Albanian language - Knowledge

14362:, p. 5: "Much has been written about the origin of the Albanian language. The most probable predecessor of Albanian was Illyrian, since much of the present-day Albania was inhabited by the Illyrians during the Antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible because almost nothing is known about Illyrian, despite the fact that two handbooks of that language have been published (by Hans Krahe and Anton Mayer)... examination of personal names and toponyms from Illyricum shows that several onomastic areas can be distinguished, and these onomastic areas just might correspond to different languages spoken in ancient Illyricum. If Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises -from which 'Illyrian' language did Albanian develop, and that question cannot be answered until new data are discovered.The single "Illyrian" gloss preserved in Greek (rhínon 'fog') may have the reflex in Alb. (Gheg) re͂ 'cloud' (Tosk re)< PAlb. *ren-." 2234:'raft', 'navigation', 'sea shelves' and a few names of fish kinds, but not the words for 'sail', 'row' and 'harbor'; objects pertaining to navigation itself and a large part of sea fauna. This rather shows that Proto-Albanians were pushed away from coastal areas in early times (probably after the Latin conquest of the region) and thus lost a large amount (or the majority) of their sea environment lexicon. A similar phenomenon could be observed with agricultural terms. While the words for 'arable land', 'wheat', 'cereals', 'vineyard', 'yoke', 'harvesting', 'cattle breeding', etc. are native, the words for 'ploughing', 'farm' and 'farmer', agricultural practices, and some harvesting tools are foreign. This, again, points to intense contact with other languages and people, rather than providing evidence of a possible 13909:"The most probable predecessor of Albanian was Illyrian since much of present-day Albania was inhabited by the Illyrians during the Antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible because almost nothing is known about Illyrian ... It is a-priori less probable to assume that a single language was spoken in the whole Illyricum, from the river Arsia in Istria, to Epirus in Greece, when such a linguistic uniformity is found nowhere else in Europe before the Roman conquest. Moreover, the examination of personal names and toponyms from Illyricum shows that several onomastic areas can be distinguished, and these onomastic areas just might correspond to different languages spoken in ancient Illyricum. If Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises: From which 14398:, p. 11: "Although there are some lexical items that appear to be shared between Romanian (and by extension Dacian) and Albanian, by far the strongest connections can be argued between Albanian and Illyrian. The latter was at least attested in what is historically regarded as Albanian territory and there is no evidence of any major migration into Albanian territory since our records of Illyrian occupation. The loan words from Greek and Latin date back to before the Christian era and suggest that the ancestors of the Albanians must have occupied Albania by then to have absorbed such loans from their histori-cal neighbors. As the Illyrians occupied Albanian territory at this time, they are the most likely recipients of such loans." 16317:, Eric Hamp, "The position of Albanian, Ancient IE dialects, Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963, ed. By Henrik Birnbaum and Jaan Puhvel. "It is clear that in the Middle Ages the Albanians extended farther north (Jokl, Albaner §2); that there are persuasive arguments which have been advanced against their having extended as far as the Adriatic coast—the fact that Scodra 'Scutari' (Shkodër) shows un-Albanian development (see §6 below), that there is no demonstrated old maritime vocabulary (see above), and that there are few ancient Greek loans (Jokl, Albaner §5; but see §5 below) 1559: 7837:

the former Yugoslavia consolidated the 1917 standard twice in the 1950s, culminating with a thorough codification of orthographic rules in 1964. The rules already provided for a balanced variety that accounted for both Gheg and Tosk dialects, but only lasted through 1968. Viewing divergences with Albania as a threat to their identity, Kosovars arbitrarily adopted the Tosk project that Tirana had published the year before. Although it was never intended to serve outside of Albania, the project became the "unified literary language" in 1972, when approved by a rubberstamp

11373:. The presence of loanwords from more well-studied languages from time periods before Albanian was attested, reaching deep back into the Classical Era, has been of great use in phonological reconstructions for earlier ancient and medieval forms of Albanian. Some words in the core vocabulary of Albanian have no known etymology linking them to Proto-Indo-European or any known source language, and as of 2018 are thus tentatively attributed to an unknown, unattested, pre-Indo-European substrate language; some words among these include 601: 672: 64: 15745:, pp. 447–448: "But it is likely that there were earlier works which have vanished. The earliest preserved books both in Geg and in Tosk share features of spelling that point to some kind of common literary language having already developed, and a letter written by a Dominican friar named Gulielmus Adea in 1332 says that the inhabitants of Albania had a language very different from Latin but used the Latin alphabet in their writings, suggesting (if not proving) an already–existing written Albanian tradition." 2584: 24348: 14601:"It is the case of the evolution of stressed /a-/ and partly stressed /e-/ in front of a nasal consonant to /ë-/ in thee southern dialect. While the evolution /a-/ > /ë/ in front of a nasal consonant has involved the southern dialect, the evolution /e-/ > /-ë/ in the same phonetic conditions has not taken place in the northern part and partly in the eastern part of that dialect (...). This phonetic phenomenon has appeared earlier than rhotacism, as it is clearly evidenced in such examples as 22180: 21444: 947: 332: 2784: 1389: 24473: 22023: 21602: 21516: 21006: 348: 14386:, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records. This is one of the reasons why its origins are shrouded in mystery and controversy. The widespread assertion that it is the modern–day descendant of Illyrian, spoken in much the same region during classical times (), makes geographic and historical sense but is linguistically untestable since we know so little about Illyrian." 2576: 1215: 13938: 22823: 24788: 1437:). More specifically, the writers from northern Albania and under the influence of the Catholic Church used Latin letters, those in southern Albania and under the influence of the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while others throughout Albania and under the influence of Islam used Arabic letters. There were initial attempts to create an original Albanian alphabet during the 1750–1850 period. These attempts intensified after the 406: 24233: 22478: 419: 306: 393: 22361: 319: 2246: 22959: 23857: 380: 13514:. Because the Latin words common to only Romanian and Albanian are significantly fewer in number than those that are common to only Albanian and Western Romance, Mihaescu argues that the Albanian language evolved in a region with much greater contact with Western Romance regions than with Romanian-speaking regions, and located this region in present-day Albania, Kosovo and Western Macedonia, spanning east to 15492:, Holm, Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, 7–9 March 2007. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin 11286: 2467: 13882:"... in Figure 2.1 are listed three subfamilies which contain only one language each: the Albanian, Hellenic, and Armenian subfamilies. These three languages – Albanian, Greek, and Armenian – are isolates within the Indo-European family showing no closer connection to any other Indo-European languages or to each other." — Pereltsvaig (2012) pp. 30–31 13900:"So while linguists may debate about the ties between Albanian and older languages of the Balkans, and while most Albanians may take the genealogical connection to Illyrian as incontrovertible, the fact remains that there is simply insufficient evidence to connect Illyrian, Thracian, or Dacian with any language, including Albanian." — Curtis (2011) p. 18 1549:

was recorded, from the earliest documents to the beginning of the twentieth century ... consist of adaptations of the Latin, Greek, Arabic, and Cyrillic alphabets and (what is even more interesting) a number of locally invented writing systems. Most of the latter alphabets have now been forgotten and are unknown, even to the Albanians themselves.

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Gheg words should be included. Proponents of the Elbasan dialect have been vocal, but have gathered little support in the public opinion. In general, those involved in the language debate come from diverse backgrounds and there is no significant correlation between one's political views, geographic origin, and position on Standard Albanian.

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Elbasan dialect. Criticism of Standard Albanian has centred on the exclusion of the 'me + participle' infinitive and the Gheg lexicon. Critics say that Standard Albanian disenfranchises and stigmatises Gheg speakers, affecting the quality of writing and impairing effective public communication. Supporters of the Tosk standard view the

13599:, though used for major claims by Huld in 1994, are now attributed to Latin, for example), or may instead be native to Albanian, inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Today, it is accepted that there are a few words from Gothic in Albanian, but for the most part they are scanty because the Goths had few contacts with Balkan peoples. 1370:. These settlements originated from the (Arvanites) communities probably of Peloponnese known as Morea in the Middle Ages. Among them the Arvanites call themselves Arbëror and sometime Arbëresh. The Arbëresh dialect is closely related to the Arvanites dialect with more Italian vocabulary absorbed during different periods of time. 14779:"...such sporadic analogical cases do not reverse the generally acknowledged conclusion that this dialectal peculiarity as a phonetic process has appeared in pre-Slavic period of Albanian and is relatively more ancient than the rhotacism. It has most probably appeared not later than the V-VI centuries A.D." 11365:. Of all the foreign influences in Albanian, the deepest reaching and most impactful was the absorption of loans from Latin in the Classical period and its Romance successors afterward. Scholars have estimated a great number of Latin loanwords in Albanian, some even claiming 60% of the Albanian vocabulary. 14809:"And, as it was pointed out in §3, since the dialectal differentiations have appeared in a certain geographical area, one is entitled to draw the conclusion that the speakers of the northern and southern dialects have been present in their actual areas in the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period of Albanian." 2725:, a specialist in Albanian studies, considers that "The Todericiu/Polena Romanian translation of the non-Latin lines, although it may offer some clues if the text is indeed Albanian, is fanciful and based, among other things, on a false reading of the manuscript, including the exclusion of a whole line." 2416:. As in other parts of Europe, these PreIE people joined the migratory Indo-European tribes that entered the Balkans and contributed to the formation of the historical Paleo-Balkan tribes. In terms of linguistics, the pre-Indo-European substrate language spoken in the southern Balkans probably influenced 15214:

In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world. There are upwards of 5 million ethnic Albanians in the Turkish Republic; however, the vast majority of this population is assimilated and no longer possesses fluency in the language, though a vibrant Albanian

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Albanian is the medium of instruction in most Albanian schools. The literacy rate in Albania for the total population, age 9 or older, is about 99%. Elementary education is compulsory (grades 1–9), but most students continue at least until a secondary education. Students must pass graduation exams at

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Since the fall of the communist regime, Albanian orthography has stirred heated debate among scholars, writers, and public opinion in Albania and Kosovo, with hardliners opposed to any changes in the orthography, moderates supporting varying degrees of reform, and radicals calling for a return to the

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texts. The grammar and the vocabulary are more archaic than those in the Gheg texts from the 17th century. The 188 pages of the book comprise about 154,000 words with a total vocabulary of c. 1,500 different words. The text is archaic yet easily interpreted because it is mainly a translation of known

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techniques that appeared to obtain an Albanian subgrouping with Germanic, a result which the authors had already reasonably downplayed. Indeed, the Albanian and Germanic branches share a relatively moderate number of lexical cognates. Many shared grammatical elements or features of these two branches

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It is the official language of Albania, the co-official language of Kosovo, and the co-official language of many western municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia. Albanian is also spoken widely in some areas in Greece, southern Montenegro, southern Serbia, and in some towns in southern Italy and

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as a milestone achievement in Albanian history and dismiss calls for reform as efforts to "divide the nation" or "create two languages." Moderates, who are especially prevalent in Kosovo, generally stress the need for a unified Albanian language, but believe that the 'me + participle' infinitive and

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However, as Fortson notes, Albanian written works existed before this point; they have simply been lost. The existence of written Albanian is explicitly mentioned in a letter attested from 1332, and the first preserved books, including both those in Gheg and in Tosk, share orthographic features that

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comprising Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, is considered as a possible scenario. In this light, due to the larger number of possible shared innovations between Greek and Armenian, it appears reasonable to assume, at least tentatively, that Albanian was the first Balkan IE language to branch off. This

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Ancient Indo-European dialects: proceedings, Volume 1963 Ancient Indo-European Dialects: Proceedings, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Research in Languages and Linguistics Authors Henrik Birnbaum, Jaan Puhvel, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Research in Languages

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The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited IE words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show these changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into the Balkans

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The original kinship terminology of Indo-European was radically reshaped; changes included a shift from "mother" to "sister", and were so thorough that only three terms retained their original function, the words for "son-in-law", "mother-in-law" and "father-in-law". All the words for second-degree

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Martin Huld defends the significance of the admittedly sparse Gothic loans for Albanian studies, however, arguing that Gothic is the only clearly post-Roman and "pre-Ottoman" language after Latin with a notable influence on the Albanian lexicon (the influence of Slavic languages is both pre-Ottoman

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The hundred years between 1750 and 1850 were an age of astounding orthographic diversity in Albania. In this period, the Albanian language was put to writing in at least ten different alphabets – most certainly a record for European languages. ... the diverse forms in which this old Balkan language

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The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.) Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report;

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The period during which Proto-Albanian and Latin interacted was protracted, lasting from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. Over this period, the lexical borrowings can be roughly divided into three layers, the second of which is the largest. The first and smallest occurred at the

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Until 1968, Kosovo and other Albanian-speaking areas in Yugoslavia followed the 1917 standard based on the Elbasan dialect, though it was gradually infused with Gheg elements in an effort to develop a Kosovan language separate from communist Albania's Tosk-based standard. Albanian intellectuals in

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of Albanian writers held in 1908 recommended the use of the Elbasan subdialect for literary purposes and as a basis of a unified national language. While technically classified as a southern Gheg variety, the Elbasan speech is closer to Tosk in phonology and practically a hybrid between other Gheg

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The Albanian language has been written using many alphabets since the earliest records from the 15th century. The history of Albanian language orthography is closely related to the cultural orientation and knowledge of certain foreign languages among Albanian writers. The earliest written Albanian

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in Hyllested & Joseph (2022). Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. The hypothesis of the

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The Proto-Albanians appear to have been cattle breeders given the vastness of preserved native vocabulary pertaining to cow breeding, milking and so forth, while words pertaining to dogs tend to be loaned. Many words concerning horses are preserved, but the word for horse itself is a Latin loan.

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are the non-Romance languages today that have this sort of extensive Latin element dating from ancient Roman times, which has undergone the sound changes associated with the languages. Other languages in or near the former Roman area either came on the scene later (Turkish, the Slavic languages,

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The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the

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Many writers continue to write in the Elbasan dialect but other Gheg variants have found much more limited use in literature. Most publications adhere to a strict policy of not accepting submissions that are not written in Tosk. Some print media even translate direct speech, replacing the 'me +

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in the late 16th and early 17th century. Within the borders of Albania, the phoneme is pronounced about the same in both the Tosk and the Gheg dialect due to the influence of standard Albanian. However, in the Gheg dialects spoken in the neighbouring Albanian-speaking areas of Kosovo and North

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When the Congress of Lushnje met in the aftermath of World War I to form a new Albanian government, the 1917 decisions of the Literary Commission were upheld. The Elbasan subdialect remained in use for administrative purposes and many new writers embraced it for creative writing. Gheg and Tosk

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with the purpose of establishing a unified orthography for the language. The commission, made up of representatives from the north and south of Albania, reaffirmed the Elbasan subdialect as the basis of a national tongue. The rules published in 1917 defined spelling for the Elbasan variety for

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domination of the coastal and plain areas of the country, rather than evidence of the original environment in which the Albanian language was formed. For example, the word for 'fish' is borrowed from Latin, but not the word for 'gills' which is native. Indigenous are also the words for 'ship',

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One other point that some scholars make is the fact that Albanian and Romanian share many lexical items; this has led some to believe that Albanian originated east of its present geographical spread (Georgiev 1957; Hamp 1994)...it does not necessarily determine the genealogical history of the

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Colloquia Humanistica. No. 2. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2013. Page 97: "Even according to Albanian linguists, Albanian vocabulary is composed in 60 percent of Latin words from different periods... When albanological studies were just emerging, it happened that Albanian was

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to the southwestern Balkans. Further analysis has suggested that it was in a mountainous region rather than on a plain or seacoast. The words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous regions are entirely original, but the names for fish and for agricultural activities (such as

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no.25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication) Author George Nicholas Nasse Publisher National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964 page 24-25 link

12179:, also has a notably smaller number of borrowings. Each layer is characterised by a different treatment of most vowels: the first layer follows the evolution of Early Proto-Albanian into Albanian; while later layers reflect vowel changes endemic to Late Latin (and presumably 17341:

classified as a Romance language. Already there exists the idea of a common origin of both Albanian and Rumanian languages. The Rumanian grammar is almost identical to that of Albanian, but it may be as well the effect of later convergence within the Balkan Sprachbund.."

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At the end of World War II, however, the new communist regime radically imposed the use of the Tosk dialect in all facets of life in Albania: administration, education, and literature. Most Communist leaders were Tosks from the south. Standardisation was directed by the

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in Southern Italy. The common features of this group appear at the phonological, morphological, and lexical levels, presumably resulting from the contact between the various languages. The concept of this linguistic group is explained as a kind of language league of the

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became an additional source of loanwords. Contact between Albanian with the Slavic languages lasted very intensively for almost four centuries, and continued even in the late Middle Ages. Slavic loanwords in Albanian constitute a less studied area in literature. Per

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etc.), it has generally been acknowledged that it has taken place in the pre-Slavic period of Albanian. Its sporadic appearance in a very reduced number of Slavic loanwords is due to the action of analogy with similar cases of inherited or more ancient loans of

13891:"It is generally accepted that Albanians continue one of the ancient languages of the Balkans, although scholars disagree on which language they spoke and what area of the Balkans they occupied before the Slavs' migration to the Balkans." — Curtis (2011) p. 16 2063:

was preferred in the intellectual, literary, and clerical circles of the time, and used as a synonym for the Albanian language. Published in Rome in 1635, by the Albanian bishop and writer Frang Bardhi, the first dictionary of the Albanian language was titled

16092: 13543:(1998), there are about 556 Slavic loanwords in Albanian. Taking into account obsolete and restricted dialectalisms in areas that had more intensive and prolonged contacts with Slavic, their number is considerably larger; up to 1000 words in those dialects. 16729:

and the outcomes of the three dorsal series suggest that Albanian, like Luwian, may have origi- nally retained this three-way opposition intact and therefore is neither centum nor satem, despite the clear satem-like outcome of its palatal dorsals in most

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etc., in which the evolution /a-/ > /ë-/ could not take place before /-r-/. Since this phonetic change has not appeared in the Slavic loanwords of Albanian, but has involved mainly the I.E. inherited words as well as the loans from Old Greek (compare

922:, with many having long assimilated in different cultures and communities. Consequently, Albanian-speakers do not correspond to the total ethnic Albanian population, as many ethnic Albanians may identify as Albanian but are unable to speak the language. 14664:"In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin." 15683:

Tibor Živković, Vladeta Petrović, Aleksandar Uzelac, Dragana Kunčer: Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis : Anonimov opis istočne Evrope. January 2013. Edition: Izvori za srpsku istoriju. Publisher: Istorijski institut. Editor: Srđan Rudić.

14551:"...these innovations, as those that are also evident in different varieties of Gheg, are not such as to impede communication between speakers of the two dialects. Furthermore, the major part of the Albanian lexicon is common to the two dialects." 2567:("The Song of the Easter Gospel, or "The Song of Saint Matthew's Gospel"). Although the codex is dated to during the 14th century, the song, written in Albanian by an anonymous writer, seems to be a 16th-century writing. The document was found by 12206:. Many of these reflect a dialect which voiced its aspirants, as did the Macedonian dialect. Other loanwords are Doric; these words mainly refer to commodity items and trade goods and probably came through trade with a now-extinct intermediary. 17429:"Cultural Treasure of Bosnia and Herzegovina edition-Prehistoric and Ancient Period- Book 2- Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an Overview of a Cultural Legacy/ Ancient Illyrians of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Ardian Adžanela Adzanela Axhanela" 13563:, are common. There are some loanwords from Modern Greek, especially in the south of Albania. Many borrowed words have been replaced by words with Albanian roots or modern Latinised (international) words. According to calculations mentioned by 11368:

Major work in reconstructing Proto-Albanian has been done with the help of knowledge of the original forms of loans from Ancient Greek, Latin and Slavic, while Ancient Greek loanwords are scarce the Latin loanwords are of extreme importance in

16596: 2140:. Although it is still uncertain which ancient mentioned language of the Balkans it continues, or where in the region its speakers lived. In general, there is insufficient evidence to connect Albanian with one of those languages, whether 13843:

is in fact a semantically shifted descendant of the old Greek word for "high sea", suggesting a change in location after Greek contact. Albanian has maintained since Proto-Indo-European a specific term referring to a riverside forest

2680:, but none yet have been discovered. We know of their existence by earlier references. For example, a French monk signed as "Broccardus" notes, in 1332, that "Although the Albanians have another language totally different from Latin, 4697:. Labiovelars are for the most part differentiated from all other Indo-European velar series before front vowels, but they merge with the "pure" (back) velars elsewhere. The palatal velar series, consisting of Proto-Indo-European 15005:

Gkaintartzi, Anastasia, Aspasia Chatzidaki, and Roula Tsokalidou. "Albanian parents and the Greek educational context: Who is willing to fight for the home language?." International Multilingual Research Journal 8, no. 4 (2014):

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In 2013, a group of academics for Albania and Kosovo proposed minor changes to the orthography. Hardline academics boycotted the initiative, while other reformers have viewed it as well-intentioned but flawed and superficial.

17777:, p. 23: "Latin loanwords are of extreme importance for the history of Albanian phonology, especially its vocalism. The duration of the borrowing was so long that loanwords reflect several distinct chronological stages." 846:

of the region (4th century AD), and most likely not later than the 6th century AD, hence possibly occupying roughly their present area divided by the Shkumbin river since the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period, straddling the

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Romanian scholars such as Vatasescu and Mihaescu, using lexical analysis of the Albanian language, have concluded that Albanian was heavily influenced by an extinct Romance language that was distinct from both Romanian and

14565:, p. 446: "The two dialects are mutually intelligible in their standard varieties, although numerous subdialects exist that show considerable variation, especially in the north and northeast of the Geg–speaking area." 1449:), which decided on which alphabet to use, and what the standardised spelling would be for standard Albanian. This is how the literary language remains. The alphabet is the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters 1114:

speakers. It is primarily spoken on the East Coast of the United States, in cities like New York City, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, as well as in parts of the states of New Jersey, Ohio, and Connecticut.

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According to Huld (1986), the following come from a Greek dialect without any significant attestation called "Makedonian" because it was akin to the native idiom of the Greek-speaking population in the Argead kingdom:

10719:. In English, the expression of surprise can be rendered by 'oh, look!' or 'lookee there!'; the expression of doubt can be rendered by 'indeed!'; the expression of neutral reportedness can be rendered by 'apparently'. 12605:(1780–1844) was the first to note Latin's influence on Albanian and claimed "the Latin loanwords in the Albanian language had the pronunciation of the time of Emperor Augustus". Kopitar gave examples such as Albanian 15888:

supports the thesis that the Illyrian language belongs to the Northwestern group, that the Albanian language is descended from Illyrian, and that Albanian is related to Messapic which is an earlier Illyrian dialect

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nevertheless remained more resistant. Terms pertaining to social organisation are often preserved, though not those pertaining to political organisation, while those pertaining to trade are all loaned or innovated.

814:, while a letter written by Dominican Friar Gulielmus Adea in 1332 mentions the Albanians using the Latin alphabet in their writings. The oldest surviving attestation of modern Albanian is from 1462. The two main 13857:

Regarding forests, words for most conifers and shrubs are native, as are the terms for "alder", "elm", "oak", "beech", and "linden", while "ash", "chestnut", "birch", "maple", "poplar", and "willow" are loans.

14584:"The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of Tosk." 14199:, p. 184: "And yet we know that it is the continuation of a language spoken in the Balkans already in ancient times. This has been proved by the fact that there are Ancient Greek loan words in Albanian". 14374:, p. 25: "It is often thought (for obvious geographic reasons) that Albanian descends from ancient Illyrian (see above), but this cannot be ascertained as we know next to nothing about Illyrian itself." 13825:) is native and an "Albano-Germanic" innovation referring to the concept of depth, but a large amount of maritime vocabulary is loaned. Words referring to large streams and their banks tend to be loans, but 13567:(1985), the total number of Turkish loanwords in Albanian is about two thousand. However, when taking into account obsolete and rare words, and restricted dialectalisms, their number is considerably larger. 17238:. Publications of the Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Series. Vol. 5. In collaboration with Victor Friedman, John Kolsti, Zymer U. Neziri. Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies. 1605:, while placing Germanic and Balto-Slavic in another branch of Indo-European. In current scholarship there is evidence that Albanian is closely related to Greek and Armenian, while the fact that it is a 15239:

The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of

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Albanian is known within historical linguistics as a case of a language which, although surviving through many periods of foreign rule and multilingualism, saw a "disproportionately high" influx of

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participle' infinitive with other verb forms and making other changes in grammar and word choice. Even authors who have published in the Elbasan dialect will frequently write in the Tosk standard.

14728:, p. 448: "The dialectal split into Geg and Tosk happened sometime after the region became Christianized in the fourth century AD: Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk 2315:

The linguists Stefan Schumacher and Joachim Matzinger (University of Vienna) assert that the first literary records of Albanian date from the 16th century. The oldest known Albanian printed book,

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References to the existence of Albanian as a distinct language survive from the 14th century, but they failed to cite specific words. The oldest surviving documents written in Albanian are the "

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The Field of Linguistics, Volume 2 Volume 1 of World of linguistics Authors Bernd Kortmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Editors Bernd Kortmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Publisher Walter de Gruyter, 2010

13615:. He argues that Albanian Gothicisms bear evidence for the ordering of developments within Proto-Albanian at this time: for example, he argues Proto-Albanian at this stage had already shifted 13603:

and Ottoman). He argues that Gothic words in Albanian are attributable to the late fourth and early fifth centuries during the invasions of various Gothic speaking groups of the Balkans under

1138:. There are other estimates, however, that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million. However, the vast majority of this population is 673: 65: 1099:. Some of the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States were the Arbëreshë. The Arbëreshë have a strong sense of identity and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of 15164: 12491:

Scholars have estimated a great number of Latin loanwords in Albanian, some even claiming 60% of the Albanian vocabulary. They include many frequently used core vocabulary items, including

16020:. 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Vol. 1 – General issues and non-Germanic Languages. Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins Publishing (published 2000). p. 400. 14317: 7829:. Two dictionaries were published in 1954: an Albanian language dictionary and a Russian–Albanian dictionary. New orthography rules were eventually published in 1967 and in 1973 with the 14711:) come from Latin and attest to a widespread intermingling of pre-Albanian and Balkan Latin speakers during the Roman period, roughly from the second century BC to the fifth century AD. 17011: 14159: 7802:

official purposes. The commission did not, however, discourage publications in one of the dialects, but rather laid a foundation for Gheg and Tosk to gradually converge into one.

4620:). In addition, voiced stops tend to disappear in between vowels. There is almost complete loss of final syllables and very widespread loss of other unstressed syllables (e.g. 16300:... for example, argues that from some indeterminate time a pre-Albanian (in Hamp's terms, Albanoid) population inhabited areas stretching from Poland to the current area 13850:), as well as its words for marshes. Albanian has maintained native terms for "whirlpool", "water pit" and (aquatic) "deep place", leading Orel to speculate that the Albanian 19479:. Sprachlicher Standard und Substandard in Südosteuropa und Osteuropa: Beiträge zum Symposium vom 12.-16. Oktober 1992 in Berlin. Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 184–194. 16358:

Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of Albanians through the testimonies of the Albanian language) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999

807:, on the basis of shared features and innovations, are grouped together in a common branch in the current phylogenetic classification of the Indo-European language family. 15089:

Trandafili, Evis; Meçe, Elinda Kajo; Duka, Enea (2020). Appice, Annalisa; Ceci, Michelangelo; Loglisci, Corrado; Manco, Giuseppe; Masciari, Elio; Ras, Zbigniew W. (eds.).

2017:(Namely, the above-mentioned Albanians have a language that is different from the languages of Latins, Greeks and Slavs, so that they do not understand each other at all.) 17488:

Ushaku, Ruzhdi, Hulumtime etnoliguistike, chapter: The continuation of Illyrian Bind in Albanian Mythology and Language, Fakulteti filologjise, Prishtine, 2000, p. 46-48

15215:

community maintains its distinct identity in Istanbul to this day. Egypt also lays claim to some 18,000 Albanians, supposedly lingering remnants of Mohammad Ali's army.

842:. Their characteristics in the treatment of both native words and loanwords provide evidence that the split into the northern and the southern dialects occurred after 19584:

Matzinger, Joachim (2009). "Die Albaner als Nachkommen der Illyrier aus der Sicht der historischen Sprachwissenschaft". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Frantz, Eva (eds.).

9292:

show variation. They may range between occurring as palatal affricates or as palatal stops among dialects. Some speakers merge them into the palatoalveolar sounds

24314: 1562:

Albanian within Indo-European language family tree based on "Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages" by Chang et al. (January 2015).

1060:. This is due to a substantial Albanian immigration to Italy. Italy has a historical Albanian minority of about 500,000, scattered across southern Italy, known as 18430:

Ajeti, Idriz (1968). "La présence de l'albanais dans les parlers des populations slaves de la Péninsule balkanique à la lumière de la langue et de la toponymie".

2277:. The characteristics of Tosk and Gheg in the treatment of the native words and loanwords from other languages are evidence that the dialectal split preceded the 1053:

regional units in Greece. It is also spoken by 450,000 Albanian immigrants in Greece, making it one of the commonly spoken languages in the country after Greek.

21983: 18759: 24336: 21762: 19999:

Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.).

19312: 18271: 18198: 18108: 2281:, which means that in that period (the 5th to 6th centuries AD), Albanians were occupying nearly the same area around the Shkumbin river, which straddled the 14987:

Mai, Nicola. "The Albanian diaspora-in-the-making: media, migration and social exclusion." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31, no. 3 (2005): 543–561.

7841:. Only about 1 in 9 participants were from Kosovo. The Congress, held at Tirana, authorized the orthography rules that came out the following year, in 1973. 7757:, standard Albanian used in Albania has been based on the Tosk dialect. Kosovo and other areas where Albanian is official adopted the Tosk standard in 1969. 11385:(iron). Some among these putative pre-IE words are thought to be related to putative pre-IE substrate words in neighboring Indo-European languages, such as 1346:. Tosk is spoken in southern Albania, southwestern North Macedonia and northern and southern Greece. Cham Albanian is spoken in North-western Greece, while 2420:, the ancestor idiom of Albanian. The extent of this linguistic impact cannot be determined with precision due to the uncertain position of Albanian among 2647:, and many illustrations. The uniformity of spelling seems to indicate an earlier tradition of writing. The only known copy of the Meshari is held by the 18880: 12879:'forest'. An analogous mutation occurred from Proto-Indo-European to Albanian. In contrast, in later Latin loanwords, the internal syllable is retained: 16876: 15511:

A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages And their Migrations in the Light of the Separation Level Recovery (SLRD) Method – Hans J. Holm

24915: 24461: 20840: 20119: 18001:

Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm. Rumanisch, romanisch, albanesisch. (Mitteilungen des Romanischen Instituts an der Universitet Wien. I. Heilderberg 1914), p. 32

11332: 2373: 799:

in reference to a specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group. Whether descendants or sisters of what was called '

24439: 16864:. "Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë" ( in "Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë", today "Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë"). 17159:

Maxwell, Daniel Newhall. (1979). A Crosslinguistic Correlation between Word Order and Casemarking institution. Bloomington: Indiana University Pub.

16963:. "Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë" (in "Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë", today "Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë"). 12183:). Other formative changes include the syncretism of several noun case endings, especially in the plural, as well as a large-scale palatalisation. 7822: 2752: 17182: 15171: 14348:

Though the origin of the language has been debated, the prevailing opinion in the literature is that it is a descendant of Illyrian (Hetzer 1995).

791:

for obvious geographic and historical reasons, or otherwise an unmentioned Balkan Indo-European language that was closely related to Illyrian and

21353: 20941: 14695:

in the fifth and sixth centuries AD The loan words from Greek and Latin date back to before the Christian era Even very common words such as

13811:

Although Albanian is characterised by the absorption of many loans, even, in the case of Latin, reaching deep into the core vocabulary, certain

13494:

Arabic) or borrowed little from Latin despite coexisting with it (Greek, German), although German does have a few such ancient Latin loanwords (

13264:

Some Albanian church terminology has phonetic features which demonstrate their very early borrowing from Latin. A few examples include Albanian

24980: 24591: 22811: 21650: 19926: 19824: 19576: 19454: 19359: 19105:

Domi, Mahir (1975). "Considérations sur les traits communs ou parallèles de l'albanais avec les autres langues balkaniques et sur leur étude".

18748: 10712: 4736:. Because the original Proto-Indo-European tripartite distinction between dorsals is preserved in such reflexes, Albanian is therefore neither 4569: 2360:

and includes a multilingual dictionary of hundreds of the most frequently used words in everyday life in Italian, Slavic, Greek, Albanian, and

1300:

is divided into four sub-dialects: Northwest Gheg, Northeast Gheg, Central Gheg and Southern Gheg. It is primarily spoken in northern Albania,

2217:

has said that during an unknown chronological period a pre-Albanian population (termed as "Albanoid" by Hamp) inhabited areas stretching from

24776: 24221: 21640: 19438: 12486: 12152: 19592:

Matzinger, Joachim. "Der lateinisch-albanische Sprachkontakt und seine Implikationen für Vorgeschichte des Albanischen und der Albaner", in

12159:

languages. However it does not necessarily define the genealogical history of Albanian language, and it does not exclude the possibility of

4533: 2587:

Possibly the oldest surviving Albanian text, highlighted in red, from the Bellifortis manuscript, written by Konrad Kyeser around 1402–1405.

2377: 23002: 22947: 22789: 21645: 14210: 19002: 16374:

Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen

13408:

Other authors have detected Latin loanwords in Albanian with an ancient sound pattern from the 1st century BC, for example, Albanian

20734: 3731: 24754: 24199: 14151: 2340: 24329: 21403: 18013:

Wir sind die Deinen. Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925–1992) gewidmet

17406: 19494: 18312: 18224: 17286:

Shkurtaj, Gjovalin (1972). "Vëzhgime rreth të folmëve të banorëve të Bregut të Matës, ishullit të Lezhës dhe ishullit të Shëngjinit".

23418: 22925: 22696: 22548: 21378: 14850: 8455: 24344: 17523: 9695:

The schwa in Albanian has a great degree of variability from extreme back to extreme front articulation. Although the Indo-European

21042: 19375:] (in Albanian). Prishtinë: Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts, special editions CLII, Section of Linguistics and Literature. 16958: 13749:; the "difficult" word having various otherwise been attributed (with phonological issues) to Celtic, Greek or native development. 4598:

Phonologically, Albanian is not so conservative. Like many IE stocks, it has merged the two series of voiced stops (e.g. both PIE

2529:; English: "I baptise you in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit"). It was discovered and published in 1915 by 1401:

records come from the Gheg area in makeshift spellings based on Italian or Greek. Originally, the Tosk dialect was written in the

22354: 22339: 22183: 22118: 21566: 17863:

postulates a Vulgar Latin intermediary for no good reason. Mallory & Adams (1997) erroneously give the word as native, from *

14125: 2013:

Habent enim Albani prefati linguam distinctam a Latinis, Grecis et Sclauis ita quod in nullo se intelligunt cum aliis nationibus.

1142:

and no longer possesses fluency in the Albanian language, though a vibrant Albanian community maintains its distinct identity in

19700:Ölberg, Hermann (1977). "Einige Uberlegungen zur Autochtonie der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel". In Ölberg, Hermann M. (ed.). 4693:

The palatals, velars, and labiovelars show distinct developments, with Albanian showing the three-way distinction also found in

1362:

people, descendants of 15th and 16th century migrants who settled in southeastern Italy, in small communities in the regions of

21978: 18725:. 7 vols. Tirana: Akademia et Shkencave e Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, 1976–2014. 9131: 8424: 444: 24950: 24454: 24322: 23664: 22076: 22016: 21988: 21922: 20112: 19868: 19611: 19136: 18988: 18965: 18611: 18514: 18020: 17833: 17457: 17270: 17197: 17144: 17084: 16774: 16755: 16722: 16331: 15827: 15727: 15689: 15652: 15444:, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records." 15426: 15259: 15104: 14687: 12151:. Some scholars argue that Albanian originated from an area located east of its present geographic spread due to the several 9304:. This is especially common in Northern Gheg, but is increasingly the case in Tosk as well. Other speakers reduced them into 4540: 4512: 23151: 17066: 2021:

The oldest attested document written in Albanian dates to 1462, while the first audio recording in the language was made by

22071: 21755: 21595: 21288: 19271: 15627: 13837:(the flow of water). Words for smaller streams and stagnant pools of water are more often native, but the word for "pond", 12438:(with the reflex of /ɡ/ for Greek <χ> indicating a dialectal voicing of the what came as an aspirate stop from Greek) 3391: 2545: 2180: 17108: 14107: 13559:

words; this also entailed the borrowing of Persian and Arabic words through Turkish. Some Turkish personal names, such as

24187:

Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.

22649: 21715: 21700: 21693: 21635: 19533: 16859: 9842:

alongside dative morphemes). Some dialects also retain a locative case, which is not present in standard Albanian (e.g. "

8417: 4497: 871: 635: 23203: 20094:, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen 17094: 17012:"Emil Lafe: Këshilli Ndërakademik për Gjuhën Shqipe ecën pa busull, ende pa një platformë shkencore të miratuar njëzëri" 13862:

blood kinship, including "aunt", "uncle", "nephew", "niece", and terms for grandchildren, are ancient loans from Latin.

1893:

split and the following ones were perhaps very close in time, allowing only a narrow time frame for shared innovations.

24584: 22804: 21767: 19411: 19392: 17806:

language, nor does it rule out the possibility of Proto-Albanian being present in both Illyrian and Thracian territory.

17629: 17602: 16975: 15415:

Schumacher, Stefan (2020). "The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety)". In Robert Crellin; Thomas Jügel (eds.).

15146: 11501:, found in both the southern and the Dalmatian-Pannonian (including modern Bosnia and Herzegovina) onomastic provinces 4562: 4519: 3450: 22973: 15246:

By Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: illustrated Published by Elsevier, 2008

2517:. It was written in a pastoral letter for a synod at the Holy Trinity in Mat and read in Latin characters as follows: 1620: 24769: 24469: 24214: 22634: 22569: 22543: 22001: 21917: 21795: 21578: 21388: 21343: 21328: 21323: 21298: 21222: 20061: 20010: 19947: 19745: 19504: 19332: 19232:

Gjinari, Jorgji (1982). "Dëshmi të historisë së gjuhës shqipe për kohën dhe vendin e formimit të popullit shqiptar".

19165: 18944: 18890: 18554: 18506: 17825: 17798: 17709: 17666: 17639: 17612: 17552: 17243: 16766: 16507: 16439: 16408: 16293: 15949: 15916: 15869: 15788: 15573: 15348: 15309: 15251: 15207: 14419: 14243: 14135: 14050: 11410:

analysis by Ukrainian linguist Tyshchenko shows the following results (the lower figure, the higher similarity): 49%

2783: 2747:, the first known Latin-Albanian dictionary. Other scholars who studied the language during the 17th century include 1888:

phenomenon), although it also consisted of languages that were related to each other. A common prestage posterior to

1184:

was of Albanian origin. In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world.

19263:

Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963

16497: 13913:

language did Albanian develop? – and that question cannot be answered until new data are discovered." — Ranko (2012)

24960: 24920: 24560: 24447: 22940: 22604: 22268: 21730: 21348: 21176: 20105: 18268: 18195: 18105: 15362: 15299: 9002: 8782: 8343: 8258: 4526: 3290: 2644: 2278: 1989:) when a crime witness named Matthew testified: "I heard a voice crying on the mountain in the Albanian language" ( 1081: 17134: 16713:

Bardhyl Demiraj (2018). "100. The evolution of Albanian". In Fritz, Matthias; Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared (eds.).

16372:. In Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen; Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead; Thomas Olander; Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.). 23517: 23093: 22349: 20727: 20132: 17699: 9564: 9451: 8876: 8320: 2801: 625: 22589: 22584: 22538: 22143: 21561: 21303: 19901: 19778:

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1980). "I rapporti linguistici interadriatici e l'elemento latino dell'albanese".

18866: 17992:

Meyer, Gustav. Die lateinischen Elemente im Albanesischen. (In: Grцbers Grundriss, I; I.Auflage) (1888), p. 805

17473: 17037: 16981: 16673: 16155: 16025: 15565:

Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European

10703:. These may express surprise on the part of the speaker, but may also have other functions, such as expressing 7826: 4382: 4157: 3561: 1034: 591: 440: 19600:

Matzinger, Joachim (2018). "The Lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).

17682: 16786:

de Vaan, Michiel (2018). "The phonology of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).

24955: 24930: 24577: 22797: 22574: 22425: 22083: 21901: 21790: 21383: 21217: 21156: 20086: 18848: 18807:

Cimochowski, Wacław (1973). "Pozicioni gjuhësor i ilirishtes ballkanike në rrethin e gjuhëve indoevropiane".

15047: 14948: 14911: 14342: 9023: 8803: 8393: 8293: 7898: 7838: 7815: 4555: 4127: 3396: 3333: 3134: 3020: 2002: 1567: 465: 22819: 19640: 18529: 18035:Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1) pp. 13-51 15923:

The modern Albanian language, it has been conjectured, is descendent directly from ancient Illyrian ...

14996:

de Rapper, Gilles. "Albanians facing the Ottoman past: the case of the Albanian diaspora in Turkey." (2005).

9836:), and the forms of the genitive and dative are identical (a genitive construction employs the prepositions 20: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24945: 24935: 24762: 24352: 24207: 22594: 22344: 21948: 21683: 21605: 21590: 21471: 21424: 21363: 21035: 20554: 20324: 17502: 15485: 11443: 10673: 9628: 9586: 9481: 9465: 9110: 8960: 8897: 8740: 8370: 8334: 8249: 7794: 3815: 3318: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3014: 2372:

Pre-Indo-European (PreIE) sites are found throughout the territory of Albania. Such PreIE sites existed in

1889: 496: 483: 117: 17569: 17344: 17337: 16531: 15562:

Thorsø, Rasmus (2019). "Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords". In Matilde Serangeli; Thomas Olander (eds.).

13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13616: 9683: 9645: 9623: 9602: 9581: 9559: 9533: 9511: 9379: 9336: 9305: 9205: 9198: 9147: 9126: 9105: 9083: 9061: 9040: 9018: 8997: 8976: 8955: 8934: 8913: 8892: 8871: 8845: 8819: 8798: 8777: 8756: 8735: 8714: 8692: 8671: 8649: 8628: 8606: 8585: 8563: 8542: 8521: 7948: 7936: 24940: 24925: 24862: 24784: 24229: 22933: 22579: 22553: 22292: 22201: 22156: 22138: 22046: 21958: 21841: 21429: 21358: 21308: 21232: 20635: 20582: 19986: 17851:

and Linguistics Editors Henrik Birnbaum, Jaan Puhvel Publisher University of California Press, 1966 p.102

17447: 16600: 14066: 13591:. Many words claimed as Gothic have now been attributed to other origins by later linguists of Albanian ( 12186:

A brief period followed, between the 7th and the 9th centuries, that was marked by heavy borrowings from

11269: 10882: 10869: 10858: 10847: 10836: 10825: 10814: 9761: 9516: 9419: 9045: 8354: 4132: 3627: 3328: 3207: 3193: 3174: 2539: 1864: 1313: 435: 17542: 15453:

Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in The Indo-European Languages,

2333:

wrote the first Latin–Albanian dictionary. The first Albanian school is believed to have been opened by

1434: 24910: 23720: 23309: 22722: 22287: 22173: 22128: 22123: 22066: 22061: 22026: 21973: 21524: 21486: 21398: 21393: 21009: 20859: 20720: 19805:. Edizione rinnovata. Rende: Università degli studi della Calabria, Centro editoriale e librario, 1997. 19030: 17203: 16251:"Mythifying the Albanians: A Historiographical Discussion on Vasa Efendi's "Albania and the Albanians"" 15819: 15568:. Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics. Vol. 19. Brill. pp. 251–262. 14152:"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" 13658:

Notable words that continue to be attributed to Gothic in Albanian by multiple modern sources include:

10888:

The verb can optionally occur in sentence-initial position, especially with verbs in the passive form (

8918: 8654: 8611: 8433: 8327: 8159: 8150: 3470: 3428: 3028: 1847:" continuum posits a common period of prehistoric coexistence of several Indo-European dialects in the 22955: 20182: 19852:

Akten der internationalen albanologischen Kolloquiums, Innsbruck, 1972, zum Gedächtnis an Norbert Jokl

19702:

Akten der internationalen albanologischen Kolloquiums, Innsbruck, 1972, zum Gedächtnis an Norbert Jokl

18603: 17388: 9848:" loc.sg.def). The cases apply to both definite and indefinite nouns, and there are numerous cases of 24397: 23533: 23042: 22316: 22161: 22133: 22056: 21710: 21585: 21519: 21476: 21187: 20642: 20412: 16663: 16326:

Kazhdan, Alexander (Ed.) (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53.

16214:

Lindstedt, Jouko (2000). "Linguistic balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement".

9538: 9424: 8981: 8824: 8761: 8384: 8284: 8170: 4172: 4137: 3810: 3114: 19837:

Pisani, Vittore (1964). "Les origines de la langue albanaise, questions de principe et de méthode".

7860:) (1980). Prior to World War II, dictionaries consulted by developers of the standard have included 24867: 24428: 23799: 23790: 23195: 22732: 22051: 21481: 21368: 21227: 20674: 20568: 20355: 20330: 19645:

Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften

19219:

Gjinari, Jorgji (1976). "Struktura dialektore e shqipes e parë në lidhje me historinë e popullit".

15504: 14825: 11311: 9849: 9650: 9433: 8014: 4588: 4432: 4322: 4142: 3673: 3505: 3456: 3352: 3154: 3109: 3104: 3024: 2189: 1410: 1077: 1069: 1046: 784: 585: 22364: 19709:Ölberg, Hermann (1982). "Kontributi i gjuhësisë për çështjen e atdheut ballkanik të shqiptarëve". 18467:

Der Gebrauch von Infinitiv nagger und Konjunktiv im Altalbanischen mit Ausblick auf das Rumänische

17656: 16056:

Vermeer, Willem (2008). "The prehistory of the Albanian vowel system: A preliminary exploration".

15473:

and Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

14975: 14658: 14578: 14545: 2213:

The place and the time that the Albanian language was formed are uncertain. The American linguist

1095:

There are large numbers of Albanian speakers in the United States, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and

24697: 24477: 23959: 23944: 23730: 23638: 23495: 23372: 23175: 22769: 22674: 22599: 22390: 22277: 22221: 21896: 21777: 21663: 21509: 21419: 21373: 21313: 21262: 21247: 21207: 21151: 21140: 21028: 20802: 20786: 20769: 20612: 20575: 20561: 20360: 20349: 20128: 14316:

Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (16 August 2022).

14124:

Franceschini, Rita (2014). "Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions". In Fäcke, Christiane (ed.).

12203: 12160: 10926: 10689: 8939: 8697: 8676: 8633: 8377: 8204: 8195: 8177: 7873: 7774: 4327: 4054: 3164: 3159: 3149: 2793: 2417: 2208: 2126: 1959: 1575: 1571: 1305: 1050: 1042: 701: 190: 162: 112: 17235:

Wild Songs, Sweet Songs: The Albanian Epic in the Collections of Milman Parry and Albert B. Lord

14793:

Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line.

13067:

151 Albanian words of Latin origin were not inherited in Romanian. A few examples include Latin

11175:

In certain dialects, numerals with an extra syllable may undergo metrical syncope. For example,

7919:

the end of the 9th grade and at the end of the 12th grade in order to continue their education.

2188:

linguistic affinity with Latin and Romance languages. Sharing linguistic features unique to the

2118:. The only other languages that are the sole surviving members of a branch of Indo-European are 2114:

within the Indo-European language family; no other language has been conclusively linked to its

1570:, within which it occupies an independent position. In 1854, Albanian was demonstrated to be an 24883: 24743: 24712: 24548: 24303: 24085: 24002: 23917: 23725: 23435: 22914: 22691: 22667: 22282: 21938: 21826: 21800: 21610: 21496: 21318: 20807: 20776: 20665: 20649: 20425: 20370: 20296: 20242: 20033:. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat & Paolo Ramat. London-NY: Routledge, 1998, pp. 25–73. 19118: 18485:

Storia linguistica del sud-est europeo: Crisi della Romània balcanica tra alto e basso medioevo

16431: 14040: 12187: 12180: 11621: 11563:"vine-branch, grape-vine", with a sense development similar to Germanic *stamniz, meaning both 11328: 8850: 8215: 8054: 4317: 4289: 4073: 3975: 3741: 3587: 3211: 3049: 2941: 2880: 2835: 2775: 2767: 2421: 2229:

A deeper analysis of the vocabulary, however, shows that could be a consequence of a prolonged

2168: 2137: 1967: 1844: 1586: 1309: 961:

The language is spoken by approximately 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in Albania,

838:

in their standard varieties, with Gheg spoken to the north and Tosk spoken to the south of the

835: 776: 709: 19723: 19475:

Lloshi, Xhevat (1994). Reiter, Norbert; Hinrichs, Uwe; van Leeuwen-Turnovcova, Jirina (eds.).

16697: 15717: 14096: 12662: 12292:; "to smear, to oil"< Proto-Albanian *elaiwanja < *elaiwa (olive oil) < Greek elaion 11744:"ace", which might represent a borrowing and adaptation from Illyrian or even Proto-Albanian. 10991:

Subjunctive, imperative, optative, or non-finite forms of verbs are negated with the particle

2607: 2493: 2291: 24148: 23997: 23501: 23344: 23141: 22686: 22629: 22400: 22385: 21943: 21821: 21750: 21668: 20891: 20658: 20605: 20596: 20589: 20301: 20291: 20272: 20266: 19380: 17354: 17333: 15811: 15243: 15197: 14937:"Morphological and phonological origins of Albanian nasals and its parallels with other laws" 14677: 14235:

The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact: Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change

13729:"fence, garden" is either considered a native Albanian word that was loaned into Romanian as 12700: 11609: 11231: 8483: 8407: 8107: 8098: 8044: 4464: 4293: 3201: 3197: 3182: 3178: 2568: 2115: 1474: 1359: 1335: 1242: 1161: 1061: 903: 887: 819: 243: 223: 23467: 20699: 18976: 18778: 18445:

Ajeti, Idriz (1972). "Për historinë e marrëdhënieve të hershme gjuhësore shqiptare-sllave".

13587:, though such loans had been claimed earlier in the 19th century by early linguists such as 10936:

In indicative, conditional, or admirative sentences, negation is expressed by the particles

7765:

Until the early 20th century, Albanian writing developed in three main literary traditions:

1906:

Glottolog and Ethnologue recognize four Albanian languages. They are classified as follows:

1330:

is divided into five sub-dialects, including Northern Tosk (the most numerous in speakers),

24600: 24491: 23992: 23969: 23740: 23600: 23554: 23295: 22827: 22415: 22302: 22093: 21745: 21620: 21573: 21452: 21242: 20886: 20628: 20619: 20384: 17756:

Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian".

17290:(in Albanian) (2). Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë: 96. 15454: 12804:'time, instance'. An analogous mutation occurred from Proto-Indo-European to Albanian; PIE 12661:

are retained as palatal and velar stops in the Albanian loanwords. Gustav Meyer (1888) and

12190:, some of which predate the "o-a" shift common to the modern forms of this language group. 10810:' in Albanian, one may use any of the following orders, with slight pragmatic differences: 10523:

The definite article can be in the form of noun suffixes, which vary with gender and case.

8719: 8222: 8118: 7786: 4740:, despite having a "satem-like" realization of the palatal dorsals in most cases. Thus PIE 4410: 4375: 3688: 3371: 3323: 3260: 3230: 3188: 3168: 3032: 2886: 2045: 1558: 1442: 1177: 1065: 899: 891: 247: 92: 23894: 23886: 23407: 22994: 22978: 22511: 22477: 20896: 20091: 15972:

Matasovic, Ranko (2012). "A grammatical sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European".

14854: 13957: 3556: 2667: 1355: 1343: 1252: 1104: 911: 532: 235: 8: 24847: 24792: 24677: 24366: 24237: 23939: 23900: 23644: 23290: 23123: 23098: 22888: 22679: 22405: 22334: 22041: 21891: 21785: 21725: 21720: 21705: 21542: 21338: 21277: 20901: 20764: 20437: 20394: 20142: 19854:. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 345–366. 19513: 19258: 18977: 18492: 18447: 17527: 16747: 16314: 16184: 15421:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 352. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 15363:"Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis" 15067: 14829: 14070: 11427: 10793: 10792:

For more information on verb conjugation and on inflection of other parts of speech, see

10512: 9773: 9755: 9152: 8307: 8232: 3683: 3678: 3574: 3498: 3463: 3386: 3376: 3235: 2936: 2931: 2900: 2606:

with some Slavic letters adapted for Albanian vowels. The book was discovered in 1740 by

2393: 2305: 2235: 1347: 895: 122: 102: 97: 24074: 23621: 23399: 20002:

Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia

16648: 15199:

Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity

15073:

Article 5 1. The official languages in the Republic of Kosovo are Albanian and Serbian.

14285: 14260: 13635:

as seen in most Latin and ancient Greek loans, but had not yet experienced the shift of

24842: 24832: 24722: 24667: 24642: 24387: 23926: 23735: 23685: 23282: 23273: 23259: 23077: 23022: 22963: 22871: 22866: 22762: 22755: 22727: 22103: 21878: 21859: 21836: 21805: 21504: 21252: 21212: 21166: 21063: 21055: 20926: 20812: 20340: 19920: 19893:

A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian

19818: 19570: 19448: 19353: 18820:

Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (2022).

18591:. Der türkische Einfluss auf das Albanische. Vol. 2. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 18582:. Der türkische Einfluss auf das Albanische. Vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 16905: 16231: 16196: 16128: 16073: 16016:(August 1995). Written at Manchester, UK. Smith, John Charles; Bentley, Delia (eds.). 15539: 15522: 15385: 15019:

Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (2022).

14298: 14232:

Friedman, Victor (2022). "The Balkans". In Salikoko Mufwene, Anna Maria Escobar (ed.).

13511: 11431: 11411: 11337: 10516: 9777: 9769: 9734: 8126: 8049: 4389: 4340: 4274: 4258: 3883: 3536: 3275: 2961: 2866: 2861: 2692:

In 1967 two scholars claimed to have found a Letter text in Albanian inserted into the

2164: 1978: 1818:

Albanian in the Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (

1582: 1135: 1111: 1096: 811: 788: 656: 219: 107: 21192: 18975:

Demiraj, B.; Esposito, A. (2009). "Albanian". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).

12665:(1914) later corroborated this. Meyer noted the similarity between the Albanian verbs 7991:

is lost at the end of the word. The stress is fixed mainly on the last syllable. Gheg

577: 24837: 24647: 24637: 24614: 24522: 24496: 24079: 24069: 24061: 23987: 23807: 23776: 23763: 23754: 23699: 23693: 23678: 23524: 23462: 23444: 23350: 23326: 23249: 23222: 23208: 23180: 23131: 23108: 22998: 22986: 22982: 22881: 22701: 22657: 22639: 22410: 22310: 22241: 22236: 22226: 21237: 21161: 20986: 20971: 20961: 20931: 20881: 20845: 20822: 20534: 20527: 20520: 20499: 20474: 20417: 20389: 20220: 20057: 20006: 19943: 19897: 19864: 19741: 19607: 19557: 19500: 19407: 19388: 19343: 19328: 19161: 19132: 18984: 18961: 18940: 18923: 18886: 18862: 18607: 18550: 18533: 18510: 18016: 17829: 17821: 17794: 17705: 17662: 17635: 17608: 17548: 17453: 17316: 17266: 17239: 17193: 17140: 17033: 16770: 16762: 16751: 16718: 16669: 16566: 16542:(1). Academia Republicii Socialiste România, Academia Republicii Populare Romîne: 102 16503: 16435: 16404: 16327: 16289: 16223: 16188: 16151: 16132: 16120: 16065: 16021: 15945: 15912: 15905: 15865: 15823: 15784: 15723: 15685: 15648: 15623: 15590: 15569: 15544: 15422: 15389: 15344: 15305: 15255: 15247: 15203: 15100: 14683: 14415: 14302: 14290: 14239: 14131: 14113:. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. 11 June 2013. pp. 4–5, 9. 14046: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13564: 13443: 12750: 12156: 11415: 10716: 10681: 10508: 9718: 9714: 9458: 9188: 8363: 8273: 8188: 8071: 8061: 4403: 4369: 4361: 4305: 4299: 4281: 4252: 4231: 4217: 4209: 3979: 3840: 3780: 3762: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3660: 3655: 3484: 3347: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2968: 2954: 2914: 2893: 2830: 2193: 2145: 2141: 2119: 2105: 2093: 1897: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1835: 1721: 1683: 1633: 1602: 1445:

held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Manastir (present day

1438: 1426: 1379: 1209: 986: 951: 925: 867: 815: 804: 800: 792: 757: 733: 713: 696: 685: 666: 274: 78: 72: 58: 23547: 23508: 23358: 21202: 18922:. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise, Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise. 17030:

Palatalisation in Albanian : an acoustic investigation of stops and affricates.

16910: 12749:'laurel'. Latin /au/ is retained in later loans, but is altered in a way similar to 9861:(mountain), a noun in the masculine class which takes "i" in the definite singular: 9764:(subject–verb–object) like English and many other Indo-European languages. Albanian 9742: 2405: 2357: 2308:") recorded by Pal Engjelli, Bishop of Durrës in 1462 in the Gheg dialect, and some 631: 24827: 24806: 24727: 24717: 24702: 24692: 24672: 24527: 24517: 24412: 24407: 24392: 24287: 24272: 24256: 23818: 23672: 23614: 23593: 23577: 23570: 23561: 23487: 23336: 23318: 23228: 23162: 23156: 23146: 23059: 23051: 23026: 23014: 22778: 22624: 22481: 22468: 22255: 22246: 22166: 21293: 21267: 20976: 20966: 20936: 20452: 20404: 20315: 20283: 20251: 20227: 20156: 19850:

Pisani, Vittore (1977). "Sulla genesi dell'albanese". In Ölberg, Hermann M. (ed.).

19731: 19544: 19320: 19272:"The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View" 19147: 18843: 18833: 18643: 16895: 16887: 16396: 16262: 16180: 16112: 15807: 15534: 15377: 15274:

The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area

15042: 15032: 14952: 14915: 14337: 14329: 14280: 14272: 13943: 13556: 13535: 13482: 12981: 12176: 11407: 10685: 10677: 10504: 9781: 8039: 4816: 4397: 4347: 4164: 3970: 3858: 3798: 3775: 3718: 3713: 3650: 3637: 3632: 3622: 3295: 2908: 2856: 2848: 2841: 2640: 2424:

and their scarce attestation. Some loanwords, however, have been proposed, such as

2361: 2349: 2111: 2037: 1977:

The first attested written mention of the Albanian language was on 14 July 1284 in

1422: 1383: 1321: 1316:, which is however classified as Central Gheg. There is also a diaspora dialect in 915: 843: 600: 280: 212: 208: 20081:

by Brian Joseph, Angelo Costanzo, and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the

2708:

That thunder. It did not fall. It did not fall for you, the one which would do it.

1838:

is considered the closest language to Albanian, grouped in a common branch titled

810:

The first written mention of Albanian was in 1284 in a witness testimony from the

24857: 24852: 24707: 24687: 24682: 24657: 24532: 24402: 24347: 24282: 24153: 24134: 24104: 24052: 24033: 23949: 23825: 23651: 23540: 23457: 23452: 23412: 23381: 23018: 22893: 22662: 22501: 22448: 22231: 22088: 21197: 21090: 20991: 20981: 20817: 20513: 20485: 20213: 20206: 20199: 20192: 20170: 20163: 20097: 20026: 20000: 19935: 19891: 19794:

3 (1982); (in Italian) "Alcune osservazioni sull'elemento latino dell'albanese",

19650: 19601: 19434: 19155: 19128: 19122: 19077: 19055:

Desnickaja, Agnija (1973). "Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology".

18998: 18955: 18794:

Cimochowski, Wacław (1960). "Des recherches sur la toponomastique de l'Albanie".

18597: 18568: 18500: 18496: 18432: 18275: 18202: 18112: 17260: 17233: 17229: 16425: 16387:

Müller, Peter O.; Ohnheiser, Ingeborg; Olsen, Susan; Rainer, Franz, eds. (2016).

15859: 15668: 15642: 15563: 15508: 15489: 15466: 15416: 15096: 15090: 15062: 14409: 14233: 13987: 13576: 13486: 13478: 12216: 11423: 9729:

in the 16th century, various vowel letters and digraphs were employed, including

9441: 8473: 8092: 8066: 4694: 4478: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4418: 4354: 4333: 4311: 3896: 3785: 3708: 3617: 3550: 3491: 3357: 3089: 3074: 3064: 3059: 2975: 2947: 2700:"A star has fallen in a place in the woods, distinguish the star, distinguish it. 2651:. In 1968 the book was published with transliterations and comments by linguists. 2648: 2583: 2149: 2129: 2085: 1655: 1645: 1430: 1418: 1393: 1010: 990: 966: 879: 863: 725: 337: 154: 19596:. Edited by Wolfgang Dahmen et al. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012, pp. 75–103. 18135:

Festschrift der 57. Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulmänner in Salzberg

15612: 14261:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe" 12464:; with the Albanian simplification of -dri̯- to -j- reflecting that of earlier * 10077:(bird), a noun in the masculine class which takes "u" in the definite singular: 7806:

continued to develop freely and interaction between the two dialects increased.

2499: 2282: 848: 24662: 24652: 24140: 24016: 23979: 23964: 23812: 23771: 23607: 23113: 23103: 23069: 23010: 22898: 22876: 21831: 21257: 20690: 20545: 20479: 19496:

Rreth alfabetit të shqipes: me rastin e 100-vjetorit të Kongresit të Manastirit

18876: 17171:

Breu, W. (2021) Italo-Albanian: Balkan Inheritance and Romance Influence p. 154

16921:

from the original on 6 January 2024 – via St Andrews Research Repository.

14238:. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 13812: 13552: 13490: 12602: 12175:

time of less significant interaction. The final period, probably preceding the

11419: 10930: 10925:

Verbal negation in Albanian is mood-dependent, a trait shared with some fellow

9066: 8547: 8526: 8445: 8137: 7798: 6295: 4223: 4090: 3965: 3523: 3477: 3445: 3381: 2872: 2748: 2636: 2326: 2261:

River. In 1079, the Albanians were recorded farther south in the valley of the

2160: 2065: 1990: 1668: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1402: 1291: 1139: 1119: 854:

Centuries-old communities speaking Albanian dialects can be found scattered in

260: 19790:

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. "Disa vëzhgime mbi elementin Latin të shqipes" ,

19736: 19594:

Südosteuropäische Romania: Siedlungs-/Migrationsgeschichte und Sprachtypologie

19421:

Kopitar, Jernej K. (1829). "Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache".

19324: 19245:

Gjinari, Jorgji; Beci, Bahri; Shkurtaj, Gjovalin; Gosturani, Xheladin (2007).

18838: 18821: 18621: 16267: 16116: 15037: 15020: 14333: 12706: 9812:), although the vocative only occurs with a limited number of words (such as ' 2269:, is approximately the boundary of the primary dialect division for Albanian, 24904: 24109: 24038: 24025: 23954: 23832: 23389: 23006: 22990: 22849: 22845: 22506: 22395: 22179: 20918: 20876: 20868: 20260: 19878: 19809:

Pisani, Vittore (1950). "L'albanais et les autres langues indo-européennes".

19540: 16227: 16192: 16124: 16069: 15548: 15470: 14259:

Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022).

13992: 13967: 13584: 13540: 12199: 11301: 9401: 9191:. However, in most of the dialects, as also in standard Albanian, the single 8568: 8313: 8238: 8143: 7982: 7970: 4483: 3947: 3863: 3580: 3438: 3300: 3054: 2663: 2530: 2455: 2309: 2274: 2270: 1852: 1765: 1750: 1414: 1327: 1297: 1287: 1283: 1259: 1229: 1100: 929: 827: 823: 562: 552: 230: 203: 19959:

Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie

18927: 18659:Çabej, Eqrem (1974). "Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe". 18178: 18133:

Jokl, Norbert (1929). "Balkangermanisches und Germanisches in Albanischen".

17259:

Hamp, Eric Pratt (3 June 2011). "Albanian". In Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.).

16570: 15272: 14276: 12980:

Some 85 Latin words have survived in Albanian but not (as inherited) in any

11196:

Beside the Indo-European decimal numeration, there are also remnants of the

4732:, but were depalatalised to merge with the back velars when in contact with 3270: 1087:

Albanian became an official language in North Macedonia on 15 January 2019.

1076:. These are mainly immigrants from Kosovo who migrated during the 1990s. In 24277: 24159: 23934: 23862: 23136: 22264: 21883: 19669:

Mihăescu, Haralambie (1966). "Les éléments latins de la langue albanaise".

19636: 19290: 19254: 19151: 18624:(1962). "Disa probleme themelore të historisë së vjetër të gjuhës shqipe". 18537: 16932: 16891: 16171:

Friedman, Victor A. (2011). "The Balkan languages and Balkan linguistics".

16013: 16009: 15713: 14957: 14936: 14920: 14899: 14294: 13588: 13580: 12864: 11321: 9088: 8084: 7754: 4737: 4102: 3940: 3414: 3285: 3084: 3079: 3069: 2734: 2722: 2603: 2413: 2330: 2214: 2176: 2172: 2022: 1541: 1406: 1388: 1056:

Albanian is the third most common mother tongue among foreign residents in

946: 270: 22486: 19197:

Gjinari, Jorgji (1969). "Mbi vazhdimësinë e ilirishtes në gjuhën shqipe".

17475:

Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity : Řada klasická

16400: 15381: 14081:

Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.

12709:

also noticed, among other things, the archaic Latin elements in Albanian:

2348:

One of the earliest Albanian dictionaries was written in 1693; it was the

1331: 1237: 557: 547: 537: 527: 518: 24167: 23030: 19624:. 2 vols. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1957/1959. 18675:

Buletin i Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës. Seria e Shkencave Shoqërore

17338:"A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient–The Case of Albanian Culture." 17232:(2021). "The Epic Admirative in Albanian". In Scaldaferri, Nicola (ed.). 12833:

Latin unstressed internal and initial syllables become lost in Albanian:

12144: 9801: 9726: 9413: 9396: 8590: 7978: 4078: 4064: 4028: 3736: 2693: 2674:

Albanian scripts were produced earlier than the first attested document,

2595: 2474: 2431: 2334: 2322: 2266: 2258: 1290:

spoken in the north. Standard Albanian is based on the Tosk dialect. The

1197: 1181: 1064:. Approximately 1 million Albanians from Kosovo are dispersed throughout 501: 488: 20078: 18781:(1950). "Recherches sur l'histoire du sandhi dans la langue albanaise". 17846: 17844: 17842: 16973: 16652:

in "Zeitschrift für Balkanologie", Berlin, 22 February 1986, p. 158-162.

16235: 16200: 16077: 15983: 15124: 9713:) was preserved in Albanian, in some cases it was lost, possibly when a 3265: 772:. Albanian is estimated to have as many as 7.5 million native speakers. 24569: 24472: 23477: 23214: 22438: 22369: 21110: 20908: 19704:. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. 19184:

Gjinari, Jorgji (1968). "Për historinë e dialekteve të gjuhës shqipe".

19089: 18709:Çabej, Eqrem (1972). "Problemi i vendit të formimit të gjuhës shqipe". 18564: 17654: 17132: 16900: 16250: 15618: 15599:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 13962: 11516:(southern Albanian dialect or Tosk) "appetite, pleasure, desire, wish" 11362: 10700: 10362: 10323: 10146: 10107: 9930: 9891: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9473: 9406: 7974: 4041: 3955: 3833: 3598: 2611: 2514: 1885: 1881: 1581:. Albanian was formerly compared by a few Indo-European linguists with 1578: 1339: 1247: 1038: 1014: 974: 956:(The map does not indicate where the language is majority or minority.) 907: 729: 542: 353: 239: 15610:

Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022).

15589:

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).

2598:

between 20 March 1554 and 5 January 1555. The book was written in the

2575: 2389: 1180:

that he established, a large part of the former Egyptian and Sudanese

787:

in the region. Albanian in antiquity is often thought to have been an

23254: 22214: 21333: 21130: 21105: 21072: 20082: 19755:

Pedersen, Holger (1894). "Bidrag til den albanesiske Sproghistorie".

18688:

2 (1970): 77–95 (In German "Über einige Lautregeln des Albanischen",

18684:Çabej, Eqrem. "Mbi disa rregulla të fonetikës historike të shqipes", 17839: 15885: 15595: 13612: 13464: 12168: 12164: 11370: 11235: 11197: 10696: 9445: 7932: 4244: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3985: 3853: 2712:

Like the ears, you should not believe ... that the moon fell when ...

2623: 2265:

River. The Shkumbin, a 181 km long river that lies near the old

1986: 1351: 1193: 1192:

Albanian is also spoken by Albanian diaspora communities residing in

1157: 941: 859: 831: 570: 511: 475: 457: 135: 20712: 19641:

Albanesische Studien I. Die Pluralbildungen der albanesischen Nomina

19404:

Dokumente historiko-gjuhësore: vëndi i shqipes ndër gjuhët evropiane

19249:. Vol. 1. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientali. 18859:

Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz

18761:

Appendice al saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese

18673:Çabej, Eqrem. "Rreth disa çështjeve të historisë së gjuhës shqipe", 16393:

Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe

16388: 16369: 14900:"Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect" 2548:), a short list of Albanian phrases with German glosses, dated 1496. 2510: 1214: 914:

in southern Italy, have preserved archaic elements of the language.

592:

to 55-AAA-ahe (25 varieties) 55-AAA-aaa to 55-AAA-ahe (25 varieties)

23584: 22458: 22443: 21673: 21125: 21120: 21100: 21095: 21020: 20781: 19984:

Thumb, Albert (1909). "Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen".

19728:

The Indo-European Language Family : A Phylogenetic Perspective

19160:. Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics. Routledge. pp. 385–403. 18879:(1998). "Albanian". In Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo (eds.). 17788: 17631:

Homeric whispers: intimations of orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey

17428: 16283: 16150:(1st ed.). United States of America: Anchor Books. p. 3. 15939: 15640: 14876: 13937: 13851: 13604: 13519: 12140: 11361:

from other languages augmenting and replacing much of its original

11358: 10684:(three simple and five complex constructions) is distinctive among 10672:

structure in place of the earlier synthetic system, inherited from

10467: 10397: 10251: 10181: 10035: 9965: 9809: 9805: 9797: 9495: 8505: 5475: 5454: 4733: 4187: 4178: 4069: 3870: 3845: 3749: 3240: 2816: 2441: 2409: 2262: 2156: 2133: 2041: 2033:

indicate that some form of common literary language had developed.

1963: 1708: 1590: 1367: 1143: 919: 839: 796: 795:. The Indo-European subfamily that gave rise to Albanian is called 761: 705: 643: 167: 19462:

Kretschmer, Paul (1935). "Sprachliche Vorgeschichte des Balkans".

18819: 17183:"Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian" 16877:"The idea of a Kosovan language in Yugoslavia's language politics" 16097:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, xvi + 376 pp. 15018: 14315: 12972:'husband', etc. In turn, Latin /s/ was altered to /ʃ/ in Albanian. 12703:, an Austrian linguist, had proposed the same hypothesis in 1854. 11617: 9679:

can also range to an open-mid sound in the Northern Tosk dialect.

2666:. It was published in 1592 and is written in an early form of the 2498:(Baptismal Formula), which dates back to 1462 and was authored by 2253:, the most important Albanian periodical of the early 20th century 2245: 2092:, the language was not officially recognised until 1909, when the 1134:, with more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and 24114: 23630: 23185: 23170: 22822: 22433: 22324: 21443: 21115: 21085: 21080: 21051: 20378: 19092:(1974). "Prapashtesa ilire dhe shqipe, përkime dhe paralelizma". 17043: 16427:

Književnost na tlu Crne Gore i Boke Kotorske od XVI do XVIII veka

16039: 16037: 15063:"Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo (with amendments I-XXVI)" 14513: 14511: 14509: 14507: 13952: 13608: 7778: 4237: 4201: 4194: 3992: 3612: 3245: 2619: 2591: 2526:

Unë të pagëzoj në emër të Atit, të Birit e të Shpirtit të Shenjtë

2470: 2466: 2401: 2381: 2317: 2185: 2171:, the vocabulary of Albanian is quite distinct. In 1995, Taylor, 2089: 1982: 1848: 1593:

with Albanian. Other linguists linked the Albanian language with

1317: 1169: 1110:

In the United States and Canada, there are approximately 250,000

1073: 1026: 1018: 1002: 875: 780: 769: 745: 741: 717: 639: 424: 411: 311: 19938:. In Kapović, Mate; Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo (eds.). 19686:. Bucharest and Paris: Editura Academiei and Les Belles Lettres. 19603: