4501:
6198:
5214:
455:
908:, trying to reconstruct an author's original text based on variant copies of manuscripts. This branch of research arose among ancient scholars in the Greek-speaking world of the 4th century BC, who desired to establish a standard text of popular authors for both sound interpretation and secure transmission. Since that time, the original principles of textual criticism have been improved and applied to other widely distributed texts such as the
855:
6208:
3970:
912:. Scholars have tried to reconstruct the original readings of the Bible from the manuscript variants. This method was applied to classical studies and medieval texts as a way to reconstruct the author's original work. The method produced so-called "critical editions", which provided a reconstructed text accompanied by a "
937:
has rejected textual criticism because it injects editorial interpretations into the text and destroys the integrity of the individual manuscript, hence damaging the reliability of the data. Supporters of new philology insist on a strict "diplomatic" approach: a faithful rendering of the text exactly
1145:
Disagreements in the modern day of this branch of study are followed with the likes of how the method is treated amongst other scholars, as noted by both the philologists R.D Fulk and
Leonard Neidorf who have been quoted saying "This field "philology's commitment to falsification renders it "at odds
952:
Another branch of philology, cognitive philology, studies written and oral texts. Cognitive philology considers these oral texts as the results of human mental processes. This science compares the results of textual science with the results of experimental research of both psychology and artificial
1157:
James Turner further disagrees with how the use of the term is dismissed in the academic world, stating that due to its branding as a "simpleminded approach to their subject" the term has become unknown to college-educated students, furthering the stereotypes of "scrutiny of ancient Greek or Roman
1146:
with what many literary scholars believe because the purpose of philology is to narrow the range of possible interpretations rather than to treat all reasonable ones as equal". This use of falsification can be seen in the debate surrounding the etymology of the Old
English character
3264:
1138:, and US academia, the wider meaning of "study of a language's grammar, history and literary tradition" remains more widespread. Based on the harsh critique of Friedrich Nietzsche, some US scholars since the 1980s have viewed philology as responsible for a narrowly
5350:
4705:
1117:
In
English-speaking countries, usage of the term "philology" to describe work on languages and works of literature, which had become synonymous with the practices of German scholars, was abandoned as a consequence of anti-German feelings following
3310:
3298:
923:
studies the authorship, date, and provenance of text to place such text in a historical context. As these philological issues are often inseparable from issues of interpretation, there is no clear-cut boundary between philology and
3695:
3937:
4700:
3286:
1224:
5419:
4856:
4496:
3965:
4896:
3083:
4072:
5914:
5289:
5301:
931:
Some scholars avoid all critical methods of textual philology, especially in historical linguistics, where it is important to study the actual recorded materials. The movement known as
3281:
5345:
726:) 'word, articulation, reason', describing a love of learning, of literature, as well as of argument and reasoning, reflecting the range of activities included under the notion of
5014:
4067:
3700:
3259:
3982:
886:. Philology's interest in ancient languages led to the study of what was, in the 18th century, "exotic" languages, for the light they could cast on problems in understanding and
5499:
5475:
5443:
5333:
1101:
and others in the 1950s. Since the late 20th century, the Maya code has been almost completely deciphered, and the Mayan languages are among the most documented and studied in
5487:
5382:
916:", i.e., footnotes that listed the various manuscript variants available, enabling scholars to gain insight into the entire manuscript tradition and argue about the variants.
4086:
3683:
1488:
5546:
3051:
4815:
3392:
928:. When text has a significant political or religious influence (such as the reconstruction of Biblical texts), scholars have difficulty reaching objective conclusions.
5728:
3247:
5774:
5541:
4959:
2581:
3707:
3597:
3305:
3097:
5756:
4479:
5551:
3664:
3515:
3498:
6048:
4614:
4841:
3759:
2972:
5526:
5053:
4664:
4540:
2742:
1126:
opposed the nationalist reaction against philological practices, claiming that "the philological instinct" was "universal as is the use of language". In
4105:
4050:
4122:
6042:
4330:
4110:
6054:
5531:
5424:
5387:
5188:
3977:
5367:
5102:
2323:
5686:
882:
were first noted in the early 16th century and led to speculation of a common ancestor language from which all these descended. It is now named
5581:
5165:
5077:
3385:
5904:
5676:
5536:
5323:
4820:
3575:
4741:
3346:
5663:
5269:
4938:
4640:
4091:
3565:
506:
5848:
5516:
5470:
5109:
4406:
3658:
3109:
5465:
5460:
5155:
3825:
5357:
3088:
1440:
6178:
4765:
4464:
2967:
1837:
5019:
1480:
5919:
5394:
4901:
4736:
4550:
4474:
4062:
3163:
1122:. Most continental European countries still maintain the term to designate departments, colleges, position titles, and journals.
4916:
3932:
5818:
5504:
5492:
5480:
5448:
5362:
5338:
5306:
5294:
4995:
4977:
4928:
4582:
3870:
3173:
2156:
6014:
5853:
5264:
4323:
3252:
1771:
1746:
482:
5999:
5843:
5611:
5150:
5119:
4589:
4520:
4236:
4172:
4150:
3831:
3074:
2354:
372:
3102:
5129:
4907:
4785:
4775:
4565:
4411:
4246:
3448:
3178:
3128:
1870:
811:
The meaning of "love of learning and literature" was narrowed to "the study of the historical development of languages" (
5455:
3688:
1811:
A Bibliography of
Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology (ed. José Ángel García Landa, University of Zaragoza, Spain)
1419:
6009:
5084:
4846:
4209:
3991:
3530:
558:
and their original form, and the determination of their meaning. A person who pursues this kind of study is known as a
4484:
5691:
4594:
4560:
4545:
3540:
3380:
3375:
3363:
2826:
1577:
1368:
1336:
664:
4648:
3631:
554:. Philology is also defined as the study of literary texts and oral and written records, the establishment of their
5591:
5217:
4933:
4609:
4572:
4445:
4316:
3146:
3141:
2800:
1513:
1029:
933:
4770:
4716:
4577:
3136:
2977:
6243:
6211:
5633:
4676:
4658:
4491:
4182:
3151:
3004:
2534:
2152:
828:
332:
3493:
5813:
5805:
5768:
5750:
5571:
5404:
5259:
5114:
5062:
5035:
4797:
4394:
4192:
4003:
3858:
3570:
3525:
3510:
3034:
392:
337:
110:
2586:
6238:
5909:
5877:
5800:
5606:
4633:
4525:
4399:
3520:
3443:
3397:
2092:
1542:
1260:
367:
58:
5313:
4969:
6253:
6100:
5962:
5779:
5409:
5377:
4866:
4018:
3078:
1909:
1830:
883:
312:
178:
4726:
3778:
998:
854:
6171:
6004:
5870:
5762:
5740:
4943:
4911:
4861:
4669:
4619:
4510:
4251:
4013:
3889:
3883:
3864:
3069:
2898:
2781:
2328:
432:
138:
4387:
4040:
6091:
5968:
5945:
5830:
5733:
5671:
5643:
5279:
5092:
4825:
4599:
4256:
4187:
3842:
3712:
3641:
2786:
2620:
2610:
1216:
5048:
3996:
3927:
3817:
1800:
1017:, decipherment yielded older records of languages already known from slightly more recent traditions (
6116:
6026:
5372:
3724:
3205:
2747:
2576:
2228:
1247:
1207:
1197:
970:
475:
422:
322:
148:
4115:
6111:
4891:
4871:
4428:
4362:
4197:
3772:
3242:
3029:
2986:
2777:
2474:
1629:. "Them Philologists: Philological Practices and Their Discontents from Nietzsche to Cerquiglini."
1286:
327:
270:
85:
4226:
1158:
texts of a nit-picking classicist" and only the "technical research into languages and families".
6201:
6106:
5601:
5043:
4280:
4219:
4145:
4008:
3789:
3545:
3358:
3353:
3331:
3293:
3273:
2907:
2903:
2720:
2593:
2556:
2539:
2359:
1823:
1549:. Mascaro says this is the beginning of modern study of the roots of the Indo-European languages.
871:
863:
656:
652:
645:
563:
427:
265:
242:
4418:
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5887:
5882:
4851:
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4654:
4160:
3614:
3587:
3557:
3421:
3368:
3185:
3061:
2956:
2796:
2791:
2649:
2615:
2603:
2598:
2561:
2511:
2369:
2349:
2035:
1980:
1546:
1211:
812:
567:
499:
377:
344:
297:
213:
193:
173:
75:
53:
48:
5414:
3669:
1545:
stopped in Paris in 1802 after returning from India, and taught
Sanskrit to the German critic
6059:
5950:
5930:
5795:
5745:
5638:
5628:
5318:
5284:
5193:
4204:
3942:
3837:
3764:
3636:
3039:
2756:
2710:
2705:
2654:
2318:
2299:
2115:
2010:
1463:
1097:, with great progress since the initial breakthroughs of the phonetic approach championed by
962:
849:
660:
641:
585:
153:
5863:
5274:
4810:
1567:
1028:
Work on the ancient languages of the Near East progressed rapidly. In the mid-19th century,
6146:
5623:
4964:
4681:
4036:
3876:
3609:
3485:
3456:
3227:
2889:
2863:
2810:
2644:
2571:
2416:
2381:
2335:
2303:
2181:
1895:
1692:
1037:
1033:
625:
597:
468:
397:
307:
188:
133:
30:
3917:
679:, research in historical linguistics often relies on philological materials and findings.
8:
5940:
4686:
4100:
3807:
3503:
2715:
2627:
2386:
2020:
1985:
1888:
1448:
1391:
1291:
1193:
1087:
1061:
1006:
947:
581:
577:
573:
238:
168:
143:
115:
5438:
5008:
4423:
4127:
2735:
1810:
1790:
1739:
Philology: The
Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities (The William G. Bowen Book 70)
6233:
6166:
6161:
6096:
5979:
5892:
5723:
5399:
4731:
4515:
3580:
3535:
2894:
2850:
2805:
2428:
2374:
2295:
1866:
1079:
913:
879:
605:
539:
458:
437:
407:
362:
317:
285:
275:
163:
158:
3436:
904:
Philology also includes the study of texts and their history. It includes elements of
5984:
5838:
5586:
4883:
3894:
3733:
3158:
2917:
2856:
2815:
2632:
2517:
2453:
2364:
2341:
2285:
2193:
1926:
1767:
1742:
1573:
1364:
1332:
1168:
1053:
1045:
1002:
978:
974:
905:
899:
874:
branch of philology studies the relationship between languages. Similarities between
815:) in 19th-century usage of the term. Due to the rapid progress made in understanding
793:
633:
601:
535:
531:
454:
302:
280:
223:
6248:
6151:
5858:
5681:
5657:
5618:
5198:
4355:
3745:
3604:
3592:
2884:
2844:
2839:
2664:
2551:
2486:
2313:
2308:
2290:
2148:
1949:
1902:
1655:
1643:
1607:
1185:
1177:
1123:
1057:
1049:
1041:
982:
920:
824:
637:
621:
593:
402:
233:
228:
203:
198:
183:
3473:
1611:
1385:
1176:, the main character, Elwin Ransom, is a philologist – as was Lewis' close friend
5576:
5183:
4757:
4433:
3797:
3619:
3404:
3168:
2994:
2639:
1954:
1326:
1234:
1229:
1201:
1127:
1071:
1014:
990:
820:
617:
3677:
5957:
5648:
5067:
4695:
4691:
4342:
3960:
3899:
3739:
3210:
3044:
2832:
2820:
2506:
2391:
2067:
2052:
2042:
1944:
1846:
1018:
694:
613:
609:
555:
524:
247:
5897:
689:
6227:
6037:
5989:
5431:
5057:
3220:
2544:
2525:
2469:
2423:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2255:
2250:
2127:
2120:
1805:
1411:
1296:
1242:
1098:
1075:
1022:
994:
823:, the "golden age of philology" lasted throughout the 19th century, or "from
739:
668:
588:
around the fourth century BC, continued by Greeks and Romans throughout the
4155:
3802:
3624:
3467:
3323:
2772:
2730:
2659:
2396:
2281:
2235:
2223:
2166:
2132:
1659:
1281:
1183:
Dr. Edward
Morbius, one of the main characters in the science fiction film
1106:
1052:
for each language. The elucidation of cuneiform led to the decipherment of
1001:
in 1822, some individuals attempted to decipher the writing systems of the
966:
925:
805:
672:
589:
290:
80:
562:. In older usage, especially British, philology is more general, covering
6156:
4438:
4080:
4056:
3426:
3414:
3336:
2912:
2725:
2529:
2265:
2213:
2188:
2171:
2110:
1672:
1626:
1509:
1173:
1119:
1102:
1094:
1078:, who demonstrated that it recorded an early form of Greek, now known as
1010:
993:
languages. Beginning with the famous decipherment and translation of the
762:
547:
442:
417:
38:
5328:
5994:
5001:
4644:
4214:
2876:
2464:
2218:
2176:
2162:
2030:
2015:
1541:
translation to 1785 (by
Charles Williams). Mascaro claims the linguist
1533:
This is noted in Juan
Mascaro's introduction to his translation of the
1266:
1135:
772:
738:, and later entered the English language in the 16th century, from the
412:
95:
20:
1681:
Das
Potential europäischer Philologien: Geschichte, Leistung, Funktion
4921:
4045:
3922:
3752:
3235:
2566:
2245:
2203:
2198:
2062:
2005:
1990:
1859:
1598:
Klaus Johan Myrvoll, 'The Ideo-Political Background of "New Philology
1276:
1271:
1237:
philologist, and a significant part of the film deals with his work.
1139:
969:
of the language under study. This has notably been the case with the
832:
816:
749:
551:
512:
387:
382:
218:
100:
90:
1147:
1086:, the writing system that records the still-unknown language of the
5596:
4339:
2260:
2208:
1303:
1134:
remains largely synonymous with "historical linguistics", while in
1083:
1067:
986:
887:
875:
785:
629:
520:
2047:
2025:
1975:
1879:
1815:
1151:
1070:, a script used in the ancient Aegean, was deciphered in 1952 by
801:
766:
543:
528:
2480:
2057:
1970:
676:
105:
1683:, ed. Christoph König (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2009), pp. 34–44.
3115:
3012:
2873:
1995:
1794:
1510:"Nikolaus Wegmann, Princeton University Department of German"
909:
770:
752:
729:
727:
717:
707:
697:
600:, where it was soon joined by philologies of other European (
2000:
1793:—(A special web search through the philological sites of
1764:
Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities
4463:
769:") preference of argument over the love of true wisdom,
761:) meant 'fond of discussion or argument, talkative', in
596:. It was eventually resumed by European scholars of the
5757:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
716:) 'love, affection, loved, beloved, dear, friend' and
580:. Classical philology principally originated from the
6049:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
667:. While the contrast continued with the emergence of
651:
Philology, with its focus on historical development (
4897:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
1741:. Princeton University: Princeton University Press.
1225:
Academy Award Nominee for Best Foreign Language Film
1468:. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. pp. 22–52.
860:
Indo-European Philology: Historical and Comparative
792:
appears in fifth-century postclassical literature (
4857:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
4715:
2497:
1679:vs. English Studies: A Foundational Conflict", in
1240:The main character of the science fiction TV show
5515:
938:as found in the manuscript, without emendations.
6225:
800:), an idea revived in Late Medieval literature (
6081:
2324:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
1301:
1090:, resists deciphering, despite many attempts.
5905:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
5775:Western European colonialism and colonization
4324:
1831:
1250:, is mentioned as having a PhD in philology.
476:
4235:
1806:CogLit: Literature and Cognitive Linguistics
1200:, is a professor of philology in an English
4338:
1622:
1620:
4331:
4317:
1838:
1824:
483:
469:
4960:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1220:is a philologist, educated at Cambridge.
734:. The term changed little with the Latin
644:involve the comparative philology of all
6179:Historical geographic information system
2945:
1617:
1565:
1478:
1358:
1331:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
1324:
853:
745:, in the sense of 'love of literature'.
1721:
1642:
16:Study of language in historical sources
6226:
5819:English historical school of economics
3871:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
1925:
1761:
1736:
1724:R.D Fulk and the Progress of Philology
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1479:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
1093:Work continues on scripts such as the
519: 'love of word') is the study of
6135:
6080:
6015:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
5854:Historical reliability of the Gospels
5712:
5239:
4312:
4301:
2944:
2687:
2451:
2090:
1924:
1819:
1383:
1161:
6207:
4302:
3832:More Irish than the Irish themselves
1646:(1923). "Philology: General Works".
1569:Textual Scholarship: An Introduction
1461:
373:Conservative and innovative language
4902:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
2091:
1552:
663:'s insistence on the importance of
13:
5915:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
3859:Fourth Italian War of Independence
1845:
1726:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 3.
1648:The Year's Work in English Studies
1592:
1142:study of language and literature.
798:De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii
14:
6265:
1784:
1318:
1036:, which records the same text in
953:intelligence production systems.
6206:
6197:
6196:
5713:
5213:
5212:
5054:Palestinian expulsion and flight
3566:5000-year civilization assertion
3142:Nadir of American race relations
919:A related study method known as
453:
6043:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
4917:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
4852:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
4659:Causes of the Armenian genocide
2968:Pyramid construction techniques
2535:Comparative historical research
2452:
2153:Library and information science
1755:
1730:
1715:
1702:
1686:
1666:
1636:
1516:from the original on 2017-07-19
1491:from the original on 2019-10-28
1422:from the original on 2017-11-04
1361:Ecrits de linguistique generale
1359:SAUSSURE, Ferdinand de (2002).
1328:Writings in general linguistics
1325:SAUSSURE, Ferdinand de (2006).
965:, philology includes the prior
956:
765:, also implying an excessive ("
6055:Gunpowder and gun transmission
6005:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
5814:Historical school of economics
5751:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
5189:Gunpowder and gun transmission
5063:Zionism as settler colonialism
4068:Limpieza de sangre controversy
3035:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
1766:. Princeton University Press.
1631:The Year's Work in Medievalism
1537:, in which he dates the first
1527:
1502:
1472:
1465:A Companion to Classical Texts
1455:
1433:
1404:
1377:
1352:
1192:Philip, the main character of
843:
655:analysis), is contrasted with
1:
5864:Opposition to Papal supremacy
5240:
3052:Indigenous population history
1612:10.1080/00393274.2023.2228845
1311:
1261:American Journal of Philology
1130:usage, and British academia,
1112:
1105:. The code is described as a
5780:Desacralization of knowledge
4051:Carlism in the Francoist era
4019:Holodomor in modern politics
2688:
1710:Studies in Semitic Philology
1390:. Macmillan and Co. p.
941:
890:the origins of older texts.
682:
534:. It is the intersection of
313:Functional discourse grammar
179:Ethnography of communication
7:
6172:Historiographic metafiction
6136:
6082:Organizations, publications
5871:Proto-orthodox Christianity
4821:German resistance to Nazism
4677:Persian famine of 1917–1919
4087:Islamic revolution of Spain
4014:Holodomor genocide question
3890:Revisionism of Risorgimento
3884:Rerum italicarum scriptores
3865:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
3632:Self-Strengthening Movement
2782:decolonization of knowledge
1302:
1253:
838:
433:Second-language acquisition
10:
6270:
5969:Wissenschaft des Judentums
5946:Criticism of Protestantism
4826:Nazi foreign policy debate
4257:Second colonial occupation
4004:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
3642:Tibetan sovereignty debate
3186:Progressive-era historians
2621:Nationalization of history
2572:Historical-critical method
1223:The main character in the
1217:Portuguese Irregular Verbs
1150:from the heroic epic poem
1060:was deciphered in 1915 by
1032:and others deciphered the
945:
897:
893:
847:
771:
753:
728:
718:
708:
698:
505:
111:Syntax–semantics interface
18:
6191:
6142:
6131:
6087:
6076:
6025:
5829:
5788:
5719:
5708:
5564:
5250:
5246:
5235:
5207:
5176:
5140:
5034:
4988:
4974:Second Sino-Japanese War
4952:
4882:
4834:
4796:
4756:
4632:
4454:
4373:
4349:
4308:
4297:
4273:
4171:
4138:
4029:
3953:
3910:
3851:
3816:
3788:
3779:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
3723:
3650:
3556:
3484:
3198:
3127:
3060:
3022:
2955:
2951:
2940:
2765:
2698:
2694:
2683:
2460:
2447:
2274:
2141:
2103:
2099:
2086:
1963:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1853:
1801:v: Topic:German philology
1722:Neidorf, Leonard (2016).
1512:. Scholar.princeton.edu.
1208:Moritz-Maria von Igelfeld
999:Jean-François Champollion
423:Philosophy of linguistics
323:Interactional linguistics
5729:Crisis of historiography
4892:Auschwitz bombing debate
4578:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4429:Late Bronze Age collapse
4363:List of military museums
3966:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
3938:Polish People's Republic
3773:Sybel-Ficker controversy
3137:African-American history
3110:Colonial Spanish America
2899:Second Thirty Years' War
1566:Greetham, D. C. (1994).
1210:, the main character in
19:Not to be confused with
4842:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
4701:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4252:Porter–MacKenzie debate
4009:Causes of the Holodomor
3546:Problem of two emperors
3494:Catilinarian conspiracy
2721:Historical significance
2582:Indiscipline of history
2557:Historical anthropology
1485:A Greek-English Lexicon
1048:, using a variation of
872:comparative linguistics
864:William Burley Lockwood
788:of literary erudition,
646:Indo-European languages
6244:Historical linguistics
5936:Protestant Reformation
5910:Second Vatican Council
5888:Succession to Muhammad
5883:Criticism of the Quran
5634:Religious perspectives
5368:Klemens von Metternich
4965:"Battle for Australia"
4847:Soviet offensive plans
4816:Broad vs. narrow front
4655:Late Ottoman genocides
3588:Century of humiliation
3369:Goguryeo controversies
3347:2,500-year celebration
3005:Double genocide theory
2792:Historical negationism
2616:Ancestral civilisation
2604:Historical materialism
2562:Historical determinism
2512:History of mentalities
1762:Turner, James (2015).
1737:Turner, James (2015).
1697:History of Linguistics
1572:. Garland Publishing.
1547:Friedrich von Schlegel
1445:oxforddictionaries.com
1212:Alexander McCall Smith
1196:'s 'bourgeois comedy'
867:
813:historical linguistics
632:, etc.), and African (
568:historical linguistics
260:Theoretical frameworks
214:Philosophy of language
194:History of linguistics
6060:Torsion mangonel myth
5963:Modern Jewish history
5958:Jesuit historiography
5951:Protestant work ethic
5931:Hesychast controversy
5796:Industrial Revolution
5746:Library of Alexandria
5664:The Lord of the Rings
5314:Constantine the Great
5194:Torsion mangonel myth
5126:Sri Lankan Civil War
4205:Storm over the gentry
4106:Colonies or Provinces
3637:Sprouts of capitalism
2711:Historic preservation
2706:Change and continuity
1712:. (1977) p. 457.
1604:Studia Neophilologica
1487:. Perseus.tufts.edu.
1451:on December 26, 2016.
963:Bronze Age literature
857:
850:Comparative philology
661:Ferdinand de Saussure
642:Indo-European studies
586:Library of Alexandria
154:Conversation analysis
6239:Academic disciplines
6147:Commemorative plaque
5363:Juan Manuel de Rosas
4811:"Blitzkrieg" concept
4682:Powder keg of Europe
4557:Franco-Prussian War
4227:Winter of Discontent
4210:Suffragette Campaign
3877:Italiani brava gente
3843:Revolutionary period
3665:Frankish Interregnum
3598:"Chineseness" debate
3531:Byzantine succession
3516:Fall of Western Rome
3457:Executed Renaissance
2946:By country or region
2890:Age of Enlightenment
2864:Vaticinium ex eventu
2811:Modernisation theory
2645:Quantitative history
2021:Historical documents
1677:Englische Philologie
1660:10.1093/ywes/IV.1.20
1462:Hall, F. W. (1968).
1384:Peile, John (1880).
1363:. Paris: Gallimard.
1214:'s 1997 comic novel
1189:, is a philologist.
1034:Behistun Inscription
693:is derived from the
671:and the emphasis of
550:with strong ties to
398:Internet linguistics
308:Construction grammar
6254:Textual scholarship
5976:Schools of thought
5941:Proto-Protestantism
5810:School of Thoughts
5692:William Shakespeare
5677:Robert Falcon Scott
5582:Friedrich Nietzsche
5420:Cult of personality
5405:Neville Chamberlain
5265:Alexander the Great
5147:Russo-Georgian War
5120:Sovereignty dispute
5099:Iranian Revolution
4929:"Polish death camp"
4906:In relation to the
4615:Myth of English aid
4606:War of the Pacific
4383:Albigensian Crusade
3808:Indigenous Aryanism
3504:Constantinian shift
3040:Residential schools
2797:Historian's fallacy
2716:Historic recurrence
2214:Numismatics (Money)
1986:Archaeological site
1910:theories of history
1292:Textual scholarship
1194:Christopher Hampton
948:Cognitive philology
884:Proto-Indo-European
665:synchronic analysis
640:, etc.) languages.
582:Library of Pergamum
578:classical languages
574:Classical philology
333:Systemic functional
128:Applied linguistics
70:General linguistics
6167:Historical realism
6162:Historical fiction
6107:History institutes
6097:Historical society
6092:Heritage registers
5980:Biblical criticism
5893:Islamic golden age
5844:Early Christianity
5724:Bears in antiquity
5612:Medieval Christian
5410:Pedro II of Brazil
5358:José de San Martín
5162:Syrian revolution
5074:Malayan Emergency
5049:1948 Palestine war
4782:Spanish Civil War
4732:War guilt question
4541:American Civil War
4521:Invasion of Russia
4497:New Russian School
4281:Colonial Australia
3997:October Revolution
3760:Strukturgeschichte
3696:Location of Alésia
3615:Hua–Yi distinction
3536:Moscow, third Rome
3152:Reconstruction era
2973:Black Egypt Thesis
2895:European Civil War
2851:Translatio imperii
2806:Invented tradition
1927:Historical sources
1791:Philology in Runet
1693:A. Morpurgo Davies
1543:Alexander Hamilton
1248:Dr. Daniel Jackson
1198:The Philanthropist
1162:In popular culture
1109:style of writing.
914:critical apparatus
880:European languages
868:
829:Friedrich Schlegel
706:), from the terms
540:literary criticism
532:historical sources
438:Theory of language
408:Origin of language
363:Autonomy of syntax
318:Grammaticalization
164:Discourse analysis
159:Corpus linguistics
6221:
6220:
6187:
6186:
6127:
6126:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
5985:Catholic theology
5839:Avestan geography
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5687:Søren Kierkegaard
5560:
5559:
5471:Warren G. Harding
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5030:
5029:
4908:Armenian genocide
4771:Polish–Soviet War
4766:Burning of Smyrna
4752:
4751:
4742:Reichstag inquiry
4665:Patriotic consent
4536:
4535:
4511:War in the Vendée
4475:French Revolution
4457:century conflicts
4446:Peloponnesian War
4407:Eighty Years' War
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4198:Westminster Stone
3895:Southern question
3734:Alltagsgeschichte
3684:Legendary Saracen
3386:Early settlements
3194:
3193:
3174:Political history
3159:Consensus history
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2918:Continuity thesis
2857:Translatio studii
2743:Theory of history
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2633:Subaltern Studies
2518:Nouvelle histoire
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2355:Medieval churches
2342:Geistesgeschichte
2286:Paleoanthropology
2194:Encyclopaedistics
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
1950:Secondary sources
1773:978-0-691-16858-6
1748:978-0-691-16858-6
1644:Tolkien, J. R. R.
1169:The Space Trilogy
1009:. In the case of
1003:Ancient Near East
906:textual criticism
900:Textual criticism
794:Martianus Capella
763:Hellenistic Greek
536:textual criticism
493:
492:
281:Distributionalism
224:Psycholinguistics
6261:
6210:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6152:Documentary film
6133:
6132:
6112:History journals
6078:
6077:
6051:
5923:
5859:Primacy of Peter
5806:Great Depression
5786:
5785:
5759:
5737:
5710:
5709:
5658:J. R. R. Tolkien
5513:
5512:
5508:
5496:
5484:
5466:Ulysses S. Grant
5461:Thomas Jefferson
5452:
5428:
5391:
5354:
5342:
5310:
5298:
5290:Chiang Ching-kuo
5280:Cato the Younger
5270:Amin al-Husseini
5248:
5247:
5237:
5236:
5216:
5215:
5199:War and genocide
5023:
5009:Résistancialisme
4996:Battle of France
4978:Nanjing Massacre
4832:
4831:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4673:
4623:
4505:
4488:
4461:
4460:
4388:Catharism debate
4374:pre-18th century
4356:Military history
4333:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4303:By war, conflict
4299:
4298:
4247:Cambridge School
4233:
4232:
4131:
4119:
4095:
4076:
3986:
3974:
3946:
3768:
3746:Historikerstreit
3716:
3704:
3692:
3673:
3659:Cordon sanitaire
3605:New Qing History
3593:Conquest dynasty
3584:
3499:Christianization
3482:
3481:
3401:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3268:
3256:
3248:Byzantine Empire
3103:Iquicha Royalism
3092:
3058:
3057:
2981:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2885:Age of Discovery
2874:Periodization of
2871:
2870:
2845:Transhistoricity
2840:Thirty-year rule
2751:
2739:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2665:Great Man theory
2628:People's history
2590:
2495:
2494:
2487:Three-age system
2449:
2448:
2149:Archival science
2101:
2100:
2088:
2087:
1955:Tertiary sources
1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1871:by area of study
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1708:M. M. Bravmann,
1706:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1640:
1634:
1633:26 (2011): 4–12.
1624:
1615:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1563:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1322:
1307:
1186:Forbidden Planet
1178:J. R. R. Tolkien
1124:J. R. R. Tolkien
1023:Alphabetic Greek
921:higher criticism
825:Giacomo Leopardi
776:
775:
756:
755:
733:
732:
721:
720:
711:
710:
701:
700:
616:, etc.), Asian (
594:Byzantine Empire
516:
509:
485:
478:
471:
457:
403:LGBT linguistics
393:Internationalism
368:Compositionality
229:Sociolinguistics
204:Neurolinguistics
199:Interlinguistics
184:Ethnomethodology
26:
25:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6183:
6138:
6123:
6083:
6064:
6047:
6030:
6021:
5917:
5825:
5801:Great Recession
5784:
5755:
5731:
5715:
5696:
5587:H. P. Lovecraft
5556:
5518:
5511:
5502:
5490:
5478:
5446:
5422:
5395:Muammar Gaddafi
5385:
5373:Leonid Brezhnev
5348:
5336:
5319:Gregory Palamas
5304:
5302:Chiang Kai Shek
5292:
5252:
5242:
5223:
5222:
5203:
5184:Conflict thesis
5172:
5136:
5026:
5017:
4984:
4948:
4878:
4830:
4792:
4758:Interwar period
4748:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4687:Schlieffen Plan
4667:
4628:
4617:
4532:
4499:
4482:
4467:
4456:
4450:
4434:Dorian invasion
4419:Fall of Babylon
4375:
4369:
4368:
4345:
4337:
4304:
4285:
4261:
4238:
4231:
4193:Kingdom of Alba
4174:
4167:
4134:
4125:
4113:
4111:Spanish decline
4089:
4070:
4025:
3980:
3968:
3949:
3940:
3906:
3847:
3812:
3798:Greater Magadha
3784:
3762:
3719:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3667:
3646:
3620:Four Barbarians
3578:
3552:
3480:
3437:Götaland theory
3405:Lusotropicalism
3395:
3376:North Macedonia
3308:
3296:
3284:
3262:
3250:
3190:
3169:Frontier thesis
3164:Cyclical theory
3147:Neoabolitionism
3123:
3086:
3056:
3018:
2995:Greater Morocco
2975:
2947:
2924:
2875:
2869:
2761:
2745:
2733:
2690:
2671:
2584:
2499:
2493:
2475:Historical eras
2456:
2435:
2270:
2167:Writing systems
2137:
2095:
2093:Fields of study
2074:
2068:Service records
2053:Religious texts
1959:
1945:Primary sources
1929:
1916:
1915:
1849:
1844:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1699:(1998) 4 I. 22.
1691:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1641:
1637:
1625:
1618:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1564:
1553:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1256:
1202:university town
1164:
1128:British English
1115:
1080:Mycenaean Greek
1072:Michael Ventris
1030:Henry Rawlinson
1015:Mycenaean Greek
961:In the case of
959:
950:
944:
902:
896:
852:
846:
841:
821:language change
685:
489:
448:
447:
358:
350:
349:
261:
253:
252:
248:Writing systems
139:Anthropological
129:
121:
120:
71:
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6104:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5765:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5577:Charles Darwin
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5547:United Kingdom
5544:
5539:
5537:Modern Germany
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5510:
5509:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5456:Thomas Aquinas
5453:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5326:
5324:Horatio Nelson
5321:
5316:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5156:Responsibility
5153:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5068:New Historians
5065:
5060:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Responsibility
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
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4729:
4723:
4721:
4710:
4698:
4692:Spirit of 1914
4689:
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4674:
4662:
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4649:Fischer thesis
4638:
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4630:
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4516:Napoleonic era
4513:
4508:
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4494:
4489:
4480:Pre-revolution
4471:
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4465:Coalition Wars
4458:
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4343:historiography
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4161:Decline thesis
4158:
4151:Ottoman Empire
4148:
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4120:
4108:
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3999:
3989:
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3978:Skeptic School
3963:
3961:Anti-Normanism
3957:
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3925:
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3918:Golden Liberty
3914:
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3900:Neo-Bourbonism
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3075:May Revolution
3066:
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3045:Staples thesis
3042:
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3009:
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2999:
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2877:modern history
2868:
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2821:Paradigm shift
2818:
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2507:Annales school
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2043:Oral tradition
2040:
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2028:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
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1847:Historiography
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1785:External links
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1062:Bedřich Hrozný
1019:Middle Persian
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6038:Merton thesis
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5990:Panbabylonism
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5552:United States
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5442:
5440:
5437:
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5432:Bolivarianism
5430:
5426:
5421:
5418:
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5415:Simon Bolivar
5413:
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5346:Joseph Stalin
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5141:Post-Cold War
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5115:Falklands War
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5110:Iran–Iraq War
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5058:Ongoing Nakba
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4989:Western Front
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4970:Bengal famine
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4884:The Holocaust
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4835:Eastern Front
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4455:18th and 19th
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4400:Islamic views
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4123:Ser de España
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4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Ottoman claim
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Prosopography
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3474:Trưng sisters
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:Habsburg myth
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3129:United States
3126:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3062:Latin America
3059:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Transnational
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:Decoloniality
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:Historiometry
2524:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:Periodization
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Sigillography
2254:
2252:
2251:Prosopography
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Local history
2126:
2122:
2121:Human history
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:World history
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1581:
1579:9780815317913
1575:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:Bhagavad Gita
1530:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1370:9782070761166
1366:
1362:
1355:
1340:
1338:9780199261444
1334:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:Western canon
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:Stargate SG-1
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Yuri Knorozov
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:John Chadwick
1073:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Rosetta Stone
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
954:
949:
939:
936:
935:
934:new philology
929:
927:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
861:
856:
851:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
774:
768:
764:
760:
751:
746:
744:
741:
740:Middle French
737:
731:
725:
715:
705:
696:
692:
691:
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:structuralism
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:), Eurasian (
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
508:
504:
501:
500:Ancient Greek
497:
486:
481:
479:
474:
472:
467:
466:
464:
463:
460:
456:
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Descriptivism
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
346:
345:Structuralism
343:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:Prague circle
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
257:
256:
249:
246:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
174:Documentation
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:Computational
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
125:
124:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
67:
66:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
5967:
5769:The Simpsons
5767:
5714:Other topics
5662:
5639:Christianity
5629:Resurrection
5260:Adolf Hitler
5089:Six-Day War
5085:Algerian War
5056: /
5015:Vichy France
5007:
5000:
4910: /
4798:World War II
4694: /
4361:
4354:
4156:Ghaza thesis
4079:
4055:
4041:White legend
4039: /
4037:Black legend
3992:Soviet Union
3882:
3875:
3863:
3826:Great Famine
3803:Indocentrism
3777:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3732:
3678:Grand Siècle
3676:
3657:
3625:Sinocentrism
3486:Ancient Rome
3466:
3324:Aryan Kartli
3322:
3114:
3077: /
3011:
2908:19th century
2906: /
2897: /
2862:
2855:
2854: /
2849:
2825:
2799: /
2773:Black legend
2731:Historiology
2528: /
2516:
2479:
2417:Quantitative
2340:
2336:Intellectual
2302: /
2298: /
2284: /
2282:Anthropology
2240:
2236:Phaleristics
2229:preservation
2224:Oral history
2165: /
2151: /
2133:Microhistory
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1869: /
1865:
1858:
1763:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1673:Utz, Richard
1668:
1654:(1): 36–37.
1651:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1627:Utz, Richard
1603:
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1568:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1484:
1474:
1464:
1457:
1449:the original
1444:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1386:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1327:
1320:
1282:Palaeography
1259:
1241:
1239:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1144:
1131:
1116:
1107:logosyllabic
1092:
1066:
1027:
967:decipherment
960:
957:Decipherment
951:
932:
930:
926:hermeneutics
918:
903:
869:
859:
810:
797:
789:
783:
778:
758:
747:
742:
735:
723:
713:
703:
688:
686:
673:Noam Chomsky
650:
572:
559:
556:authenticity
513:
510:
503:
495:
494:
291:Glossematics
271:Constituency
243:interpreting
208:
81:Lexicography
6157:Hagiography
5918: [
5878:Early Islam
5732: [
5624:Historicity
5602:Historicity
5592:Jane Austen
5572:The Beatles
5542:Netherlands
5503: [
5500:Zhuge Liang
5491: [
5479: [
5476:Yuan Shikai
5447: [
5444:Sun Yat Tse
5423: [
5386: [
5349: [
5337: [
5334:Jiang Zemin
5305: [
5293: [
5285:Che Guevara
5018: [
4953:Pacific War
4737:Article 231
4727:Reparations
4704: [
4668: [
4645:Color books
4634:World War I
4618: [
4595:War of 1812
4500: [
4483: [
4468:(1792–1815)
4439:Sea Peoples
4424:Gallic Wars
4126: [
4114: [
4101:Revisionist
4090: [
4081:Reconquista
4071: [
4063:Inquisition
4057:Convivencia
3981: [
3969: [
3941: [
3838:Revisionism
3763: [
3711: [
3699: [
3687: [
3668: [
3610:Golden ages
3579: [
3576:Wunu School
3571:Archaeology
3444:Switzerland
3427:Kosovo Myth
3415:Great Union
3396: [
3381:Philippines
3364:Nationalist
3337:Ages of Man
3309: [
3297: [
3285: [
3263: [
3251: [
3087: [
3084:Revisionist
2976: [
2913:Renaissance
2778:Coloniality
2746: [
2734: [
2726:Historicity
2650:Revisionist
2640:Pop history
2611:Nationalist
2585: [
2530:Cliometrics
2498:Approaches,
2454:Methodology
2350:Linguistics
2300:Environment
2266:Vexillology
2189:Diplomatics
2172:Chorography
2111:Big History
2063:War diaries
2036:Illuminated
2031:Manuscripts
2016:Hieroglyphs
1896:historicity
1481:"φιλολογία"
1441:"philology"
1412:"philology"
1174:C. S. Lewis
1140:scientistic
1120:World War I
1103:Mesoamerica
1038:Old Persian
1011:Old Persian
888:deciphering
844:Comparative
779:philósophos
657:linguistics
598:Renaissance
564:comparative
560:philologist
548:linguistics
443:Terminology
418:Orthography
338:Usage-based
239:Translating
134:Acquisition
39:Linguistics
6228:Categories
6212:Multimedia
6031:Technology
5995:Urreligion
5898:Kharijites
5849:Background
5517:Historical
5488:Zhou Enlai
5383:Mao Zedong
5378:Louis Riel
5151:Background
5002:Guilty Men
4944:Uniqueness
4867:Background
4862:Winter War
4786:Background
4719:Versailles
4573:Great Game
4220:Ricardians
4215:Tudor myth
3933:Partitions
3526:Succession
2816:Narratives
2801:Presentism
2757:Philosophy
2577:Humanistic
2465:Case study
2397:Indigenous
2375:Diplomatic
2319:Capitalism
2219:Onomastics
2177:Chronology
2006:Facsimiles
1991:Chronicles
1889:historians
1860:Historians
1585:2011-07-16
1520:2013-12-04
1495:2017-05-23
1426:2016-12-26
1397:2011-07-16
1312:References
1287:Stylistics
1267:Codicology
1136:US English
1113:Contention
817:sound laws
790:philologia
759:philólogos
743:philologie
736:philologia
704:philología
653:diachronic
514:philología
498:(from
413:Orismology
298:Functional
286:Generative
276:Dependency
96:Pragmatics
86:Morphology
76:Diachronic
21:philosophy
6234:Philology
6000:Perennial
5789:Economics
5741:Feudalism
5527:Australia
5275:Aurangzeb
5251:Political
5241:By person
4922:Pius Wars
4717:Treaty of
4376:conflicts
4183:Poor Laws
4046:Hispanism
3923:Sarmatism
3753:Sonderweg
3511:Expansion
3236:Litvinism
3070:Argentina
2904:Long 18th
2787:Dark Ages
2567:Historism
2365:Political
2304:Geography
2241:Philology
2204:Genealogy
2199:Epigraphy
2142:By source
1981:Artifacts
1387:Philology
1277:Etymology
1272:Elocution
1227:in 2012,
1132:philology
1050:cuneiform
942:Cognitive
858:Cover of
833:Nietzsche
773:φιλόσοφος
767:sophistic
754:φιλόλογος
750:adjective
699:φιλολογία
690:philology
687:The term
683:Etymology
552:etymology
507:φιλολογία
496:Philology
388:Iconicity
383:Etymology
303:Cognitive
266:Formalist
219:Phonetics
209:Philology
101:Semantics
91:Phonology
6202:Category
6117:template
5831:Religion
5682:Socrates
5597:Muhammed
5519:rankings
5400:Napoleon
5218:Category
5036:Cold War
4939:Slovakia
4526:Waterloo
4395:Crusades
4340:Military
4188:Scotland
4146:Kemalist
3468:Nam tiến
3463:Vietnam
3453:Ukraine
3411:Romania
3393:Portugal
3319:Georgia
3294:Medieval
3243:Bulgaria
3232:Belarus
3217:Austria
3023:Americas
2991:Morocco
2987:Ethiopia
2766:Specific
2689:Concepts
2594:Leninist
2552:Feminist
2540:Critical
2387:Feminism
2360:Military
2314:Business
2309:Economic
2291:Cultural
2275:By topic
2261:Toponymy
2209:Heraldry
2157:template
2104:By scale
2026:Logbooks
2011:Features
1976:Archives
1606:(2023),
1514:Archived
1489:Archived
1420:Archived
1344:21 March
1304:Kokugaku
1254:See also
1230:Footnote
1084:Linear A
1068:Linear B
1054:Sumerian
1046:Akkadian
987:Ugaritic
979:Assyrian
975:Sumerian
971:Egyptian
876:Sanskrit
839:Branches
786:allegory
634:Egyptian
626:Sanskrit
606:Germanic
584:and the
576:studies
521:language
189:Forensic
169:Distance
116:Typology
31:a series
29:Part of
6249:Writing
6137:Related
6027:Science
5672:Madonna
5644:Judaism
5607:Judaism
5439:Saladin
5329:Hypatia
5253:leaders
5177:Related
5130:Origins
5093:Origins
5044:Origins
4600:Origins
4546:Origins
4412:Origins
4274:Oceania
4237:British
4175:Kingdom
3818:Ireland
3725:Germany
3433:Sweden
3306:New Age
3282:Ancient
3278:Europe
3274:Croatia
3206:Albania
3199:Eurasia
3001:Rwanda
2699:General
2599:Marxist
2500:schools
2329:Thought
2296:Ecology
2058:Scrolls
1996:Codices
1964:Sources
1903:history
1880:History
1233:, is a
1152:Beowulf
1148:Unferth
1088:Minoans
1058:Hittite
1042:Elamite
983:Hittite
894:Textual
806:Lydgate
802:Chaucer
659:due to
630:Chinese
622:Persian
602:Romance
544:history
529:written
144:Applied
54:History
49:Outline
5763:Salons
5565:Others
5532:Canada
5166:Causes
5103:Causes
5078:Causes
4872:Spirit
4806:Causes
4776:Causes
4641:Causes
4610:Causes
4583:Causes
4561:Causes
4492:Causes
4239:Empire
4173:United
4139:Turkey
3954:Russia
3928:Deluge
3911:Poland
3651:France
3449:Taiwan
3422:Serbia
3228:Balhae
3079:Causes
3030:Canada
2964:Egypt
2957:Africa
2481:Tarikh
2402:Labour
2392:Gender
2382:Social
2182:dating
2048:Papyri
1971:Annals
1770:
1745:
1576:
1367:
1335:
1235:Hebrew
1044:, and
1007:Aegean
991:Luwian
989:, and
866:(1969)
784:As an
714:phílos
677:syntax
638:Nubian
618:Arabic
614:Slavic
610:Celtic
546:, and
459:Portal
357:Topics
106:Syntax
6010:Roman
5922:]
5736:]
5649:Islam
5619:Jesus
5507:]
5495:]
5483:]
5451:]
5427:]
5390:]
5353:]
5341:]
5309:]
5297:]
5022:]
4912:Nakba
4708:]
4672:]
4622:]
4504:]
4487:]
4130:]
4118:]
4094:]
4075:]
4030:Spain
3985:]
3973:]
3945:]
3852:Italy
3790:India
3767:]
3715:]
3703:]
3691:]
3672:]
3583:]
3558:China
3400:]
3359:Korea
3354:Japan
3343:Iran
3332:Greek
3313:]
3301:]
3289:]
3267:]
3260:Early
3255:]
3116:Casta
3091:]
3013:Maafa
2980:]
2750:]
2738:]
2589:]
2429:Women
2424:Urban
2412:Rural
2407:LGBTQ
2163:Books
2001:Deeds
1938:Types
1795:Runet
910:Bible
730:λόγος
724:lógos
719:λόγος
709:φίλος
695:Greek
590:Roman
502:
59:Index
6101:list
4696:1917
3708:Lyon
3179:Eras
3098:Peru
2833:list
2780:and
2660:Whig
1867:list
1768:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1539:Gita
1365:ISBN
1346:2020
1333:ISBN
1095:Maya
1074:and
1021:and
1013:and
1005:and
878:and
870:The
827:and
819:and
748:The
592:and
566:and
527:and
525:oral
241:and
234:Text
2827:Pax
1675:. "
1656:doi
1608:doi
1602:',
1172:by
1166:In
1025:).
997:by
862:by
835:".
831:to
808:).
781:).
675:on
523:in
6230::
5920:it
5734:pt
5505:zh
5493:zh
5481:zh
5449:zh
5425:es
5388:zh
5351:ru
5339:zh
5307:zh
5295:zh
5020:fr
4706:ru
4670:fr
4647:/
4620:es
4502:ru
4485:fr
4128:es
4116:es
4092:es
4073:es
3983:ru
3971:ru
3943:pl
3765:de
3713:fr
3701:fr
3689:fr
3670:fr
3581:zh
3398:pt
3311:ru
3299:ru
3287:ru
3265:ru
3253:de
3089:es
2978:es
2748:de
2736:es
2587:pt
1695:,
1650:.
1619:^
1554:^
1483:.
1443:.
1418:.
1414:.
1246:,
1204:.
1180:.
1154:.
1082:.
1064:.
1056:.
1040:,
985:,
981:,
977:,
973:,
804:,
796:,
648:.
636:,
628:,
624:,
620:,
608:,
604:,
570:.
542:,
538:,
33:on
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6099:(
6029:/
4661:)
4657:(
4651:)
4643:(
4332:e
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2159:)
2155:(
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1797:)
1776:.
1751:.
1662:.
1658::
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1614:.
1610::
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1588:.
1523:.
1498:.
1429:.
1400:.
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1373:.
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511:(
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23:.
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