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as a major foundation for what they do today. However, if one traces the intellectual genealogy back to physical anthropology's beginnings—before the discovery of much of what we now know as the hominin fossil record—then the focus shifts to human biological variation. Some editors, see below, have
1065:
Biological
Anthropology looks different today from the way it did even twenty years ago. Even the name is relatively new, having been 'physical anthropology' for over a century, with some practitioners still applying that term. Biological anthropologists look back to the work of
1222:(1858–1942) strongly impacted biological anthropology by emphasizing the influence of culture and experience on the human form. His research showed that head shape was malleable to environmental and nutritional factors rather than a stable "racial" trait. However,
1246:, a former student of Hooton, introduced a "new physical anthropology." He changed the focus from racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution, moving away from classification towards evolutionary process. Anthropology expanded to include
859:
As a subfield of anthropology, biological anthropology itself is further divided into several branches. All branches are united in their common orientation and/or application of evolutionary theory to understanding human biology and behavior.
1092:, which included all things, from inanimate objects at the bottom to deities at the top. This became the main system through which scholars thought about nature for the next roughly 2,000 years. Plato's student
1011:, mainly using remains from extinct hominin and other primate species to determine the morphological and behavioral changes in the human lineage, as well as the environment in which human evolution occurred.
1828:
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and no tails in order to give them a soft place to sit when they are tired of standing. He explained regional variations in human features as the result of different climates. He also wrote about
1017:
is the study of disease in antiquity. This study focuses not only on pathogenic conditions observable in bones or mummified soft tissue, but also on nutritional disorders, variation in stature or
1830:
Something Coming: Apocalyptic
Expectation and Mid-nineteenth-century American painting – by Gail E. Husch – ...the same inward and mental nature is to be recognized in all the races of men
871:
context. The examined human remains usually are limited to bones but may include preserved soft tissue. Researchers in bioarchaeology combine the skill sets of
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2015:
Redman, Samuel J. Bone Rooms: From
Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2016.
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is the study of behavioral adaptations (foraging, reproduction, ontogeny) from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives (see
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methods opened doors to understanding human variation, both past and present, more accurately and in much greater detail.
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2003:
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2010:
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1990:, (Lexington Books; 2010); 259 pages; essays on the field from the late 19th to the late 20th century; topics include
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839:, is a social science discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct
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Attempts to study and classify human beings as living organisms date back to ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher
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1161:, published during 1790–1828), from which he argued for the division of humankind into five major races (termed
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1959:(1988) "Remodelling the Human Way of Life: Sherwood Washburn and the New Physical Anthropology, 1950–1980", in
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of bones over time, evidence of physical trauma, or evidence of occupationally derived biomechanic stress.
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in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of
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methods to infer which traits humans share with other primates and which are human-specific adaptations.
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1915:(2nd ed., with a new afterword ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 89.
1862:"Exploring U.S. History The Debate Over Slavery, Excerpts from Samuel George Morton, Crania Americana"
1154:
847:, particularly from an evolutionary perspective. This subfield of anthropology systematically studies
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502:
241:
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2057:– Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
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1722:. Vol. 1. New York City, New York and London, England: Garland Publishing. pp. 107–108.
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American
Anthropological Association. "Eugenics and Physical Anthropology." 2007. August 7, 2007.
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1757:"The Blumenbach Skull Collection at the Centre of Anatomy, University Medical Centre Göttingen"
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is the study of non-human primate behavior, morphology, and genetics. Primatologists use
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is the study of past human cultures through examination of human remains recovered in an
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1193:(1821–1902), emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body.
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and medicine, which concerns international, population-level perspectives on health,
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551:
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519:
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40:
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1967:, v.5, G. Stocking, ed., Madison, Wisc., University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 205–259.
1388:
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that human beings are the only animals to walk upright and argued, in line with his
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promoting theories of racial superiority and a
European origin of modern humans.
1008:
872:
733:
673:
650:
399:
16:
Branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species
2096:
Human
Biology, The International Journal of Population Genetics and Anthropology
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perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved
910:
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171:
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In the 1830s and 40s, physical anthropology was prominent in the debate about
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1956:
1888:
Visions of
Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists
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1930:
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physical anthropology began in the 17th to 18th centuries with the study of
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responses (physiological, developmental, genetic) to environmental stresses.
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still persisted in biological anthropology, with prominent figures such as
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2033:
British
Association of Biological Anthropologists and Osteoarchaeologists
1910:
1779:
The
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1638:
1578:
1448:
1393:
1251:
1186:
1115:
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144:
111:
35:
1912:
Bones of contention : controversies in the search for human origins
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4269:
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1209:
1201:
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986:
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914:
626:
2134:
883:, and often consider the cultural and mortuary context of the remains.
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978:
974:
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is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human
924:
890:
599:
594:
526:
45:
1988:
Histories of
American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century
1685:
Ellison, Peter T. (2018). "The evolution of physical anthropology".
3908:
3668:
3373:
2581:
2506:
2436:
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2361:
2186:
1608:
1111:
998:
973:
is an interdisciplinary field of biology, biological anthropology,
840:
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4002:
1149:
The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician
4151:
3809:
2596:
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1170:
982:
844:
636:
616:
584:
374:
50:
31:
2113:
Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University
1181:). In the 19th century, French physical anthropologists, led by
2261:
611:
1270:'s research on heredity. Advances in the understanding of the
1786:
1075:
898:
1055:
2032:
621:
2095:
2028:
1961:
Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology
1886:
Moore, Jerry D. (2009). "Franz Boas: Culture in Context".
4193:
2037:
1218:
In the late 19th century, German-American anthropologist
1943:
Washburn, S. L. (1951) "The New Physical Anthropology",
1237:
78:
923:
is the study of psychological structures from a modern
2130:
Academic Genealogical Tree of Physical Anthropologists
1281:
2026:American Association of Biological Anthropologists
1803:"Rudolf Carl Virchow facts, information, pictures"
1071:rooted the field even deeper than formal science.
1986:Michael A. Little and Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, eds.
4699:
2011:Modern Human Variation: Models of Classification
1945:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences
1890:. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira. pp. 33–46.
1994:(1911–2000) and the "new physical anthropology"
2043:Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology
1981:List of important publications in anthropology
1157:, amassed a large collection of human skulls (
4018:
2649:
2150:
1999:"Apportionment of Racial Diversity: A Review"
1826:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
813:
1744:Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History
2663:
2079:Mapping Transdisciplinarity in Anthropology
1208:(1786–1848) opposing those of the American
4025:
4011:
2656:
2642:
2157:
2143:
2075:– free full text review articles available
1696:
820:
806:
22:
2623:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
1687:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1600:, the measurement of the human individual
3820:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2125:The Program in Human Biology at Stanford
1054:
1044:
2164:
1713:
1118:, an idea derived from writings in the
4700:
931:– that is, the functional products of
4006:
3312:Psychological effects of Internet use
2637:
2618:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2138:
1997:Brown, Ryan A and Armelagos, George,
1908:
1674:Introduction to Physical Anthropology
4656:
2085:Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences
1007:is the study of fossil evidence for
4032:
3292:Digital media use and mental health
2073:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
1189:while the German tradition, led by
937:sexual selection in human evolution
13:
2923:Automatic and controlled processes
1974:
1282:Notable biological anthropologists
1204:works of the British abolitionist
14:
4724:
3332:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2091:American Journal of Human Biology
2061:Istituto Italiano di Antropologia
2019:
1110:view of nature, that humans have
843:ancestors, and related non-human
4679:
4668:
4655:
4644:
4643:
3983:
3970:
3958:
3957:
3357:Mobile phones and driving safety
1720:History of Physical Anthropology
1676:, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
1254:. The 20th century also saw the
77:
4598:List of social science journals
3260:Computer-mediated communication
1950:
1937:
1902:
1893:
1880:
1258:in biology: the reconciling of
851:from a biological perspective.
4555:Science and technology studies
3537:Empathising–systemising theory
2840:female intrasexual competition
2777:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1854:
1820:
1795:
1771:
1749:
1746:. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
1736:
1679:
1662:
767:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
3897:Standard social science model
2950:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
1655:
1097:
1086:347 BC) placed humans on the
1083:
1079:
3745:Missing heritability problem
3337:Social aspects of television
2960:Evolution of nervous systems
2928:Computational theory of mind
1100:384–322 BC) observed in his
34:skulls. From left to right:
7:
3991:Evolutionary biology portal
2108:Economics and Human Biology
1718:. In Spencer, Frank (ed.).
1644:Race (human categorization)
1590:
1344:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
1238:"New physical anthropology"
1151:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1144:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1050:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
854:
10:
4729:
3952:Evolutionary psychologists
3825:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3740:Human–animal communication
3452:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3302:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3270:Human–computer interaction
1978:
1759:. University of Goettingen
1272:molecular structure of DNA
1040:
1035:
905:. These processes include
787:List of indigenous peoples
4639:
4606:
4590:
4337:
4063:
4040:
3946:
3872:Environmental determinism
3843:Cultural selection theory
3835:
3730:Evolutionary epistemology
3717:
3644:evolutionary neuroscience
3606:
3599:
3497:
3372:
3317:Rank theory of depression
3240:
3164:
3066:
2872:
2865:
2819:Parent–offspring conflict
2728:
2671:
2605:
2172:
2038:Human Biology Association
2004:Evolutionary Anthropology
1614:Evolutionary anthropology
532:Cross-cultural comparison
3765:Cultural group selection
3649:Biocultural anthropology
3342:Societal impacts of cars
3275:Media naturalness theory
2965:Fight-or-flight response
1947:, Series II, 13:298–304.
1864:. RRCHNM. Archived from
1777:"Memoir of Paul Broca".
1716:"Aristotle (384–322 BC)"
1604:Biocultural anthropology
1185:(1824–1880), focused on
957:Human behavioral ecology
903:a single common ancestor
704:Historical particularism
4713:Biological anthropology
4243:international relations
3965:Evolutionary psychology
3929:Sociocultural evolution
3770:Dual inheritance theory
3227:Personality development
2688:Theoretical foundations
2665:Evolutionary psychology
1965:History of Anthropology
1714:Spencer, Frank (1997).
1624:Evolutionary psychology
1414:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
1274:and the development of
1200:, with the scientific,
963:). It focuses on human
921:Evolutionary psychology
833:Biological anthropology
537:Participant observation
4570:Quantum social science
3887:Social constructionism
3882:Psychological nativism
3857:Biological determinism
3805:Recent human evolution
3800:Punctuated equilibrium
3623:Behavioral epigenetics
3618:evolutionary economics
3587:Variability hypothesis
3532:Emotional intelligence
3265:Engineering psychology
2955:Evolution of the brain
2232:Biological engineering
1827:Gail E. Husch (2000).
1062:
1052:
891:evolutionary processes
679:Cross-cultural studies
4607:Other categorizations
4460:International studies
4445:History of technology
4380:Communication studies
4263:public administration
3914:Multilineal evolution
3877:Nature versus nurture
3836:Theoretical positions
3684:Functional psychology
3679:Evolutionary medicine
3654:Biological psychiatry
3362:Texting while driving
3352:Lead–crime hypothesis
3212:Cognitive development
3197:Caregiver deprivation
2708:Gene selection theory
2317:Developmental biology
2292:Computational biology
2272:Cellular microbiology
2053:Homo neanderthalensis
1909:Lewin, Roger (1997).
1319:William Montague Cobb
1206:James Cowles Prichard
1128:racial classification
1058:
1048:
943:Forensic anthropology
837:physical anthropology
4440:Historical sociology
3867:Cultural determinism
3674:Evolutionary biology
3659:Cognitive psychology
3607:Academic disciplines
3255:Cognitive ergonomics
3222:Language acquisition
3202:Childhood attachment
3015:Wason selection task
2909:Behavioral modernity
2698:Cognitive revolution
2681:Evolutionary thought
2537:Reproductive biology
2422:Mathematical biology
2347:Evolutionary biology
2297:Conservation biology
1992:Sherwood L. Washburn
1868:on December 11, 2016
1619:Evolutionary biology
1459:Frank B. Livingstone
1404:Richard Lynch Garner
1354:A. Roberto Frisancho
1276:chronological dating
1213:Samuel George Morton
889:is the study of the
887:Evolutionary biology
772:Anthropology by year
709:Boasian anthropology
684:Cultural materialism
669:Actor–network theory
267:Paleoanthropological
4620:Geisteswissenschaft
4614:Behavioral sciences
4540:Political sociology
4455:Information science
4400:Development studies
3934:Unilineal evolution
3699:Population genetics
3484:Sexy son hypothesis
3422:Hormonal motivation
3402:Concealed ovulation
2943:Dual process theory
2814:Parental investment
2322:Ecological genetics
2166:Branches of biology
1544:Douglas H. Ubelaker
1484:Russell Mittermeier
1299:George J. Armelagos
1294:John Lawrence Angel
1289:Zeresenay Alemseged
724:Performance studies
617:Kinship and descent
557:Cultural relativism
207:Paleoethnobotanical
182:Ethnoarchaeological
4675:Society portal
4162:auxiliary sciences
3892:Social determinism
3775:Fisher's principle
3735:Great ape language
3725:Cultural evolution
3694:Philosophy of mind
3527:Division of labour
3489:Westermarck effect
3437:Mating preferences
3347:Distracted driving
3081:Literary criticism
2938:Domain specificity
2918:modularity of mind
2613:History of biology
2547:Structural biology
2532:Relational biology
2357:Generative biology
2352:Freshwater biology
2118:2015-08-28 at the
2101:2011-02-04 at the
2066:2008-10-16 at the
1584:Biraja Sankar Guha
1569:Milford H. Wolpoff
1424:William W. Howells
1384:Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
1120:Hippocratic Corpus
1103:History of Animals
1063:
1053:
961:behavioral ecology
893:that produced the
744:Post-structuralism
503:Research framework
4695:
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4535:Political economy
4530:Political ecology
4385:Community studies
4375:Cognitive science
4338:Interdisciplinary
4238:Political science
4000:
3999:
3978:Psychology portal
3942:
3941:
3785:Hologenome theory
3755:Unit of selection
3750:Primate cognition
3664:Cognitive science
3595:
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3466:Sexual attraction
3442:Mating strategies
3207:Cinderella effect
3137:Moral foundations
3041:Visual perception
2933:Domain generality
2902:Facial expression
2850:Sexual dimorphism
2809:Natural selection
2755:Hamiltonian spite
2631:
2630:
2552:Synthetic biology
2432:Molecular biology
2287:Cognitive biology
1785:: 242–261. 1881.
1742:Marks, J. (1995)
1729:978-0-8153-0490-6
1554:Sherwood Washburn
1539:Phillip V. Tobias
1494:Douglas W. Owsley
1474:Jonathan M. Marks
1329:Robert Corruccini
1309:Caroline Bond Day
1248:paleoanthropology
1244:Sherwood Washburn
1224:scientific racism
1005:Paleoanthropology
991:molecular biology
933:natural selection
907:natural selection
895:diversity of life
830:
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729:Political economy
552:Thick description
349:Political economy
212:Zooarchaeological
172:Bioarchaeological
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3387:Adult attachment
2914:Cognitive module
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2857:Social selection
2831:Costly signaling
2826:Sexual selection
2713:Modern synthesis
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1524:Eugenie C. Scott
1479:Robert D. Martin
1324:Carleton S. Coon
1314:Jane E. Buikstra
1256:modern synthesis
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1132:Georgius Hornius
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4092:
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3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Neo-Darwinism
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Functionalism
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Connectionism
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:indeterminism
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
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3605:
3602:
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3572:Schizophrenia
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3557:Mental health
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3433:
3432:Mate guarding
3430:
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3420:
3418:
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3393:
3392:Age disparity
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3383:
3380:
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3333:
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3322:Schizophrenia
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3315:
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3310:
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3303:
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3263:
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3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3247:Mental health
3243:
3242:Human factors
3239:
3233:
3232:Socialization
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
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3195:
3193:
3192:paternal bond
3189:
3185:
3182:
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3099:
3096:
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3087:
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3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3056:NaĂŻve physics
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:Motor control
3020:
3016:
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3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:Ophidiophobia
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Arachnophobia
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
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2951:
2948:
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2926:
2924:
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2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Display rules
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
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2824:
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2816:
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2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Kin selection
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
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2761:
2758:
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2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Adaptationism
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2659:
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2636:
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2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Phylogenetics
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
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2450:
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2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
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2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Human biology
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Chronobiology
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Biotechnology
2255:
2253:
2252:Biostatistics
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
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2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:10:34–40 2001
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:0-226-47651-0
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1840:9781584650065
1836:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:Anthropometry
1596:
1595:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Frans de Waal
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Pardis Sabeti
1512:
1510:
1509:Alice Roberts
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:David Pilbeam
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Melvin Konner
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Aleš Hrdlička
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Linda Fedigan
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Gregor Mendel
1265:
1262:'s theory of
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1232:Aleš Hrdlička
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:(1799–1851).
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:Carl Linnaeus
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:scala naturae
1077:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:Human biology
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
951:decomposition
948:
944:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
862:
861:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
804:
803:
801:
800:
793:
792:Organizations
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
758:
757:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:Structuralism
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Functionalism
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
660:
659:
652:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
605:sociocultural
603:
602:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
576:
575:
568:
567:Emic and etic
565:
563:
562:Ethnocentrism
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
511:
510:Anthropometry
508:
507:
504:
499:
498:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:Ethnopoetical
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:Transpersonal
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Psychological
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Institutional
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Environmental
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
220:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Environmental
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
146:
141:
140:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
103:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
80:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
37:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4708:Anthropology
4684:
4660:
4648:
4618:
4425:Food studies
4365:Area studies
4118:mathematical
4113:econometrics
4071:Anthropology
3989:
3976:
3963:
3950:
3709:Sociobiology
3567:Neuroscience
3547:Intelligence
3097:
3093:Anthropology
3046:Color vision
3031:Multitasking
3010:Flynn effect
3005:Intelligence
2987:Folk biology
2730:Evolutionary
2542:Sociobiology
2522:Protistology
2487:Photobiology
2482:Pharmacology
2472:Parasitology
2467:Paleontology
2447:Neuroscience
2427:Microbiology
2337:Epidemiology
2307:Cytogenetics
2267:Cell biology
2247:Biosemiotics
2237:Biomechanics
2217:Biogeography
2212:Biochemistry
2207:Bacteriology
2202:Astrobiology
2052:
2049:Homo erectus
2048:
2002:
1987:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1872:February 12,
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1856:
1846:February 12,
1844:. Retrieved
1829:
1822:
1812:February 12,
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1763:February 12,
1761:. Retrieved
1751:
1743:
1738:
1719:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1668:Jurmain, R,
1664:
1649:Sociobiology
1634:Paleontology
1504:Kathy Reichs
1464:Owen Lovejoy
1444:Louis Leakey
1409:Colin Groves
1364:Jane Goodall
1359:Robert Foley
1339:Robin Dunbar
1334:Raymond Dart
1241:
1217:
1195:
1158:
1148:
1108:teleological
1101:
1087:
1073:
1064:
1029:phylogenetic
995:neuroscience
925:evolutionary
858:
849:human beings
836:
832:
831:
777:Bibliography
719:Interpretive
694:Diffusionism
663:Key theories
649: /
579:Key concepts
490:Sociological
470:Ethnological
257:Neurological
242:Evolutionary
224:
187:Experiential
116:
71:Anthropology
4686:Wikiversity
4577:Social work
4465:Linguistics
4390:Criminology
4307:criminology
4290:personality
4248:comparative
4226:Linguistics
4219:private law
4076:archaeology
3848:Determinism
3760:Coevolution
3704:Primatology
3542:Gender role
3447:Orientation
3327:Screen time
3184:Affectional
3166:Development
2845:Mate choice
2772:By-products
2740:Adaptations
2703:Cognitivism
2592:Xenobiology
2587:Virophysics
2557:Systematics
2512:Primatology
2457:Ornithology
2397:Ichthyology
2382:Herpetology
2377:Gerontology
2342:Epigenetics
2302:Cryobiology
2192:Agrostology
2182:Aerobiology
2177:Abiogenesis
1957:Haraway, D.
1639:Primatology
1579:Teuku Jacob
1559:David Watts
1449:Mary Leakey
1394:Dian Fossey
1252:primatology
1187:craniometry
1116:physiognomy
1025:Primatology
929:adaptations
881:archaeology
647:Colonialism
590:Development
547:Reflexivity
515:Ethnography
465:Descriptive
323:Development
262:Nutritional
237:Biocultural
162:Battlefield
4702:Categories
4631:Humanities
4565:historical
4498:psychology
4470:Management
4312:demography
4270:Psychology
4253:philosophy
4214:public law
4145:integrated
3795:Population
3790:Lamarckism
3636:behavioral
3614:Behavioral
3562:Narcissism
3507:Aggression
3297:Hypophobia
3287:Depression
3174:Attachment
3156:Universals
3120:Psychology
3098:Biological
3086:Musicology
3076:Aesthetics
2975:Basophobia
2782:Exaptation
2760:Reciprocal
2577:Toxicology
2572:Teratology
2517:Proteomics
2502:Physiology
2442:Neontology
2407:Lipidology
2402:Immunology
2372:Geobiology
2332:Embryology
2312:Dendrology
2242:Biophysics
2222:Biogeology
1656:References
1220:Franz Boas
1210:polygenist
1202:monogenist
1183:Paul Broca
1171:Aethiopian
1124:Scientific
1060:Franz Boas
1019:morphology
987:physiology
915:speciation
627:Prehistory
480:Historical
453:Linguistic
365:Historical
333:Ecological
225:Biological
127:Linguistic
117:Biological
41:Chimpanzee
4509:Planning
4488:economics
4405:Education
4302:Sociology
4280:cognitive
4231:semiotics
4182:political
4140:technical
4125:Geography
4098:Economics
3640:cognitive
3632:Affective
3517:Cognition
3471:Sexuality
3457:Pair bond
3217:Education
2874:Cognition
2792:Inclusive
2732:processes
2720:Criticism
2492:Phycology
2477:Pathology
2462:Osteology
2452:Nutrition
2412:Mammalogy
2387:Histology
1963:, of the
1564:Tim White
1469:Ruth Mace
1264:evolution
1167:Mongolian
1163:Caucasian
1155:Göttingen
1094:Aristotle
979:evolution
975:nutrition
947:osteology
600:Evolution
595:Ethnicity
527:Ethnology
405:Political
313:Cognitive
252:Molecular
46:Orangutan
4650:Category
4518:regional
4513:land use
4348:business
4317:internet
4275:abnormal
4177:military
4167:economic
4157:cultural
4130:physical
4091:physical
4081:cultural
3909:Memetics
3669:Ethology
3627:genetics
3462:Physical
3427:Jealousy
3382:Activity
3188:maternal
3144:Religion
3132:Morality
3110:Language
2991:taxonomy
2804:Mismatch
2750:Cheating
2745:Altruism
2606:See also
2582:Virology
2567:Taxonomy
2507:Pomology
2437:Mycology
2367:Genomics
2362:Genetics
2187:Agronomy
2116:Archived
2099:Archived
2064:Archived
1931:36181117
1672:(2015),
1609:Ethology
1591:See also
1242:In 1951
1179:American
1112:buttocks
999:genetics
965:adaptive
855:Branches
845:primates
782:Journals
699:Feminism
485:Semiotic
425:Symbolic
420:Religion
355:Feminist
343:Economic
293:Cultural
247:Forensic
202:Maritime
197:Forensic
192:Feminist
167:Biblical
157:Aviation
122:Cultural
63:a series
61:Part of
4662:Commons
4493:history
4483:science
4418:studies
4152:History
4064:Primary
4050:History
4045:Outline
3810:Species
3582:Suicide
3417:Fantasy
3397:Arousal
3179:Bonding
3068:Culture
2892:Display
2879:Emotion
2787:Fitness
2676:History
2597:Zoology
2327:Ecology
2197:Anatomy
1790:2841526
1198:slavery
1175:Malayan
1041:Origins
1036:History
983:anatomy
841:hominin
637:Society
585:Culture
400:Musical
395:Museums
390:Medical
375:Kinship
328:Digital
303:Applied
95:History
90:Outline
51:Macaque
32:Primate
4353:public
4295:social
4187:social
4086:social
3988:
3975:
3962:
3552:Memory
3512:Autism
3479:female
3412:Desire
3149:Origin
3125:Speech
3115:Origin
2887:Affect
2262:Botany
1929:
1919:
1837:
1726:
997:, and
913:, and
879:, and
612:Gender
542:Holism
440:Visual
415:Public
318:Cyborg
288:Social
152:Aerial
132:Social
4523:urban
4327:urban
4322:rural
4172:human
4135:human
4055:Index
3522:Crime
3105:Crime
3036:Sleep
3026:skill
2866:Areas
1787:JSTOR
1691:165.4
1670:et al
1076:Plato
899:Earth
761:Lists
642:Value
520:cyber
435:Urban
385:Media
380:Legal
106:Types
36:Human
4591:List
3475:male
2836:Male
2051:and
1927:OCLC
1917:ISBN
1874:2017
1848:2017
1835:ISBN
1814:2017
1765:2017
1724:ISBN
1266:and
1250:and
1230:and
1177:and
1082:428–
632:Race
622:Meme
360:Food
4194:Law
3374:Sex
3051:Eye
2087:ppt
2081:pdf
1146:).
935:or
897:on
308:Art
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2001:,
1925:.
1833:.
1805:.
1783:10
1781:.
1698:^
1689:.
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
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1098:c.
1084:c.
1080:c.
993:,
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