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1149:
2881:. Each paradigm has its own distinct questions, aims, and interpretations. The choice between paradigms involves setting two or more "portraits" against the world and deciding which likeness is most promising. A paradigm shift occurs when a significant number of observational anomalies arise in the old paradigm and a new paradigm makes sense of them. That is, the choice of a new paradigm is based on observations, even though those observations are made against the background of the old paradigm. For Kuhn, acceptance or rejection of a paradigm is a social process as much as a logical process. Kuhn's position, however, is not one of
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3202:, often in pursuance of other national policy goals such as technological innovation to promote commercial product development, weapons development, health care, and environmental monitoring. Science policy sometimes refers to the act of applying scientific knowledge and consensus to the development of public policies. In accordance with public policy being concerned about the well-being of its citizens, science policy's goal is to consider how science and technology can best serve the public. Public policy can directly affect the funding of
2532:
1004:
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2623:, self-consistent model or framework for describing the behaviour of certain natural events. A theory typically describes the behaviour of much broader sets of observations than a hypothesis; commonly, a large number of hypotheses can be logically bound together by a single theory. Thus, a theory is a hypothesis explaining various other hypotheses. In that vein, theories are formulated according to most of the same scientific principles as hypotheses. Scientists may generate a
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expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life.
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2836:. Popper rejected the way that empiricism describes the connection between theory and observation. He claimed that theories are not generated by observation, but that observation is made in the light of theories, and that the only way theory A can be affected by observation is after theory A were to conflict with observation, but theory B were to survive the observation. Popper proposed replacing verifiability with
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13785:
468:
2759:" for cases in which researchers believe, and at a glance, look like they are doing science but lack the honesty to allow their results to be rigorously evaluated. Various types of commercial advertising, ranging from hype to fraud, may fall into these categories. Science has been described as "the most important tool" for separating valid claims from invalid ones.
2390:. The formal sciences share similarities with the other two branches by relying on objective, careful, and systematic study of an area of knowledge. They are, however, different from the empirical sciences as they rely exclusively on deductive reasoning, without the need for empirical evidence, to verify their abstract concepts. The formal sciences are therefore
1792:"scientist"; an increased professionalisation of those studying nature; scientists gaining cultural authority over many dimensions of society; the industrialisation of numerous countries; the thriving of popular science writings; and the emergence of science journals. During the late 19th century, psychology emerged as a separate discipline from philosophy when
2855:, emphasises the utility of theories as instruments for explaining and predicting phenomena. It views scientific theories as black boxes, with only their input (initial conditions) and output (predictions) being relevant. Consequences, theoretical entities, and logical structure are claimed to be things that should be ignored. Close to instrumentalism is
1063:. Although the words and concepts of "science" and "nature" were not part of the conceptual landscape at the time, the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians made contributions that would later find a place in Greek and medieval science: mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. From the 3rd millennium BCE, the ancient Egyptians developed a
3590:...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions.
1177:, the same words tend to be used to describe the natural "way" in which a plant grows, and the "way" in which, for example, one tribe worships a particular god. For this reason, it is claimed that these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and the first to clearly distinguish "nature" and "convention".
3390:
Anti-science attitudes often seem to be caused by fear of rejection in social groups. For instance, climate change is perceived as a threat by only 22% of
Americans on the right side of the political spectrum, but by 85% on the left. That is, if someone on the left would not consider climate change
3100:
are usually given to individuals or organisations that have made significant contributions to a discipline. They are often given by prestigious institutions; thus, it is considered a great honour for a scientist receiving them. Since the early
Renaissance, scientists have often been awarded medals,
1251:
method of hypothesis elimination: better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. The
Socratic method searches for general commonly-held truths that shape beliefs and scrutinises them for consistency. Socrates criticised the older type of study
8537:
Abbott, B.P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.D.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P.; Adhikari, R.X.; Adya, V.B.; Affeldt, C.; Afrough, M.; Agarwal, B.; Agathos, M.; Agatsuma, K.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguiar, O.D.; Aiello, L.; Ain, A.; Ajith, P.; Allen, B.; Allen, G.; Allocca, A.; Altin,
6482:
See p. 464: "Schramm sums up achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the
Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "only when the
2638:
process of the experimental results and conclusions. After the results of an experiment are announced or published, it is normal practice for independent researchers to double-check how the research was performed, and to follow up by performing similar experiments to determine how dependable the
4338:
The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880 this
2439:
and knowledge to attain practical goals and includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine. Engineering is the use of scientific principles to invent, design and build machines, structures and technologies. Science may contribute to the development of new technologies.
2997:
faced considerable discrimination in science, much as they did in other areas of male-dominated societies. For example, women were frequently passed over for job opportunities and denied credit for their work. The achievements of women in science have been attributed to the defiance of their
2762:
There can also be an element of political or ideological bias on all sides of scientific debates. Sometimes, research may be characterised as "bad science", research that may be well-intended but is incorrect, obsolete, incomplete, or over-simplified expositions of scientific ideas. The term
1791:
During the nineteenth century many distinguishing characteristics of contemporary modern science began to take shape. These included the transformation of the life and physical sciences; the frequent use of precision instruments; the emergence of terms such as "biologist", "physicist", and
5533:
5152:
The Nile occupied an important position in
Egyptian culture; it influenced the development of mathematics, geography, and the calendar; Egyptian geometry advanced due to the practice of land measurement "because the overflow of the Nile caused the boundary of each person's land to
1463:
in western Europe flourished, with experiments done by observing, describing, and classifying subjects in nature. In the 13th century, medical teachers and students at
Bologna began opening human bodies, leading to the first anatomy textbook based on human dissection by
2971:
Scientists exhibit a strong curiosity about reality and a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of health, nations, the environment, or industries. Other motivations include recognition by their peers and prestige. In modern times, many scientists have
1163:, there is no real ancient analogue of a modern scientist. Instead, well-educated, usually upper-class, and almost universally male individuals performed various investigations into nature whenever they could afford the time. Before the invention or discovery of the
1600:
published philosophical arguments in favour of a new type of non-Aristotelian science. Bacon emphasised the importance of experiment over contemplation, questioned the
Aristotelian concepts of formal and final cause, promoted the idea that science should study the
2522:
is the search for solutions to practical problems using this knowledge. Most understanding comes from basic research, though sometimes applied research targets specific practical problems. This leads to technological advances that were not previously imaginable.
1572:
and others challenged the notion that the only function of the eye is perception, and shifted the main focus in optics from the eye to the propagation of light. Kepler is best known, however, for improving
Copernicus' heliocentric model through the discovery of
3147:
through a competitive process in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations, or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most
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1663:
way. This implied a shift in the view of objects: objects were now considered as having no innate goals. Leibniz assumed that different types of things all work according to the same general laws of nature, with no special formal or final causes.
738:
New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems. Contemporary scientific research is highly collaborative and is usually done by teams in academic and
3160:
in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 20% and 10%, respectively, by universities and government. The government funding proportion in certain fields is higher, and it dominates research in social science and the
6987:
Although it was just one of the many factors in the
Enlightenment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth
4085:
The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so
3289:
The mass media face pressures that can prevent them from accurately depicting competing scientific claims in terms of their credibility within the scientific community as a whole. Determining how much weight to give different sides in a
2486:
and various forms of prediction. However, machines alone rarely advance knowledge as they require human guidance and capacity to reason; and they can introduce bias against certain social groups or sometimes underperform against humans.
3422:, perceived threats to religious beliefs, and fear for business interests. Politicization of science is usually accomplished when scientific information is presented in a way that emphasises the uncertainty associated with the
1023:
Science has no single origin. Rather, systematic methods emerged gradually over the course of tens of thousands of years, taking different forms around the world, and few details are known about the very earliest developments.
2900:. Naturalists maintain that a difference should be made between natural and supernatural, and science should be restricted to natural explanations. Methodological naturalism maintains that science requires strict adherence to
3322:
cater to the needs of a much wider readership and provide a non-technical summary of popular areas of research, including notable discoveries and advances in certain fields of research. The science fiction genre, primarily
1690:, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were the backbones of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the
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8858:
A "formal science" is an area of study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge such as in
Mathematics and Computer Science. Formal sciences are important subjects because all of quantitative science depends on
6483:
influence of Ibn al-Haytham and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."
4446:
2947:
Scientists are individuals who conduct scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest. In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting and, upon completion, attain an
5399:
The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word
3030:, or group of related disciplines. Membership may either be open to all, require possession of scientific credentials, or conferred by election. Most scientific societies are nonprofit organisations, and many are
4627:
3025:
for the communication and promotion of scientific thought and experimentation have existed since the Renaissance. Many scientists belong to a learned society that promotes their respective scientific discipline,
12068:
2697:, began publication in 1665. Since that time the total number of active periodicals has steadily increased. In 1981, one estimate for the number of scientific and technical journals in publication was 11,500.
12483:
3349:
While the scientific method is broadly accepted in the scientific community, some fractions of society reject certain scientific positions or are sceptical about science. Examples are the common notion that
2293:, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and other biotic beings. Today, "natural history" suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences.
11899:
3622:
3327:, can transmit the ideas and methods of science to the general public. Recent efforts to intensify or develop links between science and non-scientific disciplines, such as literature or poetry, include the
1229:
959:
In the past, science was a synonym for "knowledge" or "study", in keeping with its Latin origin. A person who conducted scientific research was called a "natural philosopher" or "man of science". In 1834,
3492:
Book I, . pages 372 and 408 disputed Claudius Ptolemy's extramission theory of vision; "Hence, the extramission of rays is superfluous and useless". —A.Mark Smith's translation of the Latin version of
3286:, the curriculum becomes more in depth. Traditional subjects usually included in the curriculum are natural and formal sciences, although recent movements include social and applied science as well.
3192:
in Spain. In commercial research and development, all but the most research-orientated corporations focus more heavily on near-term commercialisation possibilities than research driven by curiosity.
2601:
predictions, which are typically posted before being tested by experimentation. Disproof of a prediction is evidence of progress. Experimentation is especially important in science to help establish
1679:", and he discouraged scientists from pursuing intangible philosophical or spiritual ideas, which he believed contributed little to human happiness beyond "the fume of subtle, sublime or pleasing ".
2343:
in sociology. Due to the limitations of conducting controlled experiments involving large groups of individuals or complex situations, social scientists may adopt other research methods such as the
12522:
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8003:
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2732:. The crisis has long-standing roots; the phrase was coined in the early 2010s as part of a growing awareness of the problem. The replication crisis represents an important body of research in
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communicate and document the results of research carried out in universities and various other research institutions, serving as an archival record of science. The first scientific journals,
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as a threat, this person may face contempt and be rejected in that social group. In fact, people may rather deny a scientifically accepted fact than lose or jeopardise their social status.
1274:
of the universe, with the Sun at the centre and all the planets orbiting it. Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics, while Ptolemy's
1224:
would develop a full natural cosmology based on atomism, and would adopt a "canon" (ruler, standard) which established physical criteria or standards of scientific truth. The Greek doctor
4510:
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12013:
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But he's not a scientist, he's never done scientific research. My definition of a scientist is that you can complete the following sentence: 'he or she has shown that...'," Wilson says.
2627:, an attempt to describe or depict an observation in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation, and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested by experimentation.
2809:, a position that explains how general theories can be made from the finite amount of empirical evidence available. Many versions of empiricism exist, with the predominant ones being
11972:
1585:
had made significant contributions to astronomy, physics and engineering. However, he became persecuted after Pope Urban VIII sentenced him for writing about the heliocentric model.
3101:
money, and titles. The Nobel Prize, a widely regarded prestigious award, is awarded annually to those who have achieved scientific advances in the fields of medicine, physics, and
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While performing experiments to test hypotheses, scientists may have a preference for one outcome over another. Eliminating the bias can be achieved through transparency, careful
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have been used to gain more attention for views that have been undermined by scientific evidence. Examples of issues that have involved the politicisation of science include the
3358:
is not a major threat to the US (also held by 40% of Americans, in late 2019 and early 2020). Psychologists have pointed to four factors driving rejection of scientific results:
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disciplines and because of this, there is disagreement on whether they constitute a science. Nevertheless, the formal sciences play an important role in the empirical sciences.
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4407:
2704:. Science has become so pervasive in modern societies that it is considered necessary to communicate the achievements, news, and ambitions of scientists to a wider population.
1036:" to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some but not all features; however, this label has also been criticised as denigrating, or too suggestive of
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4718:
Carruthers, Peter (2 May 2002). Carruthers, Peter; Stich, Stephen; Siegal, Michael (eds.). "The roots of scientific reasoning: infancy, modularity and the art of tracking".
6036:
2767:" refers to situations such as where researchers have intentionally misrepresented their published data or have purposely given credit for a discovery to the wrong person.
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An area of study or speculation that masquerades as science in an attempt to claim legitimacy that it would not otherwise be able to achieve is sometimes referred to as
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A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.
9034:
Mujumdar, Anshu Gupta; Singh, Tejinder (2016). "Cognitive science and the connection between physics and mathematics". In Aguirre, Anthony; Foster, Brendan (eds.).
4173:
2920:, through discussion and debate within journals and conferences, scientists maintain the quality of research methodology and objectivity when interpreting results.
2355:. Moreover, if quantitative information is available, social scientists may rely on statistical approaches to better understand social relationships and processes.
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The amazing point is that for the first time since the discovery of mathematics, a method has been introduced, the results of which have an intersubjective value!
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and the improvement of all human life. Descartes emphasised individual thought and argued that mathematics rather than geometry should be used to study nature.
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as the empirical method. Popper further claimed that there is actually only one universal method, not specific to science: the negative method of criticism,
1239:' example of applying philosophy to the study of human matters, including human nature, the nature of political communities, and human knowledge itself. The
12835:
9209:
Abraham, Reem Rachel (2004). "Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students".
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Budd, Paul; Taylor, Timothy (1995). "The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making".
2805:, which holds that knowledge is created by a process involving observation; scientific theories generalise observations. Empiricism generally encompasses
1725:
as a discipline. Ideas on human nature, society, and economics evolved during the Enlightenment. Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed
13826:
3242:(for example, YouTube and Khan Academy), museums, and science magazines and blogs. Scientific literacy is chiefly concerned with an understanding of the
2916:
is a network of interacting scientists who conduct scientific research. The community consists of smaller groups working in scientific fields. By having
2700:
Most scientific journals cover a single scientific field and publish the research within that field; the research is normally expressed in the form of a
2639:
results might be. Taken in its entirety, the scientific method allows for highly creative problem solving while minimising the effects of subjective and
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When a hypothesis proves unsatisfactory it is modified or discarded. If the hypothesis survives testing, it may become adopted into the framework of a
8624:
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9108:
2327:, psychology, and sociology. In the social sciences, there are many competing theoretical perspectives, many of which are extended through competing
1747:, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of
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14957:
12647:
7105:
11682:"The French Academy of Sciences, 1666–91: A reassessment of the French Académie royale des sciences under Colbert (1666–83) and Louvois (1683–91)"
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1455:
emerged as the first university in Europe. As such, demand for Latin translation of ancient and scientific texts grew, a major contributor to the
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11658:
5247:
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Grant, Edward (2007). "Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century".
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11996:
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1134:. They seem to have studied scientific subjects which had practical or religious applications and had little interest in satisfying curiosity.
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1625:
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2237:. These two branches may be further divided into more specialised disciplines. For example, physical science can be subdivided into physics,
684:) scholarship flourished again. Some Greek manuscripts lost in Western Europe were preserved and expanded upon in the Middle East during the
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14139:
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who are knowledgeable about certain scientific issues may be ignorant about other scientific issues that they are suddenly asked to cover.
1308:
for representing numbers likely emerged between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE along Indian trade routes. This numeral system made efficient
8815:
6408:
Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's
2859:, according to which the main criterion for the success of a scientific theory is whether what it says about observable entities is true.
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of science among an increasingly literate population. Enlightenment philosophers turned to a few of their scientific predecessors –
1667:
During this time the declared purpose and value of science became producing wealth and inventions that would improve human lives, in the
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1366:. His criticism served as an inspiration to medieval scholars and Galileo Galilei, who extensively cited his works ten centuries later.
621:
spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest written records of identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to
590:
and rules, are sometimes described as being sciences as well; however, they are often regarded as a separate field because they rely on
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9157:
7156:
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2597: – fitting with other accepted facts related to an observation or scientific question. This tentative explanation is used to make
1448:, a medical encyclopaedia, is considered to be one of the most important publications in medicine and was used until the 18th century.
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in 1858, which explained how different plants and animals originated and evolved. Their theory was set out in detail in Darwin's book
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The century saw fundamental changes within science disciplines. Evolution became a unified theory in the early 20th-century when the
1347:
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real-world situations, enabling a better understanding of scientific problems than formal mathematics alone can achieve. The use of
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1401:, these Arabic translations were later improved and developed by Arabic scientists. By the 6th and 7th centuries, the neighbouring
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2558:
way. Scientists usually take for granted a set of basic assumptions that are needed to justify the scientific method: there is an
2090:. The need for mass systematisation of long, intertwined causal chains and large amounts of data led to the rise of the fields of
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8033:
Furner, Jonathan (1 June 2003). "Little Book, Big Book: Before and After Little Science, Big Science: A Review Article, Part I".
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5317:
Lehoux, Daryn (2011). "2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).
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of the planets are longer as their orbs are farther from the centre of motion, which he found not to agree with Ptolemy's model.
12484:"Majority in U.S. Says Public Health Benefits of COVID-19 Restrictions Worth the Costs, Even as Large Shares Also See Downsides"
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de Ridder, Jeroen (2020). "How many scientists does it take to have knowledge?". In McCain, Kevin; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.).
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and intellectual infrastructure for industrial research by providing tax incentives to those organisations that fund research.
3097:
2582:. Statistics is used to summarise and analyse data, which allows scientists to assess the reliability of experimental results.
2315:
is the study of human behaviour and the functioning of societies. It has many disciplines that include, but are not limited to
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have been known to use legal and economic pressure to influence scientific researchers. Many factors can act as facets of the
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12107:"En espera de una "revolucionaria" noticia sobre Sagitario A*, el agujero negro supermasivo en el corazón de nuestra galaxia"
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2952:, with the highest degree being a doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy or PhD. Many scientists pursue careers in various
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greatly increased the number of women scientists, but large gender disparities remained in some fields. The discovery of the
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The professionalisation of science, begun in the 19th century, was partly enabled by the creation of national distinguished
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Brugger, E. Christian (2004). "Casebeer, William D. Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition".
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
4213:
The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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2206:. Each of these branches comprises various specialised yet overlapping scientific disciplines that often possess their own
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73:
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1409:, which is considered by Greek, Syriac, and Persian physicians as the most important medical center of the ancient world.
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that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The
12300:
8621:"Media Advisory: First Results from the Event Horizon Telescope to be Presented on April 10th | Event Horizon Telescope"
1592:
was widely used to publish scholarly arguments, including some that disagreed widely with contemporary ideas of nature.
1547:
by the artists of the Renaissance. This theory uses only three of Aristotle's four causes: formal, material, and final.
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1822:
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2647:, the ability to reach a consensus and reproduce results, is fundamental to the creation of all scientific knowledge.
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developed a complex number philosophy and contributed significantly to the development of mathematical science. The
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12861:
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3046:, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest, or the collective interest of the membership.
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may require considerable expertise regarding the matter. Few journalists have real scientific knowledge, and even
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3165:. In less developed nations, the government provides the bulk of the funds for their basic scientific research.
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12944:
11576:
7878:
7329:
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1907:. The new theory raised questions that could not easily be answered using Newton's framework. The discovery of
1143:
735:
features of science began to take shape, along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science".
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11817:
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7839:
7785:
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The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual Contexts
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1825:" in 1865, which outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics.
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13913:
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Spanier, Bonnie (1995). "From Molecules to Brains, Normal Science Supports Sexist Beliefs about Difference".
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ideas on perception, as well as by contributing to the improvement and development of technology such as the
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14702:
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14330:
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13928:
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7809:
A century of X-rays and radioactivity in medicine: with emphasis on photographic records of the early years
7624:"Gregor Mendel's principles of inheritance form the cornerstone of modern genetics. So just what are they?"
5432:
3435:
3137:
3070:
3015:
2814:
2609:, though in some sciences such as astronomy or geology, a predicted observation might be more appropriate.
2387:
1732:
869:
579:
11183:
2506:. The concept has existed since the ancient Greek period and it became popular again in the 20th century.
1377:, natural phenomena were mainly examined via the Aristotelian approach. The approach includes Aristotle's
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2234:
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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and is capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.
1362:, a Byzantine scholar in the 500s, started to question Aristotle's teaching of physics, introducing the
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3301:
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2897:
2869:"portrait" of the world that is consistent with observations made from its framing. He characterised
2391:
1740:
1652:
1197:
1152:
743:, government agencies, and companies. The practical impact of their work has led to the emergence of
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Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted the Virtue of Biomedical Research
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3426:. Tactics such as shifting conversation, failing to acknowledge facts, and capitalising on doubt of
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is not a major health threat to the US (held by 39% of Americans in August 2021) or the belief that
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9252:
8408:"Human genetics and genomics a decade after the release of the draft sequence of the human genome"
6209:
3544:
3510:, is an open question. The 2nd law of thermodynamics, and the 3rd law of thermodynamics imply the
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as the process of observation and "puzzle solving", which takes place within a paradigm, whereas
2856:
2832:
is a contrasting 20th-century approach to science, first defined by Austrian-British philosopher
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2165:
2121:
1940:
1888:
1770:
1298:
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673:
114:
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8251:
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From natural philosophy to the sciences : writing the history of nineteenth-century science
2848:, covering all products of the human mind, including science, mathematics, philosophy, and art.
2578:, and laws, because it is used extensively in quantitative modelling, observing, and collecting
2440:
Medicine is the practice of caring for patients by maintaining and restoring health through the
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4803:
4245:
3074:
2936:
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2404:
in physics. Natural and social sciences that rely heavily on mathematical applications include
2352:
2285:, often overlooked, remain necessary in natural science. Systematic data collection, including
1880:
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1429:
1406:
293:
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10835:
10799:
10733:
10596:
Why people believe weird things: pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusions of our time
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9553:"Integrating Computer Prediction Methods in Social Science: A Comment on Hofman et al. (2021)"
8283:
7247:
Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736
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6837:
6827:
6281:
5352:
4012:
2728:. In subsequent investigations, the results of many scientific studies have been proven to be
2686:
1381:: material, formal, moving, and final cause. Many Greek classical texts were preserved by the
771:
since the 14th century in the sense of "the state of knowing". The word was borrowed from the
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2459:
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1986:
1962:
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1857:
1804:
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1706:, and Newton principally – as the guides to every physical and social field of the day.
1562:
where the planets and the Sun revolve around the Earth. This was based on a theorem that the
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12069:"How a Prestigious Scientific Organization Came Under Suspicion of Treating Women Unequally"
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1577:. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as a search for the
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is concerned with policies that affect the conduct of the scientific enterprise, including
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operations more accessible and would eventually become standard for mathematics worldwide.
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about the world. Modern science is typically divided into two or three major branches: the
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7608:
The monk in the garden: the lost and found genius of Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics
6607:
Perhaps even as early as 1088 (the date officially set for the founding of the University)
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of a scientific message may not be appropriately targeted to a recipient's learning style.
1075:. Their healing therapies involved drug treatments and the supernatural, such as prayers,
8:
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for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring
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is becoming a central feature of computational contributions to science, for example in
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van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Rosenthal, Seth; Maibach, Edward (2017).
12811:"Scientific Certainty Argumentation Methods (SCAMs): Science and the Politics of Doubt"
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12316:"Blinded By Science, How 'Balanced' Coverage Lets the Scientific Fringe Hijack Reality"
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5272:
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4835:
3945:
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hold anti-science attitudes, in part because these groups have often been exploited in
3219:
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3144:
2865:
argued that the process of observation and evaluation takes place within a paradigm, a
2756:
2713:
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2215:
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2153:
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resisted attacks from invaders, they were able to preserve and improve prior learning.
1351:
1331:
1056:
1016:
987:
918:, meaning "to not know, be unfamiliar with", which may derive from Proto-Indo-European
814:
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712:
685:
652:
based on natural causes, while further advancements, including the introduction of the
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led to a revolution in information technology and the rise of the global internet and
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Many governments have dedicated agencies to support scientific research, such as the
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2736:, which aims to improve the quality of all scientific research while reducing waste.
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or to another form of energy. This realisation led to the development of the laws of
1808:
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1558:
of the Solar System, stating that the planets revolve around the Sun, instead of the
1374:
1363:
1284:, was accepted through the early Renaissance instead. The inventor and mathematician
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for the general public is embedded in the school curriculum, and is supplemented by
2976:
in an area of science and pursue careers in various sectors of the economy, such as
2828:, which holds that knowledge is created by the human intellect, not by observation.
2262:
2020:. Substantial international collaborations were also made, despite armed conflicts.
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11311:
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11119:
11105:
11097:
10528:
10510:
10461:
10420:
10310:
9995:
9661:
9564:
9523:
9486:
9478:
9440:
9432:
9383:
9373:
9294:
9218:
8939:
8927:
8602:
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8419:
8208:
8204:
8042:
8011:
7964:
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7666:
7574:
7471:
7459:
7404:
7288:
7272:
7116:
7069:
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6754:
6696:
6465:
5940:
5885:
5373:
5298:
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5264:
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4760:
4723:
4664:
3927:
3860:
3852:
3737:
3717:
3366:
3312:
3283:
3199:
3039:
2994:
2981:
2893:
2701:
2671:
2590:
2519:
2467:
2401:
2328:
2083:
1900:
1559:
1486:
1465:
1433:
1390:
1382:
1355:
1326:
1086:
used knowledge about the properties of various natural chemicals for manufacturing
1025:
693:
482:
414:
283:
203:
144:
68:
11858:
8282:
Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017). "Chapter 1: Evolutionary Biology".
7189:"Scientific Revolution | Definition, History, Scientists, Inventions, & Facts"
6338:
4831:
3705:
3672:
3514:
if the universe is a closed system, but not necessarily for an expanding universe.
14867:
14712:
14690:
14459:
14374:
14359:
14124:
13750:
13710:
13632:
13587:
13424:
13329:
13314:
13289:
13103:
13083:
12162:
10757:
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10589:
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5637:
5426:
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4540:
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4047:
4040:
4018:
A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century
3022:
2973:
2949:
2852:
2845:
2752:
2729:
2665:
2617:
2432:
2320:
2290:
2258:
2226:
2195:
2117:
2055:
1970:
1916:
1892:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1569:
1536:
1413:
1402:
1359:
1350:
deteriorated in Western Europe. During the period, Latin encyclopaedists such as
1293:
1240:
1107:
1044:
969:
961:
837:
603:
531:
384:
379:
369:
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215:
151:
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Scientific authorities are sometimes seen as inexpert, untrustworthy, or biased.
1872:, in which the free energy of the universe is seen as constantly declining: the
1860:
there was an increased understanding that not all forms of energy have the same
14991:
14925:
14877:
14832:
14625:
14561:
14474:
14434:
14274:
14234:
13801:
13670:
13530:
13169:
13078:
12346:
11029:
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8539:
8475:
8458:
7455:
7443:
7439:
6758:
5513:
5040:
4955:
4930:
3571:
3494:
3488:
3411:
3379:
Messages from scientists may contradict deeply held existing beliefs or morals.
3355:
3195:
3133:
2999:
2993:
Science has historically been a male-dominated field, with notable exceptions.
2961:
2878:
2837:
2744:
2721:
2717:
2515:
2499:
2383:
2363:
2340:
2312:
2282:
2254:
2203:
2199:
2173:
2149:
2091:
1982:
1978:
1945:
1904:
1869:
1861:
1800:
1784:
1589:
1563:
1508:
1437:
1370:
1253:
1205:
907:
768:
744:
571:
547:
457:
424:
374:
134:
12726:"Revealed: 60% of Americans say oil firms are to blame for the climate crisis"
12698:
12257:
11547:"The Environmental Studies Association of Canada – What is a Learned Society?"
11101:
9894:
Statistics and Scientific Method: An Introduction for Students and Researchers
9569:
9516:"Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine"
8931:
8424:
7874:
7781:
7758:"Bounded energy exchange as an alternative to the third law of thermodynamics"
7277:"Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet?"
5944:
5889:
5378:
4669:
4650:
3841:"Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education"
3721:
2277:
and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives,
2229:
is the study of the physical world. It can be divided into two main branches:
1451:
By the eleventh century most of Europe had become Christian, and in 1088, the
1354:
preserved the majority of general ancient knowledge. In contrast, because the
606:
are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as
15119:
14737:
14707:
14645:
14446:
14394:
14389:
14299:
13720:
13655:
13627:
13555:
13284:
13199:
12579:
12266:
12222:
12171:
12080:
12009:
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10524:
10499:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices"
10466:
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10355:
10183:
9946:
9673:
9633:
9617:
9306:
9222:
8484:
8137:
8046:
7475:
7463:
7120:
6833:
6521:
6406:
5200:
5119:
5013:
4964:
4798:
4794:
4772:
3729:
3653:
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3369:
3306:
3295:
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2740:
2479:
2453:
2367:
2266:
2246:
1912:
1833:
1818:
1793:
1736:
1714:
1672:
1593:
1555:
1540:
1460:
1440:, better known as Alhazen, used controlled experiments in his optical study.
1394:
1271:
1048:
648:, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the
625:
583:
338:
12570:
10314:
10216:
10196:
10148:
10000:
9983:
9871:
8731:
8606:
8459:"Induced pluripotent stem cells: from Nobel Prizes to clinical applications"
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6442:
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4623:
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3608:
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2301:
1043:
Direct evidence for scientific processes becomes clearer with the advent of
788:
14697:
14556:
14494:
14229:
13765:
13745:
13700:
13675:
13665:
13637:
13567:
13525:
13399:
13353:
13324:
13304:
12906:
12888:
12680:
How Minds Change: The Surprising Science of Belief, Opinion, and Persuasion
12678:
12597:
12544:
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12189:
11399:
11251:
11213:
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10434:
9885:
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9397:
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8974:
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8492:
8443:
8220:
8072:
7703:
7588:
7373:
7302:
6795:
6493:
6420:
5657:
5341:
An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in
5268:
4907:
4780:
3874:
3803:. Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308.
3255:
2789:
in Ptolemaic astronomy was "normal science" within a paradigm, whereas the
2748:
2725:
2579:
2555:
2316:
2270:
2207:
2144:
and turn into any cell type found in the body. With the affirmation of the
2133:
2001:
1927:. In the next year came the discovery of the first subatomic particle, the
1853:
1703:
1638:
1602:
1532:
1524:
1281:
1263:
1201:
1155:, made between 100 BCE to 79 AD, shows many Greek philosophers and scholars
1095:
1033:
1008:
751:
of commercial products, armaments, health care, public infrastructure, and
188:
161:
11734:
10322:
10075:""Heads I win, tails you lose": A Foray Into the Psychology of Philosophy"
9036:
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6324:
913:
723:
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14732:
14429:
14399:
14384:
14249:
14244:
13847:
13755:
13740:
13725:
13705:
13622:
13550:
13367:
13357:
13344:
13309:
13259:
13189:
13142:
13029:
13019:
12859:
12515:"U.S. concern about climate change is rising, but mainly among Democrats"
11942:
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9609:
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3279:
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2932:
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2833:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2782:
2733:
2635:
2598:
2594:
2567:
2563:
2514:
Scientific research can be labelled as either basic or applied research.
2483:
2452:
of injury or disease. The applied sciences are often contrasted with the
2145:
2132:
was completed in 2003 by identifying and mapping all of the genes of the
2009:
1997:
1993:
1958:
1924:
1920:
1829:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1378:
1228:
established the tradition of systematic medical science and is known as "
1225:
1189:
1083:
1076:
1052:
1040:, thinking about those activities only in relation to modern categories.
697:
629:
607:
313:
220:
208:
198:
139:
15089:
12936:
12398:
12381:
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11464:
11447:
11431:
11414:
11349:
11332:
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11299:
11283:
11266:
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7678:
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3466:
3270:), and a basic understanding of core scientific fields such as physics,
2777:
2562:
shared by all rational observers; this objective reality is governed by
2531:
2023:
In the late 20th century active recruitment of women and elimination of
1064:
931:
800:
14665:
14660:
14605:
14269:
14239:
14221:
13642:
13371:
13362:
13349:
13093:
13056:
11110:
10290:
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3162:
3027:
2882:
2802:
2571:
2348:
2278:
2169:
2087:
2013:
1950:
1752:
1309:
1285:
1217:
1115:
1060:
633:
622:
567:
559:
527:
523:
439:
318:
308:
298:
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173:
15055:
14986:
13796:
12809:
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7902:"The Surgical Legacy of World War II. Part II: The age of antibiotics"
7416:
6708:
6477:
4839:
3856:
3129:
2498:
involves the combination of two or more disciplines into one, such as
1836:, based on Democritus's original idea of indivisible particles called
1531:
upon a causal chain beginning with sensation, perception, and finally
820:
452:
14842:
14309:
14284:
14163:
13409:
13002:
12040:
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2901:
2825:
2602:
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2238:
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1748:
1722:
1718:
1660:
1512:
1398:
1296:
was a Roman writer and polymath, who wrote the seminal encyclopaedia
1259:
1248:
1213:
1111:
1012:
747:
that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritising the
637:
563:
555:
539:
519:
429:
193:
12862:"Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change"
11390:
11365:
11242:
11217:
10425:
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7968:
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7650:
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7554:
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2005:
1928:
1775:
1751:. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement. In 1776,
1619:
1528:
1441:
1289:
1276:
1236:
1221:
1068:
649:
611:
434:
323:
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Drawing of the heliocentric model as proposed by the Copernicus's
1235:
A turning point in the history of early philosophical science was
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as the landmark of scientific theories, replacing induction with
2449:
2375:
2071:
1873:
1796:
founded the first laboratory for psychological research in 1879.
1731:, which was expressed historically in works by authors including
1687:
1582:
1520:
1499:
New developments in optics played a role in the inception of the
1421:
1417:
1335:
1209:
1164:
1103:
1091:
1087:
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in 1896, Marie Curie then became the first person to win two
1908:
1677:
is the endowment of human life with new inventions and riches
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782:
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11854:
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Scientific research is published in a range of literature.
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into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "
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Finally, another approach often cited in debates of
2566:; these laws were discovered by means of systematic
2400:, for example, was initially invented to understand
2210:
and expertise. Both natural and social sciences are
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Modern science is commonly divided into three major
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In the first half of the century the development of
1883:
was established in the 19th century by the works of
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7349:. London: Routledge. p. 265.
7011:from the original on 11 July 2017
5722:Leff, Samuel; Leff, Vera (1956).
5176:from the original on 3 March 2022
4537:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
3574:; et al. (2003). "Preface".
3230:Houston Museum of Natural Science
3119:Sociology of scientific knowledge
2720:crisis that affects parts of the
2358:
2296:
2214:, as their knowledge is based on
1817:, published in 1859. Separately,
1575:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
703:The recovery and assimilation of
15098:
15081:
15064:
15047:
15030:
15013:
14985:
14943:
14942:
14917:
13795:
13783:
12831:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2008.00219.x
12780:
12743:
12717:
12670:
12639:
12604:
12537:
12513:Kennedy, Brian (16 April 2020).
12506:
12475:
12448:
12414:
12351:Australian Studies in Journalism
12338:
12307:
12288:
12196:
12129:
12117:from the original on 13 May 2022
12099:
12087:from the original on 29 May 2022
12060:
12028:
11987:
11975:from the original on 16 May 2022
11957:
11902:from the original on 25 May 2022
11783:
11753:
11727:
11700:
11673:
11629:"Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei"
11621:
11591:
11539:
11512:
11487:
11081:Kornfeld, W; Hewitt, CE (1981).
11055:
10948:
10933:
10900:
10885:
10645:
10614:
10582:
10549:
10490:
10441:
10392:
10329:
10283:
10232:"What is the scientific method?"
10190:
10155:
10122:
10099:
10066:
9878:
9786:Dawkins, Richard (10 May 2006).
9779:
9735:
9708:
9597:
9544:
9419:Davis, Bernard D. (March 2000).
9353:
9328:
9271:
9211:Advances in Physiology Education
9172:
9150:"What is financial mathematics?"
9141:
9115:
9084:
9052:
8961:
8911:
8896:
8864:
8848:from the original on 14 May 2021
8814:. Princeton University WordNet.
8639:
8613:
8590:
8506:O'Luanaigh, C. (14 March 2013).
8450:
8399:
8372:
8339:
8314:
8302:from the original on 31 May 2022
8242:
8181:
8163:Rosser, Sue V. (12 March 2012).
8156:
8109:
8091:
8061:
8026:
8008:Environment & Society Portal
7995:
7934:
7893:
7800:
7595:
7397:The British Journal of Sociology
7388:
7338:
7309:
7236:
7222:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
7199:from the original on 18 May 2019
7181:
7149:
7096:
7062:
7023:
6593:from the original on 27 May 2022
5961:from the original on 30 May 2022
5906:from the original on 30 May 2022
5449:from the original on 31 May 2022
5142:from the original on 31 May 2022
4651:"Scientist: The story of a word"
4630:from the original on 31 May 2022
4041:Building Bridges Among the BRICs
3839:Fischer, M.R.; Fabry, G (2014).
3679:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2518:is the search for knowledge and
1535:of the individual and universal
1503:, both by challenging long-held
992:
662:fall of the Western Roman Empire
466:
451:
13983:Cellular and molecular biology
12016:from the original on 7 May 2021
11994:Innis, Michelle (17 May 2016).
11706:
11523:. Scholarly Societies Project.
11184:"Our definition of a scientist"
10376:. National Science Foundation.
10131:Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry
9065:Journal of Mathematical Physics
8623:. 20 April 2019. Archived from
7922:from the original on 5 May 2021
7220:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
7103:van Horn Melton, James (2001).
7079:Encyclopedia of the Renaissance
7001:"Gottfried Leibniz – Biography"
6993:
6964:
6945:
6920:
6885:
6731:
6638:
6558:
6514:
6371:; Leaman, Oliver, eds. (2001).
6361:
6331:
6309:. Cambridge: University Press.
6298:
6230:
6201:
6129:
6090:
6051:
5800:
5774:
5748:
5725:From Witchcraft to World Health
5715:
5643:
5587:
5540:
5418:
5291:
5235:
5166:"Telling Time in Ancient Egypt"
5158:
5112:
5083:
5055:
5020:
4979:
4922:
4879:
4846:
4811:
4787:
4677:
4595:
4559:
4449:from the original on 5 May 2021
4410:from the original on 5 May 2021
4371:from the original on 5 May 2021
4354:Scientific Research as a Career
4312:
4166:
4034:
3625:from the original on 5 May 2021
3331:resource developed through the
2968:, and nonprofit organisations.
2801:. The most popular position is
2101:
1934:
1764:
1457:Renaissance of the 12th century
682:Renaissance of the 12th century
14156:Science and technology studies
12987:Analytic–synthetic distinction
12625:10.1080/00380237.2008.10571338
12044:(in French). 20 October 2021.
11910:– via oecd-ilibrary.org.
11886:10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en
11519:Parrott, Jim (9 August 2007).
10374:"Science the Endless Frontier"
9557:Social Science Computer Review
9255:. Cambridge University Press.
9123:"What is mathematical biology"
8653:. 7 March 2007. Archived from
8103:Thinking about the Unthinkable
6425:American Philosophical Society
6058:Murphy, Trevor Morgan (2004).
5813:(H. Rackham ed.). 1139b.
4720:The Cognitive Basis of Science
3457:List of scientific occupations
2120:made by separate teams in the
1471:
1348:Greek conceptions of the world
1315:
1144:Science in classical antiquity
1032:. Some scholars use the term "
829:There are many hypotheses for
781:, which was borrowed from the
13:
1:
12380:Webb, Sarah (December 2013).
11969:International Science Council
11481:Women's History as Scientists
10915:. London: Routledge. p.
8842:Washington and Lee University
8751:Scientific Method in Practice
8676:Bunge, Mario Augusto (1998).
6738:Goldstein, Bernard R (2016).
6374:History of Islamic Philosophy
6307:The Cambridge history of Iran
5925:Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2017).
4832:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297
3521:
3083:International Science Council
2988:, and nonprofit environments.
2923:
2707:
2645:Intersubjective verifiability
2116:Four predicted images of the
1428:, where the Islamic study of
749:ethical and moral development
668:(400 to 1000 CE), but in the
14703:Normalization process theory
14260:Philosophy of social science
12322:. Vol. 43, no. 4.
12163:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002712
11498:. Indiana University Press.
11366:"Education: The PhD factory"
11218:"Education: The PhD factory"
10516:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264
10372:Bush, Vannevar (July 1945).
10168:. Rowman & Littlefield.
10133:. Rowman & Littlefield.
9299:10.1016/0048-7333(94)01001-3
8213:10.1126/science.205.4406.549
6973:Science: A History 1543–2001
6914:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90061-6
6136:Conner, Clifford D. (2005).
5433:Wayne State University Press
4929:Fleck, Robert (March 2021).
4728:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.005
4393:Research Methods for Science
3757:(2019). "Robots and souls".
3436:health effects of pesticides
3138:United States federal budget
3071:National Academy of Sciences
3016:Prussian Academy of Sciences
2815:hypothetico-deductive method
2669:Cover of the first issue of
2388:theoretical computer science
2008:led to competitions between
1799:During the mid-19th century
1120:intense interest in medicine
1047:in early civilisations like
870:Proto-Indo-European language
758:
580:theoretical computer science
7:
13320:Hypothetico-deductive model
13295:Deductive-nomological model
13280:Constructivist epistemology
12113:(in Spanish). 12 May 2022.
11880:. OECD. 2015. p. 156.
11765:Chinese Academy of Sciences
11737:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.
10994:University of Chicago Press
10907:Newton-Smith, W.H. (1994).
10558:"Science and Pseudoscience"
9483:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
9437:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
9337:Oxford textbook of medicine
8745:Gauch, Hugh G. Jr. (2003).
8354:. Pergamon Press. pp.
8325:. Reading: Addison–Wesley.
6975:. Allen Lane. p. 241.
6565:Russell, Josiah C. (1959).
6019:Lawson, Russell M. (2004).
5413:History of Greek Philosophy
5345:The Greek Concept of Nature
5122:; Gershoni, Israel (2000).
4863:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4
4855:Rational Changes in Science
3982:Lindberg, David C. (2007).
3932:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2
3445:
3394:
3216:Public awareness of science
3170:National Science Foundation
3079:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2464:computing power to simulate
2179:
2029:cosmic microwave background
1994:larger in scale and funding
1527:each built up a scholastic
1270:was the first to propose a
1019:, written in about 1800 BCE
894:, meaning "to incise". The
850:may have its origin in the
654:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
602:as their main methodology.
37:. For a topical guide, see
10:
15152:
14326:construction of technology
14084:Probability and statistics
12764:(5): 34–39. Archived from
12320:Columbia Journalism Review
12142:PLOS Computational Biology
11711:. .nationalacademies.org.
11479:Whaley, Leigh Ann (2003).
11216:; Yahia, Mohammed (2011).
11154:. E.O. Wilson Foundation.
10911:The Rationality of Science
9666:10.1038/s41586-021-03659-0
9421:"Limited scope of science"
9360:Saunders, J. (June 2000).
8476:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.10.026
8321:Miller, Arthur I. (1981).
8010:. RCC Perspectives no. 2.
7807:Mould, Richard F. (1995).
7555:"Darwin's enduring legacy"
7316:Darrigol, Olivier (2000).
7113:Cambridge University Press
6759:10.1177/002182860203300301
6278:Cambridge University Press
6241:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
5980:Edwards, C.H. Jr. (1979).
5650:Margotta, Roberto (1968).
5353:"What does 'nature' mean?"
5096:Greenwood Publishing Group
5041:10.1177/007327531205000203
4956:10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7
4269:Cahan, David, ed. (2003).
4176:. Retrieved 6 October 2023
3512:heat death of the universe
3432:global warming controversy
3342:
3240:online pedagogical content
3213:
3172:in the United States, the
3112:
3108:
3067:French Academy of Sciences
2694:Philosophical Transactions
2654:
2183:
2105:
1938:
1911:inspired the discovery of
1828:Early in the 19th century
1768:
1728:A Treatise of Human Nature
1612:
1482:Science in the Renaissance
1475:
1319:
1141:
996:
985:
981:
951:
939:
921:
885:
875:
274:Interdisciplinary sciences
29:
14913:
14858:Politicization of science
14818:
14604:
14373:
14308:
14220:
14185:
14162:
13854:
13774:
13606:
13508:
13438:
13381:Semantic view of theories
13300:Epistemological anarchism
13252:
13237:dependent and independent
12974:
12750:Goldberg, Jeanne (2017).
12258:10.1007/s10734-009-9265-2
11603:Impact of Social Sciences
11102:10.1109/TSMC.1981.4308575
11064:The Review of Metaphysics
10621:Feynman, Richard (1974).
10162:Krimsky, Sheldon (2003).
9570:10.1177/08944393211049776
9514:McCormick, James (2001).
9199:. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
8544:The Astrophysical Journal
8425:10.1186/1479-7364-5-6-577
8253:Gravitation and Cosmology
8071:; James Schefter (2001).
7909:The Surgical Technologist
7900:Goyotte, Dolores (2017).
7875:10.1080/14786449708621070
7844:(in Polish). p. 113.
7782:10.1016/j.aop.2016.07.031
7362:"Review of James Buchan,
7243:Guicciardini, N. (1999).
6958:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
6574:The Mississippi Quarterly
5945:10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8
5890:10.1007/978-1-4612-4468-4
5547:Pullman, Bernard (1998).
5404:is used, as confirmed by
5379:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y
5090:Krebs, Robert E. (2004).
4692:Oxford English Dictionary
4670:10.1080/00033796200202722
3888:Sinclair, Marius (1993).
3440:health effects of tobacco
3416:politicisation of science
3190:National Research Council
3092:
3089:for science advancement.
3087:international cooperation
3032:professional associations
2898:methodological naturalism
2496:Interdisciplinary science
2491:Interdisciplinary science
2080:communications satellites
1717:; a new understanding of
1653:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1641:formed the foundation of
1550:In the sixteenth century
1338:, made in the 6th century
1175:pre-Socratic philosophers
632:from around 3000 to 1200
14265:Philosophy of technology
13123:Intertheoretic reduction
13112:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
13089:Functional contextualism
12793:Journal of Communication
10986:Kuhn, Thomas S. (1970).
10467:10.1177/1745691612465253
10399:Schooler, J. W. (2014).
10073:van Gelder, Tim (1999).
9223:10.1152/advan.00001.2004
8903:Tomalin, Marcus (2006).
8747:"Science in perspective"
8575:10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9
8190:"The origin of elements"
8047:10.1177/0961000603352006
7281:Croatian Medical Journal
7121:10.1017/CBO9780511819421
6645:Numbers, Ronald (2009).
6239:"Aristotle on Causality"
4013:"Ancient Egypt to Plato"
3473:
3462:List of years in science
3329:Creative Writing Science
3278:, ecology, geology, and
3228:Dinosaur exhibit in the
3158:research and development
2593:and is expected to seek
2370:. A formal system is an
1949:A computer graph of the
1846:conservation of momentum
1814:On the Origin of Species
1779:The first diagram of an
1659:, now used in a new non-
1655:incorporated terms from
1405:established the medical
1065:decimal numbering system
753:environmental protection
690:Byzantine Greek scholars
522:in the form of testable
329:Research and development
43:Science (disambiguation)
13879:Artificial intelligence
13608:Philosophers of science
13386:Scientific essentialism
13335:Model-dependent realism
13270:Constructive empiricism
13163:Evidence-based practice
12683:. : Portfolio/Penguin.
12677:McRaney, David (2022).
12571:10.1073/pnas.2120755119
12205:Science policy up close
11793:. UNESCO. 5 July 2018.
10692:: 11–18. Archived from
10315:10.1126/science.7367863
9921:Wilson, Edward (1999).
9898:Oxford University Press
9771:Ausburg, Tanya (2006).
9465:"The scientist's world"
8932:10.1023/a:1020887832028
8877:Encyclopædia Britannica
8607:10.1126/science.aar2149
8188:Penzias, A. A. (2006).
6927:Zagorin, Perez (1998).
6861:van Helden, Al (1995).
6405:Smith, A. Mark (2001).
6343:Encyclopædia Britannica
6237:Falcon, Andrea (2019).
5928:Hipparchs Himmelsglobus
5878:Graßhoff, Gerd (1990).
5361:Palgrave Communications
5343:Naddaf, Gerard (2006).
4996:10.2307/j.ctv11g96cc.16
4697:Oxford University Press
3722:10.1023/A:1020887832028
3677:Encyclopedia Britannica
3246:, units and methods of
3210:Education and awareness
3156:, around two-thirds of
2857:constructive empiricism
2472:artificial intelligence
2166:Event Horizon Telescope
2160:a century before, were
2122:Event Horizon Telescope
2062:and the development of
1941:20th century in science
1771:19th century in science
1200:without relying on the
1094:, glass, soap, metals,
1059:in around 3000 to 1200
864:
857:
777:
674:Carolingian Renaissance
656:, were made during the
14338:Sociology of knowledge
14109:Structural engineering
14049:Mechanical engineering
14022:Western and South Asia
13691:Alfred North Whitehead
13681:Charles Sanders Peirce
12889:10.1002/gch2.201600008
11413:Kwok, Roberta (2017).
11265:Kwok, Roberta (2017).
9982:Aldrich, John (1995).
9638:Vespignani, Alessandro
9551:Breznau, Nate (2022).
9458:& "Technology" in
9253:"Cambridge Dictionary"
8350:The Old Quantum Theory
8116:Shrum, Wesley (2007).
7862:Philosophical Magazine
7855:Thomson, J.J. (1897).
7731:Rao, Y. V. C. (1997).
7553:Padian, Kevin (2008).
7070:Goddard Bergin, Thomas
6971:Gribbin, John (2002).
6169:Grant, Edward (1996).
5415:), Cambridge UP, 1965.
5269:10.1098/rsta.1974.0007
4935:Physics in Perspective
4804:The Dawn of Everything
4010:Grant, Edward (2007).
3407:
3339:Anti-science attitudes
3232:
3141:
3075:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
3069:in 1666, the American
3055:
3019:
2954:sectors of the economy
2944:
2794:
2685:
2676:
2550:explain the events of
2539:
2353:cross-cultural studies
2319:, economics, history,
2309:
2216:empirical observations
2125:
2094:and computer-assisted
1963:artificial fertilisers
1954:
1881:electromagnetic theory
1842:conservation of energy
1821:presented his paper, "
1788:
1630:
1579:Harmony of the Spheres
1496:
1444:'s compilation of the
1407:Academy of Gondeshapur
1339:
1286:Archimedes of Syracuse
1230:The Father of Medicine
1156:
1153:Plato's Academy mosaic
1020:
930:
912:
902:
846:
819:
807:
799:
787:
236:Extrascientific fields
41:. For other uses, see
14905:Transition management
14895:Technology assessment
14863:Regulation of science
14838:Evidence-based policy
14723:Sociotechnical system
14572:Traditional knowledge
14452:Psychology of science
14425:Mapping controversies
14331:shaping of technology
14290:Social constructivism
14255:Philosophy of science
14212:History of technology
13974:Environmental science
13859:Aerospace engineering
13790:Philosophy portal
13541:Hard and soft science
13536:Faith and rationality
13405:Scientific skepticism
13185:Scientific Revolution
12968:Philosophy of science
10892:Popper, Karl (1972).
10257:Ziman, John (1978c).
10129:Shatz, David (2004).
10001:10.1214/ss/1177009870
9925:. New York: Vintage.
9626:Mullainathan, Sendhil
8968:Bishop, Alan (1991).
8463:Journal of Hepatology
8346:ter Haar, D. (1967).
8249:Weinberg, S. (1972).
7756:Heidrich, M. (2016).
7671:10.1353/sor.2005.0003
7430:Fry, Michael (1992).
6532:. Springer. pp.
5653:The Story of Medicine
4888:Renaissance Quarterly
4649:Ross, Sydney (1962).
4602:Cahan, David (2003).
4046:18 April 2023 at the
3508:shape of the universe
3402:
3374:unethical experiments
3227:
3132:
3115:Science & Society
3061:in 1603, the British
3051:academies of sciences
3013:
2931:
2890:scientific scepticism
2875:revolutionary science
2799:philosophy of science
2791:Copernican Revolution
2780:
2771:Philosophy of science
2765:scientific misconduct
2668:
2657:Scientific literature
2651:Scientific literature
2534:
2460:Computational science
2304:
2115:
1987:environmental studies
1948:
1885:Hans Christian Ørsted
1858:Industrial Revolution
1832:suggested the modern
1805:Alfred Russel Wallace
1778:
1758:The Wealth of Nations
1622:
1545:exploited and studied
1489:
1478:Scientific Revolution
1453:University of Bologna
1436:in the 13th century.
1432:flourished until the
1329:
1151:
1124:medical prescriptions
1006:
852:Proto-Italic language
840:, Dutch linguist and
826:, meaning "to know".
773:Anglo-Norman language
741:research institutions
717:Scientific Revolution
670:Medieval renaissances
473:Philosophy portal
405:Science communication
249:Communication studies
30:For the journal, see
14810:Women in engineering
14656:Financial technology
14636:Digital anthropology
14405:Criticism of science
14318:Actor–network theory
14280:Religion and science
14172:Economics of science
13516:Criticism of science
13391:Scientific formalism
13275:Constructive realism
13180:Scientific pluralism
13153:Problem of induction
12818:Sociological Inquiry
11864:on 15 February 2010.
11631:(in Italian). 2006.
10699:on 28 September 2007
10690:The COPE Report 1999
10623:"Cargo Cult Science"
10259:"Common observation"
9630:Salganik, Matthew J.
9614:Griffiths, Thomas L.
9195:25 June 2006 at the
9129:on 23 September 2018
7622:Miko, Ilona (2008).
7603:Henig, Robin Marantz
6381:. pp. 165–167.
6369:Hossein Nasr, Seyyed
6097:Doody, Aude (2010).
5469:O'Grady, Patricia F.
3452:Criticism of science
3428:scientific consensus
3420:anti-intellectualism
3268:aggregate statistics
3125:Funding and policies
3073:in 1863, the German
3057:Accademia dei Lincei
3053:such as the Italian
2914:scientific community
2908:Scientific community
2867:logically consistent
2830:Critical rationalism
2793:was a paradigm shift
2603:causal relationships
2591:parsimony principles
2406:mathematical physics
2130:Human Genome Project
2096:scientific modelling
2074:. Widespread use of
2060:theory of relativity
1967:environmental issues
1850:conservation of mass
1684:scientific societies
1657:Aristotelian physics
1635:Age of Enlightenment
1633:At the start of the
1609:Age of Enlightenment
1268:Aristarchus of Samos
964:introduced the term
678:Ottonian Renaissance
552:behavioural sciences
362:Scientific integrity
344:Vocational education
279:Knowledge management
169:Behavioural sciences
15136:Main topic articles
14651:Engineering studies
14621:Cyborg anthropology
14410:Demarcation problem
14295:Social epistemology
13583:Rhetoric of science
13521:Descriptive science
13265:Confirmation holism
13158:Scientific evidence
13118:Inductive reasoning
13047:Demarcation problem
12881:2017GloCh...100008V
12562:2022PNAS..11920755P
12556:(30): e2120755119.
12519:Pew Research Center
12424:(21 January 2016).
12399:10.1038/nj7478-177a
12154:2012PLSCB...8E2712F
11465:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11432:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11382:2011Natur.472..276C
11350:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11317:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11284:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11234:2011Natur.472..276C
11186:. Science Council.
11149:"Eusocial climbers"
10940:Votsis, I. (2004).
10894:Objective Knowledge
10683:"Coping with fraud"
10417:2014Natur.515....9S
10307:1980Sci...208..369Z
9988:Statistical Science
9890:Chetwynd, Amanda G.
9658:2021Natur.595..181H
9060:"About the Journal"
8566:2017ApJ...848L..12A
8022:on 21 January 2022.
7961:2008NatGe...1..636E
7836:Estreicher, Tadeusz
7774:2016AnPhy.373..665H
7611:. pp. 134–138.
7571:2008Natur.451..632P
6906:1975VA.....17..201G
6894:Vistas in Astronomy
6867:The Galileo Project
6542:2008ehst.book.....S
5937:2017hihi.book.....H
5728:. London, England:
5559:1998ahht.book.....P
5261:1974RSPTA.276...21A
5063:Rochberg, Francesca
4947:2021PhP....23...25F
4695:(Online ed.).
3424:scientific evidence
3333:Royal Literary Fund
3325:speculative fiction
3319:Scientific American
3150:developed countries
3044:professional bodies
2687:Journal des sçavans
2681:Scientific journals
2632:experimental design
2607:correlation fallacy
2510:Scientific research
2374:used for inferring
2186:Branches of science
2154:gravitational waves
2076:integrated circuits
1975:ocean acidification
1897:James Clerk Maxwell
1643:classical mechanics
1552:Nicolaus Copernicus
1416:was established in
1306:Positional notation
1161:classical antiquity
1138:Classical antiquity
1132:Third Dynasty of Ur
1017:Pythagorean triples
1009:Plimpton 322 tablet
658:Golden Age of India
646:classical antiquity
592:deductive reasoning
578:, mathematics, and
570:and societies. The
546:), which study the
14931:History of science
14848:Funding of science
14718:Skunkworks project
14415:Double hermeneutic
14200:History of science
13802:Science portal
13731:Carl Gustav Hempel
13686:Wilhelm Windelband
13573:Questionable cause
13396:Scientific realism
13217:Underdetermination
13052:Empirical evidence
13042:Creative synthesis
12789:Druckman, James N.
12757:Skeptical Inquirer
12613:Sociological Focus
12002:The New York Times
11688:on 18 January 2012
9794:on 19 January 2012
9379:10.1136/mh.26.1.18
8657:on 1 November 2016
7115:. pp. 82–83.
5810:Nicomachean Ethics
5029:History of Science
4765:10.4436/JASS.95006
3408:
3406:by political party
3233:
3220:Science journalism
3186:Max Planck Society
3142:
3020:
2945:
2851:Another approach,
2795:
2785:, the addition of
2757:cargo cult science
2714:replication crisis
2677:
2587:thought experiment
2540:
2504:cognitive sciences
2435:is the use of the
2372:abstract structure
2337:conflict theorists
2310:
2251:natural philosophy
2212:empirical sciences
2158:general relativity
2126:
2052:classical genetics
2025:sex discrimination
1955:
1889:André-Marie Ampère
1789:
1631:
1556:heliocentric model
1497:
1352:Isidore of Seville
1340:
1332:Vienna Dioscurides
1330:The first page of
1272:heliocentric model
1247:'s dialogues is a
1182:Greek philosophers
1157:
1071:, and developed a
1057:history of science
1021:
988:History of science
956:meaning "to cut".
815:present participle
713:natural philosophy
686:Islamic Golden Age
642:natural philosophy
619:history of science
600:empirical evidence
458:Science portal
39:Outline of science
14973:
14972:
14900:Technology policy
14631:Dematerialization
14440:black swan events
14122:
14121:
14104:Scientific naming
14094:Quantum computing
13924:Computer hardware
13919:Clinical research
13914:Civil engineering
13809:
13808:
13651:
13650:
13563:Normative science
13420:Uniformitarianism
13175:Scientific method
13069:Explanatory power
12869:Global Challenges
12768:on 16 August 2018
12690:978-0-593-19029-6
12463:on 6 January 2009
12455:Petrucci, Mario.
12214:978-0-674-41709-0
11505:978-0-253-20968-9
11458:(7677): 549–552.
11376:(7343): 276–279.
11048:978-0-226-30062-7
11003:978-0-226-45804-5
10926:978-0-7100-0913-5
10878:978-0-226-30062-7
10845:978-0-226-30062-7
10809:978-0-226-30062-7
10776:978-0-226-30062-7
10743:978-0-226-30062-7
10607:978-0-7167-3090-3
10347:978-0-8247-8297-9
10276:978-0-521-22087-3
10208:978-0-521-00886-0
10175:978-0-7425-1479-9
10140:978-0-7425-1434-8
10059:978-1-4020-3769-6
10034:978-1-4020-3769-6
9968:978-0-19-922689-4
9932:978-0-679-76867-8
9900:. pp. 1, 2.
9863:978-0-415-27844-7
9827:978-0-521-29925-1
9757:978-0-471-32788-2
9652:(7866): 181–188.
9604:Hofman, Jake M.;
9346:978-0-19-874669-0
9104:978-0-19-049459-9
9072:on 3 October 2006
9045:978-3-319-27494-2
9020:978-0-7658-0413-6
8983:978-0-7923-1270-3
8812:"Natural History"
8797:978-0-226-62088-6
8760:978-0-521-01708-4
8723:978-0-415-27844-7
8687:978-0-7658-0413-6
8510:(Press release).
8365:978-0-08-012101-7
8332:978-0-201-04679-3
8268:978-0-471-92567-5
8174:978-0-8147-7645-2
8129:978-0-262-28358-8
7948:Nature Geoscience
7818:978-0-7503-0224-1
7762:Annals of Physics
7742:978-81-7371-048-3
7710:. Edward Arnold.
7565:(7179): 632–634.
7539:978-1-138-65242-2
7514:978-0-226-31783-0
7489:978-0-415-06164-3
7452:James M. Buchanan
7448:Franco Modigliani
7043:978-1-4020-9604-4
6982:978-0-7139-9503-9
6956:. Cambridge, MA:
6938:978-0-691-00966-7
6863:"Pope Urban VIII"
6809:978-90-8964-239-4
6658:978-0-674-03327-6
6551:978-1-4020-4559-2
6507:978-90-8964-239-4
6434:978-0-87169-914-5
6316:978-0-521-20093-6
6291:978-0-521-68957-1
6182:978-0-521-56762-6
6110:978-1-139-48453-4
6071:978-0-19-926288-5
6032:978-1-85109-539-1
5993:978-0-387-94313-8
5954:978-3-658-18682-1
5899:978-1-4612-8788-9
5852:978-1-4214-1776-9
5696:978-0-415-96930-7
5656:. New York City:
5635:(fl. 1st c. BCE)
5607:978-0-08-101107-2
5568:978-0-19-515040-7
5529:978-0-674-53918-1
5484:978-0-7546-0533-1
5411:(volume 2 of his
5328:978-0-226-31783-0
5216:978-1-57607-966-9
5201:McIntosh, Jane R.
5135:978-1-55587-672-2
5076:978-0-226-31783-0
5005:978-0-8223-4936-5
4872:978-94-010-8181-8
4820:World Archaeology
4737:978-0-521-81229-0
4703:(Subscription or
4656:Annals of Science
4588:978-90-04-16797-1
4506:978-1-138-40741-1
4479:978-0-226-48205-7
4442:978-1-138-57016-0
4403:978-0-521-14584-8
4364:978-1-4398-6965-9
4333:978-0-226-18451-7
4305:978-0-226-31783-0
4280:978-0-226-08928-7
4255:978-0-521-68957-1
4222:978-0-226-48205-7
4197:978-0-19-956741-6
4159:978-0-226-48205-7
4134:978-0-226-48205-7
4109:978-0-226-48205-7
4080:978-0-87113-800-2
4027:978-0-521-68957-1
3941:978-94-010-2184-5
3857:10.3205/zma000916
3810:978-1-4438-1946-6
3770:978-0-691-19138-6
3618:978-0-367-56298-4
3585:978-0-19-511229-0
3554:978-0-679-76867-8
3486:Ibn al-Haytham's
3313:Science & Vie
3302:Science magazines
3292:scientific debate
3244:scientific method
3236:Science education
3204:capital equipment
3136:as percentage of
3085:, are devoted to
3077:in 1911, and the
3040:academic journals
3023:Learned societies
3006:Learned societies
2755:coined the term "
2675:, 4 November 1869
2641:confirmation bias
2634:, and a thorough
2614:scientific theory
2560:objective reality
2546:, which seeks to
2544:scientific method
2527:Scientific method
2437:scientific method
2345:historical method
2329:research programs
2325:political science
2306:Supply and demand
2287:discovery science
2064:quantum mechanics
2035:in favour of the
2018:nuclear arms race
1809:natural selection
1781:evolutionary tree
1745:William Robertson
1446:Canon of Medicine
1375:early Middle Ages
1364:theory of impetus
1243:as documented by
1198:natural phenomena
1186:Thales of Miletus
1173:or nature by the
1122:and the earliest
1100:animal physiology
1030:religious rituals
767:has been used in
727:that many of the
721:scientific method
709:Islamic inquiries
666:Early Middle Ages
596:scientific method
507:
506:
420:Scientific method
410:Science education
351:
350:
334:Strategic studies
126:Scientific fields
16:(Redirected from
15143:
15111:
15103:
15102:
15101:
15094:
15093:from Wikiversity
15086:
15085:
15084:
15077:
15069:
15068:
15067:
15060:
15052:
15051:
15050:
15043:
15035:
15034:
15033:
15026:
15018:
15017:
15016:
15006:
14990:
14989:
14981:
14946:
14945:
14921:
14873:Right to science
14853:Horizon scanning
14828:Academic freedom
14728:Technical change
14589:Women in science
14584:Unity of science
14365:Strong programme
14149:
14142:
14135:
14126:
14125:
13929:Computer science
13836:
13829:
13822:
13813:
13812:
13800:
13799:
13788:
13787:
13786:
13761:Bas van Fraassen
13716:Hans Reichenbach
13696:Bertrand Russell
13613:
13612:
13439:Philosophy of...
13222:Unity of science
13015:Commensurability
12961:
12954:
12947:
12938:
12937:
12926:
12925:
12923:
12921:
12915:
12900:
12866:
12857:
12851:
12850:
12848:
12846:
12840:
12833:
12815:
12806:
12797:
12796:
12784:
12778:
12777:
12775:
12773:
12747:
12741:
12740:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12674:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12608:
12602:
12601:
12591:
12573:
12541:
12535:
12534:
12532:
12530:
12510:
12504:
12503:
12501:
12499:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12468:
12459:. Archived from
12452:
12446:
12445:
12443:
12441:
12418:
12412:
12411:
12401:
12377:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12342:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12331:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12303:on 21 June 2010.
12292:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12275:
12260:
12245:Higher Education
12242:
12233:
12227:
12226:
12200:
12194:
12193:
12183:
12165:
12133:
12127:
12126:
12124:
12122:
12103:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12092:
12064:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12053:
12032:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12021:
11999:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11982:
11980:
11961:
11955:
11954:
11918:
11912:
11911:
11909:
11907:
11872:
11866:
11865:
11863:
11857:. Archived from
11852:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11813:
11807:
11806:
11804:
11802:
11787:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11776:
11757:
11751:
11750:
11748:
11746:
11731:
11725:
11724:
11722:
11720:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11684:. Archived from
11677:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11651:
11645:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11625:
11619:
11618:
11616:
11614:
11595:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11575:. Archived from
11569:
11563:
11562:
11560:
11558:
11549:. Archived from
11543:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11532:
11516:
11510:
11509:
11491:
11485:
11484:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11443:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11410:
11404:
11403:
11393:
11361:
11355:
11354:
11352:
11343:(7677): 549–52.
11328:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11295:
11289:
11288:
11286:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11245:
11228:(7343): 276–79.
11209:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11195:
11180:
11174:
11173:
11168:
11166:
11160:
11153:
11145:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11128:
11113:
11087:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11059:
11053:
11052:
11036:
11026:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11015:
10992:(2nd ed.).
10983:
10977:
10976:
10974:
10972:
10952:
10946:
10945:
10937:
10931:
10930:
10914:
10904:
10898:
10897:
10889:
10883:
10882:
10866:
10856:
10850:
10849:
10833:
10823:
10814:
10813:
10797:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10764:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10731:
10721:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10704:
10698:
10687:
10679:
10673:
10672:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10618:
10612:
10611:
10599:
10586:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10553:
10547:
10546:
10536:
10518:
10509:(10): –1002264.
10494:
10488:
10487:
10469:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10428:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10369:
10360:
10359:
10333:
10327:
10326:
10301:(4442): 369–71.
10287:
10281:
10280:
10254:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10159:
10153:
10152:
10126:
10120:
10119:
10118:on 19 June 2010.
10103:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10086:
10079:
10070:
10064:
10063:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10020:
10014:
10013:
10003:
9979:
9973:
9972:
9943:
9937:
9936:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9886:Diggle, Peter J.
9882:
9876:
9875:
9851:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9813:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9749:
9742:Moody G (2004).
9739:
9733:
9732:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9612:; Garip, Filiz;
9606:Watts, Duncan J.
9601:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9572:
9548:
9542:
9541:
9531:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9494:
9457:
9448:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9391:
9381:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9315:
9284:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9249:
9243:
9242:
9206:
9200:
9187:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9111:on 10 June 2021.
9107:. Archived from
9088:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9077:
9068:. Archived from
9056:
9050:
9049:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8855:
8853:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8711:
8701:
8692:
8691:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8627:on 20 April 2019
8617:
8611:
8610:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8577:
8559:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8478:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8437:
8427:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8353:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8256:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8229:
8205:Nobel Foundation
8194:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8105:. Horizon Press.
8095:
8089:
8088:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8018:. Archived from
8016:10.5282/rcc/6313
7999:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7979:. Archived from
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7906:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7869:(269): 293–316.
7852:
7846:
7845:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7700:
7691:
7690:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7628:Nature Education
7619:
7613:
7612:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7582:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7472:Wassily Leontief
7460:Theodore Schultz
7437:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7372:. Archived from
7357:
7351:
7350:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7323:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7296:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7250:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7110:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7074:Speake, Jennifer
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6824:Koestler, Arthur
6820:
6814:
6813:
6796:Cohen, H. Floris
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6776:on 12 April 2020
6775:
6769:. Archived from
6744:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6684:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6600:
6598:
6570:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6531:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6494:Cohen, H. Floris
6490:
6484:
6481:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6414:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
6402:
6393:
6392:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6339:"Bayt al-Hikmah"
6335:
6329:
6328:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6275:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5782:"Plato, Apology"
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5756:"Plato, Apology"
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5647:
5641:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5406:Guthrie, W.K.C.
5398:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5381:
5357:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5197:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4958:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4700:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4567:Vaan, Michiel de
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4243:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4183:
4177:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4066:India: A history
4057:
4051:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3979:
3954:
3953:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3673:"Social Science"
3668:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3542:
3532:
3515:
3504:
3498:
3484:
3284:formal education
3200:research funding
3188:in Germany, and
3060:
2995:Women in science
2974:advanced degrees
2894:creation science
2702:scientific paper
2690:
2520:applied research
2468:machine learning
2235:physical science
2084:mobile computing
2048:modern synthesis
2041:Georges Lemaître
1901:Oliver Heaviside
1862:energy qualities
1560:geocentric model
1466:Mondino de Luzzi
1434:Mongol invasions
1383:Byzantine empire
1356:Byzantine Empire
1216:and his student
954:
953:
946:
945:
935:
926:
925:
917:
905:
892:
891:
882:
881:
867:
860:
849:
842:Indo-Europeanist
835:
824:
812:
804:
792:
780:
745:science policies
694:Byzantine Empire
604:Applied sciences
532:natural sciences
499:
492:
485:
471:
470:
469:
456:
455:
415:Research funding
284:Language studies
216:Applied sciences
152:Natural sciences
122:
121:
50:
49:
21:
15151:
15150:
15146:
15145:
15144:
15142:
15141:
15140:
15116:
15115:
15114:
15110:from Wikivoyage
15104:
15099:
15097:
15087:
15082:
15080:
15070:
15065:
15063:
15053:
15048:
15046:
15036:
15031:
15029:
15019:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15005:sister projects
15002:at Knowledge's
14996:
14984:
14976:
14974:
14969:
14909:
14868:Research ethics
14814:
14713:Reverse salient
14607:
14600:
14376:
14369:
14360:Sociotechnology
14304:
14216:
14181:
14158:
14153:
14123:
14118:
14017:Hebrew toponyms
14012:Arabic toponyms
13850:
13840:
13810:
13805:
13794:
13784:
13782:
13770:
13751:Paul Feyerabend
13711:Michael Polanyi
13647:
13633:Galileo Galilei
13602:
13588:Science studies
13504:
13434:
13425:Verificationism
13330:Instrumentalism
13315:Foundationalism
13290:Conventionalism
13248:
13084:Feminist method
12970:
12965:
12935:
12930:
12929:
12919:
12917:
12913:
12864:
12858:
12854:
12844:
12842:
12838:
12813:
12807:
12800:
12785:
12781:
12771:
12769:
12748:
12744:
12722:
12718:
12708:
12706:
12691:
12675:
12671:
12661:
12659:
12644:
12640:
12609:
12605:
12542:
12538:
12528:
12526:
12511:
12507:
12497:
12495:
12480:
12476:
12466:
12464:
12453:
12449:
12439:
12437:
12419:
12415:
12392:(7478): 177–9.
12378:
12374:
12364:
12362:
12343:
12339:
12329:
12327:
12312:
12308:
12293:
12289:
12279:
12277:
12273:
12240:
12234:
12230:
12215:
12201:
12197:
12148:(9): e1002712.
12134:
12130:
12120:
12118:
12105:
12104:
12100:
12090:
12088:
12065:
12061:
12051:
12049:
12034:
12033:
12029:
12019:
12017:
11992:
11988:
11978:
11976:
11963:
11962:
11958:
11919:
11915:
11905:
11903:
11896:
11874:
11873:
11869:
11861:
11850:
11846:
11845:
11841:
11831:
11829:
11814:
11810:
11800:
11798:
11789:
11788:
11784:
11774:
11772:
11759:
11758:
11754:
11744:
11742:
11733:
11732:
11728:
11718:
11716:
11705:
11701:
11691:
11689:
11678:
11674:
11664:
11662:
11653:
11652:
11648:
11638:
11636:
11627:
11626:
11622:
11612:
11610:
11597:
11596:
11592:
11582:
11580:
11571:
11570:
11566:
11556:
11554:
11545:
11544:
11540:
11530:
11528:
11517:
11513:
11506:
11492:
11488:
11477:
11473:
11444:
11440:
11411:
11407:
11391:10.1038/472276a
11362:
11358:
11329:
11325:
11296:
11292:
11263:
11259:
11243:10.1038/472276a
11210:
11206:
11193:
11191:
11182:
11181:
11177:
11164:
11162:
11158:
11151:
11147:
11146:
11142:
11132:
11130:
11126:
11085:
11079:
11075:
11060:
11056:
11049:
11027:
11023:
11013:
11011:
11004:
10996:. p. 206.
10984:
10980:
10970:
10968:
10953:
10949:
10938:
10934:
10927:
10905:
10901:
10890:
10886:
10879:
10857:
10853:
10846:
10824:
10817:
10810:
10788:
10784:
10777:
10755:
10751:
10744:
10722:
10715:
10702:
10700:
10696:
10685:
10681:
10680:
10676:
10669:
10653:Novella, Steven
10650:
10646:
10636:
10634:
10633:on 4 March 2005
10619:
10615:
10608:
10587:
10583:
10573:
10571:
10554:
10550:
10495:
10491:
10446:
10442:
10426:10.1038/515009a
10397:
10393:
10383:
10381:
10370:
10363:
10348:
10334:
10330:
10288:
10284:
10277:
10255:
10251:
10241:
10239:
10238:on 8 April 2008
10228:
10224:
10209:
10195:
10191:
10176:
10160:
10156:
10141:
10127:
10123:
10104:
10100:
10090:
10088:
10087:on 9 April 2008
10084:
10077:
10071:
10067:
10060:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10021:
10017:
9980:
9976:
9969:
9944:
9940:
9933:
9919:
9915:
9908:
9883:
9879:
9864:
9842:
9838:
9828:
9814:
9807:
9797:
9795:
9784:
9780:
9769:
9765:
9758:
9740:
9736:
9713:
9709:
9699:
9697:
9622:Margetts, Helen
9602:
9598:
9588:
9586:
9549:
9545:
9512:
9508:
9417:
9413:
9358:
9354:
9347:
9333:
9329:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9287:Research Policy
9282:
9276:
9272:
9262:
9260:
9251:
9250:
9246:
9207:
9203:
9197:Wayback Machine
9189:Pre-publication
9186:. Edward Elgar.
9177:
9173:
9163:
9161:
9146:
9142:
9132:
9130:
9121:
9120:
9116:
9105:
9089:
9085:
9075:
9073:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9046:
9032:
9028:
9021:
9007:
9003:
8993:
8991:
8984:
8966:
8962:
8951:
8947:
8916:
8912:
8901:
8897:
8887:
8885:
8872:"formal system"
8870:
8869:
8865:
8851:
8849:
8836:
8835:
8831:
8821:
8819:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8798:
8784:
8780:
8770:
8768:
8761:
8743:
8739:
8724:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8658:
8645:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8628:
8619:
8618:
8614:
8595:
8591:
8535:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8504:
8500:
8455:
8451:
8404:
8400:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8344:
8340:
8333:
8319:
8315:
8305:
8303:
8296:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8247:
8243:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8192:
8186:
8182:
8175:
8161:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8130:
8114:
8110:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8066:
8062:
8031:
8027:
8000:
7996:
7986:
7984:
7983:on 23 July 2010
7969:10.1038/ngeo325
7955:(10): 636–639.
7939:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7904:
7898:
7894:
7884:
7882:
7853:
7849:
7833:
7826:
7819:
7805:
7801:
7791:
7789:
7754:
7750:
7743:
7729:
7725:
7718:
7701:
7694:
7659:Social Research
7655:
7651:
7641:
7639:
7620:
7616:
7600:
7596:
7580:10.1038/451632a
7551:
7547:
7540:
7526:
7522:
7515:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7428:
7424:
7393:
7389:
7379:
7377:
7358:
7354:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7314:
7310:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7241:
7237:
7230:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7131:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7076:, eds. (1987).
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7044:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6983:
6969:
6965:
6950:
6946:
6939:
6925:
6921:
6890:
6886:
6876:
6874:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6793:
6789:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6742:
6736:
6732:
6685:
6678:
6668:
6666:
6659:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6596:
6594:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6519:
6515:
6508:
6491:
6487:
6454:
6450:
6435:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6366:
6362:
6352:
6350:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6317:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6167:
6163:
6148:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6111:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6072:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6033:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5994:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5955:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5900:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5853:
5837:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5737:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5697:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5648:
5644:
5638:De rerum natura
5631:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5608:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5569:
5545:
5541:
5530:
5516:(1 June 1972).
5514:Burkert, Walter
5511:
5504:
5494:
5492:
5485:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5443:
5423:
5419:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5370:Springer Nature
5355:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5315:
5311:
5296:
5292:
5255:(1257): 21–42.
5240:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5217:
5198:
5189:
5179:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5145:
5143:
5136:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5098:. p. 127.
5088:
5084:
5077:
5060:
5056:
5025:
5021:
5006:
4984:
4980:
4927:
4923:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4851:
4847:
4816:
4812:
4792:
4788:
4759:(95): 219–234.
4749:
4745:
4738:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4682:
4678:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4616:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4581:. p. 545.
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4541:Merriam-Webster
4531:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4507:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4443:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4404:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4320:Harrison, Peter
4317:
4313:
4306:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4184:
4180:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4096:
4092:
4081:
4058:
4054:
4048:Wayback Machine
4039:
4035:
4028:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3980:
3957:
3942:
3920:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3886:
3882:
3837:
3833:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3771:
3752:
3745:
3703:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3669:
3662:
3651:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3603:
3596:
3586:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3505:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3448:
3412:advocacy groups
3397:
3347:
3341:
3222:
3214:Main articles:
3212:
3184:in France, the
3127:
3122:
3111:
3095:
3008:
3000:domestic sphere
2950:academic degree
2926:
2910:
2853:instrumentalism
2846:trial and error
2773:
2753:Richard Feynman
2710:
2663:
2655:Main articles:
2653:
2537:ongoing process
2529:
2512:
2493:
2433:Applied science
2430:
2428:Applied science
2361:
2341:interactionists
2321:human geography
2299:
2291:natural history
2283:presuppositions
2227:Natural science
2224:
2222:Natural science
2196:natural science
2188:
2182:
2156:, predicted by
2118:M87* black hole
2110:
2104:
2056:Albert Einstein
1971:ozone depletion
1943:
1937:
1917:Henri Becquerel
1893:Michael Faraday
1773:
1767:
1629:by Isaac Newton
1617:
1611:
1570:Johannes Kepler
1564:orbital periods
1484:
1476:Main articles:
1474:
1430:Aristotelianism
1414:House of Wisdom
1403:Sassanid Empire
1360:John Philoponus
1324:
1318:
1299:Natural History
1294:Pliny the Elder
1241:Socratic method
1210:theory of atoms
1146:
1140:
1079:, and rituals.
1045:writing systems
1001:
995:
990:
984:
970:Mary Somerville
968:in a review of
962:William Whewell
943:
889:
879:
838:Michiel de Vaan
833:
795:noun derivative
761:
594:instead of the
582:), which study
572:formal sciences
566:), which study
503:
467:
465:
450:
445:
444:
400:
399:
390:
389:
385:Research ethics
380:Logical fallacy
370:Reproducibility
365:
364:
353:
352:
189:Anthropological
135:Formal sciences
119:
118:
98:
74:Article indexes
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15149:
15139:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15113:
15112:
15095:
15078:
15076:from Wikibooks
15061:
15059:from Wikiquote
15044:
15027:
14998:
14995:
14994:
14971:
14970:
14968:
14967:
14966:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14940:
14939:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14908:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14891:
14890:
14885:
14878:Science policy
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14833:Digital divide
14830:
14824:
14822:
14816:
14815:
14813:
14812:
14807:
14806:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14777:
14776:
14775:
14770:
14765:
14760:
14755:
14749:Technological
14747:
14746:
14745:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14694:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14626:Design studies
14623:
14618:
14612:
14610:
14602:
14601:
14599:
14598:
14597:
14596:
14586:
14581:
14580:
14579:
14569:
14564:
14562:Scientometrics
14559:
14554:
14553:
14552:
14547:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14527:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14499:
14498:
14497:
14492:
14487:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14454:
14449:
14444:
14443:
14442:
14435:Paradigm shift
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14381:
14379:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14346:
14345:
14335:
14334:
14333:
14328:
14320:
14314:
14312:
14306:
14305:
14303:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14275:Postpositivism
14272:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14235:Antipositivism
14232:
14226:
14224:
14218:
14217:
14215:
14214:
14209:
14208:
14207:
14205:and technology
14197:
14191:
14189:
14183:
14182:
14180:
14179:
14174:
14168:
14166:
14160:
14159:
14152:
14151:
14144:
14137:
14129:
14120:
14119:
14117:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14069:Nanotechnology
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14039:Machine vision
14036:
14031:
14026:
14025:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13996:
13995:
13994:
13989:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13965:
13964:
13959:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13855:
13852:
13851:
13842:Glossaries of
13839:
13838:
13831:
13824:
13816:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13792:
13780:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13769:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13736:W. V. O. Quine
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13671:Rudolf Steiner
13668:
13663:
13661:Henri Poincaré
13658:
13652:
13649:
13648:
13646:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13619:
13617:
13610:
13604:
13603:
13601:
13600:
13595:
13590:
13585:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13559:
13558:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13531:Exact sciences
13528:
13523:
13518:
13512:
13510:
13509:Related topics
13506:
13505:
13503:
13502:
13501:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13468:Social science
13465:
13464:
13463:
13461:Space and time
13453:
13448:
13442:
13440:
13436:
13435:
13433:
13432:
13427:
13422:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13374:
13365:
13360:
13347:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13256:
13254:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13246:
13241:
13240:
13239:
13234:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13213:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13170:Scientific law
13167:
13166:
13165:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13108:
13107:
13106:
13101:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13079:Falsifiability
13076:
13071:
13066:
13065:
13064:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13038:
13037:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13011:
13010:
13008:Mill's Methods
13000:
12989:
12984:
12978:
12976:
12972:
12971:
12964:
12963:
12956:
12949:
12941:
12934:
12933:External links
12931:
12928:
12927:
12852:
12798:
12787:Bolsen, Toby;
12779:
12742:
12716:
12689:
12669:
12638:
12619:(4): 337–357.
12603:
12536:
12505:
12474:
12447:
12413:
12372:
12337:
12306:
12287:
12251:(5): 567–588.
12228:
12213:
12195:
12128:
12098:
12059:
12027:
11986:
11956:
11935:10.1086/351711
11913:
11895:978-9264239784
11894:
11867:
11839:
11808:
11782:
11761:"Introduction"
11752:
11726:
11699:
11680:Meynell, G.G.
11672:
11646:
11620:
11590:
11579:on 3 June 2014
11564:
11553:on 29 May 2013
11538:
11511:
11504:
11486:
11471:
11438:
11405:
11356:
11323:
11290:
11257:
11204:
11175:
11140:
11073:
11054:
11047:
11021:
11002:
10978:
10947:
10932:
10925:
10899:
10884:
10877:
10851:
10844:
10815:
10808:
10782:
10775:
10749:
10742:
10713:
10674:
10668:978-1473696419
10667:
10644:
10613:
10606:
10581:
10548:
10489:
10460:(6): 528–530.
10440:
10391:
10361:
10346:
10328:
10282:
10275:
10249:
10222:
10207:
10189:
10174:
10154:
10139:
10121:
10098:
10065:
10058:
10040:
10033:
10015:
9994:(4): 364–376.
9974:
9967:
9947:Fara, Patricia
9938:
9931:
9913:
9907:978-0199543182
9906:
9877:
9862:
9836:
9826:
9805:
9778:
9763:
9756:
9734:
9723:(2): 121–128.
9707:
9634:Vazire, Simine
9618:Kleinberg, Jon
9596:
9563:(3): 844–853.
9543:
9506:
9463:(March 2000).
9461:Davis, Bernard
9411:
9352:
9345:
9327:
9293:(5): 477–486.
9270:
9244:
9201:
9171:
9154:+Plus Magazine
9140:
9114:
9103:
9083:
9051:
9044:
9026:
9019:
9001:
8982:
8960:
8945:
8910:
8895:
8863:
8829:
8803:
8796:
8778:
8759:
8737:
8722:
8693:
8686:
8668:
8638:
8612:
8589:
8529:
8498:
8469:(3): 625–629.
8449:
8418:(6): 577–622.
8412:Human Genomics
8398:
8371:
8364:
8338:
8331:
8313:
8295:978-1605356051
8294:
8274:
8267:
8241:
8180:
8173:
8155:
8128:
8108:
8090:
8083:
8060:
8041:(2): 115–125.
8025:
7994:
7933:
7892:
7857:"Cathode Rays"
7847:
7824:
7817:
7799:
7748:
7741:
7723:
7716:
7692:
7665:(1): 125–158.
7649:
7614:
7594:
7545:
7538:
7520:
7513:
7495:
7488:
7456:Maurice Allais
7444:Lawrence Klein
7440:Paul Samuelson
7422:
7409:10.2307/588406
7403:(2): 164–180.
7387:
7376:on 6 June 2011
7352:
7337:
7330:
7308:
7287:(2): 268–270.
7264:
7258:978-0521640664
7257:
7235:
7229:978-0131443297
7228:
7210:
7180:
7148:
7130:978-0511819421
7129:
7095:
7089:978-0816013159
7088:
7061:
7042:
7022:
6992:
6981:
6963:
6944:
6937:
6919:
6900:(1): 201–218.
6884:
6853:
6846:
6815:
6808:
6787:
6730:
6701:10.1086/352843
6676:
6657:
6637:
6611:
6581:(4): 168–188.
6557:
6550:
6524:, ed. (2006).
6522:Selin, Helaine
6513:
6506:
6485:
6470:10.1086/349914
6448:
6433:
6394:
6388:978-0415259347
6387:
6360:
6330:
6315:
6297:
6290:
6260:
6229:
6200:
6181:
6161:
6146:
6128:
6109:
6089:
6070:
6050:
6031:
6011:
5992:
5972:
5953:
5917:
5898:
5870:
5851:
5828:
5799:
5784:. p. 27.
5773:
5758:. p. 17.
5747:
5714:
5695:
5675:
5642:
5625:
5606:
5586:
5567:
5539:
5528:
5502:
5483:
5460:
5442:978-0814319024
5441:
5417:
5334:
5327:
5309:
5290:
5234:
5215:
5187:
5157:
5134:
5120:Erlich, Ḥaggai
5111:
5105:978-0313324338
5104:
5082:
5075:
5054:
5035:(2): 197–211.
5019:
5004:
4978:
4921:
4900:10.1086/599864
4894:(2): 345–375.
4878:
4871:
4845:
4826:(1): 133–143.
4810:
4807:. p. 248.
4799:Wengrow, David
4795:Graeber, David
4786:
4743:
4736:
4710:
4676:
4641:
4614:
4594:
4587:
4558:
4524:
4505:
4485:
4478:
4460:
4441:
4421:
4402:
4382:
4363:
4343:
4332:
4311:
4304:
4286:
4279:
4261:
4254:
4228:
4221:
4203:
4196:
4178:
4165:
4158:
4140:
4133:
4115:
4108:
4090:
4079:
4052:
4033:
4026:
3999:
3993:978-0226482057
3992:
3955:
3940:
3911:
3880:
3831:
3816:
3809:
3788:
3769:
3743:
3706:Löwe, Benedikt
3694:
3660:
3636:
3617:
3594:
3584:
3572:Heilbron, J.L.
3560:
3553:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3499:
3495:Ibn al-Haytham
3489:Book of Optics
3478:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3363:
3356:climate change
3343:Main article:
3340:
3337:
3296:beat reporters
3266:observations,
3211:
3208:
3196:Science policy
3180:in Australia,
3176:in Argentina,
3134:Budget of NASA
3126:
3123:
3110:
3107:
3098:Science awards
3094:
3091:
3007:
3004:
2925:
2922:
2909:
2906:
2879:paradigm shift
2871:normal science
2838:falsifiability
2772:
2769:
2745:fringe science
2718:methodological
2716:is an ongoing
2709:
2706:
2652:
2649:
2528:
2525:
2516:Basic research
2511:
2508:
2500:bioinformatics
2492:
2489:
2484:topic modeling
2480:random forests
2454:basic sciences
2429:
2426:
2384:systems theory
2368:formal systems
2364:Formal science
2360:
2359:Formal science
2357:
2333:functionalists
2313:Social science
2298:
2297:Social science
2295:
2255:Ancient Greece
2253:that began in
2223:
2220:
2204:formal science
2200:social science
2184:Main article:
2181:
2178:
2174:accretion disc
2162:first observed
2150:Standard Model
2124:collaboration.
2106:Main article:
2103:
2100:
2092:systems theory
2012:, such as the
1983:climate change
1979:eutrophication
1939:Main article:
1936:
1933:
1905:Heinrich Hertz
1870:thermodynamics
1840:. The laws of
1801:Charles Darwin
1785:Charles Darwin
1769:Main article:
1766:
1763:
1692:popularisation
1678:
1613:Main article:
1610:
1607:
1603:laws of nature
1598:René Descartes
1590:printing press
1509:camera obscura
1473:
1470:
1459:. Renaissance
1438:Ibn al-Haytham
1371:late antiquity
1320:Main article:
1317:
1314:
1254:self-criticism
1142:Main article:
1139:
1136:
997:Main article:
994:
991:
986:Main article:
983:
980:
941:
908:back-formation
887:
877:
775:as the suffix
769:Middle English
760:
757:
650:physical world
584:formal systems
548:physical world
505:
504:
502:
501:
494:
487:
479:
476:
475:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
425:Science policy
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
397:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
375:Cognitive bias
372:
366:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
238:
237:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
199:Criminological
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
166:
165:
164:
159:
149:
148:
147:
142:
129:
128:
120:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15148:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15123:
15121:
15109:
15108:
15107:Travel guides
15096:
15092:
15091:
15079:
15075:
15074:
15062:
15058:
15057:
15045:
15042:from Wikinews
15041:
15040:
15028:
15024:
15023:
15011:
15010:
15007:
15001:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14982:
14979:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14950:
14949:
14941:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14923:
14920:
14916:
14915:
14912:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14880:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14825:
14823:
14821:
14817:
14811:
14808:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14780:
14778:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14750:
14748:
14744:
14741:
14740:
14739:
14738:Technoscience
14736:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14708:Media studies
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14668:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14646:Early adopter
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14616:Co-production
14614:
14613:
14611:
14609:
14603:
14595:
14592:
14591:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14578:
14575:
14574:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14502:
14500:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14465:communication
14463:
14461:
14458:
14457:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14447:Pseudoscience
14445:
14441:
14438:
14437:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14395:Boundary-work
14393:
14391:
14390:Bibliometrics
14388:
14386:
14383:
14382:
14380:
14378:
14372:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14344:
14341:
14340:
14339:
14336:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14311:
14307:
14301:
14300:Transhumanism
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14227:
14225:
14223:
14219:
14213:
14210:
14206:
14203:
14202:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14192:
14190:
14188:
14184:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14169:
14167:
14165:
14161:
14157:
14150:
14145:
14143:
14138:
14136:
14131:
14130:
14127:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13999:
13997:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13984:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13954:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13853:
13849:
13845:
13837:
13832:
13830:
13825:
13823:
13818:
13817:
13814:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13791:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13773:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13721:Rudolf Carnap
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13664:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13656:Auguste Comte
13654:
13653:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13628:Francis Bacon
13626:
13624:
13621:
13620:
13618:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13605:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13557:
13556:Pseudoscience
13554:
13553:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13513:
13511:
13507:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13470:
13469:
13466:
13462:
13459:
13458:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13437:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13415:Structuralism
13413:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13378:
13377:Received view
13375:
13373:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13355:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13285:Contextualism
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13251:
13245:
13242:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13229:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13164:
13161:
13160:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13113:
13109:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13096:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13063:
13060:
13059:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13036:
13033:
13032:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13009:
13006:
13005:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12998:
12994:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12979:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12962:
12957:
12955:
12950:
12948:
12943:
12942:
12939:
12912:
12908:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12882:
12878:
12874:
12870:
12863:
12856:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12812:
12805:
12803:
12794:
12790:
12783:
12767:
12763:
12759:
12758:
12753:
12746:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12720:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12686:
12682:
12681:
12673:
12657:
12653:
12649:
12642:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12607:
12599:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12563:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12540:
12524:
12520:
12516:
12509:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12478:
12462:
12458:
12451:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12417:
12409:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12391:
12387:
12383:
12376:
12360:
12356:
12352:
12348:
12341:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12310:
12302:
12298:
12291:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12239:
12232:
12224:
12220:
12216:
12210:
12206:
12199:
12191:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12132:
12116:
12112:
12108:
12102:
12086:
12082:
12078:
12074:
12070:
12063:
12047:
12043:
12042:
12037:
12031:
12015:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11998:
11990:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11960:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11929:(241): 4–26.
11928:
11924:
11917:
11901:
11897:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11878:
11871:
11860:
11856:
11849:
11843:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11812:
11796:
11792:
11786:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11756:
11740:
11736:
11730:
11714:
11710:
11703:
11687:
11683:
11676:
11660:
11656:
11650:
11634:
11630:
11624:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11594:
11578:
11574:
11568:
11552:
11548:
11542:
11526:
11522:
11515:
11507:
11501:
11497:
11490:
11482:
11475:
11466:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11442:
11433:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11416:
11409:
11401:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11360:
11351:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11327:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11301:
11294:
11285:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11261:
11253:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11214:Nayar, Anjali
11208:
11201:
11189:
11185:
11179:
11172:
11157:
11150:
11144:
11125:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11103:
11099:
11095:
11091:
11084:
11077:
11069:
11065:
11058:
11050:
11044:
11040:
11035:
11034:
11025:
11009:
11005:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10990:
10982:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10957:"Thomas Kuhn"
10951:
10943:
10936:
10928:
10922:
10918:
10913:
10912:
10903:
10895:
10888:
10880:
10874:
10870:
10865:
10864:
10855:
10847:
10841:
10837:
10832:
10831:
10822:
10820:
10811:
10805:
10801:
10796:
10795:
10786:
10778:
10772:
10768:
10763:
10762:
10753:
10745:
10739:
10735:
10730:
10729:
10720:
10718:
10710:
10695:
10691:
10684:
10678:
10670:
10664:
10660:
10659:
10654:
10648:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10617:
10609:
10603:
10598:
10597:
10591:
10585:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10559:
10552:
10544:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10493:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10444:
10436:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10395:
10379:
10375:
10368:
10366:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10343:
10340:. CRC Press.
10339:
10332:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10286:
10278:
10272:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10253:
10237:
10233:
10226:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10200:
10193:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10171:
10167:
10166:
10158:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10132:
10125:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10102:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10061:
10055:
10051:
10044:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10019:
10011:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9978:
9970:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9942:
9934:
9928:
9924:
9917:
9909:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9881:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9850:
9849:
9840:
9833:
9829:
9823:
9819:
9812:
9810:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9774:
9767:
9759:
9753:
9748:
9747:
9738:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9711:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9640:(July 2021).
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9600:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9547:
9539:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9510:
9502:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9348:
9342:
9338:
9331:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9274:
9258:
9254:
9248:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9217:(3): 102–04.
9216:
9212:
9205:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9144:
9128:
9124:
9118:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9087:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9055:
9047:
9041:
9037:
9030:
9022:
9016:
9012:
9005:
8989:
8985:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8964:
8956:
8949:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8914:
8906:
8899:
8883:
8879:
8878:
8873:
8867:
8860:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8799:
8793:
8789:
8782:
8766:
8762:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8741:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8715:
8710:
8709:
8700:
8698:
8689:
8683:
8679:
8672:
8656:
8652:
8651:Seed Magazine
8648:
8642:
8626:
8622:
8616:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8593:
8585:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8533:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8502:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8453:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8402:
8394:
8390:
8387:(4): 407–26.
8386:
8382:
8375:
8367:
8361:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8342:
8334:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8278:
8270:
8264:
8260:
8255:
8254:
8245:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8176:
8170:
8166:
8159:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8125:
8121:
8120:
8112:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8086:
8084:0-525-94571-7
8080:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8064:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
7998:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7937:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7717:0-7131-2789-9
7713:
7709:
7705:
7704:Reichl, Linda
7699:
7697:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7598:
7590:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7541:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7516:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7491:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7476:Jan Tinbergen
7473:
7469:
7465:
7464:Richard Stone
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7436:
7435:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7391:
7375:
7371:
7370:New Statesman
7367:
7365:
7356:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7260:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7239:
7231:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7165:
7158:
7152:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7109:
7108:
7099:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7026:
7010:
7006:
7005:Maths History
7002:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6959:
6955:
6948:
6940:
6934:
6930:
6929:Francis Bacon
6923:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6849:
6847:0-14-019246-8
6843:
6839:
6835:
6834:Penguin Books
6831:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6753:(3): 219–35.
6752:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6695:(4): 568–89.
6694:
6690:
6683:
6681:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6608:
6604:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6509:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6464:(4): 463–65.
6463:
6459:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6410:De Aspectibus
6409:
6401:
6399:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6348:
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6340:
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6287:
6283:
6279:
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6273:
6264:
6248:
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6233:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6204:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6174:
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6165:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6147:1-56025-748-2
6143:
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5347:. SUNY Press,
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4706:
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3750:
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3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:(1/2): 5–11.
3715:
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3469:(Wikiversity)
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3370:social groups
3368:
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3307:New Scientist
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3099:
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3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
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3068:
3065:in 1660, the
3064:
3063:Royal Society
3059:
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2843:
2842:falsification
2839:
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2818:
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2792:
2788:
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2754:
2750:
2746:
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2741:pseudoscience
2737:
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2726:life sciences
2723:
2719:
2715:
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2698:
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2648:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
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2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2605:to avoid the
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
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2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
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2533:
2524:
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2507:
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2256:
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2247:earth science
2244:
2240:
2236:
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2228:
2219:
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2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
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2177:
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2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
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2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2099:
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2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:global powers
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:radioactivity
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:atomic theory
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:Gregor Mendel
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1794:Wilhelm Wundt
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Adam Ferguson
1734:
1733:James Burnett
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:Carl Linnaeus
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:Bacon's words
1670:
1669:materialistic
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:Francis Bacon
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:formulated a
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:perspectivism
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:scholasticism
1458:
1454:
1449:
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1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
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1396:
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1388:
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1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
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1261:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
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1187:
1183:
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1171:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Mesopotamians
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Ancient Egypt
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
993:Early history
989:
979:
977:
976:
971:
967:
963:
957:
955:
947:
934:
933:
927:
924:
916:
915:
909:
904:
899:
898:
893:
871:
866:
859:
853:
848:
843:
839:
832:
827:
825:
823:
822:
816:
811:
810:
803:
802:
797:of the Latin
796:
791:
790:
784:
779:
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
734:
730:
729:institutional
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
481:
480:
478:
477:
474:
463:
459:
454:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
357:
356:
345:
342:
340:
339:Urban studies
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
235:
234:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
174:Psychological
172:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:Life sciences
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
124:
123:
116:
112:
108:
102:
101:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
15105:
15088:
15071:
15054:
15037:
15025:from Commons
15020:
14999:
14953:Associations
14788:criticism of
14698:Leapfrogging
14681:linear model
14567:Team science
14557:Scientocracy
14480:Neo-colonial
14230:Anthropocene
13953:Engineering
13904:Cell biology
13874:Architecture
13843:
13766:Larry Laudan
13746:Imre Lakatos
13701:Otto Neurath
13676:Karl Pearson
13666:Pierre Duhem
13638:Isaac Newton
13568:Protoscience
13526:Epistemology
13400:Anti-realism
13398: /
13379: /
13370: /
13356: /
13354:Reductionism
13352: /
13325:Inductionism
13305:Evolutionism
13110:
12997:a posteriori
12996:
12992:
12918:. Retrieved
12872:
12868:
12855:
12843:. Retrieved
12821:
12817:
12792:
12782:
12770:. Retrieved
12766:the original
12761:
12755:
12745:
12737:
12730:The Guardian
12729:
12719:
12707:. Retrieved
12679:
12672:
12660:. Retrieved
12651:
12641:
12616:
12612:
12606:
12553:
12549:
12539:
12527:. Retrieved
12518:
12508:
12496:. Retrieved
12487:
12477:
12465:. Retrieved
12461:the original
12450:
12438:. Retrieved
12429:
12416:
12389:
12385:
12375:
12363:. Retrieved
12354:
12350:
12340:
12328:. Retrieved
12319:
12309:
12301:the original
12290:
12278:. Retrieved
12248:
12244:
12231:
12204:
12198:
12145:
12141:
12131:
12119:. Retrieved
12110:
12101:
12089:. Retrieved
12072:
12062:
12050:. Retrieved
12039:
12030:
12018:. Retrieved
12001:
11989:
11977:. Retrieved
11968:
11959:
11926:
11922:
11916:
11904:. Retrieved
11876:
11870:
11859:the original
11842:
11830:. Retrieved
11821:
11811:
11799:. Retrieved
11785:
11773:. Retrieved
11764:
11755:
11743:. Retrieved
11729:
11717:. Retrieved
11702:
11690:. Retrieved
11686:the original
11675:
11663:. Retrieved
11649:
11639:11 September
11637:. Retrieved
11623:
11611:. Retrieved
11602:
11593:
11581:. Retrieved
11577:the original
11567:
11555:. Retrieved
11551:the original
11541:
11531:11 September
11529:. Retrieved
11514:
11495:
11489:
11480:
11474:
11455:
11451:
11441:
11422:
11418:
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11373:
11369:
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11340:
11336:
11326:
11307:
11303:
11293:
11274:
11270:
11260:
11225:
11221:
11207:
11199:
11192:. Retrieved
11178:
11170:
11163:. Retrieved
11143:
11131:. Retrieved
11096:(1): 24–33.
11093:
11089:
11076:
11067:
11063:
11057:
11032:
11024:
11012:. Retrieved
10988:
10981:
10969:. Retrieved
10960:
10950:
10941:
10935:
10910:
10902:
10893:
10887:
10862:
10854:
10829:
10793:
10785:
10760:
10752:
10727:
10708:
10701:. Retrieved
10694:the original
10689:
10677:
10657:
10647:
10635:. Retrieved
10631:the original
10626:
10616:
10595:
10584:
10572:. Retrieved
10561:
10551:
10506:
10503:PLOS Biology
10502:
10492:
10457:
10453:
10443:
10408:
10404:
10394:
10382:. Retrieved
10337:
10331:
10298:
10294:
10285:
10262:
10252:
10240:. Retrieved
10236:the original
10225:
10198:
10192:
10164:
10157:
10130:
10124:
10116:the original
10111:
10101:
10089:. Retrieved
10082:the original
10068:
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10024:
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9991:
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9977:
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9839:
9831:
9817:
9796:. Retrieved
9792:the original
9781:
9772:
9766:
9745:
9737:
9720:
9716:
9710:
9700:25 September
9698:. Retrieved
9649:
9645:
9610:Athey, Susan
9599:
9587:. Retrieved
9560:
9556:
9546:
9519:
9509:
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9468:
9428:
9424:
9414:
9372:(1): 18–22.
9369:
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9330:
9318:. Retrieved
9290:
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9273:
9261:. Retrieved
9247:
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9153:
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9127:the original
9117:
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9093:
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9070:the original
9063:
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8973:
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8875:
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8841:
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8820:. Retrieved
8806:
8787:
8781:
8769:. Retrieved
8750:
8740:
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8677:
8671:
8659:. Retrieved
8655:the original
8650:
8641:
8631:21 September
8629:. Retrieved
8625:the original
8615:
8598:
8592:
8547:
8543:
8532:
8520:. Retrieved
8501:
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8284:
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8232:. Retrieved
8200:
8196:
8183:
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8158:
8146:. Retrieved
8118:
8111:
8102:
8099:Kahn, Herman
8093:
8073:
8069:Kraft, Chris
8063:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8020:the original
8007:
7997:
7985:. Retrieved
7981:the original
7952:
7946:
7936:
7924:. Retrieved
7912:
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7895:
7883:. Retrieved
7866:
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7765:
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7631:
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7374:the original
7369:
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7340:
7319:
7311:
7284:
7280:
7273:Calisher, CH
7267:
7246:
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7213:
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7192:
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7004:
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6866:
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6771:the original
6750:
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6733:
6692:
6688:
6667:. Retrieved
6647:
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6614:
6606:
6601:– via
6595:. Retrieved
6578:
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6497:
6488:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6421:Philadelphia
6415:
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6373:
6363:
6351:. Retrieved
6342:
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6300:
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6242:
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6210:
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6171:
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6099:
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6060:
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6021:
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5982:
5975:
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5927:
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5908:. Retrieved
5880:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5841:
5821:22 September
5819:. Retrieved
5809:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5776:
5764:. Retrieved
5750:
5738:. Retrieved
5724:
5717:
5705:. Retrieved
5685:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5658:Golden Press
5652:
5645:
5636:
5628:
5616:. Retrieved
5596:
5589:
5577:. Retrieved
5549:
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5493:. Retrieved
5473:
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5427:
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5365:
5359:
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5312:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5252:
5246:
5243:Aaboe, Asger
5237:
5225:. Retrieved
5205:
5178:. Retrieved
5169:
5160:
5151:
5144:. Retrieved
5124:
5114:
5091:
5085:
5066:
5057:
5032:
5028:
5022:
4987:
4981:
4941:(1): 25–48.
4938:
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4848:
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4819:
4813:
4802:
4789:
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4752:
4746:
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4713:
4690:
4679:
4663:(2): 65–85.
4660:
4654:
4644:
4632:. Retrieved
4604:
4597:
4574:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4536:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4495:
4488:
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4451:. Retrieved
4431:
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4392:
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4353:
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4017:
3983:
3923:
3902:. Retrieved
3893:
3883:
3851:(2): Doc24.
3848:
3844:
3834:
3825:
3819:
3800:
3779:. Retrieved
3759:
3755:Rucker, Rudy
3713:
3709:
3685:. Retrieved
3676:
3654:
3627:. Retrieved
3607:
3589:
3575:
3538:
3530:
3502:
3487:
3482:
3409:
3389:
3383:
3367:marginalised
3348:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3300:
3288:
3264:quantitative
3256:correlations
3234:
3194:
3167:
3143:
3096:
3048:
3021:
2992:
2989:
2970:
2946:
2939:in 1903 and
2911:
2887:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2850:
2819:
2796:
2774:
2761:
2751:. Physicist
2749:junk science
2738:
2730:unrepeatable
2711:
2699:
2692:
2691:followed by
2678:
2670:
2629:
2611:
2584:
2580:measurements
2564:natural laws
2556:reproducible
2541:
2513:
2494:
2458:
2431:
2392:
2362:
2349:case studies
2331:such as the
2317:anthropology
2311:
2289:, succeeded
2275:mathematical
2231:life science
2225:
2208:nomenclature
2189:
2136:. The first
2134:human genome
2127:
2102:21st century
2086:, including
2045:
2022:
2002:World War II
1991:
1956:
1935:20th century
1925:Nobel Prizes
1878:
1854:steam engine
1837:
1827:
1812:
1798:
1790:
1765:19th century
1756:
1726:
1708:
1681:
1666:
1661:teleological
1646:
1639:Isaac Newton
1632:
1624:
1587:
1568:
1549:
1533:apperception
1525:John Peckham
1505:metaphysical
1498:
1491:
1450:
1411:
1397:. Under the
1395:Monophysites
1368:
1341:
1304:
1297:
1282:Solar System
1275:
1264:teleological
1258:
1234:
1206:Pythagoreans
1202:supernatural
1179:
1168:
1158:
1126:appeared in
1096:lime plaster
1082:The ancient
1081:
1077:incantations
1042:
1034:protoscience
1022:
973:
965:
958:
949:
937:
919:
895:
873:
830:
828:
817:
764:
762:
737:
733:professional
725:19th century
702:
616:
586:governed by
511:
510:
508:
461:
294:Liberal arts
194:Sociological
140:Mathematical
53:
47:
32:
15131:Observation
14798:theories of
14783:and society
14779:Technology
14773:transitions
14763:determinism
14758:convergence
14733:Technocracy
14515:controversy
14501:Scientific
14485:post-normal
14430:Metascience
14400:Consilience
14385:Antiscience
14250:Neo-Luddism
14245:Fuzzy logic
14074:Ornithology
14059:Meteorology
14044:Mathematics
14034:Ichthyology
13869:Archaeology
13864:Agriculture
13848:engineering
13756:Ian Hacking
13741:Thomas Kuhn
13726:Karl Popper
13706:C. D. Broad
13623:Roger Bacon
13551:Non-science
13493:Linguistics
13473:Archaeology
13368:Rationalism
13358:Determinism
13345:Physicalism
13310:Fallibilism
13260:Coherentism
13190:Testability
13143:Observation
13138:Objectivity
13099:alternative
13030:Correlation
13020:Consilience
12709:5 September
12662:5 September
12422:Wilde, Fran
12365:20 February
12330:20 February
12073:Der Spiegel
11832:3 September
11425:: 419–421.
11310:: 549–552.
11194:7 September
11165:3 September
11111:1721.1/5693
10411:(7525): 9.
10291:Ziman, J.M.
9951:"Decisions"
9522:(80): 3–6.
9477:(1): 1–12.
9431:(1): 1–12.
9366:Med Humanit
9180:Varian, Hal
8771:3 September
7915:: 257–264.
7885:24 February
7768:: 665–681.
7468:James Tobin
6280:. pp.
5807:Aristotle.
5668:18 November
5153:disappear."
4686:"scientist"
4174:Pages 80–81
3904:7 September
3345:Antiscience
3280:computation
3260:qualitative
3248:measurement
3036:conferences
2933:Marie Curie
2918:peer review
2863:Thomas Kuhn
2834:Karl Popper
2822:rationalism
2811:Bayesianism
2807:inductivism
2734:metascience
2636:peer review
2599:falsifiable
2595:consilience
2568:observation
2548:objectively
2279:conjectures
2146:Higgs boson
2088:smartphones
2070:, time and
1998:World War I
1959:antibiotics
1921:Marie Curie
1830:John Dalton
1741:John Millar
1517:Roger Bacon
1501:Renaissance
1472:Renaissance
1379:four causes
1342:Due to the
1316:Middle Ages
1226:Hippocrates
1190:Anaximander
1130:during the
1053:Mesopotamia
1013:Babylonians
952:*sḱʰeh2(i)-
705:Greek works
698:Renaissance
664:during the
630:Mesopotamia
608:engineering
568:individuals
528:predictions
398:Instruments
319:Professions
314:War studies
221:Engineering
15120:Categories
15056:Quotations
14936:Technology
14888:science of
14883:history of
14768:revolution
14676:disruptive
14666:Innovation
14661:Hype cycle
14606:Technology
14577:ecological
14550:skepticism
14540:misconduct
14525:enterprise
14343:scientific
14270:Positivism
14240:Empiricism
14222:Philosophy
14089:Psychiatry
13998:Geography
13969:Entomology
13643:David Hume
13616:Precursors
13498:Psychology
13478:Economics
13372:Empiricism
13363:Pragmatism
13350:Positivism
13340:Naturalism
13210:scientific
13094:Hypothesis
13057:Experiment
12795:(65): 746.
12699:1322437138
11801:21 October
11692:13 October
11665:7 December
11613:22 January
11277:: 419–21.
10971:26 October
10637:4 November
10384:4 November
9798:5 February
9320:14 October
8822:21 October
8661:4 November
8557:1710.05833
8550:(2): L12.
8207:: 549–54.
7987:22 October
7634:(1): 134.
7331:0198505949
7203:29 January
7193:Britannica
7173:29 January
6877:3 November
6836:. p.
6832:. London:
6630:27 October
6353:3 November
6193:9 November
6121:20 October
6082:20 October
6043:20 October
6004:20 October
5863:20 October
5792:1 November
5766:1 November
5707:20 October
5618:20 October
5579:20 October
5495:20 October
5306:(1): 7–18.
5227:20 October
4707:required.)
4551:16 October
4061:Keay, John
3522:References
3252:empiricism
3163:humanities
3028:profession
2986:government
2966:government
2924:Scientists
2883:relativism
2803:empiricism
2708:Challenges
2572:hypotheses
2442:prevention
2170:black hole
2142:stem cells
2039:theory of
2014:Space Race
2004:, and the
1951:ozone hole
1755:published
1753:Adam Smith
1391:Nestorians
1334:depicts a
1310:arithmetic
1218:Democritus
1194:Anaximenes
1180:The early
1116:divinatory
1038:presentism
623:Bronze Age
560:psychology
550:; and the
524:hypotheses
516:systematic
440:Technology
309:Philosophy
299:Literature
269:Humanities
259:Futurology
209:Linguistic
94:Philosophy
89:Literature
79:Glossaries
18:Scientific
15090:Resources
15073:Textbooks
14843:Factor 10
14671:diffusion
14510:consensus
14505:community
14470:education
14310:Sociology
14285:Scientism
14164:Economics
13944:Economics
13909:Chemistry
13884:Astronomy
13483:Geography
13451:Chemistry
13410:Scientism
13205:ladenness
13025:Construct
13003:Causality
12920:25 August
12772:16 August
12633:144645723
12580:0027-8424
12357:: 41–60.
12280:16 August
12267:0018-1560
12223:875999943
12172:1553-734X
12081:2195-1349
12041:Le Figaro
12010:0362-4331
10590:Shermer M
10525:1545-7885
10356:232950234
10184:185926306
9690:235697917
9674:1476-4687
9589:16 August
9579:248334446
9307:0048-7333
9076:3 October
8584:217162243
8522:9 October
8485:1600-0641
8285:Evolution
8234:4 October
8138:166143348
7926:8 January
7687:141350239
7480:Routledge
6826:(1990) .
6767:118351058
6379:Routledge
6253:3 October
5740:23 August
5730:Macmillan
5633:Lucretius
5393:16 August
5285:122508567
5146:9 January
5049:141599452
5014:700406626
4973:253597172
4965:1422-6944
4773:1827-4765
4533:"science"
3950:110332727
3730:0039-7857
3272:chemistry
3103:chemistry
2941:Chemistry
2902:empirical
2826:Descartes
2787:epicycles
2450:treatment
2446:diagnosis
2422:economics
2410:chemistry
2263:Descartes
2243:astronomy
2239:chemistry
1749:modernity
1723:chemistry
1719:magnetism
1688:academies
1513:telescope
1399:Caliphate
1260:Aristotle
1249:dialectic
1220:. Later,
1214:Leucippus
1112:astrology
1108:behaviour
966:scientist
928:in Latin
900:proposed
763:The word
759:Etymology
638:astronomy
564:sociology
556:economics
540:chemistry
520:knowledge
430:Scientist
184:Political
35:(journal)
14963:Scholars
14958:Journals
14948:Category
14922:Portals
14803:transfer
14793:dynamics
14743:feminist
14545:priority
14530:literacy
14490:rhetoric
14456:Science
14420:Logology
14114:Virology
14099:Robotics
14064:Mycology
14054:Medicine
13899:Calculus
13778:Category
13430:Vitalism
13253:Theories
13227:Variable
13148:Paradigm
13035:function
12993:A priori
12982:Analysis
12975:Concepts
12911:Archived
12907:31565263
12875:(2): 1.
12845:12 April
12836:Archived
12824:: 2–38.
12734:Archived
12703:Archived
12656:Archived
12598:35858405
12529:4 August
12523:Archived
12498:4 August
12492:Archived
12467:27 April
12434:Archived
12408:24312943
12359:Archived
12324:Archived
12271:Archived
12190:23028299
12115:Archived
12085:Archived
12046:Archived
12014:Archived
11973:Archived
11951:32956693
11900:Archived
11826:Archived
11795:Archived
11769:Archived
11739:Archived
11719:12 March
11713:Archived
11659:Archived
11633:Archived
11607:Archived
11525:Archived
11400:21512548
11252:21512548
11188:Archived
11156:Archived
11124:Archived
11008:Archived
10965:Archived
10655:(2018).
10592:(1997).
10568:Archived
10543:26431313
10484:26361121
10476:26168108
10435:25373639
10378:Archived
10242:28 March
10217:47791316
10149:54989960
10091:28 March
9949:(2009).
9892:(2011).
9872:59377149
9729:23767672
9694:Archived
9682:34194044
9583:Archived
9538:19790950
9501:10704471
9455:10704471
9406:73306806
9398:12484313
9311:Archived
9263:25 March
9257:Archived
9239:21610124
9231:15319191
9193:Archived
9158:Archived
8994:24 March
8988:Archived
8926:: 5–11.
8920:Synthese
8882:Archived
8846:Archived
8816:Archived
8765:Archived
8732:59377149
8516:Archived
8493:23131523
8444:22155605
8300:Archived
8225:Archived
8221:17729659
8203:(4406).
8142:Archived
8101:(1962).
8055:34844169
7977:94880859
7917:Archived
7879:Archived
7786:Archived
7706:(1980).
7679:40972005
7636:Archived
7605:(2000).
7589:18256649
7380:27 April
7303:17436393
7275:(2007).
7197:Archived
7164:Archived
7135:Archived
7048:Archived
7009:Archived
6871:Archived
6780:12 April
6725:27806323
6669:27 March
6663:Archived
6624:Archived
6591:Archived
6587:26473232
6443:47168716
6416:, 2 vols
6347:Archived
6247:Archived
6216:Archived
6187:Archived
6156:62164511
6115:Archived
6076:Archived
6037:Archived
5998:Archived
5959:Archived
5904:Archived
5857:Archived
5815:Archived
5786:Archived
5760:Archived
5734:Archived
5701:Archived
5662:Archived
5612:Archived
5573:Archived
5534:Archived
5489:Archived
5471:(2016).
5447:Archived
5384:Archived
5221:Archived
5203:(2005).
5174:Archived
5140:Archived
4916:43643053
4908:19750597
4801:(2021).
4781:28489015
4628:Archived
4624:51330464
4569:(2008).
4545:Archived
4511:Archived
4447:Archived
4408:Archived
4369:Archived
4322:(2015).
4063:(2000).
4044:Archived
3898:Archived
3875:24872859
3775:Archived
3710:Synthese
3681:Archived
3623:Archived
3446:See also
3418:such as
3395:Politics
3384:delivery
3352:COVID-19
3304:such as
2982:industry
2978:academia
2962:industry
2958:academia
2956:such as
2813:and the
2621:reasoned
2576:theories
2462:applies
2398:Calculus
2393:a priori
2376:theorems
2192:branches
2180:Branches
2037:Big Bang
2006:Cold War
1969:such as
1929:electron
1856:and the
1783:made by
1711:taxonomy
1529:ontology
1511:and the
1442:Avicenna
1393:and the
1373:and the
1290:calculus
1277:Almagest
1237:Socrates
1222:Epicurus
1128:Sumerian
1073:calendar
1069:geometry
1015:records
972:'s book
789:scientia
680:and the
612:medicine
435:Research
324:Religion
226:Medicine
204:Military
179:Economic
157:Physical
145:Computer
69:Category
15126:Science
15000:Science
14992:Science
14926:Science
14608:studies
14520:dissent
14460:citizen
14377:studies
14375:Science
14322:Social
14187:History
14079:Physics
14029:Geology
13939:Ecology
13889:Biology
13844:science
13488:History
13456:Physics
13446:Biology
13244:more...
13232:control
13128:Inquiry
12898:6607159
12877:Bibcode
12589:9335320
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3109:Society
2943:in 1911
2937:Physics
2618:validly
2418:finance
2414:biology
2259:Galileo
2072:gravity
1874:entropy
1787:in 1837
1696:Galileo
1645:by his
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1521:Vitello
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1011:by the
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831:science
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765:science
574:(e.g.,
554:(e.g.,
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536:physics
534:(e.g.,
512:Science
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111:Outline
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14820:Policy
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2420:, and
2402:motion
2386:, and
2380:axioms
2351:, and
2339:, and
2281:, and
2271:Newton
2269:, and
2245:, and
2202:, and
2068:length
1981:, and
1909:X-rays
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1523:, and
1387:Arabic
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7642:9 May
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6222:1 May
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4453:5 May
4414:5 May
4375:5 May
3946:S2CID
3734:S2CID
3687:9 May
3629:4 May
3547:–71.
3474:Notes
3365:Some
2896:" is
2747:, or
2625:model
2554:in a
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1838:atoms
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1245:Plato
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783:Latin
626:Egypt
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14691:user
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14495:wars
13846:and
13104:null
13074:Fact
12995:and
12922:2019
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12847:2020
12774:2018
12711:2022
12695:OCLC
12685:ISBN
12664:2022
12594:PMID
12576:ISSN
12531:2022
12500:2022
12469:2008
12442:2019
12404:PMID
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12332:2008
12282:2023
12263:ISSN
12219:OCLC
12209:ISBN
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12123:2022
12093:2022
12077:ISSN
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12022:2022
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11981:2022
11939:PMID
11923:Isis
11908:2022
11890:ISBN
11855:OECD
11834:2018
11803:2018
11777:2022
11747:2022
11721:2012
11694:2011
11667:2009
11641:2007
11615:2023
11585:2013
11559:2013
11533:2007
11500:ISBN
11396:PMID
11248:PMID
11196:2018
11167:2018
11135:2022
11070:(2).
11043:ISBN
11016:2022
10998:ISBN
10973:2015
10921:ISBN
10873:ISBN
10840:ISBN
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10663:ISBN
10639:2016
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10539:PMID
10521:ISSN
10472:PMID
10431:PMID
10386:2016
10352:OCLC
10342:ISBN
10319:PMID
10271:ISBN
10244:2008
10213:OCLC
10203:ISBN
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10170:ISBN
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9166:2021
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9078:2006
9040:ISBN
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8996:2018
8978:ISBN
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8854:2021
8824:2012
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8773:2018
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8728:OCLC
8718:ISBN
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8633:2021
8524:2013
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8360:ISBN
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7928:2021
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6632:2017
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6439:OCLC
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