992:) are the product of biological and cultural factors that manifest in individual brain development, neural wiring, and neurochemical homeostasis. According to received view in neuroscience, an observed human behavior, in any context, is the last event in a long chain of biological and cultural interactions. The brain´s anatomy is subject to neuroplasticity and depends on both, contextual (cultural) and historically dependent (previous experience) mechanisms to shape the neural system. By bridging sociology with anthropology and cognitive science perspectives, we can assess shared cultural knowledge – understand processes underlying unspoken social norms and beliefs, as well as study processes of shaping individual values that together constitute societies.
969:) that seek to evaluate the effects of shared cognitive structures on social life and the human condition beginning from the onset of cognitive development. The major part of social and cognitive anthropology concepts (e.g., Cultural consonance, Cultural models, Knowledge structures, Shared knowledge etc.) seem to rely upon broad pervasive, unaware interactions between society members. Research shows that unconscious remembering increases recall efficiency over time and yields greater confidence in that thought. According to the received view in
965:. The following part of the section shows the significance of their co-research for understanding the processes that constitute society. According to Sir Edward Tylor: "Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” The cultural consensus principle is incorporated in the reasoning behind the cultural consonance model and other similar models (see
1383:. At the time, the field was dominated by "the comparative method". It was assumed that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process from the most primitive to most advanced. Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary "living fossils" that could be studied in order to understand the European past. Scholars wrote histories of prehistoric migrations which were sometimes valuable but often also fanciful. It was during this time that Europeans first accurately traced
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institutional units no longer necessarily reflect fully the content of the disciplines these cover. Some, such as the
Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology (Oxford), changed their name to reflect the change in composition; others, such as Social Anthropology at the University of Kent, became simply Anthropology. Most retain the name under which they were founded.
1813:, took BSA in new directions through their introduction of explicitly Marxist-informed theory, their emphasis on conflicts and conflict resolution, and their attention to the ways in which individuals negotiate and make use of the social structural possibilities. During this period Gluckman was also involved in a dispute with American anthropologist
1948:. Departments of Social Anthropology at different universities have tended to focus on disparate aspects of the field, and can be found in several universities around the world. The field of social anthropology has expanded in ways not anticipated by the founders of the field, as for example in the subfield of
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anthropology is a term applied to ethnographic works that attempt to isolate a particular system of social relations such as those that comprise domestic life, economy, law, politics, or religion, give analytical priority to the organizational bases of social life, and attend to cultural phenomena as
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Malinowski and
Radcliffe-Brown's influence stemmed from the fact that they, like Boas, actively trained students and aggressively built up institutions that furthered their programmatic ambitions. This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for "Social Anthropology" by
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Toward the turn of the 20th century, a number of anthropologists became dissatisfied with this categorization of cultural elements; historical reconstructions also came to seem increasingly speculative to them. Under the influence of several younger scholars, a new approach came to predominate among
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Differences among
British, French, and American sociocultural anthropologies have diminished with increasing dialogue and borrowing of both theory and methods. Social and cultural anthropologists, and some who integrate the two, are found in most institutes of anthropology. Thus the formal names of
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as "that complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by as of society." However, as
Stocking notes, Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping the distribution of particular elements of culture, rather
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on ethnographic methodology within the anthropological study of law. He believed that indigenous terms used in ethnographic data should be translated into Anglo-American legal terms for the benefit of the reader. The
Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth was founded in
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than with the larger function, and he generally seemed to assume a
Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional, multilineal cultural change proposed by later anthropologists. Tylor also theorized about the origins of religious beliefs in human beings, proposing a theory of
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in the late 19th century and underwent major changes in both method and theory during the period 1890–1920 with a new emphasis on original fieldwork, long-term holistic study of social behavior in natural settings, and the introduction of French and German social theory.
1729:, which focused on how institutions in societies worked to balance out or create an equilibrium in the social system to keep it functioning harmoniously. His structuralist approach contrasted with Malinowski's functionalism, and was quite different from the later French
1693:(1962) defined social anthropology as a kind of comparative micro-sociology based on intensive fieldwork studies. Scholars have not settled a theoretical orthodoxy on the nature of science and society, and their tensions reflect views which are seriously opposed.
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dimensions. Practitioners have developed an awareness of the sense in which scholars create their objects of study and the ways in which anthropologists themselves may contribute to processes of change in the societies they study. An example of this is the
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Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the 19th century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form—by 1935, for example, it was possible for T. K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled
1280:, one of the most important influences on British social anthropology, emphasized long-term fieldwork in which anthropologists work in the vernacular and immerse themselves in the daily practices of local people. This development was bolstered by
981:: unaware knowledge assimilation. Therefore, mechanisms of unaware interactions at the onset of life, one of the focuses of research in cognitive sciences, have become the central research issue in social and cognitive anthropology.
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studies how people represent and think about events and objects in the world. It links human thought processes and the physical and ideational aspects of culture. The scopes of these two disciplines intersect in the field of
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and the influence of his supervisor, M.N. Srinivas. His work on equality and inequality in human societies and publications on such, especially the caste system. He reflects on and analyzes the work of Dumont, as well as
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became unattended "laboratories", especially the so-called "ethnological exhibitions" or "Negro villages". Thus, "savages" from the
Americas, Africa and Asia were displayed, often nude, in cages, in what has been termed
1452:, stating that there are three ways that different groups can have similar cultural forms or technologies: "independent invention, inheritance from ancestors in a distant region, transmission from one race [
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range and the attention it gives to the comparative diversity of societies and cultures across the world, and the capacity this gives the discipline to re-examine Euro-American assumptions. It is differentiated from
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58 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1093/analys/58.1.7. JSTOR 3328150.; reprinted as: Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (2010). "Chapter 2: The extended mind". In
Richard Menary (ed.). The Extended Mind. MIT Press. pp. 27–42. ISBN
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Ho, Karen (2009): "Disciplining
Investment Bankers, Disciplining the Economy: Wall Street’s Institutional Culture of Crisis and the Downsizing of American Corporations." American Anthropologist, Vol. 111, No.
1892:, and the like. In other countries (and in some, particularly smaller, British and North American universities), anthropologists have also found themselves institutionally linked with scholars of
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as the earliest stage, and noting that "religion" has many components, of which he believed the most important to be belief in supernatural beings (as opposed to moral systems, cosmology, etc.).
1741:. From the late 1930s until the postwar period appeared a string of monographs and edited volumes that cemented the paradigm of British Social Anthropology (BSA). Famous ethnographies include
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Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., Ribeiro, R. P., & Santos, J. E. D. (2007). "Cultural consonance and psychological distress: Examining the associations in multiple cultural domains."
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Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the
Western Pacific: An account of native enterprise and adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
902:, and can also help with bringing opponents together when environmental concerns come into conflict with economic developments. British and American anthropologists including
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methods), has been traditionally encouraged in social anthropology rather than quantitative analysis of surveys, questionnaires and brief field visits typically used by
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1288:, arguing that cultures are based on different ideas about the world and can therefore only be properly understood in terms of their own standards and values.
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After dinner talk on the history of social anthropology: Beteille speaks of his childhood and natural inclination to anthropology, his training, fieldwork in
3142:- website offers tutorials, information on the subject, discussion-forums and a large link-collection for all interested scholars of social anthropology
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Moore, Sally F. 1966. Comparative Studies: Introduction. in Law in Culture and Society, edited by Laura Nader. London: University of California Press.
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edited by Felix Stein. Facsimile of the first edition in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Initially published 14 Sep 2021. Online:
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Dianteill, Erwan, "Cultural Anthropology or Social Anthropology? A Transatlantic Argument", L’Année sociologique 1/2012 (Vol. 62), p. 93-122
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Sarto-Jackson, I., Larson, D.O. & Callebaut, W. (2017). "Culture, neurobiology, and human behavior: new perspectives in anthropology."
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1550:, as well as a linguist, a botanist, and other specialists. The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.
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Tylor advocated strongly for unilinealism and a form of "uniformity of mankind". Tylor in particular laid the groundwork for theories of
1491:, analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism globally. Neither Tylor nor Frazer, however, were particularly interested in
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Maltseva, K. (2020). "Bridging sociology with anthropology and cognitive science perspectives to assess shared cultural knowledge."
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in the "indigenous village"; it received 24 million visitors in six months, thus demonstrating the popularity of such "human zoos".
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Specializations within social anthropology shift as its objects of study are transformed and as new intellectual paradigms appear;
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The Association seeks to advance anthropology in Europe by organizing biennial conferences and by editing its academic journal,
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while social anthropology diversified in Europe by challenging the principles of structure-functionalism, absorbing ideas from
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1924:. British anthropology has continued to emphasize social organization and economics over purely symbolic or literary topics.
1801:, and embracing the study of conflict, change, urban anthropology, and networks. Together with many of his colleagues at the
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Coral Gardens and Their Magic: A Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands
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1785:, sociocultural anthropology as comprised by the fields of ethnography and ethnology diverged into an American school of
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affects individual experience, or aim to provide a rounded view of the knowledge, customs, and institutions of people.
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Graf, P., & Mandler, G. (1984). "Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable,"
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students in February 2006. Introducing some of the major approaches to the anthropology of politics and economics.
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in the old model, collecting lists of cultural items, when the outbreak of the First World War stranded him in
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research. Behavioral propensities (an exteriorization of Cultural models, Schemata, etc.; see key concepts of
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Hendry, Joy.1999. An Introduction to Social Anthropology: Other People's Worlds. London: Macmillan Press Ltd
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is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures. It is the dominant constituent of
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Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., Toppino, T. (1977). "Frequency and the conference of referential validity,"
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Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom
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in the old style of historical reconstruction. However, after reading the work of French sociologists
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The subject has been enlivened by, and has contributed to, approaches from other disciplines, such as
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1936:(EASA) was founded in 1989 as a society of scholarship at a meeting of founder members from fourteen
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Erickson, P.A. and Murphy, L.D. (2008) A History of Anthropological Theory, Toronto: Broadview Press
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Academic blog post explaining the similarities/differences between social and cultural anthropology.
1349:(1916). Such exhibitions were attempts to illustrate and prove in the same movement the validity of
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Hendry, Joy.1999. An Introduction to Social Anthropology: Other People's Worlds. Palgrave. p. 9-10.
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are examples of current, well-defined specialities. More recent and currently specializations are:
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Rosemary Firth interview by Alan Macfarlane: about her arrival in anthropology and fieldwork in
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Ingold, T. (1985) Who Studies Humanity? The Scope of Anthropology. Anthropology Today, 1:6:15-16
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interpretation, which examined how social institutions functioned to satisfy individual needs.
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or historical analysis), and emphasizing long-term (one to several years) immersion fieldwork.
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Frazer, a Scottish scholar with a broad knowledge of Classics, also concerned himself with the
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British anthropologists, concerned with analyzing how societies held together in the present (
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Argonauts of West Africa: Unauthorized Migration and Kinship Dynamics in a Changing Europe.
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Stocking, George Jir. (1963) "Matthew Arnold, E. B. Tylor, and the Uses of Invention,"
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also published a seminal work in 1922. He had carried out his initial fieldwork in the
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was actively discussed as a way to classify—and rank—human beings based on difference.
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The Expansive Moment: The Rise of Social Anthropology in Britain and Africa, 1918-1970
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Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy
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Tylor formulated one of the early and influential anthropological conceptions of
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The American Historical Review, Vol. 102, No. 5 (December, 1997), pp. 1486-1488
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that became standard in the field: getting "the native's point of view" through
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Chalupa, L.M., Berardi, N., Caleo, M., Galli-Resta, L., Pizzorusso, T. (2011).
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One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American anthropology
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1997:
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Researches into the early history of mankind the development of civilization
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Leach, Edmund (1954): Political systems of Highland Burma. London: G. Bell.
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Bernard, R. 2006. Research Methods in Anthropology. Lanham: Alta Mira Press
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Monoclonal Antibodies to Migraine: Witnesses to modern biomedicine, an AZ.
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to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.
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The tell-tale brain: a neuroscientist’s quest for what makes us human.
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1429:. Although the British anthropologist Tylor undertook a field trip to
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works that are holistic in spirit, are oriented to the ways in which
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Anthropology § Key topics by field: Socio-cultural anthropology
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somewhat secondary to the main issues of social scientific inquiry.
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1557:(1884–1942) was beginning what he expected to be a brief period of
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begins from birth (and even from prenatal) due to motive forces of
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Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (January 1998). "The extended mind".
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identities in India, as well as his lectures on backward classes.
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was abridged drastically in subsequent editions after his first.
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Culture in mind: Cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning.
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in a number of 19th-century disciplines, including the study of
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Pfaffenberger, B. (1992). "Social anthropology of technology."
1573:, he was effectively confined to New Guinea for several years.
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Checketts, L. (2017). "New Technologies—Old Anthropologies?."
2241:"Anthropology for beginners: Social and cultural anthropology"
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1941:
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for instance—although some of them believed it originated in
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Topics of interest for social anthropologists have included
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Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School
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Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School
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A decade and a half later, the Polish anthropology student
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weren't the only site of anthropological studies; with the
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Social anthropology is distinguished from subjects such as
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2591:"Postsocialism". In The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology,
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1124:: the anthropological analysis of ecological learning in
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Another intersection of these two disciplines appears in
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social and ethical understandings of novel technologies
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Comparison and intersection with cognitive anthropology
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2264:"The Department of Anthropology at Harvard University"
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anthropologists, and his classic ethnographical work,
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The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia
2641:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 14–16.
1942:
Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research.
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Anthropologists associated with social anthropology
814:and much of Europe, where it is distinguished from
2982:"Lectures on Political and Economic Anthropology"
1437:, mainly the Classics (literature and history of
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3062:Eriksen, Thomas H. (1985):, pp. 926–929 in
1623:London School of Economics and Political Science
1612:London School of Economics and Political Science
1516:London School of Economics and Political Science
1514:, Polish anthropologist and ethnographer at the
2426:16: 107–112. doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80012-1.
2424:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior.
2413:23: 553–568. doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90346-3.
2411:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior.
2308:"Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology"
1669:, whose orientation reflected the contemporary
1150:– the ongoing social fall-out of the demise of
3140:The Moving Anthropology Student Network (MASN)
2166:List of important publications in anthropology
1934:European Association of Social Anthropologists
3161:
2508:https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2020.01.108
1880:, which may be connected with departments of
1868:, which may be connected with departments of
784:
3067:Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (January 1985).
2202:
914:provided an alternative explanation for the
1770:
1753:The Dynamics of Clanship Among the Tallensi
3168:
3154:
3066:
2979:
2913:
2353:The Development of Cognitive Anthropology,
1617:Modern social anthropology was founded in
1546:and including a physician-anthropologist,
1353:, whose first formulation may be found in
791:
777:
2831:
2444:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-017-9574-2
2326:"School of Anthropology and Conservation"
1946:Social Anthropology/Anthropologies Social
1360:An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races
1208:
1046:Learn how and when to remove this message
2861:
2726:. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World
1695:
1605:
1506:
1406:
1290:
2785:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2724:A diary in the strict sense of the term
2595:http://doi.org/10.29164/21postsocialism
2210:"Benchmark Statement Anthropology (UK)"
1761:African Systems of Kinship and Marriage
1661:. Other intellectual founders include
1276:Polish anthropologist and ethnographer
3843:
2504:Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing,
2488:Cerebral plasticity: new perspectives.
3149:
3015:Benchmark Statement Anthropology (UK)
2944:
2864:"After-dinner talk by Andre Beteille"
2634:
2624:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203449721
2580:Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1414:, 19th-century British anthropologist
995:
834:anthropology is generally applied to
826:Comparison with cultural anthropology
3799:
2926:from the original on 12 October 2016
2371:Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Sons.
1759:; well-known edited volumes include
1737:teaching at universities across the
1083:, cognition, or health and illness.
1028:adding citations to reliable sources
999:
3175:
1927:
1402:
1327:was put by American anthropologist
13:
3020:
1086:
14:
3862:
3121:
2914:Macfarlane, Alan (7 March 2006).
2576:Andrikopoulos, Apostolos (2023).
2540:Queen Mary, University of London.
2382:Culture, medicine and psychiatry,
1503:Malinowski and the British School
1284:' introduction of the concept of
1213:The subject has both ethical and
3822:
3811:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3126:
3037:Argonauts of the Western Pacific
2837:Heyck, Thomas William (1997) at
2655:from the original on 2018-04-29.
2332:from the original on 2012-02-14.
2314:from the original on 2012-02-24.
1594:. Theoretically, he advocated a
1586:(1922) advocated an approach to
1583:Argonauts of the Western Pacific
1112:– neuroscience research for the
1004:
48:
3741:List of social science journals
3064:The Social Science Encyclopedia
2988:from the original on 2007-08-10
2980:MacFarlane, Alan (2006-02-20).
2973:
2953:from the original on 2007-06-07
2947:"Interview with Rosemary Firth"
2938:
2907:
2870:from the original on 2007-04-23
2855:
2820:from the original on 2011-04-08
2806:
2797:
2788:
2770:
2738:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2668:
2659:
2628:
2612:
2599:
2583:
2570:
2557:
2543:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2496:
2480:
2464:
2448:
2416:
2403:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2345:
2270:from the original on 2011-04-08
2222:from the original on 2013-09-21
1739:British Empire and Commonwealth
1381:A Hundred Years of Anthropology
1311:period, starting in the 1870s,
1015:needs additional citations for
3698:Science and technology studies
3071:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3047:Malinowski, Bronislaw (1935):
3041:Malinowski, Bronislaw (1929):
3035:Malinowski, Bronislaw (1922):
3026:Malinowski, Bronislaw (1915):
2997:Eight lectures for first-year
2945:Firth, Rosemary (2004-06-29).
2862:Beteille, Andre (2006-05-05).
2713:. 2 vols. London: John Murray.
2589:Martin, Dominic. (2021) 2023.
2565:Annual review of Anthropology,
2336:
2318:
2300:
2290:
2281:
2256:
2233:
2183:
738:Anthropologists by nationality
16:For the academic journal, see
1:
3008:
2722:Malinowski, Bronisław (1967)
1601:
1346:The Passing of the Great Race
916:financial crisis of 2007–2010
1809:, collectively known as the
1803:Rhodes-Livingstone Institute
1536:multidisciplinary expedition
1173:cultures and accountability.
7:
2916:"Interview of Mary Douglas"
2144:
1749:Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard
1571:British colonial possession
10:
3867:
2475:Cambridge University Press
2357:Cambridge University Press
1797:and from the followers of
1774:
1645:between 1915 and 1918 and
1395:. Finally, the concept of
1363:(1853–1855). In 1931, the
1229:
1225:
1158:the politics of resurgent
1090:
820:sociocultural anthropology
758:List of indigenous peoples
15:
3782:
3749:
3733:
3480:
3206:
3183:
2078:Siegfried Frederick Nadel
1777:Aftermath of World War II
1765:African Political Systems
1367:in Paris still displayed
1343:, was also the author of
503:Cross-cultural comparison
2472:Neurophilosophy at work.
2454:Ramachandran VS (2011).
2176:
1771:Post-World War II trends
1727:structural functionalism
1236:Social anthropology has
872:consumption and exchange
870:resolution, patterns of
675:Historical particularism
3386:international relations
2677:American Anthropologist
2470:Churchland, P. (2007).
2398:Oxford University Press
2351:D'Andrade, Roy (1995).
1833:modes of analysis with
1823:erosion of Christianity
1651:structure-functionalist
1592:participant observation
1567:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1232:History of anthropology
935:participant observation
508:Participant observation
3713:Quantum social science
3056:Leach, Edmund (1982):
2700:. London: John Murray.
2622:(1st ed.). Routledge.
2618:Strathern, M. (2000).
2536:Tansey, E. M. (2014).
2088:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
1988:Thomas Hylland Eriksen
1950:structure and dynamics
1703:
1647:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
1614:
1565:. As a subject of the
1542:in 1898, organized by
1526:analysis, rather than
1518:
1415:
1387:migrations across the
1320:". In 1906, Congolese
1300:
1209:Ethical considerations
990:cognitive anthropology
967:cognitive anthropology
958:Cognitive anthropology
929:, including intensive
878:and family structure,
650:Cross-cultural studies
26:Branch of anthropology
3750:Other categorizations
3603:International studies
3588:History of technology
3523:Communication studies
3406:public administration
3135:at Wikimedia Commons
2367:Tylor, Edward. 1920.
2151:Cultural anthropology
1993:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
1973:Edmund Snow Carpenter
1862:physical anthropology
1807:Manchester University
1787:cultural anthropology
1775:Further information:
1723:The Andaman Islanders
1707:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
1701:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
1699:
1610:Main entrance to the
1609:
1540:Torres Strait Islands
1510:
1450:cultural diffusionism
1410:
1294:
1126:cognitive development
1118:shared intentionality
1110:cognitive development
979:shared intentionality
963:cognitive development
816:cultural anthropology
3583:Historical sociology
3093:Kuper, Adam (1996):
2999:Cambridge University
2635:Kuper, Adam (1973).
2093:Juan Mauricio Renold
2073:Bronisław Malinowski
1858:British Commonwealth
1856:In countries of the
1633:'s process-oriented
1631:Bronisław Malinowski
1555:Bronisław Malinowski
1532:Cambridge University
1512:Bronisław Malinowski
1419:Edward Burnett Tylor
1412:Edward Burnett Tylor
1339:"—Grant, a renowned
1303:Museums such as the
1278:Bronisław Malinowski
1266:Edward Burnett Tylor
1148:postsocialism crisis
1122:extended mind thesis
1103:medical anthropology
1024:improve this article
943:political scientists
927:qualitative research
743:Anthropology by year
680:Boasian anthropology
655:Cultural materialism
640:Actor–network theory
238:Paleoanthropological
3851:Social anthropology
3763:Geisteswissenschaft
3757:Behavioral sciences
3683:Political sociology
3598:Information science
3543:Development studies
3133:Social anthropology
3069:Social Anthropology
3058:Social Anthropology
2709:Tylor, E.B. (1871)
2696:Tylor, E.B. (1865)
2266:. Fas.harvard.edu.
2053:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1968:Aleksandar Boskovic
1940:, supported by the
1851:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1827:cultural relativism
1791:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1458:] to another."
1423:James George Frazer
1365:Colonial Exhibition
1286:cultural relativism
1270:James George Frazer
894:, ethnic violence,
882:, childbearing and
804:Social anthropology
695:Performance studies
588:Kinship and descent
528:Cultural relativism
178:Paleoethnobotanical
153:Ethnoarchaeological
19:Social Anthropology
3818:Society portal
3305:auxiliary sciences
2755:2007-11-06 at the
2684:2007-12-02 at the
2679:, 65:783-799, 1963
2393:Shore, B. (1998).
2369:Primitive Culture.
2195:2016-03-04 at the
2018:Stephen D. Glazier
1938:European countries
1704:
1615:
1544:Alfred Cort Haddon
1519:
1416:
1355:Arthur de Gobineau
1301:
1195:history of science
996:Focus and practice
971:cognitive sciences
715:Post-structuralism
474:Research framework
3838:
3837:
3678:Political economy
3673:Political ecology
3528:Community studies
3518:Cognitive science
3481:Interdisciplinary
3381:Political science
3131:Media related to
3030:Trobriand Islands
2123:Susan Visvanathan
2113:Marilyn Strathern
2063:Judith MacDougall
1841:and his students
1811:Manchester School
1639:Trobriand Islands
1475:study of religion
1351:scientific racism
1331:in a cage in the
1064:political science
1056:
1055:
1048:
801:
800:
700:Political economy
523:Thick description
320:Political economy
183:Zooarchaeological
143:Bioarchaeological
3858:
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3693:Regional science
3538:Cultural studies
3513:Business studies
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2187:
2128:Douglas R. White
2108:Marshall Sahlins
2058:David MacDougall
1978:Philippe Descola
1928:1980s to present
1918:social relations
1894:cultural studies
1890:Oriental studies
1825:, the growth of
1805:and students at
1671:Parapsychologies
1497:The Golden Bough
1488:The Golden Bough
1421:(1832–1917) and
1403:Tylor and Frazer
1238:historical roots
1220:hawthorne effect
1120:approach to the
1051:
1044:
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880:gender relations
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2197:Wayback Machine
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2098:Audrey Richards
2068:Alan Macfarlane
1958:
1930:
1906:human geography
1779:
1773:
1711:Andaman Islands
1663:W. H. R. Rivers
1604:
1505:
1405:
1309:New Imperialism
1234:
1228:
1211:
1152:state socialism
1114:neuroplasticity
1095:
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1087:Specializations
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1021:
1009:
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810:throughout the
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645:Alliance theory
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3552:Environmental
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1715:Émile Durkheim
1653:conception of
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1569:resident on a
1548:William Rivers
1504:
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1439:Ancient Greece
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1305:British Museum
1297:British Museum
1230:Main article:
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368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
243:Primatological
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
199:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
116:Archaeological
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
83:Archaeological
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3863:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Human science
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3725:Vegan studies
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Public health
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:Philosophies
3621:
3619:
3618:Media studies
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Human ecology
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Anthrozoology
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:developmental
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:public policy
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:legal systems
3350:
3348:
3347:legal history
3345:
3343:
3342:jurisprudence
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3105:0-415-11895-6
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3078:0-7102-0008-0
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2968:Raymond Firth
2965:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2648:0-7100-9409-4
2644:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2442:32, 729–748.
2441:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2242:
2236:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2138:Robert Layton
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Victor Turner
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:David Graeber
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Raymond Firth
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1815:Paul Bohannan
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:structuralism
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1731:structuralism
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:Auguste Comte
1684:
1680:
1679:Adolf Bastian
1676:
1675:Wilhelm Wundt
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1596:functionalist
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Great Britain
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Pacific Ocean
1386:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1373:New Caledonia
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Madison Grant
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:phenomenology
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1081:human ecology
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1050:
1047:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:This section
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
950:
948:
945:, and (most)
944:
940:
936:
933:(emphasizing
932:
931:field studies
928:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:socialization
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
774:
772:
771:
764:
763:Organizations
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:Structuralism
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Functionalism
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
623:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
577:
576:sociocultural
574:
573:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
539:
538:Emic and etic
536:
534:
533:Ethnocentrism
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
482:
481:Anthropometry
479:
478:
475:
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Ethnopoetical
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
420:
419:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Transpersonal
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Psychological
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Institutional
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
317:
315:
312:
310:
309:Environmental
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
197:
192:
191:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Environmental
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
117:
112:
111:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
22:
20:
3827:
3803:
3791:
3761:
3568:Food studies
3508:Area studies
3261:mathematical
3256:econometrics
3228:
3214:Anthropology
3125:
3095:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3027:
2990:. Retrieved
2975:
2955:. Retrieved
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2919:
2909:
2881:Delhi, India
2872:. Retrieved
2857:
2833:
2822:. Retrieved
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2637:
2630:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2503:
2498:
2493:, Cambridge.
2487:
2482:
2471:
2466:
2455:
2450:
2439:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2394:
2389:
2384:31, 195-224.
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2320:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2272:. Retrieved
2258:
2245:. Retrieved
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2215:. QAA (UK).
2204:
2185:
2118:Hebe Vessuri
2083:A.H.J. Prins
2043:Edmund Leach
2008:Meyer Fortes
1983:Mary Douglas
1945:
1931:
1855:
1843:Mary Douglas
1839:Edmund Leach
1820:
1799:Max Gluckman
1783:World War II
1780:
1764:
1760:
1757:Meyer Fortes
1752:
1742:
1735:
1722:
1719:Marcel Mauss
1705:
1691:Edmund Leach
1670:
1667:A. C. Haddon
1616:
1581:
1575:
1552:
1520:
1496:
1486:
1472:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1417:
1380:
1377:
1358:
1344:
1302:
1275:
1235:
1212:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1109:
1096:
1057:
1042:
1033:
1022:Please help
1017:verification
1014:
986:neuroscience
983:
956:
947:sociologists
924:
920:
910:who studied
904:Gillian Tett
849:
843:
836:ethnographic
831:
829:
808:anthropology
803:
802:
748:Bibliography
690:Interpretive
665:Diffusionism
634:Key theories
620: /
550:Key concepts
461:Sociological
441:Ethnological
258:
228:Neurological
213:Evolutionary
158:Experiential
102:
42:Anthropology
18:
3829:Wikiversity
3720:Social work
3608:Linguistics
3533:Criminology
3450:criminology
3433:personality
3391:comparative
3369:Linguistics
3362:private law
3219:archaeology
2898:nationalism
2440:Biol Philos
2355:Cambridge:
2171:Rajamandala
2048:Murray Leaf
1922:social work
1878:archaeology
1876:; and from
1866:primatology
1683:E. B. Tylor
1627:World War I
1534:financed a
1258:linguistics
1246:ethnography
1203:linguistics
1160:religiosity
912:Wall Street
618:Colonialism
561:Development
518:Reflexivity
486:Ethnography
436:Descriptive
294:Development
233:Nutritional
208:Biocultural
133:Battlefield
3774:Humanities
3708:historical
3641:psychology
3613:Management
3455:demography
3413:Psychology
3396:philosophy
3357:public law
3288:integrated
3009:References
2992:2007-04-12
2957:2007-04-12
2874:2007-04-12
2824:2011-03-27
2760:review at
2745:Jack Goody
2607:Religions,
2461:, New York
2459:W.W.Norton
2274:2011-03-27
2226:2012-01-09
2038:Adam Kuper
2023:Jack Goody
1886:Egyptology
1847:Nur Yalman
1835:synchronic
1831:diachronic
1781:Following
1681:, and Sir
1625:following
1602:1920s–1940
1563:New Guinea
1528:diachronic
1524:synchronic
1385:Polynesian
1341:eugenicist
1337:White race
1318:human zoos
1282:Franz Boas
1179:philosophy
1099:musicology
1077:demography
939:economists
925:Long-term
900:cyberspace
598:Prehistory
451:Historical
424:Linguistic
336:Historical
304:Ecological
196:Biological
98:Linguistic
88:Biological
3652:Planning
3631:economics
3548:Education
3445:Sociology
3423:cognitive
3374:semiotics
3325:political
3283:technical
3268:Geography
3241:Economics
2920:cam.ac.uk
2609:8(4), 52.
2551:Analysis.
2491:MIT Press
2477:, London.
2156:Ethnology
2133:Eric Wolf
1914:sociology
1659:sociology
1643:Melanesia
1635:fieldwork
1588:fieldwork
1559:fieldwork
1493:fieldwork
1479:mythology
1435:fieldwork
1333:Bronx Zoo
1325:Ota Benga
1262:sociology
1250:ethnology
1215:reflexive
1073:sociology
1060:economics
1036:June 2020
975:cognition
892:globalism
860:political
830:The term
571:Evolution
566:Ethnicity
498:Ethnology
376:Political
284:Cognitive
223:Molecular
21:(journal)
3845:Category
3793:Category
3661:regional
3656:land use
3491:business
3460:internet
3418:abnormal
3320:military
3310:economic
3300:cultural
3273:physical
3234:physical
3224:cultural
3114:32509209
3087:11623683
2986:Archived
2951:Archived
2930:29 April
2924:Archived
2890:Hinduism
2868:Archived
2818:Archived
2753:Archived
2682:Archived
2653:Archived
2330:Archived
2312:Archived
2268:Archived
2247:18 March
2217:Archived
2193:Archived
2145:See also
2033:Don Kalb
1902:folklore
1882:Classics
1744:The Nuer
1655:Durkheim
1299:, London
1254:folklore
1242:Classics
1116:and the
1068:holistic
908:Karen Ho
888:religion
868:conflict
856:economic
832:cultural
753:Journals
670:Feminism
456:Semiotic
396:Symbolic
391:Religion
326:Feminist
314:Economic
264:Cultural
218:Forensic
173:Maritime
168:Forensic
163:Feminist
138:Biblical
128:Aviation
93:Cultural
34:a series
32:Part of
3805:Commons
3636:history
3626:science
3561:studies
3295:History
3207:Primary
3193:History
3188:Outline
2886:Marxism
2843:2171126
2747:(1995)
1874:zoology
1870:biology
1637:in the
1621:at the
1619:Britain
1578:British
1538:to the
1468:animism
1463:culture
1226:History
1193:), the
1142:kinship
1138:kinship
1066:by its
876:kinship
852:customs
840:culture
608:Society
556:Culture
371:Musical
366:Museums
361:Medical
346:Kinship
299:Digital
274:Applied
66:History
61:Outline
3496:public
3438:social
3330:social
3229:social
3112:
3102:
3085:
3075:
2964:Malaya
2902:tribal
2841:
2766:646577
2764:
2645:
1920:, and
1818:1946.
1751:, and
1481:, and
1431:Mexico
1369:Kanaks
1260:, and
1201:, and
1183:ethics
844:Social
583:Gender
513:Holism
411:Visual
386:Public
289:Cyborg
259:Social
123:Aerial
103:Social
3666:urban
3470:urban
3465:rural
3315:human
3278:human
3198:Index
2966:with
2894:Islam
2839:JSTOR
2762:JSTOR
2506:(1).
2220:(PDF)
2213:(PDF)
2177:Notes
1755:, by
1747:, by
1483:magic
1393:Egypt
1371:from
1322:pygmy
1191:logic
1171:audit
1163:; and
732:Lists
613:Value
491:cyber
406:Urban
356:Media
351:Legal
77:Types
3734:List
3110:OCLC
3100:ISBN
3083:OCLC
3073:ISBN
3028:The
2932:2018
2900:and
2892:and
2643:ISBN
2249:2014
1932:The
1872:and
1864:and
1845:and
1763:and
1717:and
1677:and
1665:and
1443:Rome
1441:and
1397:race
1313:zoos
1295:The
1268:and
1101:and
906:and
866:and
858:and
603:Race
593:Meme
331:Food
3337:Law
2847:doi
1793:'s
1673:of
1657:’s
1641:of
1455:sic
1357:'s
1062:or
1026:by
864:law
279:Art
3847::
3108:.
3098:.
3081:.
2984:.
2949:.
2922:.
2918:.
2888:,
2866:.
2651:.
2431:^
2328:.
2310:.
2297:2.
1952:.
1916:,
1912:,
1908:,
1904:,
1900:,
1896:,
1888:,
1884:,
1853:.
1767:.
1689:.
1477:,
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
1244:,
1205:.
1197:,
1189:,
1185:,
1079:,
973:,
949:.
941:,
886:,
874:,
854:,
822:.
36:on
3169:e
3162:t
3155:v
3116:.
3089:.
2995:.
2960:.
2934:.
2877:.
2849::
2827:.
2400:.
2277:.
2251:.
2229:.
2199:.
1316:"
1218:"
1181:(
1154:;
1144:;
1128:;
1049:)
1043:(
1038:)
1034:(
1020:.
792:e
785:t
778:v
23:.
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