4076:
4421:
1241:
1504:, which has already seen much use in the analysis of metaphor, hyperbole and politeness. In the Rational Speech Act, listeners and speakers both reason about the other's reasoning concerning the literal meaning of the utterances, and as such, the resulting interpretation depends, but is not necessarily determined by the literal truth conditional meaning of an utterance, and so it uses recursive reasoning to pursue a broadly Gricean co-operative ideal.
462:
2320:
1474:), involves providing a computer system with some database of knowledge related to a topic and a series of algorithms, which control how the system responds to incoming data, using contextual knowledge to more accurately approximate natural human language and information processing abilities. Reference resolution, how a computer determines when two objects are different or not, is one of the most important tasks of computational pragmatics.
846:
667:
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1226:. These deal with things like appropriate context and the speaker's authority. For instance, when a couple has been arguing and the husband says to his wife that he accepts her apology even though she has offered nothing approaching an apology, his assertion is infelicitous: because she has made neither expression of regret nor request for forgiveness, there exists none to accept, and thus no act of accepting can possibly happen.
2092:
1491:, according to which it is possible to connect classical semantics (treating propositional contents as true or false) and intuitionistic semantics (dealing with illocutionary forces). The presentation of a formal treatment of pragmatics appears to be a development of the Fregean idea of assertion sign as formal sign of the act of assertion.
1159:
of
Australia. In that language and some others, there is a social taboo against the use of the everyday lexicon in the presence of certain relatives (mother-in-law, child-in-law, paternal aunt's child, and maternal uncle's child). If any of those relatives are present, a Dyirbal speaker has to switch
804:
Another example of an ambiguous sentence is, "I went to the bank." This is an example of lexical ambiguity, as the word bank can either be in reference to a place where money is kept, or the edge of a river. To understand what the speaker is truly saying, it is a matter of context, which is why it is
1115:
has argued that "nonreferential" or "pure" indices do not contribute to an utterance's referential meaning but instead "signal some particular value of one or more contextual variables." Although nonreferential indexes are devoid of semantico-referential meaning, they do encode "pragmatic" meaning.
1098:
They are also a means of connecting past and present thoughts together to create context for information at hand. Analyzing the context of a sentence and determining whether or not the use of referent expression is necessary is highly reliant upon the author/speaker's digression- and is correlated
822:
in a specific context. The more closely conscious subjects stick to common words, idioms, phrasings, and topics, the more easily others can surmise their meaning; the further they stray from common expressions and topics, the wider the variations in interpretations. That suggests that sentences do
1086:
and referent accessibility. Theories have been presented for why direct referent descriptions occur in discourse. (In layman's terms: why reiteration of certain names, places, or individuals involved or as a topic of the conversation at hand are repeated more than one would think necessary.) Four
957:
In this case, the proposition is describing that Santa Claus eats cookies. The meaning of the proposition does not rely on whether or not Santa Claus is eating cookies at the time of its utterance. Santa Claus could be eating cookies at any time and the meaning of the proposition would remain the
1406:
as determined by usage in a speech community. However, sociolinguists tend to be more interested in variations in language within such communities. Influences of philosophy and politics are also present in the field of pragmatics, as the dynamics of societies and oppression are expressed through
827:
is a sentence in
English. If someone were to say to someone else, "The cat sat on the mat", the act is itself an utterance. That implies that a sentence, term, expression or word cannot symbolically represent a single true meaning; such meaning is underspecified (which cat sat on which mat?) and
1003:
Referential indexical signs are signs where the meaning shifts depending on the context hence the nickname "shifters." 'I' would be considered a referential indexical sign. The referential aspect of its meaning would be '1st person singular' while the indexical aspect would be the person who is
1061:
These relationships allow signs to be used to convey intended meaning. If two people were in a room and one of them wanted to refer to a characteristic of a chair in the room he would say "this chair has four legs" instead of "a chair has four legs." The former relies on context (indexical and
1482:
There has been a great amount of discussion on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics and there are many different formalizations of aspects of pragmatics linked to context dependence. Particularly interesting cases are the discussions on the semantics of indexicals and the problem of
2186:
does not communicate information about an act second-hand, but it is the act; (2) Every aspect of language ("semantics, syntactics, or even phonematics") functionally interacts with pragmatics; (3) There is no distinction between language and speech. This last conclusion attempts to refute
1774:
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Ambiguity refers to when it is difficult to infer meaning without knowing the context, the identity of the speaker or the speaker's intent. For example, the sentence "You have a green light" is ambiguous, as without knowing the context, one could reasonably interpret it as meaning:
971:
If someone were to say that a tiger is a carnivorous animal in one context and a mammal in another, the definition of tiger would still be the same. The meaning of the sign tiger is describing some animal in the world, which does not change in either circumstance.
1081:
utilize pragmatics. In addition, individuals within the scope of discourse cannot help but avoid intuitive use of certain utterances or word choices in an effort to create communicative success. The study of referential language is heavily focused upon
652:
has also come into being. The field did not gain linguists' attention until the 1970s, when two different schools emerged: the Anglo-American pragmatic thought and the
European continental pragmatic thought (also called the perspective view).
814:). The meaning of the sentence depends on an understanding of the context and the speaker's intent. As defined in linguistics, a sentence is an abstract entity: a string of words divorced from non-linguistic context, as opposed to an
1499:
Over the past decade, many probabilistic and
Bayesian methods have become very popular in the modelling of pragmatics, of which the most successful framework has been the Rational Speech Act framework developed by Noah Goodman and
514:
contributes to meaning. The field of study evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the interpreted. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called
958:
same. The meaning is simply describing something that is the case in the world. In contrast, the proposition, "Santa Claus is eating a cookie right now", describes events that are happening at the time the proposition is uttered.
828:
potentially ambiguous. By contrast, the meaning of an utterance can be inferred through knowledge of both its linguistic and non-linguistic contexts (which may or may not be sufficient to resolve ambiguity). In mathematics, with
1414:. Because pragmatics describes generally the forces in play for a given utterance, it includes the study of power, gender, race, identity, and their interactions with individual speech acts. For example, the study of
2087:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&L_{1}:P_{L_{1}}(s|u)\propto P_{S_{1}}(u|s)\cdot P(s)\\&S_{1}:P_{S_{1}}(u|s)\propto \exp(\alpha U_{S_{1}}(u;s))\\&L_{0}:P_{L_{O}}(s|u)\propto \!](s)\cdot P(s)\end{aligned}}}
2140:, arguing that censorship necessarily strengthens any discourse it tries to suppress and therefore, since the state has sole power to define hate speech legally, it is the state that makes hate speech performative.
554:. In 1938, Charles Morris first distinguished pragmatics as an independent subfield within semiotics, alongside syntax and semantics. Pragmatics emerged as its own subfield in the 1950s after the pioneering work of
1348:
The
Referential Function corresponds to the factor of Context and describes a situation, object or mental state. The descriptive statements of the referential function can consist of both definite descriptions and
937:
The relationship between the two gives the sign meaning. The relationship can be explained further by considering what is meant by "meaning." In pragmatics, there are two different types of meaning to consider:
3645:
Moumni, Hassan (2005). Politeness in
Parliamentary Discourse : A Comparative Pragmatic Study of British and Moroccan MPs’ Speech Acts at Question Time. Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis. Mohammed V University, Rabat,
1385:
Function is language for the sake of interaction and is therefore associated with the
Contact factor. The Phatic Function can be observed in greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with
1189:, contrasted in his writing with "constative" (i.e. descriptive) utterances. According to Austin's original formulation, a performative is a type of utterance characterized by two distinctive features:
978:
meaning, on the other hand, is dependent on the context of the utterance and has rules of use. By rules of use, it is meant that indexicals can tell when they are used, but not what they actually mean.
946:
Semantic-referential meaning refers to the aspect of meaning, which describes events in the world that are independent of the circumstance they are uttered in. An example would be propositions such as:
1164:
In all of these cases, the semantico-referential meaning of the utterances is unchanged from that of the other possible (but often impermissible) forms, but the pragmatic meaning is vastly different.
808:
Similarly, the sentence "Sherlock saw the man with binoculars" could mean that
Sherlock observed the man by using binoculars, or it could mean that Sherlock observed a man who was holding binoculars (
1136:
are words that signal social differences (usually related to status or age) between the speaker and the addressee. The most common example of a deference index is the V form in a language with a
2856:"A Distinction Between Linguistic and Social Pragmatics Helps the Precise Characterization of Pragmatic Challenges in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Developmental Language Disorder"
1779:
1062:
referential meaning) by referring to a chair specifically in the room at that moment while the latter is independent of the context (semantico-referential meaning), meaning the concept chair.
723:
The study of the meaning in context and the influence that a given context can have on the message. It requires knowledge of the speaker's identities, and the place and time of the utterance.
993:
As mentioned, these meanings are brought about through the relationship between the signified and the signifier. One way to define the relationship is by placing signs in two categories:
1144:
are another common form of deference index and demonstrate the speaker's respect or esteem for the addressee via special forms of address and/or self-humbling first-person pronouns.
636:. In many cases, it expanded upon his idea that language has an analyzable structure, composed of parts that can be defined in relation to others. Pragmatics first engaged only in
2914:
5084:
3033:
1433:(or "syntactics") examines relationships among signs or symbols. Semantics is the literal meaning of an idea whereas pragmatics is the implied meaning of the given idea.
1091:
of the referent in the context of discussion (iii) an effort for unity of the parties involved, and finally, (iv) a blatant presence of distance from the last referent.
3809:
Silverstein, Michael. 1976. "Shifters, Linguistic
Categories, and Cultural Description", in Meaning and Anthropology, Basso and Selby, eds. New York: Harper & Row
1747:
1700:
1653:
1606:
1559:
1532:
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The
Metalingual (alternatively called "metalinguistic" or "reflexive") Function is the use of language (what Jakobson calls "Code") to discuss or describe itself.
733:
The study of relative distance, both social and physical, between speakers in order to understand what determines the choice of what is said and what is not said.
1140:, the widespread phenomenon in which there are multiple second-person pronouns that correspond to the addressee's relative status or familiarity to the speaker.
2940:
1767:
1720:
1673:
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The study of the speaker's meaning focusing not on the phonetic or grammatical form of an utterance but on what the speaker's intentions and beliefs are.
3429:
Yoon, Erica J.; Frank, Michael C.; Tessler, Michael Henry; Goodman, Noah D. (2018-12-29). Polite speech emerges from competing social goals (Report).
2509:
Kim, Daejin; Hall, Joan Kelly (2002). "The Role of an Interactive Book Reading Program in the Development of Second Language Pragmatic Competence".
4457:
1466:, concerns how humans can communicate their intentions to computers with as little ambiguity as possible. That process, integral to the science of
823:
not have intrinsic meaning, that there is no meaning associated with a sentence or word, and that either can represent an idea only symbolically.
3878:
1507:
In the most basic form of the Rational Speech Act, there are three levels of inference; Beginning from the highest level, the pragmatic listener
2544:
Takimoto, Masahiro (2008). "The Effects of Deductive and Inductive Instruction on the Development of Language Learners' Pragmatic Competence".
3718:
1024:
A pure indexical sign does not contribute to the meaning of the propositions at all. It is an example of a "non-referential use of language."
637:
1259:, each of which represents the privileging of a corresponding function, and only one of which is the referential (which corresponds to the
742:, the study of how utterances are marked in order to efficiently manage the common ground of referred entities between speaker and hearer.
550:
which examines sentence structures, principles, and relationships. The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called
2918:
5312:
5174:
2705:
1244:
The six factors of an effective verbal communication. To each one corresponds a communication function (not displayed in this picture).
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5274:
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5036:
3064:
1769:. As such, a simple schema of the Rational Speech Act reasoning hierarchy can be formulated for use in a reference game such that:
640:
study, as opposed to examining the historical development of language. However, it rejected the notion that all meaning comes from
2820:
748:, the study of those aspects of meaning and use for which context of use is an important factor by using the methods and goals of
1050:: the signified and signifier are linked by proximity or the signifier has meaning only because it is pointing to the signified
3846:
2123:
2119:, they claim that gender and sex are not natural categories, but socially constructed roles produced by "reiterative acting."
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The Expressive (alternatively called "emotive" or "affective") Function relates to the Addresser and is best exemplified by
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The Poetic Function focuses on "the message for its own sake" and is the operative function in poetry as well as slogans.
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1410:
Pragmatics helps anthropologists relate elements of language to broader social phenomena; it thus pervades the field of
3704:
3243:
2855:
1087:
factors are widely accepted for the use of referent language including (i) competition with a possible referent, (ii)
3218:
3162:
2955:
922:. The signified is some entity or concept in the world. The signifier represents the signified. An example would be:
893:
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The study of what is not meant, as opposed to the intended meaning: what is unsaid and unintended, or unintentional.
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of an utterance but do add information about the Addresser's (speaker's) internal state, e.g. "Wow, what a view!"
760:
339:
3329:
Kao, Justine T.; Bergen, Leon; Goodman, Noah D. (2014). "Formalizing the Pragmatics of Metaphor Understanding".
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speaking (refer above for definitions of semantic-referential and indexical meaning). Another example would be:
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2421: – the context in which a text, or object, has been created, and its function and purpose at that time
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of the speech event). The six constitutive factors and their corresponding functions are diagrammed below.
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Koike, Dale April (1989). "Pragmatic Competence and Adult L2 Acquisition: Speech Acts in Interlanguage".
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1451:, a type of utterance that performs the very action it describes. Speech Act Theory's examination of
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2379: – Phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some object in the context in which it occurs
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remarked that some work done under Pragmatics aligned well with the program he outlined in his book
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5806:
5385:
5134:
4018:
3948:
3903:
3260:"see for instance F.Domaneschi. C. Penco, What is Said and What is Not, CSLI Publication, Stanford"
2162:"I" and "you" are fundamentally distinct from other pronouns because of their role in creating the
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2715:. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 495–512.
2182:("November 20, 1923--Postulates of Linguistics"). They draw three conclusions from Austin: (1) A
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3787:
Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes
3733:
1222:
To be performative, an utterance must conform to various conditions involving what Austin calls
1057:: the signified and signifier are arbitrarily linked (signified: a cat, signifier: the word cat)
519:. The field has been represented since 1986 by the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA).
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3622:(2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. MIT Press.
1043:: the signified resembles the signifier (signified: a dog's barking noise, signifier: bow-wow)
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are affixes or inflections that index the sex of the speaker, e.g. the verb forms of female
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directly relates to pragmatics, since a switch in code effects a shift in pragmatic force.
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Probabilistic language understanding: An introduction to the Rational Speech Act framework
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1425:, pragmatics tries to understand the relationship between signs and their users, while
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Mey, Jacob L. (2006). "Pragmatics: Overview". In Brown, E. K.; Anderson, Anne (eds.).
2343: – grammatical or semantic entity which has been uttered by more than one speaker
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Semantic-referential meaning is also present in meta-semantical statements such as:
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Duranti, Alessandro. (1997). "Linguistic Anthropology". Cambridge University Press.
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3818:
Carbaugh, Donal. (1990). "Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact." LEA.
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3627:
2747:"What is Pragmatics? - Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript"
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are used to refer to certain items. A sign is the link or relationship between a
756:
730:: the things that are communicated even though they are not explicitly expressed.
2874:
1367:
The Conative Function engages the Addressee directly and is best illustrated by
1073:
to things and people is a common feature of conversation, and conversants do so
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The sorts of contexts that such indexes can mark are varied. Examples include:
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that produces and reinforces sociological distance, as seen in the Aboriginal
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Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as Doing Things With Words
3682:. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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3812:
Wardhaugh, Ronald. (2006). "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". Blackwell.
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2522:
2385: – Reference point of a deictic expression in the context of pragmatics
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Text and Context. Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse
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Kao, Justine T.; Wu, Jean Y.; Bergen, Leon; Goodman, Noah D. (2014-08-04).
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2941:"24.903 / 24.933 Language and its Structure III: Semantics and Pragmatics"
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tends to focus on the actual objects or ideas to which a word refers, and
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The grammar of polarity: Pragmatics, sensitivity, and the logic of scales
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832:, there arises a similar systematic ambiguity with the word "definable".
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2565:
755:
The study of the role of pragmatics in the development of children with
19:
This article is about the subfield of linguistics. For the journal, see
5624:
5390:
5345:
5340:
5015:
4859:
4814:
4691:
4666:
4591:
4526:
4023:
3978:
3973:
3778:
3562:
2530:
2433:
2427:
2388:
2227:
2137:
1436:
1361:
1256:
1240:
990:
Whom "I" refers to, depends on the context and the person uttering it.
819:
691: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
600: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
559:
527:
419:
27:
2721:
2600:
5776:
5594:
5519:
5498:
5428:
5380:
5360:
5256:
4965:
4905:
4784:
4764:
4516:
4511:
4491:
4008:
2406:
2400:
1487:. A proper logical theory of formal pragmatics has been developed by
1426:
1141:
1078:
1070:
975:
815:
772:
543:
394:
389:
225:
215:
107:
97:
3086:
Vonk, Wietske; Hustinx, Lettica G. M. M.; Simons, Wim H. G. (1992).
2978:
2337: – Use of an expression whose interpretation depends on context
845:
666:
575:
5689:
5478:
5229:
4920:
4541:
4501:
3851:
3837:
2319:
2159:
1494:
1368:
1027:
A second way to define the signified and signifier relationship is
3806:(Oxford Introductions to Language Study). Oxford University Press.
2639:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 12, 141.
1483:
referential descriptions, a topic developed after the theories of
4940:
4496:
4065:
4033:
3557:
Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication
2281:
Structural Ambiguity in English: An Applied Grammatical Inventory
2101:
Pragmatics (more specifically, Speech Act Theory's notion of the
5085:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
5020:
4043:
4038:
2364:
1430:
1382:
1350:
547:
112:
16:
Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning
3284:"Pragmatic Language Interpretation as Probabilistic Inference"
2636:
Analyzing meaning: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics
5554:
4506:
3797:
Cross-cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction
3771:
Verschueren, Jef, Jan-Ola Ă–stman, Jan Blommaert, eds. (1995)
3088:"The use of referential expressions in structuring discourse"
2287:"The use of referential expressions in structuring discourse"
3448:
Scontras, Gregory; Tessler, Michael Henry; Franke, Michael.
2305:
https://www.jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/11951/26599
3711:. Oxford University Press. pp. 468–501. Archived from
2367: – Words requiring context to understand their meaning
1160:
to a completely separate lexicon reserved for that purpose.
1065:
542:. Theories of pragmatics go hand-in-hand with theories of
3238:. Boston, Ma.: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 508.
1107:
782:
the space that belongs to you has green ambient lighting;
3628:"Cross-cultural discourse of giving and accepting gifts"
5320:
3428:
3128:
2373: – Information conveyed verbally yet not literally
2176:
discuss linguistic pragmatics in the fourth chapter of
1229:
3572:. (Syntax and Semantics, 9). New York: Academic Press.
3173:
3171:
2303:, "How to Do Things with Words: A Bayesian Approach",
1455:
has many of the same goals as pragmatics, as outlined
1035:. The components of the trichotomy are the following:
791:
you are permitted to proceed in a non-driving context;
3726:
Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics
3282:
Goodman, Noah D.; Frank, Michael C. (November 2016).
2467:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 51–62.
2430: – Utterance that serves a performative function
1777:
1755:
1728:
1708:
1681:
1661:
1634:
1614:
1587:
1567:
1540:
1513:
1398:
There is considerable overlap between pragmatics and
3565:(1996) "Using Language". Cambridge University Press.
2853:
2444:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2423:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2354:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2345:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2315:
1353:
words, e.g. "The autumn leaves have all fallen now."
3168:
2980:
Pragmatics and Indexicality - A very short overview
2819:Zimmermann, Malte (2016). "Information Structure".
2391: – British philosopher of language (1913–1988)
797:
you possess a light source which radiates green; or
3351:
3034:"The Form of Referential Expressions in Discourse"
2669:
2361: – Pragmatics of conversational communication
2086:
1761:
1741:
1714:
1694:
1667:
1647:
1620:
1600:
1573:
1553:
1526:
1102:
3447:
3085:
2863:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2706:"Pragmatics in the history of linguistic thought"
2212:
2052:
2042:
1722:and so will attempt to maximise the chances that
5990:
5787:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
3328:
2854:Andrés-Roqueta, Clara; Katsos, Napoleon (2020).
2397: – Assumed context surrounding an utterance
2285:Vonk, Hustinx, and Simon's 1992 journal article
1495:Rational Speech Act and Probabilistic Pragmatics
3450:"Introducing the Rational Speech Act framework"
3358:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3157:, p. 241. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
2711:. In Allan, Keith; Jaszczolt, Kasia M. (eds.).
2670:Coppock, Elizabeth; Champollion, Lucas (2019).
1099:strongly with the use of pragmatic competency.
835:
788:you no longer have to wait to continue driving;
785:you are driving through a green traffic signal;
3139:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSilverstein1976 (
1360:and other sound changes that do not alter the
1267:The six constitutive factors of a speech event
5306:
4451:
3872:
3702:
3547:Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage
3272:see for instance S. Neale, Descriptions, 1990
2915:"What is pragmatics? – All About Linguistics"
1608:has deliberately chosen to produce utterance
1561:, and will then infer the likely world state
483:
3852:International Pragmatics Association (IPrA).
3281:
1675:by reasoning about how the literal listener
1255:, described six "constitutive factors" of a
3731:
3592:. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
3522:
3196:
3134:
2679:(2019 ed.). p. 37. Archived from
1204:an action rather than simply describing one
874:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
522:Pragmatics encompasses phenomena including
5313:
5299:
5175:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
4465:
4458:
4444:
3879:
3865:
3709:Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy
3659:
3625:
3595:Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward. (2005)
3354:"Nonliteral understanding of number words"
3203:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
3182:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDuranti1997 (
2938:
2818:
2465:Encyclopedia of language & linguistics
1287:Addresser --------------------- Addressee
490:
476:
3886:
3405:
3387:
3377:
3147:
3111:
3031:
2882:
2720:
2644:
2409: – Study of signs and sign processes
1328:Emotive ----------------------- Conative
906:The referential uses of language are how
894:Learn how and when to remove this message
800:you possess a light with a green surface.
707:Learn how and when to remove this message
644:existing purely in the abstract space of
616:Learn how and when to remove this message
3519:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3002:"Icon, Index and Symbol: Types of Signs"
2543:
1534:will reason about the pragmatic speaker
1462:Computational Pragmatics, as defined by
1239:
546:, which studies aspects of meaning, and
3233:
3177:
2632:
2508:
1702:will understand the literal meaning of
1066:Referential expressions in conversation
5991:
3799:. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
3703:Sperber, Dan; Wilson, Deirdre (2005).
3680:The Logic of Conventional Implicatures
3635:International Journal of Communication
2703:
2613:
2238:Brown and Levinson's politeness theory
1456:
1212:"I hereby pronounce you man and wife."
1094:Referential expressions are a form of
565:
5742:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
5294:
4439:
3860:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3000:Port, Robert F. (September 4, 2000).
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2952:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2796:"What are Pragmatic Language Skills?"
2793:
2578:
2436: – Branch of applied linguistics
2096:
1749:will correctly infer the world state
794:your body is cast in a greenish glow;
3707:. In Jackson, F.; Smith, M. (eds.).
3460:from the original on October 1, 2023
3032:Almor, Amit; Nair, Veena A. (2007).
2999:
2713:The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics
2442: – field of study in philosophy
2403: – Study of meaning in language
2207:deep structure and surface structure
1230:Jakobson's six functions of language
872:adding citations to reliable sources
839:
689:adding citations to reliable sources
660:
656:
598:adding citations to reliable sources
569:
380:Conservative and innovative language
5655:Quantificational variability effect
5322:Formal semantics (natural language)
3842:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3833:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3697:Introducing Performative Pragmatics
3671:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3656:. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).
3626:Lin, G. H. C.; Perkins, L. (2005).
2976:
2499:. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).
2462:
1197:(i.e. it is neither true nor false)
1167:
818:, which is a concrete example of a
759:or developmental language disorder
13:
3074:
3018:
2986:
2812:
2593:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1989.tb06364.x
2489:
2352: – occurrence in human speech
1402:, since both share an interest in
1375:, e.g. "Tom! Come inside and eat!"
14:
6030:
3822:
3699:. London and New York: Routledge.
3692:. London and New York: Routledge.
3660:Korta, Kepa; Perry, John (2006).
2704:Jucker, Andreas H. (2012-01-12).
2296:How To Do Things With Pornography
1447:, centers around the idea of the
1393:
805:pragmatically ambiguous as well.
4420:
4419:
4074:
3491:. University of Minnesota Press.
3153:Middleton, Richard (1990/2002).
3092:Language and Cognitive Processes
3053:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00009.x
3041:Language and Linguistics Compass
2558:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00752.x
2318:
1477:
1236:Jakobson's functions of language
1218:"This meeting is now adjourned."
844:
665:
574:
460:
26:. For the philosophy topic, see
3939:Computer-mediated communication
3838:Meaning and Context Sensitivity
3472:
3441:
3422:
3345:
3322:
3275:
3266:
3252:
3227:
3190:
2970:
2932:
2907:
2847:
2787:
2763:
2739:
2633:Kroeger, Paul R. (2019-01-12).
1103:Nonreferential uses of language
676:needs additional citations for
585:needs additional citations for
5737:Combinatory categorial grammar
5115:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
3527:. Cambridge University Press.
3211:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00316-3
3199:"Social Aspects of Pragmatics"
3113:11858/00-001M-0000-000E-E736-D
2831:10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0130
2697:
2673:Invitation to formal semantics
2663:
2626:
2607:
2572:
2537:
2502:
2473:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00306-0
2456:
2213:Significant works and concepts
2077:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2019:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1943:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1185:introduced the concept of the
1130:speakers take the suffix "-s".
1:
5515:Antecedent-contained deletion
4996:Principle of compositionality
3616:. Cambridge University Press.
3549:. Cambridge University Press.
3497:
1655:chooses to produce utterance
1470:(seen as a sub-discipline of
1308:The six functions of language
628:Pragmatics was a reaction to
5145:Philosophical Investigations
4061:Text and conversation theory
3288:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2415: – Concept in semiotics
2128:they extend their theory of
1108:Silverstein's "Pure" Indexes
997:also called "shifters", and
995:referential indexical signs,
966:Tiger: carnivorous, a mammal
940:semantic-referential meaning
836:Referential uses of language
766:
320:Functional discourse grammar
186:Ethnography of communication
7:
4986:Modality (natural language)
3695:Robinson, Douglas. (2006).
3678:Potts, Christopher. (2005)
3654:Pragmatics: An Introduction
3590:Studies in the Way of Words
3509:How to Do Things With Words
2875:10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00263
2794:Leigh, Karen (2018-03-03).
2581:The Modern Language Journal
2546:The Modern Language Journal
2511:The Modern Language Journal
2497:Pragmatics: An Introduction
2311:
2223:How To Do Things With Words
1468:natural language processing
1251:, expanding on the work of
1014:Referential: singular count
952:"Santa Claus eats cookies."
912:signified and the signifier
632:linguistics as outlined by
440:Second-language acquisition
10:
6035:
5396:Syntax–semantics interface
5125:Language, Truth, and Logic
4865:Theological noncognitivism
4750:Contrast theory of meaning
4745:Causal theory of reference
4476:Index of language articles
3785:and Don D. Jackson (1967)
3602:Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983)
3597:The Handbook of Pragmatics
3512:. Oxford University Press.
3300:10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.005
3234:Fromkin, Victoria (2014).
2771:"Definition of PRAGMATICS"
2620:Cambridge University Press
1233:
1171:
1077:. Individuals engaging in
927:Signified: the concept cat
770:
118:Syntax–semantics interface
18:
5925:
5888:Question under discussion
5838:Conversational scoreboard
5815:
5719:
5712:
5615:Intersective modification
5600:Homogeneity (linguistics)
5507:
5416:
5409:
5328:
5265:
5210:Philosophy of information
5197:
5046:
4898:
4810:Mediated reference theory
4735:
4482:
4473:
4415:
4204:
4083:
4072:
3912:
3894:
3732:Verschueren, Jef (1999).
3568:Cole, Peter, ed.. (1978)
3104:10.1080/01690969208409389
2234:and conversational maxims
1581:taking into account that
1443:and further developed by
932:Signifier: the word "cat"
757:autism spectrum disorders
430:Philosophy of linguistics
330:Interactional linguistics
5943:Distributional semantics
5135:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
4019:Nonviolent communication
3949:History of communication
3764:Also available from the
3735:Understanding Pragmatics
3604:Principles of Pragmatics
3236:Introduction to Language
3197:Rajagopalan, K. (2006).
2939:von Fintel, Kai (2004).
2614:Israel, Michael (2011).
2450:
1215:"I accept your apology."
5999:Linguistics terminology
5938:Computational semantics
5680:Subsective modification
5484:Propositional attitudes
4936:Use–mention distinction
4780:Direct reference theory
4014:Nonverbal communication
4004:Models of communication
3775:. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
3379:10.1073/pnas.1407479111
2775:www.merriam-webster.com
2523:10.1111/1540-4781.00153
1472:artificial intelligence
1412:linguistic anthropology
540:nonverbal communication
6004:Philosophy of language
5968:Philosophy of language
5610:Inalienable possession
5590:Free choice inferences
5585:Faultless disagreement
5356:Generalized quantifier
4870:Theory of descriptions
4805:Linguistic determinism
4467:Philosophy of language
3773:Handbook of Pragmatics
3517:Pragmatics and Grammar
3155:Studying Popular Music
2646:10.5281/ZENODO.2538330
2184:performative utterance
2088:
1763:
1743:
1716:
1696:
1669:
1649:
1622:
1602:
1575:
1555:
1528:
1245:
1174:Performative utterance
825:The cat sat on the mat
267:Theoretical frameworks
221:Philosophy of language
201:History of linguistics
5868:Plural quantification
5762:Inquisitive semantics
5727:Alternative semantics
4981:Mental representation
4916:Linguistic relativity
4800:Inquisitive semantics
4166:Mediated cross-border
3888:Communication studies
3847:Journal of Pragmatics
3724:Thomas, Jenny (1995)
3541:Brown, Penelope, and
3435:10.31234/osf.io/67ne8
2495:Mey, Jacob L. (1993)
2359:Cooperative principle
2232:cooperative principle
2111:gender performativity
2089:
1764:
1744:
1742:{\displaystyle L_{0}}
1717:
1697:
1695:{\displaystyle L_{0}}
1670:
1650:
1648:{\displaystyle S_{1}}
1623:
1603:
1601:{\displaystyle S_{1}}
1576:
1556:
1554:{\displaystyle S_{1}}
1529:
1527:{\displaystyle L_{1}}
1243:
1084:definite descriptions
999:pure indexical signs.
740:Information structure
650:historical pragmatics
634:Ferdinand de Saussure
161:Conversation analysis
5853:Function application
5660:Responsive predicate
5650:Privative adjectives
5165:Naming and Necessity
5075:De Arte Combinatoria
4874:Definite description
4835:Semantic externalism
4101:Communication theory
4096:Communication design
3802:Yule, George (1996)
3783:Janet Helmick Beavin
3717:Also available from
3620:Levinson, Stephen C.
3610:Levinson, Stephen C.
3559:. Oxford: Blackwell.
3523:Ariel, Mira (2010).
3515:Ariel, Mira (2008),
3205:. pp. 434–440.
2440:Universal pragmatics
2262:universal pragmatics
2254:presumptive meanings
2205:distinction between
1775:
1753:
1726:
1706:
1679:
1659:
1632:
1612:
1585:
1565:
1538:
1511:
868:improve this section
685:improve this article
594:improve this article
552:pragmatic competence
510:is the study of how
506:and related fields,
405:Internet linguistics
315:Construction grammar
5933:Cognitive semantics
5848:Existential closure
5792:Situation semantics
5695:Temperature paradox
5665:Rising declaratives
5630:Modal subordination
5605:Hurford disjunction
5565:Discourse relations
5215:Philosophical logic
5205:Analytic philosophy
5011:Sense and reference
4890:Verification theory
4845:Situation semantics
3789:. New York: Norton.
3543:Stephen C. Levinson
3525:Defining Pragmatics
3488:A Thousand Plateaus
3370:2014PNAS..11112002K
3364:(33): 12002–12007.
2350:Collapsing sequence
2301:Piotr Gmytrasiewicz
2179:A Thousand Plateaus
1149:Affinal taboo index
1113:Michael Silverstein
1033:Peircean Trichotomy
1019:Indexical: Close by
811:syntactic ambiguity
566:Origin of the field
340:Systemic functional
135:Applied linguistics
77:General linguistics
5978:Semantics of logic
5903:Strict conditional
5878:Quantifier raising
5843:Downward entailing
5823:Autonomy of syntax
5752:Generative grammar
5732:Categorial grammar
5670:Scalar implicature
5575:Epistemic modality
5550:De dicto and de re
5065:Port-Royal Grammar
4961:Family resemblance
4880:Theory of language
4855:Supposition theory
4131:Discourse analysis
4056:Telecommunications
3999:Meta-communication
3606:. London: Longman.
3582:. London: Longman.
3576:Dijk, Teun A. van.
2383:Origo (pragmatics)
2326:Linguistics portal
2097:In literary theory
2084:
2082:
1759:
1739:
1712:
1692:
1665:
1645:
1618:
1598:
1571:
1551:
1524:
1453:Illocutionary Acts
1404:linguistic meaning
1362:denotative meaning
1246:
944:indexical meaning.
920:Jean-René Huguenin
445:Theory of language
415:Origin of language
370:Autonomy of syntax
325:Grammaticalization
171:Discourse analysis
166:Corpus linguistics
5986:
5985:
5958:Logic translation
5921:
5920:
5913:Universal grinder
5898:Squiggle operator
5858:Meaning postulate
5797:Supervaluationism
5767:Intensional logic
5747:Dynamic semantics
5708:
5707:
5540:Crossover effects
5489:Tense–aspect–mood
5469:Lexical semantics
5288:
5287:
4790:Dynamic semantics
4433:
4432:
3752:978-0-340-64623-6
3686:Robinson, Douglas
3563:Clark, Herbert H.
3534:978-0-521-73203-1
3331:Cognitive Science
2977:Treanor, Fergal,
2840:978-0-19-977281-0
2732:978-0-521-19207-1
2722:10.5167/UZH-57900
2656:978-3-96110-136-8
2482:978-0-08-044854-1
2279:Dallin D. Oaks's
2247:politeness maxims
2191:division between
1762:{\displaystyle s}
1715:{\displaystyle u}
1668:{\displaystyle u}
1621:{\displaystyle u}
1574:{\displaystyle s}
1489:Carlo Dalla Pozza
1437:Speech Act Theory
1423:Charles W. Morris
1178:Speech act theory
1151:is an example of
1134:Deference indexes
904:
903:
896:
746:Formal Pragmatics
717:
716:
709:
657:Areas of interest
626:
625:
618:
500:
499:
288:Distributionalism
231:Psycholinguistics
6026:
5963:Linguistics wars
5893:Semantic parsing
5782:Montague grammar
5717:
5716:
5560:Deontic modality
5414:
5413:
5401:Truth conditions
5336:Compositionality
5329:Central concepts
5315:
5308:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5250:Formal semantics
5198:Related articles
5190:
5180:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5140:
5130:
5120:
5110:
5100:
5090:
5080:
5070:
5060:
4830:Relevance theory
4825:Phallogocentrism
4460:
4453:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4422:
4078:
4029:Public relations
3924:Biocommunication
3881:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3793:Wierzbicka, Anna
3766:Internet Archive
3763:
3761:
3759:
3740:
3716:
3675:
3666:Zalta, Edward N.
3642:
3632:
3538:
3492:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3391:
3381:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3135:Silverstein 1976
3132:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3083:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3063:. Archived from
3038:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2958:on April 9, 2010
2954:. Archived from
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2917:. Archived from
2911:
2905:
2904:
2886:
2869:(5): 1494–1508.
2860:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2800:Sensational Kids
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2710:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2506:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2460:
2445:
2424:
2355:
2346:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2275:relevance theory
2209:simultaneously.
2158:argued that the
2156:Émile Benveniste
2125:Excitable Speech
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1860:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1502:Michael C. Frank
1464:Victoria Fromkin
1400:sociolinguistics
1168:The performative
1157:Dyirbal language
1153:avoidance speech
899:
892:
888:
885:
879:
848:
840:
750:formal semantics
712:
705:
701:
698:
692:
669:
661:
621:
614:
610:
607:
601:
578:
570:
492:
485:
478:
464:
410:LGBT linguistics
400:Internationalism
375:Compositionality
236:Sociolinguistics
211:Neurolinguistics
206:Interlinguistics
191:Ethnomethodology
33:
32:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6023:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5917:
5811:
5772:Lambda calculus
5704:
5675:Sloppy identity
5635:Opaque contexts
5570:Donkey anaphora
5535:Counterfactuals
5503:
5405:
5324:
5319:
5289:
5284:
5261:
5240:School of Names
5193:
5188:
5178:
5168:
5158:
5155:Of Grammatology
5148:
5138:
5128:
5118:
5108:
5098:
5088:
5078:
5068:
5058:
5042:
4894:
4840:Semantic holism
4820:Non-cognitivism
4760:Conventionalism
4731:
4478:
4469:
4464:
4434:
4429:
4411:
4200:
4079:
4070:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3890:
3885:
3825:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3630:
3535:
3500:
3495:
3479:Deleuze, Gilles
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3442:
3427:
3423:
3350:
3346:
3327:
3323:
3294:(11): 818–829.
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3036:
3030:
3019:
3010:
3008:
2998:
2987:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2631:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2577:
2573:
2542:
2538:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2422:
2353:
2344:
2341:Co-construction
2324:
2317:
2314:
2258:JĂĽrgen Habermas
2215:
2149:Of Grammatology
2144:Jacques Derrida
2099:
2081:
2080:
2025:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1923:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1856:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1485:Keith Donnellan
1480:
1439:, pioneered by
1396:
1306:
1238:
1232:
1195:truth-evaluable
1180:
1172:Main articles:
1170:
1138:T–V distinction
1110:
1105:
1075:collaboratively
1068:
900:
889:
883:
880:
865:
849:
838:
830:Berry's paradox
775:
769:
713:
702:
696:
693:
682:
670:
659:
622:
611:
605:
602:
591:
579:
568:
496:
455:
454:
365:
357:
356:
268:
260:
259:
255:Writing systems
146:Anthropological
136:
128:
127:
78:
70:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6032:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5953:Inferentialism
5950:
5948:Formal grammar
5945:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:Possible world
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5757:Glue semantics
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5720:Formal systems
5714:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:Polarity items
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Conservativity
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5494:Quantification
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5371:Presupposition
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5181:
5171:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5131:
5121:
5111:
5101:
5091:
5081:
5071:
5061:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:Presupposition
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4770:Deconstruction
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Organizational
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4121:Cross-cultural
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3969:Intrapersonal
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3835:
3824:
3823:External links
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3800:
3790:
3776:
3769:
3751:
3729:
3722:
3715:on 2018-02-14.
3700:
3693:
3683:
3676:
3657:
3647:
3643:
3623:
3617:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:Grice, H. Paul
3583:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3553:Carston, Robyn
3550:
3539:
3533:
3520:
3513:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3483:FĂ©lix Guattari
3471:
3440:
3421:
3344:
3321:
3274:
3265:
3251:
3245:978-1133310686
3244:
3226:
3219:
3189:
3167:
3146:
3127:
3098:(3): 301–333.
3073:
3070:on 2021-01-02.
3047:(1–2): 84–99.
3017:
3006:cs.indiana.edu
2985:
2969:
2947:OpenCourseWare
2931:
2906:
2846:
2839:
2811:
2786:
2762:
2738:
2731:
2696:
2662:
2655:
2625:
2606:
2587:(3): 279–289.
2571:
2552:(3): 369–386.
2536:
2517:(3): 332–348.
2501:
2488:
2481:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2395:Presupposition
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:Deirdre Wilson
2264:
2255:
2249:
2243:Geoffrey Leech
2240:
2235:
2225:
2214:
2211:
2174:FĂ©lix Guattari
2170:Gilles Deleuze
2130:performativity
2116:Gender Trouble
2098:
2095:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1758:
1736:
1732:
1711:
1689:
1685:
1664:
1642:
1638:
1617:
1595:
1591:
1570:
1548:
1544:
1521:
1517:
1496:
1493:
1479:
1476:
1416:code switching
1395:
1394:Related fields
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1249:Roman Jakobson
1234:Main article:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1145:
1131:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
988:
987:
969:
968:
955:
954:
935:
934:
929:
914:as defined by
902:
901:
852:
850:
843:
837:
834:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
771:Main article:
768:
765:
764:
763:
753:
743:
737:
734:
731:
724:
721:
715:
714:
673:
671:
664:
658:
655:
624:
623:
582:
580:
573:
567:
564:
498:
497:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
469:
468:
457:
456:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Prescriptivism
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6031:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Performatives
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Logophoricity
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Evidentiality
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Scholasticism
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4850:Structuralism
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Descriptivism
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Contrastivism
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Media studies
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:International
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Environmental
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Developmental
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:Communicology
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Media ecology
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Interpersonal
3962:
3960:
3959:Intercultural
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Communication
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3743:Edward Arnold
3737:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3650:Mey, Jacob L.
3648:
3644:
3641:(1): 103–112.
3640:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3504:Austin, J. L.
3502:
3501:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3220:9780080448541
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3163:0-335-15275-9
3160:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2935:
2921:on 2020-02-17
2920:
2916:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2686:on 2020-09-07
2682:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2622:. p. 10.
2621:
2618:. Cambridge:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2419:Sitz im Leben
2417:
2414:
2413:Sign relation
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2109:'s theory of
2108:
2107:Judith Butler
2104:
2094:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1770:
1756:
1734:
1730:
1709:
1687:
1683:
1662:
1640:
1636:
1615:
1593:
1589:
1568:
1546:
1542:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1478:Formalization
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:According to
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:interjections
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1200:Its uttering
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
991:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
941:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
898:
895:
887:
877:
873:
869:
863:
862:
858:
853:This section
851:
847:
842:
841:
833:
831:
826:
821:
817:
813:
812:
806:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
779:
774:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:The study of
725:
722:
719:
718:
711:
708:
700:
690:
686:
680:
679:
674:This section
672:
668:
663:
662:
654:
651:
648:. Meanwhile,
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:structuralist
620:
617:
609:
599:
595:
589:
588:
583:This section
581:
577:
572:
571:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:, as well as
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
517:pragmaticians
513:
509:
505:
493:
488:
486:
481:
479:
474:
473:
471:
470:
467:
463:
459:
458:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Descriptivism
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
361:
360:
353:
352:Structuralism
350:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Prague circle
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
264:
263:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Documentation
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Computational
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
25:
23:
5972:
5908:Type shifter
5883:Quantization
5833:Continuation
5700:Veridicality
5580:Exhaustivity
5545:Cumulativity
5464:Indexicality
5444:Definiteness
5439:Conditionals
5366:Logical form
5224:
5183:
5173:
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5035:
4976:Metalanguage
4971:Logical form
4926:Truth-bearer
4885:Unilalianism
4795:Expressivism
4622:Wittgenstein
4567:von Humboldt
4484:Philosophers
3944:Conversation
3929:Broadcasting
3841:
3832:
3803:
3796:
3786:
3772:
3756:. Retrieved
3734:
3725:
3713:the original
3708:
3705:"Pragmatics"
3696:
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3662:"Pragmatics"
3653:
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3603:
3599:. Blackwell.
3596:
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3178:Duranti 1997
3154:
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3065:the original
3044:
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3009:. Retrieved
3005:
2979:
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2956:the original
2944:
2934:
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2919:the original
2909:
2884:10234/190618
2866:
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2803:. Retrieved
2799:
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2681:the original
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2377:Indexicality
2295:
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2219:J. L. Austin
2197:
2193:
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2168:
2154:
2147:
2142:
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2121:
2114:
2105:) underpins
2103:performative
2100:
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1435:
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1247:
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866:Please help
854:
824:
809:
807:
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776:
728:implicatures
703:
694:
683:Please help
678:verification
675:
645:
627:
612:
603:
592:Please help
587:verification
584:
551:
536:conversation
521:
516:
507:
501:
298:Glossematics
278:Constituency
250:interpreting
102:
88:Lexicography
21:
5828:Context set
5802:Type theory
5685:Subtrigging
5449:Disjunction
5376:Proposition
5220:Linguistics
5185:Limited Inc
5105:On Denoting
4931:Proposition
4582:de Saussure
4547:Ibn Khaldun
4091:Closed-loop
3954:Information
3916:terminology
3464:17 February
2962:October 17,
2822:Linguistics
2371:Implicature
2292:Nancy Bauer
2267:Dan Sperber
2134:hate speech
1445:John Searle
1441:J.L. Austin
1373:imperatives
1339:Metalingual
1317:Referential
1253:Karl BĂĽhler
1183:J.L. Austin
1124:Sex indexes
1029:C.S. Peirce
916:de Saussure
556:J.L. Austin
528:speech acts
524:implicature
504:linguistics
450:Terminology
425:Orthography
345:Usage-based
246:Translating
141:Acquisition
46:Linguistics
6009:Pragmatics
5993:Categories
5973:Pragmatics
5625:Mirativity
5391:Speech act
5346:Entailment
5341:Denotation
5280:Discussion
5275:Task Force
5225:Pragmatics
5016:Speech act
4946:Categories
4860:Symbiosism
4815:Nominalism
4727:Watzlawick
4607:Bloomfield
4527:Chrysippus
4407:Wertheimer
4287:Horkheimer
4024:Propaganda
3979:Mass media
3974:Journalism
3914:Topics and
3829:Pragmatics
3804:Pragmatics
3779:Watzlawick
3741:. London:
3728:. Longman.
3688:. (2003).
3614:Pragmatics
3570:Pragmatics
3498:References
3011:2019-10-01
2925:2020-02-10
2805:2019-09-30
2780:2019-09-30
2756:2017-07-11
2690:2020-01-01
2434:Stylistics
2428:Speech act
2389:Paul Grice
2252:Levinson's
2228:Paul Grice
2189:Saussure's
2138:censorship
1407:language
1386:strangers.
1208:Examples:
1193:It is not
1142:Honorifics
884:April 2009
820:speech act
697:April 2018
638:synchronic
606:April 2018
560:Paul Grice
508:pragmatics
420:Orismology
305:Functional
293:Generative
283:Dependency
103:Pragmatics
93:Morphology
83:Diachronic
28:Pragmatism
22:Pragmatics
6019:Semiotics
6014:Semantics
5777:Mereology
5713:Formalism
5595:Givenness
5520:Cataphora
5508:Phenomena
5499:Vagueness
5429:Ambiguity
5381:Reference
5361:Intension
5351:Extension
5257:Semiotics
5245:Semantics
5095:Alciphron
5031:Statement
4966:Intension
4906:Ambiguity
4785:Dramatism
4765:Cratylism
4517:Eubulides
4512:Aristotle
4492:Confucius
4191:Technical
4176:Political
4084:Subfields
4009:New media
3719:ucl.ac.uk
3588:. (1989)
3545:. (1978)
3485:(1987) .
3398:0027-8424
3308:1364-6613
3122:0169-0965
3061:1749-818X
2901:218554970
2751:study.com
2407:Semiotics
2401:Semantics
2203:Chomsky's
2066:⋅
2037:∝
1947:α
1941:
1935:∝
1868:⋅
1831:∝
1427:semantics
1369:vocatives
1096:anaphora.
1079:discourse
1071:Referring
976:Indexical
855:does not
816:utterance
773:Ambiguity
767:Ambiguity
544:semantics
532:relevance
395:Iconicity
390:Etymology
310:Cognitive
273:Formalist
226:Phonetics
216:Philology
108:Semantics
98:Phonology
24:(journal)
5926:See also
5816:Concepts
5690:Telicity
5525:Coercion
5479:Negation
5474:Modality
5424:Anaphora
5270:Category
5230:Rhetoric
5055:Cratylus
5026:Sentence
5001:Property
4921:Language
4899:Concepts
4737:Theories
4702:Strawson
4687:Davidson
4677:Hintikka
4672:Anscombe
4617:Vygotsky
4572:Mauthner
4542:Averroes
4532:Zhuangzi
4522:Diodorus
4502:Cratylus
4425:Category
4377:Richards
4302:Jakobson
4282:Habermas
4237:Castells
4227:Benjamin
4205:Scholars
3781:, Paul,
3646:Morocco.
3458:Archived
3416:25092304
3339:13623227
3316:27692852
2893:32379523
2566:25173064
2335:Anaphora
2312:See also
2160:pronouns
1628:, while
1224:felicity
1202:performs
1089:salience
196:Forensic
176:Distance
123:Typology
38:a series
36:Part of
5434:Binding
5037:more...
4941:Concept
4682:Dummett
4657:Gadamer
4652:Chomsky
4637:Derrida
4627:Russell
4612:Bergson
4597:Tillich
4557:Leibniz
4497:Gorgias
4397:Tankard
4392:Shannon
4387:Schramm
4372:Quebral
4367:Postman
4357:Packard
4337:McLuhan
4332:Marcuse
4327:Luhmann
4322:Lippman
4317:Kincaid
4312:Johnson
4277:Goffman
4272:Gerbner
4262:Flusser
4242:Chomsky
4222:Bateson
4217:Barthes
4186:Science
4116:Climate
4066:Writing
4034:Reading
3984:Meaning
3904:Outline
3899:History
3795:(1991)
3668:(ed.).
3652:(1993)
3612:(1983)
3578:(1977)
3555:(2002)
3506:(1962)
3407:4143012
3366:Bibcode
2531:1192847
2164:subject
1351:deictic
1295:Contact
1279:Message
1276:Context
1261:context
1128:Koasati
984:Example
876:removed
861:sources
512:context
151:Applied
61:History
56:Outline
5863:Monads
5410:Topics
5189:(1988)
5179:(1982)
5169:(1980)
5159:(1967)
5149:(1953)
5139:(1951)
5129:(1936)
5119:(1921)
5109:(1905)
5099:(1732)
5089:(1668)
5079:(1666)
5069:(1660)
5059:(n.d.)
5021:Symbol
4722:Searle
4712:Putnam
4662:Kripke
4647:Austin
4632:Carnap
4577:Ricœur
4562:Herder
4552:Hobbes
4402:Tannen
4382:Rogers
4362:Peirce
4347:Morgan
4292:Huxley
4267:Gasset
4257:Fisher
4212:Adorno
4196:Visual
4146:Health
4141:Global
4111:Crisis
4044:Symbol
4039:Speech
3749:
3531:
3414:
3404:
3396:
3337:
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2601:327002
2599:
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2529:
2479:
2365:Deixis
2198:parole
2194:langue
1431:syntax
1383:Phatic
1336:Phatic
1320:Poetic
1055:Symbol
1009:"This"
761:(DLD).
646:langue
548:syntax
466:Portal
364:Topics
113:Syntax
5555:De se
5459:Focus
5417:Areas
5386:Scope
5047:Works
4956:Class
4717:Lewis
4707:Quine
4692:Grice
4642:Whorf
4602:Sapir
4587:Frege
4537:Xunzi
4507:Plato
4307:Janis
4297:Innis
4252:Ellul
4247:Craig
4232:Burke
3989:Media
3758:1 May
3739:(PDF)
3664:. In
3631:(PDF)
3335:S2CID
3068:(PDF)
3037:(PDF)
2897:S2CID
2859:(PDF)
2709:(PDF)
2684:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2597:JSTOR
2562:JSTOR
2527:JSTOR
2451:Notes
2113:. In
1457:above
1048:Index
986:: "I"
908:signs
642:signs
66:Index
5006:Sign
4911:Cant
4697:Ryle
4667:Ayer
4592:Boas
4342:Mead
4181:Risk
4156:Mass
4049:list
3760:2024
3747:ISBN
3529:ISBN
3481:and
3466:2024
3412:PMID
3394:ISSN
3312:PMID
3304:ISSN
3240:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3184:help
3159:ISBN
3141:help
3118:ISSN
3057:ISSN
2964:2017
2945:MIT
2889:PMID
2835:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2269:and
2201:and
2196:and
2172:and
2136:and
1381:The
1371:and
1298:Code
1176:and
1041:Icon
942:and
918:and
859:any
857:cite
558:and
534:and
248:and
241:Text
5807:TTR
4951:Set
4352:Ong
3431:doi
3402:PMC
3384:hdl
3374:doi
3362:111
3296:doi
3207:doi
3108:hdl
3100:doi
3049:doi
2879:hdl
2871:doi
2827:doi
2717:doi
2641:doi
2589:doi
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2469:doi
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