1694:, competition, and differential power. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture, and to downgrade all other groups outside one's own culture. Some sociologists, such as Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings, say the origin of ethnic stratification lies in individual dispositions of ethnic prejudice, which relates to the theory of ethnocentrism. Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification. In other words, an inequality of power among ethnic groups means "they are of such unequal power that one is able to impose its will upon another". In addition to differential power, a degree of competition structured along ethnic lines is a prerequisite to ethnic stratification as well. The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal, such as power or influence, or a material interest, such as wealth or territory. Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings propose that competition is driven by self-interest and hostility, and results in inevitable stratification and
6816:. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non-Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population – the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.
6450:
representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait
Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.
4073:
1845:
been dismantled, the problem of racism became the sole responsibility of already disadvantaged communities. It was assumed that if a Black or Latino community was not "making it" by the standards that had been set by whites, it was because that community did not hold the right values or beliefs, or were stubbornly resisting dominant norms because they did not want to fit in. Omi and Winant's critique of ethnicity theory explains how looking to cultural defect as the source of inequality ignores the "concrete sociopolitical dynamics within which racial phenomena operate in the U.S." It prevents critical examination of the structural components of racism and encourages a "benign neglect" of social inequality.
3806:
1671:" holds that nations and ethnic groups emerge, change and vanish through the course of history. This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests. Accordingly, ethnicity emerges when it is relevant as a means of furthering emergent collective interests and changes according to political changes in society. Examples of a perennialist interpretation of ethnicity are also found in Barth and Seidner who see ethnicity as ever-changing boundaries between groups of people established through ongoing social negotiation and interaction.
4508:' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of 'us' and 'them'. In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes based on socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population.
3338:
1657:" is an approach that is primarily concerned with nationhood but tends to see nations and ethnic communities as basically the same phenomenon. It holds that the nation, as a type of social and political organization, is of an immemorial or "perennial" character. Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.
6761:
Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the
Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations – some have been used effectively as prisons – but the official language on each is Spanish.
1822:
justify enslavement of
African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all. This was a notion that developed slowly and came to be a preoccupation with scientists, theologians, and the public. Religious institutions asked questions about whether there had been multiple creations of races (polygenesis) and whether God had created lesser races. Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.
1280:
1682:, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals. According to Donald Noel, a sociologist who developed a theory on the origin of ethnic stratification, ethnic stratification is a "system of stratification wherein some relatively fixed group membership (e.g., race, religion, or nationality) is used as a major criterion for assigning social positions". Ethnic stratification is one of many different types of social stratification, including stratification based on
3321:
they are upheld within the private, family sphere to a great extent. It is here that women act not just as biological reproducers but also as "cultural carriers", transmitting knowledge and enforcing behaviors that belong to a specific collectivity. Women also often play a significant symbolic role in conceptions of nation or ethnicity, for example in the notion that "women and children" constitute the kernel of a nation which must be defended in times of conflict, or in iconic figures such as
1553:
terms such as "cultural" or "tribal" when referring to smaller groups with shared cultural systems and shared heritage, but that "ethnicity" had the added value of being able to describe the commonalities between systems of group identity in both tribal and modern societies. Cohen also suggested that claims concerning "ethnic" identity (like earlier claims concerning "tribal" identity) are often colonialist practices and effects of the relations between colonized peoples and nation-states.
3791:
2572:
3779:
1527:, whose "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries" from 1969 has been described as instrumental in spreading the usage of the term in social studies in the 1980s and 1990s. Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity. To Barth, ethnicity was perpetually negotiated and renegotiated by both external ascription and internal self-identification. Barth's view is that ethnic groups are not discontinuous cultural isolates or logical
4277:
3629:
1520:(community). Secondly, this belief in shared Gemeinschaft did not create the group; the group created the belief. Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status. This was contrary to the prevailing naturalist belief of the time, which held that socio-cultural and behavioral differences between peoples stemmed from inherited traits and tendencies derived from common descent, then called "race".
3533:
3682:
1308:
1574:... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization." This may be why descent is sometimes a marker of ethnicity, and sometimes not: which diacritic of ethnicity is salient depends on whether people are scaling ethnic boundaries up or down, and whether they are scaling them up or down depends generally on the political situation.
70:
3500:. Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans. The history of late-comers to the nation-state model, such as those arising in the Near East and south-eastern Europe out of the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, as well as those arising out of the USSR, is marked by
1739:, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. The process that results in emergence of such identification is called ethnogenesis. Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time, although
1609:", holds that ethnicity has existed at all times of human history and that modern ethnic groups have historical continuity into the far past. For them, the idea of ethnicity is closely linked to the idea of nations and is rooted in the pre-Weber understanding of humanity as being divided into primordially existing groups rooted by kinship and biological heritage.
6195:, 1978: "Il est interdit de collecter ou de traiter des données à caractère personnel qui font apparaître, directement ou indirectement, les origines raciales ou ethniques, les opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses ou l'appartenance syndicale des personnes, ou qui sont relatives à la santé ou à la vie sexuelle de celles-ci."
3256:, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another. Members of excluded groups, consequently, will either demand inclusion based on equality or seek autonomy, sometimes even to the extent of complete political separation in their nation-state. Under these conditions
1116:" nations in particular (whence the later meaning "heathen, pagan"). In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a tribe, race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning. The sense of "different cultural groups", and in American English "tribal, racial, cultural or national
3412:
insulating the higher echelons from competition from below. Capitalism did not create all the distinctions of ethnicity and race that function to set off categories of workers from one another. It is, nevertheless, the process of labor mobilization under capitalism that imparts to these distinctions their effective values.
6747:
1648:, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human "givens" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences. In Geertz' opinion, ethnicity is not in itself primordial but humans perceive it as such because it is embedded in their experience of the world.
3365:
is applied as a taxonomic grouping, based on physical similarities among groups. Race is a more controversial subject than ethnicity, due to common political use of the term. Ramón
Grosfoguel (University of California, Berkeley) argues that "racial/ethnic identity" is one concept and concepts of race
3232:
In some cases, especially those involving transnational migration or colonial expansion, ethnicity is linked to nationality. Anthropologists and historians, following the modernist understanding of ethnicity as proposed by Ernest
Gellner and Benedict Anderson see nations and nationalism as developing
1636:
ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity. In this way, the myths of common biological ancestry that are a defining feature of ethnic communities are to be understood as representing actual biological history. A problem
6449:
Britain's high commissioner in New
Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's
3401:
National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups: and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits. Because serious errors of this kind are habitually committed when the term "race" is used
3320:
In recent decades, feminist scholars (most notably Nira Yuval-Davis) have drawn attention to the fundamental ways in which women participate in the creation and reproduction of ethnic and national categories. Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public, political sphere,
1844:
Assimilation – shedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culture – did not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others. Once the legal barriers to achieving equality had
1825:
The ethnicity theory was based on the assimilation model. Park outlined four steps to assimilation: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to
1821:
was the dominant paradigm on race. Biological essentialism is the belief that some races, specifically white
Europeans in western versions of the paradigm, are biologically superior and other races, specifically non-white races in western debates, are inherently inferior. This view arose as a way to
1531:
to which people naturally belong. He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. "Ethnic Groups and
Boundaries", therefore, is a focus on the interconnectedness of ethnic
3975:
A sizeable number of people in the United States have mixed-race identities. In 2021, the number of
Americans who identified as non-Hispanic and more than one race was 13.5 million. The number of Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial was 20.3 million. Over the course of the 2010s decade,
3439:
The term "ethnic" popularly connotes "" in
Britain, only less precisely, and with a lighter value load. In North America, by contrast, "" most commonly means color, and "ethnics" are the descendants of relatively recent immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. "" is not a noun in Britain. In
4167:
were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans in the 16th century, with nothing to indicate prehistoric human activity by Indigenous peoples of the Americas or Oceania. Contemporary residents are mainly mestizos and Europeans from the Latin American countries whom administer them, although none of
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and Bruce Barry, have argued that the legitimacy of modern states must be based on a notion of political rights of autonomous individual subjects. According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of
1707:" sees both primordialist and perennialist views as basically flawed, and rejects the notion of ethnicity as a basic human condition. It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.
978:
Although both organic and performative criteria characterise ethnic groups, debate in the past has dichotomised between primordialism and constructivism. Earlier 20th-century "Primordialists" viewed ethnic groups as real phenomena whose distinct characteristics have endured since the distant past.
6760:
Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the
3369:
Before Weber (1864–1920), race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing. Around 1900 and before, the primordialist understanding of ethnicity predominated: cultural differences between peoples were seen as being the result of inherited traits and tendencies. With Weber's
1580:
rejects the expansive definitions of ethnic identity (such as those that include common culture, common language, common history and common territory), choosing instead to define ethnic identity narrowly as a subset of identity categories determined by the belief of common descent. Jóhanna Birnir
3448:
says the definition of race as used for the purposes of the US Census is not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference".
1552:
In this way, he pointed to the fact that identification of an ethnic group by outsiders, e.g. anthropologists, may not coincide with the self-identification of the members of that group. He also described that in the first decades of usage, the term ethnicity had often been used in lieu of older
1840:
that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States. While Park's theory identified different stages in the immigration process – contact, conflict,
1620:
fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it. This theory sees ethnic groups as natural, not just as historical. It also has problems dealing with the consequences of intermarriage, migration and colonization for the composition of
1564:
Categorizations about identity, even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization, state formation or general modernizing processes, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Sometimes these contradictions are destructive, but they can also be creative and
3463:
Sometimes ethnic groups are subject to prejudicial attitudes and actions by the state or its constituents. In the 20th century, people began to argue that conflicts among ethnic groups or between members of an ethnic group and the state can and should be resolved in one of two ways. Some, like
3411:
The opposing interests that divide the working classes are further reinforced through appeals to "racial" and "ethnic" distinctions. Such appeals serve to allocate different categories of workers to rungs on the scale of labor markets, relegating stigmatized populations to the lower levels and
1593:
observes, World War II was a turning point in ethnic studies. The consequences of Nazi racism discouraged essentialist interpretations of ethnic groups and race. Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities. Their coherence was attributed to shared myths, descent,
1536:
categorical ethnic distinctions do not depend on an absence of mobility, contact, and information, but do entail social processes of exclusion and incorporation whereby discrete categories are maintained despite changing participation and membership in the course of individual life histories."
5667:
Patricia Engelhorn "Wie Wien mit Meersicht: Ein Tag in der Hafenstadt Triest" In: NZZ 15.2.2020; Roberto Scarciglia Trieste multiculturale: comunità e linguaggi di integrazione (2011); Ibanez B. Penas, Ma. Carmen López Sáenz. "Interculturalism: Between Identity and Diversity". (Bern) 2006. p
1722:, argue that ethnicity and notions of ethnic pride, such as nationalism, are purely modern inventions, appearing only in the modern period of world history. They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.
1569:
Social scientists have thus focused on how, when, and why different markers of ethnic identity become salient. Thus, anthropologist Joan Vincent observed that ethnic boundaries often have a mercurial character. Ronald Cohen concluded that ethnicity is "a series of nesting dichotomizations of
1456:
approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status. This debate is still an important point of reference in
6795:
3477:, argue that the notion of the autonomous individual is itself a cultural construct. According to this view, states must recognize ethnic identity and develop processes through which the particular needs of ethnic groups can be accommodated within the boundaries of the nation-state.
6436:
1841:
struggle, and as the last and best response, assimilation – it did so only for white communities. The ethnicity paradigm neglected the ways in which race can complicate a community's interactions with social and political structures, especially upon contact.
3233:
with the rise of the modern state system in the 17th century. They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries. Thus, in the West, the notion of ethnicity, like race and
3492:. Instances of societies focusing on ethnic ties, arguably to the exclusion of history or historical context, have resulted in the justification of nationalist goals. Two periods frequently cited as examples of this are the 19th-century consolidation and expansion of the
4898:
2.a. About race; peculiar to a specific tribe, race or nation; ethnological. Also, about or having common tribal, racial, cultural, religious, or linguistic characteristics, esp. designating a racial or other group within a larger system; hence (U.S. colloq.), foreign,
4196:
of Australia, is also believed to have been inhabited by Polynesians prior to its initial European discovery in the 18th century. Some of their residents are descended from mixed-race Pitcairn Islanders that were relocated onto Norfolk due to overpopulation in 1856.
4261:
The 2016 Census shows England and New Zealand are the next most common countries of birth after Australia, the proportion of people born in China and India has increased since 2011 (from 6.0 per cent to 8.3 per cent, and 5.6 per cent to 7.4 per cent, respectively).
4208:, have a small population consisting of Japanese mainlanders and descendants of early European settlers. Archeological findings from the 1990s suggested there was possible prehistoric human activity by Micronesians prior to European discovery in the 16th century.
3406:
In 1982, anthropologist David Craig Griffith summed up forty years of ethnographic research, arguing that racial and ethnic categories are symbolic markers for different ways people from different parts of the world have been incorporated into a global economy:
6556:
5860:, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp 13–24, notes that historians have projected the 19th-century conceptions of the nation-state backward in time, employing biological metaphors of birth and growth: "that the peoples in the
6274:
3829:
within every state they inhabit (although they may form local regional majorities within a sub-national entity). The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people or 14% of 770 million Europeans.
1809:
argues that race is a social category and is only one of several factors in determining ethnicity. Other criteria include "religion, language, 'customs', nationality, and political identification". This theory was put forward by sociologist
3260:
when people moved from one state to another, or one state conquered or colonized peoples beyond its national boundaries – ethnic groups were formed by people who identified with one nation but lived in another state.
5864:
had little to do with those heroic (or sometimes brutish) clichés is now generally accepted among historians", he remarked. Early medieval peoples were far less homogeneous than often thought, and Pohl follows Reinhard Wenskus,
5418:"David Konstan, "Defining Ancient Greek Ethnicity", Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 6, 1 (1997), pp. 97–98. Overview of J.M. Hall's book "Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity", Cambridge University Press, 1997"
4257:
The first evident ethnic group to live in Australia were the Australian Aboriginals, a group considered related to the Melanesian Torres Strait Islander people. Europeans, primarily from England arrived first in 1770.
3294:, which were relatively ethnically homogeneous when they attained statehood but have received significant immigration in the 17th century and even more so in the second half of the 20th century. States such as the
1598:, a common place of origin, language, religion, customs, and national character. So, ethnic groups are conceived as mutable rather than stable, constructed in discursive practices rather than written in the genes.
6934:"Discovering the Deep: Exploring Remote Pacific MPAs: Background: The Hui Panalāʻau Story of the Equatorial Pacific Islands of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis: 1935–1942: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
6266:
3824:
has a large number of ethnic groups; Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute
1690:. According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of
3700:, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia, which can be the Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical or tropical. The ethnic groups have adapted to mountains, deserts, grasslands, and forests.
5947:
Under the terms of the Estonian Constitution and the 1925 law, a national minority was defined as a community of language and culture to which anyone could adhere, regardless of ethnic origin.
6595:
3504:. Such conflicts usually occur within multi-ethnic states, as opposed to between them, as in other regions of the world. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labeled and characterized as
4906:, a group of people differentiated from the majority of the community by racial origin or cultural background, and usu. claiming or enjoying official recognition of their group identity. Also
1429:, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups.
1472:". Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old. Essentialists view such identities as
1637:
with this view on ethnicity is that it is more often than not the case that mythic origins of specific ethnic groups directly contradict the known biological history of an ethnic community.
1766:
or the United States. Current topics are in particular social and cultural differentiation, multilingualism, competing identity offers, multiple cultural identities and the formation of
1589:
Different approaches to understanding ethnicity have been used by different social scientists when trying to understand the nature of ethnicity as a factor in human life and society. As
6373:
4265:
The proportion of people identifying as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin increased from 2.5 per cent of the Australian population in 2011 to 2.8 per cent in 2016.
1488:, by scholars' attempts to respond to increasingly politicized forms of self-representation by members of different ethnic groups and nations. This is in the context of debates over
6146:
4192:
settlers in the 18th century. The islands were previously inhabited by Polynesians; they had long abandoned Pitcairn by the time the settlers had arrived. Norfolk Island, now an
4980:
3174:
6188:
5016:
3929:. During European colonization, Europeans arrived in North America. Most Native Americans died due to Spanish diseases and other European diseases such as smallpox during the
4957:
4772:
3711:(nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others becoming industrial/urban. Some groups/countries of Asia are completely urban, such as those in
1581:
similarly defines ethnicity as "group self-identification around a characteristic that is very difficult or even impossible to change, such as language, race, or location."
4812:
3968:. Ethnic groups that live in the Caribbean are: indigenous peoples, Africans, Indians, white Europeans, Chinese and Portuguese. The first white Europeans to arrive in the
2507:
1798:); ethnic identity is reinforced by reference to "boundary markers" – characteristics said to be unique to the group which set it apart from other groups.
6941:
5527:
Bobo, Lawrence; Hutchings, Vincent L. (1996). "Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context".
4477:
3264:
In the 1920s, Estonia introduced a flexible system of ethnicity/nationality self-choice for its citizens, which included Estonians Russians, Baltic Germans and Jews.
3270:
can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of
4091:
In South America, although highly varying between regions, people are commonly mixed-race, indigenous, European, black African, and to a lesser extent also Asian.
1156:(cf. "an ethnic restaurant", etc.), generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, who arrived after the dominant population of an area was established.
4528:
1678:", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of
5424:
1132:
had been used as a stand-in for "paganism" in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an "ethnic character" (first recorded 1953). The term
928:. Ethnic groups may share a narrow or broad spectrum of genetic ancestry, depending on group identification, with some groups having mixed genetic ancestry.
1548:... the named ethnic identities we accept, often unthinkingly, as basic givens in the literature are often arbitrarily, or even worse inaccurately, imposed.
5634:
4431:
2860:
5038:"The kinship of all Greeks in blood and speech, and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our way of life."
5223:
T.H. Eriksen "Ethnic identity, national identity and intergroup conflict: The significance of personal experiences" in Ashmore, Jussim, Wilder (eds.):
839:
with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include a people of a common
6579:
4555:"Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort"
4650:
1540:
In 1978, anthropologist Ronald Cohen claimed that the identification of "ethnic groups" in the usage of social scientists often reflected inaccurate
1492:
in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the
6347:
6462:
3219:
6420:
6665:
5000:
I. Polinskaya, "Shared sanctuaries and the gods of others: On the meaning Of 'common' in Herodotus 8.144", in R. Rosen & I. Sluiter (eds.),
3306:
comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration, resulting in what has been termed "
4416:
2877:
6689:
Mountford, H. S.; Villanueva, P.; Fernández, M. A.; Jara, L.; De Barbieri, Z.; Carvajal-Carmona, L. G.; Cazier, J. B.; Newbury, D. F. (2020).
2602:
6369:
4700:
1786:, because they emerge and change over historical periods (centuries) in a process known as ethnogenesis, a period of several generations of
6244:
6540:
4977:
5013:
3361:
Ethnicity is used as a matter of cultural identity of a group, often based on shared ancestry, language, and cultural traditions, while
5070:
3147:
6314:
4954:
4769:
3543:
1747:
have documented that many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.
7749:
6911:
3904:
3402:
in popular parlance, it would be better when speaking of human races to drop the term "race" altogether and speak of "ethnic groups".
2865:
6518:
6185:
4809:
8264:
6779:
3875:
identity. There are some 26 ethnic groups in the province, and six languages are in official use by the provincial administration.
1465:
7180:
6497:
7681:
6741:
3167:
757:
7013:
4080:
810:
6832:
5715:
1601:
Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.
868:
Ethnicity may be construed as an inherited or societally imposed construct. Ethnic membership tends to be defined by a shared
6857:
3930:
3908:
2908:
951:, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another. Ethnic groups may be divided into subgroups or
6933:
5396:
4109:
Nearly all states in Oceania have majority indigenous populations, with notable exceptions being Australia, New Zealand and
8207:
5889:
4504:
In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's
3212:
6027:
3703:
On the coasts of Asia, the ethnic groups have adopted various methods of harvest and transport. Some groups are primarily
7686:
7273:
4600:
4193:
4180:, in addition to mixed-race individuals with Polynesian and mestizo/European ancestry. The British overseas territory of
4072:
782:
674:
3972:
were the Spanish in 1492. The Caribbean was also colonized and discovered by the Portuguese, English, Dutch and French.
1836:'s theory of racial formation directly confronts both the premises and the practices of ethnicity theory. They argue in
1217:, emphasizing a distinct local sense of belonging stemming from relative geographic isolation – example:
7666:
7661:
7642:
7637:
7624:
7106:
6789:
6651:
6589:
6550:
6430:
6223:
The Politics of Good Neighbourhood: State, civil society and the enhancement of cultural capital in East Central Europe
5609:
5390:
4520:
4463:
4371:
4366:
4172:
are the only oceanic island politically associated with Latin America to have an indigenous population, the Polynesian
3926:
3900:
3884:
1560:, formations of identity were often changed and distorted by colonization, but identities are not made out of nothing:
1826:
their failure to assimilate into American culture. They could become equal if they abandoned their inferior cultures.
5933:
3668:
3568:
3370:
introduction of the idea of ethnicity as a social construct, race and ethnicity became more divided from each other.
3141:
2595:
2351:
1361:. Herodotus (8.144.2) gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating
719:
632:
338:
6117:
7735:
7691:
7671:
3888:
3618:
1570:
inclusiveness and exclusiveness". He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity
5417:
4235:
in the early 20th century. The Jarvis settlers were relocated from the island due to Japanese advancements during
1728:
Ethnicity is an important means by which people may identify with a larger group. Many social scientists, such as
1452:
view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as an externally given, even coercive, social bond. The
1163:
is emphasized to define membership, the following types of (often mutually overlapping) groups can be identified:
8279:
7730:
7650:
7194:
4142:
3614:
3522:
3445:
3205:
5626:
4145:, and they originated from Asia. The Austronesians of Oceania are further broken up into three distinct groups;
2512:
7860:
7696:
7063:
6882:
5304:
4411:
4346:
4067:
3957:
and Native American ancestry. Some Hispanic and Latino Americans living in the United States are not mestizos.
3650:
3003:
1892:
739:
522:
6398:
4176:. Their current inhabitants include indigenous Polynesians and mestizo settlers from political administrators
3317:
were multi-ethnic from the onset, as they were formed as colonies imposed on existing indigenous populations.
1152:
literature since about 1950. The term may also be used with the connotation of something unique and unusually
1104:, the term took on a meaning comparable to the concept now expressed by "ethnic group", mostly translated as "
7773:
7720:
7710:
7676:
7246:
4549:
Banda, Yambazi; Kvale, Mark N.; Hoffmann, Thomas J.; Hesselson, Stephanie E.; Ranatunga, Dilrini; Tang, Hua;
4130:
4100:
3938:
3805:
3761:
2842:
1136:
was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972. Depending on context, the term
772:
762:
4084:
3723:. The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and
1230:, emphasizing shared affiliation with a particular religion, denomination or sect – example:
8269:
6060:
A. Metraux (1950) "United Nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on Problems of Race",
4058:
population is growing faster than the non-indigenous population. Most immigrants in Canada come from Asia.
4055:
3916:
3912:
3470:
3252:
In the 19th century, modern states generally sought legitimacy through their claim to represent "nations".
2713:
2588:
1124:
which had earlier taken this sense but was now becoming deprecated due to its association with ideological
767:
360:
17:
5277:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity"
4622:
971:. Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as
7825:
7725:
7520:
7400:
6339:
3489:
3362:
2457:
2377:
1121:
622:
537:
450:
313:
5928:. Science and technique of democracy - issue 45. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. p. 193.
7743:
7715:
7159:
Steele, Liza G.; Bostic, Amie; Lynch, Scott M.; Abdelaaty, Lamis (2022). "Measuring Ethnic Diversity".
7084:
4376:
4239:, while most of the settlers on Clipperton ended up dying from starvation and murdering one and other.
3735:
3646:
2544:
2442:
1767:
1632:" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or
1249:
803:
777:
420:
400:
328:
31:
7119:
Morales-Díaz, Enrique; Gabriel Aquino; & Michael Sletcher, "Ethnicity", in Michael Sletcher, ed.,
4931:(Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, online version as of 2008-01-12, s.v. "ethnic, a. and n.")
8274:
7791:
7505:
6618:
6470:
4882:
3892:
3610:
2830:
2271:
2203:
2084:
1268:
925:
836:
493:
232:
167:
6691:"Frontiers | The Genetic Population Structure of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile | Genetics"
6634:
2196:
7880:
4877:
4836:
4252:
2126:
2121:
1218:
960:
704:
694:
684:
659:
580:
410:
252:
227:
177:
4184:, to the west of Easter Island, have a population of approximately 50 people. They are mixed-race
1357:. The Greeks had developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of
1002:
7762:
7754:
7599:
7266:
6987:
5083:
Ethnicity is a fundamental factor in human life: it is a phenomenon inherent in human experience.
4672:
3773:
3749:
3639:
3131:
2894:
2325:
729:
595:
527:
443:
323:
215:
152:
117:
107:
85:
80:
7011:"Another Look at Ethnicity as a Biological Concept: Moving Anthropology Beyond the Race Concept"
6296:
8000:
7900:
7343:
7044:
6629:
6236:
4356:
4248:
4134:
3896:
3739:
3121:
2698:
2629:
2620:
2432:
2422:
1511:
1481:
1433:
1214:
855:, history, or social treatment. The term ethnicity is often used interchangeably with the term
669:
470:
455:
395:
303:
242:
3386:
8025:
7810:
7704:
7311:
5922:(1 January 2011). "The revival of cultural autonomy in certain countries of eastern Europe".
5272:
4321:
4306:
3602:
3195:
2983:
2482:
2225:
2220:
2146:
2089:
2040:
1744:
1683:
1679:
1557:
1167:
796:
709:
689:
475:
415:
375:
345:
333:
283:
237:
187:
112:
53:
38:
5356:
5339:
5062:
3416:
According to Wolf, racial categories were constructed and incorporated during the period of
8238:
8162:
8070:
7895:
7778:
7530:
7500:
7495:
7333:
7328:
7321:
6310:
5050:
Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture, and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations
4844:
4386:
4138:
4113:, who have majority European populations. States with smaller European populations include
4104:
3961:
2988:
2963:
2718:
2407:
2315:
2276:
2266:
2230:
2191:
2141:
2104:
2062:
2045:
2018:
1917:
1867:
1339:
1227:
1040:
948:
699:
380:
350:
318:
293:
192:
182:
157:
147:
7154:
Nationalism and modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism
6903:
4723:"A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research"
1418:
is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as
8:
8202:
8105:
8100:
7987:
7905:
7525:
7316:
6514:
4406:
4396:
3868:
3582:
3191:
2529:
2492:
2487:
2472:
2281:
2235:
2156:
2025:
1366:
1331:
1188:
1033:
714:
547:
430:
405:
308:
298:
278:
122:
7039:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
6138:
3960:
African slaves were brought to North America from the 16th to 19th centuries during the
1144:(in a sovereign state). The process that results in emergence of an ethnicity is called
8259:
8085:
8045:
8040:
7945:
7885:
7830:
7515:
7410:
7363:
7338:
7306:
7259:
7177:
6717:
6690:
6657:
6494:
6019:
5874:
5544:
5504:
5296:
4869:
4848:
4747:
4722:
4692:
4587:
4331:
4051:
3969:
3724:
3481:
3352:
3267:
3126:
3028:
2958:
2747:
2684:
2634:
2447:
2320:
2259:
2254:
2176:
2161:
2150:
2109:
2079:
2067:
2050:
2030:
2000:
1795:
1415:
1208:, emphasizing shared physical appearance based on phenotype – example:
862:
734:
425:
370:
142:
6515:"Australian Aboriginal peoples | History, Facts, & Culture | Britannica"
4553:; Croen, Lisa A.; Dispensa, Brad P.; Henderson, Mary; Iribarren, Carlos (2015-08-01).
3465:
936:
8167:
8080:
8065:
8050:
8010:
8005:
7995:
7930:
7815:
7805:
7535:
7102:
7059:
7010:
6968:
6785:
6722:
6647:
6585:
6546:
6426:
6023:
5984:
Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis "Woman–Nation-State" (London: Macmillan, 1989), p.
5929:
5919:
5880:("a people is a multitude stemming from one origin") which continues in the original
5605:
5386:
5361:
5300:
5210:
4752:
4696:
4642:
4592:
4574:
4469:
4459:
4361:
4351:
4341:
4216:
3996:
3992:
3942:
3798:
3760:, 3.8 percent. Many of the smaller groups are found in the Asian part of Russia (see
3606:
3378:
3337:
2953:
2938:
2933:
2427:
2412:
2387:
2242:
2208:
2186:
2094:
2072:
2057:
2035:
1967:
1942:
1937:
1541:
1458:
1264:
1209:
1196:
1109:
963:
from the parent group. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a
869:
542:
532:
510:
257:
247:
6000:"Race and Ethnicity or Racialized Ethnicities? Identities within Global Coloniality"
5853:
4738:
4211:
Several political entities associated with Oceania are still uninhabited, including
8137:
8132:
8015:
7574:
7557:
7547:
7443:
7141:
6979:
6828:
6712:
6702:
6639:
6011:
5861:
5711:
5536:
5496:
5351:
5288:
4742:
4734:
4684:
4634:
4582:
4566:
4426:
4301:
4232:
4181:
3976:
there was a 127% increase in non-Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial.
3920:
3872:
3550:
3098:
3088:
3068:
3058:
2497:
2397:
2382:
2372:
2335:
2330:
2181:
1907:
1590:
1489:
1183:
480:
460:
197:
172:
6853:
3381:", signed by some of the internationally renowned scholars of the time (including
8172:
8118:
8090:
8030:
7965:
7920:
7855:
7589:
7584:
7562:
7490:
7017:
6501:
6192:
5923:
5893:
5870:
5380:
5292:
5020:
4984:
4961:
4816:
4776:
4421:
4391:
4173:
4012:
3988:
3946:
3934:
3853:
3826:
3704:
3685:
3458:
3427:
Writing in 1977 about the usage of the term "ethnic" in the ordinary language of
3271:
3246:
3136:
3093:
3048:
3033:
2978:
2728:
2660:
2655:
2576:
2502:
2402:
2171:
2166:
2131:
2099:
1962:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1763:
1751:
1664:" holds that specific ethnic groups have existed continuously throughout history.
1645:
1577:
1453:
1445:
1312:
1101:
979:
Perspectives that developed after the 1960s increasingly viewed ethnic groups as
724:
664:
641:
390:
7208:
6139:"The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland"
5677:
Camoroff, John L. and Jean Camoroff 2009: Ethnicity Inc. Chicago: Chicago Press.
4835:
Second edition, online version as of 2008-01-12, "ethnic, a. and n.". Cites Sir
4673:"Reconsidering primordialism: an alternative approach to the study of ethnicity"
4570:
8197:
8187:
8157:
8095:
8075:
8020:
7609:
7579:
7438:
7405:
7358:
7353:
7348:
6854:"Norfolk Island | History, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica"
5999:
5136:
Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in a Yoruba Town
4638:
4550:
4381:
4316:
4282:
4220:
4160:
4110:
4032:
4028:
3382:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3008:
2801:
2392:
2114:
1952:
1858:
1811:
1779:
1695:
1436:, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.
1347:
1179:
1160:
1117:
1077:
932:
679:
385:
202:
162:
7071:
Race, ethnicity, gender, and class: The sociology of group conflict and change
6661:
4688:
4554:
3794:
3581:
Ethnic groups in Africa number in the hundreds, each generally having its own
8253:
8177:
8142:
7935:
7875:
7850:
7845:
7614:
7569:
7463:
7390:
7370:
7076:
6707:
6584:. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 13.
6015:
5365:
4646:
4578:
4473:
4401:
4224:
4201:
4169:
4164:
4122:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3849:
3493:
3474:
3432:
3428:
3394:
3390:
3307:
3282:
inherited arbitrary colonial borders, but also in European countries such as
3274:
into a former nation-state. Examples for the first case are found throughout
3078:
3013:
2973:
2968:
2948:
2836:
2796:
2791:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2665:
2417:
2308:
1947:
1927:
1922:
1833:
1791:
1755:
1732:
1719:
1691:
1524:
1449:
1441:
1422:
1081:
998:
964:
940:
557:
552:
500:
222:
6932:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
6395:"21.9% of Canadians are immigrants, the highest share in 85 years: StatsCan"
6208:
The Routledge Handbook to Regional Development in Central and Eastern Europe
5602:
The Evolution of New York City's Multiculturalism: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl
5099:
Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference
3949:
have immigrated to the United States recently. In Mexico, most Mexicans are
3841:, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.
1279:
1248:, often overlapping with other forms of ethnicity – example:
8212:
8152:
8035:
7977:
7970:
7925:
7865:
7796:
7604:
7594:
7542:
7480:
7468:
7458:
7448:
7433:
7385:
7301:
7227:
7004:
Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of culture difference
6726:
5487:
Noel, Donald L. (1968). "A Theory of the Origin of Ethnic Stratification".
4942:
4796:(London 1989), pp. 11–17 (quoted in J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.),
4756:
4596:
4236:
4212:
4150:
4024:
3810:
3790:
3708:
3497:
3417:
3253:
3238:
3053:
3043:
3038:
2998:
2993:
2943:
2742:
2723:
2539:
2367:
1990:
1957:
1932:
1854:
1818:
1783:
1729:
1715:
1516:
1485:
1469:
1419:
1205:
1145:
972:
917:
465:
355:
61:
3852:, pejoratively known as Gypsies. They originated from India and speak the
1295:. The Bengalis form the third-largest ethnic group in the world after the
1055:(in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the
1048:
8147:
7955:
7940:
7915:
7840:
7510:
7485:
7475:
7453:
7380:
6904:"Education Resources: Regional Information, Jarvis Island | PacIOOS"
6113:
5869:. (Cologne and Graz) 1961, whose research into the "ethnogenesis" of the
4311:
4154:
4146:
4036:
3838:
3738:
recognized by the government, which are located on 17,000 islands in the
3485:
3303:
3291:
3023:
3018:
2462:
2452:
2291:
1875:
1829:
1790:
resulting in common ancestry (which is then sometimes cast in terms of a
1771:
1718:
beginning in the early modern period. Proponents of this theory, such as
1473:
1388:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1296:
1255:
In many cases, more than one aspect determines membership: for instance,
1222:
1141:
1137:
1056:
968:
877:
637:
505:
262:
135:
102:
7233:
2571:
1817:
This theory was preceded by more than 100 years during which biological
1105:
1028:
993:
8222:
8217:
8192:
8127:
8060:
7950:
7395:
7218:
6340:"Behind the Surprising Jump in Multiracial Americans, Several Theories"
6267:"Beogradski centar za ljudska prava – Belgrade Centre for Human Rights"
5888:("or distinguished from another people by its properties") was a myth.
5548:
5149:
Two-Dimensional Man: An essay on power and symbolism in complex society
4185:
4020:
3653: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3501:
3421:
3242:
2915:
2708:
2703:
2556:
2524:
2477:
2136:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1775:
1497:
1392:
1292:
1113:
1112:
did the term tend to become further narrowed to refer to "foreign" or "
1063:
617:
6643:
5873:
peoples convinced him that the idea of common origin, as expressed by
5508:
4864:
Cohen, Ronald. (1978) "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology",
1052:
955:, which over time may become separate ethnic groups themselves due to
8182:
8055:
7960:
7552:
7425:
7032:
Understanding 'race' and ethnicity: theory, history, policy, practice
5186:
Ernest Gellner (1997) Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4453:
4336:
4326:
4189:
4044:
3965:
3954:
3864:
3778:
3731:
3720:
3712:
3505:
3322:
3314:
3245:
were promoting global movements of populations at the same time that
3103:
2675:
2437:
1740:
1736:
1503:
1493:
1426:
1343:
1316:
1256:
1245:
1200:
1153:
1149:
1120:" arises in the 1930s to 1940s, serving as a replacement of the term
901:
848:
590:
517:
6878:
6169:
Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen
5540:
5276:
3628:
3366:
and ethnicity cannot be used as separate and autonomous categories.
1140:
may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with
1022:
7870:
7835:
6619:"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific"
6394:
6047:
Banton, Michael. (2007) "Weber on Ethnic Communities: A critique",
5526:
5500:
5236:
Banton, Michael. (2007) "Weber on Ethnic Communities: A critique",
4505:
4296:
4291:
4228:
4126:
4040:
4000:
3984:
3753:
3716:
3326:
2757:
2551:
2534:
2467:
2247:
1787:
1377:
1358:
1284:
1171:
1059:
956:
944:
905:
897:
889:
885:
873:
852:
840:
5738:
Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective
5258:
Ronald Cohen 1978 "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology",
4276:
3786:
constitute an indigenous ethnic minority in both France and Spain.
3480:
The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of
1714:" correlates the emergence of ethnicity with the movement towards
7890:
7820:
6970:
Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s
3980:
3950:
3845:
3814:
3783:
3681:
3590:
3586:
3440:
effect there are no "ethnics"; there are only "ethnic relations".
3283:
2679:
2286:
2213:
1759:
1622:
1595:
1260:
1241:
1231:
1175:
913:
893:
881:
844:
627:
607:
575:
365:
6688:
3237:, developed in the context of European colonial expansion, when
1461:, although most scholars' approaches fall between the two poles.
1076:"the foreign nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews". The Greek term in
27:
Socially defined category of people who identify with each other
7375:
7222:
6829:"History of Pitcairn Island | Pitcairn Island Immigration"
5117:
4118:
3860:
3834:
3821:
3757:
3745:
3374:
3299:
3275:
3234:
2519:
2301:
2296:
1884:
1687:
1307:
1192:
1125:
909:
857:
832:
602:
6370:"Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States"
3508:
when they are inter-ethnic conflicts in a multi-ethnic state.
7910:
7415:
4205:
4177:
4079:, an 1899 allegorical painting depicting Brazilian statesman
2752:
2670:
1403:
1300:
1288:
1235:
1072:
1013:
952:
7251:
7128:
Why Suyá Sing: A Musical Anthropology of an Amazonian People
5281:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
5225:
Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction
4945:
2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth).
37:"Ethnicities" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
7296:
5886:"sive ab Alia national Secundum program collection distinct
5121:
4548:
4114:
3697:
3689:
3342:
1633:
1514:) because they were based on a subjective belief in shared
1395:(Greek: θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι –
1020:). The inherited English language term for this concept is
612:
7240:
6624:. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.).
6077:, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1993, p.222
5116:
Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in
4720:
4502:(9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage learning. p. 389.
1774:. Ethnic groups differ from other social groups, such as
1263:
citizenship, having Armenian heritage, native use of the
921:
5905:
Aihway Ong 1996 "Cultural Citizenship in the Making" in
3249:
boundaries were being more clearly and rigidly defined.
1801:
1584:
69:
7049:
Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives
4083:, one of the founding fathers of the country, with the
3933:. The largest pan-ethnic group in the United States is
3905:
Indigenous peoples of the Americas § North America
3817:
of which 70–80 million people worldwide claim ancestry.
5324:
Vincent, Joan (1974), "The Structure of Ethnicity" in
4841:
The archæology and prehistoric annals of Scotland 1851
4227:. There were brief attempts to settle Clipperton with
1814:
in the 1920s. It is based on the notion of "culture".
6931:
6743:
Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania
3290:. Examples for the second case are countries such as
1274:
6075:
Jones's minimal: low-wage labor in the United States
5854:"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies"
4432:
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
4272:
1484:, these debates have been superseded, especially in
7099:
Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook
6090:, Berkeley: University of California Press. 380–381
4188:who descended from an initial group of British and
3979:The largest ethnic groups in the United States are
6967:
5227:, pp. 42–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001
4500:Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
1523:Another influential theoretician of ethnicity was
5918:
5810:
5808:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5625:Levine, Randy; Serbeh-Dunn, Gifty (Spring 1999).
5624:
5535:(6). American Sociological Association: 951–972.
8251:
6908:Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
4874:Ethnicity – Theory and Experience
4620:
6581:Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West
5975:(London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997) pp. 12–13
5486:
5262:7: 383–384 Palo Alto: Stanford University Press
5093:
5091:
4621:Salter, Frank; Harpending, Henry (2013-07-01).
7168:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
6455:
6116:. American Anthropological Association. 1997.
5925:The Participation of Minorities in Public Life
5805:
5776:
4417:Race and ethnicity in the United States census
3688:are one of the indigenous peoples of Northern
7267:
6412:
6099:Wallman, S. "Ethnicity research in Britain",
5858:Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings
5340:"What is Ethnic Identity and Does it Matter?"
4721:Chandra Ford; Nina T Harawa (29 April 2010).
4054:are the largest ethnic group. In Canada, the
3511:
3350:
3213:
2596:
804:
6616:
6571:
6237:"Serbian Government – Official Presentation"
5088:
4497:
3420:, and ethnic groupings during the period of
1848:
1008:(more precisely, from the adjective ἐθνικός
983:, with identity assigned by societal rules.
6746:. the University of Michigan. p. 950.
6425:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347.
5522:
5520:
5518:
5482:
5480:
5069:. The Government of Canada. April 1, 1992.
4923:3 A member of an ethnic group or minority.
4458:. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–70.
4087:and the three major ethnic groups in Brazil
3925:The indigenous people in North America are
1754:in a society. That could be in a city like
7274:
7260:
7092:The Russian empire: A multi-ethnic history
6974:. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Inc.
6545:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
6205:
5997:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5385:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
5052:, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 115
4792:ThiE. Tonkin, M. McDonald and M. Chapman,
4623:"J.P. Rushton's theory of ethnic nepotism"
4455:Constructivist theories of ethnic politics
4168:these islands have extensive populations.
3833:A number of European countries, including
3452:
3220:
3206:
3148:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
2603:
2589:
811:
797:
6965:
6716:
6706:
6633:
6337:
6114:"A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15"
5814:
5799:
5787:
5770:
5758:
5680:
5355:
5063:"Challenges of measuring an ethnic world"
4746:
4586:
3669:Learn how and when to remove this message
3569:Learn how and when to remove this message
3310:" societies, especially in large cities.
1108:, tribe, a unique people group"; only in
7130:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
6925:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6577:
5878:Gens est multitudo ab uno principio orta
5515:
5477:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
4077:The Founding of the Brazilian Fatherland
4071:
3804:
3789:
3777:
3680:
3336:
1306:
1278:
1070:("the nations") to translate the Hebrew
7069:Healey, Joseph F., and Eileen O'Brien.
6538:
6422:France and the South Pacific Since 1940
6418:
5703:
5441:
5357:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170715
5337:
5160:J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.),
5073:from the original on September 20, 2016
4498:People, James; Bailey, Garrick (2010).
4451:
3484:, when the concept of race was tied to
3168:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
1406:(Greek: ἤθεα ὁμότροπα –
14:
8252:
6784:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190.
6739:
6495:Census shows Hawaii is becoming whiter
5709:
5378:
5023:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4987:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4964:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4868:. 1978. 7:379–403; Glazer, Nathan and
4819:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4779:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4763:
4627:Personality and Individual Differences
3696:Ethnic groups are abundant throughout
3488:, first by German theorists including
2824:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1762:, but also the fallen monarchy of the
1644:", notably espoused by anthropologist
7255:
7140:
7101:, Greenwood Publishing Group (1998),
6978:
6966:Omi, Michael; Winant, Howard (1986).
6766:
6610:
6338:Tavernise, Sabrina (13 August 2021).
6333:
6331:
6220:
6088:Europe and the People Without History
5962:(London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997)
5743:
5562:
5453:
5271:
5243:
5151:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5138:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5103:Europe and the People Without History
5002:Valuing others in Classical Antiquity
4880:. The modern usage definition of the
4670:
3931:European colonization of the Americas
3909:Native Americans in the United States
3540:This section may contain information
3332:
1838:Racial Formation in the United States
1802:Ethnicity theory in the United States
1616:" further holds that ethnicity is an
1585:Approaches to understanding ethnicity
1350:and ethnography of the ancient world
7236:– American Psychological Association
6777:
6733:
6617:Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008).
6598:from the original on 9 February 2022
6210:. Taylor & Francis. p. 190.
6167:Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,
5998:Grosfoguel, Ramán (September 2004).
5718:from the original on 5 December 2012
5599:
4204:, later politically integrated into
3651:adding citations to reliable sources
3622:
3526:
3345:'s ethnic groups (original caption:
1397:theōn hidrumata te koina kai thusiai
1084:) could refer to any large group, a
7181:State & County QuickFacts: Race
7173:
7137:(Cambridge University Press, 1993).
6225:. Taylor & Francis. p. 71.
6206:Lux, Gábor; Horváth, Gyula (2017).
6106:
4525:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
3756:majority. The largest group is the
1506:maintained that ethnic groups were
1240:Ethno-cultural, emphasizing shared
24:
7241:Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Atlas
7006:, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969
6995:
6350:from the original on 26 March 2022
6328:
6277:from the original on 7 August 2018
6247:from the original on 8 August 2018
6171:(2002)., English translation 2004.
5656:The Habsburg Empire. A New History
5344:Annual Review of Political Science
5164:(Oxford 1996), "Introduction", 8–9
5048:Athena S. Leoussi, Steven Grosby,
4372:List of countries by ethnic groups
4367:List of contemporary ethnic groups
3901:Ethnic groups in the United States
3885:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
1476:categories defining social actors.
1275:Definitions and conceptual history
25:
8291:
7234:Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs
7188:
6798:from the original on 18 June 2022
6750:from the original on 30 July 2022
6559:from the original on 30 July 2022
6542:Prehistory in the Pacific Islands
6439:from the original on 30 July 2022
6297:"Native Peoples of North America"
6149:from the original on 30 July 2022
6103:, v. 18, n. 3, 1977, pp. 531–532.
4521:"Insight into Ethnic Differences"
4445:
4081:José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
3278:, where countries created during
3142:Political economy in anthropology
2352:List of nationalist organizations
1414:Whether ethnicity qualifies as a
7247:List of ethnic groups by country
7114:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
7056:Race, Education and Intelligence
6984:Myths and memories of the Nation
6896:
6871:
6781:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama
5382:Ethnicity and Electoral Politics
5379:Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín (2006).
4275:
4061:
3964:. Many of them were sent to the
3889:Ethnic groups in Central America
3878:
3627:
3619:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
3531:
2570:
1544:more than indigenous realities:
1384:, "speaking the same language"),
1043:and until the mid-19th century,
68:
7079:, and Terence Ranger, editors,
6944:from the original on 2022-06-01
6914:from the original on 2022-05-10
6885:from the original on 2019-09-09
6860:from the original on 2020-11-17
6846:
6835:from the original on 2022-04-22
6821:
6682:
6671:from the original on 2021-12-31
6628:. ANU Press. pp. 281–300.
6532:
6521:from the original on 2022-03-26
6507:
6488:
6401:from the original on 2022-05-30
6387:
6376:from the original on 2022-05-09
6362:
6317:from the original on 2021-03-29
6303:
6289:
6259:
6229:
6214:
6199:
6174:
6161:
6131:
6120:from the original on 2012-04-19
6093:
6080:
6067:
6054:
6041:
6030:from the original on 2013-02-06
5991:
5978:
5965:
5952:
5912:
5899:
5846:
5833:
5820:
5793:
5764:
5752:
5730:
5691:
5671:
5661:
5648:
5637:from the original on 2020-11-12
5618:
5593:
5580:
5568:
5555:
5468:
5459:
5430:from the original on 2018-04-17
5410:
5399:from the original on 2022-04-22
5372:
5331:
5318:
5307:from the original on 2021-08-17
5265:
5230:
5217:
5202:
5189:
5180:
5167:
5154:
5141:
5128:
5108:
5055:
5042:
5030:
5007:
4994:
4971:
4948:
4941:roughly 300 million worldwide (
4935:
4858:
4826:
4803:
4739:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.008
4703:from the original on 2022-03-03
4653:from the original on 2021-08-02
4603:from the original on 2021-08-02
4531:from the original on 2021-08-02
4480:from the original on 2022-07-30
3638:needs additional citations for
3615:Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia
3523:List of ethnic groups of Africa
969:merge into one single ethnicity
7058:(London: Temple Smith, 1971) (
7009:Billinger, Michael S. (2007),
6740:Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971).
4786:
4714:
4664:
4614:
4542:
4513:
4491:
4412:Race and ethnicity in censuses
4347:Human Genome Diversity Project
4163:South Pacific islands nearing
4125:(whose Europeans are known as
4068:Ethnic groups in South America
3848:ethnic group in Europe is the
3469:all individuals. Others, like
3004:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
2443:Historiography and nationalism
1893:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1532:identities. Barth writes: "...
1464:The second debate is between "
1026:, used alongside the latinate
986:
758:Anthropologists by nationality
13:
1:
7281:
7146:The Ethnic Origins of Nations
5867:Stammesbildung und Verfassung
5260:Annual Review of Anthropology
5197:The Ethnic Origins of Nations
5114:Geertz, Clifford, ed. (1967)
5004:(Leiden: Brill, 2010), 43–70.
4438:
4131:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
4101:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
3939:Hispanic and Latino Americans
3762:Indigenous peoples of Siberia
3418:European mercantile expansion
3175:Journal of Legal Anthropology
2843:The Art of Not Being Governed
2535:Seasonal or cultural festival
1410:, "customs of like fashion").
1380:(ὁμόγλωσσον –
1351:
1159:Depending on which source of
6808:can further define the word
6186:loi Informatique et libertés
5574:Hobsbawm and Ranger (1983),
5529:American Sociological Review
5293:10.1080/1369801X.2014.993332
4242:
4085:flag of the Empire of Brazil
3917:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
3913:Indigenous peoples in Canada
1676:Instrumentalist perennialism
1346:laid the foundation of both
1259:ethnicity can be defined by
1182:) – example:
7:
8265:Majority–minority relations
7166:Thernstrom, Stephan A. ed.
5633:. Vol. 1, no. 4.
5125:. New York: The Free Press.
4876:, Cambridge, Massachusetts
4671:Bayar, Murat (2009-10-14).
4571:10.1534/genetics.115.178616
4268:
3752:besides the eighty percent
3734:alone, there are more than
3490:Johann Gottfried von Herder
2378:Anti-globalization movement
1334:; after early authors like
1199: – example:
861:, particularly in cases of
847:, common sets of ancestry,
10:
8296:
7643:Countries by ethnic groups
7638:Contemporary ethnic groups
7161:Annual Review of Sociology
7152:Smith, Anthony D. (1998).
7112:Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed.
7085:Cambridge University Press
7081:The Invention of Tradition
7030:Craig, Gary, et al., eds.
6959:
5687:The Invention of Tradition
5576:The Invention of Tradition
5238:Nations and Nationalism 13
4639:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.014
4377:List of Indigenous peoples
4246:
4098:
4094:
4065:
3882:
3771:
3600:
3520:
3512:Ethnic groups by continent
3456:
3181:Journal of Law and Society
2901:Colonialism and resistance
2508:Principle of nationalities
1852:
1614:Essentialist primordialism
1369:(ὅμαιμον –
778:List of indigenous peoples
36:
32:Ethnicity (disambiguation)
29:
8231:
8114:
7986:
7789:
7623:
7424:
7289:
7209:Resources in your library
7073:(Sage Publications, 2014)
6539:Terrell, John E. (1988).
5604:. BoD – Books on Demand.
5338:Chandra, Kanchan (2006).
5214:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
5195:Smith, Anthony D. (1986)
5162:Oxford readers: Ethnicity
4883:Oxford English Dictionary
4833:Oxford English Dictionary
4800:(Oxford 1996), pp. 18–24)
4798:Oxford readers: Ethnicity
4689:10.1080/01419870902763878
4677:Ethnic and Racial Studies
4452:Chandra, Kanchan (2012).
3893:Demographics of Greenland
3813:are an ethnic group from
3767:
3611:South Asian ethnic groups
3546:to the article's subject.
3516:
2855:Non-western state systems
2831:African Political Systems
2085:Constitutional patriotism
1849:Ethnicity and nationality
1750:Ethnic groups can form a
1269:Armenian Apostolic Church
1092:of comrades as well as a
523:Cross-cultural comparison
7022:Critique of Anthropology
6708:10.3389/fgene.2020.00669
6701:. Frontiersin.org: 669.
6578:Crocombe, R. G. (2007).
6419:Aldrich, Robert (1993).
6016:10.1177/1468796804045237
5627:"Mosaic vs. Melting Pot"
5097:Fredrik Barth, ed. 1969
4878:Harvard University Press
4253:Native white Australians
3867:is recognizable for its
3844:An example of a largely
3750:recognized ethnic groups
3341:The racial diversity of
1745:cultural anthropologists
1712:Modernist constructivism
1669:Situational perennialism
1621:modern-day multi-ethnic
1012:, which was loaned into
695:Historical particularism
7755:Torres Strait Islanders
7600:Ethnopsychopharmacology
7344:In-group and out-groups
7135:Lumbee Indian Histories
7045:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland
6988:Oxford University Press
6073:Griffith, David Craig,
6062:American Anthropologist
6049:Nations and Nationalism
5828:Nations and Nationalism
5699:Lumbee Indian Histories
5588:Lumbee Indian Histories
5175:Nations and Nationalism
5173:Gellner, Ernest (1983)
5025:A Greek-English Lexicon
4989:A Greek-English Lexicon
4966:A Greek-English Lexicon
4904:ethnic minority (group)
4821:A Greek-English Lexicon
4781:A Greek-English Lexicon
3774:Ethnic groups in Europe
3596:
3453:Ethno-national conflict
2880:and the State in Africa
1764:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1373:, "of the same blood"),
1267:, or membership of the
1191:, emphasizing a shared
528:Participant observation
8280:Political anthropology
8001:Cultural appropriation
7901:Lineage-bonded society
7123:, (Westport, CT, 2004)
6938:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
4929:
4357:Ingroups and outgroups
4249:Indigenous Australians
4135:Australian Aboriginals
4088:
3897:Demographics of Mexico
3818:
3802:
3787:
3740:Indonesian archipelago
3727:across the continent.
3693:
3502:inter-ethnic conflicts
3442:
3414:
3404:
3358:
3351:
3122:Circumscription theory
2909:Europe and the People
2878:Technology, Tradition,
2433:Gender and nationalism
1662:Perpetual perennialism
1642:Geertz's primordialism
1567:
1550:
1434:Thomas Hylland Eriksen
1324:
1304:
670:Cross-cultural studies
8026:Ethnic interest group
7861:Ethnicity in censuses
7811:Cultural assimilation
7312:Ethnolinguistic group
7051:, London: Pluto Press
7002:Barth, Fredrik (ed).
6695:Frontiers in Genetics
5815:Omi & Winant 1986
5800:Omi & Winant 1986
5788:Omi & Winant 1986
5771:Omi & Winant 1986
5759:Omi & Winant 1986
5712:"Nature of Ethnicity"
5208:Anthony Smith (1991)
4887:
4794:History and Ethnicity
4322:Ethnocultural empathy
4307:Ethnic interest group
4200:The once uninhabited
4075:
3983:, African Americans,
3808:
3793:
3781:
3684:
3603:Ethnic groups in Asia
3544:important or relevant
3496:and the 20th century
3457:Further information:
3437:
3409:
3399:
3340:
3196:cultural anthropology
2984:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
2837:Papuan Big man system
2483:National indifference
1853:Further information:
1684:socio-economic status
1680:social stratification
1630:Kinship primordialism
1562:
1546:
1310:
1282:
1170:, emphasizing shared
8239:Minzu (anthropology)
8208:Separatist movements
8071:Ethnographic village
7896:Legendary progenitor
7531:Transidioethnography
7334:Hyphenated ethnicity
7329:Ethnographic realism
7322:Ethnoreligious group
7034:(Policy Press, 2012)
6221:Filep, Béla (2016).
6101:Current Anthropology
6051:13 (1), 2007, 19–35.
5907:Current Anthropology
5841:Imagined Communities
5830:Blackwell Publishing
5749:Smith 1987 pp. 21–22
5199:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5177:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5134:Cohen, Abner (1969)
5036:Herodotus, 8.144.2:
4866:Annu. Rev. Anthropol
4387:Minzu (anthropology)
4105:Europeans in Oceania
4015:, Native Americans,
3962:Atlantic slave trade
3647:improve this article
3551:improve this section
3422:capitalist expansion
2989:Wolfgang Fikentscher
2964:Henri J. M. Claessen
2719:Pantribal sodalities
2408:Cultural nationalism
2277:National syndicalist
1510:(artificial, i.e. a
1340:Hecataeus of Miletus
1041:Early Modern English
997:is derived from the
949:religious conversion
763:Anthropology by year
700:Boasian anthropology
675:Cultural materialism
660:Actor–network theory
258:Paleoanthropological
30:For other uses, see
8270:Multiracial affairs
8106:Multinational state
8101:Model minority myth
7988:Multiethnic society
7906:Linguistic homeland
7317:Ethnonational group
7230:at EScholarship.org
7090:Kappeler, Andreas.
6476:on 25 December 2018
5973:Gender & Nation
5960:Gender & Nation
5714:. Palomar College.
5147:Abner Cohen (1974)
4407:Population genetics
4397:Passing (sociology)
3945:in particular) and
3736:1,300 ethnic groups
3589:of a language) and
3387:Claude Lévi-Strauss
3268:Multi-ethnic states
3132:Left–right paradigm
2577:Politics portal
2530:Right-wing populism
2488:Nationalism studies
1332:classical antiquity
1148:, a term in use in
1034:late Middle English
967:and may eventually
926:physical appearance
715:Performance studies
608:Kinship and descent
548:Cultural relativism
198:Paleoethnobotanical
173:Ethnoarchaeological
8086:Middleman minority
8046:Ethnic pornography
8041:Ethnic nationalism
7946:Pantribal sodality
7886:Imagined community
7411:Symbolic ethnicity
7339:Indigenous peoples
7307:Ethnographic group
7178:U.S. Census Bureau
7037:Danver, Steven L.
7016:2009-07-09 at the
6778:Todd, Ian (1974).
6626:Islands of Inquiry
6504:, starbulletin.com
6500:2008-08-29 at the
6344:The New York Times
6191:2019-03-20 at the
5971:Nira Yuval-Davis,
5958:Nira Yuval-Davis,
5892:2015-04-23 at the
5875:Isidore of Seville
5600:Kolb, Eva (2009).
5465:Smith (1998), 159.
5326:Human Organization
5067:Publications.gc.ca
5019:2021-02-25 at the
4983:2021-02-25 at the
4960:2021-02-25 at the
4870:Daniel P. Moynihan
4815:2021-02-24 at the
4775:2021-02-25 at the
4332:Ethnographic group
4194:external territory
4089:
4052:European Canadians
3970:Dominican Republic
3819:
3803:
3788:
3748:has more than 185
3725:self-determination
3694:
3482:ethnic nationalism
3359:
3353:Nordisk familjebok
3333:Ethnicity and race
3313:The states of the
3127:Legal anthropology
3029:Thomas Blom Hansen
2959:Robert L. Carneiro
2748:Segmentary lineage
2685:Leveling mechanism
2635:legal anthropology
2448:Imagined community
2282:National Bolshevik
2001:Self-determination
1416:cultural universal
1325:
1305:
1283:A group of ethnic
961:physical isolation
863:ethnic nationalism
735:Post-structuralism
494:Research framework
8247:
8246:
8168:Ethnic stereotype
8081:Indigenous rights
8066:Ethnographic film
8051:Ethnic theme park
8011:Dominant minority
8006:Diaspora politics
7996:Consociationalism
7931:National language
7816:Cultural identity
7806:Cross-race effect
7750:Aboriginal groups
7195:Library resources
7142:Smith, Anthony D.
7126:Seeger, A. 1987.
7097:Levinson, David,
7094:(Routledge, 2014)
6980:Smith, Anthony D.
6463:"ISEE – Salaires"
6273:. 29 March 2015.
6086:Eric Wolf, 1982,
5920:Council of Europe
5736:Seidner, (1982),
5654:Pieter M. Judson
5240:(1), 2007, 19–35.
5211:National Identity
5101:; Eric Wolf 1982
4362:Intersectionality
4352:Identity politics
4342:Genetic genealogy
4217:Clipperton Island
3943:Mexican Americans
3827:ethnic minorities
3679:
3678:
3671:
3607:East Asian people
3579:
3578:
3571:
3444:In the U.S., the
3379:The Race Question
3272:ethnic minorities
3230:
3229:
2954:Jeremy Boissevain
2939:Georges Balandier
2934:E. Adamson Hoebel
2613:
2612:
2428:Gastronationalism
2413:Diaspora politics
2388:Banal nationalism
1459:Political science
1265:Armenian language
1210:African Americans
1197:national identity
1110:Hellenistic Greek
1047:was used to mean
981:social constructs
870:cultural heritage
821:
820:
720:Political economy
543:Thick description
340:Political economy
203:Zooarchaeological
163:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
8287:
8275:1930s neologisms
8138:Ethnic cleansing
8133:Ethnic bioweapon
8016:Ethnic democracy
7625:Groups by region
7575:Ethnomethodology
7558:Ethnomathematics
7548:Ethnolinguistics
7444:Ethnoarchaeology
7276:
7269:
7262:
7253:
7252:
7176:
7149:
6991:
6975:
6973:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6805:
6803:
6775:
6764:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6720:
6710:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6637:
6623:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6511:
6505:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6475:
6469:. Archived from
6459:
6453:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6372:. 18 July 2019.
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6203:
6197:
6184:article 8 de la
6182:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6110:
6104:
6097:
6091:
6084:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6058:
6052:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5916:
5910:
5903:
5897:
5862:Migration Period
5850:
5844:
5837:
5831:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5710:O'Neil, Dennis.
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5597:
5591:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5524:
5513:
5512:
5484:
5475:
5474:Smith (1999), 5.
5472:
5466:
5463:
5457:
5450:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5422:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5335:
5329:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5269:
5263:
5256:
5241:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5171:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5112:
5106:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5059:
5053:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5011:
5005:
4998:
4992:
4975:
4969:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4933:
4862:
4856:
4830:
4824:
4807:
4801:
4790:
4784:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4683:(9): 1639–1657.
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4590:
4565:(4): 1285–1295.
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4449:
4427:Stateless nation
4302:Ethnic cleansing
4285:
4280:
4279:
4233:Native Hawaiians
4231:and Jarvis with
4182:Pitcairn Islands
3927:Native Americans
3921:Caribbean people
3801:of Finland, 1936
3707:, some practice
3705:hunter-gatherers
3674:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3654:
3631:
3623:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3435:, Wallman noted
3356:
3259:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3116:Related articles
3099:Douglas R. White
3089:Jonathan Spencer
3069:Marshall Sahlins
3059:Sally Falk Moore
2615:
2614:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2575:
2574:
2516:
2498:Plurinationalism
2458:Internationalism
2398:Communitarianism
2383:Anti-imperialism
2373:Anti-nationalism
2362:Related concepts
1863:
1862:
1807:Ethnicity theory
1591:Jonathan M. Hall
1573:
1535:
1512:social construct
1490:multiculturalism
1440:One is between "
1356:
1353:
1319:are the largest
1184:French Canadians
1168:Ethno-linguistic
813:
806:
799:
341:
223:Anthrozoological
72:
49:
48:
21:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8227:
8173:Ethnic violence
8121:
8119:ethnic conflict
8117:
8110:
8091:Minority rights
8031:Ethnic majority
7982:
7966:Detribalization
7921:Nation-building
7856:Ethnic religion
7799:
7795:
7785:
7692:Central America
7619:
7590:Ethnophilosophy
7585:Ethnomusicology
7563:Ethnostatistics
7521:Person-centered
7491:Autoethnography
7420:
7285:
7280:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7191:
7186:
7133:Sider, Gerald,
7054:Eysenck, H.J.,
7018:Wayback Machine
6998:
6996:Further reading
6962:
6957:
6956:
6947:
6945:
6930:
6926:
6917:
6915:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6888:
6886:
6881:(in Japanese).
6877:
6876:
6872:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6838:
6836:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6801:
6799:
6792:
6776:
6767:
6753:
6751:
6738:
6734:
6687:
6683:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6654:
6635:10.1.1.593.8988
6621:
6615:
6611:
6601:
6599:
6592:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6553:
6537:
6533:
6524:
6522:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6502:Wayback Machine
6493:
6489:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6442:
6440:
6433:
6417:
6413:
6404:
6402:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6379:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6336:
6329:
6320:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6271:bgcentar.org.rs
6265:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6219:
6215:
6204:
6200:
6193:Wayback Machine
6180:
6179:
6175:
6166:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6145:. 29 May 2009.
6137:
6136:
6132:
6123:
6121:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6098:
6094:
6085:
6081:
6072:
6068:
6064:53(1): 142–145)
6059:
6055:
6046:
6042:
6033:
6031:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5957:
5953:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5917:
5913:
5904:
5900:
5894:Wayback Machine
5851:
5847:
5838:
5834:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5708:
5704:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5653:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5598:
5594:
5585:
5581:
5573:
5569:
5560:
5556:
5541:10.2307/2096302
5525:
5516:
5489:Social Problems
5485:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5451:
5442:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5400:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5336:
5332:
5323:
5319:
5310:
5308:
5270:
5266:
5257:
5244:
5235:
5231:
5222:
5218:
5207:
5203:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5146:
5142:
5133:
5129:
5113:
5109:
5096:
5089:
5076:
5074:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5021:Wayback Machine
5012:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4985:Wayback Machine
4976:
4972:
4962:Wayback Machine
4953:
4949:
4940:
4936:
4863:
4859:
4831:
4827:
4817:Wayback Machine
4808:
4804:
4791:
4787:
4777:Wayback Machine
4768:
4764:
4719:
4715:
4706:
4704:
4669:
4665:
4656:
4654:
4619:
4615:
4606:
4604:
4551:Sabatti, Chiara
4547:
4543:
4534:
4532:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4496:
4492:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4422:Race and health
4392:National symbol
4281:
4274:
4271:
4255:
4247:Main articles:
4245:
4174:Rapa Nui people
4107:
4099:Main articles:
4097:
4070:
4064:
3953:, a mixture of
3947:Asian Americans
3935:White Americans
3923:
3883:Main articles:
3881:
3854:Romani language
3776:
3770:
3675:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3644:
3632:
3621:
3601:Main articles:
3599:
3575:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3548:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3514:
3466:Jürgen Habermas
3461:
3459:Ethnic conflict
3455:
3397:, etc.), said:
3335:
3257:
3226:
3186:
3185:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3137:State formation
3117:
3109:
3108:
3094:Bjorn Thomassen
3049:Elizabeth Mertz
3034:Ted C. Lewellen
2979:Pierre Clastres
2929:
2928:Major theorists
2921:
2920:
2911:Without History
2910:
2879:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2729:Paramount chief
2661:Achieved status
2656:Ascribed status
2648:Status and rank
2644:
2633:
2609:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2510:
2403:Cosmopolitanism
2363:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2021:
2011:
2010:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1888:
1861:
1851:
1804:
1796:founding figure
1794:narrative of a
1780:interest groups
1752:cultural mosaic
1730:anthropologists
1646:Clifford Geertz
1587:
1578:Kanchan Chandra
1571:
1533:
1454:instrumentalist
1446:instrumentalism
1420:anthropologists
1408:ēthea homotropa
1354:
1313:Javanese people
1277:
1228:Ethno-religious
1219:South Islanders
1128:. The abstract
1102:Classical Greek
1100:of animals. In
1078:early antiquity
989:
817:
788:
787:
753:
745:
744:
725:Practice theory
665:Alliance theory
655:
647:
646:
642:Postcolonialism
571:
563:
562:
496:
486:
485:
451:Anthropological
446:
436:
435:
339:
289:
288:
268:
267:
218:
208:
207:
138:
128:
127:
98:
90:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8293:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8198:Indigenization
8195:
8190:
8188:Ethnosymbolism
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8158:Ethnic penalty
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8124:
8122:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8096:Model minority
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8076:Ethnopluralism
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8021:Ethnic enclave
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7992:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7766:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7731:Southeast Asia
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7654:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7629:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7610:Ethnosemiotics
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7580:Ethnomuseology
7577:
7572:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7446:
7441:
7439:Ethnic studies
7436:
7430:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7406:Supraethnicity
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7359:Minority group
7356:
7354:Metroethnicity
7351:
7349:Meta-ethnicity
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7279:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7212:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:External links
7187:
7185:
7184:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7117:
7110:
7107:978-1573560191
7095:
7088:
7083:. (Cambridge:
7077:Hobsbawm, Eric
7074:
7067:
7052:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7007:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6976:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6924:
6895:
6870:
6845:
6820:
6791:978-0207127618
6790:
6765:
6732:
6681:
6662:j.ctt24h8gp.20
6653:978-1921313899
6652:
6609:
6591:978-9820203884
6590:
6570:
6552:978-0521369565
6551:
6531:
6506:
6487:
6454:
6432:978-0824815585
6431:
6411:
6386:
6361:
6327:
6302:
6288:
6258:
6228:
6213:
6198:
6173:
6160:
6130:
6105:
6092:
6079:
6066:
6053:
6040:
5990:
5977:
5964:
5951:
5934:
5911:
5898:
5845:
5839:Anderson 2006
5832:
5819:
5804:
5792:
5775:
5763:
5751:
5742:
5729:
5702:
5690:
5679:
5670:
5660:
5658:(Harvard 2016)
5647:
5617:
5611:978-3837093032
5610:
5592:
5579:
5567:
5554:
5514:
5501:10.2307/800001
5495:(2): 157–172.
5476:
5467:
5458:
5440:
5409:
5392:978-1139462600
5391:
5371:
5350:(1): 397–424.
5330:
5328:33(4): 375–379
5317:
5287:(2): 174–195.
5264:
5242:
5229:
5216:
5201:
5188:
5179:
5166:
5153:
5140:
5127:
5107:
5087:
5054:
5041:
5029:
5006:
4993:
4970:
4947:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4900:
4896:
4857:
4825:
4802:
4785:
4762:
4733:(2): 251–258.
4713:
4663:
4633:(3): 256–260.
4613:
4541:
4527:. 2015-05-25.
4512:
4490:
4465:978-0199893157
4464:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Meta-ethnicity
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:Ethnic penalty
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:Society portal
4270:
4267:
4244:
4241:
4221:Howland Island
4111:Norfolk Island
4096:
4093:
4066:Main article:
4063:
4060:
4033:Chinese people
4029:Swedish people
3880:
3877:
3873:multi-cultural
3772:Main article:
3769:
3766:
3754:ethnic Russian
3677:
3676:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3598:
3595:
3577:
3576:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3521:Main article:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3471:Charles Taylor
3454:
3451:
3383:Ashley Montagu
3347:Asiatiska folk
3334:
3331:
3296:United Kingdom
3288:United Kingdom
3280:decolonization
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Aidan Southall
3081:
3076:
3074:James C. Scott
3071:
3066:
3064:Rodney Needham
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Ernest Gellner
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:Ritual warfare
2799:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:Law and custom
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2643:Basic concepts
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:in Catholicism
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Civil religion
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:Ethnopluralism
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1859:minority group
1850:
1847:
1812:Robert E. Park
1803:
1800:
1784:social classes
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1705:Constructivism
1701:
1700:
1699:
1672:
1665:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1626:
1586:
1583:
1478:
1477:
1466:constructivism
1462:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1385:
1374:
1348:historiography
1276:
1273:
1253:
1252:
1238:
1225:
1215:Ethno-regional
1212:
1203:
1189:Ethno-national
1186:
1178:(and possibly
1161:group identity
1118:minority group
988:
985:
933:language shift
918:dressing style
831:is a group of
819:
818:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
740:Systems theory
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Culture theory
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
599:
598:
588:
583:
578:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
503:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
263:Primatological
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
136:Archaeological
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
103:Archaeological
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8292:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8178:Ethnocentrism
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8143:Ethnic hatred
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8113:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7936:National myth
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7876:Folk religion
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7851:Ethnic origin
7849:
7847:
7846:Ethnic option
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7721:Northern Asia
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7697:South America
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7682:United States
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7616:
7615:Ethnotaxonomy
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7570:Ethnomedicine
7568:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7506:Institutional
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7464:Ethnomycology
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7391:Polyethnicity
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7371:Monoethnicity
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7277:
7272:
7270:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6964:
6963:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6749:
6745:
6744:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6685:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6574:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6535:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6491:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6451:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6415:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6332:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6298:
6292:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6246:
6242:
6241:serbia.gov.rs
6238:
6232:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6177:
6170:
6164:
6148:
6144:
6143:www2.gov.scot
6140:
6134:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6102:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6076:
6070:
6063:
6057:
6050:
6044:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5981:
5974:
5968:
5961:
5955:
5948:
5937:
5935:9789287169402
5931:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5852:Walter Pohl,
5849:
5842:
5836:
5829:
5826:Gellner 2006
5823:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5789:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5772:
5767:
5760:
5755:
5746:
5739:
5733:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5683:
5674:
5664:
5657:
5651:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5481:
5471:
5462:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5321:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5239:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5163:
5157:
5150:
5144:
5137:
5131:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5111:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5084:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:, on Perseus)
5026:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4997:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4855:, pp. 136,181
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4837:Daniel Wilson
4834:
4829:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Polyethnicity
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4225:Jarvis Island
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:Bonin Islands
4198:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:Easter Island
4166:
4165:Latin America
4162:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4139:Austronesians
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4123:New Caledonia
4120:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4062:South America
4059:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:Puerto Ricans
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:North America
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3662:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3636:This section
3634:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3570:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:German Empire
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3475:Will Kymlicka
3472:
3467:
3460:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:United States
3430:
3429:Great Britain
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3395:Julian Huxley
3392:
3391:Gunnar Myrdal
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:In 1950, the
3371:
3367:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3308:multicultural
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3255:
3254:Nation-states
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Elman Service
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:David Graeber
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:John Comaroff
2972:
2970:
2969:Jean Comaroff
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Fredrik Barth
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:Legal systems
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Legal culture
2795:
2793:
2792:Customary law
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:Theatre state
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:House society
2766:
2764:
2763:Petty kingdom
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Social status
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Ethnocentrism
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:Organizations
2345:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:Technological
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:Ethnocacerism
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:Revolutionary
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:Howard Winant
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:New York City
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:Fredrik Barth
1731:
1721:
1720:Eric Hobsbawm
1717:
1716:nation states
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1692:ethnocentrism
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:Primordialism
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1556:According to
1554:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1525:Fredrik Barth
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:According to
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1450:primordialist
1447:
1443:
1442:primordialism
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:According to
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:Fredrik Barth
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1355: 480 BC
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:ethnic group.
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Homeric Greek
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
984:
982:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:pan-ethnicity
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:acculturation
938:
937:intermarriage
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:
792:
791:
784:
783:Organizations
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
749:
748:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:Structuralism
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:Functionalism
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
597:
596:sociocultural
594:
593:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
567:
566:
559:
558:Emic and etic
556:
554:
553:Ethnocentrism
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
502:
501:Anthropometry
499:
498:
495:
490:
489:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Ethnopoetical
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
445:
440:
439:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Transpersonal
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Psychological
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Institutional
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Environmental
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
212:
211:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
168:Environmental
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
94:
93:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
41:
33:
19:
8213:Xenocentrism
8163:Ethnic slurs
8153:Ethnic party
8116:Ideology and
8036:Ethnic media
7978:White ethnic
7971:Neotribalism
7926:Nation state
7866:Ethnofiction
7797:ethnogenesis
7768:
7761:
7742:
7711:Central Asia
7703:
7656:
7649:
7632:
7605:Ethnoscience
7595:Ethnopoetics
7543:Ethnohistory
7481:Ethnogeology
7469:Ethnozoology
7459:Ethnoecology
7449:Ethnobiology
7434:Anthropology
7386:Panethnicity
7302:Ethnic group
7282:
7239:
7199:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7156:. Routledge.
7153:
7148:. Blackwell.
7145:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7098:
7091:
7080:
7070:
7055:
7048:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7021:
7003:
6983:
6969:
6946:. Retrieved
6937:
6927:
6916:. Retrieved
6907:
6898:
6887:. Retrieved
6873:
6862:. Retrieved
6848:
6837:. Retrieved
6823:
6813:
6809:
6807:
6800:. Retrieved
6780:
6759:
6752:. Retrieved
6742:
6735:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6673:. Retrieved
6625:
6612:
6600:. Retrieved
6580:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6541:
6534:
6523:. Retrieved
6509:
6490:
6478:. Retrieved
6471:the original
6466:
6457:
6448:
6441:. Retrieved
6421:
6414:
6403:. Retrieved
6389:
6378:. Retrieved
6364:
6352:. Retrieved
6343:
6319:. Retrieved
6311:"Our People"
6305:
6291:
6279:. Retrieved
6270:
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6240:
6231:
6222:
6216:
6207:
6201:
6183:
6176:
6168:
6163:
6151:. Retrieved
6142:
6133:
6122:. Retrieved
6108:
6100:
6095:
6087:
6082:
6074:
6069:
6061:
6056:
6048:
6043:
6032:. Retrieved
6007:
6003:
5993:
5980:
5972:
5967:
5959:
5954:
5946:
5939:. Retrieved
5924:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5866:
5857:
5848:
5840:
5835:
5827:
5822:
5817:, p. 21
5802:, p. 19
5795:
5790:, p. 17
5773:, p. 58
5766:
5761:, p. 15
5754:
5745:
5737:
5732:
5720:. Retrieved
5705:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5639:. Retrieved
5630:
5620:
5601:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5557:
5532:
5528:
5492:
5488:
5470:
5461:
5432:. Retrieved
5412:
5401:. Retrieved
5381:
5374:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5325:
5320:
5309:. Retrieved
5284:
5280:
5267:
5259:
5237:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5191:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5148:
5143:
5135:
5130:
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3039:Edmund Leach
2999:Morton Fried
2994:Meyer Fortes
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2876:
2841:
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2814:Case studies
2773:Ethnic group
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2743:Band society
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2540:Subsidiarity
2368:Anationalism
2127:Expansionist
1991:Independence
1855:Nation state
1843:
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1828:
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1819:essentialism
1816:
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1792:mythological
1749:
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1655:Perennialism
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1486:anthropology
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1470:essentialism
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1321:Austronesian
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1195:or sense of
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768:Bibliography
710:Interpretive
685:Diffusionism
654:Key theories
640: /
585:
570:Key concepts
481:Sociological
461:Ethnological
248:Neurological
233:Evolutionary
178:Experiential
62:Anthropology
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8148:Ethnic joke
7956:Tribal name
7941:Origin myth
7916:Mythomoteur
7841:Ethnic flag
7826:Development
7511:Netnography
7486:Ethnography
7476:Ethnocinema
7454:Ethnobotany
7381:Nationality
7121:New England
6443:18 February
6181:(in French)
6153:23 November
6006:. 315–336.
6004:Ethnicities
5882:Etymologiae
5697:Sider 1993
5586:Sider 1993
5273:James, Paul
4925:Equatorians
4843:(1863) and
4727:Soc Sci Med
4312:Ethnic flag
4186:Euronesians
4155:Polynesians
4147:Melanesians
4050:In Canada,
3839:Switzerland
3486:nationalism
3377:statement "
3304:Switzerland
3292:Netherlands
3024:Ulf Hannerz
3019:Lesley Gill
2511: [
2463:Irredentism
2453:Imperialism
2326:Territorial
2292:Legionarism
1980:Core values
1876:Nationalism
1830:Michael Omi
1776:subcultures
1772:melting pot
1686:, race, or
1474:ontological
1389:sanctuaries
1382:homoglōsson
1336:Anaximander
1328:Ethnography
1297:Han Chinese
1223:New Zealand
1142:citizenship
1138:nationality
987:Terminology
878:origin myth
851:, society,
638:Colonialism
581:Development
538:Reflexivity
506:Ethnography
456:Descriptive
314:Development
253:Nutritional
228:Biocultural
153:Battlefield
40:Ethnicities
8254:Categories
8223:Xenophobia
8218:Xenophilia
8193:Indigenism
8128:Allophilia
8061:Ethnocracy
7951:Statistext
7881:Historical
7774:Indigenous
7726:South Asia
7662:Indigenous
7396:Population
7064:0851170099
6948:2022-03-26
6918:2022-03-26
6889:2022-03-26
6879:"小笠原諸島の歴史"
6864:2022-03-26
6839:2022-03-26
6802:2 February
6754:2 February
6675:2022-03-26
6644:1885/38139
6602:24 January
6525:2022-03-26
6405:2022-05-22
6380:2022-05-22
6321:2022-05-22
6124:2007-05-18
6034:2012-08-06
6010:(3): 315.
5641:2021-10-01
5565:, pp. 4–7)
5563:Smith 1999
5454:Smith 1999
5434:2018-06-02
5403:2022-03-21
5311:2016-03-12
5077:August 28,
4978:ὁμόγλωσσος
4707:2021-01-05
4657:2021-08-02
4607:2021-08-02
4535:2021-08-02
4484:2020-09-11
4439:References
4056:indigenous
4021:Norwegians
3797:family in
3506:civil wars
3243:capitalism
2916:Cargo cult
2819:Acephelous
2709:Matriarchy
2704:Patriarchy
2691:Leadership
2557:Xenophobia
2525:Revanchism
2478:Militarism
2137:Indigenism
2132:Homosexual
2100:Ecological
2006:Solidarity
1996:Patriotism
1986:Allegiance
1768:Salad bowl
1741:historians
1558:Paul James
1498:South Asia
1448:". In the
1393:sacrifices
1330:begins in
1293:Bangladesh
1250:Travellers
1088:of men, a
1064:Septuagint
1062:), as the
1032:since the
931:By way of
849:traditions
618:Prehistory
471:Historical
444:Linguistic
356:Historical
324:Ecological
216:Biological
118:Linguistic
108:Biological
8260:Ethnicity
8183:Ethnocide
8056:Ethnoburb
7961:Tribalism
7744:Australia
7736:West Asia
7716:East Asia
7687:Caribbean
7672:Greenland
7553:Ethnology
7426:Ethnology
7364:Influence
7283:Ethnicity
7228:Ethnicity
7219:Ethnicity
7200:Ethnicity
7163:. 48 (1).
7027:, 1:5–35.
6630:CiteSeerX
6480:20 August
6024:145445798
5740:, pp. 2–3
5722:7 January
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5301:142378403
5014:ὁμότροπος
4697:143391013
4647:0191-8869
4579:0016-6731
4506:ancestors
4474:829678440
4337:Genealogy
4327:Ethnocide
4243:Australia
4045:Filipinos
3997:Americans
3966:Caribbean
3865:Vojvodina
3732:Indonesia
3721:Singapore
3713:Hong Kong
3686:Assyrians
3559:June 2021
3323:Britannia
3315:New World
3104:Eric Wolf
2676:Age grade
2630:Political
2438:Globalism
2423:Francoism
2226:Christian
2221:Religious
2147:Left-wing
2090:Corporate
2080:Communist
2041:Bourgeois
2031:Anarchist
1737:Eric Wolf
1623:societies
1565:positive.
1508:künstlich
1504:Max Weber
1494:Caribbean
1427:Eric Wolf
1344:Herodotus
1317:Indonesia
1246:tradition
1201:Austrians
1130:ethnicity
1114:barbarous
1057:Christian
991:The term
902:mythology
825:ethnicity
591:Evolution
586:Ethnicity
518:Ethnology
396:Political
304:Cognitive
243:Molecular
42:(journal)
8203:Nativism
7871:Ethnonym
7836:Ethnarch
7792:Identity
7779:European
7657:Americas
7501:Critical
7496:Clinical
7290:Concepts
7144:(1987).
7087:, 1983).
7014:Archived
6982:(1999).
6942:Archived
6912:Archived
6883:Archived
6858:Archived
6833:Archived
6814:language
6812:to mean
6796:Archived
6748:Archived
6727:32676101
6666:Archived
6596:Archived
6557:Archived
6519:Archived
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6399:Archived
6374:Archived
6354:26 March
6348:Archived
6315:Archived
6281:26 March
6275:Archived
6251:26 March
6245:Archived
6189:Archived
6147:Archived
6118:Archived
6028:Archived
5941:24 March
5890:Archived
5884:IX.2.i)
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5635:Archived
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5425:Archived
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5305:Archived
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4981:Archived
4958:Archived
4851:(1935),
4813:Archived
4773:Archived
4757:20488602
4701:Archived
4651:Archived
4601:Archived
4597:26092716
4559:Genetics
4529:Archived
4478:Archived
4297:Diaspora
4292:Ancestor
4269:See also
4229:Mexicans
4190:Tahitian
4127:Caldoche
4041:Russians
4013:Scottish
4001:Italians
3985:Mexicans
3717:Shanghai
3583:language
3431:and the
3327:Marianne
3161:Journals
2758:Chiefdom
2735:Polities
2621:a series
2619:Part of
2552:Trumpism
2493:Nativism
2473:Localism
2468:Jingoism
2316:Romantic
2267:Resource
2248:Hindutva
2236:Clerical
2231:Catholic
2192:Japanese
2151:populism
2142:Integral
2122:European
2105:Economic
2063:American
2046:Business
1968:Treasure
1943:Language
1938:Identity
1868:a series
1866:Part of
1788:endogamy
1696:conflict
1618:a priori
1529:a priori
1378:language
1371:homaimon
1359:Hellenes
1285:Bengalis
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1172:language
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1060:oikumene
1036:period.
1018:ethnicus
1010:ethnikos
957:endogamy
945:adoption
906:folklore
898:religion
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886:homeland
874:ancestry
853:religion
841:language
837:identify
773:Journals
690:Feminism
476:Semiotic
416:Symbolic
411:Religion
346:Feminist
334:Economic
284:Cultural
238:Forensic
193:Maritime
188:Forensic
183:Feminist
158:Biblical
148:Aviation
113:Cultural
54:a series
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8232:Related
7891:Kinship
7831:Endonym
7821:Demonym
7769:Oceania
7526:Salvage
7047:(1993)
6960:Sources
6810:culture
6718:7333314
6563:5 March
6467:Isee.nc
5843:Version
5549:2096302
4955:ὅμαιμος
4899:exotic.
4872:(1975)
4770:ἐθνικός
4748:2908006
4588:4574246
4161:Oceanic
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4095:Oceania
3993:English
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3955:Spanish
3951:mestizo
3861:Serbian
3846:nomadic
3815:Ireland
3799:Lapland
3784:Basques
3591:culture
3587:dialect
3284:Belgium
2866:Mandala
2699:Big man
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2051:Welfare
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1596:kinship
1482:Eriksen
1468:" and "
1444:" and "
1404:customs
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628:Society
576:Culture
391:Musical
386:Museums
381:Medical
366:Kinship
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294:Applied
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7763:Europe
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3768:Europe
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3300:France
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2162:Mystic
2110:Ethnic
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1963:Symbol
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1045:ethnic
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1006:ethnos
994:ethnic
953:tribes
947:, and
910:ritual
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833:people
603:Gender
533:Holism
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309:Cyborg
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143:Aerial
123:Social
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6658:JSTOR
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6020:S2CID
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3561:)
3557:(
3553:.
3221:e
3214:t
3207:v
2678:/
2604:e
2597:t
2590:v
2153:)
2149:(
1710:"
1703:"
1698:.
1674:"
1667:"
1660:"
1653:"
1640:"
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1625:.
1612:"
1605:"
1303:.
1080:(
812:e
805:t
798:v
44:.
34:.
20:)
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