Conversation analysis

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be performed more straightforwardly and faster than actions that disagree with, or decline, those positions. The former is termed a preferred turn shape, meaning the turn is not preceded by silence nor is it produced with delays, mitigation and accounts. The latter is termed a dispreferred turn shape, which describes a turn with opposite characteristics. One consequence of this is that agreement and acceptance are promoted over their alternatives, and are more likely to be the outcome of the sequence. Pre-sequences are also a component of preference organization and contribute to this outcome.

1242:: an adjacency pair that may be understood as preliminary to the main course of action. A generic pre-expansion is a summon-answer adjacency pair, as in "Mary?"/ "Yes?".It is generic in the sense that it does not contribute to any particular types of base adjacency pair, such as request or suggestion. There are other types of pre-sequence that work to prepare the interlocutors for the subsequent speech action. For example, "Guess what!"/"What?" as preliminary to an announcement of some sort, or "What are you doing?"/"Nothing" as preliminary to an invitation or a request. 36: 1309:

the problem (self or other), and by how it unfolds within a turn or a sequence of turns. The organization of repair is also a self-righting mechanism in social interaction. Participants in conversation seek to correct the trouble source by initiating and preferring self repair, the speaker of the trouble source, over other repair. Self repair initiations can be placed in three locations in relation to the trouble source, in a first turn, a transition space or in a third turn.

832: 1248:: an adjacency pair that comes between the FPP and SPP of the base adjacency pair. Insert expansions interrupt the activity under way, but are still relevant to that action. Insert expansion allows a possibility for a second speaker, the speaker who must produce the SPP, to do interactional work relevant to the projected SPP. An example of this would be a typical conversation between a customer and a shopkeeper: 1011:. Crucially, the method uses the fact that interaction consists of multiple participants and that they make sense of each other, so the method proceeds by considering e.g. how one turn by a specific participant displays an understanding of the previous turn by another participant (or other earlier interaction). This is commonly referred to as the 1308:

Repair organization describes how parties in conversation deal with problems in speaking, hearing, or understanding, and there are various mechanisms through which certain "troubles" in interaction are dealt with. Repair segments are classified by who initiates repair (self or other), by who resolves

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CA may reveal structural (i.e. practice-underwritten) preferences in conversation for some types of actions (within sequences of action) over others, as responses in certain sequential environments. For example, responsive actions which agree with, or accept, positions taken by a first action tend to

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Some types of turns may require extra work before they can successfully take place. Speakers wanting a long turn, for example to tell a story or describe important news, must first establish that others will not intervene during the course of the telling through some form of preface and approval by

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Lapse: A period of silence when no sequence or other structured activity is in progress: the current speaker stops talking, does not select a next speaker, and no one self selects. Lapses are commonly associated with visual or other forms of disengagement between speakers, even if these periods are

1104:(TCUs), and speakers and listeners will know that such forms can be a word or a clause, and use that knowledge to predict when a speaker is finished so that others can speak, to avoid or minimize both overlap and silence. A listener will look for the places where they can start speaking - so-called 1029:

The data used in CA is in the form of video- or audio-recorded conversations, collected with or without researchers' involvement, typically from a video camera or other recording device in the space where the conversation takes place (e.g. a living room, picnic, or doctor's office). The researchers

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Membership categorization analysis (MCA) was influenced by the work of Harvey Sacks and his work on Membership Categorization Devices (MCD). Sacks argues that members' categories comprise part of the central machinery of organization and developed the notion of MCD to explain how categories can be

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Turns in interaction implement actions, and a specific turn may perform one (or more) specific actions. The study of action focuses on the description of how turns at talk are composed and positioned so as to realize one or more actions. This could include questions, assessments, storytelling, and

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The model also leaves puzzles to be solved, for example concerning how turn boundaries are identified and projected, and the role played by gaze and body orientation in the management of turn-taking. It also establishes some questions for other disciplines: for example, the split second timing of

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Conversation analysis provides a model that can be used to understand interactions, and offers a number of concepts to describe them. The following section contains important concepts and phenomena identified in the conversation analytical literature, and will refer to articles that are centrally

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aiming to find recurring patterns of interaction. Based on the analysis, the researchers identify regularities, rules or models to describe these patterns, enhancing, modifying or replacing initial hypotheses. While this kind of inductive analysis based on collections of data exhibits is basic to

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in focus and method. (i) Its focus is on processes involved in social interaction and does not include written texts or larger sociocultural phenomena (for example, 'discourses' in the Foucauldian sense). (ii) Its method, following Garfinkel and Goffman's initiatives, is aimed at determining the

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However, the original formulation in Sacks et al.1974 is designed to model turn-taking only in ordinary and informal conversation, and not interaction in more specialized, institutional environments such as meetings, courts, news interviews, mediation hearings, which have distinctive turn-taking

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Selting, Margret; Auer, Peter; Barth-Weingarten, Dagmar; Bergmann, Jörg; Bergmann, Pia; Birkner, Karin; Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth; Deppermann, Arnulf; Gilles, Peter; Günthner, Susanne; Hartung, Martin; Kern, Friederike; Mertzlufft, Christine; Meyer, Christian; Morek, Miriam; Oberzaucher, Frank;

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Interactional linguistics (IL) is Conversation analysis when the focus is on linguistic structure. While CA has worked with language in its data since the beginning, the interest in the structure of it, and possible relations to grammatical theory, was sometimes secondary to sociological (or

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While conversation analysis provides a method of analysing conversation, this method is informed by an underlying theory of what features of conversation are meaningful and the meanings that are likely implied by these features. Additionally there is a body of theory about how to interpret

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use and rely on to produce interactional contributions and make sense of the contributions of others. Thus CA is neither designed for, nor aimed at, examining the production of interaction from a perspective that is external to the participants' own reasoning and understanding about their

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of action to turns). The study of action also concerns the ways in which the participants’ knowledge, relations, and stances towards the ongoing interactional projects are created, maintained, and negotiated, and thus the intersubjectivity of how people interact. The concept of

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Each time a turn is over, speakers also have to decide who can talk next, and this is called turn allocation. The rules for turn allocation is commonly formulated in the same way as in the original Simplest Systematics paper, with 2 parts where the first consists of 3 elements:

1354:. The transcription conventions take into account overlapping speech, delays between speech, pitch, volume and speed based on research showing that these features matter for the conversation in terms of action, turn-taking and more. Transcripts are typically written in a 1181:

turn-transition sets up a cognitive 'bottle neck' in which potential speakers must attend to incoming speech while also preparing their own contribution - something which imposes a heavy load of human processing capacity, and which may impact the structure of languages.

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Conversation analysis has been criticized for not being able to address issues of power and inequality in society at large. Another point of critique is the focus on single-case analysis and the generalizability of collection-based descriptions has been questioned.

1748:, CA maintains it is possible to analyze talk-in-interaction by examining its recordings alone (audio for telephone, video for copresent interaction). CA researchers do not believe that the researcher needs to consult with the talk participants or members of their 1093:

The model is designed to explain that when people talk in conversation, they do not always talk all at the same time, but generally, one person speaks at a time, and then another person can follow. Such a contribution to a conversation by one speaker is then a

1718:) shows how "mommy" is interpreted as the mother of the baby by speakers of the same culture. In light of this, categories are inference rich – a great deal of knowledge that members of a society have about the society is stored in terms of these categories. 1021:

is not to be taken literally. Research questions revolve around participants' orientation, that is, what features (linguistic or other) that cues people to respond in certain ways and influence the trajectory of an interaction. A key part of the method are

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further contends that members’ practical categorizations form part of ethnomethodology's description of the ongoing production and realization of ‘facts’ about social life and including members’ gendered reality analysis, thus making CA compatible with

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Sequence expansion allows talk which is made up of more than a single adjacency pair to be constructed and understood as performing the same basic action and the various additional elements are as doing interactional work related to the basic action

1350:. In this system, speakers are introduced with a name followed by a colon, as conventionally used in scripts. It is designed to use typographical and orthographical conventions used elsewhere, rather than a strict phonetic system such as the 895:, but its methods were subsequently adapted to embrace more task- and institution-centered interactions, such as those occurring in doctors' offices, courts, law enforcement, helplines, educational settings, and the mass media, and focus on 1066:

concerned with the phenomenon. A conversation is viewed as a collection of turns of speaking; errors or misunderstandings in speech are addressed with repairs, and turns may be marked by the delay between them or other linguistic features.

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was a parallel development rather than influencing or influenced by CA. Today CA is an established method used in sociology, anthropology, linguistics, speech-communication and psychology, and has developed subfields such as

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organizations that depart in various ways from ordinary conversation. Later studies have looked at institutional interaction and turn-taking in institutional contexts. Interruptions have also been examined and analyzed.

1789:, and various institutional settings. For instance, Tanya Stivers studied the pressures that lead to doctors prescribing antibiotics. A focus on interaction in professional contexts was established by the 1992 book 1784:

Conversation analysis is used in various contexts leading to a number of different fields benefitting from conversation analytic findings. This includes the study of doctor-patient interactions, media interviews,

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that empirically investigates the mechanisms by which humans achieve mutual understanding. It focuses on both verbal and non-verbal conduct, especially in situations of everyday life. CA originated as a

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a. If the current speaker selects a next one to speak at the end of current TCU (by name, gaze or contextual aspects of what is said), the selected speaker has the right and obligation to speak next.

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Davidson, Judy A. (1984). "Subsequent versions of invitations, offers, requests, and proposals dealing with potential or actual rejection". In Atkinson, J. Maxwell; Heritage, John (eds.).

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Bolden, Galina B. (2008). "Reopening Russian Conversations: The Discourse Particle -to and the Negotiation of Interpersonal Accountability in Closings: Reopening Russian Conversations".

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Visual methods: Gesture, gaze and body movement is also used to indicate that a turn is over. For example, a person speaking looks at the next speaker when their turn is about to end.

3275: 1797:, but earlier studies had also focused on specific institutional contexts, mostly one at a time. More recently, conversation analysis has also been used in the development of 1274:: a turn or an adjacency pair that comes after, but is still tied to, the base adjacency pair. There are two types: minimal and non-minimal. Minimal expansion is also termed 1744:

in linguistics, conversation analysis studies naturally-occurring talk in a strongly empirical fashion through the use of recordings In contrast to the theory developed by

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Pomerantz, Anita (1984). "Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes". In Atkinson, J. Maxwell; Heritage, John (eds.).

1980:

Pomerantz, Anita; Fehr, Barbara J. (1997). "Conversation analysis: an approach to the study of social action as sense making practices". In Van Dijk, Teun A. (ed.).

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fundamental work in CA, it has been more common in recent years to also use statistical analysis in applications of CA to solve problems in medicine and elsewhere.

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Ford, Cecilia E.; Thompson, Sandra A. (1996). "Interactional units in conversation: syntactic, intonational, and pragmatic resources for the management of turns".

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in collections, as they show that when a participant does not follow a norm, the interaction is affected in a way that reveals the existence of the norm in focus.

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which is sometimes considered to have effectively merged with IL since then, but has also gained inspiration from British phoneticians doing prosodic analysis.

1671:. Interactional linguistics has studied topics within syntax, phonetics and semantics as they relate to e.g. action and turn-taking. There is a journal called 1607:

There are various transcription systems based on the jeffersonian conventions with slight differences. Galina Bolden has designed a system for transcribing

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Sormani, Philippe (2019). "Ethnomethodological Analysis". In Atkinson, Paul; Delamont, Alexandru Cernat; Sakshaug, Joseph W.; Williams, Richard A. (eds.).

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Schegloff, Emanuel A.; Jefferson, Gail; Sacks, Harvey (June 1977). "The Preference for Self-Correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation".

2005: 903:

has become something of a misnomer, but it has continued as a term for a distinctive and successful approach to the analysis of interactions. CA and

2533: 1108:(TRPs) - based on how the units appear over time. Turn construction units can be created or recognized via four methods, i.e. types of unit design: 1235:(SPP) in which the core action underway is achieved. It can occur prior to the base FPP, between the base FPP and SPP, and following the base SPP. 1124:

Pragmatic methods: turns perform actions, and at the point where listeners have heard enough and know enough, a turn can be pragmatically complete.

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b. If the current speaker does not select a next speaker, other potential speakers have the right to self-select (the first starter gets the turn)

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themes, and studies how psychological phenomena are attended to, understood and construed in interaction. The subfield formed through studies by

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Talk tends to occur in responsive pairs; however, the pairs may be split over a sequence of turns. Adjacency pairs divide utterance types into

1776:, viewing thematic analysis to be theory agnostic while conversation analysis and discourse analysis are considered to be based on theories. 2201: 415: 2117:

Hepburn, Alexa; Bolden, Galina B. (2013). "The Conversation Analytic Approach to Transcription". In Stivers, Tanya; Sidnell, Jack (eds.).

1664: 3052:

Stokoe, Elizabeth (2006). "On Ethnomethodology, Feminism, and the Analysis of Categorial Reference to Gender in Talk-in-Interaction".

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of stretches of interaction between a number of people, often with accompanied by a detailed transcription. Most studies rely on a

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circumstances and communication. Rather the aim is to model the resources and methods by which those understandings are produced.

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Harvey, Sacks (1974). "An analysis of the course of a joke's telling in conversation". In Sherzer, Joel; Bauman, Richard (eds.).

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Conversation analysis should not be confused with other methods of analyzing conversation or interaction, such as other areas of

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ethnomethodological) research questions. The field developed during the 90's and got its name with the publication of the 2001

1084:, which was very programmatic for the field of Conversation analysis and one of the most cited papers published in the journal 440: 3457: 3426: 3353: 3186: 2185: 1926: 1839: 1216:. There are many examples of adjacency pairs including Questions-Answers, Offer-Acceptance/Refusal and Compliment-Response. 862: 459: 3411: 3260:

Drew, Paul and Heritage, John (1992) "Analyzing talk at work: an introduction". In Drew, Paul; Heritage, John (eds.)

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Christiansen, Morten H.; Chater, Nick (2016). "The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language".

250: 1714:

hearably linked together by native speakers of a culture. His example that is taken from a children's storybook (

1351: 550: 335: 86: 1157:

Pause: A period of silence within a speaker's TCU, i.e. during a speaker's turn when a sentence is not finished.

976: 2913:

Ogden, Richard (2022). "The Phonetics of Talk in Interaction". In Knight, Rachael-Anne; Setter, Jane (eds.).

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Deppermann, Arnulf (2021). "Social Actions". In Haugh, Michael; Kádár, Dániel Z.; Terkourafi, Marina (eds.).

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and nonverbal activity in interaction, including gaze, body movement and gesture. As a consequence, the term

816: 470: 3478: 135: 101: 1177:. Conversations cannot be appropriately ended by 'just stopping', but require a special closing sequence. 3483: 2631:

Levinson, Stephen C. (2013). "Action Formation and Ascription". In Stivers, Tanya; Sidnell, Jack (eds.).

2488: 1786: 779: 105: 55: 1160:

Gap: A period of silence between turns, for example after a question has been asked and not yet answered

3237: 796: 294: 2781: 2315: 3300: 1645: 1098:. A turn is created through certain forms or units that listeners can recognize and count on, called 980: 930:

Conversation analysis was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s principally by the sociologist

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complaints. Focus is both on how those actions are formed through linguistic or other activity (the

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is a commonly used method of transcription and nonverbal details are often transcribed according to

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of cases, often from different interactions with different people, but some studies also focus on a

622: 345: 180: 3276:"Elizabeth Stokoe: "Conversation analysis has many applications, from Silicon Valley to medicine"" 2852: 1144:

c. If options 1a and 1b have not been implemented, current speaker may continue with another TCU.

1034: 1030:

construct detailed transcriptions from the recordings, containing as much detail as is possible.

855: 595: 585: 555: 435: 420: 385: 305: 300: 200: 3113: 1656: 1100: 580: 510: 500: 480: 465: 395: 365: 285: 190: 3087:

Sacks, Harvey (1984). "Notes on methodology". In Atkinson, J. Maxwell; Heritage, John (eds.).

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The analysis of turn-taking started with the description in a model in the paper known as the

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Schegloff, Emanuel A. (1996). "Confirming Allusions: Toward an Empirical Account of Action".

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Peters, Jörg; Quasthoff, Uta; Schütte, Wilfried; Stukenbrock, Anja; Uhmann, Susanne (2011).

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The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology Online. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc133.pub2

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Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction II - Discourse as Social Interaction

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Lucy: Perhaps we should leave= William: =I don't think that's a good idea_

1153:

Based on the turn-taking system, three types of silence may be distinguished:

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method, but has since spread to other fields. CA began with a focus on casual

3472: 3378: 3147: 2884:. Studies in Discourse and Grammar. Vol. 10. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2800: 2448: 2272: 2006:"A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation" 1794: 1768:

In considering methods of qualitative analysis, Braun and Clarke distinguish

1741: 1017: 896: 724: 712: 696: 692: 618: 130: 76: 3178: 958:, but also a number of minor sources of contemporary influences such as the 2440: 2431:

Terasaki, Alene Kiku (2004). "Pre-announcement sequences in conversation".

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Prescribing under pressure: parent-physician conversations and antibiotics

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and to systematize the way some of the prosodic features are handled. The

3316: 2489:"Compliment Responses: Notes on the co-operation of multiple constraints" 1906: 1075: 971: 732: 704: 676: 560: 515: 245: 220: 3452: 2202:"The Most Cited Language Articles (1925-2012) in the First Half of 2017" 2265:

Sequence organization in interaction: a primer in conversation analysis

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Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication: Multiple Perspectives

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Sequence expansion is constructed in relation to a base sequence of a

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Talk: An Analysis of Speech and Non-Verbal Behaviour in Conversation

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Talk: An Analysis of Speech and Non-Verbal Behaviour in Conversation

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Markee, Numa (2007). "Conversation Analysis: Issues and Problems".

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After transcription, the researchers perform inductive data-driven

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Jefferson, Gail (1972). "Side sequences". In Sudnow, David (ed.).

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conversations while Samtalegrammatik.dk uses their own system for

1282:) that does not project any further talk beyond their turn (hence 831: 1802: 1362:

Partial table of annotations added in Jeffersonian Transcription

1112: 71: 1547:

Alex: What are you doing? Jack: >I need to buy the shoes<

2996:

Discourse and social psychology: beyond attitudes and behaviour

1884:. Jefferson, Gail (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. pp. ix–lxiii. 1703:

Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour

1286:). Examples of sequence closing thirds include "oh", "I see", " 3274:

Stokoe, Elizabeth; Flood, Helen; Vieira, Helena (2024-01-29).

2004:

Sacks, Harvey; Schegloff, Emanuel A.; Jefferson, Gail (1974).

1033:

The transcription often contains additional information about

3089:

Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis

2568:

Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis

2535:

Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis

1735: 1255:

Customer: I would like a turkey sandwich, please. (FPP base)

3419:

Not Just Talking: Conversational Analysis and Psychotherapy

2570:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–128. 3460:(by Discourse and Rhetoric Group, Loughborough University) 3453:

ISCA - The International Society for Conversation Analysis

3340:. Vol. 15. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 1017–1032. 2538:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–101. 2300:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–353. 2096:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 13–31. 1331:

within CA resembles, but is different from the concept of

3390:

Talk in Action: Interactions, Identities and Institutions

3091:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–27. 2880:

Selting, Margret; Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, eds. (2001).

2493:

Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction

2171: 2084: 2082: 1940: 1938: 2410:. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. pp. 110ff. 2094:

Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation

1278:, because it is a single turn after the base SPP (hence 1149:

At the end of that TCU, the option system applies again.

1121:

methods, e.g. pitch, speed and changes in pronunciation.

2595: 2003: 1346:

developed a system of transcription while working with

1287: 2782:"A system for transcribing talk-in-interaction: GAT 2" 2079: 1935: 1173:). The preface and its associated go-ahead comprise a 907:

are sometimes considered one field and referred to as

2165: 1708: 2879: 2851: 3338:

International Handbook of English Language Teaching

3262:

Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings

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(2017). 1911:The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis 1736:Contrasts to other theories about language 1665:Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics 1358:to ease the alignment of overlap symbols. 1294: 863: 849: 34: 3137: 3080: 3012: 2859:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2687:The Cambridge Handbook of Sociopragmatics 2531: 2486: 2461: 2262: 2088: 1944: 1872: 1258:Server: White or wholegrain? (Insert FPP) 1115:methods, i.e. morphosyntactic structures. 3458:An Introduction to Conversation Analysis 3395:Hutchby, Ian and Wooffitt, Robin (1988) 3298: 3264:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2630: 2565: 2430: 1990: 1856:An Introduction to Conversation Analysis 1678: 1450:Matt: We like to shop, and to eat fish, 1188: 3375:. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 3235: 3201: 3114:"Using thematic analysis in psychology" 2840: 2405: 2149: 1919:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199677078.013.0041 1904: 1832:An introduction to qualitative research 1634: 3471: 3335: 3168: 3051: 2725: 2295: 1716:The baby cried. The mommy picked it up 3086: 3018: 2912: 2635:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 101–130. 2633:The Handbook of Conversation Analysis 2119:The Handbook of Conversation Analysis 1829: 1219: 3311:(2: Special Issue: FQS Reviews IV). 2882:Studies in interactional linguistics 1653:Studies in Interactional Linguistics 3208:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2915:The Cambridge Handbook of Phonetics 2121:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 59–76. 1619:) was also designed originally for 1534:Lucy: James (1.0) we need to talk. 1398:Sue: Have you had any °symptoms°,? 1312: 1060: 13: 3118:Qualitative Research in Psychology 2501:10.1016/B978-0-12-623550-0.50010-0 1709:Membership categorization analysis 1261:Customer: Wholegrain. (Insert SPP) 1193: 14: 3495: 3446: 3239:SAGE Research Methods Foundations 1878:Lectures on Conversation (Vol. 1) 1521:Lucy: James (.) we need to talk. 882:) is an approach to the study of 3066:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00626.x 2740:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00315.x 2063:Transcribing for social research 1629:CLAN (CHILDES Language Analyzer) 1045:conventions by Lorenza Mondada. 999:The method consists of detailed 830: 3365: 3329: 3292: 3267: 3254: 3229: 3195: 3105: 3045: 2987: 2973: 2955:"Former Departments and Groups" 2947: 2906: 2873: 2814: 2772: 2746: 2719: 2678: 2665: 2559: 2455: 2424: 2399: 2356: 2289: 2220: 2194: 1772:from conversation analysis and 1760:methods and resources that the 1701:, most notably their 1987 book 1578:Prolonged sounds (non-phonemic) 1476:Bill: Should we open the door? 1411:Sara: Why can't you JUST STOP? 1352:International Phonetic Alphabet 1335:in other fields of pragmatics. 1037:and the way people say things. 416:Peace, war, and social conflict 3383:Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology 2649:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-C846-B 2263:Schegloff, Emanuel A. (2007). 2054: 2033:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4337-3 1973: 1898: 1848: 1823: 1799:conversational user interfaces 1655:and is inspired by West Coast 1385:Matt: Shoes °°I love shoes°°_ 977:interactional sociolinguistics 1: 3171:Applied Conversation Analysis 2464:Studies in social interaction 2365:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1947:American Journal of Sociology 1858:, 3. ed. Bloomsbury Academic. 1854:Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2022) 1817: 1780:Applied conversation analysis 1527:Pauses of a specific duration 3402:Levinson, Stephen C. (1983) 3346:10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_68 2728:Human Communication Research 2237:10.1017/CBO9780511620874.003 1808: 7: 3248:10.4135/9781526421036788330 2981:"Interactional Linguistics" 2855:; Selting, Margret (2018). 2755:"Transcription conventions" 2491:. In Schenkein, Jim (ed.). 1787:second-language acquisition 1463:Alex: We're buying shoes,? 1456:Intermediately rising pitch 10: 3500: 3392:. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell. 3385:. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2406:Beattie, Geoffrey (1983). 1740:In contrast to the use of 1682: 1643: 1437:Matt: That's a good idea_ 1424:Fred: That's a good idea. 1339:Jeffersonian transcription 1197: 1169:the listener (a so-called 1106:transition relevant places 1073: 1039:Jeffersonian transcription 925: 87:Human environmental impact 3371:Beattie, Geoffrey (1983) 3130:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa 2923:10.1017/9781108644198.027 2695:10.1017/9781108954105.006 2641:10.1002/9781118325001.ch6 2487:Pomerantz, Anita (1978). 2377:10.1017/S0140525X1500031X 2335:10.1515/semi.1973.8.4.289 2206:www.linguisticsociety.org 2150:Mondada, Lorenza (2019). 2127:10.1002/9781118325001.ch4 1731:Relations to other fields 1673:Interactional Linguistics 1646:Interactional linguistics 1640:Interactional linguistics 1303: 1013:next-turn proof procedure 994: 981:interactional linguistics 934:and his close associates 3021:Lectures on Conversation 2853:Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth 2273:10.1017/CBO9780511791208 1909:; Narrog, Heiko (eds.). 1762:interacting participants 1501:Absence of normal pauses 1430:Unchanging (level) pitch 1264:Server: Okay. (SPP base) 1070:Turn-taking organization 942:. Sacks was inspired by 181:Structural functionalism 3431:Psathas, George (1995) 3299:ten Have, Paul (2006). 3202:Stivers, Tanya (2007). 3179:10.1057/9780230316874_1 3054:The Sociological Review 2671:Peräkylä, Anssi (2016) 2229:Interaction and Grammar 1295:Preference organization 1276:sequence closing thirds 1101:turn construction units 1035:nonverbal communication 201:Symbolic interactionism 96:Industrial revolutions 3442:, Thousand Oaks: Sage. 3438:Ten Have, Paul (1999) 3435:. Thousand Oaks: Sage. 2673:Conversation Analysis. 2441:10.1075/pbns.125.11ter 1876:(1992). Introduction. 191:Social constructionism 3433:Conversation Analysis 3397:Conversation Analysis 3029:10.1002/9781444328301 3023:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2753:Samtalegrammatik.dk. 2433:Conversation Analysis 2316:"Opening up Closings" 2180:. SAGE. p. 175. 1685:Discursive psychology 1679:Discursive psychology 1443:Slightly rising pitch 1189:Sequence organization 989:discursive psychology 901:conversation analysis 876:Conversation analysis 566:Conversation analysis 141:Social stratification 3317:10.17169/FQS-7.2.100 2917:. pp. 657–681. 2231:. pp. 134–184. 1913:. pp. 167–191. 1755:It is distinct from 1635:Different approaches 1082:Simplest Systematics 1009:single-case analysis 1001:qualitative analysis 3479:Applied linguistics 3417:Pain, Jean. (2008) 3280:LSE Business Review 2759:Samtalegrammatik.dk 2495:. pp. 79–112. 1830:Flick, Uwe (2009). 1669:linguistic typology 1378:Very quietly spoken 1363: 151:Social cycle theory 22:Part of a series on 3484:Discourse analysis 2789:Gesprächsforschung 2689:. pp. 69–94. 1874:Schegloff, Emanuel 1774:discourse analysis 1757:discourse analysis 1699:Margaret Wetherell 1657:functional grammar 1566:Overlapping speech 1486:Underlined letters 1482:Stressed syllables 1361: 1220:Sequence expansion 985:discourse analysis 920:discourse analysis 884:social interaction 837:Society portal 460:History of science 441:Race and ethnicity 121:Social environment 3427:978-1-85575-689-2 3355:978-0-387-46300-1 3188:978-0-230-22996-9 2983:. John Benjamins. 2187:978-1-4129-3852-5 1928:978-0-19-967707-8 1841:978-1-84787-323-1 1793:by Paul Drew and 1770:thematic analysis 1605: 1604: 1585:Dave: O:h wo::w. 1514:Noticeable pauses 1210:second pair parts 956:interaction order 936:Emanuel Schegloff 873: 872: 591:Social experiment 471:Social psychology 116:Social complexity 3491: 3360: 3359: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3141: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2998:. London: Sage. 2991: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2890:10.1075/sidag.10 2877: 2871: 2870: 2849: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2786: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2593: 2582: 2581: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2065:. 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Polity Press. 3368: 3363: 3356: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3167: 3163: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3085: 3081: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2933: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2850: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2826:ca.talkbank.org 2822:"CA Characters" 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2784: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2751: 2747: 2724: 2720: 2705: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2629: 2625: 2594: 2585: 2578: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2530: 2526: 2511: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2404: 2400: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2318: 2312: 2305: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2090:Jefferson, Gail 2087: 2080: 2073: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2008: 2002: 1991: 1978: 1974: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1842: 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2664: 2657: 2623: 2610:10.2307/413107 2604:(2): 361–382. 2583: 2576: 2558: 2544: 2524: 2509: 2479: 2472: 2454: 2423: 2416: 2398: 2355: 2303: 2288: 2281: 2252: 2245: 2219: 2208:. 11 July 2017 2193: 2186: 2164: 2142: 2135: 2109: 2102: 2078: 2071: 2053: 2025:10.2307/412243 2019:(4): 696–735. 1989: 1972: 1959:10.1086/230911 1953:(1): 161–216. 1934: 1927: 1897: 1890: 1860: 1847: 1840: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1781: 1778: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1710: 1707: 1683:Main article: 1680: 1677: 1644:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391:Quietly spoken 1388: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1344:Gail Jefferson 1340: 1337: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1272:Post-expansion 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1221: 1218: 1198:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1057:conversation. 996: 993: 952:Erving Goffman 940:Gail Jefferson 927: 924: 871: 870: 868: 867: 860: 853: 845: 842: 841: 840: 839: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 783: 778: 777: 774: 773: 627: 626: 612: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 537: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 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1593: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1553:Slowed speech 1552: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1540:Rushed speech 1539: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1417:Falling pitch 1416: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1404:Loudly spoken 1403: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1310: 1301: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1240:Pre-expansion 1238: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1067: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1024:deviant cases 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 923: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 881: 877: 866: 861: 859: 854: 852: 847: 846: 844: 843: 838: 833: 828: 827: 826: 825: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 802:Organizations 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 781: 776: 775: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: · 750: 747: · 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 707: · 706: 703: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639: · 638: 634: 631: 624: 620: 617: 614: 613: 610: 605: 604: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 556:Computational 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 535: 530: 529: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 461: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 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