 25675: 24569: 20085: 20049:

Fathers Across Cultures: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads

18326: 17952: 17658: 16255: 10425: 10352: 8534: 8423: 8365: 6188:. In 2024, Turkey, Iraq, UAE, and Qatar signed an agreement to link Iraqi port facilities to Turkey via road and rail connections. 4886: 4556: 4338: 2342: 17211: 15200: 14363: 13953: 13227: 12260:; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in 10954: 6645: 2867: 25976: 25591: 25468: 23958: 18002: 17081:

Sianko, Ilya; Ozdemir, Zuhal; Khoshkholghi, Soheil; Garcia, Reyes; Hajirasouliha, Iman; Yazgan, Ufuk; Pilakoutas, Kypros (2020).

14649: 14499: 13641: 12555: 8533:

Internet use constitute a vibrant media industry in Turkey. The majority of the TV audiences are shared among public broadcaster

7238: 4819: 4744: 2207:

intervened in Anatolia in the second century BC. Without an heir, Pergamum's king left the kingdom to Rome, which was annexed as

1351:, the etymology is still unknown. In addition to usage in languages such as Chinese in the 6th century, the earliest mention of 26257:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

18153: 13425: 10226: 5559: 26909: 26729: 26400: 25061: 24203: 24150: 19880: 19091: 18584: 14405: 7297: 7289: 7246: 6726: 6716: 6711: 6701: 6668: 6184:

in the world. Turkey aims to become a transportation hub. It is part of various routes that connect Asia and Europe, including

5934: 4973: 4965: 4498: 4380: 4226: 4147: 4135: 4027: 3964: 3334: 1936: 1872:. These three cultures "can be considered a reassertion of the ancient, indigenous culture of the Hattian cities of Anatolia". 1309: 1171: 416: 22240: 17333: 15662: 13993: 11242: 3345:

lifted a rule that required each ballot to have an official stamp. The opposition parties claimed that as many as 2.5 million

2333:

was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as

2104:

ruled large parts of Anatolia, while native Anatolian states emerged in the Marmara and Black Sea areas. In eastern Anatolia,

23774: 23753: 23702: 23681: 23647: 23620: 23599: 23549: 23528: 23480: 23459: 23409: 23390: 23342: 23315: 23288: 23261: 23234: 23192: 23155: 23106: 23085: 23064: 23043: 22997: 22970: 22922: 22901: 22791: 22737: 22702: 22683: 22662: 22641: 22591: 22564: 22537: 22510: 22489: 21390: 21365: 21355: 21334: 21300: 20677: 20137: 20057: 19892: 19730: 19651: 19624: 19595: 19568: 19470: 19408: 19075: 17483: 17390: 16167: 16128: 16089: 16050: 15929: 15861: 15639: 15602: 15523: 15389: 15222: 14244: 14181: 14062: 13747: 13706: 13583: 12917: 12813: 12775: 12736: 12682: 12672: 12591: 12528: 12469: 12382: 12346: 12085: 11953: 11919: 11600: 11517:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples" 11302: 11049: 10284:"Marka Olarak 'Türkiye' İbaresinin Kullanımı (Presidential Circular No. 2021/24 on the Use of the Term "Türkiye" as a Brand)" 10267: 10024: 9834: 9524: 8087: 7925: 6228: 5984: 5846: 5807:

account for the majority of GDP, whereas industry accounts for more than 30%. Agriculture contributes about 7%. According to

4953: 4799: 4077: 2892: 16095: 16017: 15256: 15070: 14850: 13033: 12742: 12352: 10395: 10030: 8940: 5277:

earthquakes, North Anatolian Fault zone activity "is considered to be one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Turkey".

2698:

of the diverse people of Anatolia. In 13th century, there was a second significant wave of Turkic migration, as people fled

24081: 23936: 18189: 16702: 15448: 14026: 13487: 13461: 9209: 7254: 6100: 5029:

was inaugurated in 2003, Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country to hold a gay pride march. Since 2015, parades at

2651:

traditions played in art, culture, and political traditions in the empire, the Seljuk period is described as a mixture of "

2325:

in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the

1096: 20423: 14427: 13611: 13253: 13119: 11593:

Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries

2507: 28945: 27365: 26428: 25668: 24528: 24243: 24069: 21425: 19967:"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne" 19374: 17503: 16157: 15351: 14886: 7308:

Programme. Turkey has become a hub for foreign students in recent years, with 795,962 foreign students in 2016. In 2021

7162: 6165: 4917: 4547:

in 2010 but were normalized following a deal in June 2016. These political rifts have left Turkey with few allies in the

4238: 4230: 4108: 1262: 1016: 23658: 15983: 10019:. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. 8454: 8427: 5005:

was organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul have been denied permission by the government.

2499: 2112:

invaded central Anatolia and continued as a major ethnic group in the area for around 200 years. They were known as the

28457: 26160: 25019: 24559: 24549: 23213: 22620: 21188:"Spatial distribution of health risks associated with PM2.5 in Turkey and Iran using satellite and ground observations" 20535: 18373:"International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter" 16418: 14701: 10199: 8070:. Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by European elements, resulting in development of 7486: 7423: 6736: 6298: 6157: 6045: 5788: 4697: 4663: 4412: 4254: 4202: 3968: 3358: 3326: 2070: 1214: 1163: 725: 515: 18680: 17351: 16475: 15758: 9003: 5412:, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as 4411:

The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the

28645: 28042: 27791: 27005: 26360: 24564: 24511: 24449: 24137: 24120: 23569: 23438: 23369: 22943: 22874: 22845: 22818: 22764: 22468: 20528: 19036: 17564: 14332: 14309: 12636: 12615: 10932: 9596: 9330:, p. 1576: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region" 8910: 6661: 5278: 4861: 4679: 4334: 4104:

of both local and general elections are high compared to many other countries, which usually stands higher than 80%.

3988: 3893: 3342: 3187: 3106: 3038: 2820: 1761:, with Hittite being the "oldest attested Indo-European language". The origin of Indo-European languages is unknown. 1571: 452: 18694: 16118: 15162: 12395: 9858: 9745:

Turkey has 3 out of the 36 biodiversity hotspots on Earth: the Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Irano-Anatolian hotspots

8377: 7466:

were used to define the art of miniature painting in Ottoman Turkish. The studios the artists worked in were called

5597:

median is two out of ten. Inclusive and swift growth is needed for decreasing vulnerability. Turkey aims to achieve

4686:

for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location. Turkey does not recognize

26418: 24997: 24682: 24481: 24405: 24193: 19925:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?" 18353: 18268: 18078: 14551: 12876: 12790:

programme aimed at the creation of a modern, secular state and the construction of a new identity for its citizens.

10259: 10219:"Treaty Between Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey. (Berlin). July 13, 1878" 7455: 7277: 6197: 5409: 5056: 4961: 4307:

of 1911. Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, it retains much of the basis of the original Code. The

4081: 4012: 3295: 3291: 2832: 2314: 1999:, after the specific Greek groups that settled them. Further Greek colonization in Anatolia was led by Miletus and 20839: 20357: 18920: 18795: 16282: 15789: 10448: 5573:, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate 3263: 2804:

in 1839, aimed to modernize the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe. The

151: 26700: 26493: 26315: 26225: 25172: 24677: 24125: 13917: 10195:

The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes

9647: 8881: 8431: 8411: 8158:

Turkey has a diverse and rich cuisine, varying geographically. Turkish cuisine has been influenced by Anatolian,

7338: 7265:, YÖK). Since 2016, the president of Turkey directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities. 6161: 4920:

by Turkey, the United States, and the European Union) was founded in 1978 by a group of Kurdish militants led by

4803: 4716: 3022: 2990: 2856: 2706:

in 1243 and disappeared by the beginning of the 14th century. It was replaced by various Turkish principalities.

2412: 19176: 17586:

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (2018).

6375:. In a 2018 health survey, the ideal children number was 2.8 children per woman, rising to 3 per married woman. 5593:. This applies to nine out of ten climate vulnerability dimensions, such as "average annual risk to wellbeing". 4732: 4533: 2962:

has called the Balkan Wars an "unrecognized genocide", where multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators.

2473: 29228: 29218: 27771: 26915: 26365: 25571: 24819: 24516: 24471: 24385: 24363: 24276: 23719: 21786:, filo: "Although known to Europeans and N. Americans by a Greek name, the dough is clearly of Turkish origin." 19515: 15344:"Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV flies in formation with the Turkish Stars aerobatics team of the Turkish Air Force" 14798: 14205: 10320: 8944: 8051: 7900: 7705: 7697: 7242: 7158: 6427: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5608: 5316: 5310: 5117: 4882: 4474:

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural,

4175: 4073: 4031: 4004: 3425: 2105: 1218: 1139: 673: 431: 21989: 21674: 20923: 17451:. Ministry of Forest and Water – General Directorare of Nature Conservation and National Parks. Archived from 14820: 14671: 6363:, the country's population was 85,372,377 in 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection. 93% lived in 4909: 4423:, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. In 1948 both countries were included in the 3287: 3283: 3129:. The Turkish Republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital. The 2966: 2927: 1195: 1191: 1115: 134: 29268: 26963: 26844: 26760: 26370: 24908: 24625: 24346: 19333: 18245: 16896: 16581:"17th İstanbul LGBTI+ Pride Parade: Police Attack with Shields, Pepper Gas After Pride Parade Statement Read" 14521: 13543: 9672: 9114: 8845: 8346: 8319: 8025: 7490: 7285: 7226: 6689: 6302: 5895: 5858: 5831: 5811:

estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is $ 42,064 in 2023, while its nominal GDP per capita is $ 12,849.

5246: 4901:. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to the country's membership of the EU. 4513: 4491: 3920: 2793: 2511: 1285: 1238: 868: 14290: 2247: 29288: 26073: 25575: 25120: 24992: 24687: 24318: 24298: 23184:

The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

22344: 17848: 16676: 14764: 14581: 8570: 8439: 8435: 8419: 8354: 8079: 8071: 7554:

to attribute a particular design to a specific ethnic, regional, or even nomadic versus village tradition.

7174: 6317: 6278: 6025: 5722: 5699: 5590: 5236: 5211:

tectonic plates merge. The eastern Anatolian plateau and Armenian plateau definitions largely overlap. The

5145: 5141: 4957: 4691: 4631: 4575: 4392: 4346: 4167: 4066: 3847: 3315: 3179: 3055: 2982: 2805: 2659:

and Anatolia. At the time, Anatolia was a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being

1313: 1254: 1060: 18945: 16840: 16449: 16400: 12764:

Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Wadad Kadi; Devin J. Stewart; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Mahan Mirza (2012).

12075: 9884: 8175: 7638: 7173:

Armenians, Assyrians, Bulgarian Orthodox, Catholics, Chaldeans, Greeks, Jews, and Protestants. Turkey has

6029: 4508: 2757:. Ottomans started annexing the nearby Turkish beyliks (principalities) in Anatolia and expanded into the 28623: 26251:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

24947: 24574: 24554: 24476: 24400: 24145: 23951: 23116: 22884:

Filho, Walter Leal; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Moggi, Sara; Price, Elizabeth; Hope, Alex, eds. (2023).

22858:

The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2, The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

18805: 17816: 16906: 15572: 13395: 13275: 12012: 10513: 9682: 9205: 9157: 9013: 8490: 8334: 7346: 7312:, a government-funded program, received 165,000 applications from prospective students in 178 countries. 6224: 6172:

is the largest subway network in the country with around 704 million annual ridership in 2019. There are

6033: 5808: 4913: 4540: 4388: 4358: 4342: 4052: 4008: 3941: 3087: 1556: 1159: 849: 844: 489: 23489: 20761: 20712:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici SÖZCÜ'ye açıkladı: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 19613:

Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)

16628: 12712:

Political Islam and the Secular State in Turkey: Democracy, Reform and the Justice and Development Party

9797: 192: 31: 29273: 26751: 26308: 25165: 24670: 24645: 24523: 24373: 24210: 24198: 24064: 23723: 22168:"Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage in Households and by Individuals, 2022" 20398:"İçişleri Bakanı Yerlikaya, Türk vatandaşı olan Suriyelilerin sayısının 238 bine yaklaştığını açıkladı" 20107: 18014: 16797:"Of 23 Countries Surveyed, Majority (65%) in 20 Countries Support Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Unions" 11878: 11401: 11343: 11132: 11089: 10193: 8105:. Modernist and monumental buildings were preferred for public buildings, whereas "Turkish house" type 8047: 8001: 7985: 7981: 7546: 7514: 7035: 6173: 6037: 6021: 6005: 5970: 5417: 4736: 4242: 2828: 2740: 2078: 2012: 1183: 1072: 830: 25624:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

19560:

Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices

19325: 18301: 18034: 17874: 15896: 8458: 7603: 6430:'s estimation was 76% in 2006, with 78% of adult citizens self-identifying their ethnic background as 6281:, and to improve capabilities in space exploration, astronomy, and satellite communication. Under the 3737: 3393:). Other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government, except for the mayors ( 29263: 24848: 24486: 24466: 24113: 22194: 21187: 19510: 18214: 17430: 13892: 10135: 7792: 7669: 7576: 6609: 6372: 6153: 6052:

in the energy system. As of 2017, while the government had invested in low carbon energy transition,

5946: 5812: 5703: 5425: 4811: 4591: 4330: 4304: 4296: 4266: 4234: 4143: 4056: 4000: 3876: 3330: 3075: 3051: 2847:, mostly settling in the provinces of present-day Turkey. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a 2564: 2262:

writes of "the church of Ephesus, founded by Paul, with John continuing with them until the times of

1948: 1488:

has been used in the texts of numerous international treaties to define the Ottoman Empire. With the

19460: 18971: 18566: 17978: 17452: 15413: 7676:, the first female Turkish novelist, wrote fiction. After the proclamation of the republic in 1923, 7222: 5429: 3667: 2789: 28590: 27842: 27736: 25046: 24712: 24410: 24339: 24108: 15044: 13856:"Turkey's institutions are failing to comply with good governance principles and combat corruption" 12551: 10046: 9588: 8703: 7663: 6721: 6706: 6248: 6240: 5980: 5957:

to become the fourth most visited city in the world, with more than 16.5 million foreign visitors.

5550: 5476: 5362: 5262: 4284: 3043: 2994: 2809: 2781: 2054: 1392: 1305: 1289: 1088: 401: 22529: 22218: 22109: 21942: 20064:

Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group (about 20%), and Armenians, Greeks, Sephardic Jews,...

18973: 18127: 15106: 14136:. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. 13155: 12461:

The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, And the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians

8844:

The Turkish government considers that, for the purpose of the Treaty of Lausanne, the language of

7911: 6115: 5274: 5270: 3607: 3152: 3079: 3047: 2491: 1179: 28938: 25533: 25108: 24395: 24368: 24313: 24308: 24160: 23890: 23673:

From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin Deweese

23544: 22020:"2023 CEV Women's Champions League Super Final: VakifBank Istanbul – Ezcacibasi Dynavit Istanbul" 16927: 14128: 13536: 11516: 10959: 10140: 9037: 8914: 8178:, from the 11th century, documents "the ancient lineage of much of present-day Turkish cuisine". 8106: 8067: 7892: 7747: 7685: 7681: 7471: 7367: 7177:

among the Muslim-majority countries. Currently, there are 439 churches and synagogues in Turkey.

6494: 6309: 6274: 6264: 5796: 5680: 5479:

is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey. The

5290: 5212: 5137: 5129: 4708: 4551:, where large natural gas fields have recently been discovered. There is a dispute over Turkey's 4419:

in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the

3727: 3602: 3562: 3221: 3167: 2703: 2652: 2396: 2228: 2100:

of the Anatolian interior, which met resistance in some places. Following Alexander's death, the

1758: 1614: 1471: 1380: 1301: 777: 650: 338: 24: 24155: 21831: 20610:"The politics of population in a nation-building process: Emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey" 20486:"Late Antique and Medieval Churches and Monasteries of Midyat and Surrounding Area (Tur 'Abdin)" 19303: 18850: 18734: 11390:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" 11332:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" 10283: 9179: 8171: 8054:

emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The most important architect of the classical period is

7677: 7309: 6063: 5444:

extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the

5281:

were the deadliest in contemporary Turkish history. Turkey is sometimes unfavorably compared to

4312: 4198: 3163: 2297:

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the

1514: 1175: 392: 27731: 26438: 25746: 24903: 24843: 24831: 24724: 24581: 24074: 23997: 23944: 21478: 19747: 17134: 16800: 14102: 9827:

Turkish Drama Serials: The Importance and Influence of a Globally Popular Television Phenomenon

8393: 8389: 8385: 7997: 7989: 7865: 7591: 7334: 7124: 7058: 6337: 6149: 5933:

in the number of international tourist arrivals with 50.5 million foreign tourists. Turkey has

5461: 5453: 5441: 5223:, the largest lake in the country. Eastern Turkey is home to the sources of rivers such as the 5153: 4937: 4855: 4807: 4687: 4683: 4571: 4139: 4124: 4016: 3992: 3960: 3870: 3597: 3237: 3229: 3175: 3126: 3063: 3002: 2766: 2318: 2143: 2085: 1711: 1567: 1497: 1489: 1321: 1143: 1080: 1004: 700: 644: 604: 558: 24898: 23639: 23147: 21916: 20233: 20047: 19585: 19558: 19009: 18891: 18831: 18431:"30 Years of World Bank Group Partnership with Turkey: Achieving Development Results Together" 15919: 15629: 14171: 14052: 13573: 13430: 12909: 12903: 12803: 12459: 12279: 12044: 11943: 11909: 11292: 10793: 10173: 9063: 8663: 7935: 7723: 7595: 7510: 7349:

has run a universal public healthcare system since 2003. Known as Universal Health Insurance (

6779: 6458: 6263:. In 2023, Turkey ranked 39th in the world and 4th among its upper-middle income group in the 6236: 4928:

ideology. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.

4594:

as the latter has criticised the strikes for violating its sovereignty and killing civilians.

3797: 3447: 89: 28638: 26710: 26229: 26092: 26063: 25565: 25051: 24836: 24826: 24793: 24533: 24356: 21616:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire | 2. Turkey; Balyan 21383:

Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien = Carpets of the Peasants and Nomads in Anatolia

20379: 20157: 19641: 17262: 16040: 15515: 13800: 12765: 12313: 10148: 8718:

countries in 2016. Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series.

8502: 8167: 8159: 8013: 7755: 7518: 7506: 7321: 7146: 7116: 7025: 6559: 6053: 5772: 5570: 5254: 5188: 4993: 4894: 4885:

made more than 2,400 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations on issues such as

3976: 3397:) who are elected by the constituents. Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies ( 3213: 3203: 3071: 3018: 2521: 2208: 2182: 1293: 1202: 544: 373: 27334: 23966: 23472:

Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor Volume I: The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule

22888:. Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Springer Cham. 22082: 21357:

Ottoman Painting: Reflections of Western Art from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic

21066:

Atun, Rifat (2015). "Transforming Turkey's Health System — Lessons for Universal Coverage".

17789: 17159: 8063: 7281: 6397: 5402: 3517: 3467: 3462: 29223: 28595: 28436: 27853: 27806: 27683: 25433: 24987: 24982: 24967: 24913: 24858: 24742: 24601: 24586: 24434: 24351: 24165: 23810: 22989: 22962: 22837: 22783: 22756: 22583: 21199: 20255: 20016: 19198:

Rossiter, Ash; Cannon, Brendon J. (2022). "Turkey's rise as a drone power: Trial by fire".

19122: 18614: 17716: 17704: 17689: 17599: 17094: 15850: 15036: 13185: 11462: 10653: 10642:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" 10595: 10067: 9778: 8828: 8330: 8043: 7871: 7436: 7431: 7301: 7230: 7185: 6539: 6519: 6482: 6410: 6392: 6368: 6294: 6072: 5997: 5457: 5445: 5342: 5258: 5192: 5165: 4969: 4898: 4655: 4643: 4613: 4603: 4567: 4112: 3862: 3817: 3792: 3183: 3110: 3067: 2878: 2851:, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the 2816: 2624: 2594: 2420: 2235: 1916: 1802: 1762: 1691: 1281: 1012: 961: 957: 269: 28011: 26974: 22167: 21882: 20924:"Erasmus+ EU programme for education, training, youth and sport | Eligible countries" 17377:, World Geomorphological Landscapes, Springer International Publishing, pp. 603–632, 16159:

Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law

15672:. European Union Institute for Security Studies. February 2007. p. 88. Archived from 11981: 10251: 8083: 6232: 5397:

is mostly found in Turkey and other east Mediterranean countries. Several wild species of

5183:

Tectonic map of Turkey. Straight lines and lines with triangles denote different types of

4998: 3732: 3642: 3457: 2888: 8: 27381: 26508: 26185: 26018: 25816: 25510: 24863: 24814: 24747: 24697: 24596: 24506: 24454: 24267: 24248: 24034: 22191: 20186: 19135: 19110: 18873:"Iraq, Turkey, Qatar, UAE sign preliminary deal to cooperate on Development Road project" 18055:"'In world ranking, we are 6th based on the number of pieces, and 13th based on tonnage'" 13924: 8710:'s television market over the past decade, Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen 8498: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8102: 7630: 7480: 7441: 7393: 7293: 7206: 7197: 7142: 7112: 6746: 6563: 6551: 6543: 6527: 6466: 6419: 6384: 5974: 5583: 5520: 5385: 5346: 5321: 5250: 5085: 5050: 4843: 4675: 4671: 4651: 4609: 4443: 4404: 4151: 4150:

became the most popular political parties in Turkey, winning numerous elections. Turkish

4120: 4116: 4048: 3996: 3952: 3924: 3899: 3782: 3417: 3405: 3338: 3271: 3257: 3159: 3140: 3014: 2998: 2840: 2667: 2588: 2392: 2381: 2326: 2290: 2200: 2190: 1833: 1775:

rulers. The Hittite kingdom was a large kingdom in Central Anatolia, with its capital of

1754: 1548: 1297: 1273: 1226: 1036: 573: 386: 304: 26164: 21203: 21164: 20969: 19794: 19462:

The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives

19126: 18637: 18618: 18602: 18349:"Turkey's Travel & Tourism Sector to Grow at Twice the Rate of the National Economy" 17665: 17603: 17098: 15958:"U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Counterterrorism: Foreign Terrorist Organizations" 15957: 14159:– via edoc.hu-berlin.de Open access publication server of the Humboldt University. 12763: 11420: 11389: 11362: 11331: 10657: 10599: 10417: 7768: 7102: 3944:

is the final court for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice.

3842: 3612: 3522: 3299: 3091: 3026: 2815:

As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the

67: 29253: 28931: 27608: 26084: 25660: 25489: 25034: 24977: 24957: 24870: 24759: 24702: 24498: 24420: 24086: 24007: 24002: 22373: 21697: 21574:, Architecture | VI. c. 1250–c. 1500 | B. Anatolia | 2. Ottomans to 1453 21223: 20993: 20629: 19994: 19856: 19844: 19775: 19722: 19441: 18800: 17852: 17620: 17587: 17396: 17203: 16901: 16728: 15820:"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011" 15192: 13377: 13328: 13219: 12941: 12858: 12257: 12017: 11490: 10780:

Heggarty, Paul (2021). "Cognacy Databases and Phylogenetic Research on Indo-European".

10682: 10641: 10616: 10583: 10505: 9715:"The Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Turkey" 9677: 9565: 9008: 8310: 8247:, originally from Turkey, is marinated lamb slices cooked vertically. Seafood includes 7917: 7751: 7737: 7626: 7563: 7407: 7326: 7083: 6629: 6555: 6523: 6442: 6423: 6325: 6057: 5668:

thanks to the high amounts of precipitation on the northern side of the mountain range.

5598: 5524: 5302: 5097: 4944: 4544: 4320: 4210: 4179: 4131: 4097: 3866: 3777: 3717: 3622: 3502: 3378: 3121: 3083: 2852: 2687: 2644: 2611: 2416: 2251: 2243: 2129: 2125: 2113: 2062: 2058: 2020: 1911: 1881: 1726: 1650: 1415: 1167: 1028: 529: 367: 299: 20730:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 17083:"A practical probabilistic earthquake hazard analysis tool: Case study Marmara region" 16940:: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey" 16886:, p. 125: "Anatolia, , Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey" 14641: 14491: 13637: 12547: 9585:

The Thirty-Year Genocide - Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

7965: 6450: 6152:

operates both conventional and high speed trains, with the government expanding both.

5337:

Turkey's position at the crossroads of the land, sea and air routes between the three

5034: 4921: 4222: 4214: 3827: 3617: 3377:

structure in terms of public administration, and the provinces are subordinate to the

3216:

became the country's second president following Atatürk's death in 1938. In 1939, the

2747:

in the early 14th century. According to Ottoman chroniclers, Osman descended from the

1695: 1444:). Turkestan, also meaning the "land of the Turks", was used for a historic region in 422: 29002: 26705: 26483: 26385: 26331: 26283: 25791: 25643: 25268: 25157: 25132: 25079: 25041: 25004: 24890: 24875: 24692: 24630: 24617: 24591: 24459: 24390: 24334: 24253: 24046: 24021: 23982: 23770: 23749: 23698: 23677: 23643: 23616: 23595: 23524: 23476: 23455: 23434: 23415: 23405: 23386: 23365: 23338: 23311: 23284: 23257: 23230: 23209: 23188: 23151: 23102: 23081: 23060: 23039: 22993: 22966: 22939: 22918: 22897: 22870: 22841: 22814: 22787: 22760: 22733: 22708: 22698: 22679: 22658: 22637: 22616: 22587: 22560: 22533: 22506: 22485: 22464: 21386: 21361: 21330: 21296: 21227: 21215: 21121: 21083: 20898: 20673: 20633: 20133: 20053: 20028: 19998: 19986: 19935: 19888: 19848: 19806: 19779: 19767: 19726: 19647: 19620: 19591: 19564: 19466: 19445: 19404: 19071: 18642: 18478:"The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe)" 18164: 17625: 17479: 17400: 17386: 16401:"Turkey sacks more than 18,000 personnel ahead of expected lifting of emergency rule" 16163: 16124: 16085: 16046: 15925: 15857: 15635: 15519: 15508: 15395: 15385: 14240: 14177: 14058: 13743: 13702: 13579: 13381: 13369: 13332: 13320: 12913: 12862: 12809: 12771: 12732: 12678: 12632: 12611: 12587: 12524: 12465: 12378: 12342: 12081: 11949: 11915: 11596: 11542: 11494: 11482: 11425: 11367: 11298: 11045: 10687: 10669: 10621: 10263: 10218: 10020: 9830: 9736: 9592: 9557: 9520: 8743: 8679: 8675: 8667: 8646: 8638: 8593: 8575: 8373: 8009: 7673: 7634: 7567: 7451: 7447: 7379: 6692:'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024. 6625: 6617: 6593: 6139: 6088: 5989: 5942: 5918: 5758: 5752: 5544: 5528: 5465: 5240: 5149: 5109: 4756: 4659: 4635: 4617: 4384: 4316: 4271: 4250: 3707: 3662: 3482: 3364: 3241: 3006: 2986: 2919: 2823:; many Balkan Muslims migrated to the empire's heartland in Anatolia, along with the 2675: 2640: 2616: 2599: 2440: 2395:

of the early Church were held in cities located in present-day Turkey, including the

2220: 2074: 2050: 2031: 2026: 2004: 1907: 1671: 1552: 1542: 1407: 1277: 1258: 1210: 1155: 1147: 1064: 1024: 933: 909: 814: 460: 289: 284: 23497:(Report). OECD Education Policy Perspectives. Vol. 68. Paris: OECD Publishing. 23006: 22369:"Here's why Turkish soaps are a cultural force to reckon with! – The Economic Times" 21604:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire | 2. Turkey 20292: 19354: 14397: 9569: 8687: 8450: 8403: 8059: 7273: 4940:

from prosecution, including 44 deputies most of which from the pro-Kurdish parties.

4790:

Turkey has participated in international missions under the United Nations and NATO

3647: 3632: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3497: 3322:

in 2005. Customs Union had an important impact on the Turkish manufacturing sector.

2884: 2843:

in the territory of present-day Russia, the survivors of which sought refuge in the

1507: 28631: 28610: 28605: 28600: 26221: 25528: 24962: 24930: 24752: 24707: 24650: 24303: 24226: 24041: 23819: 23792: 23635: 23498: 23357: 23330: 23303: 23276: 23249: 23143: 23031: 22985: 22958: 22889: 22862: 22833: 22806: 22779: 22752: 22725: 22608: 22579: 22552: 22525: 22248: 22187: 21207: 21113: 21075: 20621: 20397: 19978: 19952:

Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court, 18 June 2013 (E. 2012/1746, K. 2013/952).

19840: 19759: 19433: 19207: 19130: 19063: 18950: 18895: 18632: 18622: 18276: 18107: 18099: 17615: 17607: 17378: 17325: 17102: 17059: 16476:"Turkey's crackdown propels number of journalists in jail worldwide to record high" 16081:

The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War

15673: 14137: 13985: 13918:"Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM" 13359: 13310: 13302: 12850: 12501: 11532: 11528: 11474: 11415: 11405: 11357: 11347: 11234: 10789: 10677: 10661: 10611: 10603: 10497: 10385: 10211: 9896: 9726: 9549: 8933: 8857: 8798: 8786: 8774: 8762: 8611: 8562: 8558: 8550: 8526: 8520: 8195: 8095: 8005: 7973: 7849: 7389: 7258: 7093: 7043: 6996: 6601: 6597: 6586: 6531: 6502: 6486: 6462: 6177: 6111: 6080: 6068: 6017: 5966: 5891: 5835: 5665: 5653: 5634: 5484: 5369: 5266: 5200: 5161: 5157: 5133: 4948: 4933: 4764: 4752: 4525: 4479: 4300: 3980: 3972: 3787: 3767: 3757: 3752: 3742: 3712: 3702: 3672: 3592: 3587: 3572: 3567: 3547: 3512: 3492: 3487: 3207: 2911: 2729: 2671: 2656: 2655:". In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into 2648: 2632: 2556: 2544: 2525: 2446: 2436: 2286: 2255: 2239: 2216: 2186: 2147: 2066: 1746: 1730: 1699: 1687: 1467: 1423: 1387: 1340: 1206: 1056: 1044: 1000: 901: 752: 294: 227: 54: 21117: 20319:"Number of Syrian Kurds fleeing to Turkey nears 140,000; humanitarian needs mount" 19211: 18627: 18302:"Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) – Turkey | Data" 16892:: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)" 13364: 13347: 10129: 8207: 7853: 7829: 7427: 7209:

was restructured in 1933, after being established as a theological school in 1453.

6143: 5169: 5092:. Another definition of Anatolia's eastern boundary is an imprecise line from the 4482:

heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into

4154:

parties are more likely to embrace the principles of political ideologies such as

3557: 3303: 1943:

Before 1200 BC, there were four Greek-speaking settlements in Anatolia, including

407: 29213: 29165: 28845: 28076: 28071: 28066: 28061: 28056: 27741: 27320: 27145: 27140: 26880: 26563: 26276: 26189: 25997: 25876: 25703: 25484: 25200: 25096: 25029: 25009: 24940: 24935: 24880: 24853: 24764: 24737: 24415: 24380: 23764: 23743: 23692: 23671: 23610: 23589: 23518: 23470: 23449: 23428: 23380: 23224: 23203: 23182: 23096: 23075: 23054: 22933: 22912: 22856: 22673: 22652: 22631: 22500: 22479: 22458: 21492: 21324: 21290: 21104:

Oguz, Ahmet Bunyan (2020). "Turkish Health Policies: Past, Present, and Future".

20667: 20529:"Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society" 20485: 20125: 19060:

2015 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST)

17588:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" 17382: 16319: 16079: 16009: 15372: 15077: 14976:"Turkey's Domestic 5th Generation TF-X Fighter Jet Is On The Final Assembly Line" 14914: 13775: 13025: 12726: 12336: 11039: 10390: 10325: 10189: 10014: 9731: 9714: 8948: 8849: 8715: 8683: 8554: 8514: 8304: 8292: 8163: 8143: 8130: 8124: 7821: 7813: 7741: 7615: 7498: 7363: 7047: 6641: 6637: 6613: 6547: 6515: 6470: 6454: 6446: 6437: 6402: 5906: 5776: 5574: 5358: 5350: 5306: 5184: 5073: 5065: 5038: 4925: 4890: 4791: 4784: 4740: 4587: 4416: 4035: 3979:

and districts, in which the executive and legislative officials are elected by a

3822: 3807: 3802: 3762: 3692: 3687: 3637: 3582: 3552: 3527: 3477: 3452: 3442: 2989:. As a result, an estimated 600,000 to more than 1 million, or up to 1.5 million 2981:

and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the empire's Armenian subjects were

2943: 2576: 2540: 2212: 2101: 2089: 2046: 1996: 1780: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1589: 1317: 1131: 965: 332: 234: 23869: 20583: 20448:

Airport, Turkish Airlines planes are parked at the new Istanbul (24 July 2023).

17304:"Profesör Mustafa Erdik: Türkiye'de imar barışı olmasaydı da çok şey değişmezdi" 15455: 15347: 14261:"Syria ratchets up tension with Turkey – warning it of dangers of rebel support" 13483: 13457: 9900: 8852:, even though the mother tongue of Turkish Jews was not Hebrew but historically 8482: 8364:

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. The

7825: 7476: 6474: 5555: 5173: 5072:

Turkey covers an area of 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles). With

3934: 3832: 3311: 3267: 2749: 1679: 1610: 1008: 437: 28831: 28788: 28475: 27811: 27100: 27095: 27090: 27085: 26695: 26633: 26458: 26390: 26254: 25951: 25766: 24952: 24732: 24655: 24288: 24056: 24017: 23783: 22038: 19266: 18996: 18698: 17107: 17082: 16505: 16373: 16341: 16323: 15196: 14371: 13958: 13249: 13130: 11874: 11085: 9885:"Mise en place for gastronomy geography through food: Flavor regions in Turkey" 9812: 8853: 8486: 8478: 8358: 8323: 8315: 8151: 8139: 7772: 7689: 7650: 7584: 7542: 7399: 7385: 7202: 7150: 7138: 7066: 6948: 6633: 6605: 6535: 6478: 6388: 6343: 6282: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6169: 6131: 6114:. Multiple bridges and tunnels connect Asian and European sides of Turkey; the 6049: 5726: 5566:

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a

5500: 5373: 5326: 5208: 5152:

becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. Mountain ranges include

5121: 5101: 5077: 5026: 5002: 4866: 4831: 4552: 4502: 4475: 4400: 4372: 4324: 4085: 4061: 3812: 3722: 3682: 3677: 3657: 3652: 3627: 3577: 3472: 3385:. In province centers the government is represented by the province governors ( 3368: 3245: 3010: 2978: 2955: 2844: 2725: 2715: 2606: 2536: 2346: 2322: 2306: 2302: 2278: 2224: 2204: 2135: 1829: 1526: 1477: 1451: 1426:, with its ruling elite of Turkic origin, was called the "State of the Turks" ( 1397: 1242: 1151: 1068: 949: 836: 473: 326: 279: 74: 23307: 22893: 22866: 22061:"Historical Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival kicks off in northwestern Turkey" 21292:

Figurative art in medieval Islam and the riddle of Bihzâd of Herât (1465–1535)

21211: 20792: 20625: 19982: 19795:"An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey" 19763: 19437: 19067: 18851:"Turkey as a Eurasian Transport Hub: Prospects for Inter-Regional Partnership" 18603:"Turkey's quest to become a regional energy hub: Challenges and opportunities" 15343: 15317: 14880: 13826:"European Parliament resolution of 14 April 2016 on the 2015 report on Turkey" 12854: 12223:"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, why did it happen and could it happen again" 11537: 10607: 9553: 8376:

is the most successful Turkish basketball club in international competitions.

8074:. European influence continued in the 19th century; examples include works of 7693: 6044:, fossil fuels still play a large role, accounting for 73%. A major reason of 3307: 2819:

in 1875 which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the

1496:

entered international documents for the first time. In the treaty signed with

1335:, meaning "the land of the Turks", had begun to be used in European texts for 29207: 28803: 27796: 27491: 26674: 26523: 26288: 26036: 26002: 25836: 25636: 25494: 25144: 25084: 25024: 24925: 24665: 24660: 24293: 24238: 24029: 23873: 23419: 22712: 22200: 21856: 21219: 20762:

OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023

20032: 19990: 19939: 19852: 19810: 19771: 15895:. European Parliament Human Rights committee. 26 October 2010. Archived from 15399: 14458:"Egyptian foreign minister to go to Turkey, Syria for first time in a decade" 14015: 13373: 13324: 13306: 13090:"Here's why Turkish opposition parties are contesting the referendum results" 12262: 11546: 11486: 11478: 10673: 9798:

OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023

9740: 9561: 8735: 8711: 8693: 8620: 8465: 8135: 8111: 8075: 7845: 7817: 7788: 7649:, was one of the most important writers of Anatolian Turkish poetry. Ottoman 7641:, from the 11th century, contains Turkish linguistic information and poetry. 7528: 7522: 7502: 7134: 6575: 6511: 6498: 6289:

was built. Turkey's first communication satellite manufactured domestically,

6255:

in terms of article output in scientific and technical journals, and 35th in

6084: 5954: 5626: 5504: 5496: 5480: 5204: 5125: 5030: 4434: 4424: 4308: 4206: 4101: 4020: 3772: 3747: 3697: 3507: 3374: 2947: 2699: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2660: 2628: 2552: 2454: 2432: 2385: 2097: 1964: 1745:

was a language indigenous to Anatolia, with no known modern-day connections.

1714:

around 9,000 years ago, eventually coming to dominate most of the continent.

1707: 1222: 1052: 1048: 1032: 861: 259: 207: 194: 166: 153: 20: 23273:

The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict

16922: 16196:"Turkish lecturer to be put on trial for posing exam question on PKK leader" 12521:

The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

11127: 8655: 7942: 6815: 6789: 6290: 5917:

Between 2007 and 2021, the share of population below the PPP-$ 6.85 per day

5734: 5179: 4363: 4092:

are also held occasionally. Every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 has the

2736: 29115: 28738: 28470: 28397: 27668: 27628: 27618: 27441: 27282: 26893: 26041: 26007: 25956: 25549: 25428: 25393: 25056: 25014: 24640: 24091: 21809: 21125: 21087: 21040:"Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura Şehir Hastanesi'nde 2 bin 68 sismik izolatör var" 20506: 19748:"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation" 18672: 18646: 18400: 17629: 17611: 16256:"İşte TBMM'nin 'dokunulmazlık' tablosu: 1980'den bu yana 44 vekillik düştü" 15893:"Human rights in Turkey: still a long way to go to meet accession criteria" 14736: 12505: 11429: 11371: 10924: 10691: 10625: 10449:"Photo story: tombs, turquoise seas and trekking along Turkey's Lycian Way" 8671: 8569:

is the government body overseeing the broadcast media. By circulation, the

8546: 8264: 8258: 8190:

are some of the earliest recorded examples of Turkish cuisine. Even though

8029: 8021: 7993: 7759: 7619: 7182: 7062: 6490: 6256: 5870: 5512: 5449: 5390: 5330: 5216: 5081: 5019: 5010: 4871: 4870:

Women demonstrating and asking for non-interference with their clothing in

4823: 4795: 4776: 4583: 4483: 4451: 4155: 3983:

of citizens by district. The government comprises three branches: first is

3913: 3837: 3225: 3171: 3005:

were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the

2970: 2914:(1912–1913). Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as 2695: 2464: 2408: 2298: 2274: 2178: 2139: 2039: 1794: 1718: 1445: 1135: 1092: 1040: 810: 314: 274: 29080: 28653: 23361: 23334: 23280: 23035: 22729: 22556: 20539: 18210:"2023's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: Triumphs and Turmoil Uncovered" 18128:"Beko owner warns of 'very tough' 2024 for Europe's home appliance market" 17790:"Economic Outlook No 109 - February 2022 - Long-term baseline projections" 17037: 15230: 13348:"Social coexistence and violence during Turkey's authoritarian transition" 8599: 8012:

period, a distinct architecture emerged, which incorporated Byzantine and

7946: 7881: 6935: 6348: 6267:. It was one of the countries with a notable increase in the past decade. 5763: 5199:

Geographers have used the eastern Anatolian plateau, Iranian plateau, and

3437: 3144: 2269: 1659:

is a 760 kilometers (470 mi) long hiking path in Southwestern Turkey.

1629: 1599: 28585: 27801: 27516: 27406: 27170: 26618: 26558: 26119: 25936: 25871: 25648: 25378: 25318: 25313: 25208: 24920: 24231: 23691:

Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009).

23379:

Magnan-Park, Aaron Han Joon; Marchetti, Gina; Tan, See Kam, eds. (2018).

22481:

A History of Eastern Europe 1740-1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation

21079: 18103: 16995: 16957: 16501:"Turkish Journalists Targeted by Prosecutions, Fines, Jail Terms: Report" 12880: 10063: 9850: 8707: 8699: 8659: 8244: 8055: 7888: 7833: 7797: 7713: 7701: 7607: 7580: 7550: 7154: 7007: 6297:

center, an electron accelerator called TARLA became operational in 2024.

6119: 6092: 5589:

Due to socioeconomic, climatic, and geographic factors, Turkey is highly

5516: 5508: 5469: 4712: 4701: 4667:

armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.

4627: 4520: 4464: 4292: 4159: 4100:

for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1934. In Turkey,

3984: 3314:

became the first female prime minister of Turkey in 1993. Turkey entered

3217: 2974: 2959: 2951: 2836: 2824: 2754: 2580: 2560: 2532: 2450: 2313:. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the 2310: 2016: 2008: 1925: 897: 29110: 23796: 23502: 23298:

Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin, eds. (2019).

23253: 22803:

Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923: The Impact of the West

20694:"Türkiye'de Hristiyan ve Yahudilere ait 439 ibadethane ve 24 dernek var" 19860: 19828: 18899: 18280: 18070: 14612:"Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims" 12841:

Soner Çağaptay (2002). "Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s".

12629:

The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy

11410: 11352: 10665: 8818:

Even though they are not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Lausanne.

8581: 8406:

is one of the best women's volleyball team in the world, having won the

6959: 6426:, 70-75% of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks. Based on a survey, 5440:

which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the

4908:

between far-left and far-right militant groups, which culminated in the

3105:, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 2227:, while turning rest of Anatolian states into Roman satellites. Several 29145: 28753: 28708: 28693: 28678: 28512: 28280: 28219: 28206: 28167: 28154: 27678: 27648: 27576: 27566: 27536: 27526: 27481: 27431: 27421: 27296: 27254: 27226: 27212: 27184: 26834: 26808: 26795: 26782: 26588: 26553: 26533: 25906: 25866: 25846: 25826: 25731: 25438: 25413: 25328: 25308: 25258: 25228: 25218: 23823: 23402:

Greco-Roman Cities of Aegean Turkey: History, Archaeology, Architecture

21731: 21729: 21727: 21725: 21723: 21721: 21719: 21444: 20584:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Alevis" 20350:"Syrian Turkmens cross to Turkey, fleeing advances of pro-Assad forces" 18112: 15759:"Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against Islamic State" 14946:"Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out" 14882:

Iraq accuses Turkey after air raids kill tourists | Al Jazeera Newsfeed

14732:"Turkey starts ground incursion into Kurdish-controlled Afrin in Syria" 14582:"Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere" 13315: 10509: 8882:"The Turkish Flag and The Turkish National Anthem (Independence March)" 8642: 8629: 8587: 8381: 8179: 7969: 7805: 7801: 7642: 6567: 6364: 6096: 5684: 5638: 5232: 5105: 4979: 4246: 4191: 4089: 3325:

In 2014, prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct

3249: 2620: 2548: 2353:, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier 2238:, early Christian Church had significant growth in Anatolia because of 1921: 1857: 1798: 1656: 1618: 1187: 948:

to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic

937: 917: 22612: 22389:"Turkey world"s second highest TV series exporter after US – Business" 16551:"Russia, China and Turkey top yearly list of music freedom violations" 16313:

Turkish parliament moves to strip lawmakers' immunity from prosecution

14702:"How Russia and Turkey brokered peace in Syria – and sidelined the US" 13057:"Turkey rounds up thousands of suspected participants in coup attempt" 11262: 11260: 6581: 5878: 5657: 4257:. The next parliamentary election is scheduled to take place in 2028. 2583:. They mixed with Iranic-speaking groups in the area and converted to 2528:

were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became

1722: 980:

is its largest city and economic and financial center, as well as the

29175: 28954: 28890: 28860: 28410: 27501: 26528: 26248:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

26069: 25841: 25602: 25403: 25398: 25278: 23205:

Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays

19424:

Mutlu, Servet (1996). "Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study".

18567:"Turkey's TPAO begins gas production from Sakarya field in Black Sea" 17937: 17875:"Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$ ) – Turkey" 15381: 15166: 14465: 14236: 14092:"Turkey-EU-US Triangle in Perspective: Transformation or Continuity?" 13571: 10357: 10059: 8530: 8473: 8470: 8240: 8091: 8037: 8017: 7961: 7784: 7611: 7305: 6972: 6001: 5993: 5630: 5567: 5437: 5338: 5224: 5093: 5088:. Turkey's Asian side covers 97% of its surface, and is often called 4835: 4827: 4682:. Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to 4183: 3886: 2801: 2762: 2338: 1976: 1929: 1853: 1825: 1675: 1076: 905: 893: 26300: 22602: 21716: 19932:

Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung

19716: 17953:"Turkey's National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV" 17934:"'A game changer': Türkiye inaugurates its first national car plant" 14790: 14206:"Turkey's Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism" 12652:

Macfie, A. L. (1979). "The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)".

10955:"Anatolia – Greek colonies on the Anatolian coasts, c. 1180–547 bce" 10501: 8399: 8271:

dishes are vegetable stews. Turkey is one of the countries with the

6040:, will increase diversification of its energy mix. When it comes to 5013:. LGBT people have had the right to seek asylum in Turkey under the 2720: 2157: 1729:. The languages in Anatolia at that time included Hattian, Hurrian, 1280:

is temperate with harsher conditions in the interior. Home to three

29105: 29095: 28989: 28976: 28818: 28345: 28306: 28243: 28180: 27751: 27643: 27596: 27556: 27551: 27466: 27451: 27240: 26654: 26603: 26598: 26578: 26443: 26261: 26211: 26181: 26102: 26097: 25987: 25921: 25916: 25891: 25751: 25621:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

25479: 25418: 25373: 25353: 25348: 25343: 25243: 24776: 24103: 23858: 23786:

Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty

23492:

Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye

22810: 22416:"Türkiye marches toward $ 600 million in worldwide TV series sales" 22132:"The Political Economy of the Media in Turkey: A Sectoral Analysis" 21997: 21589:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire 19643:

Turkey: Facing a New Millenniium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts

19282:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2022" 18713:"Türkiye, Cumhuriyet'in 100. Yılında hızlı tren ağlarıyla örülüyor" 18272: 16652:"Was Ahmet Yildiz the victim of Turkey's first gay honour killing?" 15631:

Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations

14054:

Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953

11257: 10118:, Turkye, (Turkeye) Turkey; Book of the Duchess, The; Map 1; Map 3. 9107:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023" 8174:

cuisines. Turkish and Ottoman cuisine have also influenced others.

7977: 7921: 7599: 7403: 7031: 6759: 6741: 6352: 6321: 6273:

is one of the main agencies for funding and carrying out research.

6135: 6127: 5922: 5377: 5354: 5220: 5089: 4875: 4815: 4468: 4455: 4420: 4276: 4187: 4163: 4093: 3114: 2973:

took control of the Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire entered

2939: 2896: 2797: 2572: 2568: 2404: 2373: 2282: 2259: 1980: 1841: 1772: 1768: 1702:. Neolithic Anatolian farmers differed genetically from farmers in 1683: 1640: 1581: 1577: 1348: 1336: 1127: 1100: 1020: 977: 945: 889: 856: 818: 254: 186: 26156: 24786: 23352:

Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). "Turkey". In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.).

20609: 19587:

Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey

16575: 16573: 16571: 15848: 15699:"Contribution of Turkish Armed Forces to Peace Support Operations" 14398:"Erdogan says he may meet Syria's Assad for 'peace' in the region" 14333:"Turkey to appoint ambassador to Egypt, ending nine-year standoff" 14141: 11128:"The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder" 8187: 7653:

poetry used "refined diction" and complex vocabulary. It included

7253:. All state and private universities are under the control of the 7214:

tertiary education", and quadrupling of pre-school institutions.

6983: 6828: 6784: 6208: 5823: 4924:, seeking the foundation of an independent Kurdish state based on 3424:), for a total of 973 districts. Turkey is also subdivided into 7 2792:

from Spain. From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the

2092:, the Achaemenid Empire collapsed and Anatolia became part of the 1972: 1832:, rather than Anatolian languages. Phrygians shared Anatolia with 985: 29160: 29155: 29085: 29054: 29015: 28499: 28358: 28293: 28267: 28102: 27658: 27633: 27623: 27586: 27571: 27541: 27461: 27426: 27416: 27411: 26867: 26628: 26583: 26543: 26503: 26498: 26488: 26473: 26468: 26463: 26448: 26433: 26423: 26413: 26408: 26206: 25946: 25896: 25856: 25811: 25806: 25796: 25781: 25776: 25771: 25756: 25741: 25736: 25726: 25721: 25716: 25711: 25443: 25358: 25338: 25223: 25213: 22217:. The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK). Archived from 22199:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

21186:

Akyuz, Ezgi; Samavati, Mehrdad; Kaynak, Burcak (14 August 2020).

21140:"Türkiye ranks among top 10 health tourism destinations globally" 21014: 18974:"Intellectual property statistical country profile 2022: Türkiye" 17504:

Status, conservation and management of large carnivores in Turkey

17198: 17196: 17194: 17192: 16280: 15133:"Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service" 14522:"Greece, Egypt, Cyprus urge Turkey to quit gas search off island" 13954:"European Parliament votes to suspend Turkey's EU membership bid" 8670:

represent their period of Turkish cinema. Turkish directors like

8542: 8538: 8288: 8248: 8033: 7359: 7153:, Muslims constitute 99.8% of the population, most of them being 6887: 6876: 6434:. In 2021, 77% of adult citizens identified as such in a survey. 6313: 6251:

as a share of GDP has risen from 0.47% in 2000 to 1.40% in 2021.

5910: 5854: 5707: 5661: 5492: 5488: 4333:

is carried out by several agencies under the jurisdiction of the

2935: 2931: 2907: 2777: 2770: 2758: 2744: 2636: 2529: 2503: 2168: 2093: 2035: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1887: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1845: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1784: 1776: 1636: 1585: 1501: 1123: 1119: 1084: 993: 913: 348: 21408: 21406: 21404: 21402: 20468:"Istanbul's giant mosque to be 'women-friendly,' architects say" 20017:"Süryanıce Anadılınde Eğıtım Hakki: Sorunlar Ve Çözüm Önerılerı" 17717:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

17705:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

17690:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

13664:"2023 seçimleri: TBMM'de yer alacak 600 milletvekili belli oldu" 13286: 10353:"UN to use 'Türkiye' instead of 'Turkey' after Ankara's request" 9779:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

9150:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Türkiye)" 8566: 6604:

in the world. It is spoken by 85% to 90% of the population as a

6355:

is Turkey's largest city, and its economic and financial center.

5405:

with species taken from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.

4315:, was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the 3090:(1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the 3082:, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the 1932:, the Greek goddess of beauty. In 2017, it was inscribed on the 1721:

from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day

1461: 1455: 1051:

began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the

29279:

Countries and territories where Turkish is an official language

29140: 29075: 29070: 29028: 28538: 28332: 28193: 27746: 27673: 27531: 27521: 27496: 27486: 27446: 26669: 26659: 26649: 26613: 26593: 26573: 26568: 26548: 26518: 26478: 26453: 26114: 25992: 25966: 25931: 25911: 25901: 25886: 25881: 25861: 25831: 25801: 25786: 25761: 25695: 25499: 25388: 25323: 25303: 25293: 25253: 25238: 25233: 24781: 23969: 23226:

The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History

22522:

The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878

21497: 20608:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). 20490: 18269:"Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex" 17585: 17080: 16600:"The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims" 16568: 16337:"Turkey Violated Pro-Kurdish MPs' Rights, European Court Rules" 14672:"Turkey and Russia agree on draft Syria ceasefire, report says" 13891:. Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs. Archived from 12994:"Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets" 12077:

Ottoman Refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World

10638: 10321:"Turkey to register its new name Türkiye to UN in coming weeks" 8276: 8222: 8218: 8183: 7996:. Byzantine architectural style continued to develop after the 7896: 7717: 7654: 7120: 6911: 6863: 6804: 6770: 6751: 6571: 6107: 5929:

Tourism accounts for about 8% of Turkey's GDP. In 2022, Turkey

5882: 5866: 5730: 5687:

is well known for its unique rock homes and volcanic terrain.

5532: 5357:

hotspots. In the 21st century, threats to biodiversity include

5228: 4548: 4442:

since 1952, has its second largest army and is the host of the

4288: 3903: 3382: 3148: 3102: 2915: 2849:

rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples

2702:

expansion. Seljuk sultanate was defeated by the Mongols at the

2482: 2263: 2000: 1988: 1984: 1968: 1933: 1903: 1837: 969: 941: 264: 145: 23187:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford University Press. 20424:"Uncertain Futures: Ukrainian Refugees in Turkey, One Year On" 20380:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association" 17258:"Rising toll makes quake deadliest in Turkey's modern history" 17189: 15573:"Seeing shared threats, Turkey sets up military base in Qatar" 15007:"Unique Sensor Setup Emerges On Turkey's Stealthy New Fighter" 13339: 13156:"Ministry of Internal Affairs: Administrative Units in Turkey" 12991: 10584:"The Demographic Development of the First Farmers in Anatolia" 8422:

basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams,

7809: 7764: 7572: 7042:

manages the refugee crisis in Turkey. Before the start of the

5819: 5061: 4622: 4072:

Elections in Turkey are held for six functions of government:

3256:

in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the

1987:

in the seventh century BCE. These settlements were grouped as

29170: 29150: 29120: 29100: 28564: 28452: 28384: 28371: 28319: 28128: 28115: 27704: 27688: 27638: 27613: 27581: 27546: 27476: 27471: 27436: 27364: 26664: 26608: 26538: 26513: 26216: 25926: 25851: 25821: 25607: 25448: 25408: 25383: 25363: 25298: 25273: 25263: 25248: 23931: 23919: 23915:

Official website of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye

23659:

Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector

23007:

Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2019).

21399: 21157: 19111:"The status and road map of Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC)" 16918:: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia" 16533:"Turkey jails 16 Kurdish journalists over propaganda charges" 16447: 14821:"Turkey takes full control of Syria's Afrin: military source" 12373:

Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.)

8477:) since Ottoman times. Edirne Province has hosted the annual 8461:, have won numerous European championship titles and medals. 8284: 8268: 8252: 8236: 8214: 8199: 8191: 7841: 7537: 7411: 7166: 6924: 6900: 6852: 6839: 6794: 5950: 5862: 5398: 5282: 4529: 3416:) for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into 3240:

of the United Nations. In 1950 Turkey became a member of the

3199: 3195: 2584: 2495: 2400: 2369: 2365: 2350: 2109: 1992: 1952: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1849: 1806: 1750: 1667: 1606: 1401: 989: 953: 929: 29190:, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. 28923: 27378:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

23900: 22675:

An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-thirteenth-century Turkish

21322: 19262:"ASELSAN'ın kuantum çalışmalarında ilk ürünler ortaya çıktı" 19226:"Türkiye's 4 defense firms included in world's top 100 list" 19151:"Yerli süper iletken elektron hızlandırıcısı devreye alındı" 18827:"Erdoğan reveals 2053 'Transport and Logistics Master Plan'" 18596: 18594: 15318:"Flight of the Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV at Teknofest 2023" 14910:"Fear and anger greets Turkish air strikes in northern Iraq" 13510:"AK Party, MHP announce draft for Turkey's new election law" 13055:

Cunningham, Erin; Sly, Liz; Karatas, Zeynep (16 July 2016).

9774: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9755: 9753: 7509:. Other important Turkish painters in the 19th century were 5877:. Togg is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey. 5219:, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet), and 5009:

Homosexual activity has been decriminalized in Turkey since

4015:. Turkish politics have become increasingly associated with 1860:

attacked, Phrygia fell around 650 BC. They were replaced by

29299:

Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture

29135: 29130: 29125: 29090: 28875: 28551: 28525: 28141: 28041: 27653: 27591: 27561: 27511: 27506: 27456: 27198: 27004: 26107: 25458: 25368: 25333: 25288: 25283: 25192: 23246:

Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience

23028:

The State and Kurds in Turkey: The Question of Assimilation

21890: 20949:"Türkiye'deki yabancı öğrenci sayısı 795 bin 962'ye ulaştı" 17896: 15655: 15257:"Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight" 15102: 10016:

De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus

8280: 8272: 8232: 8203: 7837: 7771:

was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the

7646: 6261:

Turkish residents rank 21st for overall patent applications

5886: 5874: 5827: 5780: 5710:. Mediterranean coastal beaches are popular among tourists. 5594: 5421: 4839: 4720: 4459: 4439: 4107:

The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of

3253: 3220:

voted in favor of joining Turkey with a referendum. Turkey

2997:

the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only

2776:

The Ottoman Empire was a global power during the reigns of

1790: 1703: 1246: 1230: 925: 921: 23920:

Official website of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye

23914: 23540:"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans" 23138:

Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (2008).

23098:

Rome Victorious. The Irresistible Rise of the Roman Empire

21913:"Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team" 21550:, Architecture | V. c. 900–c. 1250 | C. Anatolia 20226:"Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision" 17843: 17841: 17839: 14642:"Syria conflict: Turkey and Russia 'agree ceasefire plan'" 14552:"Egypt, Greece, Cyprus pledge to boost energy cooperation" 11387: 11329: 10291:

Resmî Gazete (Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye)

9291: 8210:. The latter describes "food-related guilds of Istanbul". 8086:. The last period of Ottoman architecture consists of the 7115:

in Istanbul was designed by two female architects. Right:

6071:

has an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and is the

6004:. In 2019, Turkey generated 29.2% of its electricity from 5857:), and annual industrial robot installation in the world. 4578:(which Turkey considers to be an offshoot of the outlawed 1241:. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is a 23895: 23632:

The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)

19355:

Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies 2019

18591: 18154:"Turkish International Contracting Services: (1972-2022)" 15950: 15454:. Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005. Archived from 14762: 14428:"Leaders of Turkey, Syria could meet for peace – Erdogan" 13026:"Recep Tayyip Erdogan wins Turkish presidential election" 12428:"ECHR: Why Turkey won't talk about the Armenian genocide" 10043:

According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his

9765: 9750: 8449:

has won several medals. Women's volleyball clubs, namely

7398:

In the 19th century, Turkish identity was debated in the

5784: 4579: 3967:. In the Turkish unitary system, citizens are subject to 2211:. Roman influence grew in Anatolia afterwards. Following 2203:

requested assistance in its conflict with the Seleucids,

1234: 873: 29309:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

25690: 23784:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2023).

23690: 22654:

The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East

20757: 20755: 20672:. Vol. 118. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 361–452. 19540: 19538: 18972:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2023).

17052: 16889: 16419:"2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey" 15223:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 15193:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 15163:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 14492:"Israel and Turkey end rift over Gaza flotilla killings" 14364:"Türkiye may appoint ambassador to Egypt in near future" 9793: 9791: 9789: 9787: 8239:

is a drink made of yoghurt. In western parts of Turkey,

7698:

Turkey's first Nobel Prize in Literature nominee in 1973

7505:, among the contemporary trends, appeared later on with 7161:'s estimate for Muslims was 99.4% in 2006. According to 2403:) in 325 (which resulted in the first uniform Christian 2317:

in the 5th century AD, and continued to exist until the

2242:

efforts. Letters from St. Paul in Anatolia comprise the

1374: 1362: 23901:

Official website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism

23670:

Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff, eds. (2021).

23378: 22269: 20507:"International Constitutional Law: Turkey Constitution" 19244:"Turkish defense giants devote huge budgets to R&D" 19057: 17975:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

17920:"Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG" 17836: 15721: 15288:"Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu" 12805:

Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History

12767:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

11945:

The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing

10256:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)

9323: 9321: 9269: 9267: 6501:(20%). In addition, internal migration has resulted in 6204:

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

5345:

in the world, Turkey includes 3 of them. These are the

1142:

in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committed

999:

Turkey was first inhabited by modern humans during the

25187: 23297: 23080:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. 22650: 22600: 22576:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

22484:(2nd ed.). London New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 21465: 20859:"Turkish universities latest domino in Erdogan's path" 20607: 20248: 19092:"Production process of Türksat-6A completed: Minister" 17776: 17764: 17752: 17740: 17728: 17700: 17698: 17244: 17232: 16863: 16677:"İstanbul Valiliği: Onur yürüyüşüne izin verilmeyecek" 15976: 13426:"Turkish women celebrate 85th anniversary of suffrage" 13276:"Law on Constitutional Court | Anayasa Mahkemesi" 12895: 12584:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

12396:"Erdogan: Turkey will 'never accept' genocide charges" 10580: 9497: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9068:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

7992:

dates back to the 4th century AD. Its best example is

5495:

species which are found in the forests of Turkey. The

4904:

In the latter half of the 1970s, Turkey suffered from

2765:

completed Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire by

2223:, Rome emerged victorious. Around the 1st century BC, 1828:

spoke an Indo-European language, but it was closer to

23137: 22651:

Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Lusk, Jon (2006).

20752: 20045: 19879:

Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),

19535: 19452: 17115: 16815:"Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk" 15603:"Turkey to open its largest military base in Somalia" 15249: 15035: 14843: 13565: 11266: 9784: 7245:. Students are placed to universities based on their 6073:

world's largest terminal building under a single roof

5168:

contains some of the largest lakes in Turkey such as

4403:

in 2005. In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the

4182:

parties are more likely to embrace the principles of

4166:. On the left side of the spectrum, parties like the 3190:

bestowed upon Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (

2924:

persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

2899:

between 1465 and 1856 and 1856 to 1922, respectively.

2728:

at its greatest European extent, in 1683, during the

1112:

persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

19:

This article is about the country. For the bird, see

23447: 23302:. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer Cham. 22883: 22695:

The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G

21661: 21649: 19887:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427, 19031: 19029: 19027: 18997:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2023

18695:"Istanbul's $ 1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open" 18673:"Turkey opens record breaking 1915 Canakkale Bridge" 17664:. General Directorate of Meteorology. Archived from 17038:"Turkey: A Country Study | External Boundaries" 16981: 16869: 15729:"Turkey finalizes military training base in Somalia" 15481:"Mapping the Turkish Military's Expanding Footprint" 14851:"The YPG menace: Understanding PKK's Syria offshoot" 14797:. Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13638:"Erdogan wins five more years as Turkey's president" 13120:"General Structure of Turkish Public Administration" 13054: 12936:"Turkish Military Leaders Held for Role in '97 Coup" 12542: 12540: 9889:

International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science

9813:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2023

9381: 9379: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9318: 9264: 8899: 8725: 8028:

often used stones and bricks, and produced numerous

6522:: the three non-Muslim minorities recognized in the 6036:

in the world. Turkey's first nuclear power station,

5203:

terms to refer to the mountainous area around where

4283:

With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a

1753:. Hittite, Luwian, and Palaic languages were in the 1694:. Other important Anatolian Neolithic sites include 1439: 1433: 1427: 1198:

interrupted the transition to a multi-party system.

23568: 22574:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). 21185: 20208: 20206: 20204: 20179: 20146: 17809: 17695: 17282:"Şili ve Türkiye: Binalar yaşatır, binalar öldürür" 17183: 17019: 17017: 17015: 17013: 16281:Mullen, Jethro; Cullinane, Susannah (4 June 2013). 15103:"EBCO: European Bureau for Conscientious Objection" 12123: 12121: 9878: 9876: 9086: 5799:-adjusted GDP in the world. It is classified among 5261:zone and Bitlis–Zagros collision zone to the east; 4984:, Turkey's oldest newspaper still in circulation). 4387:in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the 2380:. Interior Anatolia had been "heavily Hellenized". 1506:("Sublime Turkish State") was used, likened to the 1476:(written in 1369–1372) to refer to Anatolia or the 29304:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States 21380: 20156:. minorityrights.org. 19 June 2015. Archived from 19971:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 19373:. KONDA. July 2010. pp. 19–20. Archived from 18600: 18585:"Sakarya Gas Field Development, Black Sea, Turkey" 18039:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 17478:. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. 15507: 14120: 13572:Kate Fleet; Suraiya Faroqhi; Reşat Kasaba (2008). 13174: 13084: 13082: 12934: 12757: 12426: 11626: 11624: 10128: 9032: 9030: 8464:The traditional national sport of Turkey has been 7483:are among the most prominent artists of this era. 6287:Turkish Space Systems, Integration and Test Center 6024:tripling in the past decade. It produced 43.8% of 4559:and drilling rights in the eastern Mediterranean. 3270:, Turkey's first female prime minister, attends a 2524:originated in Central-East Asia. Initially, Proto- 2096:. This led to increasing cultural homogeneity and 28836: 27860:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 22502:Philosophic Classics Ancient Philosophy, Volume I 21883:"Basketball Capitals: Cities in Focus – Istanbul" 21385:. Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. pp. 34–39. 20169: 20167: 20015:Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (30 June 2021). 19484: 19482: 19458: 19024: 17518:"Diyarbakır'da öldürülen leopar İran Parsı çıktı" 17437: 17372: 17035: 16993: 16955: 15499: 15374:The International Institute for Strategic Studies 15029: 15004: 14756: 14287:"Turkey, Egypt recall envoys in wake of violence" 12877:"Growth in United Nations membership (1945–2005)" 12537: 12274: 12272: 12037: 11974: 10464: 10462: 9637:"The Political Economy of Regional Power: Turkey" 9376: 9345: 8279:, dried fruit, or fruit are used for sweetening. 8267:is made by rolling edible leaf over the filling. 8016:architectures with architectural styles found in 6293:, will be launched in 2024. As part of a planned 6142:connects the northern and southern shores of the 5737:. Various springs provide water for the gardens. 5401:are native to Anatolia, and the flower was first 3151:was completed in 1953 to become the mausoleum of 2061:was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Following the 1561: 29239:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 29205: 23813:Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 22935:Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present 22657:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Rough Guides Ltd. 22174:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 26 August 2022. 21957: 20666:. In Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.). 20201: 20187:"Türkiye'nin yüzde 85'i 'anadilim Türkçe' diyor" 20078:"Turkey's ethnic make-up: A complex melting pot" 19284:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 February 2023 18892:"Gross domestic spending on R&D (indicator)" 18601:Novikau, Aliaksandr; Muhasilović, Jahja (2023). 18238:"Poverty and Living Conditions Statistics, 2023" 17010: 16729:"Ankara Valiliği'nden LGBT etkinliklerine yasak" 16010:"Who are Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels?" 14044: 13578:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–358. 12118: 11867: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10127: 9873: 9808: 9806: 9629: 9582: 9539: 9533: 9413: 9411: 9308: 9306: 8886:Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7988:architectures, especially in the Aegean region. 7123:. From 1293 to 1932, it was the headquarters of 7071:refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5434:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests 5108:to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the 4080:(local), district mayors (local), provincial or 4076:(national), parliamentary elections (national), 3337:, the parliamentary republic was replaced by an 2666:The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the 2426: 1368: 1356: 28794: 23629: 22720:Comrie, Bernard (2018). Comrie, Bernard (ed.). 22275: 22079:"Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History" 21426:"Turkey commemorates master author Yaşar Kemal" 21353: 20293:"UNHCR Turkey Operational Update November 2020" 20039: 19960: 19958: 19639: 18204: 18202: 18200: 17326:"Şili depremle mücadelede nasıl başarılı oldu?" 17121: 16943: 16329: 16283:"What's driving unrest and protests in Turkey?" 15510:Turkish foreign policy in an age of uncertainty 14943: 14907: 14763:Aaron Stein; Michelle Foley (26 January 2016). 13978: 13883: 13881: 13112: 13079: 12992:Bartolomiej Kaminski; Francis Ng (1 May 2006). 11809: 11807: 11621: 11515:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). 11025: 11013: 11001: 10989: 10887: 10854: 10842: 10818: 10767: 10755: 10740: 10728: 10276: 10168:. Vol. 2. Butterworth. pp. 1250–1265. 10006: 9339: 9297: 9285: 9273: 9027: 7672:, was the "first truly refined Turkish novel". 5376:. The most commonly found species of the genus 4743:policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, 3194:). Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some 2647:, was taken by Seljuks in 1055. Given the role 2559:peoples. During the 9th and 10th centuries CE, 2337:. Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to 2225:Rome expanded into parts of Pontus and Bithynia 1674:period and contains some of the world's oldest 585:783,562 km (302,535 sq mi) ( 28729: 25149: 23896:Go Türkiye – Türkiye's official tourism portal 23818:(Report). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. 23669: 23630:Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). 23587: 23575:(Report). ISMEP Guide Books. Vol. 4. 2014 23354:Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3 22830:Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names 22524:. The United States: Oxford University Press. 22456: 22311: 22081:. Kirkpinar.com. 21 April 2007. Archived from 21511: 21316: 20970:"Türkıye Scholarships – Türkıye for Education" 20576: 20566: 20564: 20562: 20560: 20164: 19918: 19916: 19914: 19874: 19872: 19870: 19822: 19820: 19479: 19197: 18946:"Nature Index | Country/Territory tables" 18788: 18469: 16369:"Turkey defends purge of government officials" 15505: 15446: 15416:Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany 14208:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 13946: 13346:Borsuk, Imren; Levin, Paul T. (3 April 2021). 12840: 12457: 12269: 11873: 11849: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10459: 10091: 10000: 9988: 9964: 9925: 9708: 9706: 9704: 8690:won numerous international awards such as the 7362:, with 29.5% of its adult population having a 7050:varied from 1 million to more than 2 million. 6028:from such sources in 2019. Turkey is also the 5265:and Cyprus subduction zones to the south; and 3074:in the aftermath of World War I initiated the 2922:(1913). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 2835:. According to some estimates, 800,000 Muslim 2343:adoption of Christianity as the state religion 1816:had been established, with its two centers in 30:"Türkiye" redirects here. For other uses, see 28939: 28639: 28027: 27350: 26990: 26737: 26316: 25676: 25173: 23952: 23656: 23270: 22827: 22773: 22629: 22432: 22413: 21795: 21783: 21771: 21759: 21747: 21735: 21637: 21381:Brueggemann, Werner; Boehmer, Harald (1982). 21099: 21097: 20899:"2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities" 20856: 20504: 20010: 20008: 19710: 19708: 19706: 19673: 19646:. Manchester University Press. pp. 90–. 19633: 19544: 19505: 19503: 19501: 19499: 19497: 18965: 18855:PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 18844: 18842: 18541: 18182:"Sectoral Roadmaps: Textile Sector in Turkey" 17950: 17549: 17040:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 16998:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 16960:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 16038: 15751: 15621: 15506:Larrabee, F. Stephen; Lesser, Ian O. (2003). 15366: 15285: 15130: 14361: 14057:. Susquehanna University Press. p. 134. 12879:. United Nations. 3 July 2006. Archived from 12367: 11901: 10860: 10751: 10749: 10698: 10543: 10198:, vol. IV (1875–1891) (First ed.), 10103: 9952: 9803: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9303: 8434:after two consecutive Euroleague wins in the 8430:, and won by Galatasaray. Fenerbahçe won the 8256: 8226: 7721: 7661: 7350: 6669: 6022:electricity generation from renewable sources 5913:is the fourth most visited city in the world. 4977: 3135:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2615:branch of the Oghuz Turks who resided in the 1529:and other international organizations to use 1406:) was used for defining two medieval states: 1339:by the end of the 12th century. As a word in 87: 46: 28913:Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World 28908:Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World 28744: 28699: 28684: 28669: 28655:International Organization of Turkic Culture 27880: 26042:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 23741: 23615:. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. 22932:Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (2005). 22931: 22036: 21807: 20658: 19955: 19426:International Journal of Middle East Studies 18769:(in Turkish). 6 January 2020. Archived from 18501: 18499: 18480:. Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News. 18197: 18093: 18035:"Ships built by country of building, annual" 16597: 15842: 15126: 15124: 13992:. U.S. Department of State. 12 August 2021. 13878: 12451: 12424: 12127: 11804: 11388:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). 11330:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). 11294:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 11278: 11044:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 20–30. 10249: 9829:. University of Exeter Press. pp. 1–2. 9461: 8691: 8396:), becoming the European champions in 2017. 7040:Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 6620:of the officially recognized minorities are 6373:below the replacement rate of 2.10 per woman 6308:Turkey is considered a significant power in 5414:Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park 4488:International Organization of Turkic Culture 4178:once enjoyed the largest electoral success. 2119: 1875: 1184:remained neutral during most of World War II 1178:initiated by the country's first president, 28881: 28851: 27835: 23932:Official website of the Ministry of Economy 23052: 22747:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2021). 22697:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. 22604:Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics 22124: 21982: 21695: 21412: 21282: 20646: 20557: 20276: 20218: 19911: 19867: 19817: 19563:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 18921:"Scientific and technical journal articles" 18553: 18329:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 May 2022 18327:"Income and Living Conditions Survey, 2021" 17971:"FAO in Türkiye | Türkiye at a glance" 17497: 17495: 16789: 16162:. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. 15849:The European Court of Human Rights (2015). 15041:"Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization" 14330: 14303: 14289:. Bloomberg. 16 August 2013. Archived from 14173:Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era 13912: 13910: 13742:(2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 941. 13701:(2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 940. 13345: 13292: 13206: 12979: 12967: 12731:. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. 12577: 12575: 12573: 12377:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. 11982:"Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1918–1920" 11948:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 11861: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11083: 10893: 10724: 10722: 10386:"Turkey changes its name in rebranding bid" 10262:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 567. 10070:), and is four days distant from Tourkia ." 10044: 9701: 9623: 9611: 9514: 9429: 9180:"Gini index (World Bank estimate) – Turkey" 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 8567:Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) 7972:, important architectural remnants include 6550:. Other unrecognized ethnic groups include 6106:As of 2023, Turkey has 3,726 kilometers of 4490:(TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the 4127:are not subject to an electoral threshold. 3401:) for decision-making on municipal issues. 3352: 2808:was the first among Muslim states, but was 2520:According to historians and linguists, the 29284:Kurdish-speaking countries and territories 29259:States and territories established in 1923 28946: 28932: 28809: 28646: 28632: 28034: 28020: 27848:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 27357: 27343: 26997: 26983: 26744: 26730: 26323: 26309: 25683: 25669: 25180: 25166: 23959: 23945: 23271:Kirişci, Kemal; Winrow, Gareth M. (1997). 22855:Fierro, M. (2010). Fierro, Maribel (ed.). 22746: 22573: 22241:"Gazete Tirajları 02.05.2016 – 08.05.2016" 21915:. Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü. Archived from 21613: 21601: 21586: 21571: 21559: 21547: 21535: 21342:drawings to illustrate landscapes ... 21326:10th International Congress of Turkish Art 21094: 20075: 20021:Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20014: 20005: 19826: 19786: 19703: 19615:. University of Washington Press. p. 19494: 19360: 19037:"EURAXESS | Country profile: Türkiye" 18839: 17944: 17926: 17911: 16996:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography" 16958:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography" 16897:"Turkey (Turkiye) | Geography - note" 16039:Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan, Ali, eds. (2013). 15986:. Official Journal of the European Union. 15856:(Report). Registry of the European Court. 14263:. Euronews. 4 October 2013. Archived from 14130:Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans 12869: 12770:. Princeton University Press. p. 49. 12670: 12664: 12328: 12302: 12266:, Vol. 34, No. 1 (March 1975), pp. 186–187 10947: 10746: 10383: 9948: 9946: 9882: 9391: 8263:are made by stuffing vegetables or pasta. 8148:UNESCO-listed intangible cultural heritage 8046:emerged in northwest Anatolia and Thrace. 6676: 6662: 4586:. Turkey has also conducted airstrikes in 3856: 3158:Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first 2788:moved into Ottoman Empire following their 133: 26948:Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day 26381:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 23523:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 23451:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary 23430:Encyclopedia of World Geography: Volume 1 23009:2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 22774:Davidson, Alan; Jaine, Tom, eds. (2014). 22530:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299058.001.0001 22435:"How Turkish TV is taking over the world" 22012: 21965:"Galatasaray Lift EuroLeague Women Title" 21849: 21824: 21582: 21580: 20256:"Syria Regional Refugee Response: Turkey" 19718:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 19401:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law 19274: 19134: 18636: 18626: 18496: 18111: 17917: 17653: 17651: 17649: 17647: 17645: 17643: 17641: 17639: 17619: 17106: 16468: 16202:. Agence France-Presse. 2 February 2016. 15691: 15121: 14169: 14163: 13790:"European Commission: Turkey 2015 report" 13363: 13314: 13226:. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey. 12626: 12512: 12073: 11879:"An Ottoman warning for indebted America" 11595:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 21. 11536: 11419: 11409: 11361: 11351: 10794:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030507 10681: 10615: 9883:Yayla, Önder; Aktaş, Semra Günay (2021). 9730: 8831:is now so small that this disposition is 7557: 7251:Measuring, Selection and Placement Center 7053:In November 2020, there were 3.6 million 6378: 6361:Address-Based Population Recording System 6191: 6087:began in 2023 in the recently discovered 5939:84 World Heritage Sites in tentative list 4119:, or ban their existence altogether. The 3166:. The reforms aimed to transform the old 2934:migrated into modern-day Turkey from the 2571:steppes. Partly due to pressure from the 2510:(right) are among the finest examples of 2049:attacked eastern Anatolia in 547 BC, and 1717:Anatolia's historical records start with 1710:. These early Anatolian farmers began to 1666:Present-day Turkey has been inhabited by 1118:resulted in large-scale loss of life and 503:Government of the Grand National Assembly 16:Country in West Asia and Southeast Europe 28714: 26376:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 26264:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 23588:Sagona, Antonio; Zimansky, Paul (2015). 23468: 23399: 23140:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies 23014:(Report). Ankara, Turkey. Archived from 22938:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 22546: 22519: 21880: 21597: 21595: 21523: 20118: 19752:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19173:"Turkey plans its own Antarctic station" 18266: 18075:The International Federation of Robotics 17810:Duttagupta, Rupa; Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla. 17492: 17406: 17127: 15921:Turkey A Modern History, Revised Edition 15790:"Kadıköy'de "Kıyafetime Karışma" eylemi" 15627: 14230: 14203: 14126: 14008: 13907: 13352:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 13252:. Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey. 12709: 12570: 12518: 12464:. Oxford University Press. p. 150. 12334: 12312:. University of Michigan. Archived from 12139: 12004: 11914:. Oxford University Press. p. 175. 11907: 11565: 11514: 11158: 10806: 10779: 10719: 10568: 10537: 10446: 10188: 10163: 9485: 9133: 9064:"Surface water and surface water change" 8398: 8314: 8134: 7763: 7590: 7571: 7454:tradition and is likewise influenced by 7440:Map of Istanbul by the miniature artist 7435: 7325: 7221: 7201: 6580: 6396: 6347: 6207: 6062: 5988: 5945:, third most in the world. According to 5900: 5818: 5762: 5554: 5320: 5178: 5060: 4997: 4865: 4818:, contributed military personnel to the 4779:. The country also maintains a force of 4696: 4621: 4507: 4433: 4362: 4270: 4060: 4042: 3290:, as well as by military memorandums in 3262: 3139: 3042: 2993:were killed. The Turkish government has 2719: 2593: 2268: 2084:Following the victories of Alexander in 2025: 1983:), the latter founded by colonists from 1915: 1158:subjects. Following Ottoman defeat, the 617: 28779: 28043:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 23640:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001 23537: 23516: 23351: 23148:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199252466.001.0001 23056:The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey 22910: 22832:(6 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22800: 22778:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22751:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22671: 22633:Turkey: Modern Architectures in History 22263: 21323:Antoinette Harri; Allison Ohta (1999). 21061: 21059: 21057: 21055: 21053: 20447: 20124: 19964: 19881:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey" 19304:"Population Statistics And Projections" 18475: 17473: 16155: 16120:The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains 16042:Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question 15917: 15812: 14306:"On Relations between Turkey and Egypt" 14016:"Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations" 13848: 13818: 13782: 12999:. World Bank. p. 3. Archived from 12671:Heper, Metin; Criss, Nur Bilge (2009). 12485: 12153: 11738: 11690: 11678: 11642: 11454: 11037: 10490:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 10410: 10079: 10012: 9976: 9943: 9759: 9665: 9510: 9508: 9479: 9441: 9358: 9327: 9246: 8537:and the network-style channels such as 7331:Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital 6020:capacity increased significantly, with 4947:erupted, sparked by a plan to demolish 4820:International Security Assistance Force 4096:and stand as a candidate at elections. 3971:: national, provincial, and local. The 3228:but entered the war on the side of the 2653:Turkish, Persian and Islamic influences 1682:is close to 12,000 years old. Parts of 29234:Member states of the Council of Europe 29206: 28866: 24889: 23762: 23426: 23201: 23180: 23073: 22854: 22719: 22477: 22183: 22181: 21675:"Turkish coffee culture and tradition" 21577: 21276: 20785: 20212: 19922: 19878: 19829:"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey" 19745: 19583: 19556: 19417: 18476:Richter, Alexander (27 January 2020). 17636: 17536: 17336:from the original on 29 December 2023. 17023: 16949: 16890:Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009 16877: 16799:. Ipsos. 29 March 2015. Archived from 15873:from the original on 16 September 2020 15705:. Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from 15449:"NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe" 15043:. Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from 14050: 13733: 13692: 13458:"Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban" 12801: 12718: 12651: 12491: 12220: 12208: 12196: 12184: 12170: 12164: 12010: 11837: 11825: 11798: 11786: 11774: 11762: 11750: 11726: 11714: 11702: 11666: 11654: 11630: 11460: 11206: 11170: 11114: 10910: 10875: 10830: 10713: 10556: 10480: 10468: 10424:. November–December 2008. p. 23. 9937: 9712: 9491: 9473: 9467: 9402: 9385: 9370: 9312: 9258: 9234: 8977: 7298:University of Health Sciences (Turkey) 7290:Academic Ranking of World Universities 7249:results and their preferences, by the 6124:longest suspension bridge in the world 5160:mountain ranges to the north, and the 4822:in Afghanistan, and remains active in 4733:second-largest standing military force 4323:is based on the French equivalent and 4227:Speaker of the Grand National Assembly 3032: 2674:. During this period, there were also 2563:were a Turkic group that lived in the 2069:existed in 5th century BC. Two of the 1533:officially in English; the UN agreed. 1517:called for expanded official usage of 1484:dates back to at least 1719. The name 1390:sources in the 10th century, the name 1290:is highly vulnerable to climate change 1110:In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 1015:, present-day Turkey was inhabited by 28927: 28627: 28015: 27338: 26978: 26725: 26330: 26304: 25664: 25161: 25148: 23940: 23711: 23657:Taranto, Yael; Saygın, Değer (2019). 23608: 23570:Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 23556:from the original on 20 February 2024 23550:Leibniz Institute of European History 23382:The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema 23222: 23094: 23025: 22952: 22749:The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture 22692: 22630:Bozdogan, Sibel; Akcan, Esra (2013). 22498: 22366: 22270:Magnan-Park, Marchetti & Tan 2018 21696:Çakır Morin, Arzu (5 December 2013). 21625: 21592: 21288: 20746: 20570: 20347: 20173: 20130:Languages of the World, Third Edition 19792: 19714: 19697: 19685: 19610: 19488: 19423: 19398: 19368:"Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek" 19115:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 19108: 18760:"Istanbul Metro Passenger Statistics" 18723:from the original on 3 November 2023. 17270:from the original on 28 October 2023. 17152: 16883: 16649: 16513:from the original on 11 November 2022 16381:from the original on 11 November 2022 16349:from the original on 11 November 2022 16116: 16077: 15990:from the original on 18 December 2020 15964:from the original on 16 December 2020 15800:from the original on 16 November 2022 15609:from the original on 9 September 2022 15428:from the original on 14 February 2012 15298:from the original on 23 November 2023 15005:Joseph Trevithick (10 January 2023). 14956:from the original on 17 February 2023 14771:from the original on 31 December 2022 14472:from the original on 27 February 2023 14378:from the original on 31 December 2022 14343:from the original on 31 December 2022 14176:. Universal-Publishers. p. 269. 14089: 14032:from the original on 28 December 2014 13934:from the original on 21 November 2006 13740:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 13699:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 13129:. Ministry of Justice. Archived from 13036:from the original on 25 November 2022 12724: 12581: 12558:from the original on 12 November 2017 12239:from the original on 23 February 2024 12158: 12112: 12094:from the original on 29 December 2020 11992:from the original on 19 December 2015 11501:from the original on 14 February 2021 11218: 11194: 11182: 11071: 11041:Anaximander: And the Birth of Science 10318: 10106:, Turkestan, Central Asia, Kazakhstan 10013:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). 9515:Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). 9455: 9417: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8971: 8797: 8773: 8088:First National Architectural Movement 7941:With its traditional Turkish houses, 7926:first national architectural movement 5985:Water supply and sanitation in Turkey 4463:shifted towards its proximity to the 4275:Court of Justice building in Kartal, 3975:'s duties are commonly split between 3333:tried to oust the government. With a 3282:was interrupted by military coups in 2859:, which claimed up to 300,000 lives. 2767:capturing its capital, Constantinople 1379:) in Turkic languages comes from the 1229:. Turkey is a founding member of the 1120:mass migration into modern-day Turkey 1039:; Hellenization continued during the 29294:Developing 8 Countries member states 25115: 25103: 23404:. Istanbul, Türkiye: Ege Yayınları. 23243: 23053:Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (2012). 22990:10.1093/acref/9780198117650.001.0001 22979: 22963:10.1093/acref/9780198605683.001.0001 22955:The Oxford Companion to Architecture 22838:10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001 22784:10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001 22757:10.1093/acref/9780191918742.001.0001 22584:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001 22340:"Turkish Dramas Sweep Latin America" 22108:. Iat.uni-leipzig.de. Archived from 21466:Broughton, Ellingham & Lusk 2006 21449:Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 21264: 21252: 21240: 21103: 21065: 21050: 21044:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı 18889: 18848: 18484:from the original on 26 January 2021 18190:United Nations Development Programme 18130:. Financial Times. 31 October 2023. 18071:"World Robotics - Industrial Robots" 17777:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17765:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17753:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17741:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17729:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17292:from the original on 18 August 2023. 17245:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17233:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 16864:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 16456:from the original on 3 February 2013 16452:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 16441: 16429:from the original on 31 October 2022 16293:from the original on 14 October 2017 16262:from the original on 23 October 2022 16236:from the original on 19 October 2017 16137:from the original on 17 January 2023 16098:from the original on 17 January 2023 16059:from the original on 17 January 2023 16020:from the original on 9 December 2020 15938:from the original on 13 January 2023 15830:from the original on 20 January 2016 15787: 15583:from the original on 8 February 2019 15553:from the original on 19 October 2017 15109:from the original on 10 January 2016 14986:from the original on 4 December 2022 14944:Gareth Jennings (24 November 2022). 14885:, Al Jazeera English, 21 July 2022, 14212:from the original on 12 January 2011 13966:from the original on 10 October 2019 13592:from the original on 17 January 2023 13484:"Turkey's Kurd party ban criticized" 12932: 12901: 12822:from the original on 17 January 2023 12439:from the original on 10 January 2022 12406:from the original on 7 February 2018 12355:from the original on 14 January 2023 12290:from the original on 1 November 2020 11941: 11889:from the original on 25 January 2014 11590: 11290: 11031: 10149:participating institution membership 10115: 10033:from the original on 20 January 2023 9824: 9583:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2021). 9505: 9498:Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie 2012 9210:United Nations Development Programme 9172: 9121:from the original on 6 February 2024 9044:from the original on 10 January 2021 7951:tentative UNESCO World Heritage site 7836:. Internationally acclaimed Turkish 7657:, romanticism, and formal elements. 7495:Imperial Military Engineering School 6229:Turkish Ministry of National Defense 6138:connect both sides of Istanbul. The 5664:. Lush forests are found around the 4352: 4299:, adopted in 1926, was based on the 2619:. In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the 2015:, thereby laying the foundations of 1844:. Urartu was often in conflict with 1369: 1357: 1095:. From 1789 onwards, the empire saw 1063:in 1243, when it disintegrated into 29244:Member states of the United Nations 27366:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 23806:from the original on 25 April 2024. 23665:from the original on 6 August 2020. 23327:The Turkic Peoples in World History 23324: 23229:. Berlin Wien: LIT Verlag Münster. 23164: 23115: 22433:Fatima Bhutto (13 September 2019). 22367:Irani, Delshad (22 February 2017). 22178: 21442: 20669:The American Jewish Year Book, 2018 20325:. 23 September 2014. 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(1997). 23300:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey 22460:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 22314:"Turkey: Soap Operas and Politics" 22103: 21939:"Anadolu Efes S.K.: Our successes" 21493:"Odunpazari Historical Urban Site" 20536:Peace Research Institute Frankfurt 20348:Pamuk, Humeyra (29 January 2016). 19965:Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). 19845:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x 19584:Aktürk, Şener (12 November 2012). 19459:Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001). 17520:. 19 November 2013. Archived from 17476:Top 100 Birding Sites of the World 17375:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey 17314:from the original on 6 April 2024. 17087:Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16627:. 11 November 2015. Archived from 16176:from the original on 28 March 2024 15769:from the original on 23 April 2022 15320:. Savunma Sanayii. 30 April 2023. 15203:from the original on 24 April 2023 15017:from the original on 14 March 2023 14922:from the original on 18 March 2024 14889:from the original on 18 March 2024 14801:from the original on 25 March 2023 14532:from the original on 12 March 2016 14362:Merve Aydoğan (28 November 2022). 14127:Mitrovic, Marija (24 March 2014). 14071:from the original on 28 March 2024 13799:. 10 November 2015. Archived from 13534: 13516:from the original on 21 March 2022 13438:from the original on 12 April 2022 13358:(2). Informa UK Limited: 175–187. 13100:from the original on 19 April 2017 12745:from the original on 28 March 2024 12691:from the original on 28 March 2024 12341:(1st ed.). Rosen Pub. Group. 12055:from the original on 16 March 2016 12011:Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). 11962:from the original on 28 March 2024 11311:from the original on 28 March 2024 11245:from the original on 29 April 2021 11140:from the original on 28 March 2024 11096:from the original on 28 March 2024 10967:from the original on 21 March 2023 10922: 10428:from the original on 29 March 2012 10229:from the original on 26 March 2023 9074:from the original on 24 March 2021 8985: 8565:systems are widely available. The 8287:"of Turkish origin", used to make 7731: 7424:History of Modern Turkish painting 6600:, which is the most widely spoken 6054:fossil fuels were still subsidized 5586:with sharply contrasting seasons. 5562:of Turkey for the 1980–2016 period 5519:. The national dog breeds are the 4834:. As of 2016, Turkey has assisted 4678:are under the jurisdiction of the 4534:ousting of President Mohamed Morsi 3846: 3359:Administrative divisions of Turkey 2784:. In the 16th and 17th centuries, 2071:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 1771:rulers were gradually replaced by 14: 29320: 29188:partial international recognition 28962:Countries bordering the Black Sea 27792:Economic Cooperation Organization 27006:Economic Cooperation Organization 26711:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 23847: 23512:from the original on 21 May 2024. 23133:from the original on 11 May 2024. 22805:. The University of Texas Press. 22414:Betül Alakent (17 October 2022). 22316:. Pulitzer Center. Archived from 21698:"Türk kahvesi Unesco korumasında" 20857:Mustafa Akyol (7 November 2016). 20815:"Turkish Higher Education System" 19523:from the original on 7 March 2024 18081:from the original on 21 May 2024. 18003:"Total production of crude steel" 17951:Dan Mihalascu (4 November 2022). 17412: 16423:United States Department of State 16206:from the original on 10 June 2022 15739:from the original on 6 April 2017 15634:. Psychology Press. p. 260. 15143:from the original on 28 June 2023 14712:from the original on 1 April 2022 14682:from the original on 10 July 2022 14652:from the original on 15 June 2022 14622:from the original on 7 April 2022 14562:from the original on 27 June 2016 14304:Yaşar Yakış (29 September 2014). 14204:Taspinar, Omer (September 2008). 13756:from the original on 6 April 2023 13715:from the original on 6 April 2023 13553:from the original on 7 March 2022 13406:from the original on 7 March 2022 13230:from the original on 5 April 2019 13067:from the original on 18 July 2016 12905:Turkish Politics and the Military 12025:from the original on 12 July 2018 11461:Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). 9907:from the original on 2 March 2024 9861:from the original on 2 March 2024 9216:from the original on 10 June 2022 8911:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 8295:is a "delicate but gummy jelly". 7458:styles and techniques. The words 7046:in 2011, the estimated number of 6685:Largest cities or towns in Turkey 6046:Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions 6014:16th largest electricity producer 5960: 5148:. As a general trend, the inland 4130:On the right side of the Turkish 3989:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 3923:, residence and workplace of the 3389:) and in towns by the governors ( 3168:religion-based and multi-communal 3039:History of the Republic of Turkey 2709: 2587:. Oghuz Turks were also known as 2508:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital 1779:. It co-existed in Anatolia with 1572:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 888:, is a country mainly located in 29047: 29034: 29021: 29008: 28995: 28982: 28969: 28883: 28868: 28853: 28838: 28825: 28811: 28796: 28781: 28763: 28746: 28731: 28716: 28701: 28686: 28671: 28557: 28544: 28531: 28518: 28505: 28492: 28463: 28429: 28416: 28403: 28390: 28377: 28364: 28351: 28338: 28325: 28312: 28299: 28286: 28273: 28260: 28236: 28212: 28199: 28186: 28173: 28160: 28147: 28134: 28121: 28108: 28095: 27313: 27289: 27275: 27261: 27247: 27233: 27219: 27205: 27191: 27177: 27163: 26886: 26873: 26860: 26843: 26827: 26814: 26801: 26788: 26775: 26753: 26282: 26271: 26270: 25965: 25642: 25631: 25630: 25457: 25126: 25114: 25102: 25091: 25090: 25078: 24482:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 23968: 23885: 23863: 23612:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire 22917:. Oxford University Press, USA. 22426: 22407: 22381: 22360: 22332: 22312:Jenna Krajeski (30 March 2012). 22305: 22233: 22207: 22160: 22097: 22071: 22053: 22030: 21931: 21905: 21874: 21801: 21789: 21777: 21765: 21753: 21741: 21689: 21667: 21655: 21643: 21631: 21619: 21607: 21565: 21553: 21541: 21529: 21517: 21505: 21485: 21471: 21459: 21436: 21418: 21374: 21347: 21270: 21258: 21246: 21234: 21179: 21165:"WHO Mean Body Mass Index (BMI)" 21132: 21032: 21007: 20986: 20962: 20941: 20916: 20891: 20873:"World University Rankings 2024" 20865: 20850: 20832: 20807: 20767: 20740: 20722: 20704: 20686: 20652: 20640: 20601: 20521: 20498: 20478: 20460: 20441: 20416: 20390: 20372: 20341: 20311: 20285: 20279:"Turkey's demographic challenge" 20277:Luke Coffey (18 February 2016). 20270: 20232:. United Nations. Archived from 20100: 20069: 19946: 19739: 19691: 19679: 19667: 19604: 19577: 19550: 19392: 19348: 19318: 19296: 19254: 19236: 19218: 19191: 19165: 19143: 19102: 19084: 19051: 19002: 18990: 18938: 18913: 18883: 18865: 18819: 18752: 18727: 18705: 18687: 18665: 18653: 18577: 18559: 18547: 18535: 18523: 18511: 18457: 18445: 18423: 18411: 18393: 18365: 18354:World Travel and Tourism Council 18341: 18319: 18294: 18260: 18230: 18174: 18146: 18120: 18087: 17993: 17963: 17889: 17867: 17803: 17782: 17770: 17758: 17746: 17734: 17722: 17710: 17683: 17579: 17510: 17467: 17421: 17366: 17340: 17318: 17296: 17274: 17250: 17238: 17226: 17177: 17074: 17029: 16987: 16975: 16857: 16833: 16807: 16776:"Perceptions of Gender Equality" 16768: 16747: 16721: 16695: 16669: 16650:Birch, Nicholas (19 July 2008). 16643: 16617: 16591: 16543: 16525: 16493: 16411: 16393: 16361: 16305: 16274: 16248: 16218: 16188: 16149: 16110: 16071: 16032: 16002: 15911: 15885: 15781: 15605:. TRT World. 30 September 2017. 15595: 15565: 15535: 15473: 15440: 15406: 15354:from the original on 6 June 2023 15336: 15310: 15279: 15267:from the original on 9 July 2023 15237:from the original on 16 May 2023 15215: 15185: 15173:from the original on 17 May 2023 15155: 15095: 15059: 14998: 14968: 14937: 14908:Dana Taib Menmy (23 June 2020). 14901: 14873: 14813: 14783: 14744:from the original on 6 June 2020 14724: 14694: 14664: 14634: 14604: 14574: 14544: 14514: 14484: 14450: 14420: 14390: 14355: 14324: 14308:. Turkish Weekly. Archived from 14297: 14279: 14253: 14224: 14197: 14083: 13768: 13727: 13686: 13674:from the original on 30 May 2023 13656: 13644:from the original on 28 May 2023 13630: 13618:from the original on 28 May 2023 13612:"Erdogan wins Turkey's election" 13604: 13528: 13502: 13490:from the original on 7 July 2018 13476: 13464:from the original on 7 July 2018 13450: 13418: 13388: 13268: 13256:from the original on 15 May 2023 13242: 13212: 13200: 13148: 13048: 13018: 12985: 12973: 12961: 12926: 12834: 12802:Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017). 12795: 12703: 12645: 12620: 12600: 12425:Raziye Akkoç (15 October 2015). 12418: 12388: 12251: 12214: 12202: 12190: 12178: 12145: 12133: 12106: 12067: 11935: 11855: 11843: 11831: 11819: 11792: 11780: 11768: 11756: 11744: 11732: 11720: 11708: 11696: 11684: 11672: 11660: 11648: 11636: 11609: 11584: 11440: 11381: 11323: 11284: 11272: 11227: 11212: 11200: 11188: 11176: 11164: 10935:from the original on 6 July 2022 10455:. National Geographic Traveller. 10398:from the original on 2 June 2022 10365:from the original on 2 June 2022 10333:from the original on 6 June 2022 10319:Soylu, Ragip (17 January 2022). 10300:from the original on 17 May 2022 9186:from the original on 17 May 2019 8838: 8821: 8812: 8799:[ˈtyɾcijedʒumˈhuːɾijeti] 8728: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8557:have a very high penetration as 8447:women's national volleyball team 8370:women's national basketball team 8058:, whose major works include the 7980:. There are various examples of 7934: 7910: 7880: 7844:musicians and composers include 7720:. An example for shadow play is 7278:Middle East Technical University 7141:; the constitution provides for 7101: 7092: 7057:in Turkey; these included other 6788: 6778: 6745: 6735: 6279:national satellite launch system 6198:Science and technology in Turkey 5851:13th in motor vehicle production 5715: 5692: 5673: 5646: 5619: 5239:includes the northern plains of 5057:List of national parks of Turkey 4962:Committee to Protect Journalists 4172:Social Democratic Populist Party 4028:proportionally to the population 4013:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 3933: 3912: 3885: 3436: 3244:. After fighting as part of the 3170:Ottoman monarchy into a Turkish 2877: 2866: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2384:eventually became extinct after 2187:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 2167: 2156: 1649: 1628: 1598: 1219:11th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP 1174:on 29 October 1923, modelled on 787: 786: 761: 739: 738: 720: 719: 687: 686: 668: 667: 616: 97: 66: 29249:Newly industrializing countries 28002:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 25127: 23833:from the original on 5 May 2024 23713:Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 23538:Pekesen, Berna (7 March 2012). 22982:The Oxford Companion to Chaucer 22463:. Facts On File, Incorporated. 22457:Agoston, G; Masters, B (2009). 22283:"Berlinale 1964: Prize Winners" 21562:, Seljuk or Saljuk architecture 21068:New England Journal of Medicine 20661:"World Jewish Population, 2018" 19403:. Routledge. pp. 144–145. 19200:Defense & Security Analysis 18161:Turkish Contractors Association 18134:from the original on 9 May 2024 17824:from the original on 5 May 2024 17214:from the original on 3 May 2024 17036:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 16994:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 16956:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 16598:Tehmina Kazi (7 October 2011). 16450:"Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis" 16448:Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis. 16045:. Lexington Books. p. 90. 15543:"What is Turkey doing in Iraq?" 15324:from the original on 3 May 2023 15131:Emma Helfrich (11 April 2023). 14502:from the original on 5 May 2022 13575:The Cambridge History of Turkey 12843:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 12674:Historical Dictionary of Turkey 12310:"Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide" 11152: 11120: 11108: 11077: 11065: 11019: 11007: 10995: 10983: 10923:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 10916: 10881: 10848: 10836: 10824: 10812: 10800: 10773: 10761: 10734: 10632: 10574: 10562: 10531: 10440: 10377: 10345: 10312: 10243: 10200:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 10155: 10121: 10109: 10097: 10085: 10073: 10062:, stretches west as far as the 9994: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9931: 9919: 9843: 9818: 9617: 9605: 9576: 9447: 9435: 9423: 9364: 9333: 9279: 9252: 9240: 9228: 9206:"Human Development Index (HDI)" 8907:"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" 8780: 8756: 8432:2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women 8213:Food staples in Turkey include 7859: 7333:in Istanbul. It contains 2,068 6497:(47%); and a large minority in 6331: 6083:, West Asia, and Central Asia. 6056:. By 2053, Turkey aims to have 5919:international poverty threshold 5789:18th-largest economy by nominal 5607:Examples from some of Turkey's 5296: 4849: 4630:is currently being produced by 4553:maritime boundaries with Greece 4494:(OTS) was established in 2009. 4450:The common threat posed by the 4339:General Directorate of Security 4088:(local). Apart from elections, 3023:partition of the Ottoman Empire 2906:Ottoman territories in Europe ( 2794:Ottoman Empire began to decline 2670:in 1071, and later established 2413:First Council of Constantinople 2229:conflicts with Parthians ensued 2108:appeared. In third century BC, 1848:, but fell with the attacks of 1801:is based on historical events. 1793:earliest layers go back to the 1725:. These tablets belonged to an 1276:, and various mountain ranges; 635:111/km (287.5/sq mi) ( 27772:Moro National Liberation Front 26910:Turkic Speaking States summits 25572:British Indian Ocean Territory 23766:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 23748:. Cambridge University Press. 23720:KONDA Research and Consultancy 23248:. Liverpool University Press. 22861:. Cambridge University Press. 22551:. Princeton University Press. 21192:Atmospheric Pollution Research 20046:Jaipaul L. Roopnarine (2015). 19721:. Cultural Diversity and Law. 19590:. Cambridge University Press. 19399:Bayir, Derya (22 April 2016). 19136:10.1088/1742-6596/347/1/012008 17918:Jay Ramey (30 December 2019). 17427:E.S. Forster (trans. et ed.), 16735:(in Turkish). 19 November 2017 16703:"Onur Yürüyüşü'nde 20 gözaltı" 16585:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 15824:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 14404:. Al Jazeera. 5 January 2023. 13862:. 7 April 2016. Archived from 13512:. Daily Sabah. 14 March 2022. 12933:Arsu, Sebsem (12 April 2012). 12808:. Princeton University Press. 12523:. Penguin Group. p. 180. 12494:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 12221:Mojzes, Paul (November 2013). 11297:. Cambridge University Press. 9056: 8963: 8945:Constitutional Court of Turkey 8874: 8384:in three consecutive seasons ( 8366:men's national basketball team 8221:. Some of bread varieties are 8052:classical Ottoman architecture 8002:Byzantine Revival architecture 7901:classical Ottoman architecture 7706:2006 Nobel Prize in Literature 7417: 7368:Air pollution is a major cause 7270:Times Higher Education ranking 7239:Ministry of National Education 7019: 6646:endangered languages in Turkey 6253:Turkey ranks 16th in the world 5935:21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 5801:newly industrialized countries 5317:Environmental issues in Turkey 5311:Flora and vegetation of Turkey 4987: 4974:journalists have been arrested 4883:European Court of Human Rights 4458:led to Turkey's membership of 4205:, is currently serving as the 3320:accession negotiations with EU 3099:Turkish Provisional Government 2055:expanded into western Anatolia 1840:. Urartu's capital was around 1763:They may be native to Anatolia 1562:Prehistory and ancient history 1091:, the Ottoman Empire became a 1071:united the principalities and 762: 1: 28953: 26964:Supreme Order of Turkic World 26761:Organization of Turkic States 26371:Commissioner for Human Rights 26226:country of the United Kingdom 23165:Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. 23101:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 22549:The Five-Million-Year Odyssey 21329:. Fondation Max Van Berchem. 21118:10.1080/19371918.2020.1806167 20659:DellaPergola, Sergio (2018). 20108:"The Ethnic Groups Of Turkey" 19885:The Other Languages of Europe 19334:Turkish Statistical Institute 19212:10.1080/14751798.2022.2068562 18628:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21535 18246:Turkish Statistical Institute 16226:"Ever closer to independence" 15514:. Rand Corporation. pp. 13544:European Stability Initiative 13396:"Law on Constitutional Court" 13365:10.1080/14683857.2021.1909292 12902:Hale, William Mathew (1994). 12849:(2). Yale University: 67–82. 12586:. Overlook. p. lxxviii. 10052: 9115:Turkish Statistical Institute 8867: 8829:Bulgarian community in Turkey 8347:Turkey national football team 7587:at his personal writing space 7491:Istanbul Technical University 7286:Istanbul Technical University 7227:Istanbul Technical University 6624:recognized and protected for 6371:was 1.51 children per woman, 6365:province and district centers 6299:An Antarctic research station 5896:largest airlines in the world 5847:8th in crude steel production 5289:that is more successful with 5279:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes 4862:2016–present purges in Turkey 4574:aimed at ousting U.S.-backed 4514:Organization of Turkic States 4512:Members and observers of the 4492:Organization of Turkic States 4369:formal accession negotiations 4148:Justice and Development Party 3404:Turkey is subdivided into 81 3339:executive presidential system 3001:" from the eastern war zone. 2821:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 2682:. Seljuk arrival started the 2427:Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks 2254:took place in Ephesus, where 1294:a universal healthcare system 1239:Organization of Turkic States 984:. Other major cities include 896:, with a smaller part called 612:• December 2023 estimate 479: 24973:Intangible cultural heritage 24319:Southeastern Anatolia Region 24151:Proclamation of the republic 22953:Goode, Patrick, ed. (2009). 22828:Everett-Heath, John (2020). 22801:Davison, Roderic H. (1990). 22776:The Oxford Companion to Food 22693:Cohen, Saul B., ed. (2008). 22345:International Business Times 21990:"National Team's Activities" 21106:Social Work in Public Health 19157:. 8 May 2024. Archived from 18015:"2022 Production Statistics" 17849:"Turkey (Turkiye) - Economy" 17557:"Specific Animals of Turkey" 17383:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_36 17350:. 6 May 2012. Archived from 16156:Stanton, Jessica A. (2016). 15960:. U.S. Department of State. 15924:. I.B. Tauris. p. 263. 15663:"Enter the EU Battle Groups" 15628:Richmond, Oliver P. (1998). 15286:Tayfun Özberk (1 May 2022). 14331:Ragıp Soylu (5 April 2022). 14231:Murinson, Alexander (2009). 13986:"U.S. Relations With Turkey" 13182:"CIA World Factbook: Turkey" 12710:Axiarlis, Evangelia (2014). 12627:Psomiades, Harry J. (2000). 12548:"The Treaty of Sèvres, 1920" 11467:The Medieval History Journal 10929:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10782:Annual Review of Linguistics 10092:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 10068:Eastern Carpathian Mountains 10001:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9989:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9965:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9732:10.1590/01047760201925042644 9542:Journal of Genocide Research 8355:2003 FIFA Confederations Cup 8349:won the bronze medal at the 7366:(BMI) value of 30 or above. 7304:. Turkey is a member of the 7272:, the top universities were 7229:is the world's third-oldest 7191: 7175:the largest Jewish community 6318:Turkish Aerospace Industries 6225:Earth observation satellites 5859:Turkish automative companies 5723:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5591:vulnerable to climate change 5403:introduced to Western Europe 5237:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5044: 4846:with security and training. 4632:Turkish Aerospace Industries 4543:were also severed after the 4438:Turkey has been a member of 4393:European Union Customs Union 4335:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4067:2024 Turkish local elections 3278:The country's transition to 3174:that would be governed as a 2806:Ottoman constitution of 1876 2081:, were located in Anatolia. 1856:in seventh century BC. When 1613:were erected as far back as 1513:In December 2021, President 1375: 1363: 1327: 7: 24244:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 23868:Geographic data related to 23763:Wilson, Nigel, ed. (2006). 23742:van den Hout, Theo (2011). 23634:. Oxford University Press. 23427:McColl, R. W., ed. (2005). 23174:Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü 23142:. Oxford University Press. 23074:Howard, Douglas A. (2016). 22984:. Oxford University Press. 22980:Gray, Douglas, ed. (2003). 22957:. Oxford University Press. 22911:Findley, Carter V. (2005). 22886:SDGs in the European Region 22724:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 22722:The World's Major Languages 22678:. Oxford University Press. 22578:. Oxford University Press. 21167:. World Health Organization 20775:"World Oldest Universities" 19833:Political Science Quarterly 19725:. pp. 88–90, 203–204. 18806:Central Intelligence Agency 18007:The World Steel Association 17817:International Monetary Fund 17122:Steadman & McMahon 2011 16944:Steadman & McMahon 2011 16907:Central Intelligence Agency 14434:. Reuters. 6 January 2023. 13670:(in Turkish). 15 May 2023. 12728:A Concise History of Greece 12608:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 11394:Evolutionary Human Sciences 11336:Evolutionary Human Sciences 11026:Steadman & McMahon 2011 11014:Steadman & McMahon 2011 11002:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10990:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10888:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10855:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10843:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10819:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10768:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10756:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10741:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10729:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9901:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100384 9683:Central Intelligence Agency 9340:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9298:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9286:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9274:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9158:International Monetary Fund 9014:Central Intelligence Agency 8721: 7960:Turkey is home to numerous 7579:-laureate Turkish novelist 7077: 5843:major agricultural producer 5779:. A founding member of the 5285:, a country with a similar 5080:in between, Turkey bridges 4723:designed to operate on TCG 4672:Gendarmerie General Command 4597: 4359:Foreign relations of Turkey 4343:Gendarmerie General Command 4231:2023 parliamentary election 4053:Political parties in Turkey 4003:branch, which includes the 3088:Turkish War of Independence 2672:the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 2244:oldest Christian literature 2013:Ionian School of philosophy 1557:Ancient regions of Anatolia 1440: 1434: 1428: 1300:, and increasing levels of 1272:Turkey has coastal plains, 1160:Turkish War of Independence 1134:. Under the control of the 1103:, and centralization while 1035:following the conquests of 1031:transitioned into cultural 10: 29325: 29186:Disputed statehood — 27324:(as Turkish Cypriot State) 26696:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 26074:British Overseas Territory 25692:Countries and dependencies 25576:British Overseas Territory 25189:Countries and dependencies 25150:Articles related to Turkey 24075:Conquest of Constantinople 23517:Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). 23469:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). 22914:The Turks in World History 22499:Baird, Forrest E. (2016). 22449: 21512:Sagona & Zimansky 2015 21295:. Flammarion. p. 27. 20994:"Türkiye Scholarships-FAQ" 20795:. World Education Services 19511:"If Turkey Had 100 People" 17108:10.1007/s10518-020-00793-4 16709:(in Turkish). 22 June 2019 16683:(in Turkish). 17 June 2016 14857:. TRT World. 25 May 2022. 14827:. Reuters. 24 March 2018. 13860:Transparency International 13738:. In Smits, Jan M. (ed.). 13697:. In Smits, Jan M. (ed.). 12714:. I.B. Tauris. p. 11. 11850:Agoston & Masters 2009 11402:Cambridge University Press 11344:Cambridge University Press 11133:World History Encyclopedia 11090:World History Encyclopedia 10925:"New Inscribed Properties" 10418:"The World's First Temple" 10260:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 9926:Agoston & Masters 2009 8518: 8512: 8329:The most popular sport is 8308: 8302: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8048:Early Ottoman architecture 7869: 7863: 7848:(founder and president of 7745: 7735: 7678:Atatürk instituted reforms 7561: 7475:Sixteenth-century artists 7421: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7319: 7195: 7081: 7023: 6777: 6734: 6654: 6382: 6341: 6335: 6201: 6195: 6108:controlled-access highways 6018:Turkey's energy generation 5978: 5971:Renewable energy in Turkey 5964: 5832:Turkish automotive company 5756: 5750: 5746: 5637:has snow-white color from 5609:seven geographical regions 5548: 5542: 5538: 5422:Ancient Troy National Park 5418:Mount Nemrut National Park 5314: 5300: 5054: 5048: 4991: 4859: 4853: 4664:Chief of the General Staff 4607: 4601: 4539:Diplomatic relations with 4356: 4319:and German law generally. 4311:, originally based on the 4264: 4243:Nationalist Movement Party 4203:2023 presidential election 4046: 3969:three levels of government 3874: 3860: 3362: 3356: 3078:. Under the leadership of 3036: 2713: 2575:, the Oghuz migrated into 2444: 2430: 2345:, and the predominance of 2133: 2123: 2079:Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 1885: 1879: 1575: 1565: 1546: 1540: 1536: 1503:Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye 1402: 1322:fifth most visited country 1318:a rich and diverse cuisine 1186:, but was involved in the 1164:abolition of the sultanate 29: 18: 29184: 29063: 28961: 28900: 28772: 28761: 28662: 28573: 28484: 28445: 28252: 28228: 28085: 28049: 27998: 27945: 27873: 27828: 27780: 27760: 27720: 27713: 27697: 27399: 27390: 27373: 27305: 27154: 27078: 27053: 27020: 27013: 26956: 26935: 26902: 26852: 26841: 26767: 26688: 26642: 26399: 26338: 26243: 26199: 26174: 26149: 26136: 26083: 26059: 26052: 26029: 26016: 25974: 25963: 25702: 25616: 25589: 25558: 25542: 25521: 25508: 25466: 25455: 25199: 25155: 25074: 24807: 24723: 24616: 24582:The constitutional system 24542: 24497: 24442: 24433: 24327: 24275: 24266: 24219: 24186: 24136: 24114:Second Constitutional Era 24099:Decline and modernization 24055: 24016: 23990: 23981: 23891:Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey 23811:World Bank Group (2022). 23308:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0 23202:Karpat, Kemal H. (2004). 23167:2023 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu 22894:10.1007/978-3-031-17461-2 22867:10.1017/chol9780521839570 22195:Federal Research Division 22106:"FILA Wrestling Database" 21857:"Historical Achievements" 21796:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21784:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21772:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21760:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21748:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21736:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21677:. UNESCO. 5 December 2013 21638:Bozdogan & Akcan 2013 21212:10.1016/j.apr.2020.08.011 20840:"Eurydice | Türkiye" 20626:10.1080/01419870701491937 20614:Ethnic and Racial Studies 20052:. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. 19983:10.1163/15718115-bja10134 19764:10.1080/14683850601016390 19674:Kirişci & Winrow 1997 19611:Watts, Nicole F. (2010). 19545:Kirişci & Winrow 1997 19438:10.1017/S0020743800063819 19068:10.1109/RAST.2015.7208318 18542:Taranto & Saygın 2019 18215:Euromonitor International 17474:Couzens, Dominic (2008). 17431:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq 16982:Merriam-Webster, Inc 1997 16841:"UN Demographic Yearbook" 16625:"islam and homosexuality" 15918:Zürcher, Erik J. (2004). 15071:"Turkey/Military service" 14648:. BBC. 28 December 2016. 14090:Ziya Öniş, ŞuhnazYılmaz. 14051:Huston, James A. (1988). 13734:Tarman, Z. Derya (2012). 13693:Tarman, Z. Derya (2012). 13184:. Cia.gov. Archived from 12855:10.1080/13537110208428662 12631:. Pella. pp. 27–38. 12013:"Center of Ottoman Power" 11538:10.1163/22105018-12340089 11219:Grant, Robert M. (1997). 10608:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.057 10136:Oxford English Dictionary 9554:10.1080/14623520801950820 9517:The Magnitude of Genocide 8704:Turkish television dramas 8692: 8380:reached the final of the 8298: 7718:storytelling performances 7315: 6241:communications satellites 6110:and 29,373 kilometers of 5947:Euromonitor International 5931:ranked fifth in the world 5813:Foreign direct investment 4564:rapprochement with Russia 4337:. These agencies are the 4331:Law enforcement in Turkey 4305:Swiss Code of Obligations 4267:Judicial system of Turkey 4235:28th Parliament of Turkey 4168:Republican People's Party 4082:municipal council members 4057:Electoral cycle of Turkey 4021:competitive authoritarian 3877:Law enforcement in Turkey 3435: 3343:Supreme Electoral Council 3331:unsuccessful coup attempt 3076:Turkish National Movement 2643:'s capital and center of 2120:Rome and Byzantine Empire 2011:from Miletus founded the 1876:Early classical antiquity 1805:layers matches most with 1797:. It is not known if the 1067:. Beginning in 1299, the 1059:ruled Anatolia until the 867: 855: 843: 825: 806: 776: 751: 732: 713: 699: 680: 661: 643: 629: 610: 603: 593: 579: 572: 568: 555: 540: 525: 512: 499: 486: 470: 466: 459: 447: 443: 428: 413: 398: 383: 379: 366: 347: 313: 233: 223: 182: 141: 132: 81: 63: 41: 28591:SCO Interbank Consortium 27843:Abuja Declaration (1989) 27737:Central African Republic 24565:Ministry of the Interior 24550:Administrative divisions 24109:First Constitutional Era 23859:OECD Data | Türkiye 23791:(Report). Geneva: WIPO. 23400:Matthews, Henry (2014). 23208:. Leiden Boston: BRILL. 22672:Clauson, Gerard (1972). 22547:Bellwood, Peter (2022). 21538:, Byzantine architecture 21354:Wendy M.K. Shaw (2011). 19640:Amikam Nachmani (2003). 19557:Migdal, Joel S. (2004). 19465:. Multilingual Matters. 19326:"Birth Statistics, 2023" 17348:"Biodiversity in Turkey" 17184:ISMEP Guide Books 4 2014 16318:21 December 2016 at the 16084:. Springer. p. 96. 16016:. BBC. 4 November 2016. 14765:"The YPG-PKK connection" 13537:"Conservatism in Turkey" 13307:10.1177/1354068820923722 12552:Brigham Young University 12519:Ferguson, Niall (2007). 12128:Gibney & Hansen 2005 11908:Todorova, Maria (2009). 11479:10.1177/0971945818775373 10258:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 10047:De Administrando Imperio 9713:Birben, Üstüner (2019). 9589:Harvard University Press 9462:Gibney & Hansen 2005 8749: 8420:2013–14 EuroLeague Women 7598:is on the Asian side of 7165:, estimates of share of 6512:other Turkic backgrounds 6310:unmanned aerial vehicles 6249:research and development 6050:large proportion of coal 5981:Communications in Turkey 5941:. Turkey is home to 519 5551:Climate change in Turkey 5363:climate change in Turkey 5331:odd eyes (heterochromia) 5116:Turkey is divided into " 4956:and the main opposition 4914:Kurdistan Workers' Party 4680:Ministry of the Interior 4381:one of the early members 4287:legal system, replacing 4255:Workers' Party of Turkey 3353:Administrative divisions 3349:were accepted as valid. 3017:in 1918, the victorious 2782:Suleiman the Magnificent 2248:extrabiblical traditions 2193:, at its greatest extent 1949:Greeks started migrating 1621:by over seven millennia. 1500:in 1921, the expression 1310:21 UNESCO World Heritage 1253:, Turkey is part of the 1089:Suleiman the Magnificent 1023:were assimilated by the 972:is Turkey's capital and 32:Türkiye (disambiguation) 26706:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 26356:Parliamentary Assembly 26351:Committee of Ministers 26230:British-Irish Agreement 25534:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 24512:Parliamentary elections 24314:Eastern Anatolia Region 24309:Central Anatolia Region 23991:Ancient and Middle Ages 23745:The Elements of Hittite 23661:(Report). Metin Koşar. 23545:European History Online 23520:The Great Seljuk Empire 22520:Biondich, Mark (2011). 22478:Armour, Ian D. (2012). 21514:, pp. 44–46, 82–86 21479:"Award Winning Legends" 21413:Heper & Sayari 2012 21360:. Bloomsbury Academic. 21289:Barry, Michael (2004). 20647:Heper & Sayari 2012 19923:Zetler, Reyhan (2014). 18554:Heper & Sayari 2012 17897:"TOGG Official Website" 17429:The Turkish Letters of 16928:Encyclopedia Britannica 15076:. UNHCR. Archived from 14099:istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/ 13207:Heper & Sayari 2012 12980:Heper & Sayari 2012 12968:Heper & Sayari 2012 12725:Clogg, Richard (2002). 12458:Donald Bloxham (2005). 12335:Freedman, Jeri (2009). 12284:Encyclopædia Britannica 12080:. Bloomsbury Academic. 11862:Heper & Sayari 2012 11239:Encyclopædia Britannica 11223:. Routledge. p. 2. 10960:Encyclopedia Britannica 10481:Casson, Lionel (1977). 10223:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 10141:Oxford University Press 9624:Heper & Sayari 2012 9612:Heper & Sayari 2012 9430:Heper & Sayari 2012 8571:most popular newspapers 8408:FIVB World Championship 8107:vernacular architecture 8006:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 7748:Turkish classical music 7616:performing arts theater 7604:Atatürk Cultural Center 7470:. The understanding of 7186:identify as irreligious 7036:Turkey's migrant crisis 6585:Areas with speakers of 6265:Global Innovation Index 6182:top 10 busiest airports 6042:total final consumption 6030:fourth-largest producer 5775:-income country and an 5681:Central Anatolia Region 5291:earthquake preparedness 5267:Aegean extensional zone 5213:Eastern Anatolia Region 4930:A full-scale insurgency 4709:amphibious assault ship 4688:conscientious objection 4019:, being described as a 3894:Grand National Assembly 3857:Government and politics 3347:ballots without a stamp 3274:meeting in January 1994 3058:of the Turkish Republic 2694:, played a role in the 2397:First Council of Nicaea 1759:Indo-European languages 1502: 1473:The Book of the Duchess 1462: 1456: 1381:Second Turkic Khaganate 1245:and an early member of 1215:18th-largest by nominal 1166:and the signing of the 1083:. During the reigns of 1017:various ancient peoples 958:largest ethnic minority 453:Grand National Assembly 224:Official languages 25:Turkey (disambiguation) 27732:Bosnia and Herzegovina 27602:Pakistan-OIC relations 26916:Turkic Council summits 26439:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26066:(Sovereign Base Areas) 25747:Bosnia and Herzegovina 25592:Special administrative 25568:(Sovereign Base Areas) 24683:Science and technology 24517:Presidential elections 23998:Prehistory of Anatolia 23722:. 2006. Archived from 23433:. Facts On File, Inc. 23385:. Palgrave Macmillan. 23244:Kaya, Ibrahim (2004). 23126:(Report). Paris: IEA. 23095:Hoyos, Dexter (2019). 23030:. Palgrave Macmillan. 22188:Turkey country profile 22024:championsleague.cev.eu 21614:Bloom & Blair 2009 21602:Bloom & Blair 2009 21587:Bloom & Blair 2009 21572:Bloom & Blair 2009 21560:Curl & Wilson 2021 21548:Bloom & Blair 2009 21536:Curl & Wilson 2021 20877:Times Higher Education 19746:Köksal, Yonca (2006). 17612:10.1038/sdata.2018.214 13486:. BBC. 14 March 2003. 12908:. Routledge. pp. 12582:Mango, Andrew (2000). 12375:Dictionary of Genocide 11942:Mann, Michael (2005). 11291:Maas, Michael (2015). 11197:, pp. 62, 83, 115 10045: 9038:"Turkish Constitution" 8790: 8766: 8529:and a rapid growth of 8415: 8372:have been successful. 8326: 8257: 8227: 8155: 8146:. Turkish coffee is a 8103:modernist architecture 8010:Turkish principalities 7990:Byzantine architecture 7866:Architecture of Turkey 7776: 7722: 7662: 7623: 7614:is the city's largest 7610:on the European side. 7588: 7558:Literature and theatre 7444: 7352:Genel Sağlık Sigortası 7351: 7342: 7335:seismic base isolation 7268:According to the 2024 7262: 7255:Higher Education Board 7243:universities in Turkey 7234: 7210: 7125:Syriac Orthodox Church 7059:ethnic groups of Syria 6589: 6406: 6403:ethnic Kurds in Turkey 6379:Ethnicity and language 6356: 6338:Demographics of Turkey 6275:Turkey's space program 6244: 6192:Science and technology 6150:Turkish State Railways 6076: 6009: 5914: 5838: 5768: 5563: 5462:Caucasian black grouse 5454:eastern imperial eagle 5442:Caucasus mixed forests 5430:Polonezköy Nature Park 5334: 5196: 5069: 5006: 4978: 4918:terrorist organization 4878: 4856:Human rights in Turkey 4728: 4639: 4582:) from the enclave of 4516: 4447: 4397:accession negotiations 4376: 4280: 4260: 4219:Main Opposition Leader 4125:Independent candidates 4074:presidential elections 4069: 4017:democratic backsliding 3871:Constitution of Turkey 3851: 3329:. On 15 July 2016, an 3275: 3202:tribes leading to the 3176:parliamentary republic 3155: 3064:occupation of Istanbul 3059: 2995:refused to acknowledge 2800:reforms, initiated by 2732: 2676:Turkish principalities 2603: 2600:Turkish principalities 2500:Çifte Minareli Medrese 2319:fall of Constantinople 2294: 2144:Christianity in Turkey 2106:the kingdom of Armenia 2043: 1940: 1803:Troy's Late Bronze Age 1568:Prehistory of Anatolia 1490:Treaty of Alexandropol 1480:. The modern spelling 1274:a high central plateau 1105:its territory declined 1097:a major transformation 1065:Turkish principalities 1013:earliest farming areas 982:largest city in Europe 936:to the south; and the 724:$ 1.114 trillion ( 672:$ 3.832 trillion ( 88: 47: 23:. For other uses, see 29229:Member states of NATO 29219:Eastern Mediterranean 27045:Islamabad Declaration 26366:Court of Human Rights 26093:Bailiwick of Guernsey 26064:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 25566:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 24678:Free trade agreements 24560:Intelligence Services 24357:North Anatolian Fault 23362:10.4324/9780203943373 23335:10.4324/9781003256496 23325:Lee, Joo-Yup (2023). 23281:10.4324/9781315036649 23181:Karpat, K.H. (2001). 23077:The History of Turkey 23036:10.1057/9780230593602 22730:10.4324/9781315644936 22557:10.1515/9780691236339 22037:Burak Sansal (2006). 21808:Burak Sansal (2006). 20793:"Education in Turkey" 19793:Özlem, Kader (2019). 19715:Bayır, Derya (2013). 17263:Associated Press News 17060:"Geography of Turkey" 15733:hurriyetdailynews.com 15670:Chaillot Paper no. 97 15037:Turkish General Staff 14498:. BBC. 27 June 2016. 14293:on 28 September 2013. 13668:www.cumhuriyet.com.tr 13460:. BBC. 31 July 2001. 12550:. Harold B. Library, 12338:The Armenian genocide 11911:Imagining the Balkans 11693:, pp. 71–73, 225 10250:Cevdet Küçük (2012). 9825:Berg, Miriam (2023). 9342:, pp. 5, 16, 617 9040:. Anayasa Mahkemesi. 8503:Greco-Roman wrestling 8402: 8318: 8194:as a word comes from 8138: 8090:, including works of 8072:Ottoman baroque style 7964:settlements, such as 7767: 7756:Turkish music (style) 7633:is an example of the 7594: 7575: 7439: 7422:Further information: 7339:withstand earthquakes 7329: 7322:Health care in Turkey 7225: 7205: 7157:. Based on a survey, 7117:Mor Hananyo Monastery 7026:Immigration to Turkey 6644:. There are multiple 6584: 6493:; a near majority in 6400: 6351: 6247:Turkey's spending on 6211: 6116:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge 6067:The main terminal of 6066: 5992: 5904: 5822: 5766: 5571:Mediterranean climate 5558: 5343:biodiversity hotspots 5324: 5255:North Anatolian Fault 5189:North Anatolian Fault 5182: 5142:Southeastern Anatolia 5064: 5001: 4994:LGBT rights in Turkey 4910:military coup of 1980 4869: 4717:Baykar MIUS Kızılelma 4700: 4694:to military service. 4690:and does not offer a 4684:serve in the military 4625: 4592:Turkey-Iraq relations 4511: 4437: 4366: 4313:Italian Criminal Code 4274: 4176:Democratic Left Party 4064: 4043:Parties and elections 3995:branch, which is the 3977:municipal governments 3953:presidential republic 3850: 3363:Further information: 3327:presidential election 3280:multi-party democracy 3266: 3204:Sheikh Said rebellion 3153:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3143: 3048:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3046: 2928:in the Russian Empire 2723: 2598:A map of independent 2597: 2535:. Early and medieval 2522:Proto-Turkic language 2492:İnce Minareli Medrese 2445:Further information: 2272: 2183:Constantine the Great 2029: 1928:, a city named after 1919: 1749:was used in northern 1727:Assyrian trade colony 1692:origin of agriculture 1639:, the capital of the 1617:, predating those of 1508:Ottoman Empire's name 1284:, Turkey is prone to 1282:biodiversity hotspots 1180:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1138:, the Ottoman Empire 1116:in the Russian Empire 595:• Water (%) 374:presidential republic 242:Predominantly Turkish 29269:West Asian countries 28596:Eurasian Land Bridge 28437:United Arab Emirates 27854:OIC Resolution 10/11 27807:Non-Aligned Movement 27684:United Arab Emirates 25434:United Arab Emirates 25062:World heritage sites 24587:Turkish Armed Forces 24472:Constitutional Court 24386:Flora and vegetation 24364:Environmental issues 24352:East Anatolian Fault 24299:Mediterranean Region 23609:Somel, S.A. (2010). 23223:Kaser, Karl (2011). 22104:Gegner, Christiane. 22041:. allaboutturkey.com 21812:. allaboutturkey.com 21628:, Turkey, since 1918 21080:10.1056/NEJMp1410433 20281:. www.aljazeera.com. 20160:on 9 September 2015. 18849:Atlı, Altay (2018). 18104:10.2139/ssrn.1274804 17542:Üstay, A.H. (1990). 17266:. 14 February 2023. 16117:White, Paul (2015). 15765:. 22 November 2014. 15447:Hans M. Kristensen. 15378:The Military Balance 15263:. 15 December 2022. 14982:. 25 November 2022. 14767:. Atlantic Council. 14708:. 30 December 2016. 14678:. 28 December 2016. 14618:. 5 September 2020. 14468:. 26 February 2023. 14025:. 22 December 2022. 13640:. BBC. 28 May 2023. 13614:. CNN. 28 May 2023. 12506:10.1093/hgs/12.3.393 12049:dolmabahcepalace.com 11591:Wink, Andre (1990). 11038:Rovelli, C. (2023). 10422:Archaeology magazine 10202:, pp. 2759–2798 9762:, pp. 1575–1576 9626:, pp. 1, 55, 57 9182:. World Bank. 2019. 8331:association football 8176:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 8044:Ottoman architecture 7998:conquest of Istanbul 7924:, an example of the 7872:Ottoman architecture 7670:Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil 7639:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 7631:Tales of Dede Korkut 7432:Turkish illumination 7310:Türkiye Scholarships 7302:Hacettepe University 7292:, the top ones were 7263:Yükseköğretim Kurulu 7231:technical university 6520:minorities in Turkey 6411:Turkish Constitution 6393:Minorities in Turkey 6369:total fertility rate 6295:particle accelerator 6231:, while state-owned 5853:, ship building (by 5793:11th-largest economy 5700:Mediterranean Region 5560:Köppen climate types 5458:lesser spotted eagle 5446:Eurasian sparrowhawk 5426:Ölüdeniz Nature Park 5259:East Anatolian Fault 5193:East Anatolian Fault 4792:since the Korean War 4692:civilian alternative 4644:Turkish Armed Forces 4614:Turkish Naval Forces 4604:Turkish Armed Forces 4590:which have strained 4568:Syrian National Army 4395:in 1995 and started 4391:in 1987, joined the 4253:and 4 seats for the 4199:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 4005:Constitutional Court 3961:current constitution 3921:Presidential Complex 3863:Government of Turkey 3318:in 1995 and started 3180:secular constitution 3111:Armistice of Mudanya 2627:and established the 2625:Battle of Dandanaqan 2609:originated from the 2421:Council of Chalcedon 2236:Acts of the Apostles 2077:in Ephesus, and the 1515:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1286:frequent earthquakes 1055:process. The Seljuk 1003:. Home to important 559:Current constitution 393:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 95:"Independence March" 29289:Countries in Europe 27933:Arab–Islamic (2023) 27382:Hissein Brahim Taha 27035:Secretaries-General 26186:unincorporated area 26115:Bailiwick of Jersey 25977:States with limited 25469:States with limited 24631:Banking and Finance 24249:History of Anatolia 24146:War of Independence 24138:Republic of Türkiye 24035:Battle of Manzikert 23797:10.34667/tind.48220 23729:on 15 February 2017 23503:10.1787/5ea7657e-en 23475:. Clarendon Press. 23454:. Merriam-Webster. 23254:10.2307/j.ctt5vjm76 22393:Hürriyet Daily News 22251:on 19 December 2015 22192:Library of Congress 21481:. 28 February 2018. 21445:"Theatre in Turkey" 21432:. 27 February 2021. 21430:Hürriyet Daily News 21204:2020AtmPR..11.2350A 21046:. 14 February 2023. 20879:. 25 September 2023 20846:. 27 November 2023. 20781:on 15 January 2008. 20505:Axel Tschentscher. 20474:. 14 November 2014. 20472:Hürriyet Daily News 20236:on 10 December 2015 19270:. 27 December 2023. 19250:. 10 November 2021. 19127:2012JPhCS.347a2008Y 19096:Hürriyet Daily News 18900:10.1787/d8b068b4-en 18832:Hürriyet Daily News 18735:"Yüksek Hızlı Tren" 18719:. 25 October 2023. 18701:. 19 December 2016. 18619:2023Heliy...921535N 18361:on 21 January 2024. 18281:10.2908/ILC_PEPS01N 18170:on 14 January 2024. 17981:on 20 December 2022 17659:"Climate of Turkey" 17604:2018NatSD...580214B 17455:on 17 December 2015 17449:milliparklar.gov.tr 17099:2020BuEE...18.2523S 16509:. 25 January 2022. 16377:. 12 October 2016. 16345:. 1 February 2022. 16078:Balci, Ali (2016). 15851:Annual report, 2014 15709:on 19 February 2015 15547:Hürriyet Daily News 15083:on 22 November 2006 15047:on 18 February 2009 14897:– via YouTube 14740:. 21 January 2018. 14558:. 8 November 2014. 14528:. 29 October 2014. 13927:. 15 October 2006. 13925:European Commission 13830:European Parliament 13797:European Commission 13434:. 5 December 2019. 13431:Hürriyet Daily News 13250:"Duties and Powers" 13220:"Duties and Powers" 13061:The Washington Post 12677:. Scarecrow Press. 12433:The Daily Telegraph 12280:"Armenian Genocide" 12045:"Dolmabahce Palace" 11411:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 11353:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 11016:, pp. 505, 753 10743:, pp. 233, 327 10666:10.1038/nature24476 10658:2017Natur.551..368L 10600:2016CBio...26.2659K 10453:National Geographic 10293:. 4 December 2021. 10139:(Online ed.). 10058:) "Patzinakia, the 9653:on 10 February 2014 9276:, pp. 3–11, 37 9117:. 6 February 2024. 8791:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 8499:freestyle wrestling 8410:four times and the 8351:2002 FIFA World Cup 8026:Seljuk architecture 7791:lost popularity to 7724:Karagöz and Hacivat 7596:Süreyya Opera House 7394:Festivals in Turkey 7294:Istanbul University 7207:Istanbul University 7198:Education in Turkey 7149:. According to the 7143:freedom of religion 6610:Caucasian languages 6544:Assyrians in Turkey 6420:1965 Turkish census 6385:Languages of Turkey 6277:plans to develop a 6186:the Middle Corridor 6101:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan 5975:Transport in Turkey 5905:Gulf of Antalya in 5834:which manufactures 5612: 5584:continental climate 5287:developmental level 5269:to the west. After 5257:zone to the north; 5118:seven major regions 5086:Southeastern Europe 5051:Geography of Turkey 4945:widespread protests 4916:(PKK, designated a 4844:Somali Armed Forces 4838:forces in northern 4735:in NATO, after the 4676:Coast Guard Command 4610:Turkish Land Forces 4444:Allied Land Command 4405:European Parliament 4367:Turkey has been in 4347:Coast Guard Command 4245:, 43 seats for the 4241:, 50 seats for the 4134:, parties like the 4121:electoral threshold 4078:municipality mayors 4049:Elections in Turkey 4030:. The president is 3999:; and third is the 3997:President of Turkey 3925:President of Turkey 3900:legislative chamber 3272:European Commission 3131:Lausanne Convention 3084:Battle of Gallipoli 3080:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 3033:Republic of Türkiye 3015:Armistice of Mudros 3003:Genocidal campaigns 2977:on the side of the 2910:) were lost in the 2841:Circassian genocide 2668:Battle of Manzikert 2512:Seljuk architecture 2393:ecumenical councils 2382:Anatolian languages 2327:Mediterranean world 2291:Justinian the Great 2285:) was built by the 2191:Justinian the Great 2057:. In the east, the 1937:World Heritage Site 1755:Anatolian sub-group 1712:migrate into Europe 1635:The Sphinx Gate of 1549:History of Anatolia 1298:access to education 1203:upper-middle-income 1140:entered World War I 1037:Alexander the Great 974:second-largest city 886:Republic of Türkiye 516:Sultanate abolished 490:War of Independence 204: / 163: / 48:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 43:Republic of Türkiye 26701:Russia (1996–2022) 26085:Crown Dependencies 24688:Telecommunications 24477:Court of Cassation 24178:Multi-party period 24087:Ottoman Old Regime 24008:Byzantine Anatolia 24003:Classical Anatolia 23697:. Academic Press. 23026:Heper, M. (2007). 22636:. Reaktion Books. 22374:The Economic Times 22320:on 17 January 2013 21810:"Sports in Turkey" 21019:Turkey Scholarship 20928:The European Union 20844:The European Union 20698:Independent Türkçe 20545:on 28 October 2008 20428:pulitzercenter.org 20329:on 27 October 2023 20299:. 15 December 2020 20088:on 7 November 2017 19723:Ashgate Publishing 19547:, pp. 119–121 19380:on 22 January 2016 19179:on 1 November 2023 19109:Yavaş, Ö. (2012). 19062:. pp. 71–74. 19041:The European Union 18801:The World Factbook 18796:"Turkey (Turkiye)" 18587:. 1 February 2023. 18556:, pp. 234–235 18306:data.worldbank.org 18218:. 11 December 2023 17940:. 30 October 2022. 17853:CIA World Factbook 17524:on 23 October 2016 17501:Can, O.E. (2004). 17332:. 29 August 2023. 17308:Independent Türkçe 17204:"Türkiye Overview" 16902:The World Factbook 16707:gazeteduvar.com.tr 16631:on 25 October 2015 15735:. 3 October 2016. 15549:. 8 October 2016. 14588:. 17 August 2020. 14170:İdris Bal (2004). 13866:on 3 December 2019 13280:www.anayasa.gov.tr 13224:global.tbmm.gov.tr 13188:on 10 January 2021 13032:. 10 August 2014. 12942:The New York Times 12883:on 17 January 2016 12606:Robert H. Hewsen. 12258:Roderic H. Davison 12074:Isa Blumi (2013). 12018:The New York Times 11877:(2 January 2008). 11864:, pp. 19, 194 11801:, pp. 313–314 11789:, pp. 309–310 11777:, pp. 308–310 11028:, pp. 753–754 11004:, pp. 753–755 10845:, pp. 724–725 10104:Everett-Heath 2020 10056: 950 AD 9979:, pp. 542–543 9955:, Türkiye (Turkey) 9953:Everett-Heath 2020 9678:The World Factbook 9444:, pp. 115–116 9009:The World Factbook 9004:"Turkey (Turkiye)" 8941:"Mevzuat: Anayasa" 8856:(Ladino) or other 8775:[ˈtyɾcije] 8416: 8327: 8311:Football in Turkey 8275:tradition. Honey, 8156: 8064:Süleymaniye Mosque 7918:Tayyare Apartments 7856:and Kerem Görsev. 7777: 7752:Turkish folk music 7738:Turkish folk dance 7627:Turkish literature 7624: 7589: 7585:Turkish Angora cat 7564:Turkish literature 7511:Ferik İbrahim Paşa 7445: 7347:Ministry of Health 7343: 7282:Sabancı University 7235: 7211: 7084:Religion in Turkey 6590: 6524:Treaty of Lausanne 6424:the World Factbook 6409:Article 66 of the 6407: 6357: 6326:quantum technology 6245: 6156:lines include the 6134:tunnels under the 6077: 6058:net zero emissions 6010: 5915: 5839: 5769: 5605: 5599:net zero emissions 5564: 5525:Anatolian Shepherd 5335: 5303:Wildlife of Turkey 5197: 5164:to the south. The 5098:Gulf of Iskenderun 5070: 5007: 4906:political violence 4879: 4755:are hosted at the 4729: 4640: 4572:operation in Syria 4549:East Mediterranean 4545:Gaza flotilla raid 4517: 4448: 4377: 4321:Administrative law 4281: 4249:, 5 seats for the 4211:head of government 4132:political spectrum 4115:or having ties to 4098:Universal suffrage 4070: 4009:Court of Cassation 3957:multi-party system 3942:Court of Cassation 3867:Politics of Turkey 3852: 3379:central government 3335:referendum in 2017 3276: 3188:Turkish Parliament 3156: 3122:Treaty of Lausanne 3060: 2853:Hamidian massacres 2769:, on 29 May 1453. 2733: 2704:Battle of Köse Dağ 2604: 2417:Council of Ephesus 2295: 2258:was also present. 2252:Assumption of Mary 2130:Byzantine Anatolia 2126:Classical Anatolia 2063:Greco-Persian Wars 2044: 2021:Western philosophy 1947:. Around 1000 BC, 1941: 1912:Hellenistic period 1882:Classical Anatolia 1441:Dawlat-at-Turkiyya 1316:inscriptions, and 1304:. It is a leading 1168:Treaty of Lausanne 1029:Classical Anatolia 709:2024 estimate 657:2024 estimate 530:Treaty of Lausanne 315:Ethnic groups 29274:Countries in Asia 29201: 29200: 29195: 29194: 28921: 28920: 28621: 28620: 28601:Working languages 28253:Dialogue partners 28009: 28008: 27941: 27940: 27869: 27868: 27824: 27823: 27820: 27819: 27332: 27331: 27074: 27073: 26972: 26971: 26719: 26718: 26386:Venice Commission 26346:Secretary General 26332:Council of Europe 26298: 26297: 26239: 26238: 26161:autonomous region 26132: 26131: 26128: 26127: 25658: 25657: 25585: 25584: 25142: 25141: 25070: 25069: 24612: 24611: 24555:Foreign relations 24529:Political parties 24429: 24428: 24262: 24261: 24254:History of Thrace 24156:Atatürk's reforms 24047:Anatolian beyliks 23776:978-0-415-97334-2 23755:978-0-521-13300-5 23704:978-0-08-091908-9 23683:978-90-04-47018-7 23649:978-0-19-537614-2 23622:978-1-4617-3176-4 23601:978-1-134-44027-6 23530:978-0-7486-3827-7 23482:978-0-19-815029-9 23461:978-0-87779-546-9 23411:978-605-4701-41-4 23392:978-1-349-95821-4 23344:978-1-000-90421-5 23317:978-3-030-03513-6 23290:978-0-7146-4304-5 23263:978-1-78138-845-7 23236:978-3-643-50190-5 23194:978-0-19-513618-0 23157:978-0-19-925246-6 23108:978-1-78076-274-6 23087:978-1-4408-3466-0 23066:978-1-138-11010-6 23045:978-0-230-59360-2 22999:978-0-19-811765-0 22972:978-0-19-860568-3 22924:978-0-19-517726-8 22903:978-3-031-17460-5 22793:978-0-19-967733-7 22739:978-0-19-506511-4 22704:978-0-231-14554-1 22685:978-0-19-864112-4 22664:978-1-84353-551-5 22643:978-1-86189-979-8 22593:978-0-19-530991-1 22566:978-0-691-19757-9 22539:978-0-19-929905-8 22512:978-1-315-51024-8 22491:978-1-84966-661-9 22395:. 27 October 2014 22348:. 9 February 2016 22039:"Oiled Wrestling" 22000:on 29 August 2014 21798:, Turkish delight 21662:Filho et al. 2023 21650:Filho et al. 2023 21392:978-3-921811-20-7 21367:978-1-84885-288-4 21336:978-2-05-101763-3 21302:978-2-08-030421-6 21198:(12): 2350–2360. 21074:(14): 1285–1289. 20679:978-3-030-03906-6 20509:. Servat.unibe.ch 20404:. 9 November 2023 20384:multeciler.org.tr 20189:. Milliyet.com.tr 20154:"Turkey Overview" 20139:978-0-415-25004-7 20059:978-1-4408-3232-1 19894:978-1-85359-510-3 19732:978-1-4094-7254-4 19653:978-0-7190-6370-1 19626:978-0-295-99050-7 19597:978-1-139-85169-5 19570:978-1-139-45236-6 19472:978-1-85359-509-7 19410:978-1-317-09579-8 19306:. Turkstat.gov.tr 19077:978-1-4673-7760-7 18679:. 22 March 2022. 18662:, pp. 12, 14 18569:. 21 April 2023. 18401:"Blue Flag sites" 18267:Eurostat (2022). 18248:. 30 January 2024 18041:. 8 November 2023 17544:Hunting in Turkey 17485:978-0-520-25932-4 17392:978-3-030-03515-0 16169:978-1-107-06910-7 16130:978-1-78360-040-3 16123:. Zed Books Ltd. 16091:978-3-319-42219-0 16052:978-0-7391-8403-5 15931:978-1-85043-399-6 15863:978-92-871-9919-5 15641:978-0-7146-4877-4 15579:. 28 April 2016. 15525:978-0-8330-3404-5 15461:on 1 January 2011 15424:. 30 March 2009. 15391:978-1-032-27900-8 15233:. 23 April 2023. 15199:. 23 April 2023. 15169:. 23 April 2023. 14337:middleeasteye.net 14312:on 5 October 2014 14246:978-0-415-77892-3 14183:978-1-58112-423-1 14064:978-0-941664-84-4 13962:. 13 March 2019. 13832:. 14 April 2016. 13806:on 18 August 2016 13749:978-1-84980-415-8 13708:978-1-84980-415-8 13585:978-0-521-62096-3 13096:. 16 April 2017. 12919:978-0-415-02455-6 12815:978-1-4008-8371-4 12777:978-1-4008-3855-4 12738:978-0-521-00479-4 12684:978-0-8108-6281-4 12593:978-1-58567-011-6 12530:978-0-14-311239-6 12471:978-0-19-927356-0 12383:978-0-313-34642-2 12348:978-1-4042-1825-3 12316:on 18 August 2010 12230:Cicero Foundation 12087:978-1-4725-1536-0 11955:978-0-521-53854-1 11921:978-0-19-972838-1 11602:978-90-04-09249-5 11304:978-1-107-02175-4 11279:van den Hout 2011 11221:Irenaeus of Lyons 11084:Mark Cartwright. 11051:978-0-593-54237-8 10652:(7680): 368–372. 10594:(19): 2659–2666. 10269:978-975-389-713-6 10147:(Subscription or 10026:978-0-88402-021-9 9836:978-1-80413-043-8 9526:978-1-4408-3161-4 8744:Outline of Turkey 8676:Nuri Bilge Ceylan 8639:Nuri Bilge Ceylan 8491:Kızılcıklı Mahmut 8418:The final of the 8412:CEV Champions Cup 8374:Anadolu Efes S.K. 8084:Dolmabahçe Palace 7978:2nd layer of Troy 7899:is an example of 7674:Fatma Aliye Topuz 7568:Theatre of Turkey 7452:Persian miniature 7450:is linked to the 7448:Ottoman miniature 7380:Culture of Turkey 7137:with no official 7016: 7015: 6618:linguistic rights 6594:official language 6359:According to the 6140:Osman Gazi Bridge 6089:Sakarya gas field 5943:Blue Flag beaches 5836:electric vehicles 5759:Tourism in Turkey 5753:Economy of Turkey 5744: 5743: 5545:Climate of Turkey 5477:Anatolian leopard 5466:red-fronted serin 5410:40 national parks 5370:forests of Turkey 5241:Upper Mesopotamia 5150:Anatolian Plateau 5110:Mediterranean Sea 5015:Geneva Convention 4757:Incirlik Air Base 4753:B61 nuclear bombs 4747:, Italy, and the 4719:is a jet-engined 4636:Turkish Air Force 4618:Turkish Air Force 4471:and the Balkans. 4385:Council of Europe 4353:Foreign relations 4317:German Penal Code 4251:New Welfare Party 4109:political parties 3987:branch, which is 3365:Regions of Turkey 3242:Council of Europe 3218:Republic of Hatay 3025:through the 1920 2987:Armenian genocide 2983:deported to Syria 2920:Second Balkan War 2889:Dolmabahçe Palace 2688:Islamic mysticism 2645:the Islamic world 2641:Abbasid Caliphate 2441:Anatolian beyliks 2094:Macedonian Empire 2075:Temple of Artemis 2059:Armenian province 2051:Achaemenid Empire 2038:was built by the 2032:Library of Celsus 1908:Achaemenid Empire 1553:History of Thrace 1543:History of Turkey 1025:Anatolian peoples 966:a Muslim-majority 934:Mediterranean Sea 904:. It borders the 884:, officially the 879: 878: 770:medium inequality 734:• Per capita 682:• Per capita 545:Republic declared 208:41.017°N 28.950°E 167:39.917°N 32.850°E 125: 29316: 29264:Balkan countries 29053: 29051: 29050: 29040: 29038: 29037: 29027: 29025: 29024: 29014: 29012: 29011: 29001: 28999: 28998: 28988: 28986: 28985: 28975: 28973: 28972: 28948: 28941: 28934: 28925: 28924: 28893: 28889: 28887: 28886: 28878: 28874: 28872: 28871: 28863: 28859: 28857: 28856: 28848: 28844: 28842: 28841: 28830: 28829: 28828: 28821: 28817: 28815: 28814: 28806: 28802: 28800: 28799: 28791: 28787: 28785: 28784: 28767: 28756: 28752: 28750: 28749: 28741: 28737: 28735: 28734: 28726: 28722: 28720: 28719: 28711: 28707: 28705: 28704: 28696: 28692: 28690: 28689: 28681: 28677: 28675: 28674: 28648: 28641: 28634: 28625: 28624: 28563: 28561: 28560: 28550: 28548: 28547: 28537: 28535: 28534: 28524: 28522: 28521: 28511: 28509: 28508: 28498: 28496: 28495: 28469: 28467: 28466: 28435: 28433: 28432: 28422: 28420: 28419: 28409: 28407: 28406: 28396: 28394: 28393: 28383: 28381: 28380: 28370: 28368: 28367: 28357: 28355: 28354: 28344: 28342: 28341: 28331: 28329: 28328: 28318: 28316: 28315: 28305: 28303: 28302: 28292: 28290: 28289: 28279: 28277: 28276: 28266: 28264: 28263: 28242: 28240: 28239: 28218: 28216: 28215: 28205: 28203: 28202: 28192: 28190: 28189: 28179: 28177: 28176: 28166: 28164: 28163: 28153: 28151: 28150: 28140: 28138: 28137: 28127: 28125: 28124: 28114: 28112: 28111: 28101: 28099: 28098: 28036: 28029: 28022: 28013: 28012: 27878: 27877: 27833: 27832: 27718: 27717: 27397: 27396: 27359: 27352: 27345: 27336: 27335: 27325: 27319: 27317: 27316: 27295: 27293: 27292: 27281: 27279: 27278: 27267: 27265: 27264: 27253: 27251: 27250: 27239: 27237: 27236: 27225: 27223: 27222: 27211: 27209: 27208: 27197: 27195: 27194: 27183: 27181: 27180: 27169: 27167: 27166: 27018: 27017: 26999: 26992: 26985: 26976: 26975: 26922:2022 (Samarkand) 26892: 26890: 26889: 26879: 26877: 26876: 26866: 26864: 26863: 26847: 26833: 26831: 26830: 26820: 26818: 26817: 26807: 26805: 26804: 26794: 26792: 26791: 26781: 26779: 26778: 26759: 26757: 26756: 26746: 26739: 26732: 26723: 26722: 26325: 26318: 26311: 26302: 26301: 26286: 26274: 26273: 26260:Governed by the 26222:Northern Ireland 26165:Åland convention 26147: 26146: 26057: 26056: 26027: 26026: 25969: 25704:Sovereign states 25685: 25678: 25671: 25662: 25661: 25646: 25634: 25633: 25594:regions of China 25529:Christmas Island 25519: 25518: 25461: 25201:Sovereign states 25182: 25175: 25168: 25159: 25158: 25146: 25145: 25130: 25129: 25118: 25117: 25106: 25105: 25094: 25093: 25082: 24887: 24886: 24772:Cities and towns 24753:Turkish language 24708:Turkish Airlines 24524:Electoral system 24487:Council of State 24440: 24439: 24374:Waste management 24304:Black Sea Region 24282: 24273: 24272: 24227:Turkic migration 24173:One-party period 24042:Sultanate of Rum 23988: 23987: 23973: 23972: 23961: 23954: 23947: 23938: 23937: 23889: 23888: 23867: 23866: 23842: 23840: 23838: 23832: 23817: 23807: 23805: 23790: 23780: 23759: 23738: 23736: 23734: 23728: 23717: 23708: 23694:Rivers of Europe 23687: 23666: 23653: 23626: 23605: 23584: 23582: 23580: 23574: 23565: 23563: 23561: 23534: 23513: 23511: 23496: 23486: 23465: 23444: 23423: 23396: 23375: 23348: 23321: 23294: 23267: 23240: 23219: 23198: 23177: 23171: 23161: 23134: 23132: 23125: 23112: 23091: 23070: 23049: 23022: 23021:on 7 March 2022. 23020: 23013: 23003: 22976: 22949: 22928: 22907: 22880: 22851: 22824: 22797: 22770: 22743: 22716: 22689: 22668: 22647: 22626: 22597: 22570: 22543: 22516: 22495: 22474: 22443: 22442: 22430: 22424: 22423: 22411: 22405: 22404: 22402: 22400: 22385: 22379: 22378: 22364: 22358: 22357: 22355: 22353: 22336: 22330: 22329: 22327: 22325: 22309: 22303: 22302: 22300: 22298: 22293:on 19 March 2015 22289:. Archived from 22279: 22273: 22267: 22261: 22260: 22258: 22256: 22247:. Archived from 22237: 22231: 22230: 22228: 22226: 22221:on 6 August 2020 22211: 22205: 22197:(January 2006). 22185: 22176: 22175: 22172:data.tuik.gov.tr 22164: 22158: 22157: 22155: 22153: 22147: 22141:. Archived from 22136: 22128: 22122: 22121: 22119: 22117: 22112:on 13 March 2009 22101: 22095: 22094: 22092: 22090: 22085:on 1 August 2008 22075: 22069: 22068: 22057: 22051: 22050: 22048: 22046: 22034: 22028: 22027: 22016: 22010: 22009: 22007: 22005: 21996:. Archived from 21986: 21980: 21979: 21977: 21975: 21961: 21955: 21954: 21952: 21950: 21945:on 24 March 2012 21941:. Archived from 21935: 21929: 21928: 21926: 21924: 21909: 21903: 21902: 21900: 21898: 21893:Sports Media Ltd 21878: 21872: 21871: 21869: 21867: 21853: 21847: 21846: 21844: 21842: 21832:"Galatasaray AŞ" 21828: 21822: 21821: 21819: 21817: 21805: 21799: 21793: 21787: 21781: 21775: 21769: 21763: 21757: 21751: 21745: 21739: 21733: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21709: 21693: 21687: 21686: 21684: 21682: 21671: 21665: 21659: 21653: 21647: 21641: 21635: 21629: 21623: 21617: 21611: 21605: 21599: 21590: 21584: 21575: 21569: 21563: 21557: 21551: 21545: 21539: 21533: 21527: 21521: 21515: 21509: 21503: 21502: 21501:. 13 April 2012. 21489: 21483: 21482: 21475: 21469: 21463: 21457: 21456: 21443:And, M. (1983). 21440: 21434: 21433: 21422: 21416: 21415:, pp. 76–85 21410: 21397: 21396: 21378: 21372: 21371: 21351: 21345: 21344: 21320: 21314: 21313: 21311: 21309: 21286: 21280: 21274: 21268: 21262: 21256: 21250: 21244: 21243:, pp. 57–59 21238: 21232: 21231: 21183: 21177: 21176: 21174: 21172: 21161: 21155: 21154: 21152: 21150: 21136: 21130: 21129: 21101: 21092: 21091: 21063: 21048: 21047: 21036: 21030: 21029: 21027: 21025: 21011: 21005: 21004: 21002: 21000: 20990: 20984: 20983: 20981: 20979: 20974: 20966: 20960: 20959: 20957: 20955: 20945: 20939: 20938: 20936: 20934: 20920: 20914: 20913: 20911: 20909: 20903:Shanghai Ranking 20895: 20889: 20888: 20886: 20884: 20869: 20863: 20862: 20854: 20848: 20847: 20836: 20830: 20829: 20827: 20825: 20819:Study in Türkiye 20811: 20805: 20804: 20802: 20800: 20789: 20783: 20782: 20777:. Archived from 20771: 20765: 20759: 20750: 20744: 20738: 20737: 20734:gercekgundem.com 20726: 20720: 20719: 20708: 20702: 20701: 20690: 20684: 20683: 20665: 20656: 20650: 20644: 20638: 20637: 20605: 20599: 20598: 20596: 20594: 20580: 20574: 20568: 20555: 20554: 20552: 20550: 20544: 20538:. Archived from 20533: 20525: 20519: 20518: 20516: 20514: 20502: 20496: 20495: 20494:. 15 April 2021. 20482: 20476: 20475: 20464: 20458: 20457: 20445: 20439: 20438: 20436: 20434: 20420: 20414: 20413: 20411: 20409: 20394: 20388: 20387: 20376: 20370: 20369: 20367: 20365: 20356:. Archived from 20345: 20339: 20338: 20336: 20334: 20315: 20309: 20308: 20306: 20304: 20289: 20283: 20282: 20274: 20268: 20267: 20265: 20263: 20252: 20246: 20245: 20243: 20241: 20222: 20216: 20210: 20199: 20198: 20196: 20194: 20183: 20177: 20171: 20162: 20161: 20150: 20144: 20143: 20126:Katzner, Kenneth 20122: 20116: 20115: 20104: 20098: 20097: 20095: 20093: 20084:. Archived from 20073: 20067: 20066: 20043: 20037: 20036: 20012: 20003: 20002: 19962: 19953: 19950: 19944: 19943: 19929: 19920: 19909: 19908: 19903: 19901: 19876: 19865: 19864: 19824: 19815: 19814: 19790: 19784: 19783: 19743: 19737: 19736: 19712: 19701: 19695: 19689: 19683: 19677: 19671: 19665: 19664: 19662: 19660: 19637: 19631: 19630: 19608: 19602: 19601: 19581: 19575: 19574: 19554: 19548: 19542: 19533: 19532: 19530: 19528: 19507: 19492: 19486: 19477: 19476: 19456: 19450: 19449: 19421: 19415: 19414: 19396: 19390: 19389: 19387: 19385: 19379: 19372: 19364: 19358: 19352: 19346: 19345: 19343: 19341: 19322: 19316: 19315: 19313: 19311: 19300: 19294: 19293: 19291: 19289: 19278: 19272: 19271: 19258: 19252: 19251: 19240: 19234: 19233: 19232:. 7 August 2023. 19222: 19216: 19215: 19195: 19189: 19188: 19186: 19184: 19175:. Archived from 19169: 19163: 19162: 19147: 19141: 19140: 19138: 19106: 19100: 19099: 19098:. 29 April 2024. 19088: 19082: 19081: 19055: 19049: 19048: 19033: 19022: 19021: 19019: 19017: 19006: 19000: 18994: 18988: 18987: 18985: 18978: 18969: 18963: 18962: 18960: 18958: 18942: 18936: 18935: 18933: 18931: 18917: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18906: 18887: 18881: 18880: 18879:. 22 April 2024. 18869: 18863: 18862: 18846: 18837: 18836: 18835:. 13 April 2022. 18823: 18817: 18816: 18814: 18812: 18792: 18786: 18785: 18783: 18781: 18775: 18764: 18756: 18750: 18749: 18747: 18745: 18739:TCDD Taşımacılık 18731: 18725: 18724: 18709: 18703: 18702: 18691: 18685: 18684: 18669: 18663: 18657: 18651: 18650: 18640: 18630: 18598: 18589: 18588: 18581: 18575: 18574: 18563: 18557: 18551: 18545: 18539: 18533: 18527: 18521: 18520:, pp. 18–19 18515: 18509: 18503: 18494: 18493: 18491: 18489: 18473: 18467: 18461: 18455: 18449: 18443: 18442: 18437:. Archived from 18427: 18421: 18415: 18409: 18408: 18397: 18391: 18390: 18388: 18386: 18377: 18369: 18363: 18362: 18357:. Archived from 18345: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18334: 18323: 18317: 18316: 18314: 18312: 18298: 18292: 18291: 18289: 18287: 18264: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18253: 18234: 18228: 18227: 18225: 18223: 18206: 18195: 18194: 18186: 18178: 18172: 18171: 18169: 18163:. Archived from 18158: 18150: 18144: 18143: 18141: 18139: 18124: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18091: 18085: 18082: 18066: 18064: 18062: 18050: 18048: 18046: 18030: 18028: 18026: 18010: 18009:. 22 March 2024. 17997: 17991: 17990: 17988: 17986: 17977:. Archived from 17967: 17961: 17960: 17948: 17942: 17941: 17930: 17924: 17923: 17915: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17904: 17893: 17887: 17886: 17884: 17882: 17877:. The World Bank 17871: 17865: 17864: 17862: 17860: 17845: 17834: 17833: 17831: 17829: 17807: 17801: 17800: 17798: 17796: 17786: 17780: 17774: 17768: 17762: 17756: 17750: 17744: 17738: 17732: 17726: 17720: 17719:, pp. 9, 51 17714: 17708: 17702: 17693: 17687: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17676: 17671:on 28 March 2014 17670: 17663: 17655: 17634: 17633: 17623: 17583: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17572: 17563:. Archived from 17561:gateofturkey.com 17553: 17547: 17546:. BBA, Istanbul. 17540: 17534: 17533: 17531: 17529: 17514: 17508: 17499: 17490: 17489: 17471: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17460: 17441: 17435: 17425: 17419: 17418: 17413:Blunt, Wilfrid. 17410: 17404: 17403: 17370: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17359: 17344: 17338: 17337: 17322: 17316: 17315: 17300: 17294: 17293: 17278: 17272: 17271: 17254: 17248: 17242: 17236: 17230: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17219: 17200: 17187: 17181: 17175: 17174: 17172: 17170: 17156: 17150: 17149: 17147: 17145: 17131: 17125: 17119: 17113: 17112: 17110: 17093:(6): 2523–2555. 17078: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17067: 17056: 17050: 17049: 17047: 17045: 17033: 17027: 17021: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16991: 16985: 16979: 16973: 16969: 16967: 16965: 16939: 16937: 16935: 16917: 16915: 16913: 16873: 16867: 16861: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16850: 16845: 16837: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16826: 16811: 16805: 16804: 16793: 16787: 16786: 16784: 16782: 16772: 16766: 16765: 16763: 16761: 16751: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16740: 16725: 16719: 16718: 16716: 16714: 16699: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16688: 16673: 16667: 16666: 16664: 16662: 16647: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16636: 16621: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16610: 16595: 16589: 16588: 16577: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16561: 16547: 16541: 16540: 16529: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16518: 16497: 16491: 16490: 16488: 16486: 16472: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16461: 16445: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16434: 16415: 16409: 16408: 16397: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16386: 16365: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16333: 16327: 16309: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16298: 16278: 16272: 16271: 16269: 16267: 16252: 16246: 16245: 16243: 16241: 16222: 16216: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16181: 16153: 16147: 16146: 16144: 16142: 16114: 16108: 16107: 16105: 16103: 16075: 16069: 16068: 16066: 16064: 16036: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16025: 16006: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15995: 15980: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15954: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15915: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15904: 15889: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15878: 15872: 15855: 15846: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15835: 15816: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15805: 15785: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15774: 15755: 15749: 15748: 15746: 15744: 15725: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15714: 15695: 15689: 15688: 15686: 15684: 15678: 15667: 15659: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15648: 15625: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15614: 15599: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15588: 15569: 15563: 15562: 15560: 15558: 15539: 15533: 15532: 15513: 15503: 15497: 15496: 15494: 15492: 15477: 15471: 15470: 15468: 15466: 15460: 15453: 15444: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15433: 15418:(10 April 2009)" 15410: 15404: 15403: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15359: 15340: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15329: 15314: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15303: 15283: 15277: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15253: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15219: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15208: 15189: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15159: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15148: 15128: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15114: 15105:. Ebco-beoc.eu. 15099: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15082: 15075: 15063: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15052: 15033: 15027: 15026: 15024: 15022: 15002: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14991: 14980:overtdefense.com 14972: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14941: 14935: 14934: 14929: 14927: 14905: 14899: 14898: 14896: 14894: 14877: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14866: 14847: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14817: 14811: 14810: 14808: 14806: 14787: 14781: 14780: 14778: 14776: 14760: 14754: 14753: 14751: 14749: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14668: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14657: 14638: 14632: 14631: 14629: 14627: 14608: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14578: 14572: 14571: 14569: 14567: 14548: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14518: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14507: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14454: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14424: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14413: 14394: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14383: 14359: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14348: 14328: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14317: 14301: 14295: 14294: 14283: 14277: 14276: 14274: 14272: 14257: 14251: 14250: 14228: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14217: 14201: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14190: 14167: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14156: 14150: 14135: 14124: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14113: 14108:on 16 March 2014 14107: 14101:. Archived from 14096: 14087: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14076: 14048: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14031: 14020: 14012: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14001: 13982: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13971: 13950: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13939: 13933: 13922: 13914: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13885: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13871: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13822: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13811: 13805: 13794: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13772: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13761: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13722: 13720: 13690: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13679: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13608: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13597: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13552: 13541: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13506: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13469: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13392: 13386: 13385: 13367: 13343: 13337: 13336: 13318: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13272: 13266: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13246: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13235: 13216: 13210: 13204: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13178: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13167: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13136:on 21 March 2015 13135: 13124: 13116: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13105: 13086: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13052: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13022: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13005: 12998: 12989: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12970:, pp. 60–63 12965: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12938: 12930: 12924: 12923: 12899: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12873: 12867: 12866: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12799: 12793: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12707: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12649: 12643: 12642: 12624: 12618: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12579: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12563: 12544: 12535: 12534: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12430: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12392: 12386: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12276: 12267: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12238: 12227: 12218: 12212: 12206: 12200: 12194: 12188: 12182: 12176: 12149: 12143: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12116: 12110: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12071: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12041: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11986:nzhistory.net.nz 11978: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11853: 11847: 11841: 11835: 11829: 11828:, pp. 40–41 11823: 11817: 11811: 11802: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11778: 11772: 11766: 11760: 11754: 11753:, pp. 37–39 11748: 11742: 11736: 11730: 11724: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11705:, pp. 36–38 11700: 11694: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11657:, pp. 34–36 11652: 11646: 11640: 11634: 11628: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11563: 11560: 11555: 11553: 11540: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11444: 11438: 11437: 11423: 11413: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11365: 11355: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11185:, pp. 35–37 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11124: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11086:"Celsus Library" 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11017: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10974: 10972: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10920: 10914: 10908: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10858: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10833:, pp. 26–27 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10717: 10711: 10696: 10695: 10685: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10619: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10512:. Archived from 10487: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10457: 10456: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10299: 10288: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10214: 10212:Internet Archive 10209: 10207: 10190:Hertslet, Edward 10185: 10183: 10181: 10176:. Harrison. 1856 10169: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10144: 10132: 10125: 10119: 10113: 10107: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10010: 10004: 10003:, pp. 9, 16 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9880: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9801: 9795: 9782: 9776: 9763: 9757: 9748: 9747: 9734: 9710: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9646:. Archived from 9641: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9614:, pp. 54–55 9609: 9603: 9602: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9512: 9503: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9432:, pp. 15–28 9427: 9421: 9415: 9406: 9400: 9389: 9388:, pp. 38–39 9383: 9374: 9373:, pp. 33–44 9368: 9362: 9356: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9316: 9310: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9146: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9103: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9034: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9000: 8983: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8947:. Archived from 8937: 8931: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8913:. Archived from 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8878: 8861: 8858:Jewish languages 8842: 8836: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8801: 8796: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8760: 8738: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8716:Central American 8697: 8696: 8632: 8623: 8614: 8559:satellite dishes 8521:Cinema of Turkey 8509:Media and cinema 8262: 8230: 8096:Mimar Kemaleddin 7938: 7914: 7884: 7850:Atlantic Records 7727: 7667: 7645:, influenced by 7519:Şeker Ahmet Paşa 7487:Turkish painting 7456:Chinese painting 7390:Turkish folklore 7370:of early death. 7354: 7105: 7096: 7044:Syrian civil war 6792: 6782: 6749: 6739: 6686: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6652: 6651: 6587:Turkic languages 6503:Kurdish diaspora 6303:Horseshoe Island 6178:Istanbul Airport 6112:divided highways 6069:Istanbul Airport 6034:geothermal power 6006:hydroelectricity 5967:Energy in Turkey 5892:Turkish Airlines 5719: 5704:Butterfly Valley 5696: 5677: 5666:Pontic Mountains 5654:Black Sea Region 5650: 5635:Denizli Province 5623: 5613: 5604: 5485:European wildcat 5372:are home to the 5201:Armenian plateau 5162:Taurus Mountains 5138:Eastern Anatolia 5130:Central Anatolia 5025:When the annual 4983: 4926:Marxist–Leninist 4812:coalition forces 4751:. A total of 90 4526:Syrian civil war 4303:of 1907 and the 4301:Swiss Civil Code 4233:resulted in the 4201:, winner of the 4144:Motherland Party 3973:local government 3937: 3916: 3889: 3440: 3399:belediye meclisi 3395:belediye başkanı 3316:EU Customs Union 3300:Süleyman Demirel 3252:, Turkey joined 3234:23 February 1945 3222:remained neutral 3208:Dersim rebellion 3206:in 1925 and the 3092:Treaty of Sèvres 3027:Treaty of Sèvres 3013:. Following the 2967:1913 coup d'état 2912:First Balkan War 2881: 2870: 2839:died during the 2829:Russian conquest 2730:Battle of Vienna 2690:orders, such as 2657:medieval Armenia 2633:Greater Khorasan 2485: 2476: 2467: 2447:Turkic migration 2437:Sultanate of Rum 2419:in 431, and the 2359:Byzantine Empire 2331:Byzantine Empire 2315:fall of the West 2217:Mithridatic Wars 2209:province of Asia 2171: 2160: 2148:Byzantine Empire 2067:Odrysian kingdom 1747:Hurrian language 1688:Fertile Crescent 1672:late Paleolithic 1653: 1632: 1602: 1505: 1468:Geoffrey Chaucer 1465: 1459: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1424:Mamluk Sultanate 1405: 1404: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1341:Turkic languages 1320:, Turkey is the 1255:EU Customs Union 1207:emerging country 1162:resulted in the 1081:Istanbul in 1453 1057:Sultanate of Rum 1011:and some of the 1001:Late Paleolithic 902:Southeast Europe 834: 797: 796: 790: 789: 783: 772: 771: 765: 764: 758: 742: 741: 723: 722: 706: 690: 689: 671: 670: 654: 621:85,372,377 ( 620: 619: 547: 532: 481: 455: 417:Assembly Speaker 235:Spoken languages 219: 218: 216: 215: 214: 209: 205: 202: 201: 200: 197: 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 168: 164: 161: 160: 159: 156: 137: 127: 126: 93: 70: 58: 50: 39: 38: 29324: 29323: 29319: 29318: 29317: 29315: 29314: 29313: 29204: 29203: 29202: 29197: 29196: 29191: 29180: 29059: 29048: 29046: 29035: 29033: 29022: 29020: 29009: 29007: 28996: 28994: 28983: 28981: 28970: 28968: 28957: 28952: 28922: 28917: 28896: 28884: 28882: 28869: 28867: 28854: 28852: 28846:Northern Cyprus 28839: 28837: 28826: 28824: 28812: 28810: 28797: 28795: 28782: 28780: 28768: 28759: 28747: 28745: 28732: 28730: 28717: 28715: 28702: 28700: 28687: 28685: 28672: 28670: 28658: 28652: 28622: 28617: 28569: 28558: 28556: 28545: 28543: 28532: 28530: 28519: 28517: 28506: 28504: 28493: 28491: 28480: 28464: 28462: 28441: 28430: 28428: 28417: 28415: 28404: 28402: 28391: 28389: 28378: 28376: 28365: 28363: 28352: 28350: 28339: 28337: 28326: 28324: 28313: 28311: 28300: 28298: 28287: 28285: 28274: 28272: 28261: 28259: 28248: 28237: 28235: 28229:Observer states 28224: 28213: 28211: 28200: 28198: 28187: 28185: 28174: 28172: 28161: 28159: 28148: 28146: 28135: 28133: 28122: 28120: 28109: 28107: 28096: 28094: 28081: 28045: 28040: 28010: 28005: 27994: 27937: 27865: 27816: 27785: 27783: 27776: 27765: 27763: 27756: 27742:Northern Cyprus 27725: 27724:and territories 27723: 27709: 27693: 27386: 27369: 27363: 27333: 27328: 27323: 27321:Northern Cyprus 27314: 27312: 27301: 27290: 27288: 27276: 27274: 27262: 27260: 27248: 27246: 27234: 27232: 27220: 27218: 27206: 27204: 27192: 27190: 27178: 27176: 27164: 27162: 27150: 27070: 27049: 27040:Treaty of Izmir 27009: 27003: 26973: 26968: 26952: 26931: 26898: 26887: 26885: 26881:Northern Cyprus 26874: 26872: 26861: 26859: 26848: 26839: 26828: 26826: 26815: 26813: 26802: 26800: 26789: 26787: 26776: 26774: 26763: 26754: 26752: 26750: 26720: 26715: 26684: 26638: 26564:North Macedonia 26395: 26334: 26329: 26299: 26294: 26267: 26255:Oceanic islands 26235: 26228:subject to the 26195: 26190:Svalbard Treaty 26188:subject to the 26170: 26163:subject to the 26143: 26141: 26139: 26124: 26079: 26048: 26023: 26020: 26012: 25998:Northern Cyprus 25981: 25978: 25970: 25961: 25877:North Macedonia 25698: 25689: 25659: 25654: 25627: 25612: 25596: 25593: 25581: 25554: 25538: 25515: 25512: 25504: 25485:Northern Cyprus 25473: 25470: 25462: 25453: 25195: 25186: 25151: 25143: 25138: 25066: 24885: 24881:Women in Turkey 24849:Law enforcement 24803: 24799:Life expectancy 24765:Islam in Turkey 24719: 24608: 24570:National Police 24538: 24493: 24425: 24416:Turkish Riviera 24323: 24280: 24279: 24258: 24215: 24182: 24161:Language reform 24132: 24051: 24012: 23977: 23967: 23965: 23886: 23864: 23850: 23845: 23836: 23834: 23830: 23815: 23803: 23788: 23777: 23756: 23732: 23730: 23726: 23715: 23705: 23684: 23650: 23623: 23602: 23578: 23576: 23572: 23559: 23557: 23531: 23509: 23494: 23483: 23462: 23441: 23412: 23393: 23372: 23345: 23318: 23291: 23264: 23237: 23216: 23195: 23169: 23158: 23130: 23123: 23109: 23088: 23067: 23046: 23018: 23011: 23000: 22973: 22946: 22925: 22904: 22877: 22848: 22821: 22794: 22767: 22740: 22705: 22686: 22665: 22644: 22623: 22594: 22567: 22540: 22513: 22492: 22471: 22452: 22447: 22446: 22431: 22427: 22412: 22408: 22398: 22396: 22387: 22386: 22382: 22365: 22361: 22351: 22349: 22338: 22337: 22333: 22323: 22321: 22310: 22306: 22296: 22294: 22281: 22280: 22276: 22268: 22264: 22254: 22252: 22245:Gazeteciler.com 22239: 22238: 22234: 22224: 22222: 22213: 22212: 22208: 22186: 22179: 22166: 22165: 22161: 22151: 22149: 22148:on 16 July 2012 22145: 22134: 22130: 22129: 22125: 22115: 22113: 22102: 22098: 22088: 22086: 22077: 22076: 22072: 22067:. 13 July 2018. 22059: 22058: 22054: 22044: 22042: 22035: 22031: 22018: 22017: 22013: 22003: 22001: 21988: 21987: 21983: 21973: 21971: 21963: 21962: 21958: 21948: 21946: 21937: 21936: 21932: 21922: 21920: 21911: 21910: 21906: 21896: 21894: 21879: 21875: 21865: 21863: 21855: 21854: 21850: 21840: 21838: 21830: 21829: 21825: 21815: 21813: 21806: 21802: 21794: 21790: 21782: 21778: 21770: 21766: 21758: 21754: 21746: 21742: 21734: 21717: 21707: 21705: 21694: 21690: 21680: 21678: 21673: 21672: 21668: 21660: 21656: 21648: 21644: 21636: 21632: 21624: 21620: 21612: 21608: 21600: 21593: 21585: 21578: 21570: 21566: 21558: 21554: 21546: 21542: 21534: 21530: 21526:, pp. 9–13 21522: 21518: 21510: 21506: 21491: 21490: 21486: 21477: 21476: 21472: 21464: 21460: 21441: 21437: 21424: 21423: 21419: 21411: 21400: 21393: 21379: 21375: 21368: 21352: 21348: 21337: 21321: 21317: 21307: 21305: 21303: 21287: 21283: 21275: 21271: 21263: 21259: 21251: 21247: 21239: 21235: 21184: 21180: 21170: 21168: 21163: 21162: 21158: 21148: 21146: 21138: 21137: 21133: 21102: 21095: 21064: 21051: 21038: 21037: 21033: 21023: 21021: 21013: 21012: 21008: 20998: 20996: 20992: 20991: 20987: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20968: 20967: 20963: 20953: 20951: 20947: 20946: 20942: 20932: 20930: 20922: 20921: 20917: 20907: 20905: 20897: 20896: 20892: 20882: 20880: 20871: 20870: 20866: 20855: 20851: 20838: 20837: 20833: 20823: 20821: 20813: 20812: 20808: 20798: 20796: 20791: 20790: 20786: 20773: 20772: 20768: 20760: 20753: 20745: 20741: 20736:. 11 June 2020. 20728: 20727: 20723: 20718:. 11 June 2020. 20710: 20709: 20705: 20692: 20691: 20687: 20680: 20663: 20657: 20653: 20645: 20641: 20606: 20602: 20592: 20590: 20582: 20581: 20577: 20569: 20558: 20548: 20546: 20542: 20531: 20527: 20526: 20522: 20512: 20510: 20503: 20499: 20484: 20483: 20479: 20466: 20465: 20461: 20446: 20442: 20432: 20430: 20422: 20421: 20417: 20407: 20405: 20396: 20395: 20391: 20378: 20377: 20373: 20363: 20361: 20360:on 15 July 2023 20346: 20342: 20332: 20330: 20317: 20316: 20312: 20302: 20300: 20291: 20290: 20286: 20275: 20271: 20261: 20259: 20254: 20253: 20249: 20239: 20237: 20224: 20223: 20219: 20211: 20202: 20192: 20190: 20185: 20184: 20180: 20172: 20165: 20152: 20151: 20147: 20140: 20123: 20119: 20114:. 18 July 2019. 20106: 20105: 20101: 20091: 20089: 20074: 20070: 20060: 20044: 20040: 20013: 20006: 19963: 19956: 19951: 19947: 19927: 19921: 19912: 19899: 19897: 19895: 19877: 19868: 19825: 19818: 19805:(43): 387–393. 19791: 19787: 19744: 19740: 19733: 19713: 19704: 19696: 19692: 19684: 19680: 19672: 19668: 19658: 19656: 19654: 19638: 19634: 19627: 19609: 19605: 19598: 19582: 19578: 19571: 19555: 19551: 19543: 19536: 19526: 19524: 19509: 19508: 19495: 19487: 19480: 19473: 19457: 19453: 19422: 19418: 19411: 19397: 19393: 19383: 19381: 19377: 19370: 19366: 19365: 19361: 19353: 19349: 19339: 19337: 19330:www.tuik.gov.tr 19324: 19323: 19319: 19309: 19307: 19302: 19301: 19297: 19287: 19285: 19280: 19279: 19275: 19260: 19259: 19255: 19242: 19241: 19237: 19224: 19223: 19219: 19196: 19192: 19182: 19180: 19171: 19170: 19166: 19161:on 11 May 2024. 19149: 19148: 19144: 19107: 19103: 19090: 19089: 19085: 19078: 19056: 19052: 19043:. 4 July 2023. 19035: 19034: 19025: 19015: 19013: 19008: 19007: 19003: 18995: 18991: 18983: 18976: 18970: 18966: 18956: 18954: 18944: 18943: 18939: 18929: 18927: 18919: 18918: 18914: 18904: 18902: 18888: 18884: 18871: 18870: 18866: 18847: 18840: 18825: 18824: 18820: 18810: 18808: 18794: 18793: 18789: 18779: 18777: 18776:on 27 July 2020 18773: 18762: 18758: 18757: 18753: 18743: 18741: 18733: 18732: 18728: 18711: 18710: 18706: 18693: 18692: 18688: 18671: 18670: 18666: 18658: 18654: 18599: 18592: 18583: 18582: 18578: 18565: 18564: 18560: 18552: 18548: 18540: 18536: 18528: 18524: 18516: 18512: 18504: 18497: 18487: 18485: 18474: 18470: 18462: 18458: 18450: 18446: 18429: 18428: 18424: 18416: 18412: 18399: 18398: 18394: 18384: 18382: 18375: 18371: 18370: 18366: 18347: 18346: 18342: 18332: 18330: 18325: 18324: 18320: 18310: 18308: 18300: 18299: 18295: 18285: 18283: 18265: 18261: 18251: 18249: 18242:www.tuik.gov.tr 18236: 18235: 18231: 18221: 18219: 18208: 18207: 18198: 18184: 18180: 18179: 18175: 18167: 18156: 18152: 18151: 18147: 18137: 18135: 18126: 18125: 18121: 18092: 18088: 18069: 18060: 18058: 18053: 18044: 18042: 18033: 18024: 18022: 18013: 18001: 17998: 17994: 17984: 17982: 17969: 17968: 17964: 17949: 17945: 17932: 17931: 17927: 17922:. autoweek.com. 17916: 17912: 17902: 17900: 17895: 17894: 17890: 17880: 17878: 17873: 17872: 17868: 17858: 17856: 17847: 17846: 17837: 17827: 17825: 17808: 17804: 17794: 17792: 17788: 17787: 17783: 17775: 17771: 17763: 17759: 17751: 17747: 17739: 17735: 17727: 17723: 17715: 17711: 17703: 17696: 17688: 17684: 17674: 17672: 17668: 17661: 17657: 17656: 17637: 17592:Scientific Data 17584: 17580: 17570: 17568: 17567:on 5 March 2016 17555: 17554: 17550: 17541: 17537: 17527: 17525: 17516: 17515: 17511: 17500: 17493: 17486: 17472: 17468: 17458: 17456: 17443: 17442: 17438: 17434:(Oxford, 1927). 17426: 17422: 17411: 17407: 17393: 17371: 17367: 17357: 17355: 17354:on 7 April 2016 17346: 17345: 17341: 17330:BBC News Türkçe 17324: 17323: 17319: 17302: 17301: 17297: 17280: 17279: 17275: 17256: 17255: 17251: 17243: 17239: 17231: 17227: 17217: 17215: 17202: 17201: 17190: 17182: 17178: 17168: 17166: 17158: 17157: 17153: 17143: 17141: 17133: 17132: 17128: 17120: 17116: 17079: 17075: 17065: 17063: 17058: 17057: 17053: 17043: 17041: 17034: 17030: 17022: 17011: 17001: 16999: 16992: 16988: 16980: 16976: 16963: 16961: 16933: 16931: 16921: 16911: 16909: 16895: 16874: 16870: 16862: 16858: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16839: 16838: 16834: 16824: 16822: 16813: 16812: 16808: 16803:on 3 June 2015. 16795: 16794: 16790: 16780: 16778: 16774: 16773: 16769: 16759: 16757: 16753: 16752: 16748: 16738: 16736: 16733:BBC News Türkçe 16727: 16726: 16722: 16712: 16710: 16701: 16700: 16696: 16686: 16684: 16681:BBC News Türkçe 16675: 16674: 16670: 16660: 16658: 16648: 16644: 16634: 16632: 16623: 16622: 16618: 16608: 16606: 16596: 16592: 16579: 16578: 16569: 16559: 16557: 16549: 16548: 16544: 16539:. 16 June 2022. 16531: 16530: 16526: 16516: 16514: 16499: 16498: 16494: 16484: 16482: 16474: 16473: 16469: 16459: 16457: 16446: 16442: 16432: 16430: 16417: 16416: 16412: 16399: 16398: 16394: 16384: 16382: 16367: 16366: 16362: 16352: 16350: 16335: 16334: 16330: 16320:Wayback Machine 16310: 16306: 16296: 16294: 16279: 16275: 16265: 16263: 16254: 16253: 16249: 16239: 16237: 16224: 16223: 16219: 16209: 16207: 16194: 16193: 16189: 16179: 16177: 16170: 16154: 16150: 16140: 16138: 16131: 16115: 16111: 16101: 16099: 16092: 16076: 16072: 16062: 16060: 16053: 16037: 16033: 16023: 16021: 16008: 16007: 16003: 15993: 15991: 15982: 15981: 15977: 15967: 15965: 15956: 15955: 15951: 15941: 15939: 15932: 15916: 15912: 15902: 15900: 15899:on 15 June 2011 15891: 15890: 15886: 15876: 15874: 15870: 15864: 15853: 15847: 15843: 15833: 15831: 15818: 15817: 15813: 15803: 15801: 15786: 15782: 15772: 15770: 15757: 15756: 15752: 15742: 15740: 15727: 15726: 15722: 15712: 15710: 15697: 15696: 15692: 15682: 15680: 15679:on 4 March 2016 15676: 15665: 15661: 15660: 15656: 15646: 15644: 15642: 15626: 15622: 15612: 15610: 15601: 15600: 15596: 15586: 15584: 15571: 15570: 15566: 15556: 15554: 15541: 15540: 15536: 15526: 15504: 15500: 15490: 15488: 15479: 15478: 15474: 15464: 15462: 15458: 15451: 15445: 15441: 15431: 15429: 15412: 15411: 15407: 15392: 15371: 15367: 15357: 15355: 15350:. 7 June 2023. 15342: 15341: 15337: 15327: 15325: 15316: 15315: 15311: 15301: 15299: 15284: 15280: 15270: 15268: 15255: 15254: 15250: 15240: 15238: 15221: 15220: 15216: 15206: 15204: 15191: 15190: 15186: 15176: 15174: 15161: 15160: 15156: 15146: 15144: 15129: 15122: 15112: 15110: 15101: 15100: 15096: 15086: 15084: 15080: 15073: 15064: 15060: 15050: 15048: 15034: 15030: 15020: 15018: 15003: 14999: 14989: 14987: 14974: 14973: 14969: 14959: 14957: 14942: 14938: 14925: 14923: 14915:Middle East Eye 14906: 14902: 14892: 14890: 14879: 14878: 14874: 14864: 14862: 14849: 14848: 14844: 14834: 14832: 14819: 14818: 14814: 14804: 14802: 14789: 14788: 14784: 14774: 14772: 14761: 14757: 14747: 14745: 14730: 14729: 14725: 14715: 14713: 14700: 14699: 14695: 14685: 14683: 14670: 14669: 14665: 14655: 14653: 14640: 14639: 14635: 14625: 14623: 14610: 14609: 14605: 14595: 14593: 14580: 14579: 14575: 14565: 14563: 14550: 14549: 14545: 14535: 14533: 14520: 14519: 14515: 14505: 14503: 14490: 14489: 14485: 14475: 14473: 14456: 14455: 14451: 14441: 14439: 14426: 14425: 14421: 14411: 14409: 14396: 14395: 14391: 14381: 14379: 14360: 14356: 14346: 14344: 14329: 14325: 14315: 14313: 14302: 14298: 14285: 14284: 14280: 14270: 14268: 14267:on 4 March 2016 14259: 14258: 14254: 14247: 14239:. p. 119. 14229: 14225: 14215: 14213: 14202: 14198: 14188: 14186: 14184: 14168: 14164: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14133: 14125: 14121: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14094: 14088: 14084: 14074: 14072: 14065: 14049: 14045: 14035: 14033: 14029: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14009: 13999: 13997: 13984: 13983: 13979: 13969: 13967: 13952: 13951: 13947: 13937: 13935: 13931: 13920: 13916: 13915: 13908: 13898: 13896: 13887: 13886: 13879: 13869: 13867: 13854: 13853: 13849: 13839: 13837: 13824: 13823: 13819: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13792: 13788: 13787: 13783: 13774: 13773: 13769: 13759: 13757: 13750: 13732: 13728: 13718: 13716: 13709: 13691: 13687: 13677: 13675: 13662: 13661: 13657: 13647: 13645: 13636: 13635: 13631: 13621: 13619: 13610: 13609: 13605: 13595: 13593: 13586: 13570: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13539: 13535:Yılmaz, Hakan. 13533: 13529: 13519: 13517: 13508: 13507: 13503: 13493: 13491: 13482: 13481: 13477: 13467: 13465: 13456: 13455: 13451: 13441: 13439: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13409: 13407: 13394: 13393: 13389: 13344: 13340: 13291: 13287: 13274: 13273: 13269: 13259: 13257: 13248: 13247: 13243: 13233: 13231: 13218: 13217: 13213: 13205: 13201: 13191: 13189: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13165: 13163: 13154: 13153: 13149: 13139: 13137: 13133: 13127:justice.gov.tr/ 13122: 13118: 13117: 13113: 13103: 13101: 13094:Washington Post 13088: 13087: 13080: 13070: 13068: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13024: 13023: 13019: 13009: 13007: 13006:on 14 June 2007 13003: 12996: 12990: 12986: 12978: 12974: 12966: 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11883:Financial Times 11872: 11868: 11860: 11856: 11848: 11844: 11836: 11832: 11824: 11820: 11812: 11805: 11797: 11793: 11785: 11781: 11773: 11769: 11761: 11757: 11749: 11745: 11737: 11733: 11725: 11721: 11713: 11709: 11701: 11697: 11689: 11685: 11677: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11653: 11649: 11641: 11637: 11629: 11622: 11614: 11610: 11603: 11589: 11585: 11577: 11566: 11551: 11549: 11504: 11502: 11445: 11441: 11386: 11382: 11328: 11324: 11314: 11312: 11305: 11289: 11285: 11277: 11273: 11265: 11258: 11248: 11246: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11217: 11213: 11205: 11201: 11193: 11189: 11181: 11177: 11169: 11165: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11141: 11126: 11125: 11121: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11082: 11078: 11070: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11036: 11032: 11024: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10970: 10968: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10938: 10936: 10921: 10917: 10909: 10894: 10886: 10882: 10874: 10861: 10853: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10829: 10825: 10817: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10778: 10774: 10766: 10762: 10754: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10727: 10720: 10712: 10699: 10637: 10633: 10588:Current Biology 10579: 10575: 10567: 10563: 10555: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10502:10.2307/3258667 10485: 10483:"The Thracians" 10479: 10475: 10467: 10460: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10416: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10391:BBC News Online 10382: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10361:. 2 June 2022. 10351: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10334: 10326:Middle East Eye 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10248: 10244: 10232: 10230: 10217: 10205: 10203: 10179: 10177: 10172: 10160: 10156: 10146: 10126: 10122: 10114: 10110: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10055: 10036: 10034: 10027: 10011: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9975: 9971: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9881: 9874: 9864: 9862: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9823: 9819: 9811: 9804: 9796: 9785: 9777: 9766: 9758: 9751: 9711: 9702: 9692: 9690: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9644:giga-hamburg.de 9639: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9581: 9577: 9538: 9534: 9527: 9513: 9506: 9452: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9420:, p. xcvii 9416: 9409: 9401: 9392: 9384: 9377: 9369: 9365: 9357: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9304: 9296: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9272: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9233: 9229: 9219: 9217: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9160:. 16 April 2024 9148: 9147: 9134: 9124: 9122: 9111:www.tuik.gov.tr 9105: 9104: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9028: 9018: 9016: 9002: 9001: 8986: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8951:on 21 June 2020 8939: 8938: 8934: 8920: 8918: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8864: 8843: 8839: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8803: 8802: 8794: 8785: 8781: 8770: 8761: 8757: 8752: 8734: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8684:Zeki Demirkubuz 8653: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8625: 8624: 8616: 8615: 8555:broadcast media 8527:national cinema 8523: 8517: 8515:Media in Turkey 8511: 8313: 8307: 8305:Sport in Turkey 8301: 8293:Turkish delight 8144:Turkish delight 8133: 8131:Ottoman cuisine 8127: 8125:Turkish cuisine 8121: 8068:Selimiye Mosque 7958: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7893:Selimiye Mosque 7885: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7762: 7744: 7742:Music of Turkey 7736:Main articles: 7734: 7732:Music and dance 7686:alphabet reform 7682:language reform 7570: 7562:Main articles: 7560: 7515:Osman Nuri Paşa 7499:Osman Hamdi Bey 7434: 7420: 7396: 7382: 7376: 7364:body mass index 7324: 7318: 7288:. According to 7200: 7194: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7097: 7086: 7080: 7067:Syrian Turkmens 7055:Syrian refugees 7048:Arabs in Turkey 7028: 7022: 7017: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6750: 6744: 6740: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6657: 6602:Turkic language 6548:Syriac language 6422:. According to 6395: 6381: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6158:Ankara-Istanbul 6154:High-speed rail 6026:its electricity 5998:Elazığ Province 5987: 5977: 5965:Main articles: 5963: 5907:Turkish Riviera 5845:. Turkey ranks 5824:Togg T10S sedan 5777:emerging market 5761: 5755: 5749: 5738: 5720: 5711: 5697: 5688: 5678: 5669: 5651: 5642: 5624: 5575:oceanic climate 5553: 5547: 5541: 5359:desertification 5351:Irano-Anatolian 5319: 5313: 5307:Fauna of Turkey 5301:Main articles: 5299: 5253:is bordered by 5251:Anatolian plate 5074:Turkish straits 5066:Topographic map 5059: 5053: 5047: 5035:İstiklal Avenue 4996: 4990: 4922:Abdullah Öcalan 4864: 4858: 4852: 4832:EU Battlegroups 4810:. It supported 4785:Northern Cyprus 4741:nuclear sharing 4731:Turkey has the 4646:consist of the 4620: 4606: 4600: 4588:Iraqi Kurdistan 4417:Truman Doctrine 4361: 4355: 4269: 4263: 4223:Numan Kurtulmuş 4065:Results of the 4059: 4047:Main articles: 4045: 3965:adopted in 1982 3949: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3861:Main articles: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3371: 3361: 3355: 3224:during most of 3162:and introduced 3056:first President 3041: 3035: 2985:as part of the 2904: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2893:Ottoman sultans 2882: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2743:was founded by 2718: 2712: 2617:Yabgu Khaganate 2526:Turkic speakers 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2468: 2457: 2443: 2431:Main articles: 2429: 2246:. According to 2213:Asiatic Vespers 2197: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2181:at the time of 2177:Top image: The 2174: 2173: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2150: 2132: 2124:Main articles: 2122: 1914: 1884: 1878: 1820:and modern-day 1812:Around 750 BC, 1765:or non-native. 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1603: 1592: 1590:Pala (Anatolia) 1574: 1566:Main articles: 1564: 1559: 1545: 1539: 1435:Dawlat al-Atrāk 1420:Eastern Tourkia 1412:Western Tourkia 1330: 1308:exporter. With 1251:An EU candidate 1213:is the world's 1170:. The Republic 1061:Mongol invasion 962:a secular state 952:, while ethnic 829: 794: 793: 792: 781: 769: 768: 767: 756: 735: 716: 704: 683: 664: 648: 632: 613: 596: 582: 564:9 November 1982 561: 551:29 October 1923 548: 543: 533: 528: 521:1 November 1922 518: 505: 492: 476: 451: 434: 423:Numan Kurtulmuş 419: 404: 389: 362: 343: 319: 309: 305:Other languages 251: 250: 245: 212: 210: 206: 203: 198: 195: 193: 191: 190: 189: 171: 169: 165: 162: 157: 154: 152: 150: 149: 148: 128: 98: 94: 86: 77: 72: 71: 59: 52: 44: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 29322: 29312: 29311: 29306: 29301: 29296: 29291: 29286: 29281: 29276: 29271: 29266: 29261: 29256: 29251: 29246: 29241: 29236: 29231: 29226: 29221: 29216: 29199: 29198: 29193: 29192: 29185: 29182: 29181: 29179: 29178: 29173: 29168: 29163: 29158: 29153: 29148: 29143: 29138: 29133: 29128: 29123: 29118: 29113: 29108: 29103: 29098: 29093: 29088: 29083: 29078: 29073: 29067: 29065: 29061: 29060: 29058: 29057: 29044: 29031: 29018: 29005: 28992: 28979: 28965: 28963: 28959: 28958: 28951: 28950: 28943: 28936: 28928: 28919: 28918: 28916: 28915: 28910: 28904: 28902: 28898: 28897: 28895: 28894: 28879: 28864: 28849: 28834: 28822: 28807: 28792: 28776: 28774: 28770: 28769: 28762: 28760: 28758: 28757: 28742: 28727: 28712: 28697: 28682: 28666: 28664: 28660: 28659: 28651: 28650: 28643: 28636: 28628: 28619: 28618: 28616: 28615: 28614: 28613: 28608: 28598: 28593: 28588: 28583: 28577: 28575: 28571: 28570: 28568: 28567: 28554: 28541: 28528: 28515: 28502: 28488: 28486: 28482: 28481: 28479: 28478: 28476:United Nations 28473: 28460: 28455: 28449: 28447: 28443: 28442: 28440: 28439: 28426: 28413: 28400: 28387: 28374: 28361: 28348: 28335: 28322: 28309: 28296: 28283: 28270: 28256: 28254: 28250: 28249: 28247: 28246: 28232: 28230: 28226: 28225: 28223: 28222: 28209: 28196: 28183: 28170: 28157: 28144: 28131: 28118: 28105: 28091: 28089: 28083: 28082: 28080: 28079: 28074: 28072:Samarkand 2022 28069: 28064: 28059: 28053: 28051: 28047: 28046: 28039: 28038: 28031: 28024: 28016: 28007: 28006: 28004: 28003: 27999: 27996: 27995: 27993: 27992: 27987: 27985:Largest cities 27982: 27977: 27976: 27975: 27970: 27965: 27963:GDP per capita 27960: 27949: 27947: 27943: 27942: 27939: 27938: 27936: 27935: 27930: 27925: 27920: 27915: 27910: 27905: 27900: 27895: 27890: 27884: 27882: 27875: 27871: 27870: 27867: 27866: 27864: 27863: 27857: 27851: 27845: 27839: 27837: 27830: 27826: 27825: 27822: 27821: 27818: 27817: 27815: 27814: 27812:United Nations 27809: 27804: 27799: 27794: 27788: 27786: 27781: 27778: 27777: 27775: 27774: 27768: 27766: 27761: 27758: 27757: 27755: 27754: 27749: 27744: 27739: 27734: 27728: 27726: 27721: 27715: 27711: 27710: 27708: 27707: 27701: 27699: 27695: 27694: 27692: 27691: 27686: 27681: 27676: 27671: 27666: 27661: 27656: 27651: 27646: 27641: 27636: 27631: 27626: 27621: 27616: 27611: 27606: 27605: 27604: 27594: 27589: 27584: 27579: 27574: 27569: 27564: 27559: 27554: 27549: 27544: 27539: 27534: 27529: 27524: 27519: 27514: 27509: 27504: 27499: 27494: 27489: 27484: 27479: 27474: 27469: 27464: 27459: 27454: 27449: 27444: 27439: 27434: 27429: 27424: 27419: 27414: 27409: 27403: 27401: 27394: 27388: 27387: 27385: 27384: 27374: 27371: 27370: 27362: 27361: 27354: 27347: 27339: 27330: 27329: 27327: 27326: 27309: 27307: 27303: 27302: 27300: 27299: 27285: 27271: 27257: 27243: 27229: 27215: 27201: 27187: 27173: 27158: 27156: 27152: 27151: 27149: 27148: 27146:Islamabad 2017 27143: 27138: 27133: 27128: 27123: 27118: 27113: 27108: 27103: 27098: 27096:Islamabad 1995 27093: 27088: 27082: 27080: 27076: 27075: 27072: 27071: 27069: 27068: 27063: 27057: 27055: 27051: 27050: 27048: 27047: 27042: 27037: 27032: 27027: 27021: 27015: 27011: 27010: 27002: 27001: 26994: 26987: 26979: 26970: 26969: 26967: 26966: 26960: 26958: 26954: 26953: 26951: 26950: 26945: 26939: 26937: 26933: 26932: 26930: 26929: 26924: 26919: 26913: 26906: 26904: 26900: 26899: 26897: 26896: 26883: 26870: 26856: 26854: 26850: 26849: 26842: 26840: 26838: 26837: 26824: 26811: 26798: 26785: 26771: 26769: 26765: 26764: 26749: 26748: 26741: 26734: 26726: 26717: 26716: 26714: 26713: 26708: 26703: 26698: 26692: 26690: 26689:Former members 26686: 26685: 26683: 26682: 26677: 26672: 26667: 26662: 26657: 26652: 26646: 26644: 26640: 26639: 26637: 26636: 26634:United Kingdom 26631: 26626: 26621: 26616: 26611: 26606: 26601: 26596: 26591: 26586: 26581: 26576: 26571: 26566: 26561: 26556: 26551: 26546: 26541: 26536: 26531: 26526: 26521: 26516: 26511: 26506: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26486: 26481: 26476: 26471: 26466: 26461: 26459:Czech Republic 26456: 26451: 26446: 26441: 26436: 26431: 26426: 26421: 26416: 26411: 26405: 26403: 26397: 26396: 26394: 26393: 26391:Pompidou Group 26388: 26383: 26378: 26373: 26368: 26363: 26358: 26353: 26348: 26342: 26340: 26336: 26335: 26328: 26327: 26320: 26313: 26305: 26296: 26295: 26293: 26292: 26280: 26266: 26265: 26258: 26252: 26249: 26245: 26244: 26241: 26240: 26237: 26236: 26234: 26233: 26219: 26214: 26209: 26203: 26201: 26200:United Kingdom 26197: 26196: 26194: 26193: 26178: 26176: 26172: 26171: 26169: 26168: 26153: 26151: 26144: 26137: 26134: 26133: 26130: 26129: 26126: 26125: 26123: 26122: 26117: 26112: 26111: 26110: 26105: 26100: 26089: 26087: 26081: 26080: 26078: 26077: 26067: 26060: 26054: 26053:United Kingdom 26050: 26049: 26047: 26046: 26045: 26044: 26033: 26031: 26024: 26017: 26014: 26013: 26011: 26010: 26005: 26000: 25995: 25990: 25984: 25982: 25975: 25972: 25971: 25964: 25962: 25960: 25959: 25954: 25952:United Kingdom 25949: 25944: 25939: 25934: 25929: 25924: 25919: 25914: 25909: 25904: 25899: 25894: 25889: 25884: 25879: 25874: 25869: 25864: 25859: 25854: 25849: 25844: 25839: 25834: 25829: 25824: 25819: 25814: 25809: 25804: 25799: 25794: 25789: 25784: 25779: 25774: 25769: 25767:Czech Republic 25764: 25759: 25754: 25749: 25744: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25714: 25708: 25706: 25700: 25699: 25688: 25687: 25680: 25673: 25665: 25656: 25655: 25653: 25652: 25640: 25626: 25625: 25622: 25618: 25617: 25614: 25613: 25611: 25610: 25605: 25599: 25597: 25590: 25587: 25586: 25583: 25582: 25580: 25579: 25569: 25562: 25560: 25559:United Kingdom 25556: 25555: 25553: 25552: 25546: 25544: 25540: 25539: 25537: 25536: 25531: 25525: 25523: 25516: 25509: 25506: 25505: 25503: 25502: 25497: 25492: 25487: 25482: 25476: 25474: 25467: 25464: 25463: 25456: 25454: 25452: 25451: 25446: 25441: 25436: 25431: 25426: 25421: 25416: 25411: 25406: 25401: 25396: 25391: 25386: 25381: 25376: 25371: 25366: 25361: 25356: 25351: 25346: 25341: 25336: 25331: 25326: 25321: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25296: 25291: 25286: 25281: 25276: 25271: 25266: 25261: 25256: 25251: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25226: 25221: 25216: 25211: 25205: 25203: 25197: 25196: 25185: 25184: 25177: 25170: 25162: 25156: 25153: 25152: 25140: 25139: 25137: 25136: 25124: 25112: 25100: 25088: 25075: 25072: 25071: 25068: 25067: 25065: 25064: 25059: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25038: 25037: 25027: 25022: 25017: 25012: 25007: 25002: 25001: 25000: 24998:Radio stations 24995: 24990: 24980: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24944: 24943: 24933: 24928: 24923: 24918: 24917: 24916: 24911: 24901: 24895: 24893: 24884: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24868: 24867: 24866: 24861: 24856: 24846: 24841: 24840: 24839: 24829: 24824: 24823: 24822: 24811: 24809: 24805: 24804: 24802: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24790: 24789: 24784: 24779: 24769: 24768: 24767: 24757: 24756: 24755: 24745: 24740: 24735: 24733:Turkish people 24729: 24727: 24721: 24720: 24718: 24717: 24716: 24715: 24710: 24705: 24698:Transportation 24695: 24690: 24685: 24680: 24675: 24674: 24673: 24668: 24663: 24658: 24648: 24643: 24638: 24633: 24628: 24622: 24620: 24614: 24613: 24610: 24609: 24607: 24606: 24605: 24604: 24599: 24594: 24584: 24579: 24578: 24577: 24572: 24562: 24557: 24552: 24546: 24544: 24540: 24539: 24537: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24521: 24520: 24519: 24514: 24503: 24501: 24495: 24494: 24492: 24491: 24490: 24489: 24484: 24479: 24474: 24464: 24463: 24462: 24452: 24446: 24444: 24437: 24431: 24430: 24427: 24426: 24424: 24423: 24418: 24413: 24408: 24406:National parks 24403: 24398: 24393: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24377: 24376: 24371: 24361: 24360: 24359: 24354: 24344: 24343: 24342: 24340:Climate change 24331: 24329: 24325: 24324: 24322: 24321: 24316: 24311: 24306: 24301: 24296: 24291: 24289:Marmara Region 24285: 24283: 24281:(west to east) 24270: 24264: 24263: 24260: 24259: 24257: 24256: 24251: 24246: 24241: 24236: 24235: 24234: 24223: 24221: 24217: 24216: 24214: 24213: 24208: 24207: 24206: 24196: 24194:Constitutional 24190: 24188: 24184: 24183: 24181: 24180: 24175: 24170: 24169: 24168: 24163: 24153: 24148: 24142: 24140: 24134: 24133: 24131: 24130: 24129: 24128: 24118: 24117: 24116: 24111: 24106: 24096: 24095: 24094: 24084: 24082:Transformation 24079: 24078: 24077: 24067: 24061: 24059: 24057:Ottoman Empire 24053: 24052: 24050: 24049: 24044: 24039: 24038: 24037: 24026: 24024: 24014: 24013: 24011: 24010: 24005: 24000: 23994: 23992: 23985: 23979: 23978: 23964: 23963: 23956: 23949: 23941: 23935: 23934: 23923: 23922: 23917: 23906: 23905: 23903: 23898: 23893: 23877: 23876: 23861: 23849: 23848:External links 23846: 23844: 23843: 23808: 23781: 23775: 23760: 23754: 23739: 23709: 23703: 23688: 23682: 23667: 23654: 23648: 23627: 23621: 23606: 23600: 23591:Ancient Turkey 23585: 23566: 23535: 23529: 23514: 23487: 23481: 23466: 23460: 23445: 23439: 23424: 23410: 23397: 23391: 23376: 23370: 23349: 23343: 23322: 23316: 23295: 23289: 23268: 23262: 23241: 23235: 23220: 23215:978-9004133228 23214: 23199: 23193: 23178: 23162: 23156: 23135: 23113: 23107: 23092: 23086: 23071: 23065: 23050: 23044: 23023: 23004: 22998: 22977: 22971: 22950: 22944: 22929: 22923: 22908: 22902: 22881: 22875: 22852: 22846: 22825: 22819: 22811:10.7560/720640 22798: 22792: 22771: 22765: 22744: 22738: 22717: 22703: 22690: 22684: 22669: 22663: 22648: 22642: 22627: 22622:978-0857453273 22621: 22598: 22592: 22571: 22565: 22544: 22538: 22517: 22511: 22496: 22490: 22475: 22469: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22445: 22444: 22425: 22420:dailysabah.com 22406: 22380: 22359: 22331: 22304: 22274: 22262: 22232: 22206: 22177: 22159: 22123: 22096: 22070: 22052: 22029: 22026:. 20 May 2023. 22011: 21981: 21969:fibaeurope.com 21956: 21930: 21904: 21881:Ian Whittell. 21873: 21848: 21823: 21800: 21788: 21776: 21764: 21752: 21740: 21715: 21688: 21666: 21664:, p. 1465 21654: 21652:, p. 1469 21642: 21630: 21618: 21606: 21591: 21576: 21564: 21552: 21540: 21528: 21516: 21504: 21484: 21470: 21458: 21435: 21417: 21398: 21391: 21373: 21366: 21346: 21335: 21315: 21301: 21281: 21269: 21257: 21245: 21233: 21178: 21156: 21131: 21112:(6): 456–472. 21093: 21049: 21031: 21015:"Scholarships" 21006: 20985: 20961: 20940: 20915: 20890: 20864: 20849: 20831: 20806: 20784: 20766: 20751: 20749:, p. 1713 20739: 20721: 20703: 20685: 20678: 20651: 20639: 20620:(2): 358–389. 20600: 20575: 20556: 20520: 20497: 20477: 20459: 20454:al-monitor.com 20440: 20415: 20389: 20371: 20340: 20310: 20284: 20269: 20247: 20217: 20200: 20178: 20163: 20145: 20138: 20117: 20099: 20068: 20058: 20038: 20023:(in Turkish). 20004: 19954: 19945: 19910: 19893: 19866: 19839:(4): 697–720. 19816: 19785: 19758:(4): 501–521. 19738: 19731: 19702: 19690: 19678: 19666: 19652: 19632: 19625: 19603: 19596: 19576: 19569: 19549: 19534: 19493: 19478: 19471: 19451: 19432:(4): 517–541. 19416: 19409: 19391: 19359: 19347: 19317: 19295: 19273: 19267:Anadolu Agency 19253: 19248:Anadolu Ajansı 19235: 19230:Anadolu Ajansı 19217: 19206:(2): 210–229. 19190: 19164: 19142: 19101: 19083: 19076: 19050: 19023: 19001: 18989: 18964: 18937: 18925:The World Bank 18912: 18882: 18864: 18838: 18818: 18787: 18767:Istanbul Metro 18751: 18726: 18704: 18699:Anadolu Agency 18686: 18664: 18652: 18613:(11): e21535. 18590: 18576: 18558: 18546: 18534: 18522: 18510: 18495: 18468: 18456: 18444: 18441:on 8 May 2023. 18422: 18410: 18392: 18364: 18340: 18318: 18293: 18259: 18229: 18196: 18173: 18145: 18119: 18086: 18084: 18083: 18067: 18057:. 15 June 2022 18051: 18031: 18011: 17992: 17962: 17943: 17925: 17910: 17888: 17866: 17835: 17802: 17781: 17769: 17757: 17745: 17733: 17721: 17709: 17694: 17682: 17635: 17578: 17548: 17535: 17509: 17491: 17484: 17466: 17436: 17420: 17405: 17391: 17365: 17339: 17317: 17295: 17273: 17249: 17237: 17225: 17208:The World Bank 17188: 17176: 17164:britannica.com 17151: 17139:britannica.com 17135:"Mount Ararat" 17126: 17114: 17073: 17051: 17028: 17009: 16986: 16974: 16972: 16971: 16953: 16947: 16941: 16919: 16893: 16887: 16881: 16868: 16856: 16832: 16821:. 17 June 2016 16806: 16788: 16767: 16746: 16720: 16694: 16668: 16642: 16616: 16590: 16567: 16542: 16524: 16506:Balkan Insight 16492: 16467: 16440: 16410: 16407:. 8 July 2018. 16392: 16374:Deutsche Welle 16360: 16342:Balkan Insight 16328: 16326:. 20 May 2016. 16324:Deutsche Welle 16304: 16273: 16247: 16217: 16187: 16168: 16148: 16129: 16109: 16090: 16070: 16051: 16031: 16001: 15975: 15949: 15930: 15910: 15884: 15862: 15841: 15811: 15780: 15750: 15720: 15690: 15654: 15640: 15620: 15594: 15564: 15534: 15524: 15498: 15487:. 7 March 2019 15472: 15439: 15414:"Der Spiegel: 15405: 15390: 15365: 15335: 15309: 15294:. Naval News. 15278: 15261:baykartech.com 15248: 15214: 15197:Anadolu Agency 15184: 15154: 15120: 15094: 15058: 15028: 14997: 14967: 14936: 14900: 14872: 14842: 14812: 14782: 14755: 14723: 14693: 14663: 14633: 14616:Deutsche Welle 14603: 14573: 14543: 14513: 14483: 14449: 14419: 14389: 14372:Anadolu Agency 14354: 14323: 14296: 14278: 14252: 14245: 14223: 14196: 14182: 14162: 14119: 14082: 14063: 14043: 14007: 13977: 13959:Deutsche Welle 13945: 13906: 13895:on 15 May 2007 13877: 13847: 13817: 13781: 13767: 13748: 13726: 13707: 13685: 13655: 13629: 13603: 13584: 13564: 13527: 13501: 13475: 13449: 13417: 13400:anayasa.gov.tr 13387: 13338: 13295:Party Politics 13285: 13267: 13241: 13211: 13199: 13173: 13147: 13111: 13078: 13047: 13017: 12984: 12972: 12960: 12925: 12918: 12894: 12868: 12833: 12814: 12794: 12776: 12756: 12737: 12717: 12702: 12683: 12663: 12654:Balkan Studies 12644: 12637: 12619: 12599: 12592: 12569: 12536: 12529: 12511: 12500:(3): 393–433. 12484: 12470: 12450: 12417: 12400:Deutsche Welle 12387: 12366: 12347: 12327: 12301: 12268: 12250: 12213: 12201: 12189: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12173:, pp. 5–6 12168: 12162: 12156: 12144: 12132: 12117: 12105: 12086: 12066: 12036: 12003: 11973: 11954: 11934: 11920: 11900: 11875:Niall Ferguson 11866: 11854: 11842: 11830: 11818: 11803: 11791: 11779: 11767: 11755: 11743: 11731: 11719: 11707: 11695: 11683: 11681:, p. 1576 11671: 11659: 11647: 11635: 11620: 11608: 11601: 11583: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11512: 11473:(2): 291–327. 11458: 11452: 11439: 11380: 11322: 11303: 11283: 11271: 11256: 11235:"Hagia Sophia" 11226: 11211: 11199: 11187: 11175: 11163: 11161:, pp. 3–4 11151: 11119: 11107: 11076: 11064: 11050: 11030: 11018: 11006: 10994: 10982: 10946: 10915: 10892: 10880: 10859: 10847: 10835: 10823: 10811: 10799: 10772: 10760: 10745: 10733: 10718: 10697: 10631: 10573: 10561: 10542: 10530: 10473: 10458: 10439: 10409: 10376: 10344: 10311: 10275: 10268: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10215: 10186: 10170: 10154: 10120: 10108: 10096: 10094:, pp. 2–3 10084: 10072: 10060:Pecheneg realm 10025: 10005: 9993: 9991:, pp. 6–7 9981: 9969: 9957: 9942: 9930: 9918: 9872: 9842: 9835: 9817: 9802: 9783: 9764: 9749: 9725:(4): 424–438. 9700: 9664: 9628: 9616: 9604: 9597: 9575: 9532: 9525: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9446: 9434: 9422: 9407: 9390: 9375: 9363: 9344: 9332: 9317: 9302: 9290: 9278: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9227: 9197: 9171: 9132: 9085: 9055: 9026: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8975: 8962: 8943:(in Turkish). 8932: 8917:on 2 July 2020 8909:(in Turkish). 8898: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8854:Judaeo-Spanish 8837: 8820: 8811: 8779: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8723: 8720: 8688:Ferzan Özpetek 8664:Hülya Koçyiğit 8645:(middle), and 8637: 8636: 8627: 8626: 8618: 8617: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8513:Main article: 8510: 8507: 8487:Nurullah Hasan 8451:VakıfBank S.K. 8404:VakıfBank S.K. 8359:UEFA Euro 2008 8343:UEFA Super Cup 8324:UEFA Euro 2016 8303:Main article: 8300: 8297: 8255:varieties and 8140:Turkish coffee 8123:Main article: 8120: 8117: 8060:Şehzade Mosque 7940: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7916: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7886: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7864:Main article: 7861: 7858: 7773:Anatolian rock 7733: 7730: 7690:Memed, My Hawk 7655:Sufi mysticism 7635:oral narrative 7559: 7556: 7535:and tapestry ( 7481:Matrakçı Nasuh 7442:Matrakçı Nasuh 7419: 7416: 7400:Ottoman Empire 7386:Arts in Turkey 7378:Main article: 7375: 7372: 7320:Main article: 7317: 7314: 7274:Koç University 7196:Main article: 7193: 7190: 7151:World Factbook 7139:state religion 7113:Çamlıca Mosque 7110: 7109: 7100: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082:Main article: 7079: 7076: 7024:Main article: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6776: 6773: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6655: 6650: 6606:first language 6401:Percentage of 6389:Turkish people 6380: 6377: 6344:Turkish people 6336:Main article: 6333: 6330: 6301:is planned on 6237:Türksat series 6196:Main article: 6193: 6190: 6180:is one of the 6170:Istanbul Metro 6122:strait is the 6085:Gas production 6016:in the world. 6012:Turkey is the 5962: 5961:Infrastructure 5959: 5894:is one of the 5751:Main article: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5727:Hevsel Gardens 5721: 5714: 5712: 5698: 5691: 5689: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5625: 5618: 5543:Main article: 5540: 5537: 5391:Turkish pine ( 5327:Turkish Angora 5298: 5295: 5102:Eastern Thrace 5078:Sea of Marmara 5049:Main article: 5046: 5043: 5027:Istanbul Pride 5003:Istanbul Pride 4992:Main article: 4989: 4986: 4891:women's rights 4887:Kurdish rights 4854:Main article: 4851: 4848: 4816:First Gulf War 4808:Horn of Africa 4761:military bases 4602:Main article: 4599: 4596: 4519:Following the 4503:Neo-Ottomanism 4401:European Union 4373:European Union 4357:Main article: 4354: 4351: 4325:procedural law 4265:Main article: 4262: 4259: 4136:Democrat Party 4111:that it deems 4044: 4041: 3981:plurality vote 3939: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3918: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3891: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3858: 3855: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3563:Afyonkarahisar 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3369:NUTS of Turkey 3357:Main article: 3354: 3351: 3248:forces in the 3238:charter member 3117:Ottoman rule. 3070:(1919) by the 3037:Main article: 3034: 3031: 2979:Central Powers 2965:Following the 2956:Crimean Tatars 2885:Topkapı Palace 2883: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2845:Ottoman Empire 2786:Sephardic Jews 2741:Ottoman Beylik 2726:Ottoman Empire 2716:Ottoman Empire 2714:Main article: 2711: 2710:Ottoman Empire 2708: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2428: 2425: 2357:and the later 2323:Ottoman Empire 2307:Late Antiquity 2303:Constantinople 2279:Constantinople 2215:massacre, and 2176: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2136:Roman Republic 2121: 2118: 1880:Main article: 1877: 1874: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1634: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1604: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1563: 1560: 1541:Main article: 1538: 1535: 1527:United Nations 1521:, saying that 1478:Ottoman Empire 1452:Middle English 1429:Dawlat at-Turk 1329: 1326: 1324:in the world. 1302:innovativeness 1243:regional power 1172:was proclaimed 908:to the north; 877: 876: 871: 865: 864: 859: 853: 852: 847: 841: 840: 827: 823: 822: 808: 804: 803: 784: 774: 773: 759: 749: 748: 743:$ 12,765 ( 736: 733: 730: 729: 717: 714: 711: 710: 707: 697: 696: 691:$ 43,921 ( 684: 681: 678: 677: 665: 662: 659: 658: 655: 641: 640: 633: 631:• Density 630: 627: 626: 614: 611: 608: 607: 601: 600: 597: 594: 591: 590: 583: 580: 577: 576: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 556: 553: 552: 549: 541: 538: 537: 534: 526: 523: 522: 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 500: 497: 496: 493: 487: 484: 483: 477: 474:Ottoman Empire 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 449: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 429: 426: 425: 420: 414: 411: 410: 405: 402:Vice President 399: 396: 395: 390: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 370: 364: 363: 361: 360: 357: 353: 351: 345: 344: 342: 341: 335: 329: 322: 320: 317: 311: 310: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 248: 247: 246: 244: 243: 239: 237: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 213:41.017; 28.950 184: 180: 179: 172:39.917; 32.850 143: 139: 138: 130: 129: 96: 90:İstiklal Marşı 79: 78: 73: 65: 64: 61: 60: 45: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29321: 29310: 29307: 29305: 29302: 29300: 29297: 29295: 29292: 29290: 29287: 29285: 29282: 29280: 29277: 29275: 29272: 29270: 29267: 29265: 29262: 29260: 29257: 29255: 29252: 29250: 29247: 29245: 29242: 29240: 29237: 29235: 29232: 29230: 29227: 29225: 29222: 29220: 29217: 29215: 29212: 29211: 29209: 29189: 29183: 29177: 29174: 29172: 29169: 29167: 29164: 29162: 29159: 29157: 29154: 29152: 29149: 29147: 29144: 29142: 29139: 29137: 29134: 29132: 29129: 29127: 29124: 29122: 29119: 29117: 29114: 29112: 29109: 29107: 29104: 29102: 29099: 29097: 29094: 29092: 29089: 29087: 29084: 29082: 29079: 29077: 29074: 29072: 29069: 29068: 29066: 29062: 29056: 29045: 29043: 29032: 29030: 29019: 29017: 29006: 29004: 28993: 28991: 28980: 28978: 28967: 28966: 28964: 28960: 28956: 28949: 28944: 28942: 28937: 28935: 28930: 28929: 28926: 28914: 28911: 28909: 28906: 28905: 28903: 28899: 28892: 28880: 28877: 28865: 28862: 28850: 28847: 28835: 28833: 28823: 28820: 28808: 28805: 28804:Bashkortostan 28793: 28790: 28778: 28777: 28775: 28771: 28766: 28755: 28743: 28740: 28728: 28725: 28713: 28710: 28698: 28695: 28683: 28680: 28668: 28667: 28665: 28661: 28656: 28649: 28644: 28642: 28637: 28635: 28630: 28629: 28626: 28612: 28609: 28607: 28604: 28603: 28602: 28599: 28597: 28594: 28592: 28589: 28587: 28584: 28582: 28581:Member states 28579: 28578: 28576: 28572: 28566: 28555: 28553: 28542: 28540: 28529: 28527: 28516: 28514: 28503: 28501: 28490: 28489: 28487: 28483: 28477: 28474: 28472: 28461: 28459: 28456: 28454: 28451: 28450: 28448: 28444: 28438: 28427: 28425: 28414: 28412: 28401: 28399: 28388: 28386: 28375: 28373: 28362: 28360: 28349: 28347: 28336: 28334: 28323: 28321: 28310: 28308: 28297: 28295: 28284: 28282: 28271: 28269: 28258: 28257: 28255: 28251: 28245: 28234: 28233: 28231: 28227: 28221: 28210: 28208: 28197: 28195: 28184: 28182: 28171: 28169: 28158: 28156: 28145: 28143: 28132: 28130: 28119: 28117: 28106: 28104: 28093: 28092: 28090: 28088: 28087:Member states 28084: 28078: 28075: 28073: 28070: 28068: 28065: 28063: 28062:Dushanbe 2014 28060: 28058: 28055: 28054: 28052: 28048: 28044: 28037: 28032: 28030: 28025: 28023: 28018: 28017: 28014: 28001: 28000: 27997: 27991: 27988: 27986: 27983: 27981: 27978: 27974: 27971: 27969: 27966: 27964: 27961: 27959: 27956: 27955: 27954: 27951: 27950: 27948: 27944: 27934: 27931: 27929: 27926: 27924: 27921: 27919: 27916: 27914: 27911: 27909: 27906: 27904: 27901: 27899: 27896: 27894: 27891: 27889: 27886: 27885: 27883: 27881:Extraordinary 27879: 27876: 27872: 27861: 27858: 27855: 27852: 27849: 27846: 27844: 27841: 27840: 27838: 27834: 27831: 27827: 27813: 27810: 27808: 27805: 27803: 27800: 27798: 27797:African Union 27795: 27793: 27790: 27789: 27787: 27784:organizations 27782:International 27779: 27773: 27770: 27769: 27767: 27759: 27753: 27750: 27748: 27745: 27743: 27740: 27738: 27735: 27733: 27730: 27729: 27727: 27719: 27716: 27712: 27706: 27703: 27702: 27700: 27696: 27690: 27687: 27685: 27682: 27680: 27677: 27675: 27672: 27670: 27667: 27665: 27662: 27660: 27657: 27655: 27652: 27650: 27647: 27645: 27642: 27640: 27637: 27635: 27632: 27630: 27627: 27625: 27622: 27620: 27617: 27615: 27612: 27610: 27607: 27603: 27600: 27599: 27598: 27595: 27593: 27590: 27588: 27585: 27583: 27580: 27578: 27575: 27573: 27570: 27568: 27565: 27563: 27560: 27558: 27555: 27553: 27550: 27548: 27545: 27543: 27540: 27538: 27535: 27533: 27530: 27528: 27525: 27523: 27520: 27518: 27515: 27513: 27510: 27508: 27505: 27503: 27500: 27498: 27495: 27493: 27492:Guinea-Bissau 27490: 27488: 27485: 27483: 27480: 27478: 27475: 27473: 27470: 27468: 27465: 27463: 27460: 27458: 27455: 27453: 27450: 27448: 27445: 27443: 27440: 27438: 27435: 27433: 27430: 27428: 27425: 27423: 27420: 27418: 27415: 27413: 27410: 27408: 27405: 27404: 27402: 27398: 27395: 27393: 27392:Member states 27389: 27383: 27379: 27376: 27375: 27372: 27367: 27360: 27355: 27353: 27348: 27346: 27341: 27340: 27337: 27322: 27311: 27310: 27308: 27304: 27298: 27286: 27284: 27272: 27270: 27258: 27256: 27244: 27242: 27230: 27228: 27216: 27214: 27202: 27200: 27188: 27186: 27174: 27172: 27160: 27159: 27157: 27153: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27136:Istanbul 2010 27134: 27132: 27129: 27127: 27124: 27122: 27121:Dushanbe 2004 27119: 27117: 27116:Istanbul 2002 27114: 27112: 27109: 27107: 27104: 27102: 27101:Ashgabat 1996 27099: 27097: 27094: 27092: 27091:Istanbul 1993 27089: 27087: 27084: 27083: 27081: 27077: 27067: 27064: 27062: 27059: 27058: 27056: 27052: 27046: 27043: 27041: 27038: 27036: 27033: 27031: 27028: 27026: 27023: 27022: 27019: 27016: 27012: 27007: 27000: 26995: 26993: 26988: 26986: 26981: 26980: 26977: 26965: 26962: 26961: 26959: 26955: 26949: 26946: 26944: 26941: 26940: 26938: 26934: 26928: 26927:2023 (Astana) 26925: 26923: 26920: 26917: 26914: 26911: 26908: 26907: 26905: 26901: 26895: 26884: 26882: 26871: 26869: 26858: 26857: 26855: 26851: 26846: 26836: 26825: 26823: 26812: 26810: 26799: 26797: 26786: 26784: 26773: 26772: 26770: 26766: 26762: 26747: 26742: 26740: 26735: 26733: 26728: 26727: 26724: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26693: 26691: 26687: 26681: 26678: 26676: 26675:United States 26673: 26671: 26668: 26666: 26663: 26661: 26658: 26656: 26653: 26651: 26648: 26647: 26645: 26641: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26620: 26617: 26615: 26612: 26610: 26607: 26605: 26602: 26600: 26597: 26595: 26592: 26590: 26587: 26585: 26582: 26580: 26577: 26575: 26572: 26570: 26567: 26565: 26562: 26560: 26557: 26555: 26552: 26550: 26547: 26545: 26542: 26540: 26537: 26535: 26532: 26530: 26527: 26525: 26524:Liechtenstein 26522: 26520: 26517: 26515: 26512: 26510: 26507: 26505: 26502: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26455: 26452: 26450: 26447: 26445: 26442: 26440: 26437: 26435: 26432: 26430: 26427: 26425: 26422: 26420: 26417: 26415: 26412: 26410: 26407: 26406: 26404: 26402: 26398: 26392: 26389: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26377: 26374: 26372: 26369: 26367: 26364: 26362: 26359: 26357: 26354: 26352: 26349: 26347: 26344: 26343: 26341: 26337: 26333: 26326: 26321: 26319: 26314: 26312: 26307: 26306: 26303: 26291: 26290: 26289:Europe portal 26285: 26281: 26279: 26278: 26269: 26268: 26263: 26259: 26256: 26253: 26250: 26247: 26246: 26242: 26231: 26227: 26223: 26220: 26218: 26215: 26213: 26210: 26208: 26205: 26204: 26202: 26198: 26191: 26187: 26183: 26180: 26179: 26177: 26173: 26166: 26162: 26158: 26155: 26154: 26152: 26148: 26145: 26138:Special areas 26135: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26113: 26109: 26106: 26104: 26101: 26099: 26096: 26095: 26094: 26091: 26090: 26088: 26086: 26082: 26075: 26071: 26068: 26065: 26062: 26061: 26058: 26055: 26051: 26043: 26040: 26039: 26038: 26037:Faroe Islands 26035: 26034: 26032: 26028: 26025: 26022: 26015: 26009: 26006: 26004: 26003:South Ossetia 26001: 25999: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25973: 25968: 25958: 25955: 25953: 25950: 25948: 25945: 25943: 25940: 25938: 25935: 25933: 25930: 25928: 25925: 25923: 25920: 25918: 25915: 25913: 25910: 25908: 25905: 25903: 25900: 25898: 25895: 25893: 25890: 25888: 25885: 25883: 25880: 25878: 25875: 25873: 25870: 25868: 25865: 25863: 25860: 25858: 25855: 25853: 25850: 25848: 25845: 25843: 25840: 25838: 25837:Liechtenstein 25835: 25833: 25830: 25828: 25825: 25823: 25820: 25818: 25815: 25813: 25810: 25808: 25805: 25803: 25800: 25798: 25795: 25793: 25790: 25788: 25785: 25783: 25780: 25778: 25775: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25713: 25710: 25709: 25707: 25705: 25701: 25697: 25693: 25686: 25681: 25679: 25674: 25672: 25667: 25666: 25663: 25651: 25650: 25645: 25641: 25639: 25638: 25629: 25628: 25623: 25620: 25619: 25615: 25609: 25606: 25604: 25601: 25600: 25598: 25595: 25588: 25577: 25573: 25570: 25567: 25564: 25563: 25561: 25557: 25551: 25548: 25547: 25545: 25541: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25526: 25524: 25520: 25517: 25514: 25507: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25495:South Ossetia 25493: 25491: 25488: 25486: 25483: 25481: 25478: 25477: 25475: 25472: 25465: 25460: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25440: 25437: 25435: 25432: 25430: 25427: 25425: 25422: 25420: 25417: 25415: 25412: 25410: 25407: 25405: 25402: 25400: 25397: 25395: 25392: 25390: 25387: 25385: 25382: 25380: 25377: 25375: 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25362: 25360: 25357: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25345: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25280: 25277: 25275: 25272: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25257: 25255: 25252: 25250: 25247: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25206: 25204: 25202: 25198: 25194: 25190: 25183: 25178: 25176: 25171: 25169: 25164: 25163: 25160: 25154: 25147: 25135: 25134: 25125: 25123: 25122: 25113: 25111: 25110: 25101: 25099: 25098: 25089: 25087: 25086: 25081: 25077: 25076: 25073: 25063: 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25036: 25033: 25032: 25031: 25028: 25026: 25023: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25008: 25006: 25003: 24999: 24996: 24994: 24991: 24989: 24986: 24985: 24984: 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24942: 24939: 24938: 24937: 24934: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24922: 24919: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24906: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24896: 24894: 24892: 24888: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24865: 24862: 24860: 24857: 24855: 24852: 24851: 24850: 24847: 24845: 24842: 24838: 24835: 24834: 24833: 24830: 24828: 24825: 24821: 24818: 24817: 24816: 24813: 24812: 24810: 24806: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24774: 24773: 24770: 24766: 24763: 24762: 24761: 24758: 24754: 24751: 24750: 24749: 24746: 24744: 24741: 24739: 24736: 24734: 24731: 24730: 24728: 24726: 24722: 24714: 24711: 24709: 24706: 24704: 24701: 24700: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24672: 24669: 24667: 24664: 24662: 24659: 24657: 24654: 24653: 24652: 24649: 24647: 24644: 24642: 24639: 24637: 24634: 24632: 24629: 24627: 24624: 24623: 24621: 24619: 24615: 24603: 24600: 24598: 24595: 24593: 24590: 24589: 24588: 24585: 24583: 24580: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24567: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24548: 24547: 24545: 24541: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24522: 24518: 24515: 24513: 24510: 24509: 24508: 24505: 24504: 24502: 24500: 24496: 24488: 24485: 24483: 24480: 24478: 24475: 24473: 24470: 24469: 24468: 24465: 24461: 24458: 24457: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24448: 24447: 24445: 24441: 24438: 24436: 24432: 24422: 24419: 24417: 24414: 24412: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24399: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24375: 24372: 24370: 24369:Air pollution 24367: 24366: 24365: 24362: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24349: 24348: 24345: 24341: 24338: 24337: 24336: 24333: 24332: 24330: 24326: 24320: 24317: 24315: 24312: 24310: 24307: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24294:Aegean Region 24292: 24290: 24287: 24286: 24284: 24278: 24274: 24271: 24269: 24265: 24255: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24240: 24239:Turkification 24237: 24233: 24230: 24229: 24228: 24225: 24224: 24222: 24218: 24212: 24209: 24205: 24202: 24201: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24192: 24191: 24189: 24185: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24167: 24164: 24162: 24159: 24158: 24157: 24154: 24152: 24149: 24147: 24144: 24143: 24141: 24139: 24135: 24127: 24124: 24123: 24122: 24119: 24115: 24112: 24110: 24107: 24105: 24102: 24101: 24100: 24097: 24093: 24090: 24089: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24080: 24076: 24073: 24072: 24071: 24070:Classical Age 24068: 24066: 24063: 24062: 24060: 24058: 24054: 24048: 24045: 24043: 24040: 24036: 24033: 24032: 24031: 24030:Seljuk Empire 24028: 24027: 24025: 24023: 24019: 24015: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23995: 23993: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23980: 23976: 23971: 23962: 23957: 23955: 23950: 23948: 23943: 23942: 23939: 23933: 23930: 23929: 23928: 23927: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23912: 23911: 23910: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23884: 23883: 23882: 23881: 23875: 23874:OpenStreetMap 23871: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23856: 23855: 23854: 23829: 23825: 23821: 23814: 23809: 23802: 23798: 23794: 23787: 23782: 23778: 23772: 23769:. Routledge. 23768: 23767: 23761: 23757: 23751: 23747: 23746: 23740: 23725: 23721: 23714: 23710: 23706: 23700: 23696: 23695: 23689: 23685: 23679: 23675: 23674: 23668: 23664: 23660: 23655: 23651: 23645: 23641: 23637: 23633: 23628: 23624: 23618: 23614: 23613: 23607: 23603: 23597: 23594:. Routledge. 23593: 23592: 23586: 23571: 23567: 23555: 23551: 23547: 23546: 23541: 23536: 23532: 23526: 23522: 23521: 23515: 23508: 23504: 23500: 23493: 23490:OECD (2023). 23488: 23484: 23478: 23474: 23473: 23467: 23463: 23457: 23453: 23452: 23446: 23442: 23440:9780816057863 23436: 23432: 23431: 23425: 23421: 23417: 23413: 23407: 23403: 23398: 23394: 23388: 23384: 23383: 23377: 23373: 23371:9781579583880 23367: 23363: 23359: 23356:. Routledge. 23355: 23350: 23346: 23340: 23336: 23332: 23329:. Routledge. 23328: 23323: 23319: 23313: 23309: 23305: 23301: 23296: 23292: 23286: 23282: 23278: 23275:. Routledge. 23274: 23269: 23265: 23259: 23255: 23251: 23247: 23242: 23238: 23232: 23228: 23227: 23221: 23217: 23211: 23207: 23206: 23200: 23196: 23190: 23186: 23185: 23179: 23175: 23168: 23163: 23159: 23153: 23149: 23145: 23141: 23136: 23129: 23122: 23118: 23114: 23110: 23104: 23100: 23099: 23093: 23089: 23083: 23079: 23078: 23072: 23068: 23062: 23059:. Routledge. 23058: 23057: 23051: 23047: 23041: 23037: 23033: 23029: 23024: 23017: 23010: 23005: 23001: 22995: 22991: 22987: 22983: 22978: 22974: 22968: 22964: 22960: 22956: 22951: 22947: 22945:9781576077962 22941: 22937: 22936: 22930: 22926: 22920: 22916: 22915: 22909: 22905: 22899: 22895: 22891: 22887: 22882: 22878: 22876:9781139056151 22872: 22868: 22864: 22860: 22859: 22853: 22849: 22847:9780191905636 22843: 22839: 22835: 22831: 22826: 22822: 22820:9780292720640 22816: 22812: 22808: 22804: 22799: 22795: 22789: 22785: 22781: 22777: 22772: 22768: 22766:9780191918742 22762: 22758: 22754: 22750: 22745: 22741: 22735: 22731: 22727: 22723: 22718: 22714: 22710: 22706: 22700: 22696: 22691: 22687: 22681: 22677: 22676: 22670: 22666: 22660: 22656: 22655: 22649: 22645: 22639: 22635: 22634: 22628: 22624: 22618: 22614: 22610: 22606: 22605: 22599: 22595: 22589: 22585: 22581: 22577: 22572: 22568: 22562: 22558: 22554: 22550: 22545: 22541: 22535: 22531: 22527: 22523: 22518: 22514: 22508: 22505:. Routledge. 22504: 22503: 22497: 22493: 22487: 22483: 22482: 22476: 22472: 22470:9780816062591 22466: 22462: 22461: 22455: 22454: 22440: 22436: 22429: 22421: 22417: 22410: 22394: 22390: 22384: 22376: 22375: 22370: 22363: 22347: 22346: 22341: 22335: 22319: 22315: 22308: 22292: 22288: 22284: 22278: 22272:, p. 156 22271: 22266: 22250: 22246: 22242: 22236: 22220: 22216: 22210: 22204: 22202: 22201:public domain 22196: 22193: 22189: 22184: 22182: 22173: 22169: 22163: 22144: 22140: 22133: 22127: 22111: 22107: 22100: 22084: 22080: 22074: 22066: 22062: 22056: 22040: 22033: 22025: 22021: 22015: 21999: 21995: 21991: 21985: 21970: 21966: 21960: 21944: 21940: 21934: 21919:on 3 May 2008 21918: 21914: 21908: 21892: 21888: 21884: 21877: 21862: 21858: 21852: 21837: 21833: 21827: 21811: 21804: 21797: 21792: 21785: 21780: 21773: 21768: 21761: 21756: 21750:, doner kebab 21749: 21744: 21737: 21732: 21730: 21728: 21726: 21724: 21722: 21720: 21703: 21699: 21692: 21676: 21670: 21663: 21658: 21651: 21646: 21640:, p. 284 21639: 21634: 21627: 21622: 21615: 21610: 21603: 21598: 21596: 21588: 21583: 21581: 21573: 21568: 21561: 21556: 21549: 21544: 21537: 21532: 21525: 21524:Matthews 2014 21520: 21513: 21508: 21500: 21499: 21494: 21488: 21480: 21474: 21468:, p. 596 21467: 21462: 21454: 21450: 21446: 21439: 21431: 21427: 21421: 21414: 21409: 21407: 21405: 21403: 21394: 21388: 21384: 21377: 21369: 21363: 21359: 21358: 21350: 21343: 21338: 21332: 21328: 21327: 21319: 21304: 21298: 21294: 21293: 21285: 21278: 21273: 21266: 21261: 21254: 21249: 21242: 21237: 21229: 21225: 21221: 21217: 21213: 21209: 21205: 21201: 21197: 21193: 21189: 21182: 21166: 21160: 21145: 21141: 21135: 21127: 21123: 21119: 21115: 21111: 21107: 21100: 21098: 21089: 21085: 21081: 21077: 21073: 21069: 21062: 21060: 21058: 21056: 21054: 21045: 21041: 21035: 21020: 21016: 21010: 20995: 20989: 20971: 20965: 20950: 20944: 20929: 20925: 20919: 20904: 20900: 20894: 20878: 20874: 20868: 20861:. Al-Monitor. 20860: 20853: 20845: 20841: 20835: 20820: 20816: 20810: 20794: 20788: 20780: 20776: 20770: 20763: 20758: 20756: 20748: 20743: 20735: 20731: 20725: 20717: 20713: 20707: 20699: 20695: 20689: 20681: 20675: 20671: 20670: 20662: 20655: 20649:, p. 290 20648: 20643: 20635: 20631: 20627: 20623: 20619: 20615: 20611: 20604: 20589: 20585: 20579: 20572: 20567: 20565: 20563: 20561: 20541: 20537: 20530: 20524: 20508: 20501: 20493: 20492: 20487: 20481: 20473: 20469: 20463: 20455: 20451: 20444: 20429: 20425: 20419: 20403: 20399: 20393: 20385: 20381: 20375: 20359: 20355: 20351: 20344: 20328: 20324: 20320: 20314: 20298: 20294: 20288: 20280: 20273: 20257: 20251: 20235: 20231: 20227: 20221: 20215:, p. 537 20214: 20209: 20207: 20205: 20188: 20182: 20175: 20170: 20168: 20159: 20155: 20149: 20141: 20135: 20132:. Routledge. 20131: 20127: 20121: 20113: 20109: 20103: 20087: 20083: 20079: 20072: 20065: 20061: 20055: 20051: 20050: 20042: 20034: 20030: 20026: 20022: 20018: 20011: 20009: 20000: 19996: 19992: 19988: 19984: 19980: 19977:(aop): 1–24. 19976: 19972: 19968: 19961: 19959: 19949: 19941: 19937: 19933: 19926: 19919: 19917: 19915: 19907: 19896: 19890: 19886: 19882: 19875: 19873: 19871: 19862: 19858: 19854: 19850: 19846: 19842: 19838: 19834: 19830: 19823: 19821: 19812: 19808: 19804: 19800: 19796: 19789: 19781: 19777: 19773: 19769: 19765: 19761: 19757: 19753: 19749: 19742: 19734: 19728: 19724: 19720: 19719: 19711: 19709: 19707: 19699: 19694: 19687: 19682: 19675: 19670: 19655: 19649: 19645: 19644: 19636: 19628: 19622: 19618: 19614: 19607: 19599: 19593: 19589: 19588: 19580: 19572: 19566: 19562: 19561: 19553: 19546: 19541: 19539: 19522: 19518: 19517: 19512: 19506: 19504: 19502: 19500: 19498: 19490: 19485: 19483: 19474: 19468: 19464: 19463: 19455: 19447: 19443: 19439: 19435: 19431: 19427: 19420: 19412: 19406: 19402: 19395: 19376: 19369: 19363: 19356: 19351: 19336:. 15 May 2024 19335: 19331: 19327: 19321: 19305: 19299: 19283: 19277: 19269: 19268: 19263: 19257: 19249: 19245: 19239: 19231: 19227: 19221: 19213: 19209: 19205: 19201: 19194: 19178: 19174: 19168: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19146: 19137: 19132: 19128: 19124: 19121:(1): 012008. 19120: 19116: 19112: 19105: 19097: 19093: 19087: 19079: 19073: 19069: 19065: 19061: 19054: 19046: 19042: 19038: 19032: 19030: 19028: 19011: 19005: 18998: 18993: 18982: 18975: 18968: 18953: 18952: 18947: 18941: 18926: 18922: 18916: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18890:OECD (2024). 18886: 18878: 18874: 18868: 18861:(2): 117–134. 18860: 18856: 18852: 18845: 18843: 18834: 18833: 18828: 18822: 18807: 18803: 18802: 18797: 18791: 18772: 18768: 18761: 18755: 18740: 18736: 18730: 18722: 18718: 18714: 18708: 18700: 18696: 18690: 18682: 18678: 18677:BBC Newsround 18674: 18668: 18661: 18656: 18648: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18612: 18608: 18604: 18597: 18595: 18586: 18580: 18572: 18568: 18562: 18555: 18550: 18543: 18538: 18532:, p. 172 18531: 18526: 18519: 18514: 18507: 18502: 18500: 18483: 18479: 18472: 18465: 18460: 18453: 18448: 18440: 18436: 18432: 18426: 18420:, p. 187 18419: 18414: 18406: 18402: 18396: 18381: 18374: 18368: 18360: 18356: 18355: 18350: 18344: 18328: 18322: 18307: 18303: 18297: 18282: 18278: 18274: 18270: 18263: 18247: 18243: 18239: 18233: 18217: 18216: 18211: 18205: 18203: 18201: 18192: 18191: 18183: 18177: 18166: 18162: 18155: 18149: 18133: 18129: 18123: 18114: 18109: 18105: 18101: 18097: 18090: 18080: 18076: 18072: 18068: 18056: 18052: 18040: 18036: 18032: 18020: 18016: 18012: 18008: 18004: 18000: 17999: 17996: 17980: 17976: 17972: 17966: 17958: 17957:insideevs.com 17954: 17947: 17939: 17935: 17929: 17921: 17914: 17899:. togg.com.tr 17898: 17892: 17876: 17870: 17854: 17850: 17844: 17842: 17840: 17823: 17819: 17818: 17813: 17806: 17791: 17785: 17779:, p. 138 17778: 17773: 17767:, p. 238 17766: 17761: 17755:, p. 535 17754: 17749: 17742: 17737: 17731:, p. 219 17730: 17725: 17718: 17713: 17706: 17701: 17699: 17691: 17686: 17667: 17660: 17654: 17652: 17650: 17648: 17646: 17644: 17642: 17640: 17631: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17589: 17582: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17552: 17545: 17539: 17523: 17519: 17513: 17506: 17505: 17498: 17496: 17487: 17481: 17477: 17470: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17440: 17433: 17432: 17424: 17416: 17409: 17402: 17398: 17394: 17388: 17384: 17380: 17376: 17369: 17353: 17349: 17343: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17321: 17313: 17309: 17305: 17299: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17277: 17269: 17265: 17264: 17259: 17253: 17246: 17241: 17234: 17229: 17213: 17209: 17205: 17199: 17197: 17195: 17193: 17185: 17180: 17165: 17161: 17155: 17140: 17136: 17130: 17124:, p. 466 17123: 17118: 17109: 17104: 17100: 17096: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17077: 17061: 17055: 17039: 17032: 17026:, p. 922 17025: 17020: 17018: 17016: 17014: 16997: 16990: 16983: 16978: 16959: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16946:, p. 466 16945: 16942: 16930: 16929: 16924: 16920: 16908: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16894: 16891: 16888: 16885: 16882: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16872: 16865: 16860: 16842: 16836: 16820: 16816: 16810: 16802: 16798: 16792: 16777: 16771: 16756: 16750: 16734: 16730: 16724: 16708: 16704: 16698: 16682: 16678: 16672: 16657: 16653: 16646: 16630: 16626: 16620: 16605: 16601: 16594: 16586: 16582: 16576: 16574: 16572: 16556: 16552: 16546: 16538: 16534: 16528: 16512: 16508: 16507: 16502: 16496: 16481: 16477: 16471: 16455: 16451: 16444: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16414: 16406: 16402: 16396: 16380: 16376: 16375: 16370: 16364: 16348: 16344: 16343: 16338: 16332: 16325: 16321: 16317: 16314: 16308: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16277: 16261: 16257: 16251: 16235: 16231: 16230:The Economist 16227: 16221: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16191: 16175: 16171: 16165: 16161: 16160: 16152: 16136: 16132: 16126: 16122: 16121: 16113: 16097: 16093: 16087: 16083: 16082: 16074: 16058: 16054: 16048: 16044: 16043: 16035: 16019: 16015: 16011: 16005: 15989: 15985: 15979: 15963: 15959: 15953: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15923: 15922: 15914: 15898: 15894: 15888: 15869: 15865: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15829: 15825: 15821: 15815: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15784: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15738: 15734: 15730: 15724: 15708: 15704: 15700: 15694: 15675: 15671: 15664: 15658: 15643: 15637: 15633: 15632: 15624: 15608: 15604: 15598: 15582: 15578: 15574: 15568: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15538: 15531: 15527: 15521: 15517: 15512: 15511: 15502: 15486: 15482: 15476: 15457: 15450: 15443: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15417: 15409: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15369: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15339: 15323: 15319: 15313: 15297: 15293: 15292:navalnews.com 15289: 15282: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15252: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15227:haberturk.com 15224: 15218: 15202: 15198: 15194: 15188: 15172: 15168: 15164: 15158: 15142: 15138: 15134: 15127: 15125: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15079: 15072: 15069:(July 2001). 15068: 15062: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15032: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15001: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14971: 14955: 14951: 14947: 14940: 14933: 14921: 14917: 14916: 14911: 14904: 14888: 14884: 14883: 14876: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14846: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14816: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14786: 14770: 14766: 14759: 14743: 14739: 14738: 14733: 14727: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14697: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14667: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14637: 14621: 14617: 14613: 14607: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14577: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14547: 14531: 14527: 14523: 14517: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14453: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14423: 14407: 14403: 14402:aljazeera.com 14399: 14393: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14358: 14342: 14338: 14334: 14327: 14311: 14307: 14300: 14292: 14288: 14282: 14266: 14262: 14256: 14248: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14227: 14211: 14207: 14200: 14185: 14179: 14175: 14174: 14166: 14147: 14143: 14142:10.18452/3090 14139: 14132: 14131: 14123: 14104: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14070: 14066: 14060: 14056: 14055: 14047: 14028: 14024: 14017: 14011: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13981: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13949: 13930: 13926: 13919: 13913: 13911: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13882: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13821: 13802: 13798: 13791: 13785: 13777: 13771: 13755: 13751: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13730: 13714: 13710: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13689: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13643: 13639: 13633: 13617: 13613: 13607: 13591: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13568: 13549: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13489: 13485: 13479: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13427: 13421: 13405: 13401: 13397: 13391: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13342: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13308: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13289: 13281: 13277: 13271: 13255: 13251: 13245: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13215: 13209:, p. 194 13208: 13203: 13187: 13183: 13177: 13161: 13157: 13151: 13132: 13128: 13121: 13115: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13083: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13051: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13021: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12982:, p. 360 12981: 12976: 12969: 12964: 12948: 12944: 12943: 12937: 12929: 12921: 12915: 12911: 12910:161, 215, 246 12907: 12906: 12898: 12882: 12878: 12872: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12837: 12821: 12817: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12798: 12791: 12779: 12773: 12769: 12768: 12760: 12744: 12740: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12721: 12713: 12706: 12690: 12686: 12680: 12676: 12675: 12667: 12659: 12655: 12648: 12640: 12638:0-918618-79-7 12634: 12630: 12623: 12617: 12616:0-226-33228-4 12613: 12609: 12603: 12595: 12589: 12585: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12557: 12553: 12549: 12543: 12541: 12532: 12526: 12522: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12473: 12467: 12463: 12462: 12454: 12438: 12434: 12429: 12421: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12370: 12354: 12350: 12344: 12340: 12339: 12331: 12315: 12311: 12305: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12273: 12265: 12264: 12263:Slavic Review 12259: 12254: 12235: 12231: 12224: 12217: 12211:, p. 213 12210: 12205: 12199:, p. 343 12198: 12193: 12186: 12181: 12172: 12169: 12167:, p. 343 12166: 12163: 12161:, p. 336 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12141: 12140:Biondich 2011 12136: 12130:, p. 437 12129: 12124: 12122: 12115:, p. 336 12114: 12109: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12079: 12078: 12070: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12024: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12007: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11977: 11961: 11957: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11938: 11923: 11917: 11913: 11912: 11904: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11863: 11858: 11852:, p. 302 11851: 11846: 11839: 11834: 11827: 11822: 11815: 11810: 11808: 11800: 11795: 11788: 11783: 11776: 11771: 11764: 11759: 11752: 11747: 11740: 11735: 11729:, p. 303 11728: 11723: 11716: 11711: 11704: 11699: 11692: 11687: 11680: 11675: 11668: 11663: 11656: 11651: 11644: 11639: 11632: 11627: 11625: 11617: 11612: 11604: 11598: 11594: 11587: 11580: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11559: 11548: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11513: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11436: 11431: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11384: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11326: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11287: 11280: 11275: 11268: 11263: 11261: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11203: 11196: 11191: 11184: 11179: 11172: 11167: 11160: 11159:Mitchell 1995 11155: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11117:, p. 702 11116: 11111: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11068: 11053: 11047: 11043: 11042: 11034: 11027: 11022: 11015: 11010: 11003: 10998: 10991: 10986: 10979: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10956: 10950: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10890:, p. 738 10889: 10884: 10877: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10857:, pp. 17 10856: 10851: 10844: 10839: 10832: 10827: 10821:, p. 713 10820: 10815: 10809:, p. 242 10808: 10807:Bellwood 2022 10803: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10764: 10758:, p. 522 10757: 10752: 10750: 10742: 10737: 10731:, p. 233 10730: 10725: 10723: 10715: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10693: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10577: 10571:, p. 229 10570: 10569:Bellwood 2022 10565: 10558: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10540:, p. 224 10539: 10538:Bellwood 2022 10534: 10519:on 3 May 2019 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10465: 10463: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10397: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10348: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10315: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10279: 10271: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10201: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10187: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10150: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10112: 10105: 10100: 10093: 10088: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10066:(or even the 10065: 10061: 10049: 10048: 10032: 10028: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10009: 10002: 9997: 9990: 9985: 9978: 9973: 9966: 9961: 9954: 9949: 9947: 9939: 9934: 9928:, p. 574 9927: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9879: 9877: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9809: 9807: 9799: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9780: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9761: 9756: 9754: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9600: 9598:9780674251434 9594: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9536: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9509: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9486:Biondich 2011 9484: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9443: 9438: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9414: 9412: 9404: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9387: 9382: 9380: 9372: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9341: 9336: 9329: 9324: 9322: 9314: 9309: 9307: 9299: 9294: 9288:, p. 327 9287: 9282: 9275: 9270: 9268: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9231: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9031: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8980:, p. 537 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8736:Turkey portal 8726: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8631: 8622: 8613: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8345:in 2000. The 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8306: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8260: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8209: 8208:Evliya Çelebi 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8168:Central Asian 8165: 8161: 8160:Mediterranean 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8126: 8116: 8113: 8112:urban renewal 8108: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8076:Balyan family 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8030:caravanserais 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7986:Ancient Roman 7983: 7982:Ancient Greek 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7883: 7873: 7867: 7857: 7855: 7854:Nükhet Ruacan 7851: 7847: 7846:Ahmet Ertegun 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7830:Levent Yüksel 7827: 7823: 7819: 7818:Sertab Erener 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7668:, written by 7666: 7665: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7523:Hoca Ali Riza 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7503:Impressionism 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7428:İznik pottery 7425: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7353: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135:secular state 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7095: 7085: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6691: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6235:operates the 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6145: 6144:Gulf of İzmit 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5771:Turkey is an 5765: 5760: 5754: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5627:Aegean Region 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505:Angora rabbit 5502: 5498: 5497:Caspian tiger 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5481:Eurasian lynx 5478: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5347:Mediterranean 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170:Lake Beyşehir 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5146:Mediterranean 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5031:Taksim Square 5028: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4970:media freedom 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4899:media freedom 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4781:36,000 troops 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4737:United States 4734: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648:General Staff 4645: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446:headquarters. 4445: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4425:Marshall Plan 4422: 4418: 4414: 4413:United States 4409: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309:Criminal Code 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4207:head of state 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140:Justice Party 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4102:turnout rates 4099: 4095: 4094:right to vote 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3373:Turkey has a 3370: 3366: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304:Bülent Ecevit 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3258:Mediterranean 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186:of 1934, the 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3133:stipulated a 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107:23 April 1920 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019:Allied Powers 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948:Mediterranean 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:tribe of the 2752: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2735:Based around 2731: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:Mevlevi Order 2689: 2685: 2684:Turkification 2681: 2680:Danishmendids 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Seljuk Empire 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:Turkic groups 2534: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2506:(center) and 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2456: 2455:Turkification 2452: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433:Seljuk Empire 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407:, called the 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2388:of Anatolia. 2387: 2386:Hellenization 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2287:Eastern Roman 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234:According to 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2189:in 555 under 2188: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2159: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:Hellenization 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Halicarnassus 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1708:Jordan Valley 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:modern humans 1658: 1652: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1365: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292:. Turkey has 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225:presidential 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201:Turkey is an 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Turkification 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Hellenization 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 964:, Turkey has 963: 960:. Officially 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:to the east; 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 875: 872: 870: 866: 863: 860: 858: 857:ISO 3166 code 854: 851: 848: 846: 842: 838: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 809: 805: 801: 785: 779: 775: 760: 754: 750: 746: 737: 731: 727: 718: 712: 708: 702: 698: 694: 685: 679: 675: 666: 660: 656: 652: 646: 642: 638: 634: 628: 624: 615: 609: 606: 602: 598: 592: 588: 584: 578: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560: 554: 550: 546: 539: 535: 531: 524: 520: 517: 511: 508:23 April 1920 507: 504: 498: 494: 491: 485: 478: 475: 469: 465: 462: 461:Establishment 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432:Chief Justice 427: 424: 421: 418: 412: 409: 408:Cevdet Yılmaz 406: 403: 397: 394: 391: 388: 382: 378: 375: 371: 369: 365: 358: 355: 354: 352: 350: 346: 340: 336: 334: 330: 328: 324: 323: 321: 316: 312: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 241: 240: 238: 236: 232: 229: 226: 222: 217: 188: 185: 181: 176: 147: 144: 140: 136: 131: 92: 91: 84: 80: 76: 69: 62: 56: 49: 40: 37: 33: 26: 22: 21:Turkey (bird) 29116:Novorossiysk 29041: 28739:Turkmenistan 28723: 28471:Turkmenistan 28423: 28398:Saudi Arabia 28057:Beijing 2012 27946:Demographics 27836:Declarations 27669:Turkmenistan 27663: 27629:Sierra Leone 27619:Saudi Arabia 27442:Burkina Faso 27283:Turkmenistan 27268: 26894:Turkmenistan 26821: 26680:EU relations 26623: 26339:Institutions 26287: 26275: 26008:Transnistria 25957:Vatican City 25941: 25647: 25635: 25550:Kastellorizo 25429:Turkmenistan 25423: 25394:Saudi Arabia 25131: 25119: 25107: 25095: 25083: 24968:Illumination 24904:Architecture 24832:Human rights 24820:Universities 24738:Ethnic Kurds 24725:Demographics 24636:Construction 23974: 23925: 23924: 23908: 23907: 23879: 23878: 23852: 23851: 23835:. Retrieved 23765: 23744: 23731:. Retrieved 23724:the original 23693: 23672: 23631: 23611: 23590: 23577:. Retrieved 23558:. Retrieved 23543: 23519: 23471: 23450: 23429: 23401: 23381: 23353: 23326: 23299: 23272: 23245: 23225: 23204: 23183: 23173: 23139: 23097: 23076: 23055: 23027: 23016:the original 22981: 22954: 22934: 22913: 22885: 22857: 22829: 22802: 22775: 22748: 22721: 22694: 22674: 22653: 22632: 22607:. Berghahn. 22603: 22575: 22548: 22521: 22501: 22480: 22459: 22439:The Guardian 22438: 22428: 22419: 22409: 22397:. Retrieved 22392: 22383: 22372: 22362: 22350:. Retrieved 22343: 22334: 22322:. Retrieved 22318:the original 22307: 22295:. Retrieved 22291:the original 22287:berlinale.de 22286: 22277: 22265: 22253:. Retrieved 22249:the original 22244: 22235: 22223:. Retrieved 22219:the original 22215:"About RTÜK" 22209: 22198: 22171: 22162: 22150:. Retrieved 22143:the original 22139:tesev.org.tr 22138: 22126: 22114:. Retrieved 22110:the original 22099: 22087:. 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Retrieved 8885: 8876: 8846:Turkish Jews 8840: 8835:not applied. 8832: 8823: 8814: 8782: 8758: 8680:Yılmaz Güney 8672:Metin Erksan 8668:Türkan Şoray 8654: 8647:Türkan Şoray 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8524: 8469: 8463: 8444: 8417: 8363: 8328: 8251:and others. 8212: 8157: 8100: 8042: 8022:Central Asia 7994:Hagia Sophia 7959: 7945:district in 7860:Architecture 7826:Kenan Doğulu 7782: 7778: 7760:Turkish Five 7710: 7696:, which was 7680:such as the 7659: 7625: 7620:concert hall 7606:is the main 7536: 7530: 7527: 7494: 7485: 7477:Nakkaş Osman 7467: 7463: 7459: 7446: 7397: 7357: 7344: 7267: 7236: 7212: 7183:Generation Z 7179: 7171: 7133:Turkey is a 7132: 7063:Syrian Kurds 7052: 7029: 6621: 6591: 6508: 6436: 6431: 6414: 6408: 6360: 6358: 6332:Demographics 6307: 6269: 6257:Nature Index 6246: 6176:as of 2024. 6174:115 airports 6166:Ankara-Sivas 6162:Ankara-Konya 6148: 6105: 6078: 6011: 5928: 5916: 5840: 5826:produced by 5787:, it is the 5773:upper-middle 5770: 5606: 5588: 5580: 5565: 5513:Van Province 5474: 5450:golden eagle 5407: 5393:Pinus brutia 5392: 5384: 5378: 5367: 5336: 5297:Biodiversity 5245: 5217:Mount Ararat 5198: 5174:Lake Eğirdir 5166:Lakes Region 5115: 5082:Western Asia 5071: 5024: 5020:civil unions 5008: 4942: 4903: 4880: 4850:Human rights 4824:Kosovo Force 4798:missions in 4796:peacekeeping 4794:, including 4789: 4787:since 1974. 4730: 4724: 4703: 4669: 4656:Naval Forces 4641: 4561: 4538: 4518: 4496: 4484:Central Asia 4473: 4452:Soviet Union 4449: 4410: 4378: 4329: 4282: 4196: 4156:conservatism 4129: 4113:anti-secular 4106: 4084:(local) and 4071: 4025: 3991:; second is 3951:Turkey is a 3950: 3429: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3372: 3324: 3312:Tansu Çiller 3277: 3268:Tansu Çiller 3226:World War II 3212: 3191: 3172:nation state 3164:many reforms 3157: 3119: 3096: 3061: 2971:Three Pashas 2964: 2905: 2827:fleeing the 2814: 2775: 2748: 2734: 2696:Islamization 2665: 2610: 2605: 2533:pastoralists 2519: 2415:in 381, the 2409:Nicene Creed 2390: 2363: 2358: 2355:Roman Empire 2354: 2334: 2330: 2301:centered in 2299:Roman Empire 2296: 2275:Hagia Sophia 2256:Apostle John 2233: 2198: 2179:Roman Empire 2140:Roman Empire 2083: 2045: 1942: 1834:Neo-Hittites 1811: 1795:Chalcolithic 1789: 1767: 1719:clay tablets 1716: 1686:include the 1680:Göbekli Tepe 1665: 1611:Göbekli Tepe 1530: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1466:is found in 1450: 1446:Central Asia 1419: 1411: 1391: 1385: 1352: 1344: 1332: 1331: 1271: 1200: 1146:against its 1136:Three Pashas 1109: 1093:global power 1049:Seljuk Turks 1009:Göbekli Tepe 998: 968:population. 885: 881: 880: 869:Internet TLD 845:Calling code 811:Turkish lira 715:• Total 663:• Total 581:• Total 536:24 July 1923 438:Kadir Özkaya 183:Largest city 82: 36: 29224:G20 members 28586:Three Evils 28077:Astana 2024 28067:Astana 2017 27802:Arab League 27764:communities 27517:Ivory Coast 27407:Afghanistan 27171:Afghanistan 27131:Tehran 2009 27111:Tehran 2000 27106:Almaty 1998 27086:Tehran 1992 27030:Secretariat 26918:(2011-2021) 26912:(1992-2010) 26619:Switzerland 26559:Netherlands 26142:sovereignty 26140:of internal 26120:Isle of Man 26021:territories 25979:recognition 25937:Switzerland 25872:Netherlands 25649:Asia portal 25513:territories 25471:recognition 25379:Philippines 25319:South Korea 25314:North Korea 25209:Afghanistan 25121:WikiProject 25052:Video games 24844:Individuals 24837:LGBT rights 24827:Health care 24794:Immigration 24575:Gendarmerie 24534:Referendums 24450:Legislative 24347:Earthquakes 24232:Oghuz Turks 24121:Dissolution 23824:10986/37521 23733:21 February 23560:20 February 23121:Turkey 2021 22297:20 February 22152:18 February 22065:Daily Sabah 22045:13 December 21897:22 December 21816:13 December 21455:(2): 20–31. 21308:11 February 21279:, p. 6 21277:Howard 2016 20764:, p. 3 20258:. unhcr.org 20213:Comrie 2018 19676:, p. 3 18544:, p. 7 18488:19 February 18454:, p. 3 18113:10986/28034 17795:11 February 17707:, p. 6 17415:Tulipomania 17186:, p. 8 17169:18 February 17144:18 February 17066:13 December 17024:McColl 2005 16952:, p. 7 16950:Howard 2016 16934:29 February 16878:McColl 2005 16866:, p. 7 16656:Independent 16517:11 November 16433:11 November 16385:11 November 16353:11 November 15877:29 December 15834:29 December 15683:18 February 15422:Der Spiegel 15271:17 December 15113:4 September 15087:27 December 15051:15 December 14825:reuters.com 14805:31 December 14775:31 December 14716:30 December 14686:30 December 14566:19 November 14536:19 November 14476:27 February 14432:reuters.com 14382:31 December 14347:31 December 14316:19 November 13938:17 December 13494:14 December 13468:14 December 13316:11693/75894 13040:25 November 13010:27 December 12243:23 February 12209:Armour 2012 12197:Karpat 2001 12185:Howard 2016 12171:Karpat 2004 12165:Karpat 2001 11966:28 February 11893:5 September 11838:Howard 2016 11826:Howard 2016 11799:Fierro 2010 11787:Fierro 2010 11775:Fierro 2010 11763:Howard 2016 11751:Howard 2016 11741:, p. 4 11727:Fierro 2010 11715:Howard 2016 11703:Howard 2016 11667:Howard 2016 11655:Howard 2016 11645:, p. 9 11631:Howard 2016 11531:: 197–239. 11281:, p. 1 11207:Howard 2016 11171:Howard 2016 11144:17 February 11115:Wilson 2006 11074:, p. 8 10911:Howard 2016 10876:Howard 2016 10831:Howard 2016 10788:: 371–394. 10770:, p. 8 10714:Howard 2016 10557:Howard 2016 10469:Howard 2016 10064:Siret River 9938:Howard 2016 9781:, p. 7 9693:29 February 9657:18 February 9548:(1): 7–14. 9492:Armour 2012 9474:Karpat 2004 9468:Karpat 2001 9403:Howard 2016 9386:Howard 2016 9371:Howard 2016 9313:Howard 2016 9259:Howard 2016 9235:Howard 2016 9190:15 November 9154:www.imf.org 8978:Comrie 2018 8928:Ankara'dır. 8708:Middle East 8700:Golden Bear 8660:Fatma Girik 8466:yağlı güreş 8424:Galatasaray 8335:Galatasaray 8245:Doner kebab 8231:(a type of 8080:neo-Baroque 8056:Mimar Sinan 7974:Alaca Höyük 7968:. From the 7889:Mimar Sinan 7834:Hande Yener 7798:Ajda Pekkan 7769:Barış Manço 7716:plays, and 7702:Orhan Pamuk 7694:Yaşar Kemal 7664:Aşk-ı Memnu 7637:tradition. 7608:opera house 7581:Orhan Pamuk 7551:Islamic art 7507:Halil Pasha 7472:perspective 7418:Visual arts 7020:Immigration 6560:Circassians 6120:Dardanelles 6103:pipelines. 6093:Blue Stream 5729:around the 5511:; and from 5509:Angora goat 5470:wallcreeper 5247:Earthquakes 5039:ideological 4988:LGBT rights 4895:LGBT rights 4749:Netherlands 4713:Golden Horn 4652:Land Forces 4628:TAI TF Kaan 4570:, began an 4521:Arab Spring 4465:Middle East 4454:during the 4375:since 2005. 4293:Ottoman law 4160:nationalism 4090:referendums 4036:direct vote 3985:legislative 3308:Turgut Özal 3214:İsmet İnönü 3192:Father Turk 3184:Surname Law 3182:. With the 3115:monarchical 3066:(1918) and 3021:sought the 2975:World War I 2960:Paul Mojzes 2952:Circassians 2837:Circassians 2825:Circassians 2810:short-lived 2755:Oghuz Turks 2607:The Seljuks 2581:Transoxiana 2451:Oghuz Turks 2349:instead of 2329:. The term 2311:Middle Ages 2293:in 532–537. 2053:eventually 2042:in 114–117. 2017:rationalism 2009:Anaximander 1926:Aphrodisias 1700:Alaca Höyük 1498:Afghanistan 1492:, the name 1278:its climate 1211:its economy 1176:the reforms 1007:sites like 898:East Thrace 791: 0.855 495:19 May 1919 448:Legislature 211: / 170: / 29208:Categories 29146:Sevastopol 28754:Uzbekistan 28709:Kyrgyzstan 28694:Kazakhstan 28679:Azerbaijan 28513:Bangladesh 28485:Applicants 28281:Azerbaijan 28220:Uzbekistan 28207:Tajikistan 28168:Kyrgyzstan 28155:Kazakhstan 27980:Population 27679:Uzbekistan 27649:Tajikistan 27577:Mozambique 27567:Mauritania 27537:Kyrgyzstan 27527:Kazakhstan 27432:Bangladesh 27422:Azerbaijan 27297:Uzbekistan 27255:Tajikistan 27227:Kyrgyzstan 27213:Kazakhstan 27185:Azerbaijan 26835:Uzbekistan 26809:Kyrgyzstan 26796:Kazakhstan 26783:Azerbaijan 26589:San Marino 26554:Montenegro 26534:Luxembourg 26429:Azerbaijan 25907:San Marino 25867:Montenegro 25847:Luxembourg 25827:Kazakhstan 25732:Azerbaijan 25439:Uzbekistan 25414:Tajikistan 25329:Kyrgyzstan 25309:Kazakhstan 25259:East Timor 25229:Bangladesh 25219:Azerbaijan 24993:Newspapers 24978:Literature 24958:Folk dance 24859:Corruption 24743:Minorities 24671:Renewables 24626:Automotive 24435:Government 24166:Secularism 23909:Government 23718:(Report). 22613:1887/31832 22399:14 October 22324:15 January 22116:1 November 22089:1 November 21994:tvf.org.tr 21923:9 February 21887:espn.co.uk 21626:Goode 2009 21171:5 February 20747:Cohen 2008 20571:KONDA 2006 20549:19 October 20513:1 November 20230:esa.un.org 20193:4 November 20174:KONDA 2006 20112:WorldAtlas 20092:3 November 19934:(23): 26. 19698:KONDA 2006 19686:Heper 2007 19489:KONDA 2006 18780:16 January 18435:World Bank 17855:. May 2024 17675:24 January 17160:"Lake Van" 16923:"Anatolia" 16884:Cohen 2008 16849:1 November 16825:27 January 16819:Al Monitor 16635:2 November 16560:15 October 16485:17 January 16460:9 February 16266:19 October 16102:31 October 16063:31 October 15903:9 February 15647:9 February 15465:1 November 15432:1 November 15302:4 December 15021:12 January 14990:4 December 14960:4 December 14795:mfa.gov.tr 14271:18 October 13970:10 October 13899:30 October 12887:30 October 12749:9 February 12695:13 October 12610:, p. 237. 12477:9 February 12410:7 February 12159:Kaser 2011 12113:Kaser 2011 11521:Inner Asia 11249:2 February 11195:Hoyos 2019 11183:Hoyos 2019 11100:2 February 11072:Baird 2016 10971:2 February 10496:(1): 2–6. 10151:required.) 9456:Kaser 2011 9418:Somel 2010 9125:6 February 9078:11 October 8972:KONDA 2006 8868:References 8694:Palme d'Or 8656:Filiz Akın 8643:Beren Saat 8519:See also: 8483:Koca Yusuf 8459:Eczacıbaşı 8455:Fenerbahçe 8428:Fenerbahçe 8414:six times. 8382:EuroLeague 8378:Fenerbahçe 8309:See also: 8172:East Asian 8129:See also: 8038:mausoleums 8000:, such as 7970:Bronze Age 7966:Çatalhöyük 7943:Odunpazarı 7870:See also: 7806:Erol Evgin 7802:Sezen Aksu 7746:See also: 7643:Yunus Emre 7493:(then the 7468:nakkaşhane 7408:folk dance 7384:See also: 7147:conscience 7061:, such as 7012:1,127,612 6988:1,161,702 6964:1,167,059 6940:1,273,519 6916:1,377,546 6892:1,445,683 6868:1,475,716 6844:1,544,640 6820:1,818,133 6816:Diyarbakır 6775:1,938,389 6764:15,655,924 6540:Bulgarians 6538:) and the 6459:Diyarbakır 6413:defines a 6383:See also: 6342:See also: 6291:Türksat 6A 6202:See also: 6097:TurkStream 5979:See also: 5757:See also: 5735:Diyarbakır 5685:Cappadocia 5639:travertine 5549:See also: 5501:Angora cat 5491:are other 5408:There are 5386:orientalis 5374:Turkey oak 5315:See also: 5275:1999 Düzce 5271:1999 İzmit 5187:, such as 5106:Aegean Sea 5055:See also: 4980:Cumhuriyet 4860:See also: 4804:Yugoslavia 4608:See also: 4562:After the 4532:after the 4497:Under the 4480:linguistic 4297:Civil Code 4247:Good Party 4215:Özgür Özel 4197:President 4192:secularism 4152:right-wing 3875:See also: 3798:Diyarbakır 3448:Kırklareli 3250:Korean War 2999:"relocated 2661:Hellenized 2621:Ghaznavids 2134:See also: 1922:Sebasteion 1886:See also: 1858:Cimmerians 1809:'s story. 1799:Trojan war 1696:Çatalhöyük 1670:since the 1657:Lycian Way 1619:Stonehenge 1576:See also: 1547:See also: 1312:sites, 30 1306:TV content 1296:, growing 1221:. It is a 1188:Korean War 1079:conquered 1047:eras. The 938:Aegean Sea 932:, and the 918:Azerbaijan 766: 41.9 605:Population 368:Government 349:Demonym(s) 270:Circassian 29254:Republics 29176:Zonguldak 29081:Constanța 28955:Black Sea 28891:Khakassia 28861:Tatarstan 28773:Observers 28657:(TÜRKSOY) 28411:Sri Lanka 27990:Education 27722:Countries 27714:Observers 27698:Suspended 27609:Palestine 27502:Indonesia 27306:Observers 27141:Baku 2012 27126:Baku 2006 26853:Observers 26643:Observers 26529:Lithuania 26070:Gibraltar 26019:Dependent 25842:Lithuania 25603:Hong Kong 25522:Australia 25511:Dependent 25490:Palestine 25404:Sri Lanka 25399:Singapore 25279:Indonesia 25047:TV series 25005:Miniature 24948:Festivals 24864:Terrorism 24815:Education 24748:Languages 24592:Air Force 24507:Elections 24455:Executive 24401:Mountains 24268:Geography 24187:Overviews 24126:Partition 24092:Tulip era 23676:. BRILL. 23420:885231214 23176:(Report). 22713:212893637 22352:1 October 22004:10 August 21974:10 August 21866:10 August 21841:10 August 21708:18 August 21681:18 August 21265:Kaya 2004 21253:Kaya 2004 21241:Kaya 2004 21228:225477420 21220:1309-1042 21144:TRT World 21024:7 January 20999:30 August 20978:30 August 20954:5 January 20634:143541451 20240:14 August 20033:1300-2929 19999:264412993 19991:1385-4879 19940:865002828 19900:6 October 19853:0032-3195 19811:1308-8041 19799:Turan-Sam 19780:153761516 19772:1468-3857 19446:154212694 19155:TRT Haber 19012:. TÜBİTAK 18717:TRT Haber 18405:Blue Flag 18385:25 August 18333:6 January 18222:2 January 17938:TRT World 17881:10 August 17401:134498356 16609:23 August 15485:Bloomberg 15400:0459-7222 15382:Routledge 15231:Habertürk 15167:TRT Haber 14950:janes.com 14865:7 January 14835:7 January 14748:7 January 14466:France 24 14442:6 January 14412:6 January 14368:aa.com.tr 14237:Routledge 14036:6 January 14000:6 January 13990:state.gov 13382:233594832 13374:1468-3857 13333:219458590 13325:1354-0688 13192:29 August 13140:14 August 12953:11 August 12863:143855822 12783:14 August 12294:4 January 11547:2210-5018 11495:166026934 11487:0971-9458 11315:16 August 10978:Colophon. 10674:0028-0836 10358:TRT World 10252:"Türkiye" 10116:Gray 2003 10037:28 August 9851:"Türkiye" 9741:0104-7760 9562:1462-3528 8600:Habertürk 8531:broadband 8479:Kırkpınar 8474:wrestling 8442:seasons. 8394:2017–2018 8390:2016–2017 8386:2015–2016 8241:olive oil 8092:Vedat Tek 8018:West Asia 8004:. During 7962:Neolithic 7947:Eskişehir 7887:Built by 7793:arabesque 7785:pop music 7612:Zorlu PSM 7547:Byzantine 7337:units to 7192:Education 7034:in 1991. 7001:2,102,907 6977:2,164,134 6973:Gaziantep 6953:2,213,964 6949:Şanlıurfa 6936:Balıkesir 6929:2,270,298 6905:2,320,241 6881:2,696,249 6857:3,214,571 6833:4,479,525 6809:5,803,482 6630:Bulgarian 6564:Georgians 6552:Albanians 6528:Armenians 6495:Şanlıurfa 6405:by region 6285:Program, 6221:Göktürk-3 6217:Göktürk-2 6213:Göktürk-1 6002:Euphrates 5994:Keban Dam 5890:exports. 5641:buildup. 5631:Pamukkale 5568:temperate 5438:ecoregion 5339:Old World 5329:cat with 5225:Euphrates 5215:contains 5134:Black Sea 5094:Black Sea 5068:of Turkey 5045:Geography 5022:instead. 4949:Gezi Park 4943:In 2013, 4836:Peshmerga 4828:Eurocorps 4660:Air Force 4399:with the 4371:with the 4291:-derived 4285:civil law 4184:socialism 4180:Left-wing 4117:terrorism 3993:executive 3955:within a 3738:Gümüşhane 3728:Şanlıurfa 3718:Gaziantep 3623:Kastamonu 3603:Kırıkkale 3518:Eskişehir 3503:Zonguldak 3468:Balıkesir 3463:Çanakkale 3418:districts 3406:provinces 3210:in 1937. 3160:president 3145:Anıtkabir 3007:Assyrians 2991:Armenians 2918:, in the 2857:Armenians 2802:Mahmud II 2790:expulsion 2763:Mehmed II 2649:Khurasani 2561:the Oghuz 2557:Yeniseian 2549:Tocharian 2339:Byzantium 2240:St Paul's 2114:Galatians 2102:Seleucids 1977:Byzantium 1955:included 1930:Aphrodite 1854:Scythians 1826:Phrygians 1676:Neolithic 1454:usage of 1388:Byzantine 1376:türk/tẄrk 1328:Etymology 1182:. Turkey 1144:genocides 1122:from the 1077:Mehmed II 1045:Byzantine 1005:Neolithic 906:Black Sea 894:West Asia 826:Time zone 795:very high 705:(nominal) 387:President 300:Bulgarian 29111:Năvodari 29106:Mangalia 29096:Istanbul 28990:Bulgaria 28977:Abkhazia 28819:Găgăuzia 28574:See also 28346:Maldives 28307:Cambodia 28244:Mongolia 28181:Pakistan 27874:Sessions 27752:Thailand 27644:Suriname 27597:Pakistan 27557:Maldives 27552:Malaysia 27467:Djibouti 27452:Cameroon 27241:Pakistan 27014:Politics 26655:Holy See 26604:Slovenia 26599:Slovakia 26579:Portugal 26444:Bulgaria 26361:Congress 26277:Category 26262:Holy See 26212:Scotland 26182:Svalbard 26167:of 1921) 26103:Guernsey 26098:Alderney 25988:Abkhazia 25922:Slovenia 25917:Slovakia 25892:Portugal 25752:Bulgaria 25637:Category 25480:Abkhazia 25419:Thailand 25374:Pakistan 25354:Mongolia 25349:Maldives 25344:Malaysia 25244:Cambodia 25097:Category 25035:Football 25020:Painting 24963:Folklore 24871:Marriage 24777:Istanbul 24760:Religion 24713:Railways 24703:Aviation 24641:Currency 24499:Politics 24467:Judicial 24443:Branches 24421:Wildlife 24211:Military 24199:Economic 24104:Tanzimat 23828:Archived 23801:Archived 23663:Archived 23579:23 April 23554:Archived 23507:Archived 23128:Archived 23119:(2021). 22255:1 August 22225:18 April 21949:9 August 21836:uefa.com 21738:, Turkey 21702:Hürriyet 21126:32811368 21088:26422719 20593:22 April 20408:10 March 20364:10 March 20333:10 March 20303:10 March 20262:21 April 20128:(2002). 19861:25655744 19521:Archived 19045:Archived 18981:Archived 18721:Archived 18681:Archived 18660:KGM 2023 18647:38027852 18638:10660518 18571:Archived 18530:IEA 2021 18518:IEA 2021 18506:IEA 2021 18482:Archived 18464:IEA 2021 18452:IEA 2021 18418:IEA 2021 18311:14 April 18273:Eurostat 18132:Archived 18079:Archived 18025:18 April 18019:oica.net 17822:Archived 17630:30375988 17358:9 August 17334:Archived 17312:Archived 17290:Archived 17268:Archived 17212:Archived 16511:Archived 16454:Archived 16427:Archived 16379:Archived 16347:Archived 16316:Archived 16291:Archived 16260:Archived 16258:. 2000. 16234:Archived 16204:Archived 16174:Archived 16135:Archived 16096:Archived 16057:Archived 16018:Archived 15994:18 April 15988:Archived 15968:18 April 15962:Archived 15942:23 April 15936:Archived 15868:Archived 15828:Archived 15798:Archived 15794:Hürriyet 15767:Archived 15737:Archived 15713:3 August 15607:Archived 15581:Archived 15551:Archived 15530:albania. 15491:17 March 15426:Archived 15376:(2022). 15352:Archived 15322:Archived 15296:Archived 15265:Archived 15235:Archived 15201:Archived 15171:Archived 15147:12 April 15141:Archived 15107:Archived 15039:(2006). 15015:Archived 14984:Archived 14954:Archived 14926:18 March 14920:Archived 14893:18 March 14887:archived 14859:Archived 14829:Archived 14799:Archived 14769:Archived 14742:Archived 14710:Archived 14680:Archived 14650:Archived 14646:BBC News 14620:Archived 14590:Archived 14560:Archived 14530:Archived 14500:Archived 14496:BBC News 14470:Archived 14436:Archived 14406:Archived 14376:Archived 14341:Archived 14210:Archived 14155:9 August 14146:Archived 14112:4 August 14069:Archived 14027:Archived 13994:Archived 13964:Archived 13929:Archived 13834:Archived 13760:20 March 13754:Archived 13736:"Turkey" 13719:20 March 13713:Archived 13695:"Turkey" 13672:Archived 13642:Archived 13616:Archived 13590:Archived 13557:12 April 13548:Archived 13520:22 March 13514:Archived 13488:Archived 13462:Archived 13442:12 April 13436:Archived 13410:12 April 13404:Archived 13260:11 April 13254:Archived 13234:12 April 13228:Archived 13166:17 April 13160:Archived 13104:17 April 13098:Archived 13065:Archived 13034:Archived 13030:BBC News 12947:Archived 12826:23 April 12820:Archived 12743:Archived 12689:Archived 12562:18 April 12556:Archived 12437:Archived 12404:Archived 12353:Archived 12288:Archived 12234:Archived 12098:23 April 12092:Archived 12059:4 August 12053:Archived 12023:Archived 11996:9 August 11990:Archived 11960:Archived 11887:Archived 11814:Lee 2023 11616:Lee 2023 11579:Lee 2023 11505:12 March 11499:Archived 11449:Lee 2023 11430:37588381 11421:10427466 11372:37588381 11363:10427466 11309:Archived 11243:Archived 11138:Archived 11094:Archived 10965:Archived 10933:Archived 10692:29144465 10626:27498567 10426:Archived 10396:Archived 10363:Archived 10337:11 April 10331:Archived 10304:11 April 10295:Archived 10227:Archived 10130:"Turkey" 10031:Archived 9905:Archived 9859:Archived 9687:Archived 9673:"Turkey" 9570:71515470 9220:18 March 9214:Archived 9184:Archived 9164:16 April 9119:Archived 9072:Archived 9070:(OECD). 9048:12 April 9042:Archived 8891:4 August 8833:de facto 8795:Turkish: 8771:Turkish: 8722:See also 8641:(left), 8582:Hürriyet 8497:such as 8339:UEFA Cup 8337:won the 8235:bread). 8078:such as 8034:madrasas 8014:Armenian 7976:and the 7922:Istanbul 7704:won the 7600:Istanbul 7583:and his 7529:Carpet ( 7404:Kemalism 7306:Erasmus+ 7078:Religion 7032:Gulf War 6960:Tekirdağ 6760:Istanbul 6742:Istanbul 6626:Armenian 6556:Bosniaks 6546:and the 6353:Istanbul 6322:Roketsan 6223:are the 6168:routes. 6136:Bosporus 6128:Marmaray 5955:New York 5923:Eurostat 5861:include 5805:Services 5791:and the 5487:and the 5379:Platanus 5355:Caucasus 5325:A white 5263:Hellenic 5221:Lake Van 5209:Eurasian 5144:and the 5090:Anatolia 4938:immunity 4876:Istanbul 4842:and the 4806:and the 4674:and the 4658:and the 4634:for the 4598:Military 4476:historic 4469:Caucasus 4456:Cold War 4427:and the 4421:Cold War 4345:and the 4277:Istanbul 4188:Kemalism 4164:Islamism 4023:system. 4001:judicial 3733:Adıyaman 3708:Erzincan 3668:K. Maraş 3663:Osmaniye 3643:Nevşehir 3598:Kırşehir 3483:Istanbul 3458:Tekirdağ 3391:kaymakam 3178:under a 3127:Istanbul 3094:(1920). 3054:and the 2940:Caucasus 2932:refugees 2897:Istanbul 2833:Caucasus 2798:Tanzimat 2678:such as 2589:Turkoman 2573:Kipchaks 2545:Mongolic 2498:(left), 2423:in 451. 2405:doctrine 2391:Several 2374:Persians 2309:and the 2289:emperor 2283:Istanbul 2260:Irenaeus 2201:Pergamon 1981:Istanbul 1842:Lake Van 1781:Palaians 1684:Anatolia 1641:Hittites 1582:Hittites 1578:Hattians 1416:Khazaria 1370:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚 1358:𐱅𐰇𐰺𐰜 1349:ethnonym 1337:Anatolia 1227:republic 1190:. Coups 1156:Assyrian 1148:Armenian 1128:Caucasus 1073:expanded 1069:Ottomans 1021:Hattians 978:Istanbul 976:, while 956:are the 946:Bulgaria 890:Anatolia 807:Currency 372:Unitary 290:Albanian 285:Armenian 187:Istanbul 29161:Trabzon 29156:Sukhumi 29086:Giresun 29055:Ukraine 29016:Romania 29003:Georgia 28901:Related 28663:Members 28611:Russian 28606:Chinese 28500:Algeria 28359:Myanmar 28294:Bahrain 28268:Armenia 28103:Belarus 28050:Summits 27973:Imports 27968:Exports 27953:Economy 27918:Seventh 27829:History 27659:Tunisia 27634:Somalia 27624:Senegal 27587:Nigeria 27572:Morocco 27542:Lebanon 27462:Comoros 27427:Bahrain 27417:Algeria 27412:Albania 27400:Members 27079:Summits 27054:Symbols 26936:Symbols 26903:Summits 26868:Hungary 26768:Members 26629:Ukraine 26584:Romania 26544:Moldova 26509:Ireland 26504:Iceland 26499:Hungary 26489:Germany 26484:Georgia 26474:Finland 26469:Estonia 26464:Denmark 26449:Croatia 26434:Belgium 26424:Austria 26419:Armenia 26414:Andorra 26409:Albania 26401:Members 26207:England 26150:Finland 26030:Denmark 25947:Ukraine 25897:Romania 25857:Moldova 25817:Ireland 25812:Iceland 25807:Hungary 25797:Germany 25792:Georgia 25782:Finland 25777:Estonia 25772:Denmark 25757:Croatia 25742:Belgium 25737:Belarus 25727:Austria 25722:Armenia 25717:Andorra 25712:Albania 25444:Vietnam 25359:Myanmar 25339:Lebanon 25269:Georgia 25224:Bahrain 25214:Armenia 25133:Outline 25109:Commons 25042:Theater 25025:Pottery 24941:Ottoman 24936:Cuisine 24914:Ottoman 24891:Culture 24876:Poverty 24808:Society 24693:Tourism 24646:Defense 24618:Economy 24460:Cabinet 24391:Geology 24335:Climate 24277:Regions 24204:Ottoman 24022:Beyliks 24018:Seljuks 23983:History 23926:Economy 23880:Tourism 23853:General 22450:Sources 21861:tff.org 21774:, mezze 21762:, dolma 21200:Bibcode 20799:12 June 20354:Reuters 20082:alaraby 19527:7 March 19384:11 June 19310:24 July 19123:Bibcode 18877:Reuters 18615:Bibcode 18607:Heliyon 18193:. 2020. 17903:3 April 17621:6207062 17600:Bibcode 17571:12 June 17528:21 July 17459:12 June 17095:Bibcode 16555:cpj.org 16537:Reuters 16480:cpj.org 16405:Reuters 16240:24 July 16210:24 July 16180:24 July 16141:24 July 16024:19 June 16014:bbc.com 15804:23 June 15773:5 April 15763:Reuters 15743:5 April 15613:21 June 15577:Reuters 15557:5 April 14656:21 June 14586:Reuters 14556:Reuters 14526:Reuters 14506:27 June 14189:15 June 14075:3 April 14023:fas.org 13596:13 June 13071:17 July 12359:3 April 12320:15 July 11927:15 June 11552:20 June 11404:: e16. 11346:: e16. 10683:5973800 10654:Bibcode 10617:5069350 10596:Bibcode 10523:3 April 10510:3258667 10432:25 July 9911:2 March 9865:2 March 8787:Turkish 8767:Türkiye 8763:Turkish 8649:(right) 8551:Star TV 8543:Show TV 8539:Kanal D 8440:2023–24 8436:2022–23 8289:baklava 8249:anchovy 8196:Persian 8164:Iranian 8119:Cuisine 7543:Persian 7374:Culture 7360:obesity 7259:Turkish 6997:Kocaeli 6888:Kayseri 6877:Antalya 6622:de jure 6598:Turkish 6487:Tunceli 6463:Hakkari 6314:Aselsan 6283:Göktürk 6271:TÜBİTAK 6233:Türksat 6227:of the 6132:Eurasia 6118:on the 6048:is the 6000:on the 5911:Antalya 5879:Arçelik 5855:tonnage 5747:Economy 5708:Fethiye 5662:Trabzon 5658:Uzungöl 5539:Climate 5529:Malaklı 5517:Van cat 5489:caracal 5383:is the 5381:(plane) 5205:Arabian 5154:Köroğlu 5122:Marmara 4972:. Many 4934:in 1984 4872:Kadıköy 4814:in the 4800:Somalia 4777:Somalia 4765:Albania 4745:Germany 4725:Anadolu 4711:at the 4706:(L-400) 4704:Anadolu 4383:of the 4225:is the 4217:is the 4086:muhtars 4032:elected 4007:, the 3843:Hakkâri 3788:Tunceli 3768:Ardahan 3758:Erzurum 3753:Bayburt 3743:Trabzon 3713:Malatya 3703:Giresun 3673:Kayseri 3613:Karabük 3608:Çankırı 3593:Aksaray 3588:Karaman 3573:Antalya 3568:Isparta 3548:Denizli 3523:Kütahya 3513:Bilecik 3493:Sakarya 3488:Kocaeli 3426:regions 3414:vilayet 3375:unitary 3196:Kurdish 3052:founder 2936:Balkans 2908:Rumelia 2831:of the 2778:Selim I 2771:Selim I 2759:Balkans 2745:Osman I 2637:Baghdad 2623:at the 2565:Caspian 2530:nomadic 2504:Erzurum 2411:), the 2321:to the 2305:during 2036:Ephesus 1961:Ephesus 1957:Miletus 1945:Miletus 1888:Phrygia 1870:Lydians 1866:Lycians 1862:Carians 1846:Assyria 1822:Kayseri 1818:Gordium 1814:Phrygia 1785:Luwians 1777:Hattusa 1773:Hittite 1769:Hattian 1743:Hattian 1731:Hittite 1723:Kültepe 1678:sites. 1637:Hattusa 1615:9600 BC 1586:Luwians 1537:History 1531:Türkiye 1523:Türkiye 1519:Türkiye 1494:Türkiye 1463:Turkeye 1422:). The 1414:); and 1408:Hungary 1403:Τουρκία 1393:Tourkia 1364:türü̲k̲ 1333:Turchia 1267:TURKSOY 1223:unitary 1192:in 1960 1124:Balkans 1101:reforms 1085:Selim I 994:Antalya 914:Armenia 910:Georgia 798: ( 557:• 542:• 527:• 514:• 501:• 488:• 472:• 430:• 415:• 400:• 385:• 356:Turkish 325:70–75% 295:Bosnian 255:Kurdish 228:Turkish 199:28°57′E 158:32°51′E 155:39°55′N 142:Capital 83:Anthem: 55:Turkish 29214:Turkey 29141:Samsun 29076:Burgas 29071:Batumi 29064:Cities 29052: 29042:Turkey 29039: 29029:Russia 29026: 29013: 29000: 28987: 28974: 28888: 28873: 28858: 28843: 28816: 28801: 28786: 28751: 28736: 28724:Turkey 28721: 28706: 28691: 28676: 28562: 28549: 28539:Israel 28536: 28523: 28510: 28497: 28468: 28446:Guests 28434: 28424:Turkey 28421: 28408: 28395: 28382: 28369: 28356: 28343: 28333:Kuwait 28330: 28317: 28304: 28291: 28278: 28265: 28241: 28217: 28204: 28194:Russia 28191: 28178: 28165: 28152: 28139: 28126: 28113: 28100: 27923:Eighth 27903:Fourth 27893:Second 27862:(2010) 27856:(2008) 27850:(1990) 27762:Muslim 27747:Russia 27674:Uganda 27664:Turkey 27532:Kuwait 27522:Jordan 27497:Guyana 27487:Guinea 27482:Gambia 27447:Brunei 27318: 27294: 27287: 27280: 27273: 27269:Turkey 27266: 27259: 27252: 27245: 27238: 27231: 27224: 27217: 27210: 27203: 27196: 27189: 27182: 27175: 27168: 27161: 27155:Member 27061:Emblem 26891: 26878: 26865: 26832: 26822:Turkey 26819: 26806: 26793: 26780: 26758: 26670:Mexico 26660:Israel 26650:Canada 26624:Turkey 26614:Sweden 26594:Serbia 26574:Poland 26569:Norway 26549:Monaco 26519:Latvia 26494:Greece 26479:France 26454:Cyprus 26175:Norway 25993:Kosovo 25942:Turkey 25932:Sweden 25912:Serbia 25902:Russia 25887:Poland 25882:Norway 25862:Monaco 25832:Latvia 25802:Greece 25787:France 25762:Cyprus 25696:Europe 25543:Greece 25500:Taiwan 25424:Turkey 25389:Russia 25324:Kuwait 25304:Jordan 25294:Israel 25254:Cyprus 25239:Brunei 25234:Bhutan 25085:Portal 25030:Sports 24931:Cinema 24926:Carpet 24909:Seljuk 24899:Anthem 24782:Ankara 24651:Energy 24543:Topics 24411:Rivers 24328:Topics 24220:Topics 23975:Turkey 23870:Turkey 23773: 23752: 23701: 23680: 23646: 23619: 23598: 23527: 23479: 23458: 23437: 23418: 23408: 23389: 23368: 23341: 23314: 23287: 23260: 23233: 23212: 23191: 23154: 23105: 23084: 23063: 23042: 22996: 22969: 22942: 22921: 22900: 22873: 22844: 22817: 22790: 22763: 22736: 22711: 22701: 22682: 22661: 22640: 22619: 22590: 22563: 22536: 22509: 22488: 22467: 21498:UNESCO 21389: 21364: 21333: 21299: 21226: 21218: 21149:22 May 21124: 21086: 20933:22 May 20908:22 May 20883:22 May 20824:21 May 20676: 20632: 20491:UNESCO 20433:11 May 20136: 20056: 20031: 19997: 19989: 19938: 19891: 19859: 19851: 19809: 19778: 19770: 19729: 19650: 19623: 19594: 19567: 19469: 19444: 19407: 19340:19 May 19288:22 May 19074: 19016:15 May 18957:15 May 18951:Nature 18930:15 May 18905:16 May 18811:14 May 18744:14 May 18645: 18635: 18138:10 May 18021:. OICA 17985:17 May 17628: 17618: 17482: 17399: 17389: 17044:31 May 17002:31 May 16964:31 May 16912:31 May 16781:11 May 16760:11 May 16297:6 June 16166: 16127: 16088: 16049: 15928: 15860: 15703:tsk.tr 15638: 15587:2 July 15522: 15398: 15388: 15358:7 June 15241:16 May 15207:16 May 15177:16 May 14243: 14216:5 June 14180: 14061: 13870:6 July 13840:6 July 13810:6 July 13746: 13705: 13678:29 May 13648:28 May 13622:28 May 13582: 13380: 13372: 13331: 13323: 12916: 12861: 12812: 12774: 12735: 12681: 12635: 12614: 12590: 12527: 12468: 12443:28 May 12381: 12345: 12084: 12029:4 June 11952: 11918: 11599: 11545: 11493: 11485: 11428: 11418: 11370: 11360: 11301: 11057:1 June 11048: 10690: 10680: 10672: 10646:Nature 10624: 10614: 10508: 10402:2 June 10369:3 June 10266: 10023: 9855:UNESCO 9833: 9739: 9595: 9568: 9560: 9523: 9019:19 May 8955:1 July 8921:1 July 8850:Hebrew 8666:, and 8553:. The 8353:, the 8320:Turkey 8299:Sports 8277:pekmez 8223:lavash 8219:yogurt 8186:, and 8184:Bulgur 8170:, and 8082:style 8066:, and 7897:Edirne 7822:Teoman 7814:Tarkan 7775:genre. 7758:, and 7714:shadow 7521:, and 7460:tasvir 7430:, and 7392:, and 7316:Health 7300:, and 7284:, and 7121:Mardin 7111:Left: 6912:Samsun 6864:Manisa 6805:Ankara 6771:Mersin 6752:Ankara 6656: 6642:Syriac 6640:, and 6638:Hebrew 6616:. The 6614:Gagauz 6612:, and 6574:, and 6572:Pomaks 6534:, and 6532:Greeks 6483:Şırnak 6471:Mardin 6455:Bitlis 6451:Bingöl 6447:Batman 6391:, and 6164:, and 6099:, and 6081:Russia 6038:Akkuyu 5973:, and 5885:, and 5883:Vestel 5867:Otokar 5849:, and 5731:Tigris 5521:Kangal 5483:, the 5468:, and 5436:is an 5432:. The 5389:. The 5353:, and 5309:, and 5235:. The 5229:Tigris 5185:faults 5158:Pontic 5126:Aegean 4964:, the 4932:began 4912:. The 4897:, and 4775:, and 4662:. The 4654:, the 4650:, the 4616:, and 4557:Cyprus 4541:Israel 4528:, and 4486:. The 4467:, the 4415:. 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The 2700:Mongol 2639:, the 2555:, and 2553:Uralic 2541:Iranic 2453:, and 2439:, and 2341:, the 2335:Romans 2264:Trajan 2250:, the 2221:Pontus 2146:, and 2090:333 BC 2086:334 BC 2073:, the 2040:Romans 2005:Thales 2001:Megara 1995:, and 1989:Aeolis 1985:Megara 1975:) and 1969:Smyrna 1953:cities 1934:UNESCO 1910:, and 1904:Urartu 1838:Urartu 1791:Troy's 1739:Palaic 1737:, and 1735:Luwian 1607:henges 1588:, and 1555:, and 1486:Turkey 1482:Turkey 1457:Turkye 1265:, and 1237:, and 1154:, and 1132:Crimea 1130:, and 992:, and 970:Ankara 944:, and 942:Greece 920:, and 882:Turkey 782:(2022) 780: 757:(2019) 755: 703: 647: 339:others 337:6–11% 318:(2016) 265:Arabic 196:41°1′N 146:Ankara 85: 51: 29171:Yalta 29166:Varna 29151:Sochi 29121:Odesa 29101:Kerch 28832:Sakha 28789:Altai 28565:Syria 28453:ASEAN 28385:Qatar 28372:Nepal 28320:Egypt 28129:India 28116:China 27928:Ninth 27913:Sixth 27908:Fifth 27898:Third 27888:First 27705:Syria 27689:Yemen 27639:Sudan 27614:Qatar 27582:Niger 27547:Libya 27477:Gabon 27472:Egypt 27437:Benin 27368:(OIC) 27025:ECOTA 27008:(ECO) 26957:Award 26665:Japan 26609:Spain 26539:Malta 26514:Italy 26217:Wales 26157:Åland 25927:Spain 25852:Malta 25822:Italy 25608:Macau 25449:Yemen 25409:Syria 25384:Qatar 25364:Nepal 25299:Japan 25274:India 25264:Egypt 25249:China 25015:Names 25010:Music 24983:Media 24854:Crime 24787:İzmir 24396:Lakes 24381:Fauna 23837:5 May 23831:(PDF) 23816:(PDF) 23804:(PDF) 23789:(PDF) 23727:(PDF) 23716:(PDF) 23573:(PDF) 23510:(PDF) 23495:(PDF) 23170:(PDF) 23131:(PDF) 23124:(PDF) 23019:(PDF) 23012:(PDF) 22146:(PDF) 22135:(PDF) 21224:S2CID 20973:(PDF) 20664:(PDF) 20630:S2CID 20543:(PDF) 20532:(PDF) 20323:UNHCR 20297:UNHCR 19995:S2CID 19928:(PDF) 19857:JSTOR 19776:S2CID 19659:5 May 19516:KONDA 19442:S2CID 19378:(PDF) 19371:(PDF) 19183:3 May 18984:(PDF) 18977:(PDF) 18774:(PDF) 18763:(PDF) 18380:UNWTO 18376:(PDF) 18286:5 May 18252:5 May 18185:(PDF) 18168:(PDF) 18157:(PDF) 18061:9 May 18045:9 May 17859:9 May 17828:5 May 17669:(PDF) 17662:(PDF) 17397:S2CID 17218:3 May 16844:(PDF) 16739:8 May 16713:8 May 16687:8 May 16661:8 May 15871:(PDF) 15854:(PDF) 15677:(PDF) 15666:(PDF) 15459:(PDF) 15452:(PDF) 15328:3 May 15081:(PDF) 15074:(PDF) 14791:"PKK" 14149:(PDF) 14134:(PDF) 14106:(PDF) 14095:(PDF) 14030:(PDF) 14019:(PDF) 13932:(PDF) 13921:(PDF) 13804:(PDF) 13793:(PDF) 13551:(PDF) 13540:(PDF) 13378:S2CID 13329:S2CID 13134:(PDF) 13123:(PDF) 13004:(PDF) 12997:(PDF) 12859:S2CID 12237:(PDF) 12226:(PDF) 11529:Brill 11527:(2). 11491:S2CID 10517:(PDF) 10506:JSTOR 10486:(PDF) 10298:(PDF) 10287:(PDF) 10233:9 May 10206:9 May 10180:9 May 10145: 9719:CERNE 9651:(PDF) 9640:(PDF) 9566:S2CID 8750:Notes 8712:South 8594:Sabah 8588:Sözcü 8576:Posta 8563:cable 8285:dough 8283:is a 8269:Yahni 8265:Sarma 8259:mantı 8253:Dolma 8237:Ayran 8215:bread 8200:pilaf 8192:kebab 8188:Börek 8180:Güveç 8152:Turks 8142:with 7949:is a 7842:blues 7789:kanto 7651:Divan 7577:Nobel 7538:kilim 7464:nakış 7412:kebap 7410:, or 7167:Alevi 7159:KONDA 7155:Sunni 7119:near 6984:Aydın 6925:Adana 6901:Konya 6853:Bursa 6840:Hatay 6829:İzmir 6795:Bursa 6785:İzmir 6634:Greek 6516:Arabs 6479:Siirt 6467:Iğdır 6438:Kurds 6428:KONDA 5951:Paris 5863:TEMSA 5533:Akbaş 5493:felid 5399:tulip 5361:from 5283:Chile 4773:Qatar 4584:Afrin 4530:Egypt 3813:Siirt 3783:Iğdır 3723:Kilis 3683:Tokat 3678:Sivas 3658:Hatay 3653:Adana 3648:Niğde 3633:Çorum 3628:Sinop 3578:Konya 3543:Muğla 3538:Aydın 3533:İzmir 3498:Düzce 3473:Bursa 3430:bölge 3068:İzmir 2737:Söğüt 2612:Kınık 2585:Islam 2496:Konya 2401:Iznik 2370:Celts 2366:Goths 2351:Latin 2347:Greek 2281:(now 2219:with 2199:When 2110:Celts 2047:Cyrus 1997:Doris 1993:Ionia 1979:(now 1973:İzmir 1971:(now 1939:list. 1900:Caria 1896:Lycia 1892:Lydia 1850:Medes 1830:Greek 1807:Iliad 1751:Syria 1690:, an 1605:Some 1438:, or 1432:, or 1398:Greek 1367:; or 1152:Greek 1041:Roman 990:Bursa 986:İzmir 954:Kurds 950:Turks 930:Syria 574:Area 333:Kurds 327:Turks 280:Greek 29136:Rize 29131:Poti 29126:Ordu 29091:Hopa 28876:Tuva 28552:Laos 28526:Iraq 28142:Iran 27654:Togo 27592:Oman 27562:Mali 27512:Iraq 27507:Iran 27457:Chad 27199:Iran 27066:Flag 26943:Flag 26108:Sark 25369:Oman 25334:Laos 25289:Iraq 25284:Iran 25193:Asia 25057:Wine 24953:Flag 24656:Coal 24602:Navy 24597:Land 24065:Rise 24020:and 23839:2024 23771:ISBN 23750:ISBN 23735:2015 23699:ISBN 23678:ISBN 23644:ISBN 23617:ISBN 23596:ISBN 23581:2024 23562:2024 23525:ISBN 23477:ISBN 23456:ISBN 23435:ISBN 23416:OCLC 23406:ISBN 23387:ISBN 23366:ISBN 23339:ISBN 23312:ISBN 23285:ISBN 23258:ISBN 23231:ISBN 23210:ISBN 23189:ISBN 23152:ISBN 23103:ISBN 23082:ISBN 23061:ISBN 23040:ISBN 22994:ISBN 22967:ISBN 22940:ISBN 22919:ISBN 22898:ISBN 22871:ISBN 22842:ISBN 22815:ISBN 22788:ISBN 22761:ISBN 22734:ISBN 22709:OCLC 22699:ISBN 22680:ISBN 22659:ISBN 22638:ISBN 22617:ISBN 22588:ISBN 22561:ISBN 22534:ISBN 22507:ISBN 22486:ISBN 22465:ISBN 22401:2017 22354:2016 22326:2013 22299:2010 22257:2016 22227:2020 22154:2015 22118:2010 22091:2010 22047:2006 22006:2014 21976:2014 21951:2014 21925:2013 21899:2022 21891:ESPN 21868:2014 21843:2014 21818:2006 21710:2014 21683:2014 21387:ISBN 21362:ISBN 21331:ISBN 21310:2017 21297:ISBN 21216:ISSN 21173:2019 21151:2024 21122:PMID 21084:PMID 21026:2019 21001:2013 20980:2013 20956:2022 20935:2024 20910:2024 20885:2024 20826:2024 20801:2013 20674:ISBN 20595:2015 20551:2008 20515:2010 20435:2023 20410:2024 20366:2024 20335:2024 20305:2024 20264:2020 20242:2014 20195:2012 20134:ISBN 20094:2017 20054:ISBN 20029:ISSN 19987:ISSN 19936:OCLC 19902:2023 19889:ISBN 19849:ISSN 19807:ISSN 19768:ISSN 19727:ISBN 19661:2013 19648:ISBN 19621:ISBN 19592:ISBN 19565:ISBN 19529:2024 19467:ISBN 19405:ISBN 19386:2013 19342:2024 19312:2023 19290:2023 19185:2022 19072:ISBN 19018:2024 18959:2024 18932:2024 18907:2024 18813:2024 18782:2020 18746:2024 18643:PMID 18490:2021 18387:2023 18335:2023 18313:2021 18288:2024 18254:2024 18224:2024 18140:2024 18096:SSRN 18063:2024 18047:2024 18027:2023 17987:2024 17905:2020 17883:2021 17861:2024 17830:2024 17797:2022 17677:2014 17626:PMID 17573:2014 17530:2015 17480:ISBN 17461:2014 17387:ISBN 17360:2014 17220:2024 17171:2015 17146:2015 17068:2006 17046:2024 17004:2024 16966:2024 16936:2024 16914:2024 16851:2010 16827:2022 16783:2010 16762:2010 16741:2021 16715:2021 16689:2021 16663:2021 16637:2015 16611:2015 16562:2022 16519:2022 16487:2017 16462:2013 16435:2022 16387:2022 16355:2022 16299:2013 16268:2022 16242:2017 16212:2017 16182:2017 16164:ISBN 16143:2017 16125:ISBN 16104:2018 16086:ISBN 16065:2018 16047:ISBN 16026:2021 15996:2020 15970:2020 15944:2020 15926:ISBN 15905:2013 15879:2015 15858:ISBN 15836:2015 15806:2024 15775:2017 15745:2017 15715:2014 15685:2012 15649:2013 15636:ISBN 15615:2018 15589:2017 15559:2017 15520:ISBN 15493:2022 15467:2010 15434:2010 15396:ISSN 15386:ISBN 15360:2023 15330:2023 15304:2022 15273:2022 15243:2023 15209:2023 15179:2023 15149:2023 15115:2010 15089:2006 15053:2006 15023:2023 14992:2022 14962:2022 14928:2024 14895:2024 14867:2023 14837:2023 14807:2022 14777:2022 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