1464:
46:
2634:
5488:
7185:
6201:
1441:. These attempts have not met with wide acceptance. The information necessary to establish relatedness becomes less available as the time increases. The time-depth of linguistic methods is limited due to chance word resemblances and variations between language groups, but a limit of around 10,000 years is often assumed. Several methods are used to date proto-languages, but the process is generally difficult and its results are inherently approximate.
1936:
531:
1950:
1594:
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concern of historical linguistics. However, most other branches of linguistics are concerned with some form of synchronic analysis. The study of language change offers a valuable insight into the state of linguistic representation, and because all synchronic forms are the result of historically evolving diachronic changes, the ability to explain linguistic constructions necessitates a focus on diachronic processes.
7195:
1573:, are used by some linguists to overcome the limitations of the comparative method, but most linguists regard them as unreliable. The findings of historical linguistics are often used as a basis for hypotheses about the groupings and movements of peoples, particularly in the prehistoric period. In practice, however, it is often unclear how to integrate the linguistic evidence with the
592:
4957:
1376:, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (
1899:
of languages. This perspective explores how languages adapt and change over time in response to cultural, societal, and environmental factors. Language evolution within the framework of historical linguistics is akin to
Lamarckism in the sense that linguistic traits acquired during an individual's
2351:
biological evolution does not proceed by the transmission of acquired characters across generations, and this is precisely what an evolutionary model of language change requires. We therefore must distinguish the cultural, or
Lamarckian, evolution of language, a concern of historical linguistics,
1736:
Dialectologists are concerned with grammatical features that correspond to regional areas. Thus, they are usually dealing with populations living in specific locales for generations without moving, but also with immigrant groups bringing their languages to new settlements. Immigrant groups often
1459:
is one that views linguistic phenomena only at a given time, usually the present, but a synchronic analysis of a historical language form is also possible. It may be distinguished from diachronic, which regards a phenomenon in terms of developments through time. Diachronic analysis is the main
1868:; however, it is clear in most languages that words may be related to one another by rules. These rules are understood by the speaker, and reflect specific patterns in how word formation interacts with speech. In the context of historical linguistics, the means of expression change over time.
1879:. Syntax directly concerns the rules and principles that govern sentence structure in individual languages. Researchers attempt to describe languages in terms of these rules. Many historical linguistics attempt to compare changes in sentence between related languages, or find
1855:
is the study of patterns of word-formation within a language. It attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of speakers. In the context of historical linguistics, formal means of expression change over time. Words as units in the lexicon are the subject matter of
1737:
bring their linguistic practices to new settlements, leading to distinct linguistic varieties within those communities. Dialectologists analyze these immigrant dialects to understand how languages develop and diversify in response to migration and cultural interactions.
4251:
1356:
over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into
2596:(Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen und Altdeutschen.) (2 vols.) Weimar, H. Boehlau (1861/62); reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag,
6337:
5692:
4297:
4285:
1725:, the varieties of a language that are characteristic of particular groups, based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. This is in contrast to variations based on social factors, which are studied in
4682:
1502:
on linguistic variation has shown synchronic states are not uniform: the speech habits of older and younger speakers differ in ways that point to language change. Synchronic variation is linguistic change in progress.
1434:, among many others. Comparative linguistics became only a part of a more broadly-conceived discipline of historical linguistics. For the Indo-European languages, comparative study is now a highly specialized field.
4924:
1762:
of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages. Phonology studies when sounds are or are not treated as distinct within a language. For example, the
1426:, another Eurasian language-family for which less early written material exists. Since then, there has been significant comparative linguistic work expanding outside of European languages as well, such as on the
5687:
4273:
6406:
5843:
5483:
4952:
2661:
2195:
2443:
5883:
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1550:, both of which are synchronic disciplines. However, a diachronic analysis shows that the strong verb is the remnant of a fully regular system of internal vowel changes, in this case the
6901:
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6288:
1924:
to describe the extent of change within a language variety relative to that of comparable varieties. Conservative languages change less over time when compared to innovative languages.
4268:
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4687:
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1658:: when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. Words may enter a language in several ways, including being borrowed as
6474:
6369:
5073:
4670:
6533:
4038:
1729:, or variations based on time, which are studied in historical linguistics. Dialectology treats such topics as divergence of two local dialects from a common ancestor and
1490:, as written records always lag behind speech in reflecting linguistic developments. Written records are difficult to date accurately before the development of the modern
5802:
4379:
6715:
4234:
2316:
6761:
6528:
5946:
3568:
4694:
4584:
4292:
4084:
1623:, is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to establish their historical relatedness. Languages may be related by
6743:
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to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information (such as writing) to be known. By analysis of related languages by the
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1807:, are considered to be distinct phonemes. In addition to the minimal meaningful sounds (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, such as the
1530:
them as learned forms, but the derived forms of regular verbs are processed quite differently, by the application of productive rules (for example, adding
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Some scholars have undertaken studies attempting to establish super-families, linking, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and other families into
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6673:
1479:
and diachronic linguistics is fundamental to the present day organization of the discipline. Primacy is accorded to synchronic linguistics, and
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1993:
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Initially, all of modern linguistics was historical in orientation. Even the study of modern dialects involved looking at their origins.
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is defined as the study of successive synchronic stages. Saussure's clear demarcation, however, has had both defenders and critics.
1398:, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity. Initially, historical linguistics served as the cornerstone of
7165:
5752:
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5888:
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6293:
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5982:
5964:
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4857:
4160:
3143:
1834:, but the phonological units do not consist of sounds. The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of
1597:
Classification of Indo-European languages. Red: Extinct languages. White: categories or unattested proto-languages. Left half:
1332:
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2406:. With co-authors Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen, Andrew Spencer. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Modern historical linguistics dates to the late 18th century, having originally grown out of the earlier discipline of
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4362:
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67:
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have been found. Although originating in the philological tradition, much current etymological research is done in
27:
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is a sub-field of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language or set of languages. Whereas
408:
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1494:. Often, dating must rely on contextual historical evidence such as inscriptions, or modern technology, such as
6800:
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6755:
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468:
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186:
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2315:(1991). "Language Development from an Evolutionary Perspective". In Krasnegor, Norman A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M.;
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from another language, being derived by combining pre-existing elements in the language, by a hybrid known as
1389:
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6787:
6593:
5620:
5512:
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443:
134:
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5853:
5005:
4065:
2896:
2817:
1289:
882:
388:
254:
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1808:
1673:, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time. Etymologists also apply the methods of
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In practice, a purely-synchronic linguistics is not possible for any period before the invention of the
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evidence. For example, there are numerous theories concerning the homeland and early movements of the
7103:
7013:
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3215:
1803:, the same difference of aspiration or non-aspiration differentiates words and so the two sounds, or
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1403:
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224:
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1681:, linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In that way,
1406:. Scholars were concerned chiefly with establishing language families and reconstructing unrecorded
26:"Divergence (linguistics)" redirects here. For splitting of function during grammaticalization, see
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1643:, and analyze the historical changes that have resulted in the documented languages' divergences.
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2234:
Bybee, Joan L. "Diachronic
Linguistics." The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, June 2010.
1998:
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because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones.
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2464:
2064:"The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure: An overview"
1835:
1816:
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1507:
1506:
Synchronic and diachronic approaches can reach quite different conclusions. For example, a
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1968:
1891:
In terms of evolutionary theory, historical linguistics (as opposed to research into the
1236:
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1955:
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from its biological, or neo-Darwinian, evolution, a concern of developmental biology.
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or by genetic descent, thus languages can change and are also able to cross-relate.
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2003:
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1883:
rules that natural languages follow regardless of when and where they are spoken.
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Tudor to
Augustan English: a Study in Syntax and Style, from Caxton to Johnson
19:"Historical Linguistics" redirects here. For the German-language journal, see
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2175:"Editors' Introduction: Foundations of the new historical linguistics." In:
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implies a common origin among languages. Comparative linguists construct
1159:
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that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the
1498:, can be used to ascertain dates of varying accuracy. Also, the work of
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2013:
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lifetime can potentially influence subsequent generations of speakers.
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488:
171:
2594:
Compendium der vergleichenden
Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.
2286:. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences.
1669:
In languages with a long and detailed history, etymology makes use of
1422:, many of which had long written histories; scholars also studied the
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Rheis, International
Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature
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Grundriß der vergleichenden
Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen
1949:
1935:
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Principles of phonology have also been applied to the analysis of
1561:
The principal tools of research in diachronic linguistics are the
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2962:
2866:
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1871:
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing
1861:
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for which little or no early documentation is available, such as
1585:, each with its own interpretation of the archaeological record.
1149:
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and are not used to differentiate words so they are considered
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Biological and
Behavioral Determinants of Language Development
4102:
3999:
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2982:
1605:
2987:
1864:, words are generally accepted to be the smallest units of
1655:
1134:
2333:. New York: Psychology Press (published 2014). p. 6.
2609:
Language
Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
5450:
2507:
Historical
Linguistics: An Introduction (Second Edition)
2171:
2169:
591:
6744:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
2152:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 391.
7036:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
2577:
Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
2166:
1444:
5884:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
2398:, Anglistik-Amerikanistik, Cornlesen, pp. 37–49
1931:
1554:; historical linguistics seldom uses the category "
5844:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
5702:
3484:
2555:, London: A. Deutsch, 1969; 242 p. SBN 233-96092-9
2369:
6502:
2376:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
2031:
7212:
2311:
2178:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
1783:is not. In English these two sounds are used in
1390:Comparative method § Origin and development
7068:
3311:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2123:"The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe"
2093:"The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe"
2196:"Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science"
6892:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
6762:Western European colonialism and colonization
5311:
2818:
2662:
2469:Language change and linguistic reconstruction
1326:
552:
5222:
2474:Richard D. Janda and Brian D. Joseph (Eds),
1418:. The focus was initially on the well-known
5325:
1994:List of languages by first written accounts
5318:
5304:
2825:
2811:
2676:
2669:
2655:
2606:
2490:Historical linguistics and language change
1588:
1333:
1319:
559:
545:
5947:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1914:Historical linguists often use the terms
90:Learn how and when to remove this message
7166:Historical geographic information system
3932:
2147:
1841:
1592:
1462:
53:This article includes a list of general
2471:(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press 1960).
2401:
2150:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
2049:
1886:
7213:
6806:English historical school of economics
4858:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
2912:
2476:The Handbook of Historical Linguistics
2422:Historical and Comparative Linguistics
2061:
1721:is the scientific study of linguistic
1526:when it is viewed synchronically: the
7122:
7067:
7002:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
6841:Historical reliability of the Gospels
6699:
6226:
5299:
5288:
3931:
3674:
3438:
3077:
2911:
2806:
2779:Farming/language dispersal hypothesis
2650:
2492:. (Cambridge University Press, 1997)
2367:
2243:
2237:
2190:
2117:
2087:
2037:
1903:
1758:is about the physical production and
7194:
5289:
4819:More Irish than the Irish themselves
2277:
2246:"The Historiography of Dialectology"
1569:. Less-standard techniques, such as
1467:Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure
1369:influences on language development.
449:Conservative and innovative language
39:
5889:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
3078:
2562:(Cambridge University Press, 1972)
2523:(Cambridge University Press, 1994)
2454:(Cambridge University Press, 1977)
1897:Lamarckian acquired characteristics
13:
6902:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
4846:Fourth Italian War of Independence
2832:
2411:
2292:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4
1534:to the basic form of a verb as in
1445:Diachronic and synchronic analysis
59:it lacks sufficient corresponding
16:Study of language change over time
14:
7247:
2626:
2424:(2nd ed.) (John Benjamins, 1989)
1352:, is the scientific study of how
7193:
7184:
7183:
6700:
6200:
6199:
6041:Palestinian expulsion and flight
4553:5000-year civilization assertion
4129:Nadir of American race relations
2632:
1948:
1934:
1528:native speaker's brain processes
590:
529:
44:
7030:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
5904:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
5839:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
5646:Causes of the Armenian genocide
3955:Pyramid construction techniques
3522:Comparative historical research
3439:
3140:Library and information science
2535:Linguistic Variation and Change
2396:English Linguistics: Essentials
2305:
2271:
1811:in English, and topics such as
1795:. In some other languages like
1707:
7042:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6992:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
6801:Historical school of economics
6738:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
6176:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6050:Zionism as settler colonialism
5055:Limpieza de sangre controversy
4022:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
2361:
2228:
2184:
2181:. Routledge, 2015, p. 25.
2141:
2111:
2081:
2055:
2043:
1383:
1372:This field is grounded in the
1280:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
6851:Opposition to Papal supremacy
6227:
4039:Indigenous population history
2637:The dictionary definition of
2521:Understanding Language Change
2278:Luuk, Erkki (December 2015).
2019:
1546:, which is relevant also for
6767:Desacralization of knowledge
5038:Carlism in the Francoist era
5006:Holodomor in modern politics
3675:
2607:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003).
2404:Linguistics: An Introduction
2280:"Syntax–Semantics Interface"
2024:
1740:
1646:
389:Functional discourse grammar
255:Ethnography of communication
7:
7159:Historiographic metafiction
7123:
7069:Organizations, publications
6858:Proto-orthodox Christianity
5808:German resistance to Nazism
5664:Persian famine of 1917–1919
5074:Islamic revolution of Spain
5001:Holodomor genocide question
4877:Revisionism of Risorgimento
4871:Rerum italicarum scriptores
4852:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
4619:Self-Strengthening Movement
3769:decolonization of knowledge
1927:
1430:and on various families of
509:Second-language acquisition
21:Historische Sprachforschung
10:
7252:
6956:Wissenschaft des Judentums
6933:Criticism of Protestantism
5813:Nazi foreign policy debate
5244:Second colonial occupation
4991:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
4629:Tibetan sovereignty debate
4173:Progressive-era historians
3608:Nationalization of history
3559:Historical-critical method
2009:Real-time sociolinguistics
1989:List of ancestor languages
1907:
1845:
1785:complementary distribution
1744:
1711:
1448:
1402:, primarily as a tool for
1387:
1365:) and the analysis of the
1300:List of indigenous peoples
187:Syntax–semantics interface
32:
25:
18:
7178:
7129:
7118:
7074:
7063:
7012:
6816:
6775:
6706:
6695:
6551:
6237:
6233:
6222:
6194:
6163:
6127:
6021:
5975:
5961:Second Sino-Japanese War
5939:
5869:
5821:
5783:
5743:
5619:
5441:
5360:
5336:
5295:
5284:
5260:
5158:
5125:
5016:
4940:
4897:
4838:
4803:
4775:
4766:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
4710:
4637:
4543:
4471:
4185:
4114:
4047:
4009:
3942:
3938:
3927:
3752:
3685:
3681:
3670:
3447:
3434:
3261:
3128:
3090:
3086:
3073:
2950:
2924:
2920:
2907:
2840:
2787:
2763:
2725:
2684:
2640:Swadesh list of languages
2579:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001)
2321:Studdert-Kennedy, Michael
2317:Schiefelbusch, Richard L.
2313:Studdert-Kennedy, Michael
2209:(1): 5–27. Archived from
1542:). That is an insight of
1432:Native American languages
1404:linguistic reconstruction
1045:Cross-cultural comparison
499:Philosophy of linguistics
399:Interactional linguistics
7236:Quantitative linguistics
6716:Crisis of historiography
5879:Auschwitz bombing debate
5565:Indian Rebellion of 1857
5416:Late Bronze Age collapse
5350:List of military museums
4953:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
4925:Polish People's Republic
4760:Sybel-Ficker controversy
4124:African-American history
4097:Colonial Spanish America
3886:Second Thirty Years' War
2774:Father Tongue hypothesis
2402:Radford, Andrew (1999).
2368:Bynon, Theodora (1977).
1374:Uniformitarian Principle
1217:Historical particularism
35:Evolutionary linguistics
33:Not to be confused with
7231:Comparative linguistics
5829:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
5688:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
5239:Porter–MacKenzie debate
4996:Causes of the Holodomor
4533:Problem of two emperors
4481:Catilinarian conspiracy
3708:Historical significance
3569:Indiscipline of history
3544:Historical anthropology
2697:Synchrony and diachrony
2692:Comparative Linguistics
2148:Campbell, Lyle (1998).
2062:Busser, Rik De (2015).
1999:Mass lexical comparison
1964:Etymological dictionary
1910:Conservative (language)
1675:comparative linguistics
1664:phono-semantic matching
1654:studies the history of
1614:Comparative linguistics
1603:languages; right half:
1589:Comparative linguistics
1571:mass lexical comparison
1567:internal reconstruction
1475:'s distinction between
1451:Diachrony and synchrony
1420:Indo-European languages
1416:internal reconstruction
1400:comparative linguistics
1363:comparative linguistics
1050:Participant observation
74:more precise citations.
7221:Historical linguistics
6923:Protestant Reformation
6897:Second Vatican Council
6875:Succession to Muhammad
6870:Criticism of the Quran
6621:Religious perspectives
6355:Klemens von Metternich
5952:"Battle for Australia"
5834:Soviet offensive plans
5803:Broad vs. narrow front
5642:Late Ottoman genocides
4575:Century of humiliation
4356:Goguryeo controversies
4334:2,500-year celebration
3992:Double genocide theory
3779:Historical negationism
3603:Ancestral civilisation
3591:Historical materialism
3549:Historical determinism
3499:History of mentalities
2678:Historical linguistics
2611:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2452:Historical Linguistics
2372:Historical Linguistics
2327:; et al. (eds.).
1610:
1481:diachronic linguistics
1468:
1428:Austronesian languages
1350:diachronic linguistics
1346:Historical linguistics
1192:Cross-cultural studies
336:Theoretical frameworks
290:Philosophy of language
270:History of linguistics
7047:Torsion mangonel myth
6950:Modern Jewish history
6945:Jesuit historiography
6938:Protestant work ethic
6918:Hesychast controversy
6783:Industrial Revolution
6733:Library of Alexandria
6651:The Lord of the Rings
6301:Constantine the Great
6181:Torsion mangonel myth
6113:Sri Lankan Civil War
5192:Storm over the gentry
5093:Colonies or Provinces
4624:Sprouts of capitalism
3698:Historic preservation
3693:Change and continuity
2244:Frees, Craig (1991).
1979:Historical dictionary
1842:Morphology and syntax
1596:
1473:Ferdinand de Saussure
1466:
1449:Further information:
1388:Further information:
230:Conversation analysis
7134:Commemorative plaque
6350:Juan Manuel de Rosas
5798:"Blitzkrieg" concept
5669:Powder keg of Europe
5544:Franco-Prussian War
5214:Winter of Discontent
5197:Suffragette Campaign
4864:Italiani brava gente
4830:Revolutionary period
4652:Frankish Interregnum
4585:"Chineseness" debate
4518:Byzantine succession
4503:Fall of Western Rome
4444:Executed Renaissance
3933:By country or region
3877:Age of Enlightenment
3851:Vaticinium ex eventu
3798:Modernisation theory
3632:Quantitative history
3008:Historical documents
2560:Linguistic Evolution
2553:The Language Library
2465:Henry M. Hoenigswald
1887:Evolutionary context
1731:synchronic variation
1583:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1552:Indo-European ablaut
1508:Germanic strong verb
1285:Anthropology by year
1222:Boasian anthropology
1197:Cultural materialism
1182:Actor–network theory
780:Paleoanthropological
474:Internet linguistics
384:Construction grammar
6963:Schools of thought
6928:Proto-Protestantism
6797:School of Thoughts
6679:William Shakespeare
6664:Robert Falcon Scott
6569:Friedrich Nietzsche
6407:Cult of personality
6392:Neville Chamberlain
6252:Alexander the Great
6134:Russo-Georgian War
6107:Sovereignty dispute
6086:Iranian Revolution
5916:"Polish death camp"
5893:In relation to the
5602:Myth of English aid
5593:War of the Pacific
5370:Albigensian Crusade
4795:Indigenous Aryanism
4491:Constantinian shift
4027:Residential schools
3784:Historian's fallacy
3703:Historic recurrence
3201:Numismatics (Money)
2973:Archaeological site
2897:theories of history
1969:Genetic linguistics
1633:Genetic relatedness
1457:synchronic analysis
1367:cultural and social
1237:Performance studies
1130:Kinship and descent
1070:Cultural relativism
720:Paleoethnobotanical
695:Ethnoarchaeological
409:Systemic functional
204:Applied linguistics
146:General linguistics
7154:Historical realism
7149:Historical fiction
7094:History institutes
7084:Historical society
7079:Heritage registers
6967:Biblical criticism
6880:Islamic golden age
6831:Early Christianity
6711:Bears in antiquity
6599:Medieval Christian
6397:Pedro II of Brazil
6345:José de San Martín
6149:Syrian revolution
6061:Malayan Emergency
6036:1948 Palestine war
5769:Spanish Civil War
5719:War guilt question
5528:American Civil War
5508:Invasion of Russia
5484:New Russian School
5268:Colonial Australia
4984:October Revolution
4747:Strukturgeschichte
4683:Location of Alésia
4602:Hua–Yi distinction
4523:Moscow, third Rome
4139:Reconstruction era
3960:Black Egypt Thesis
3882:European Civil War
3838:Translatio imperii
3793:Invented tradition
2914:Historical sources
2764:Relationship with
2537:(Blackwell, 1992)
2503:Winfred P. Lehmann
2478:(Blackwell, 2004)
1956:Linguistics portal
1904:Rate of adaptation
1893:origin of language
1848:Grammaticalization
1679:comparative method
1611:
1565:and the method of
1563:comparative method
1548:language didactics
1469:
1455:In linguistics, a
1412:comparative method
1257:Post-structuralism
1016:Research framework
514:Theory of language
484:Origin of language
439:Autonomy of syntax
394:Grammaticalization
240:Discourse analysis
235:Corpus linguistics
28:Grammaticalization
7208:
7207:
7174:
7173:
7114:
7113:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7054:
6972:Catholic theology
6826:Avestan geography
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6674:Søren Kierkegaard
6547:
6546:
6458:Warren G. Harding
6218:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6017:
6016:
5895:Armenian genocide
5758:Polish–Soviet War
5753:Burning of Smyrna
5739:
5738:
5729:Reichstag inquiry
5652:Patriotic consent
5523:
5522:
5498:War in the Vendée
5462:French Revolution
5444:century conflicts
5433:Peloponnesian War
5394:Eighty Years' War
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5185:Westminster Stone
4882:Southern question
4721:Alltagsgeschichte
4671:Legendary Saracen
4373:Early settlements
4181:
4180:
4161:Political history
4146:Consensus history
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3905:Continuity thesis
3844:Translatio studii
3730:Theory of history
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3620:Subaltern Studies
3505:Nouvelle histoire
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3342:Medieval churches
3329:Geistesgeschichte
3273:Paleoanthropology
3181:Encyclopaedistics
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
2937:Secondary sources
2800:
2799:
2590:August Schleicher
2547:A. C. Partridge,
2439:Berthold Delbrück
2394:Kortmann, Bernd:
2387:978-0-521-21582-4
2340:978-1-317-78389-3
2253:Lore and Language
2159:978-0-7486-4601-2
1881:universal grammar
1877:natural languages
1694:language families
1637:language families
1544:psycholinguistics
1343:
1342:
1242:Political economy
1065:Thick description
862:Political economy
725:Zooarchaeological
685:Bioarchaeological
569:
568:
357:Distributionalism
300:Psycholinguistics
100:
99:
92:
7243:
7197:
7196:
7187:
7186:
7139:Documentary film
7120:
7119:
7099:History journals
7065:
7064:
7038:
6910:
6846:Primacy of Peter
6793:Great Depression
6773:
6772:
6746:
6724:
6697:
6696:
6645:J. R. R. Tolkien
6500:
6499:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6453:Ulysses S. Grant
6448:Thomas Jefferson
6439:
6415:
6378:
6341:
6329:
6297:
6285:
6277:Chiang Ching-kuo
6267:Cato the Younger
6257:Amin al-Husseini
6235:
6234:
6224:
6223:
6203:
6202:
6186:War and genocide
6010:
5996:Résistancialisme
5983:Battle of France
5965:Nanjing Massacre
5819:
5818:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5660:
5610:
5492:
5475:
5448:
5447:
5375:Catharism debate
5361:pre-18th century
5343:Military history
5320:
5313:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5290:By war, conflict
5286:
5285:
5234:Cambridge School
5220:
5219:
5118:
5106:
5082:
5063:
4973:
4961:
4933:
4755:
4733:Historikerstreit
4703:
4691:
4679:
4660:
4646:Cordon sanitaire
4592:New Qing History
4580:Conquest dynasty
4571:
4486:Christianization
4469:
4468:
4388:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4255:
4243:
4235:Byzantine Empire
4090:Iquicha Royalism
4079:
4045:
4044:
3968:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3872:Age of Discovery
3861:Periodization of
3858:
3857:
3832:Transhistoricity
3827:Thirty-year rule
3738:
3726:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3652:Great Man theory
3615:People's history
3577:
3482:
3481:
3474:Three-age system
3436:
3435:
3136:Archival science
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
2942:Tertiary sources
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2858:by area of study
2827:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2750:Syntactic change
2671:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2622:
2450:Theodora Bynon,
2407:
2391:
2375:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:, pp. 17–18
2047:
2041:
2035:
2004:Paleolinguistics
1984:Lexicostatistics
1974:Glottochronology
1958:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1810:
1727:sociolinguistics
1424:Uralic languages
1354:languages change
1348:, also known as
1335:
1328:
1321:
863:
745:Anthrozoological
594:
571:
570:
561:
554:
547:
533:
479:LGBT linguistics
469:Internationalism
444:Compositionality
305:Sociolinguistics
280:Neurolinguistics
275:Interlinguistics
260:Ethnomethodology
102:
101:
95:
88:
84:
81:
75:
70:this article by
61:inline citations
48:
47:
40:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7203:
7170:
7125:
7110:
7070:
7051:
7034:
7017:
7008:
6904:
6812:
6788:Great Recession
6771:
6742:
6718:
6702:
6683:
6574:H. P. Lovecraft
6543:
6505:
6498:
6489:
6477:
6465:
6433:
6409:
6382:Muammar Gaddafi
6372:
6360:Leonid Brezhnev
6335:
6323:
6306:Gregory Palamas
6291:
6289:Chiang Kai Shek
6279:
6239:
6229:
6210:
6209:
6190:
6171:Conflict thesis
6159:
6123:
6013:
6004:
5971:
5935:
5865:
5817:
5779:
5745:Interwar period
5735:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5674:Schlieffen Plan
5654:
5615:
5604:
5519:
5486:
5469:
5454:
5443:
5437:
5421:Dorian invasion
5406:Fall of Babylon
5362:
5356:
5355:
5332:
5324:
5291:
5272:
5248:
5225:
5218:
5180:Kingdom of Alba
5161:
5154:
5121:
5112:
5100:
5098:Spanish decline
5076:
5057:
5012:
4967:
4955:
4936:
4927:
4893:
4834:
4799:
4785:Greater Magadha
4771:
4749:
4706:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4654:
4633:
4607:Four Barbarians
4565:
4539:
4467:
4424:Götaland theory
4392:Lusotropicalism
4382:
4363:North Macedonia
4295:
4283:
4271:
4249:
4237:
4177:
4156:Frontier thesis
4151:Cyclical theory
4134:Neoabolitionism
4110:
4073:
4043:
4005:
3982:Greater Morocco
3962:
3934:
3911:
3862:
3856:
3748:
3732:
3720:
3677:
3658:
3571:
3486:
3480:
3462:Historical eras
3443:
3422:
3257:
3154:Writing systems
3124:
3082:
3080:Fields of study
3061:
3055:Service records
3040:Religious texts
2946:
2932:Primary sources
2916:
2903:
2902:
2836:
2831:
2801:
2796:
2783:
2759:
2745:Semantic change
2740:Language change
2727:Language change
2721:
2680:
2675:
2629:
2619:
2519:April McMahon,
2414:
2412:Further reading
2388:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
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7025:Merton thesis
7023:
7022:
7020:
7015:
7011:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6977:Panbabylonism
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6908:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6698:
6694:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6539:United States
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6501:
6493:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6419:Bolivarianism
6417:
6413:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6402:Simon Bolivar
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6333:Joseph Stalin
6331:
6327:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6221:
6206:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:Post-Cold War
6126:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:Falklands War
6100:
6098:
6097:Iran–Iraq War
6095:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6045:Ongoing Nakba
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6008:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:Western Front
5974:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5957:Bengal famine
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5871:The Holocaust
5868:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:Eastern Front
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5553:Paris Commune
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:Turning point
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5490:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:18th and 19th
5440:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5387:Islamic views
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5283:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5116:
5111:
5110:Ser de España
5108:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Ottoman claim
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Prosopography
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4461:Trưng sisters
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4208:Habsburg myth
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4116:United States
4113:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4049:Latin America
4046:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3926:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Transnational
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:Decoloniality
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:Historiometry
3511:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3457:Periodization
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Sigillography
3241:
3239:
3238:Prosopography
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Local history
3113:
3109:
3108:Human history
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:World history
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Protolanguage
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2643:at Wiktionary
2642:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2618:1-4039-1723-X
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:3-8102-1071-4
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:1-57958-218-4
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:0-521-29188-7
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:, in series,
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:0-631-14367-X
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:0-521-44665-1
2526:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:0-03-078370-4
2512:
2509:(Holt, 1973)
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:0-521-45924-9
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:1-4051-2747-3
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2461:
2460:0-521-29188-7
2457:
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2440:
2436:
2435:Karl Brugmann
2433:
2431:
2430:90-272-3557-0
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2418:Raimo Anttila
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2284:Research Gate
2281:
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2258:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2216:on 2019-12-17
2212:
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2197:
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2192:Baldi, Philip
2187:
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2119:Ringe, Donald
2114:
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2089:Ringe, Donald
2084:
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2015:
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1860:. Along with
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1687:Indo-European
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1497:
1496:carbon dating
1493:
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1252:Structuralism
1250:
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1227:Functionalism
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1118:sociocultural
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1080:Emic and etic
1078:
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1075:Ethnocentrism
1073:
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1023:Anthropometry
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883:Institutional
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851:Environmental
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690:Environmental
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457:
455:
454:Descriptivism
452:
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440:
437:
436:
430:
429:
422:
421:Structuralism
419:
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412:
410:
407:
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404:Prague circle
402:
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250:Documentation
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56:
51:
42:
41:
36:
29:
22:
7226:Dictionaries
6954:
6756:The Simpsons
6754:
6701:Other topics
6649:
6626:Christianity
6616:Resurrection
6247:Adolf Hitler
6076:Six-Day War
6072:Algerian War
6043: /
6002:Vichy France
5994:
5987:
5897: /
5785:World War II
5681: /
5348:
5341:
5143:Ghaza thesis
5066:
5042:
5028:White legend
5026: /
5024:Black legend
4979:Soviet Union
4869:
4862:
4850:
4813:Great Famine
4790:Indocentrism
4764:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4719:
4665:Grand Siècle
4663:
4644:
4612:Sinocentrism
4473:Ancient Rome
4453:
4311:Aryan Kartli
4309:
4101:
4064: /
3998:
3895:19th century
3893: /
3884: /
3849:
3842:
3841: /
3836:
3812:
3786: /
3760:Black legend
3718:Historiology
3515: /
3503:
3466:
3404:Quantitative
3336:
3327:
3323:Intellectual
3289: /
3285: /
3271: /
3269:Anthropology
3223:Phaleristics
3216:preservation
3211:Oral history
3152: /
3138: /
3120:Microhistory
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2856: /
2852:
2845:
2766:anthropology
2735:Sound change
2677:
2639:
2608:
2593:
2576:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2534:
2520:
2506:
2489:
2488:Roger Lass,
2475:
2468:
2451:
2447:(1886–1916).
2442:
2421:
2403:
2395:
2371:
2350:
2344:. Retrieved
2329:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2283:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2256:
2252:
2239:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2211:the original
2206:
2202:
2186:
2177:
2149:
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:Language Log
2126:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:Language Log
2096:
2083:
2073:September 6,
2071:. Retrieved
2068:Academia.edu
2067:
2057:
2050:Radford 1999
2045:
2040:, p. 1.
2038:Bynon (1977)
2033:
1921:
1917:conservative
1915:
1913:
1890:
1870:
1851:
1829:
1791:of the same
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1750:
1747:Sound change
1735:
1719:Dialectology
1717:
1714:Dialectology
1708:Dialectology
1702:Austronesian
1668:
1650:
1618:comparative
1617:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1560:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1456:
1454:
1436:
1410:, using the
1393:
1371:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1290:Bibliography
1232:Interpretive
1207:Diffusionism
1176:Key theories
1162: /
1092:Key concepts
1003:Sociological
992:
983:Ethnological
770:Neurological
755:Evolutionary
700:Experiential
584:Anthropology
367:Glossematics
347:Constituency
319:interpreting
157:Lexicography
151:
86:
77:
58:
7144:Hagiography
6905: [
6865:Early Islam
6719: [
6611:Historicity
6589:Historicity
6579:Jane Austen
6559:The Beatles
6529:Netherlands
6490: [
6487:Zhuge Liang
6478: [
6466: [
6463:Yuan Shikai
6434: [
6431:Sun Yat Tse
6410: [
6373: [
6336: [
6324: [
6321:Jiang Zemin
6292: [
6280: [
6272:Che Guevara
6005: [
5940:Pacific War
5724:Article 231
5714:Reparations
5691: [
5655: [
5632:Color books
5621:World War I
5605: [
5582:War of 1812
5487: [
5470: [
5455:(1792–1815)
5426:Sea Peoples
5411:Gallic Wars
5113: [
5101: [
5088:Revisionist
5077: [
5068:Reconquista
5058: [
5050:Inquisition
5044:Convivencia
4968: [
4956: [
4928: [
4825:Revisionism
4750: [
4698: [
4686: [
4674: [
4655: [
4597:Golden ages
4566: [
4563:Wunu School
4558:Archaeology
4431:Switzerland
4414:Kosovo Myth
4402:Great Union
4383: [
4368:Philippines
4351:Nationalist
4324:Ages of Man
4296: [
4284: [
4272: [
4250: [
4238: [
4074: [
4071:Revisionist
3963: [
3900:Renaissance
3765:Coloniality
3733: [
3721: [
3713:Historicity
3637:Revisionist
3627:Pop history
3598:Nationalist
3572: [
3517:Cliometrics
3485:Approaches,
3441:Methodology
3337:Linguistics
3287:Environment
3253:Vexillology
3176:Diplomatics
3159:Chorography
3098:Big History
3050:War diaries
3023:Illuminated
3018:Manuscripts
3003:Hieroglyphs
2883:historicity
2573:R. L. Trask
2362:Works cited
2263:11 February
2225:p. 11.
1815:structure,
1625:convergence
1384:Development
1160:Colonialism
1103:Development
1060:Reflexivity
1028:Ethnography
978:Descriptive
836:Development
775:Nutritional
750:Biocultural
675:Battlefield
519:Terminology
494:Orthography
414:Usage-based
315:Translating
210:Acquisition
115:Linguistics
72:introducing
7215:Categories
7199:Multimedia
7018:Technology
6982:Urreligion
6885:Kharijites
6836:Background
6504:Historical
6475:Zhou Enlai
6370:Mao Zedong
6365:Louis Riel
6138:Background
5989:Guilty Men
5931:Uniqueness
5854:Background
5849:Winter War
5773:Background
5706:Versailles
5560:Great Game
5207:Ricardians
5202:Tudor myth
4920:Partitions
4513:Succession
3803:Narratives
3788:Presentism
3744:Philosophy
3564:Humanistic
3452:Case study
3384:Indigenous
3362:Diplomatic
3306:Capitalism
3206:Onomastics
3164:Chronology
2993:Facsimiles
2978:Chronicles
2876:historians
2847:Historians
2346:2016-12-27
2259:(2): 67–74
2220:2017-05-02
2134:2020-03-22
2104:2020-03-22
2020:References
2014:Wave model
1922:innovative
1895:) studies
1858:lexicology
1853:Morphology
1846:See also:
1825:intonation
1789:allophones
1775:, but the
1760:perception
1683:word roots
1492:title page
1488:gramophone
1477:synchronic
1140:Prehistory
993:Historical
966:Linguistic
878:Historical
846:Ecological
738:Biological
640:Linguistic
630:Biological
489:Orismology
374:Functional
362:Generative
352:Dependency
172:Pragmatics
162:Morphology
152:Diachronic
55:references
6987:Perennial
6776:Economics
6728:Feudalism
6514:Australia
6262:Aurangzeb
6238:Political
6228:By person
5909:Pius Wars
5704:Treaty of
5363:conflicts
5170:Poor Laws
5033:Hispanism
4910:Sarmatism
4740:Sonderweg
4498:Expansion
4223:Litvinism
4057:Argentina
3891:Long 18th
3774:Dark Ages
3554:Historism
3352:Political
3291:Geography
3228:Philology
3191:Genealogy
3186:Epigraphy
3129:By source
2968:Artifacts
2025:Citations
1873:sentences
1773:aspirated
1756:phonetics
1752:Phonology
1741:Phonology
1671:philology
1660:loanwords
1652:Etymology
1647:Etymology
1629:borrowing
1620:philology
1609:languages
1524:irregular
1439:Nostratic
1396:philology
1378:etymology
1113:Evolution
1108:Ethnicity
1040:Ethnology
918:Political
826:Cognitive
765:Molecular
464:Iconicity
459:Etymology
379:Cognitive
342:Formalist
295:Phonetics
285:Philology
177:Semantics
167:Phonology
80:July 2016
7189:Category
7104:template
6818:Religion
6669:Socrates
6584:Muhammed
6506:rankings
6387:Napoleon
6205:Category
6023:Cold War
5926:Slovakia
5513:Waterloo
5382:Crusades
5327:Military
5175:Scotland
5133:Kemalist
4455:Nam tiến
4450:Vietnam
4440:Ukraine
4398:Romania
4380:Portugal
4306:Georgia
4281:Medieval
4230:Bulgaria
4219:Belarus
4204:Austria
4010:Americas
3978:Morocco
3974:Ethiopia
3753:Specific
3676:Concepts
3581:Leninist
3539:Feminist
3527:Critical
3374:Feminism
3347:Military
3301:Business
3296:Economic
3278:Cultural
3262:By topic
3248:Toponymy
3196:Heraldry
3144:template
3091:By scale
3013:Logbooks
2998:Features
2963:Archives
2792:Category
2755:Archaism
2297:June 30,
2194:(2012).
2121:(2009).
2091:(2009).
1928:See also
1836:modality
1813:syllable
1627:through
1359:families
1295:Journals
1212:Feminism
998:Semiotic
938:Symbolic
933:Religion
868:Feminist
856:Economic
806:Cultural
760:Forensic
715:Maritime
710:Forensic
705:Feminist
680:Biblical
670:Aviation
635:Cultural
576:a series
574:Part of
265:Forensic
245:Distance
192:Typology
107:a series
105:Part of
7124:Related
7014:Science
6659:Madonna
6631:Judaism
6594:Judaism
6426:Saladin
6316:Hypatia
6240:leaders
6164:Related
6117:Origins
6080:Origins
6031:Origins
5587:Origins
5533:Origins
5399:Origins
5261:Oceania
5224:British
5162:Kingdom
4805:Ireland
4712:Germany
4420:Sweden
4293:New Age
4269:Ancient
4265:Europe
4261:Croatia
4193:Albania
4186:Eurasia
3988:Rwanda
3686:General
3586:Marxist
3487:schools
3316:Thought
3283:Ecology
3045:Scrolls
2983:Codices
2951:Sources
2890:history
2867:History
2717:More...
2575:(ed.),
1862:clitics
1801:Quechua
1793:phoneme
1723:dialect
1579:genetic
1150:Society
1098:Culture
913:Musical
908:Museums
903:Medical
888:Kinship
841:Digital
816:Applied
608:History
603:Outline
220:Applied
130:History
125:Outline
68:improve
6750:Salons
6552:Others
6519:Canada
6153:Causes
6090:Causes
6065:Causes
5859:Spirit
5793:Causes
5763:Causes
5628:Causes
5597:Causes
5570:Causes
5548:Causes
5479:Causes
5226:Empire
5160:United
5126:Turkey
4941:Russia
4915:Deluge
4898:Poland
4638:France
4436:Taiwan
4409:Serbia
4215:Balhae
4066:Causes
4017:Canada
3951:Egypt
3944:Africa
3468:Tarikh
3389:Labour
3379:Gender
3369:Social
3169:dating
3035:Papyri
2958:Annals
2685:Topics
2615:
2600:
2583:
2566:
2541:
2527:
2513:
2496:
2482:
2458:
2428:
2384:
2337:
2156:
1866:syntax
1823:, and
1821:accent
1817:stress
1805:phones
1698:Uralic
1600:centum
1540:walked
1125:Gender
1055:Holism
953:Visual
928:Public
831:Cyborg
801:Social
665:Aerial
645:Social
535:Portal
433:Topics
182:Syntax
57:, but
6997:Roman
6909:]
6723:]
6636:Islam
6606:Jesus
6494:]
6482:]
6470:]
6438:]
6414:]
6377:]
6340:]
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5899:Nakba
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4545:China
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4247:Early
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4103:Casta
4078:]
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3416:Women
3411:Urban
3399:Rural
3394:LGBTQ
3150:Books
2988:Deeds
2925:Types
2249:(PDF)
2214:(PDF)
2199:(PDF)
1656:words
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893:Legal
619:Types
135:Index
7088:list
5683:1917
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3820:list
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