1139:
instance, consider the structure of the word "tenth" on two different levels of analysis. On the level of internal word structure (known as morphology), the word "tenth" is made up of one linguistic form indicating a number and another form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker "th" follows the number "ten." On the level of sound structure (known as phonology), structural analysis shows that the "n" sound in "tenth" is made differently from the "n" sound in "ten" spoken alone. Although most speakers of
English are consciously aware of the rules governing internal structure of the word pieces of "tenth", they are less often aware of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on structure find and analyze rules such as these, which govern how native speakers use language.
1045:(or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages. Its subdisciplines include, but are not limited to phonological typology, which deals with sound features; syntactic typology, which deals with word order and form; lexical typology, which deals with language vocabulary; and theoretical typology, which aims to explain the universal tendencies.
1289:. There may be certain lexical additions (new words) that are brought into play because of the expertise of the community of people within a certain domain of specialization. Thus, registers and discourses distinguish themselves not only through specialized vocabulary but also, in some cases, through distinct stylistic choices. People in the medical fraternity, for example, may use some medical terminology in their communication that is specialized to the field of medicine. This is often referred to as being part of the "medical discourse", and so on.
668:
799:. While these attempts are still not widely accepted as credible methods, they provide necessary information to establish relatedness in language change. This is generally hard to find for events long ago, due to the occurrence of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. A limit of around 10,000 years is often assumed for the functional purpose of conducting research. It is also hard to date various proto-languages. Even though several methods are available, these languages can be dated only approximately.
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1353:, dialogue, and other forms of phonetic variations. Stylistic analysis can also include the study of language in canonical works of literature, popular fiction, news, advertisements, and other forms of communication in popular culture as well. It is usually seen as a variation in communication that changes from speaker to speaker and community to community. In short, Stylistics is the interpretation of text.
9269:
8404:
998:. Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the structural and linguistic knowledge (grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.
2458:
years of field work in the language concerned, so as to equip the linguist to write a sufficiently accurate reference grammar. Further, the task of documentation requires the linguist to collect a substantial corpus in the language in question, consisting of texts and recordings, both sound and video, which can be stored in an accessible format within open repositories, and used for further research.
2333:. "Applied linguistics" has been argued to be something of a misnomer. Applied linguists actually focus on making sense of and engineering solutions for real-world linguistic problems, and not literally "applying" existing technical knowledge from linguistics. Moreover, they commonly apply technical knowledge from multiple sources, such as sociology (e.g., conversation analysis) and anthropology. (
1966:. Western interest in the study of languages began somewhat later than in the East, but the grammarians of the classical languages did not use the same methods or reach the same conclusions as their contemporaries in the Indic world. Early interest in language in the West was a part of philosophy, not of grammatical description. The first insights into semantic theory were made by
511:. Linguistics is based on a theoretical as well as a descriptive study of language and is also interlinked with the applied fields of language studies and language learning, which entails the study of specific languages. Before the 20th century, linguistics evolved in conjunction with literary study and did not employ scientific methods. Modern-day linguistics is considered a
2287:, and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, using
1285:
based on specific contexts but also, at a micro level, shapes language as text (spoken or written) down to the phonological and lexico-grammatical levels. Grammar and discourse are linked as parts of a system. A particular discourse becomes a language variety when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is referred to as a
2245:
and the different varieties of language through dialects, registers, and idiolects can be tackled through a study of style, as well as through analysis of discourse. Sociolinguists research both style and discourse in language, as well as the theoretical factors that are at play between language and society.
635:, of which some branches are more qualitative and holistic in approach. Today, philology and linguistics are now variably described as related fields, subdisciplines, or separate fields of language study but, by and large, linguistics can be seen as an umbrella term. Linguistics is also related to the
2560:
Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic analysis to forensics. Forensic analysis investigates the style, language, lexical use, and other linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists have also used their expertise
2545:
approach to analyzing the emergence of the language faculty through human evolution, and also the application of evolutionary theory to the study of cultural evolution among different languages. It is also a study of the dispersal of various languages across the globe, through movements among ancient
1320:
It is often believed that a speaker's capacity for language lies in the quantity of words stored in the lexicon. However, this is often considered a myth by linguists. The capacity for the use of language is considered by many linguists to lie primarily in the domain of grammar, and to be linked with
1305:. In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions and other collocations are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries represent attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the lexicon of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included.
1336:
also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. It involves the study and interpretation of texts for aspects of their linguistic and tonal style. Stylistic analysis entails the analysis
787:
The above approach of comparativism in linguistics is now, however, only a small part of the much broader discipline called historical linguistics. The comparative study of specific Indo-European languages is considered a highly specialized field today, while comparative research is carried out over
2457:
The emphasis on linguistic description and documentation has also gained prominence outside North
America, with the documentation of rapidly dying indigenous languages becoming a focus in some university programs in linguistics. Language description is a work-intensive endeavour, usually requiring
2244:
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is shaped by social factors. This sub-discipline focuses on the synchronic approach of linguistics, and looks at how a language in general, or a set of languages, display variation and varieties at a given point in time. The study of language variation
2372:
Linguistic analysis is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics used by many governments to verify the claimed nationality of people seeking asylum who do not hold the necessary documentation to prove their claim. This often takes the form of an interview by personnel in an immigration department.
1434:
Structural analysis means dissecting each linguistic level: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and discourse, to the smallest units. These are collected into inventories (e.g. phoneme, morpheme, lexical classes, phrase types) to study their interconnectedness within a hierarchy of structures and
1284:
Discourse is language as social practice (Baynham, 1995) and is a multilayered concept. As a social practice, discourse embodies different ideologies through written and spoken texts. Discourse analysis can examine or expose these ideologies. Discourse not only influences genre, which is selected
5376:
Modern linguists approach their work with a scientific perspective, although they use methods that used to be thought of as solely an academic discipline of the humanities. Contrary to previous belief, linguistics is multidisciplinary. It overlaps each of the human sciences including psychology,
2387:
like
English. Australia uses the former method, while Germany employs the latter; the Netherlands uses either method depending on the languages involved. Tape recordings of the interview then undergo language analysis, which can be done either by private contractors or within a department of the
1465:
entails the idea that language is a tool for communication, or that communication is the primary function of language. Linguistic forms are consequently explained by an appeal to their functional value, or usefulness. Other structuralist approaches take the perspective that form follows from the
2526:
Computational linguistics is the study of linguistic issues in a way that is "computationally responsible", i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain
2388:
government. In this analysis, linguistic features of the asylum seeker are used by analysts to make a determination about the speaker's nationality. The reported findings of the linguistic analysis can play a critical role in the government's decision on the refugee status of the asylum seeker.
1138:
Linguists focusing on structure attempt to understand the rules regarding language use that native speakers know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be broken down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For
954:
Semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics concerned with meaning. These subfields have traditionally been divided according to aspects of meaning: "semantics" refers to grammatical and lexical meanings, while "pragmatics" is concerned with meaning in context. Within linguistics, the
802:
In modern historical linguistics, we examine how languages change over time, focusing on the relationships between dialects within a specific period. This includes studying morphological, syntactical, and phonetic shifts. Connections between dialects in the past and present are also explored.
2900:
What are the implications of the term "science" encountered in the definition on p. 1? Four aims of the scientific approach to language, often cited in introductory works on the subject, are comprehensiveness, objectivity, systematicness and precision. The contrast is usually drawn with the
2476:
The sub-field of translation includes the translation of written and spoken texts across media, from digital to print and spoken. To translate literally means to transmute the meaning from one language into another. Translators are often employed by organizations such as travel agencies and
2278:
Neurolinguistics is the study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in
1789:
plane, which was historical in focus. This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later. However, with the rise of
Saussurean linguistics in the 20th century, the focus shifted to a more
2485:, which is an automated program to translate words and phrases between any two or more given languages. Translation is also conducted by publishing houses, which convert works of writing from one language to another in order to reach varied audiences. Cross-national and cross-cultural
628:, among children or amongst adults, in terms of how it is being learnt or how it was acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive structures, through written texts or through oral elicitation, and finally through mechanical data collection or through practical fieldwork.
1806:
plane, on the other hand, focuses on an analysis that is based on the paradigms or concepts that are embedded in a given text. In this case, words of the same type or class may be replaced in the text with each other to achieve the same conceptual understanding.
2295:, electrophysiology, and computer modelling. Amongst the structures of the brain involved in the mechanisms of neurolinguistics, the cerebellum which contains the highest numbers of neurons has a major role in terms of predictions required to produce language.
1989:, where a school of philologists studied the ancient texts in Greek, and taught Greek to speakers of other languages. While this school was the first to use the word "grammar" in its modern sense, Plato had used the word in its original meaning as "
1025:
is concerned with the linguistic abstractions and categorizations of sounds, and it tells us what sounds are in a language, how they do and can combine into words, and explains why certain phonetic features are important to identifying a word.
1801:
plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence. For example, the article "the" is followed by a noun, because of the syntagmatic relation between the words. The
2901:
essentially non-scientific approach of traditional language studiesâby which is meant the whole history of ideas about language from Plato and
Aristotle down to the nineteenth century study of language history (comparative philology).
1435:
layers. Functional analysis adds to structural analysis the assignment of semantic and other functional roles that each unit may have. For example, a noun phrase may function as the subject or object of the sentence; or the
1147:
Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to
2489:
studies employ translation to collect comparable data among multilingual populations. Academic translators specialize in or are familiar with various other disciplines such as technology, science, law, economics, etc.
1879:
is now generally used for the "study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition", especially in the United States (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the "science of language").
2263:
in childhood. Some of the questions that developmental linguistics looks into are how children acquire different languages, how adults can acquire a second language, and what the process of language acquisition is.
788:
the subsequent internal developments in a language: in particular, over the development of modern standard varieties of languages, and over the development of a language from its standardized form to its varieties.
2057:
This study received its foundation at the hands of the
Prussian statesman and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767â1835), especially in the first volume of his work on Kavi, the literary language of Java, entitled
1977:, where he argues that words denote concepts that are eternal and exist in the world of ideas. This work is the first to use the word etymology to describe the history of a word's meaning. Around 280 BC, one of
5377:
neurology, anthropology, and sociology. Linguists conduct formal studies of sound structure, grammar and meaning, but they also investigate the history of language families, and research language acquisition.
2368:
are areas of applied linguistics that have come to the forefront. Their influence has had an effect on theories of syntax and semantics, as modelling syntactic and semantic theories on computers constraints.
1671:, which can aid communication over large geographical areas. It may also, however, be an attempt by speakers of one language or dialect to exert influence over speakers of other languages or dialects (see
4200:
1653:. Linguists describe and explain features of language without making subjective judgments on whether a particular feature or usage is "good" or "bad". This is analogous to practice in other sciences: a
1016:
Phonetics and phonology are branches of linguistics concerned with sounds (or the equivalent aspects of sign languages). Phonetics is largely concerned with the physical aspects of sounds such as their
1309:, closely linked with the domain of semantics, is the science of mapping the words into an encyclopedia or a dictionary. The creation and addition of new words (into the lexicon) is called coining or
2411:
is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and
704:
Historical linguistics emerged as one of the first few sub-disciplines in the field, and was most widely practised during the late 19th century. Despite a shift in focus in the 20th century towards
754:. Internal reconstruction is the method by which an element that contains a certain meaning is re-used in different contexts or environments where there is a variation in either sound or analogy.
3349:
1766:, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically
765:, another European language family for which very little written material existed back then. After that, there also followed significant work on the corpora of other languages, such as the
863:, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language. Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms of
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5126:
1715:
Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack written communication;
845:, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning. There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals.
738:, which involves a study of the relationship between different languages. At that time, scholars of historical linguistics were only concerned with creating different categories of
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is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of written scripts (as signs and symbols) in language. The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields like
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1910:
applies to someone who studies language or is a researcher within the field, or to someone who uses the tools of the discipline to describe and analyse specific languages.
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1407:
which arises from the interaction of meaning and form. The organization of linguistic levels is considered computational. Linguistics is essentially seen as relating to
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1461:. The difference between formal and functional structuralism lies in the way that the two approaches explain why languages have the properties they have. Functional
2442:
languages of indigenous peoples. The ethnographic dimension of the
Boasian approach to language description played a role in the development of disciplines such as
1127:. For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns (in oral languages), movements of the hands and face (in
8957:
1360:, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that written language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself.
609:
seeks to utilize the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy.
3323:
4181:
2403:
involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a linguistic vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a
4669:"Language Structures May Adapt to the Sociolinguistic Environment, but It Matters What and How You Count: A Typological Study of Verbal and Nominal Complexity"
4642:
4508:
2613: â linguistic tenet that linguistic data should be removed/abstracted from all real-world context so as to be free of any inconsistencies or variability
784:, who considered it imperative, a "must", of historical linguistics to "look to find the same principle operative also in the very outset of that history."
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governmental embassies to facilitate communication between two speakers who do not know each other's language. Translators are also employed to work within
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approach, where the study was geared towards analysis and comparison between different language variations, which existed at the same given point of time.
1511:
grammatical knowledge. Thus, one of the central concerns of the approach is to discover what aspects of linguistic knowledge are innate and which are not.
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1679:, who attempt to eradicate words and structures that they consider to be destructive to society. Prescription, however, may be practised appropriately in
3593:
2079:
There was a shift of focus from historical and comparative linguistics to synchronic analysis in early 20th century. Structural analysis was improved by
2045:. It was soon followed by other authors writing similar comparative studies on other language groups of Europe. The study of language was broadened from
5820:
Himmelman, Nikolaus "Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for?" in P. Gippert, Jost, Nikolaus P Himmelmann & Ulrike Mosel. (2006)
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combines anthropological inquiry (into the history and culture of language) with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages and their grammars.
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727:
Historical linguistics studies language change either diachronically (through a comparison of different time periods in the past and present) or in a
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1275:, the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication
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Historical linguistics is the study of how language changes over history, particularly with regard to a specific language or a group of languages.
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desirable computational properties and their implementations. Computational linguists also work on computer language and software development.
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properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the discipline include
1325:, rather than with the growth of vocabulary. Even a very small lexicon is theoretically capable of producing an infinite number of sentences.
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2005:, the study of language was subsumed under the topic of philology, the study of ancient languages and texts, practised by such educators as
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1687:, where certain fundamental grammatical rules and lexical items need to be introduced to a second-language speaker who is attempting to
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3744:
All references in this article to the study of sound should be taken to include the manual and non-manual signs used in sign languages.
2107:
provided a technological solution to foreign language learning. The 1960s also saw a new rise of comparative linguistics: the study of
1867:, first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the study of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus. Since
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1940:
into consonants and vowels, and word classes, such as nouns and verbs, was the first known instance of its kind. In the Middle East,
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studies the animal kingdom without making subjective judgments on whether a particular species is "better" or "worse" than another.
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takes the results of those findings and "applies" them to other areas. Linguistic research is commonly applied to areas such as
1663:, on the other hand, is an attempt to promote particular linguistic usages over others, often favoring a particular dialect or "
2423:. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research.
1748:
with the same pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken language being recorded;
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manner (by observing developments between different variations that exist within the current linguistic stage of a language).
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Since the inception of the discipline of linguistics, linguists have been concerned with describing and analysing previously
2062:Ăber die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren EinfluĂ auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts
1906:, and the humanities. Many linguists, such as David Crystal, conceptualize the field as being primarily scientific. The term
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Nonetheless, linguists agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For research that relies on
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2115:. Towards the end of the century the field of linguistics became divided into further areas of interest with the advent of
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is generally the underlying working hypothesis, occasionally also clearly expressed. The principle was expressed early by
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in the mid-20th century. This focus on language documentation was partly motivated by a concern to document the rapidly
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1403:, is that language is an invention created by people. A semiotic tradition of linguistic research considers language a
761:, many of which had detailed documentation and long written histories. Scholars of historical linguistics also studied
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The lexicon is a catalogue of words and terms that are stored in a speaker's mind. The lexicon consists of words and
1188:, the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception, and delves into their acoustic and
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Gibbs, R. W.; Colston, H. (1995). "The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations".
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6265:â A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J.A. GarcĂa Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
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2103:. As sound recording devices became commonplace in the 1960s, dialectal recordings were made and archived, and the
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On the
Variety of the Structure of Human Language and its Influence upon the Mental Development of the Human Race
1997:), the "art of writing", which is also the title of one of the most important works of the Alexandrine school by
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are concerned with how speakers create words in specific contexts, which evolves over the history of a language.
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MacWhinney, Brian (2015). "Introduction â language emergence". In MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (eds.).
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Arbib, Michael A. (2015). "Language evolution â an emergentist perspective". In MacWhinney and O'Grady (ed.).
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explains linguistic meaning via aspects of general cognition, drawing on ideas from cognitive science such as
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Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly
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67:
4919:. Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. Translated by Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert. London: Faber. p. 15.
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is first attested in 1847. It is now the usual term in
English for the scientific study of language, though
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DaneĆĄ, FrantiĆĄek (1987). "On Prague school functionalism in linguistics". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.).
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The study of writing systems themselves, graphemics, is, in any case, considered a branch of linguistics.
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Everaert, Martin; Huybregts, Marinus A. C.; Chomsky, Noam; Berwick, Robert C.; Bolhuis, Johan J. (2015).
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Individuals learn to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than they do with writing.
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2604: â computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of human articulation processes
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and written. In addition, linguists have turned to text-based discourse occurring in various formats of
1247:, and the role played by situational context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning
1131:), and written symbols (in written languages). Linguistic patterns have proven their importance for the
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Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a
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1517:, in contrast, rejects the notion of innate grammar, and studies how the human mind creates linguistic
1449:, or functional grammar, is a branch of structural linguistics. In the humanistic reference, the terms
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4737:
Kirby, Simon (2013). "Transitions: The
Evolution of Linguistic Replicators". In Binder; Smith (eds.).
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in historical linguistics date back to roughly the late 18th century, when the discipline grew out of
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A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present
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3249:"Subfields of Linguistics Defined: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics"
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6659:
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5355:
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2284:
2147:
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1660:
1650:
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842:
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274:
251:
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4139:
3091:
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2965:
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2637:
2601:
2427:
2396:
1822:
1816:
1791:
1786:
1733:
All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language (or potentially a signed one), even with
1672:
1446:
1428:
1267:, the study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context
1256:
1221:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1018:
968:
910:
826:
781:
766:
728:
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636:
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590:
575:
540:
386:
353:
306:
222:
202:
182:
84:
62:
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6025:
5276:
4612:"Complex adaptive systems and the origins of adaptive structure: what experiments can tell us"
9161:
8820:
8654:
8239:
8229:
8191:
8164:
8126:
8099:
8009:
7918:
7837:
7827:
7499:
7429:
7302:
7201:
6880:
6860:
6795:
6679:
6461:
5329:
5302:
4960:
4055:
3857:
2610:
1868:
1803:
1514:
1485:
1412:
1380:, which investigates how children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages.
1322:
1132:
1121:
995:
870:
834:
672:
520:
516:
162:
5931:
5578:"Corpus Linguistics, Learner Corpora, and SLA: Employing Technology to Analyze Language Use"
5432:
4578:
3520:
932:
The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is
9345:
9129:
8664:
8629:
8606:
8564:
8488:
8186:
8026:
7999:
7994:
7891:
7710:
7509:
7459:
7424:
7414:
7409:
7044:
6954:
6753:
6714:
6446:
5836:"Introduction: Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research"
4843:(1999). "Functionalism and its difficulties in biology and linguistics". In Darnell (ed.).
2667:
2555:
2499:
2334:
2260:
2104:
2050:
1798:
1688:
1561:
1518:
1377:
1200:, the study of sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning (
528:
477:
406:
316:
197:
142:
39:
1212:, the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words and how they can be modified
8:
9073:
8810:
8761:
8709:
8366:
8360:
8286:
8201:
8146:
8021:
7886:
7832:
7655:
7630:
7094:
7084:
6934:
6890:
6724:
6501:
6416:
6306:
5995:
3061:
2471:
2434:
in the early 1900s, this became the main focus of American linguistics until the rise of
2357:
2314:
2313:
the generalities and varieties both within particular languages and among all languages.
2304:
2194:
2116:
2112:
2108:
1978:
1971:
1899:
1522:
1505:
1042:
1036:
976:
613:
606:
247:
177:
152:
124:
6262:
4930:
4847:. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 41. John Benjamins. pp. 445â468.
3620:
2628: â Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
1161:
9166:
9083:
8952:
8784:
8686:
8669:
8594:
8311:
7876:
7494:
7469:
7444:
7369:
7312:
6944:
6840:
6835:
6759:
6734:
6536:
6521:
6486:
5900:
5537:
5158:
5150:
4888:
4695:
4668:
4634:
4467:
4289:
3819:
3811:
3707:
3457:
2673:
2578:
2486:
2435:
2416:
2345:
2318:
2120:
2092:
2080:
2026:
2014:
1850:
1759:
1680:
1501:
1489:
1416:
1389:
1251:
922:
914:
874:
747:
721:
709:
586:(the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions.
467:
446:
416:
371:
326:
294:
284:
172:
167:
7595:
3482:
2918:
Linguistics summary (Concepts, origin, and Noam Chomsky's contribution to linguistics)
967:
from the meanings of their constituent expressions. Formal semantics draws heavily on
9360:
8942:
8892:
8699:
8634:
8540:
8525:
8281:
8276:
8264:
8259:
8131:
8121:
8041:
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7928:
7525:
6910:
6830:
6669:
6551:
6276:
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6230:
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6111:
6092:
6071:
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6031:
6001:
5904:
5890:
5857:
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4408:
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3122:
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2891:
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2841:
2821:
2786:
2721:
2679:
2326:
2280:
2037:. Bloomfield attributes "the first great scientific linguistic work of the world" to
1944:, a Persian, made a detailed description of Arabic in AD 760 in his monumental work,
1719:
1668:
1440:
1365:
918:
713:
598:
583:
532:
463:
311:
289:
232:
4986:
4912:
4638:
3823:
2373:
Depending on the country, this interview is conducted either in the asylum seeker's
2100:
667:
597:(including traditional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the
9099:
8552:
8296:
8141:
8116:
7923:
7913:
7903:
7650:
7342:
6974:
6885:
6709:
6704:
6506:
6086:
5927:
5882:
5847:
5788:
5704:
5665:
5618:
5589:
5549:
5142:
4884:
4848:
4747:
4690:
4680:
4626:
4574:
4498:
4459:
4420:
4293:
4271:
4263:
4118:
4108:
3803:
3729:
3694:
3689:
3453:
3415:"The definition of the grammatical category in a syntactically oriented morphology"
3207:
2813:
2703:
2661:
2482:
2443:
2420:
2341:
2273:
2239:
1708:
1545:
1420:
1369:
1124:
980:
972:
964:
762:
524:
411:
242:
237:
212:
207:
192:
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8535:
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8073:
8068:
7881:
7685:
7645:
7635:
7625:
7560:
7550:
7540:
7535:
7362:
7119:
7034:
6790:
6769:
6719:
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6639:
6606:
6561:
6556:
6516:
6401:
6296:
6226:
5970:
4027:
3973:
3957:
2913:
2685:
2592:
2374:
2349:
2329:, which involves governmental policy implementation related to language use, and
2084:
1998:
1700:
1579:, respectively. This reference is however different from the use of the terms in
1508:
1436:
1400:
1357:
1298:
933:
902:
739:
717:
625:
5852:
5669:
5085:
4751:
3861:
3211:
1179:
Sub-fields that focus on a grammatical study of language include the following:
881:
that can only appear as part of a larger word. For example, in English the root
9104:
8800:
8421:
8269:
8181:
8176:
7933:
7854:
7849:
7780:
7720:
7715:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7640:
7615:
7600:
7590:
7585:
7530:
6870:
6825:
6649:
6581:
6451:
6253:
6216:, a global online linguistics community with news and information updated daily
5133:
Nichols, Stephen G. (1990). "Introduction: Philology in a Manuscript Culture".
4718:
Dahl, Ăsten (2001). "Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions".
4267:
4113:
4096:
3006:"Linguistics Program â Linguistics Program | University of South Carolina"
2655:
2439:
2010:
1990:
1903:
1834:
1826:
1526:
1475:
1458:
1373:
621:
579:
256:
9309:
9292:
6456:
6142:
5709:
5692:
5594:
5577:
4463:
3733:
2966:
Akmajian, Adrian; Richard A. Demers; Ann K. Farmer; Robert M. Harnish (2010).
1902:
field of research that combines tools from natural sciences, social sciences,
1718:
Features appear in speech which are not always recorded in writing, including
795:, linking, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and other language families to
605:
of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it.
9339:
9192:
9144:
9037:
9032:
9011:
9002:
8967:
8897:
8872:
8857:
8704:
8511:
8372:
8328:
8291:
8221:
8196:
8106:
8004:
7950:
7945:
7670:
7665:
7605:
7565:
7545:
7474:
7419:
7307:
7247:
7114:
6729:
6634:
6629:
6591:
6511:
6491:
6466:
6431:
6291:
5861:
5718:
5677:
5404:
5106:
5075:"On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems"
4876:
4840:
4685:
4555:
3807:
3703:
3645:
Introduction to Linguistic Theory â Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language
2895:
2625:
2504:
Clinical linguistics is the application of linguistic theory to the field of
2383:
2292:
2088:
1742:
1704:
1576:
1450:
1399:
The fundamental principle of humanistic linguistics, especially rational and
1310:
1128:
694:
620:(through the historical development of a language over a period of time), in
563:
5792:
5223:
3268:"Editors' Introduction: Foundations of the new historical linguistics." In:
1929:
1830:
1529:
on human language. In cognitive linguistics, language is approached via the
9042:
9027:
8994:
8639:
8171:
8111:
7859:
7817:
7680:
7620:
7610:
7555:
7257:
7242:
6855:
6850:
6805:
6764:
6674:
6576:
6531:
6526:
6496:
6481:
6476:
5726:
5538:"Linguistics in the digital humanities: (computational) corpus linguistics"
5004:
4704:
4319:
4285:
3345:
2724: â Study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals
2643:
2631:
2542:
2400:
2322:
2006:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1479:
1361:
1306:
652:
616:(by describing the structure of a language at a specific point in time) or
536:
512:
299:
89:
8444:
5886:
5796:
4852:
4792:
Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation
4503:
2454:, which investigate the relations between language, culture, and society.
1843:
1368:, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind;
9218:
9006:
8754:
8724:
8589:
8323:
8136:
8053:
7965:
7822:
7660:
7267:
7064:
6984:
6810:
6601:
6541:
6426:
6411:
6315:
4607:
2467:
2288:
2038:
2002:
1462:
1404:
1244:
991:
792:
656:
451:
426:
7170:
6257:
6108:
An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell
5996:
Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert (2010).
5945:
4252:"Structures, not strings: linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences"
4123:
3815:
3204:
Schools of Thought: The Development of Linguistics from Bopp to Saussure
535:, the environmental, the biological, the literary, the grammatical, the
9139:
9109:
8887:
8694:
8377:
8216:
8058:
8016:
7960:
7337:
7292:
7287:
7104:
6895:
6739:
6694:
6571:
6546:
6471:
6406:
5154:
4276:
3768:
2709:
2431:
2404:
2340:
Today, computers are widely used in many areas of applied linguistics.
2161: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1986:
1932:, the 6th century BC grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit
1676:
1621: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1580:
1557:
1549:
1424:
1235:
987:
960:
949:
830:
743:
640:
571:
421:
104:
3764:
3762:
2697: â Communication about how information is meant to be interpreted
612:
Linguistic features may be studied through a variety of perspectives:
582:(the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and
9149:
8937:
8877:
8805:
8674:
8611:
8584:
8569:
8151:
8048:
7977:
7871:
7844:
7322:
7136:
6845:
6785:
6664:
6644:
6396:
6391:
6371:
5390:
5100:
5098:
3357:
Rheis, International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature
1963:
1959:
1919:
1863:
1745:
1654:
1493:
1408:
1314:
1271:
1240:
1227:
1196:
1184:
1149:
1022:
1011:
1007:
945:
906:
796:
698:
676:
648:
632:
567:
559:
551:
396:
391:
227:
217:
109:
99:
5146:
3586:"Meaning (Semantics and Pragmatics) | Linguistic Society of America"
2508:. Speech language pathologists work on corrective measures to treat
2136:
1596:
1466:
inner mechanisms of the bilateral and multilayered language system.
1135:
field especially with the ever-increasing amount of available data.
1059:
8974:
8740:
8649:
8579:
8515:
8506:
7109:
6800:
6421:
6381:
4956:
4487:"Integrating cognitive linguistics and language evolution research"
4141:
EinfĂŒhrung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen (2nd ed.)
3759:
3546:
2586:
2572:
1941:
1937:
1838:
1664:
1541:
1346:
1338:
1201:
877:
that can exist as words by themselves, but also categories such as
869:, which are the smallest units in a language with some independent
865:
818:
644:
508:
9326:
8416:
7749:
5774:"Applied Linguistics and Language Analysis in Asylum Seeker Cases"
5252:"Differences between Language and Linguistic in the ELT Classroom"
5095:
3450:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
3414:
1887:
in the sense of "a student of language" dates from 1641, the term
9228:
8547:
7898:
7379:
7347:
6820:
6376:
6239:, MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction
3384:"History of Historical Linguistics Essay on History, Linguistics"
2715:
1982:
1571:
The generative versus evolutionary approach are sometimes called
1497:
1302:
1220:, the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and
1160:(the formation and composition of phrases and sentences). Modern
4881:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
3838:
Language and Context: a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register
19:
This article is about the field of study. For publications, see
9202:
8947:
8902:
8867:
8744:
8659:
8621:
7357:
7352:
6965:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
6900:
6310:
6272:
I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science
6128:
I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science
6014:
4249:
1738:
1216:
1157:
822:
812:
547:
114:
5394:(2018). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 7â20
519:, and precise analysis of all aspects of language â i.e., the
9251:
6386:
6236:
3419:
Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation. Madrid: Universidad AutĂłnoma
1967:
1530:
1350:
878:
6213:
5693:"Cerebellum as a Master-Piece for Linguistic Predictability"
4883:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 6323â6330.
6249:
5918:
Croft, William (October 2008). "Evolutionary Linguistics".
5615:
Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)
4720:
RASK â Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation
4374:"Where do cognitive biases fit into cognitive linguistics?"
3284:
Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors
3119:
Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia
2688: â study of the relations between language and culture
1699:
Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that
1675:). An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among
1565:
1553:
1376:, which studies the biology and evolution of language; and
860:
5998:
Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication
4931:"Linguistics | PDF | Lexicon | Linguistics"
1785:
Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a
1301:, which are parts of words that can not stand alone, like
570:(the abstract sound system of a particular language), and
7940:
3863:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
3264:
3262:
2820:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. vii.
2676: â Study of the geographic distribution of languages
1231:, the study of lexical and grammatical aspects of meaning
8958:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
5542:
Mediekultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research
5437:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
4746:. The Frontiers Collection. Springer. pp. 121â138.
4409:"MIND-AS-BODY as a Cross-linguistic Conceptual Metaphor"
3196:"The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians."
2812:
1853:
employ many of the principles that were laid down then.
734:
At first, historical linguistics was the cornerstone of
4397:
3840:, Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 6.
3769:
Chierchia, Gennaro & Sally McConnell-Ginet (2000).
3669:
3452:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 900â905.
3149:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022.
2732:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2699:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1345:
used by speech communities. Stylistic features include
893:
may appear as its own word, or it may be combined with
593:
that span both theoretical and practical applications.
546:
Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to
6030:(New ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5519:
5517:
5425:
5217:
5215:
4443:
3259:
3200:"The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians"
3176:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 391.
3032:"Studying Linguistics | Linguistic Society of America"
2842:"What is Linguistics? | Linguistic Society of America"
1936:. PÄáčini's systematic classification of the sounds of
3975:
Trends in Linguistics: Runes and Germanic Linguistics
3794:
Ariel, Mira (2009). "Discourse, grammar, discourse".
3756:(2nd ed.), 2013. Andrew Carnie. Blackwell Publishing.
3316:"Early Uralic â Indo-European contacts within Europe"
2646: â Theory and methodology of text interpretation
2634: â Rediscovery of a language or script's meaning
2622: â Interdisciplinary approach to study discourse
5471:
5301:
Spolsky, Bernard; Hult, Francis M. (February 2010).
3724:
Plungyan, V. A. (2011). Modern linguistic typology.
3024:
2690:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2615:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2606:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2568:
1928:
An early formal study of language was in India with
1751:
Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;
791:
For instance, some scholars also tried to establish
757:
The reason for this had been to describe well-known
5758:
5514:
5212:
4606:
4176:
2718: â Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols
1162:
frameworks that deal with the principles of grammar
5739:
4403:
3971:
3406:
1372:, which studies language processing in the brain;
701:, the study of ancient texts and oral traditions.
6268:
6124:
4666:
3900:""Stylistics" by Joybrato Mukherjee. Chapter 49.
3771:Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics
2309:Linguists are largely concerned with finding and
1964:phonemes (sounds as units of a linguistic system)
1958:), the first known author to distinguish between
1504:, these underpinning are understood as including
9337:
6245:â according to the Linguistic Society of America
6015:Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie, eds. (2000).
5174:
5172:
3270:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
1540:which includes the study of linguistic units as
578:contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as
515:because it entails a comprehensive, systematic,
5691:Mariën, Peter; Manto, Mario (25 October 2017).
5474:Western linguistics: An historical introduction
5203:
5033:
4808:
4183:An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.)
3934:
2730: â Theory of language usage and production
2670: â Creation of language processing systems
2658: â Approach in the theory of communication
2348:use phonetic and phonemic knowledge to provide
1875:, however, this focus has shifted and the term
901:. Morphology also analyzes how words behave as
26:"Linguist" redirects here. For other uses, see
5742:Controversies in Applied Linguistics (pp. 288)
5183:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9, 19.
4783:
4667:SinnemÀki, Kaius; Di Garbo, Francesca (2018).
4383:. Chicago University Press. pp. 347â363.
3507:
3350:"Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science"
2914:https://www.britannica.com/summary/linguistics
2871:
2869:
2867:
1525:, and the impact of cognitive constraints and
1156:(the formation and composition of words), and
1152:(the organization of phonetic sound systems),
550:(rules governing the structure of sentences),
8460:
7765:
7186:
6331:
5169:
4845:Functionalism and Formalism in linguistics, 1
4484:
3726:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 81
485:
4879:(2015). "Functional Approaches to Grammar".
4449:
4067:. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc.
3489:. Macmillan Reference, Ltd., Yale University
3197:
2515:
2248:
2074:
2060:
1949:
8474:
5834:Behr, Dorothée; Sha, Mandy (25 July 2018).
5824:. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York.
5690:
5652:Bailey, Charles-James N. (1 January 1981).
5536:Jensen, Kim Ebensgaard (19 December 2014).
5331:Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics
5300:
5249:
4054:
2864:
2640: â Connections between language groups
2530:
2095:. Functional analysis was developed by the
1667:". This may have the aim of establishing a
1088:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
939:
8467:
8453:
7772:
7758:
7193:
7179:
7055:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
6345:
6338:
6324:
6023:
5878:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation
5523:
5508:
5496:
5459:
4814:
4730:
4529:
4340:
4180:; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (2004).
4088:
3856:
2961:
2959:
2782:Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts
2682: â Right to choose one's own language
2279:neurolinguistics is informed by models in
2025:In the 18th century, the first use of the
1415:because different languages are shaped in
1001:
562:(speech sounds and equivalent gestures in
492:
478:
8985:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
7200:
6275:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
6131:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
5851:
5708:
5593:
5553:
5257:. Theory and Practice in Language Studies
4789:
4711:
4694:
4684:
4502:
4275:
4122:
4112:
4026:
3693:
3641:
2391:
2221:Learn how and when to remove this message
1774:as a viable site for linguistic inquiry.
1637:Learn how and when to remove this message
1108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1021:, acoustics, production, and perception.
682:
8853:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
6300:) is being considered for deletion. See
6027:An Introduction to the Study of Language
5072:
4955:
4911:
4905:
4610:; Tamariz, Monica; Kirby, Simon (2009).
4485:Pleyer, Michael; Winters, James (2014).
3675:
3508:Aronoff, Mark; Fudeman, Kirsten (n.d.).
3480:
3412:
3286:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 21â23.
3171:
3117:Francis, Alexandre (27 September 2013).
2020:
1981:'s successors founded a university (see
986:Pragmatics focuses on phenomena such as
666:
8920:
6084:
6065:
6044:
5932:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156
5875:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (9 July 2019).
5833:
5608:
5575:
5403:
5304:The Handbook of Educational Linguistics
5178:
5132:
4579:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156
4318:
4137:
3773:. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
3510:"Morphology and Morphological Analysis"
3296:
3206:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 32â62.
3174:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
3147:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3116:
2956:
2875:
2549:
2493:
1544:. It is possible to study how language
662:
9338:
6157:
6091:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
5874:
5651:
5617:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 234â248,
5535:
5208:. History of Linguistics. Vol. 4.
4839:
4532:Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction
4530:Evans, Vyvyan; Green, Melanie (2006).
4094:
3596:from the original on 24 September 2017
3519:. Blackwell Publishing. Archived from
3313:
3247:Kosur, Heather Marie (27 April 2013).
2298:
1457:are related to their meaning in other
631:Linguistics emerged from the field of
8919:
8841:
8715:High-context and low-context cultures
8486:
8448:
7753:
7174:
6319:
6269:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013).
6125:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013).
5917:
5771:
5588:. Cambridge University Press: 74â92.
5327:
4875:
4736:
4648:from the original on 12 November 2020
4588:from the original on 25 February 2021
4554:
4371:
4346:
4224:
3939:. Oxford University Press (New York).
3793:
3614:
3553:from the original on 10 February 2023
3425:from the original on 10 February 2023
3344:
3281:
3246:
3153:from the original on 14 December 2022
3121:. SAGE Publishing. pp. 184â187.
3072:from the original on 10 February 2023
2785:. Taylor & Francis. p. 156.
2778:
2753:List of summer schools of linguistics
971:and uses formal tools from logic and
829:. Central concerns of syntax include
821:combine to form larger units such as
817:Syntax is the study of how words and
9258:
9064:Computer processing of body language
8842:
8403:
6105:
5822:Essentials of Language documentation
5582:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
4717:
3998:
3866:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2ff.
3544:
3443:
3381:
2880:. Wien: Springer-Verlag. p. 3.
2852:from the original on 8 February 2022
2561:in the framework of criminal cases.
2159:adding citations to reliable sources
2130:
2126:
1913:
1619:adding citations to reliable sources
1590:
1086:adding citations to reliable sources
1053:
382:Conservative and innovative language
9079:List of facial expression databases
9069:Emotion recognition in conversation
7779:
5439:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2000.
5037:The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.)
4032:Prolegomena to a Theory of Language
3978:(6th ed.). Mouton de Gruyter.
3880:from the original on 27 August 2016
3575:. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).
3565:
3394:from the original on 2 October 2022
3314:Quiles, Carlos (29 December 2019).
3092:"The Fields of Applied Linguistics"
2267:
2233:
1950:
1871:'s insistence on the importance of
1496:with a view towards uncovering the
13:
5476:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2â24.
5366:from the original on 17 April 2018
5221:
5104:
5054:from the original on 27 March 2014
5015:from the original on 15 April 2021
4889:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8
4431:from the original on 27 April 2021
4300:from the original on 26 April 2021
4144:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
3658:from the original on 22 March 2023
3458:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4
3413:FĂĄbregas, Antonio (January 2005).
3300:Language and the Study of Language
3228:from the original on 15 April 2021
2748:List of departments of linguistics
1861:Before the 20th century, the term
1255:, the analysis of language use in
1035:This paragraph is an excerpt from
746:proto-languages by using both the
14:
9372:
8963:Childhood disintegrative disorder
6304:to help reach a consensus. âș
6248:Linguistics and language-related
6178:
5950:Forensic Linguistics Intelligence
4993:. Vol. 2. 1908. p. 263.
4987:"Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature"
4937:from the original on 10 June 2022
4771:from the original on 26 June 2021
4511:from the original on 9 March 2021
4229:. John Benjamins. pp. 3â38.
4206:from the original on 3 March 2021
4158:from the original on 28 July 2017
4034:. University of Wisconsin Press.
3754:Syntax: A Generative Introduction
3487:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science
3042:from the original on 8 March 2022
2924:from the original on 1 April 2022
2337:fits under Applied linguistics.)
1564:is a framework which applies the
771:Native American language families
9318:
9301:
9284:
9267:
8426:
8415:
8402:
8391:
8390:
7734:
7733:
7388:
6000:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
5955:
5938:
5911:
5868:
5827:
5555:10.7146/mediekultur.v30i57.15968
5388:Behme, Christina; Neef, Martin.
4631:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x
4324:The Minimalist Program (2nd ed.)
4097:"Theory of language: a taxonomy"
3326:from the original on 7 July 2022
3297:Whitney, William Dwight (1867).
3098:from the original on 21 May 2022
3012:from the original on 6 June 2022
2585:
2571:
2135:
1849:. Today, modern-day theories on
1649:Modern linguistics is primarily
1595:
1568:concept to the study of syntax.
1058:
462:
8345:List of social science journals
7253:Computer-mediated communication
5988:
5963:"what is forensic linguistics?"
5814:
5733:
5684:
5645:
5602:
5569:
5529:
5502:
5490:
5465:
5453:
5397:
5382:
5348:
5328:Berns, Margie (20 March 2010).
5321:
5294:
5269:
5243:
5197:
5066:
5027:
4997:
4991:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
4979:
4949:
4923:
4917:Elements of General Linguistics
4869:
4833:
4660:
4600:
4548:
4523:
4491:Theoria et Historia Scientiarum
4478:
4365:
4312:
4243:
4218:
4170:
4131:
4048:
4020:
3992:
3964:
3943:
3928:
3892:
3850:
3830:
3787:
3747:
3738:
3718:
3635:
3608:
3578:
3538:
3501:
3474:
3437:
3375:
3338:
3307:
3290:
3275:
3240:
3190:
3165:
3135:
3110:
3084:
2972:(6th ed.). The MIT Press.
2779:Trask, Robert Lawrence (2007).
2664: â Subfield of linguistics
2146:needs additional citations for
1856:
1821:The earliest activities in the
1772:computer-mediated communication
1606:needs additional citations for
1313:, and the new words are called
8487:
8302:Science and technology studies
6995:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
6162:. William Morrow and Company.
5840:Translation & Interpreting
5623:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00944-5
5609:Hunston, S. (1 January 2006),
5206:Nineteenth-Century Linguistics
5073:Penn, Gerald; Kiparski, Paul.
4817:Handbook of Language Emergence
4425:10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.200210526
4381:Language and the Creative Mind
4349:Handbook of Language Emergence
3695:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702
3054:
2998:
2906:
2834:
2806:
2772:
2758:List of schools of linguistics
2541:Evolutionary linguistics is a
2461:
2419:â the teaching of a second or
2352:to computers. Applications of
2091:who also developed methods of
2053:, of whom Bloomfield asserts:
1586:
1536:A closely related approach is
1500:underpinnings of language. In
1423:. Frameworks representing the
963:of sentences and how they are
675:is regarded as the creator of
1:
6876:Principle of compositionality
6289:
6024:Bloomfield, Leonard (1983) .
5946:What is Forensic Linguistics?
5920:Annual Review of Anthropology
5472:Seuren, Pieter A. M. (1998).
5360:Linguistic Society of America
5181:Understanding Language Change
4567:Annual Review of Anthropology
4061:Course in General Linguistics
3676:Ferguson, Charles A. (1959).
3481:Anderson, Stephen R. (n.d.).
3448:. In Wright, James D. (ed.).
2766:
2743:Index of linguistics articles
2712: â Study of proper names
2706: â Branch of linguistics
2362:computer-assisted translation
1469:
1394:
1383:
1337:of description of particular
1049:
848:
7375:Text and conversation theory
7025:Philosophical Investigations
6220:Glossary of linguistic terms
6204:Resources in other libraries
5697:Cerebellum (London, England)
5391:Essays on Linguistic Realism
5356:"The Science of Linguistics"
5334:. Elsevier. pp. 23â25.
5204:Morpurgo Davies, A. (1998).
4256:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
4227:Functionalism in Linguistics
4006:. Indiana University Press.
3836:Leckie-Tarry, Helen (1995).
3714:– via Tandfonline-com.
3446:"SyntaxâSemantics Interface"
2728:Stratificational linguistics
2695:Metacommunicative competence
1825:have been attributed to the
1279:
1259:(spoken, written, or signed)
322:Functional discourse grammar
188:Ethnography of communication
21:Linguistics (disambiguation)
16:Scientific study of language
7:
8980:Nonverbal learning disorder
8558:Speech-independent gestures
8531:Facial Action Coding System
6866:Modality (natural language)
6051:. The New Press, New York.
6017:The handbook of linguistics
5853:10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01
5744:. Oxford University Press.
5740:Barbara Seidlhofer (2003).
5670:10.1515/flin.1981.15.1-2.29
5654:"Developmental Linguistics"
5250:Shahhoseiny, Hajar (2013).
5229:Online Etymology Dictionary
5112:Online Etymology Dictionary
4965:. Oxford University Press.
4752:10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6
3972:Antonsen, Elmer H. (2002).
3902:Encyclopedia of Linguistics
3573:Pragmatics: An Introduction
3212:10.1007/978-94-009-3759-8_2
3198:Amsterdamska, Olga (1987).
3143:"Philosophy of Linguistics"
2818:On Language and Linguistics
2816:; Jonathan Webster (2006).
2620:Critical discourse analysis
2564:
2448:anthropological linguistics
2366:natural language processing
2331:natural language processing
2261:the acquisition of language
1844:
1780:
1349:, diction, stress, satire,
1029:
859:Morphology is the study of
591:many branches and subfields
507:is the scientific study of
442:Second-language acquisition
10:
9377:
8720:Interpersonal relationship
8521:Body-to-body communication
7005:Language, Truth, and Logic
6745:Theological noncognitivism
6630:Contrast theory of meaning
6625:Causal theory of reference
6356:Index of language articles
6106:Hall, Christopher (2005).
5281:Birmingham City University
5082:Proceedings of COLING 2012
4560:"Evolutionary linguistics"
4405:Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide
4351:. Wiley. pp. 81â109.
4268:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008
4114:10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x
3970:Chapter 1, section 1.1 in
3937:The Philosophy of Rhetoric
2652: â Theory of language
2553:
2534:
2519:
2512:and swallowing disorders.
2497:
2465:
2302:
2271:
2252:
2237:
2049:to language in general by
1917:
1814:
1810:
1707:are more fundamental than
1694:
1473:
1387:
1292:
1142:
1034:
1005:
943:
852:
810:
686:
120:Syntaxâsemantics interface
25:
18:
9211:
9185:
9125:
9118:
9092:
9056:
9020:
8993:
8930:
8926:
8915:
8848:
8837:
8793:
8770:
8733:
8685:
8620:
8499:
8495:
8482:
8386:
8353:
8337:
8084:
7810:
7787:
7729:
7518:
7397:
7386:
7226:
7208:
7145:
7090:Philosophy of information
7077:
6926:
6778:
6690:Mediated reference theory
6615:
6362:
6353:
6199:Resources in your library
6085:Derrida, Jacques (1967).
5710:10.1007/s12311-017-0894-1
5613:, in Brown, Keith (ed.),
5595:10.1017/S0267190519000096
5307:. John Wiley & Sons.
5084:: 943â950. Archived from
4464:10.1515/cogl.1995.6.4.347
3949:Derrida, Jacques (1967).
3734:10.1134/S1019331611020158
3590:www.linguisticsociety.org
3363:(1): 5â27. Archived from
3303:. Scribener. p. 428.
3062:"Theoretical Linguistics"
3036:www.linguisticsociety.org
2846:www.linguisticsociety.org
2650:Integrational linguistics
2522:Computational linguistics
2516:Computational linguistics
2506:speech-language pathology
2479:computational linguistics
2409:Computational linguistics
2354:computational linguistics
2255:Developmental linguistics
2249:Developmental linguistics
2075:20th-century developments
1764:computational linguistics
1560:or the speech community.
1427:view of language include
806:
432:Philosophy of linguistics
332:Interactional linguistics
28:Linguist (disambiguation)
9135:Behavioral communication
7333:Nonviolent communication
7263:History of communication
7015:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
6302:templates for discussion
6225:10 February 2013 at the
5179:McMahon, A.M.S. (1994).
5034:S.C. Vasu (Tr.) (1996).
4819:. Wiley. pp. 1â31.
4686:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01141
4138:SchÀfer, Roland (2016).
3935:Richards, I. A. (1965).
3808:10.1177/1461445608098496
2537:Evolutionary linguistics
2531:Evolutionary linguistics
2097:Prague linguistic circle
1924:Grammarian (Greco-Roman)
1538:evolutionary linguistics
1328:
940:Semantics and pragmatics
855:Morphology (linguistics)
778:uniformitarian principle
776:In historical work, the
589:Linguistics encompasses
8575:Interpersonal synchrony
8476:Nonverbal communication
7990:international relations
7328:Nonverbal communication
7318:Models of communication
6816:Useâmention distinction
6660:Direct reference theory
6158:Pinker, Steven (1994).
6066:Crystal, David (1990).
5967:CFL at Aston University
4790:Zehentner, Eva (2019).
4740:The Language Phenomenon
4673:Frontiers in Psychology
4095:Austin, Patrik (2021).
3382:Benj (11 August 2019).
3282:Labov, William (1994).
3172:Campbell, Lyle (1998).
2876:Crystal, David (1981).
2814:Halliday, Michael A. K.
2452:linguistic anthropology
2381:or in an international
2285:theoretical linguistics
2035:comparative linguistics
1823:description of language
1002:Phonetics and phonology
759:Indo-European languages
752:internal reconstruction
736:comparative linguistics
595:Theoretical linguistics
9172:Monastic sign lexicons
8863:Emotional intelligence
8317:Quantum social science
6750:Theory of descriptions
6685:Linguistic determinism
6347:Philosophy of language
6045:Chomsky, Noam (1998).
5576:McEnery, Tony (2019).
5277:"What is Linguistics?"
4056:de Saussure, Ferdinand
3952:Writing and Difference
3651:, Harvard University,
3571:Mey, Jacob L. (1993).
2638:Global language system
2602:Articulatory synthesis
2428:undocumented languages
2397:Language documentation
2392:Language documentation
2072:
2061:
1817:History of linguistics
1797:At another level, the
1673:Linguistic imperialism
1447:Functional linguistics
1429:structural linguistics
1174:generative linguistics
1170:functional linguistics
969:philosophy of language
911:grammatical categories
905:, and how they may be
782:William Dwight Whitney
767:Austronesian languages
689:Historical linguistics
683:Historical linguistics
679:
637:philosophy of language
558:(structure of words),
269:Theoretical frameworks
223:Philosophy of language
203:History of linguistics
9356:Communication studies
9162:Impression management
8354:Other categorizations
8207:International studies
8192:History of technology
8127:Communication studies
8010:public administration
7480:Mediated cross-border
7202:Communication studies
6861:Mental representation
6796:Linguistic relativity
6680:Inquisitive semantics
6263:"Linguistics" section
6243:Linguistic sub-fields
6160:The Language Instinct
5887:10.4324/9780429294914
5881:. London: Routledge.
5793:10.1093/applin/ami021
5772:Eades, Diana (2005).
4853:10.1075/slcs.41.21net
4794:. De Gruyter Mouton.
4504:10.12775/ths-2014-002
4452:Cognitive Linguistics
4004:Handbook of Semiotics
3642:Szczegielniak, Adam,
3617:"What is pragmatics?"
3272:Routledge p. 25.
2611:Axiom of categoricity
2055:
2021:Comparative philology
1918:Further information:
1869:Ferdinand de Saussure
1515:Cognitive linguistics
1486:cognitive linguistics
1474:Further information:
1133:knowledge engineering
975:. On the other hand,
897:to form the new word
835:grammatical relations
742:, and reconstructing
673:Ferdinand de Saussure
670:
163:Conversation analysis
9177:Verbal communication
9130:Animal communication
9048:Targeted advertising
8565:Haptic communication
8187:Historical sociology
7415:Communication theory
7410:Communication design
7045:Naming and Necessity
6955:De Arte Combinatoria
6754:Definite description
6715:Semantic externalism
6019:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5973:on 27 September 2010
5611:"Corpus Linguistics"
4379:. In Borkent (ed.).
4372:Tobin, Vera (2014).
3444:Luuk, Erkki (2015).
2878:Clinical linguistics
2668:Language engineering
2556:Forensic linguistics
2550:Forensic linguistics
2500:Clinical linguistics
2494:Clinical linguistics
2335:Constructed language
2155:improve this article
2105:audio-lingual method
2051:Wilhelm von Humboldt
2033:sparked the rise of
1946:Al-kitab fii an-naħw
1681:language instruction
1615:improve this article
1562:Construction grammar
1542:cultural replicators
1378:language acquisition
1082:improve this section
889:are both morphemes;
873:. Morphemes include
712:, which studies the
663:Major subdisciplines
407:Internet linguistics
317:Construction grammar
9186:Non-verbal language
9074:Gesture recognition
8921:Further information
8811:Emotion recognition
8762:Silent service code
8367:Geisteswissenschaft
8361:Behavioral sciences
8287:Political sociology
8202:Information science
8147:Development studies
7095:Philosophical logic
7085:Analytic philosophy
6891:Sense and reference
6770:Verification theory
6725:Situation semantics
6233:(last updated 2004)
5781:Applied Linguistics
3858:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
3526:on 27 February 2020
3517:What is Morphology?
2986:on 14 December 2012
2472:Translation studies
2358:machine translation
2315:Applied linguistics
2305:Applied linguistics
2299:Applied linguistics
2117:language technology
2113:linguistic typology
2109:language universals
1979:Alexander the Great
1956:The Book on Grammar
1895:is sometimes used.
1873:synchronic analysis
1669:linguistic standard
1484:Approaches such as
1239:, the study of how
1043:Linguistic typology
1037:Linguistic typology
996:talk in interaction
977:cognitive semantics
925:. Concepts such as
607:Applied linguistics
342:Systemic functional
137:Applied linguistics
79:General linguistics
9212:Art and literature
9167:Meta-communication
9155:Passive-aggressive
9084:Sentiment analysis
8785:Non-verbal leakage
8422:Society portal
7909:auxiliary sciences
7445:Discourse analysis
7370:Telecommunications
7313:Meta-communication
6945:Port-Royal Grammar
6841:Family resemblance
6760:Theory of language
6735:Supposition theory
5009:panini.phil.hhu.de
4189:. London: Hodder.
4178:Halliday, M. A. K.
4101:SN Social Sciences
3545:Emmanuel, Ortese.
2674:Language geography
2579:Linguistics portal
2436:formal linguistics
2417:language education
2346:speech recognition
2319:language education
2093:discourse analysis
2081:Leonard Bloomfield
2043:Deutsche Grammatik
2027:comparative method
2015:John Amos Comenius
1900:multi-disciplinary
1893:linguistic science
1883:Although the term
1835:formal description
1829:Indian grammarian
1760:corpus linguistics
1720:phonological rules
1711:. This is because
1502:Generative Grammar
1490:generative grammar
1417:social interaction
1390:Theory of language
1252:Discourse analysis
1245:communicative acts
750:and the method of
748:comparative method
722:grammaticalization
710:generative grammar
680:
603:fundamental nature
447:Theory of language
417:Origin of language
372:Autonomy of syntax
327:Grammaticalization
173:Discourse analysis
168:Corpus linguistics
9351:Cognitive science
9249:
9248:
9245:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9236:
8943:Asperger syndrome
8911:
8910:
8893:Social competence
8833:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8635:Emotional prosody
8541:Subtle expression
8526:Facial expression
8442:
8441:
8282:Political economy
8277:Political ecology
8132:Community studies
8122:Cognitive science
8085:Interdisciplinary
7985:Political science
7747:
7746:
7168:
7167:
6670:Dynamic semantics
6282:978-0-19-953420-3
6231:SIL International
6214:The Linguist List
6185:Library resources
6169:978-0-14-017529-5
6138:978-0-19-966017-9
6117:978-0-8264-8734-6
6098:978-0-8018-5830-7
6077:978-0-14-013531-2
6070:. Penguin Books.
6058:978-1-56584-475-9
6037:978-90-272-8047-3
6007:978-0-262-51370-8
5896:978-0-429-29491-4
5751:978-0-19-437444-6
5658:Folia Linguistica
5632:978-0-08-044854-1
5483:978-0-631-20891-4
5446:978-0-395-82517-4
5418:978-0-14-013531-2
5411:. Penguin Books.
5341:978-0-08-096503-1
5314:978-1-4443-3104-2
5222:Harper, Douglas.
5190:978-0-521-44665-5
5105:Harper, Douglas.
5091:on 15 April 2021.
5047:978-81-208-0409-8
4972:978-0-19-966521-1
4898:978-0-08-097087-5
4862:978-1-55619-927-1
4826:978-1-118-34613-6
4801:978-3-11-063385-6
4761:978-3-642-36085-5
4619:Language Learning
4390:978-90-272-8643-7
4358:978-1-118-34613-6
4333:978-0-262-52734-7
4236:978-90-272-1524-6
4151:978-1-537504-95-7
4084:on 8 August 2019.
4074:978-0-231-15727-8
4013:978-0-253-20959-7
3985:978-3-11-017462-5
3916:on 4 October 2013
3873:978-1-4039-1723-2
3796:Discourse Studies
3780:978-0-262-53164-1
3467:978-0-08-097087-5
3221:978-94-009-3759-8
3183:978-0-7486-4601-2
3066:globelanguage.org
2979:978-0-262-51370-8
2938:cite encyclopedia
2887:978-3-7091-4001-7
2827:978-0-8264-8824-4
2792:978-0-415-41359-6
2722:Speech processing
2680:Linguistic rights
2327:language planning
2281:psycholinguistics
2231:
2230:
2223:
2205:
2127:Areas of research
2001:. Throughout the
1991:tĂ©chnÄ grammatikáž
1914:Early grammarians
1898:Linguistics is a
1839:Sanskrit language
1647:
1646:
1639:
1492:study linguistic
1366:psycholinguistics
1118:
1117:
1110:
740:language families
584:psycholinguistics
502:
501:
290:Distributionalism
233:Psycholinguistics
9368:
9331:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9314:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9297:
9289:
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9272:
9271:
9270:
9260:
9123:
9122:
9100:Ray Birdwhistell
8928:
8927:
8917:
8916:
8843:Broader concepts
8839:
8838:
8816:First impression
8497:
8496:
8484:
8483:
8469:
8462:
8455:
8446:
8445:
8430:
8420:
8419:
8406:
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8394:
8393:
8297:Regional science
8142:Cultural studies
8117:Business studies
7774:
7767:
7760:
7751:
7750:
7737:
7736:
7392:
7343:Public relations
7238:Biocommunication
7195:
7188:
7181:
7172:
7171:
7130:Formal semantics
7078:Related articles
7070:
7060:
7050:
7040:
7030:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6710:Relevance theory
6705:Phallogocentrism
6340:
6333:
6326:
6317:
6316:
6286:
6173:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6141:. Archived from
6121:
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6062:
6041:
6020:
6011:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5969:. Archived from
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5953:
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5936:
5935:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5872:
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5865:
5855:
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5811:
5809:
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5802:on 27 March 2009
5801:
5795:. Archived from
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4077:. Archived from
4066:
4052:
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4028:Hjelmslev, Louis
4024:
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3908:
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3615:Shaozhong, Liu.
3612:
3606:
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3603:
3601:
3582:
3576:
3569:
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3562:
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3547:"In linguistics"
3542:
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3371:
3370:on 17 July 2022.
3369:
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3320:Indo-European.eu
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2963:
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2943:
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2704:Microlinguistics
2700:
2691:
2662:Interlinguistics
2616:
2607:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2483:Google Translate
2444:sociolinguistics
2430:. Starting with
2421:foreign language
2415:, as well as in
2350:voice interfaces
2342:Speech synthesis
2274:Neurolinguistics
2268:Neurolinguistics
2240:Sociolinguistics
2234:Sociolinguistics
2226:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2163:
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2119:and digitalized
2064:
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1953:
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1431:, among others.
1421:speech community
1413:cultural studies
1370:neurolinguistics
1113:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1062:
1054:
981:prototype theory
973:computer science
957:formal semantics
763:Uralic languages
494:
487:
480:
466:
412:LGBT linguistics
402:Internationalism
377:Compositionality
238:Sociolinguistics
213:Neurolinguistics
208:Interlinguistics
193:Ethnomethodology
35:
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9256:at Knowledge's
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9224:Mimoplastic art
9207:
9198:Tactile signing
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8883:Social behavior
8844:
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8780:Microexpression
8766:
8750:One-bit message
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8536:Microexpression
8491:
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8307:Science studies
8091:Administration
8080:
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7781:Social sciences
7778:
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7120:School of Names
7073:
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7035:Of Grammatology
7028:
7018:
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6938:
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6774:
6720:Semantic holism
6700:Non-cognitivism
6640:Conventionalism
6611:
6358:
6349:
6344:
6305:
6283:
6227:Wayback Machine
6210:
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6193:
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6088:Of Grammatology
6078:
6059:
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5944:Olsson, John. "
5943:
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5524:Bloomfield 1983
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5497:Bloomfield 1983
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3623:on 7 March 2009
3613:
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80:
72:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9374:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9333:
9332:
9315:
9313:from Wikibooks
9298:
9296:from Wikiquote
9281:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9105:Charles Darwin
9102:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9060:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9014:
9009:
8999:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8934:
8932:
8924:
8923:
8913:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8801:Affect display
8797:
8795:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8747:
8737:
8735:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8691:
8689:
8687:Social context
8683:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8637:
8632:
8626:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8595:Pupil dilation
8592:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8555:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8523:
8518:
8509:
8503:
8501:
8493:
8492:
8480:
8479:
8472:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8424:
8412:
8400:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8363:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8314:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8250:social science
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8182:Global studies
8179:
8177:Gender studies
8174:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8160:social science
8156:Environmental
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7855:macroeconomics
7852:
7850:microeconomics
7842:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7777:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7485:Organizational
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7435:Cross-cultural
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7283:Intrapersonal
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7234:
7232:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7198:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7061:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6941:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6871:Presupposition
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:Deconstruction
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6287:
6281:
6266:
6260:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6217:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:External links
6177:
6175:
6174:
6168:
6155:
6145:on 6 July 2011
6137:
6122:
6116:
6103:
6097:
6082:
6076:
6063:
6057:
6042:
6036:
6021:
6012:
6006:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5954:
5937:
5910:
5895:
5867:
5826:
5813:
5757:
5750:
5732:
5683:
5664:(1â2): 29â38.
5644:
5631:
5601:
5568:
5528:
5526:, p. 311.
5513:
5511:, p. 310.
5501:
5499:, p. 308.
5489:
5482:
5464:
5462:, p. 307.
5452:
5445:
5424:
5417:
5405:Crystal, David
5396:
5381:
5347:
5340:
5320:
5313:
5293:
5268:
5242:
5211:
5196:
5189:
5168:
5125:
5094:
5065:
5046:
5026:
4996:
4978:
4971:
4948:
4922:
4904:
4897:
4877:Croft, William
4868:
4861:
4841:Nettle, Daniel
4832:
4825:
4807:
4800:
4782:
4760:
4729:
4710:
4659:
4608:Cornish, Hanna
4599:
4556:Croft, William
4547:
4540:
4522:
4477:
4458:(4): 347â378.
4442:
4396:
4389:
4364:
4357:
4339:
4332:
4311:
4242:
4235:
4217:
4195:
4169:
4150:
4130:
4087:
4073:
4047:
4040:
4019:
4012:
4000:Nöth, Winfried
3991:
3984:
3963:
3942:
3927:
3891:
3872:
3849:
3829:
3786:
3779:
3758:
3746:
3737:
3728:(2), 101-113.
3717:
3688:(2): 325â340.
3668:
3634:
3607:
3577:
3564:
3537:
3500:
3473:
3466:
3436:
3405:
3388:Essay Examples
3374:
3337:
3306:
3289:
3274:
3258:
3239:
3220:
3189:
3182:
3164:
3134:
3128:978-1412999632
3127:
3109:
3083:
3053:
3023:
2997:
2978:
2955:
2905:
2886:
2863:
2833:
2826:
2805:
2791:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2656:Integrationism
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2582:
2566:
2563:
2554:Main article:
2551:
2548:
2535:Main article:
2532:
2529:
2520:Main article:
2517:
2514:
2498:Main article:
2495:
2492:
2463:
2460:
2413:interpretation
2393:
2390:
2303:Main article:
2300:
2297:
2272:Main article:
2269:
2266:
2253:Main article:
2250:
2247:
2238:Main article:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2101:André Martinet
2076:
2073:
2022:
2019:
2011:Wolfgang Ratke
1915:
1912:
1858:
1855:
1827:6th-century-BC
1815:Main article:
1812:
1809:
1782:
1779:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1731:
1716:
1696:
1693:
1691:the language.
1645:
1644:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:human sciences
1476:Biolinguistics
1471:
1468:
1459:human sciences
1396:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1374:biolinguistics
1356:In the 1960s,
1330:
1327:
1294:
1291:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1248:
1232:
1224:
1213:
1205:
1193:
1144:
1141:
1129:sign languages
1116:
1115:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1003:
1000:
941:
938:
853:Main article:
850:
847:
811:Main article:
808:
805:
793:super-families
695:Western trends
687:Main article:
684:
681:
664:
661:
618:diachronically
614:synchronically
580:biolinguistics
564:sign languages
537:paleographical
500:
499:
497:
496:
489:
482:
474:
471:
470:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
437:Prescriptivism
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
304:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9373:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9330:from Wikidata
9329:
9328:
9316:
9312:
9311:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9282:
9278:
9277:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9255:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9210:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9193:Sign language
9191:
9190:
9188:
9184:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9121:
9117:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9038:Freudian slip
9036:
9034:
9033:Lie detection
9031:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9013:
9012:Mirror neuron
9010:
9008:
9004:
9003:Limbic system
9001:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8968:Rett syndrome
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8898:Social skills
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8873:People skills
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8858:Communication
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8840:
8836:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:Multi-faceted
8792:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8732:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8705:Display rules
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8676:
8675:Voice quality
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8512:Body language
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8470:
8465:
8463:
8458:
8456:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8373:Human science
8371:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8330:
8329:Vegan studies
8327:
8325:
8322:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8292:Public health
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8226:Philosophies
8225:
8223:
8222:Media studies
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8197:Human ecology
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8107:Anthrozoology
8105:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8032:developmental
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8005:public policy
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:legal systems
7954:
7952:
7951:legal history
7949:
7947:
7946:jurisprudence
7944:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7775:
7770:
7768:
7763:
7761:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7740:
7732:
7731:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7475:Media studies
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7465:International
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7450:Environmental
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7440:Developmental
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7420:Communicology
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7308:Media ecology
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:Interpersonal
7276:
7274:
7273:Intercultural
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7248:Communication
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Scholasticism
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6730:Structuralism
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Descriptivism
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Contrastivism
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6171:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:. Routledge.
6109:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5787:(4): 503â26.
5786:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5703:(2): 101â03.
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5297:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5253:
5246:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5207:
5200:
5192:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5173:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4900:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4543:
4541:0-7486-1831-7
4537:
4534:. Routledge.
4533:
4526:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4419:(1): 93â119.
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4326:. MIT Press.
4325:
4321:
4320:Chomsky, Noam
4315:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4202:
4198:
4196:0-340-76167-9
4192:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4043:
4041:0-299-02470-9
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3967:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3846:1-85567-272-3
3843:
3839:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3346:Baldi, Philip
3341:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:Cryptanalysis
2624:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2546:communities.
2544:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2510:communication
2507:
2501:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:lingua franca
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2293:brain imaging
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2225:
2222:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172: â
2171:
2170:"Linguistics"
2167:
2166:Find sources:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2144:This section
2142:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:Zellig Harris
2086:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:Indo-European
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:William Jones
2028:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:scripts like
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:speech errors
1725:
1724:sound changes
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1627:February 2024
1620:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:This section
1602:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:functionalism
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:constructions
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:functionalism
1452:
1451:structuralism
1448:
1444:
1442:
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1335:
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1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:neologization
1308:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1274:
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1269:
1266:
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1261:
1258:
1254:
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1112:
1109:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1083:
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1076:
1072:
1067:This section
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
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1038:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1009:
999:
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820:
814:
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800:
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732:
730:
725:
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715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
690:
678:
674:
669:
660:
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654:
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646:
642:
638:
634:
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627:
626:multilinguals
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610:
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604:
600:
596:
592:
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585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
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549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
533:psychological
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
495:
490:
488:
483:
481:
476:
475:
473:
472:
469:
465:
461:
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453:
450:
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428:
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423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Descriptivism
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
363:
362:
355:
354:Structuralism
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Prague circle
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
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189:
186:
184:
183:Documentation
181:
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176:
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171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:Computational
156:
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151:
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83:
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9279:from Commons
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9021:Applications
8995:Neuroanatomy
8640:Paralanguage
8431:
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8395:
8365:
8211:
8172:Food studies
8112:Area studies
7972:
7865:mathematical
7860:econometrics
7818:Anthropology
7258:Conversation
7243:Broadcasting
7099:
7063:
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7033:
7023:
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6973:
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6856:Metalanguage
6851:Logical form
6806:Truth-bearer
6765:Unilalianism
6675:Expressivism
6502:Wittgenstein
6447:von Humboldt
6364:Philosophers
6295:
6271:
6254:Scholarpedia
6252:articles on
6189:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6143:the original
6127:
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6087:
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6047:
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5997:
5989:Bibliography
5975:. Retrieved
5971:the original
5966:
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5940:
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5839:
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5110:
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5081:
5068:
5058:17 September
5056:. Retrieved
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5008:
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4990:
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4951:
4939:. Retrieved
4925:
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4622:
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4494:
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4160:. Retrieved
4140:
4133:
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4079:the original
4060:
4050:
4031:
4022:
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3911:the original
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3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3862:
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3832:
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3621:the original
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3555:. Retrieved
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3521:the original
3516:
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3486:
3483:"Morphology"
3476:
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3396:. Retrieved
3387:
3377:
3365:the original
3360:
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3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3319:
3309:
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3277:
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3146:
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3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3065:
3056:
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3035:
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3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2984:the original
2968:
2926:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
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2877:
2854:. Retrieved
2845:
2836:
2817:
2808:
2798:21 September
2796:. Retrieved
2781:
2774:
2644:Hermeneutics
2632:Decipherment
2559:
2540:
2525:
2503:
2481:setups like
2475:
2456:
2440:disappearing
2425:
2401:Lexicography
2395:
2382:
2371:
2339:
2323:lexicography
2308:
2277:
2258:
2243:
2217:
2208:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2165:
2153:Please help
2148:verification
2145:
2078:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2042:
2041:, who wrote
2024:
2007:Roger Ascham
1972:
1955:
1945:
1927:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1862:
1860:
1857:Nomenclature
1842:
1833:who wrote a
1820:
1804:paradigmatic
1796:
1784:
1776:
1757:
1735:pictographic
1709:written data
1698:
1661:Prescription
1659:
1648:
1633:
1624:
1613:Please help
1608:verification
1605:
1570:
1535:
1513:
1483:
1480:Biosemiotics
1445:
1433:
1398:
1362:Palaeography
1355:
1332:
1319:
1307:Lexicography
1296:
1283:
1270:
1262:
1250:
1243:are used in
1234:
1226:
1215:
1207:
1195:
1190:articulatory
1183:
1178:
1146:
1137:
1119:
1104:
1098:January 2019
1095:
1080:Please help
1068:
1019:articulation
1015:
985:
959:studies the
955:subfield of
953:
931:
927:productivity
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
864:
858:
839:constituency
816:
801:
790:
786:
775:
756:
733:
726:
703:
692:
653:lexicography
630:
622:monolinguals
611:
588:
574:(how social
545:
504:
503:
300:Glossematics
280:Constituency
252:interpreting
90:Lexicography
47:
32:
9346:Linguistics
9254:Linguistics
9007:Limbic lobe
8772:Unconscious
8755:Missed call
8725:Social norm
8700:Conventions
8590:Eye contact
8433:Wikiversity
8324:Social work
8212:Linguistics
8137:Criminology
8054:criminology
8037:personality
7995:comparative
7973:Linguistics
7966:private law
7823:archaeology
7405:Closed-loop
7268:Information
7230:terminology
7100:Linguistics
7065:Limited Inc
6985:On Denoting
6811:Proposition
6462:de Saussure
6427:Ibn Khaldun
6307:Linguistics
6290:âč The
6258:Citizendium
6237:Glottopedia
6190:Linguistics
6068:Linguistics
6048:On Language
5561:10 December
5409:Linguistics
5286:10 December
5261:10 December
5141:(1): 1â10.
5107:"philology"
5019:27 February
4679:: 187â205.
4625:: 187â205.
4573:: 219â234.
4277:1874/329610
3802:(1): 5â36.
3678:"Diglossia"
3372:p. 11.
3232:12 December
2969:Linguistics
2468:Translation
2462:Translation
2379:interpreter
2377:through an
2289:aphasiology
2211:August 2021
2039:Jacob Grimm
2003:Middle Ages
1889:linguistics
1799:syntagmatic
1768:transcribed
1705:signed data
1701:spoken data
1651:descriptive
1587:Methodology
1521:from event
1463:explanation
1405:sign system
992:implicature
988:speech acts
961:denotations
909:to express
744:prehistoric
657:translation
554:(meaning),
505:Linguistics
452:Terminology
427:Orthography
347:Usage-based
248:Translating
143:Acquisition
48:Linguistics
9340:Categories
9293:Quotations
9140:Aggressive
9110:Paul Ekman
9093:Key people
9057:Technology
9043:Poker tell
8888:Social cue
8695:Chronemics
8645:Intonation
8489:Modalities
8378:Humanities
8312:historical
8245:psychology
8217:Management
8059:demography
8017:Psychology
8000:philosophy
7961:public law
7892:integrated
7721:Wertheimer
7601:Horkheimer
7338:Propaganda
7293:Mass media
7288:Journalism
7228:Topics and
7160:Discussion
7155:Task Force
7105:Pragmatics
6896:Speech act
6826:Categories
6740:Symbiosism
6695:Nominalism
6607:Watzlawick
6487:Bloomfield
6407:Chrysippus
5977:1 February
5926:: 219â34.
5846:(2): 1â4.
5806:31 January
5638:31 October
5433:"Linguist"
5224:"linguist"
4652:16 January
4592:16 January
4515:16 January
4413:MiscelĂĄnea
4210:16 January
4162:16 January
2856:8 February
2767:References
2739:and lists
2710:Onomastics
2432:Franz Boas
2405:dictionary
2311:describing
2181:newspapers
1987:Alexandria
1934:morphology
1845:AáčŁáčÄdhyÄyÄ«
1792:synchronic
1787:diachronic
1746:homophones
1683:, like in
1558:individual
1546:replicates
1498:biological
1470:Biological
1425:humanistic
1395:Humanistic
1388:See also:
1384:Approaches
1334:Stylistics
1323:competence
1315:neologisms
1264:Stylistics
1241:utterances
1236:Pragmatics
1209:Morphology
1192:properties
1166:structural
1154:morphology
1122:Saussurean
1050:Structures
950:Pragmatics
913:including
849:Morphology
831:word order
729:synchronic
641:stylistics
572:pragmatics
556:morphology
541:structural
539:, and the
422:Orismology
307:Functional
295:Generative
285:Dependency
105:Pragmatics
95:Morphology
85:Diachronic
9310:Textbooks
9145:Assertive
8953:Fragile X
8938:Aprosodia
8931:Disorders
8878:Semiotics
8806:Deception
8612:Proxemics
8602:Olfaction
8585:Oculesics
8570:Imitation
8256:Planning
8235:economics
8152:Education
8049:Sociology
8027:cognitive
7978:semiotics
7929:political
7887:technical
7872:Geography
7845:Economics
7505:Technical
7490:Political
7398:Subfields
7323:New media
7137:Semiotics
7125:Semantics
6975:Alciphron
6911:Statement
6846:Intension
6786:Ambiguity
6665:Dramatism
6645:Cratylism
6397:Eubulides
6392:Aristotle
6372:Confucius
5948:" (PDF).
5905:198632812
5862:1836-9324
5719:1473-4230
5678:1614-7308
5163:154631850
4726:: 91â134.
4497:: 19â44.
4472:144424435
4304:5 January
4058:(1959) .
4030:(1969) .
3920:4 October
3884:15 August
3712:239352211
3704:0043-7956
3600:25 August
2896:610496980
1920:Philology
1877:philology
1864:philology
1655:zoologist
1573:formalism
1494:cognition
1343:registers
1280:Discourse
1272:Semiotics
1228:Semantics
1222:sentences
1197:Phonology
1185:Phonetics
1150:phonology
1069:does not
1023:Phonology
1012:Phonology
1008:Phonetics
946:Semantics
907:inflected
866:morphemes
843:agreement
827:sentences
819:morphemes
797:Nostratic
714:universal
706:formalism
699:philology
677:semiotics
649:semiotics
633:philology
599:universal
568:phonology
560:phonetics
552:semantics
521:cognitive
517:objective
397:Iconicity
392:Etymology
312:Cognitive
275:Formalist
228:Phonetics
218:Philology
110:Semantics
100:Phonology
9361:Language
8975:Dyssemia
8821:Intimacy
8741:Emoticon
8650:Loudness
8580:Laughter
8516:Kinesics
8507:Blushing
8500:Physical
8397:Category
8265:regional
8260:land use
8095:business
8064:internet
8022:abnormal
7924:military
7914:economic
7904:cultural
7877:physical
7838:physical
7828:cultural
7739:Category
7691:Richards
7616:Jakobson
7596:Habermas
7551:Castells
7541:Benjamin
7519:Scholars
7150:Category
7110:Rhetoric
6935:Cratylus
6906:Sentence
6881:Property
6801:Language
6779:Concepts
6617:Theories
6582:Strawson
6567:Davidson
6557:Hintikka
6552:Anscombe
6497:Vygotsky
6452:Mauthner
6422:Averroes
6412:Zhuangzi
6402:Diodorus
6382:Cratylus
6292:template
6223:Archived
5727:29071518
5407:(1990).
5370:17 April
5364:Archived
5135:Speculum
5052:Archived
5013:Archived
4959:(2014).
4957:Rens Bod
4935:Archived
4915:(1960).
4766:Archived
4705:30154738
4643:Archived
4639:56199987
4583:Archived
4558:(2008).
4509:Archived
4429:Archived
4407:(2002).
4322:(2015).
4298:Archived
4286:26564247
4201:Archived
4156:Archived
4002:(1990).
3878:Archived
3860:(2003).
3824:62686879
3816:24049745
3653:archived
3627:18 March
3594:Archived
3551:Archived
3423:Archived
3392:Archived
3348:(2012).
3324:Archived
3226:Archived
3151:Archived
3096:Archived
3070:Archived
3040:Archived
3010:Archived
2922:Archived
2850:Archived
2565:See also
1975:dialogue
1973:Cratylus
1942:Sibawayh
1938:Sanskrit
1908:linguist
1885:linguist
1781:Analysis
1741:writing
1665:acrolect
1347:rhetoric
1339:dialects
1287:register
1202:phonemes
1164:include
1030:Typology
965:composed
899:catching
769:and the
645:rhetoric
529:cultural
509:language
198:Forensic
178:Distance
125:Typology
40:a series
38:Part of
9229:Subtext
9150:Passive
9119:Related
8710:Habitus
8655:Prosody
8607:Posture
8548:Gesture
8409:Commons
8240:history
8230:science
8165:studies
7899:History
7811:Primary
7797:History
7792:Outline
7711:Tankard
7706:Shannon
7701:Schramm
7686:Quebral
7681:Postman
7671:Packard
7651:McLuhan
7646:Marcuse
7641:Luhmann
7636:Lippman
7631:Kincaid
7626:Johnson
7591:Goffman
7586:Gerbner
7576:Flusser
7556:Chomsky
7536:Bateson
7531:Barthes
7500:Science
7430:Climate
7380:Writing
7348:Reading
7298:Meaning
7218:Outline
7213:History
6917:more...
6821:Concept
6562:Dummett
6537:Gadamer
6532:Chomsky
6517:Derrida
6507:Russell
6492:Bergson
6477:Tillich
6437:Leibniz
6377:Gorgias
6294:below (
5235:5 March
5155:2864468
5118:5 March
4941:10 June
4775:4 March
4696:6102949
4435:15 July
4294:3648651
3557:10 June
3530:30 July
3493:30 July
3429:10 June
3398:10 June
3330:10 June
3046:1 April
2990:25 July
2928:1 April
2737:Outline
2716:Reading
2195:scholar
2121:corpora
1983:Musaeum
1970:in his
1851:grammar
1841:in his
1837:of the
1811:History
1695:Sources
1689:acquire
1677:censors
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