599:, communications scholars Thomas R. Lindlof and Bryan C. Taylor explain, "Ethnography of communication conceptualizes communication as a continuous flow of information, rather than as a segmented exchange of messages." According to Deborah Cameron, EOC can be thought of as the application of ethnographic methods to the communication patterns of a group. Littlejohn and Foss recall that Dell Hymes suggests that "cultures communicate in different ways, but all forms of communication require a shared code, communicators who know and use the code, a channel, a setting, a message form, a topic, and an event created by transmission of the message." "EOC studies," according to Lindlof and Taylor, "produce highly detailed analysis of communication codes and their moment-to-moment functions in various contexts. In these analyses, speech communities are constituted in local and continuous performances of cultural and moral matters."
753:
personal identity relationship status (i.e. whether they were considered to be of symmetrical or asymmetrical social status). Other examples include
Katriel's study of Israeli communication acts involving griping and joking about national and public problems, as well as Carbaugh's comparative studies of communication in a variety of intercultural contexts. These studies not only identify communication acts, codes, rules, functions, and norms, but they also offer different ways in which the method can be applied. Joel Sherzer's
445:
582:
patterns proper to speech activity" and 2) "take as context a community, investigating its communicative habits as a whole." In other words, rather than divorcing linguistic form from its function, the analysis of a culture's or community's communication, linguistic and otherwise, must occur with respect to the sociocultural context of its use and the functions of the meanings conveyed. As
744:
subject of its study. Ethnography of communication, according to
Cameron, should strive not only to "address such 'descriptive' questions as 'what speech events occur in such-and-such a community?' and 'what are the components of speech events X, Y, and Z?'", but also to explain "why particular events occur and why they have particular characteristics."
586:
puts it, "If you are mainly concerned with the way a certain speech event fits into a whole network of cultural beliefs and practices, you will spend more time describing things that are external to the talk itself: who the speakers are, where they are, what beliefs and customs are important in their
752:
Several research studies have used ethnography of communication as a methodological tool when conducting empirical research. Examples of this work include
Philipsen's study, which examined the ways in which blue-collar men living near Chicago spoke or did not speak based on communication context and
524:
are important to different groups, what types of meanings groups apply to different communication events, and how group members learn these codes, in order to provide insight into particular communities. This additional insight may be used to enhance communication with group members, make sense of
581:
The term "ethnography of communication" is meant to be descriptive of the characteristics that an approach towards language from an anthropological standpoint must take. Namely, according to Dell Hymes, it must 1) "investigate directly the use of language in contexts of situations so as to discern
649:
SPEAKING model. The model consists of sixteen components, which Hymes believed were necessary to consider in order to accurately and satisfactorily describe any particular speech event: message form, message content, setting, scene, speaker/sender, addressor, hearer/receiver/audience, addressee,
743:
While the SPEAKING model is a valuable model to EOC, as well as the descriptive framework most commonly used in ethnography of communication, Cameron cautions that Hymes' model should be used more as a guide than a template, because adhering to it too narrowly may create a limiting view of the
615:
within specific communities. Thus, "the statement that talk is not anywhere valued equally in all social contexts suggests a research strategy for discovering and describing cultural or subcultural differences in the value of speaking. Speaking is one among other symbolic resources which are
761:
of Panama. This is a landmark study that focuses on curing ways, everyday speaking, puberty rites, and gathering house speech-making. It was the first monograph that explicitly took an ethnography of speaking perspective to the whole range of verbal practices among a group of people.
739:: what 'type' does a speech event belong to (e.g. interview, gossip), and what other pre-existing conventional forms of speech are drawn on or 'cited' in producing appropriate contributions to talk (e.g. do people quote from mythology or poetry or scripture?)
602:
EOC can be used as a means by which to study the interactions among members of a specific culture or "speech community," which is any group of people that creates and establishes its own speaking codes and norms.
610:
The meaning and the understanding of the presence or absence of speech within different communities will vary. Local cultural patterns and norms must be understood to analyze and interpret the appropriateness of
578:
characteristics of communication, although most EOC researchers still tend to focus upon speaking as it is generally considered "to be a prominent - even primordial - means of communication."
517:. Unlike ethnography proper, though, EOC takes into account both the communicative form, which may include but is not limited to spoken language, and its function within the given culture.
719:: what channel or medium of communication is used (e.g. speaking, signing, writing, drumming, whistling), and what language/variety is selected from the participants' repertoire
536:
proposed the ethnography of communication as an approach towards analyzing patterns of language use within speech communities, in order to provide support for his idea of
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explained, "Each community has its own cultural values about speaking and these are linked to judgments of situational appropriateness."
472:
623:, the idea that one's language determines one's cognitive ability. While Hymes believed that one's language affected one's
362:
650:
purposes (outcomes), purposes (goals), key, channels, forms of speech, norms of interaction, norms of interpretation, and
999:
Philipsen, Gerry. "Speaking "like a man" in
Teamsterville: Culture patterns of role enactment in an urban neighborhood".
978:
904:
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within the wider context of the social and cultural practices and beliefs of the members of a particular culture or
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A model that Hymes developed as a framework for the analysis of a speech event within its cultural context is the
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General aims of this qualitative research method include being able to discern which communication acts and/or
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302:
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422:
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679:: who takes part in the speech event, and in what role (e.g. speaker, addressee, audience, eavesdropper)
583:
920:
Hymes, Dell (1962). "The ethnography of speaking". In
Gladwin, Thomas; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.).
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Katriel, T. (1990). "'Griping' as a verbal ritual in some
Israeli discourse". In Carbaugh, D. (ed.).
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allocated and distributed in social situations according to distinctive culture patterns."
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group members’ decisions, and distinguish groups from one another, among other things.
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699:: what speech acts make up the speech event, and what order they are performed in
627:, he argued that the extent of that effect depended "on the circumstances of its
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709:: the tone or manner of performance (serious or joking, sincere or ironic, etc.)
237:
1012:
689:: what the purpose of the speech event is, and what its outcome is meant to be
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631:, and its place in the linguistic repertoire of a person and a community."
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654:. These sixteen components are organized into eight divisions to form the
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899:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
729:: what the rules are for producing and interpreting speech acts
95:
575:
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Hymes also used EOC to argue against the strong view of the
897:
Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach
501:. It comes from ethnographic research It is a method of
924:. Washington, D.C.: Anthropology Society of Washington.
823:"Introduction: Toward Ethnographies of Communication"
669:: where the speech event is located in time and space
1030:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 99–114.
973:(10th ed.). Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press.
568:
1068:Kuna ways of speaking: An ethnographic perspective
948:(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
941:
1079:
1028:Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact
566:1962 paper, it was redefined in his 1964 paper,
969:Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (2011).
968:
940:Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002).
939:
869:. London: Sage Publications. pp. 53–67.
641:Dell Hymes § The "S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G" model
466:
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757:investigates the ways of speaking among the
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944:Qualitative Communication Research Methods
597:Qualitative Communication Research Methods
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1070:. Austin: The University of Texas Press.
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1045:. Mahwah N.J.: L. Erlbaum Assiociates.
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363:Conservative and innovative language
840:10.1525/aa.1964.66.suppl_3.02a00010
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540:, which itself was a reaction to
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971:Theories of Human Communication
922:Anthropology and Human Behavior
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1019:
913:
1:
867:Working with spoken discourse
802:
489:(EOC), originally called the
487:ethnography of communication
303:Functional discourse grammar
169:Ethnography of communication
7:
1001:Quarterly Journal of Speech
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570:to accommodate for the non-
423:Second-language acquisition
10:
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638:
528:
101:Syntax–semantics interface
1013:10.1080/00335637509383264
865:Cameron, Deborah (2001).
413:Philosophy of linguistics
313:Interactional linguistics
1043:Cultures in conversation
1041:Carbaugh, Donal (2005).
590:
538:communicative competence
827:American Anthropologist
557:ethnography of speaking
491:ethnography of speaking
1066:Sherzer, Joel (1983).
621:Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
550:linguistic performance
250:Theoretical frameworks
204:Philosophy of language
184:History of linguistics
782:Linguistic relativity
755:Kuna Ways of Speaking
546:linguistic competence
493:, is the analysis of
144:Conversation analysis
895:Hymes, Dell (1976).
821:Hymes, Dell (1964).
777:Communication theory
727:norms of interaction
544:distinction between
388:Internet linguistics
298:Construction grammar
797:Speech codes theory
772:Qualitative methods
555:Originally coined "
323:Systemic functional
118:Applied linguistics
60:General linguistics
1088:Discourse analysis
635:The SPEAKING model
509:that draws on the
503:discourse analysis
428:Theory of language
398:Origin of language
353:Autonomy of syntax
308:Grammaticalization
154:Discourse analysis
149:Corpus linguistics
717:instrumentalities
667:setting and scene
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271:Distributionalism
214:Psycholinguistics
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499:speech community
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393:LGBT linguistics
383:Internationalism
358:Compositionality
219:Sociolinguistics
194:Neurolinguistics
189:Interlinguistics
174:Ethnomethodology
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584:Deborah Cameron
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281:Glossematics
261:Constituency
233:interpreting
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71:Lexicography
833:(6): 1–34.
629:acquisition
561:Dell Hymes'
515:ethnography
507:linguistics
433:Terminology
408:Orthography
328:Usage-based
229:Translating
124:Acquisition
29:Linguistics
955:0761924949
803:References
787:Pragmatics
658:SPEAKING.
625:world view
613:speech act
534:Dell Hymes
403:Orismology
288:Functional
276:Generative
266:Dependency
86:Pragmatics
76:Morphology
66:Diachronic
564:eponymous
513:field of
378:Iconicity
373:Etymology
293:Cognitive
256:Formalist
209:Phonetics
199:Philology
91:Semantics
81:Phonology
1082:Category
766:See also
647:mnemonic
587:lives."
574:and non-
179:Forensic
159:Distance
106:Typology
21:a series
19:Part of
656:acronym
529:Origins
134:Applied
44:History
39:Outline
1049:
977:
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737:genres
652:genres
576:verbal
449:Portal
347:Topics
96:Syntax
591:Usage
572:vocal
559:" in
522:codes
49:Index
1047:ISBN
975:ISBN
950:ISBN
901:ISBN
871:ISBN
759:Kuna
687:ends
548:and
485:The
231:and
224:Text
1009:doi
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