1954:
1621:" because the other natural sciences (like biology, geology etc.) deal with systems that seem to obey the laws of physics. According to physics, the physical laws of matter, energy and the fundamental forces of nature govern the interactions between particles and physical entities (such as planets, molecules, atoms or the subatomic particles). Some of the basic pursuits of physics, which include some of the most prominent developments in modern science in the last millennium, include:
1585:β law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed. The principles of such a system are understood by its users as the essential characteristics of the system, or reflecting system's designed purpose, and the effective operation or use of which would be impossible if any one of the principles was to be ignored.
422:
3021:
3031:
626:. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together called the "physical sciences". However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena (organic chemistry, for example). The four main branches of physical science are astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences, which include meteorology and geology.
1190:β history of the coupling of the mechanical and the chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and includes mechanical breakage, chemical behavior of mechanically stressed solids (e.g., stress-corrosion cracking), tribology, polymer degradation under shear, cavitation-related phenomena (e.g., sonochemistry and sonoluminescence), shock wave chemistry and physics, and even the burgeoning field of molecular machines.
3041:
437:
593:. In this realm, chemistry deals with such topics as the properties of individual atoms, the manner in which atoms form chemical bonds in the formation of compounds, the interactions of substances through intermolecular forces to give matter its general properties, and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances.
1120:β history of the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).
960:β history of the branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology, and other disciplines
668:β history of the study of the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation).
1172:β history of the branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution.
576:β study of celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma-ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation.
2501:
The term 'universe' is defined as everything that physically exists: the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum, and the physical laws and constants that govern them. However, the term 'universe' may also be used in slightly different contextual senses, denoting concepts
538:
must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Natural science can be broken into two main
1261:β history of the branch of engineering that deals with physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.
912:β history of the branch of mechanics concerned with the analysis of loads (force, torque/moment) on physical systems in static equilibrium, that is, in a state where the relative positions of subsystems do not vary over time, or where components and structures are at a constant velocity.
1012:β history of the discipline at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis, and development for market of pharmaceutical agents (drugs).
606:β all-embracing term referring to the fields of science dealing with planet Earth. Earth science is the study of how the natural environment (ecosphere or Earth system) works and how it evolved to its current state. It includes the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
1255:β history of the scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology that involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems.
934:β history of the physical science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate the chemical reactions
716:β history of the natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as cosmic background radiation)
1097:
2648:
as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that
1364:β history of the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast.
1879:, which assumes that people's destiny and human affairs in general correlate to the apparent positions of astronomical objects in the sky β although the two fields share a common origin, they are quite different; astronomers embrace the
1400:β history of the Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes.
1303:β history of the Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solidβliquid interfaces, solidβgas interfaces, solidβvacuum interfaces, and liquidβgas interfaces.
1024:β history of the chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism β history of the found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design.
894:β history of the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation and polymerization of polymers and monomers respectively.
2753:
2651:
all things are made up of atoms β little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another
562:
and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
1376:β history of the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment.
1076:β history of the study of the role of various elements in watersheds, including copper, sulfur, mercury, and how elemental fluxes are exchanged through atmospheric-terrestrial-aquatic interactions
1494:β history of the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
1411:
1193:
1424:β history of the Environmental geology, like hydrogeology, is an applied science concerned with the practical application of the principles of geology in the solving of environmental problems.
1021:
1128:β history of the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.
1450:β history of the science and the technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geography, geosciences and related branches of engineering.
834:β history of the branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematics and the mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuous mass rather than as discrete particles.
816:β history of the branch of physics concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.
1405:
1321:β history of the umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems.
997:
689:
1181:
866:β history of the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
1421:
1264:
991:
759:
2567:; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions." βp.vii,
1318:
1091:
1079:
1073:
985:
807:
777:
1438:β history of the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space
1105:
1047:
1009:
915:
831:
828:β history of one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces.
721:
810:β history of the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories.
1379:
1184:β history of the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena.
695:
2294:β the branches of science that study the atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems.
966:β history of the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes.
1459:
1361:
1157:
1041:
801:
774:β history of cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperature (below β150 Β°C, β238 Β°F or 123K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures.
1270:
1252:
1187:
1055:
921:
753:
872:β history of the branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles that are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter or radiation.
1211:
1085:
1003:
891:
739:
972:β history of the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in
1447:
1231:
1178:β history of the Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name).
1175:
1166:β history of the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.
1131:
1117:
1061:
943:
881:
1462:β history of the planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites.
1473:
1312:
1220:β history of the area of chemistry beyond the molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components.
1205:
969:
710:β history of the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems, in particular those of the Solar System and the processes that form them.
1558:, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.
1497:
745:
651:
2563:"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by
1246:β history of the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids
822:β history of the study of the structure and function of biological systems such as humans, animals, plants, organs, and cells by means of the methods of mechanics.
704:β history of the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution.
1561:
1485:
1030:β history of the specific study of neurochemicals, which include neurotransmitters and other molecules such as neuro-active drugs that influence neuron function.
771:
1500:β history of the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).
1288:
1315:β history of the all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. Earth science, and all of its branches, are branches of physical science.
909:
786:β history of the interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics
1291:β history of the science and study of all aspects of wine and winemaking except vine-growing and grape-harvesting, which is a subfield called viticulture.
2616:
knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
1202:β history of the branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems.
727:
1564:β history of the study of surface shape and features of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.
1134:β history of the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into useful products or raw materials.
2669:"Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." (
674:β history of the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft.
1154:β history of the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts.
946:β history of the study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation.
918:β history of the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy.
762:β history of the study and implementation of numerical algorithms to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists.
1430:β history of the branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
940:β history of the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.
1548:β history of the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies
1346:β history of the study of the distribution of species (biology), organisms, and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
680:β history of the branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies.
3154:
1823:
Solar System. Ancient cultures saw the Earth as the centre of the Solar System or universe (geocentrism). In the 16th century, Nicolaus
1408:β history of the Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
1240:β history of the multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules.
3129:
633:β history of the physical science that studies matter and its motion through space-time, and related concepts such as energy and force
543:(for example biology) and physical science. Each of these branches, and all of their sub-branches, are referred to as natural sciences.
878:β history of the quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect.
3149:
3144:
2958:
1482:β history of the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods.
3077:
798:β history of the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods
3139:
1082:β history of the study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes using chemistry and geology
1456:β history of the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere.
3124:
2778:
3109:
3104:
2735:
3175:
2915:
952:β history of the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions
3119:
3114:
1953:
3097:
900:β history of the branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.
846:β history of the branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.
42:
994:β history of the new branch of chemistry that covers a broad spectrum of research activities involving biological systems.
3134:
2712:
1217:
1139:
765:
1044:β history of the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry.
1680:
Different forms of Energy, their interconversion and the inevitable loss of energy in the form of heat (Thermodynamics)
1279:β history of the interdisciplinary field applying the properties of matter to various areas of science and engineering.
1163:
1035:
1038:β history of the branch of chemistry that uses principles of computer science to assist in solving chemical problems.
804:β history of the use of physics to describe materials in many different ways such as force, heat, light and mechanics.
495:. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together is called the "physical sciences".
3044:
2890:
2863:
2838:
2580:
2548:
979:
465:
1100:β history of the study of the spatial variation in the chemical composition of materials at the surface of the Earth
2436:
1367:
1334:
1243:
957:
852:β history of the branch of physical science concerned with heat and its relation to other forms of energy and work.
1512:β history of the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere which explains and forecasts weather events.
1006:β history of the branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system.
2829:
2636:
1258:
1226:β history of the study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations.
937:
903:
596:
579:
79:
2754:"What's the difference between astronomy and astrology? (Beginner) β Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer"
1570:β history of the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena.
1506:β history of the study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals.
1370:β history of an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.
1397:
1088:β history of the study of the chemistry of marine environments including the influences of different variables.
825:
792:β history of the branch of science concerned with the forces that occur between electrically charged particles.
47:
1358:β history of the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time
1148:β history of the study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules..
1114:β history of the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and nuclear properties.
2951:
1536:β history of the branch of geology that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks.
1151:
713:
701:
3070:
2066:
1276:
1237:
1199:
1125:
1111:
1064:β history of the chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production.
843:
707:
566:
3086:
2360:
1521:
1169:
1000:β history of the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
869:
789:
619:
1394:β history of the Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.
988:β history of the rapidly growing scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry.
3185:
2978:
2480:
2453:
1628:
1388:β history of the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water
1300:
1223:
1196:β history of the study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules.
1108:β history of the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds.
897:
857:
837:
523:
639:β history of the study of mechanical waves in solids, liquids, and gases (such as vibration and sound)
3024:
2991:
2475:
2470:
1385:
1282:
1273:β history of the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics.
1145:
1027:
949:
860:β history of the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei.
849:
756:β history of the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics.
603:
3006:
2944:
2461:
2170:
2135:
1467:
1418:
as well as critical aspects of the biosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere.
973:
875:
671:
297:
1382:β history of the scientific biological study of freshwater ecosystems and is a branch of limnology
3063:
2120:
2025:
1971:
1701:
1551:
1527:
1515:
1488:β history of the study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
1391:
1343:
1294:
1067:
1015:
963:
819:
783:
659:
83:
2620:
such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena
2335:
2182:
2130:
2030:
2003:
1923:
1748:
1683:
1650:
1567:
1509:
1414:β history of the Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the
1355:
1349:
1329:
1324:
642:
622:β history of the branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to the
262:
1524:β history of the study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth
1444:β history of the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth
2996:
2540:
2533:
2258:
2113:
2018:
1998:
1545:
1503:
1479:
1427:
795:
733:
677:
623:
458:
373:
217:
62:
57:
1208:β history of the study of the effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems.
692:β history of the branch of astronomy concerned with objects outside our own Milky Way Galaxy
2855:
2302:
2291:
2125:
2108:
1891:
1827:
advanced the ideas of heliocentrism, recognizing the Sun as the centre of the Solar System.
1791:
1625:
Describing the nature, measuring and quantifying of bodies and their motion, dynamics etc.
1554:β history of the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including
1539:
1533:
1491:
1441:
931:
813:
683:
665:
636:
586:
573:
512:
330:
312:
247:
1267:β history of the study of the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans.
8:
2876:
2419:
2297:
2159:
2098:
2093:
2008:
1981:
1958:
1618:
1142:β history of the study of chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal.
1070:β history of the study of the mechanisms behind major geological systems using chemistry
242:
137:
75:
2880:
2388:
1798:
of celestial bodies and their interactions in space. Its studies include the following:
1018:β history of the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action.
2902:
2507:
2448:
2414:
2263:
2013:
1966:
1935:
1594:
1453:
1435:
1373:
630:
555:
531:
508:
52:
32:
1894:β branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of
3180:
3030:
2911:
2907:
2886:
2859:
2834:
2576:
2544:
2103:
2086:
2081:
2071:
2059:
2054:
2042:
1986:
1976:
1911:
1880:
1742:
1687:
1214:β history of the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules.
863:
488:
441:
388:
378:
302:
152:
94:
2593:
1476:β history of the branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets
1094:β history of the study of the impacts and processes that organisms have had on Earth
2732:
2424:
2147:
2076:
1931:
1831:
1774:
1710:
1671:
1602:
1058:β history of someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors.
742:β history of the application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine.
451:
383:
252:
172:
113:
37:
686:β history of the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole.
2967:
2824:
2739:
2641:
2601:
2035:
1853:
1734:
885:
484:
353:
348:
338:
227:
184:
120:
1816:
theory as the commonly accepted scientific theory of the origin of the universe.
1470:β history of the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
768:β history of the study of the physical properties of condensed phases of matter.
3034:
2568:
2240:
2218:
2152:
2048:
1947:
1906:
and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the
1706:
1665:
1555:
646:
426:
393:
343:
103:
2849:
2716:
1285:β history of the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale
3169:
2903:
Sears and
Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update
2694:"Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." (
2645:
2369:
2254:
2194:
2140:
1907:
1693:
307:
2797:"astrology | Origin and meaning of astrology by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1297:β history of the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy
2796:
2375:
2315:
2230:
2204:
1991:
1820:
540:
492:
157:
130:
2742:. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
924:β history of the dynamics of vehicles, here assumed to be ground vehicles.
2564:
2343:
2311:
2235:
2225:
2190:
1766:
1719:
1715:
607:
282:
189:
177:
167:
108:
698:β history of the study of our own Milky Way galaxy and all its contents.
2932:
Physical science topics and articles for school curricula (grades K-12)
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888:
similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized.
535:
408:
287:
277:
267:
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142:
1234:β history of the strict sense of the word the study of phytochemicals.
748:β history of the branch of biophysics dealing with the nervous system.
724:β history of the study of the application of physics to the atmosphere
421:
16:
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to the physical sciences
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2931:
2383:
2352:
2248:
1876:
1770:
1606:
1582:
1050:β history of the uses Newtonian mechanics to model molecular systems.
398:
162:
780:β history of the study of the causes of motion and changes in motion
2365:
2319:
2274:
1915:
1903:
1843:
1813:
1807:
1646:
662:β history of the study of the physical aspects of celestial objects
516:
403:
292:
194:
147:
2936:
2630:
2628:
2379:
2347:
2339:
2278:
2213:
2174:
1961:, partial ordering of the sciences proposed by Balaban and Klein.
1943:
1795:
1655:
736:β history of the study of physical processes relating to biology
654:β history of the study of soil physical properties and processes.
527:
232:
22:
2503:
2286:
1919:
1895:
1847:
1835:
1724:
1675:
1661:
1641:
1610:
1598:
1518:β history of the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean
1098:
History of regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry
590:
589:β studies the composition, structure, properties and change of
559:
530:
that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on
515:
in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the
2625:
1852:
The shape and structure of Earth (roughly spherical, see also
1576:
2665:
2663:
2356:
2328:
2178:
1939:
1927:
1839:
1803:
1780:
1760:
1637:
1614:
1352:β history of the study and practice of making maps or globes.
272:
222:
1938:. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as
2870:
Physics is the study of your world and universe around you.
2400:
2306:
1899:
1866:
1756:
1728:
1633:
503:
Physical science can be described as all of the following:
212:
2660:
1950:
agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.
1696:
the transfer of energy from one source to work in another.
558:β natural and physical science could involve the study of
2324:
257:
982:β history of the examines the role of metals in biology.
840:β history of the study of fluids and the forces on them.
730:β history of the study of how matter and light interact
2539:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp.
1160:β history of the study of rates of chemical processes.
2573:
The Oxford
Companion to the History of Modern Science
2823:
2654:
2165:
1812:Origins of the universe. Physical science uses the
511:(a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes
2688:
2676:
2532:
728:History of atomic, molecular, and optical physics
3167:
2779:"Astrology vs Astronomy: What's the Difference?"
1914:. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of
1886:
1786:
549:
2408:
1589:
614:
3071:
2952:
2899:
2682:
1875:(Note: Astronomy should not be confused with
1249:Multidisciplinary fields involving chemistry
645:β history of the study of physics applied to
459:
2728:
2726:
2706:
2704:
2751:
2269:Seismology: stress, strain, and earthquakes
1779:The principles, sources, and properties of
1577:General principles of the physical sciences
3078:
3064:
2959:
2945:
1530:β history of the study of prehistoric life
466:
452:
2723:
2701:
1952:
2875:
2847:
2776:
2695:
2670:
2557:
1542:β history of the study of inland waters
526:β natural science is a major branch of
3168:
3085:
2530:
1898:. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with
1609:, along with related concepts such as
3059:
2940:
2575:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2524:
2185:. Its studies include the following:
1412:History of environmental soil science
1194:History of physical organic chemistry
3040:
2900:Young, H.D.; Freedman, R.A. (2014).
2827:; Leighton, R.B.; Sands, M. (1963).
1865:The composition and features of the
1022:History of natural product chemistry
2966:
2710:
2535:Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
2430:
1218:History of supramolecular chemistry
1140:History of organometallic chemistry
766:History of condensed matter physics
13:
2655:Feynman, Leighton & Sands 1963
1871:Interactions of the Earth and Moon
1406:History of environmental chemistry
1164:History of chemical thermodynamics
1036:History of computational chemistry
998:History of environmental chemistry
690:History of extragalactic astronomy
14:
3197:
2925:
2598:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
2285:Characteristics and formation of
2181:, as of 2018 the only identified
2166:Basic principles of Earth science
1597:β branch of science that studies
1182:History of mathematical chemistry
980:History of bioinorganic chemistry
3039:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2777:Temming, Maria (July 14, 2014).
2715:. Chemweb.ucc.ie. Archived from
2437:List of Russian Earth scientists
1802:The life and characteristics of
1422:History of environmental geology
1368:History of environmental science
1335:History of atmospheric chemistry
1265:History of chemical oceanography
1244:History of solid-state chemistry
992:History of biophysical chemistry
958:History of atmospheric chemistry
760:History of computational physics
435:
420:
3155:Technology and applied sciences
2830:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
2789:
2770:
2745:
2637:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
1910:formed between atoms to create
1319:History of atmospheric sciences
1259:History of chemical engineering
1092:History of organic geochemistry
1080:History of isotope geochemistry
1074:History of aqueous geochemistry
986:History of bioorganic chemistry
938:History of analytical chemistry
904:History of theory of relativity
808:History of mathematical physics
2817:
2586:
2495:
1398:History of population dynamics
1106:History of inorganic chemistry
1048:History of molecular mechanics
1010:History of medicinal chemistry
916:History of solid state physics
832:History of continuum mechanics
826:History of classical mechanics
722:History of atmospheric physics
1:
3130:Natural and physical sciences
2517:
1928:oxidation-reduction reactions
1887:Basic principles of chemistry
1883:, while astrologers do not.)
1787:Basic principles of astronomy
1380:History of Freshwater biology
1152:History of physical chemistry
702:History of physical cosmology
696:History of galactic astronomy
498:
3176:Outlines of natural sciences
2458:Outline of physical science
1946:, biological molecules, and
1460:History of planetary geology
1362:History of coastal geography
1277:History of materials science
1238:History of polymer chemistry
1200:History of quantum chemistry
1158:History of chemical kinetics
1126:History of organic chemistry
1112:History of nuclear chemistry
1042:History of chemo-informatics
844:History of quantum mechanics
802:History of materials physics
714:History of stellar astronomy
708:History of planetary science
550:Branches of physical science
7:
3150:Society and social sciences
3145:Religion and belief systems
2571:, (2003, editor-in-chief).
2442:
2409:Notable physical scientists
1932:changes in phases of matter
1617:. Physics is one of the "
1590:Basic principles of physics
1522:History of paleoclimatology
1271:History of chemical physics
1253:History of chemical biology
1188:History of mechanochemistry
1170:History of electrochemistry
1056:History of Flavor chemistry
922:History of vehicle dynamics
870:History of particle physics
790:History of electromagnetism
754:History of chemical physics
620:History of physical science
615:History of physical science
10:
3202:
2531:Wilson, Edward O. (1998).
2481:Outline of applied science
2454:Outline of natural science
1301:History of surface science
1224:History of thermochemistry
1212:History of stereochemistry
1086:History of ocean chemistry
1004:History of immunochemistry
898:History of quantum physics
892:History of polymer physics
858:History of nuclear physics
838:History of fluid mechanics
740:History of medical physics
243:Interdisciplinary sciences
3093:
3015:
2987:
2974:
2758:curious.astro.cornell.edu
2683:Young & Freedman 2014
2476:Outline of social science
2471:Outline of formal science
1859:Earth in the Solar System
1448:History of geoinformatics
1386:History of marine biology
1283:History of nanotechnology
1232:History of phytochemistry
1176:History of Femtochemistry
1146:History of photochemistry
1132:History of petrochemistry
1118:History of radiochemistry
1062:History of Flow chemistry
1028:History of neurochemistry
950:History of cosmochemistry
944:History of astrochemistry
882:History of plasma physics
850:History of thermodynamics
2752:Scharringhausen, Britt.
2488:
2462:Outline of earth science
2136:Electroanalytical method
1702:Kinetic molecular theory
1668:, and their relationship
1474:History of geostatistics
1468:History of geomorphology
1313:History of Earth science
1206:History of sonochemistry
974:environmental monitoring
970:History of agrochemistry
876:History of psychophysics
672:History of astrodynamics
491:systems, in contrast to
298:Research and development
3140:Philosophy and thinking
2026:Computational chemistry
1972:Chemical thermodynamics
1924:photochemical reactions
1629:Newton's laws of motion
1552:History of soil science
1528:History of paleontology
1516:History of oceanography
1498:History of hydrogeology
1392:History of parasitology
1344:History of biogeography
1295:History of spectroscopy
1068:History of geochemistry
1016:History of pharmacology
964:History of biochemistry
820:History of biomechanics
784:History of econophysics
746:History of neurophysics
660:History of astrophysics
652:History of soil physics
2109:Coordination chemistry
2031:Mathematical chemistry
2004:Electron configuration
1962:
1936:separation of mixtures
1749:laws of thermodynamics
1651:conservation of energy
1568:History of volcanology
1510:History of meteorology
1356:History of climatology
1350:History of cartography
1330:History of meteorology
1325:History of climatology
643:History of agrophysics
534:. In natural science,
205:Extrascientific fields
3125:Mathematics and logic
2856:John Wiley & Sons
2131:Instrumental analysis
2114:Solid-state chemistry
2019:Statistical mechanics
1999:Theoretical chemistry
1956:
1918:and various forms of
1658:, theories of gravity
1562:History of topography
1546:History of seismology
1504:History of mineralogy
1486:History of glaciology
1480:History of geophysics
1428:History of toxicology
796:History of geophysics
772:History of cryogenics
734:History of biophysics
678:History of astrometry
597:Branches of chemistry
580:Branches of astronomy
442:Philosophy portal
374:Science communication
218:Communication studies
3110:Geography and places
3105:Culture and the arts
2848:Holzner, S. (2006).
2713:"What is Chemistry?"
2389:Major climate groups
2303:Atmospheric pressure
2292:Atmospheric sciences
2126:Analytical chemistry
2053:Characterization of
1619:fundamental sciences
1540:History of limnology
1534:History of petrology
1492:History of hydrology
1442:History of geography
932:History of chemistry
814:History of mechanics
684:History of cosmology
666:History of astronomy
637:History of acoustics
331:Scientific integrity
313:Vocational education
248:Knowledge management
138:Behavioural sciences
2885:. D. Van Nostrand.
2851:Physics for Dummies
2783:Sky & Telescope
2508:philosophical world
2420:List of astronomers
2298:Atmosphere of Earth
2273:Characteristics of
2193:and the process of
2183:life-bearing planet
2160:Materials chemistry
2099:Inorganic compounds
2094:Inorganic chemistry
2009:Molecular modelling
1982:Molecular structure
1959:the central science
1684:Energy conservation
1289:History of oenology
778:History of Dynamics
567:Branches of physics
3120:History and events
3115:Health and fitness
3087:Knowledge outlines
2801:www.etymonline.com
2738:2016-03-05 at the
2719:on 3 January 2021.
2449:Outline of science
2415:List of physicists
2264:Physical geography
2047:The nature of the
2014:Molecular dynamics
1967:Physical chemistry
1963:
1912:chemical compounds
1765:The principles of
1755:The principles of
1454:History of geology
1436:History of geodesy
1374:History of ecology
910:History of statics
631:History of physics
532:empirical evidence
427:Science portal
3186:Physical sciences
3163:
3162:
3098:General reference
3053:
3052:
2917:978-1-292-02063-1
2908:Pearson Education
2906:(13th ed.).
2882:Matter and Motion
2711:Russell, John B.
2646:atomic hypothesis
2104:Crystal structure
2087:Organic synthesis
2082:Functional groups
2072:Organic compounds
2067:Organic chemistry
2060:Nuclear reactions
2055:radioactive decay
2043:Nuclear chemistry
1987:Quantum chemistry
1977:Reaction kinetics
1881:scientific method
1830:The structure of
1711:phase transitions
884:β history of the
864:History of optics
476:
475:
389:Scientific method
379:Science education
320:
319:
303:Strategic studies
95:Scientific fields
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2431:Earth scientists
2425:List of chemists
2148:Electrochemistry
2077:Organic reaction
1862:Time measurement
1775:electromagnetism
1707:Phases of matter
1674:, position, and
976:and remediation.
610:, and biosphere.
481:Physical science
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384:Research funding
253:Language studies
185:Applied sciences
121:Natural sciences
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2833:. Vol. 1.
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2036:Cheminformatics
1889:
1854:Spherical Earth
1789:
1690:, and transfer.
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886:state of matter
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485:natural science
483:is a branch of
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354:Research ethics
349:Logical fallacy
339:Reproducibility
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158:Anthropological
104:Formal sciences
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2671:Maxwell 1878
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2606:. Retrieved
2597:
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2316:condensation
2231:Soil science
2205:Oceanography
2169:
2121:Biochemistry
1992:Spectroscopy
1890:
1874:
1821:heliocentric
1790:
1720:thermometers
1593:
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541:life science
522:A branch of
507:A branch of
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493:life science
480:
479:
477:
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263:Liberal arts
163:Sociological
125:
109:Mathematical
2818:Works cited
2685:, p. 9
2644:offers the
2565:mathematics
2344:climatology
2336:Meteorology
2312:Evaporation
2236:Pedogenesis
2226:Agrophysics
2191:water cycle
1957:Chemistry,
1767:electricity
1733:Heat flow:
1716:Temperature
608:lithosphere
367:Instruments
288:Professions
283:War studies
190:Engineering
3170:Categories
2806:2017-10-17
2763:2017-05-27
2608:2011-10-16
2518:References
2396:Speleology
2384:hurricanes
2366:Air masses
2259:geophysics
2210:Weathering
2200:Freshwater
1825:Copernicus
1739:convection
1735:conduction
1688:conversion
1416:pedosphere
539:branches:
536:hypotheses
499:Definition
489:non-living
409:Technology
278:Philosophy
268:Literature
238:Humanities
228:Futurology
178:Linguistic
63:Philosophy
58:Literature
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2733:Chemistry
2594:"science"
2380:tornadoes
2353:Hydrology
2279:volcanoes
2275:mountains
2251:structure
1916:electrons
1904:molecules
1892:Chemistry
1877:astrology
1844:asteroids
1792:Astronomy
1771:magnetism
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1743:radiation
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587:Chemistry
574:Astronomy
513:knowledge
399:Scientist
153:Political
3181:Outlines
3025:Category
2879:(1878).
2736:Archived
2443:See also
2320:humidity
2249:tectonic
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1944:polymers
1814:Big Bang
1808:galaxies
1647:Momentum
1605:through
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517:universe
404:Research
293:Religion
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173:Military
148:Economic
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114:Computer
38:Category
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2979:Outline
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2348:climate
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2287:fossils
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2175:science
1848:meteors
1836:planets
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556:Physics
528:science
509:science
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1900:atoms
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