Michel Foucault - Knowledge

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internalized and therefore doesn't continuously need external force. Foucault says that disciplinary power is primarily not an oppressing form of power, but rather so a productive form of power. Disciplinary power doesn't oppress interests or desires, but instead subjects bodies to reconstructed patterns of behavior to reconstruct their thoughts, desires and interests. According to Foucault this happens in factories, schools, hospitals and prisons. Disciplinary power creates a certain type of individual by producing new movements, habits and skills. It focuses on details, single movements, their timing and speed. It organizes bodies in time and space, and controls every movement for maximal effect. It uses rules, surveillance, exams and controls. The activities follow certain plans, whose purpose it is to lead the bodies to certain pre-determined goals. The bodies are also combined with each other, to reach a productivity that is greater than the sum of all bodies activities.

3095:. Foucault is critical of the idea that humans can reach "absolute" knowledge about the world. A fundamental goal in many of Foucault's works is to show how that which has traditionally been considered as absolute, universal and true in fact are historically contingent. To Foucault, even the idea of absolute knowledge is a historically contingent idea. This does however not lead to epistemological nihilism; rather, Foucault argues that we "always begin anew" when it comes to knowledge. At the same time Foucault is critical of modern western philosophy for lacking "spirituality". With "spirituality" Foucault refers to a certain type of ethical being, and the processes that lead to this state of being. Foucault argues that such a spirituality was a natural part of the ancient Greek philosophy, where knowledge was considered as something that was only accessible to those that had an ethical character. According to Foucault this changed in the "cartesian moment", the moment when 2699:

economic). Force, and power, is however not something that a person or group "holds" (such as in the sovereign definition of power), instead power is a complex group of forces that comes from "everything" and therefore exists everywhere. That relations of power always result from inequality, difference or unbalance also means that power always has a goal or purpose. Power comes in two forms: tactics and strategies. Tactics is power on the micro-level, which can for example be how a person chooses to express themselves through their clothes. Strategies on the other hand, is power on macro-level, which can be the state of fashion at any moment. Strategies consist of a combination of tactics. At the same time, power is non-subjective according to Foucault. This posits a paradox, according to Lynch, since "someone" has to exert power, while at the same time there can be no "someone" exerting this power. According to Lynch this paradox can be solved with two observations:

3006:, who argued that self-awareness can only be found by having debates with others, where the debaters question each other's foundational views and opinions. Foucault, however, argued that "subjectivity" is a process, rather than a state of being. As such, Foucault argued that there is no "true self" to be found. Rather so, the "self" is constituted/created in activities such as the ones employed to "find" the "self". In other words, exposing oneself to hardships and danger does not "reveal" the "true self", according to Foucault, but rather creates a particular type of self and subjectivity. However, according to Foucault the "form" for the subject is in great part already constituted by power, before these self-constituting practices are employed. Schools, workplaces, households, government institutions, entertainment media and the healthcare sector all, through disciplinary power, contribute to forming people into being particular types of subjects. 3022:

Foucault's concept of freedom also includes constructing histories like the ones Foucault did about the history of disciplinary power and sexuality—histories that investigate and describe the forces that have influenced people into becoming who they are. From the knowledge that is reached through such investigations, people can thereafter decide which forces they believe are acceptable and which they consider to be intolerable and has to be changed. Freedom is for Foucault a type of "experimentation" with different "transformations". Since these experiments cannot be controlled completely, May argues they may either lead to the reconstruction of intolerable power relations or the creation of new ones. Thus, May argues, it is always necessary to continue with such experimentation and Foucauldian analyses.

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example is the age distribution in a population. Biopower is interested in age distribution to compensate for future (or current) lacks of labor power, retirement homes, etc. Yet another example is sex: because sex is connected to population growth, sex and sexuality have been of great interest to biopower. On a disciplinary level, people who engaged in non-reproductive sexual acts have been treated for psychiatric diagnoses such as "perversion", "frigidity" and "sexual dysfunction". On a biopower-level, the usage of contraceptives has been studied, some social groups have (by various means) been encouraged to have children, while others (such as poor, sick, unmarried women, criminals or people with disabilities) have been discouraged or prevented from having children.

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normalized. Foucault mentions several characteristics of this judgement: (1) all deviations, even small ones, from correct behavior are punished, (2) repeated rule violations are punished extra, (3) exercises are used as a behavior correcting technique and punishment, (4) rewards are used together with punishment to establish a hierarchy of good and bad behavior/people, (5) rank/grades/etc. are used as punishment and reward. Examinations combine the hierarchical observation with judgement. Exams objectify and individualize the observed bodies by creating extensive documentation about every observed body. The purpose of the exams is therefore to gather further information about each individual, track their development and compare their results to the norm.

2036:. The GIP aimed to investigate and expose poor conditions in prisons and give prisoners and ex-prisoners a voice in French society. It was highly critical of the penal system, believing that it converted petty criminals into hardened delinquents. The GIP gave press conferences and staged protests surrounding the events of the Toul prison riot in December 1971, alongside other prison riots that it sparked off; in doing so it faced a police crackdown and repeated arrests. The group became active across France, with 2,000 to 3,000, members, but disbanded before 1974. Also campaigning against the death penalty, Foucault co-authored a short book on the case of the convicted murderer Pierre Rivière. After his research into the penal system, Foucault published 3327:

According to Wehler, Foucault's works are not only insufficient in their empirical historical aspects, but also often contradictory and lacking in clarity. For example, Foucault's concept of power is "desperatingly undifferentiated", and Foucault's thesis of a "disciplinary society" is, according to Wehler, only possible because Foucault does not properly differentiate between authority, force, power, violence and legitimacy. In addition, his thesis is based on a one-sided choice of sources (prisons and psychiatric institutions) and neglects other types of organizations such as factories. Also, Wehler criticizes Foucault's "francocentrism" because he did not take into consideration major German-speaking theorists of social sciences like

2899:, sexual identity and sexual behavior, power has effectively been able to normalize sexual and gendered behavior. This has made it possible to evaluate, pathologize and "correct" peoples' sexual and gendered behavior, by comparing bodies behaviors to the constructed "normal" behavior. For Foucault, a "normal sexuality" is as much of a construct as a "natural sexuality". Therefore, Foucault was also critical of the popular discourse that dominated the debate over sexuality during the 1960s and 1970s. During this time, the popular discourse argued for a "liberation" of sexuality from a cultural, moral and capitalistic oppression. Foucault, however, argues that peoples' opinions about and experiences of sexuality are 3107:

objects for knowledge. An example of this can be seen in criminology and psychiatry. In these sciences, subjects such as "the rational person", "the mentally ill person", "the law abiding person", "the criminal", etc. are created, and these sciences center their attention and knowledge on these subjects. The knowledge about these subjects is "connaissance", while the process in which subjects and knowledge are created is "savoir". A similar term in Foucaults corpus is "pouvoir/savoir" (power/knowledge). With this term Foucault is referring to a type of knowledge that is considered "common sense", but that is created and withheld in that position (as "common sense") by power. The term power/knowledge comes from

2021:). He was obliged to give 12 weekly lectures a year—and did so for the rest of his life—covering the topics that he was researching at the time; these became "one of the events of Parisian intellectual life" and were repeatedly packed out events. On Mondays, he also gave seminars to a group of students; many of them became a "Foulcauldian tribe" who worked with him on his research. He enjoyed this teamwork and collective research, and together they published a number of short books. Working at the Collège allowed him to travel widely, giving lectures in Brazil, Japan, Canada, and the United States over the next 14 years. In 1970 and 1972, Foucault served as a professor in the French Department of the 3116:

successful when the established norm is internalized and institutionalized (by "institutionalized" Foucault refers to when the norm is omnipresent). Because then, when the norm is internalized and institutionalized, it has effectively become a part of peoples' "common sense"—the "obvious", the "given", the "natural". When this has happened, this "common sense" also affects the explicit knowledge (scientific knowledge), Foucault argues. Ellen K. Feder states that the premise "the world consists of women and men" is an example of this. This premise, Feder argues, has been considered "common sense", and has led to the creation of the psychiatric diagnosis

2063:, and one of his literary heroes, Jean Genet. This campaign was formalised as the Committee for the Defence of the Rights of Immigrants, but there was tension at their meetings as Foucault opposed the anti-Israeli sentiment of many Arab workers and Maoist activists. At a December 1972 protest against the police killing of Algerian worker Mohammad Diab, both Foucault and Genet were arrested, resulting in widespread publicity. Foucault was also involved in founding the Agence de Press-Libération (APL), a group of leftist journalists who intended to cover news stories neglected by the mainstream press. In 1973, they established the daily newspaper 2919:, Foucault's influence on queer theory has been so great than he can be considered one of the founders of queer theory. The fundamental idea behind queer theory is that there is no natural fundament that lies behind identities such as gay, lesbian, heterosexual, etc. Instead these identities are considered cultural constructions that have been constructed through normative discourses and relations of power. Feminists have with the help of Foucault's ideas studied different ways that women form their bodies: through plastic surgery, diet, eating disorders, etc. Foucault's historization of sex has also affected feminist theorists such as 3412:, Foucault argued against the possibility of any fixed human nature, as posited by Chomsky's concept of innate human faculties. Chomsky argued that concepts of justice were rooted in human reason, whereas Foucault rejected the universal basis for a concept of justice. Following the debate, Chomsky was stricken with Foucault's total rejection of the possibility of a universal morality, stating "He struck me as completely amoral, I'd never met anyone who was so totally amoral I mean, I liked him personally, it's just that I couldn't make sense of him. It's as if he was from a different species, or something." 2955:

considered as something given; natural and objective. On the contrary, Foucault considers subjectivity to be a construction created by power. Foucault talks of "assujettissement", which is a French term that for Foucault refers to a process where power creates subjects while also oppressing them using social norms. For Foucault "social norms" are standards that people are encouraged to follow, that are also used to compare and define people. As an example of "assujettissement", Foucault mentions "homosexual", a historically contingent type of subjectivity that was created by sexology. Foucault writes that

2198:, society validates and approves people based on how closely they fit the discursive mold of sexual truth. As Foucault reminds us, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Church was the epitome of power structure within society. Thus, many aligned their personal virtues with those of the Church, further internalizing their beliefs on the meaning of sex. However, those who unify their sexual relation to the truth become decreasingly obliged to share their internal views with those of the Church. They will no longer see the arrangement of societal norms as an effect of the Church's deep-seated power structure. 2977:

norms, which are then internalized by people as "truths". People have then adapted their behavior to get closer to what these sciences has labeled as "normal". For example, Foucault claims that psychological observation/surveillance and psychological discourses have created a type of psychology-centered subjectivity, which has led to people considering unhappiness a fault in their psychology rather than in society. This has also, according to Foucault, been a way for society to resist criticism—criticism against society has been turned against the individual and their psychological health.

7098:'French law recognises in 12- and 13-year-olds a capacity for discernment that it can judge and punish', said a second petition signed by Sartre and De Beauvoir, along with fellow intellectuals Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida; a leading child psychologist, Françoise Dolto; and writers Philippe Sollers, Alain Robbe-Grillet and Louis Aragon. 'But it rejects such a capacity when the child's emotional and sexual life is concerned. It should acknowledge the right of children and adolescents to have relations with whomever they choose.' 2923:, who used Foucault's theories about the relation between subject, power and sex to question gendered subjects. Butler follows Foucault by saying that there is no "true" gender behind gender identity that constitutes its biological and objective fundament. However, Butler is critical of Foucault, arguing that Foucault "naively" presents bodies and pleasures as a ground for resistance against power without extending his historization of sexuality to gendered subjects/bodies. Foucault has received criticism from other feminists, such as 3120:(GID). For example, during the 1970s, children with behavior that was not considered appropriate for their gender was diagnosed with GID. The treatment then consisted of trying to make the child adapt to the prevailing gender norms. Feder argues that this is an example of power/knowledge since psychiatry, from the "common sense" premise "the world consists of women and men" (a premise which is upheld in this status by power), created a new diagnosis, a new type of subject and a whole body of knowledge surrounding this new subject. 2483:, described the philosopher as "a complex, many-sided character", and that "under one mask there is always another". He also noted that he exhibited an "enormous capacity for work". At the ENS, Foucault's classmates unanimously summed him up as a figure who was both "disconcerting and strange" and "a passionate worker". As he aged, his personality changed: Eribon noted that while he was a "tortured adolescent", post-1960, he had become "a radiant man, relaxed and cheerful", even being described by those who worked with him as a 2796:(life)—power over populations. Biopower primarily rests on norms which are internalized by people, rather than external force. It encourages, strengthens, controls, observes, optimizes and organize the forces below it. Foucault has sometimes described biopower as separate from disciplinary power, but at other times he has described disciplinary power as an expression of biopower. Biopower can use disciplinary techniques, but in contrast to disciplinary power its target is populations rather than individuals. 2773:. Such a prison consists of a circle-formed building where every cell is inhabited by only one prisoner. In every cell there are two windows—one to let in light from outside and one pointing to the middle of the circle-formed building. In this middle there is a tower where a guard can be placed to observe the prisoners. Since the prisoners will never be able to know whether they are being watched or not at a given moment, they will internalize the disciplinary power and regulate their own behavior ( 495: 3167:" is our most brilliant philosopher of power. More originally than any other contemporary thinker, he has attempted to define the historical constraints under which we live, at the same time that he has been anxious to account for—if possible, even to locate—the points at which we might resist those constraints and counter some of the moves of power. In the present climate of cynical disgust with the exercise of political power, Foucault's importance can hardly be exaggerated." 2191:, society of the modern age is symbolized by the conception of sexual discourses and their union with the system of truth. In the "world of perversion", including extramarital affairs, homosexual behavior, and other such sexual promiscuities, Foucault concludes that sexual relations of the kind are constructed around producing the truth. Sex became not only a means of pleasure, but an issue of truth. Sex is what confines one to darkness, but also what brings one to light. 1036:. Obsessed with the idea of self-mutilation and suicide, Foucault attempted the latter several times in ensuing years, praising suicide in later writings. The ENS's doctor examined Foucault's state of mind, suggesting that his suicidal tendencies emerged from the distress surrounding his homosexuality, because same-sex sexual activity was socially taboo in France. At the time, Foucault engaged in homosexual activity with men whom he encountered in the underground Parisian 3448: 3057:, "care for the self" (ἐπιμέλεια ἑαυτοῦ). According to Foucault, among the ancient Greek philosophers, self-awareness was not a goal in itself, but rather something that was sought after in order to "care for oneself". Care for the self consists of what Foucault calls "the art of living" or "technologies of the self". The goal of these techniques was, according to Foucault, to transform oneself into a more ethical person. As an example of this, Foucault mentions 3570: 2804:

extend his kingdom, but during the era of biopower wars have instead been motivated by an ambition to "protect life itself". Similar motivations has also been used for genocide. For example, Nazi Germany motivated its attempt to eradicate Jews, the mentally ill and disabled with the motivation that Jews were "a threat to the German health", and that the money spent on healthcare for mentally ill and disabled people would be better spent on "viable Germans".

3103:, "I think, therefore I am"), and from this "insight" Descartes drew conclusions about God, the world, and knowledge. According to Foucault, since Descartes knowledge has been something separate from ethics. In modern times, Foucault argues, anyone can reach "knowledge", as long as they are rational beings, educated, willing to participate in the scientific community and use a scientific method. Foucault is critical of this "modern" view of knowledge. 51: 1728: 3528: 3375:, that sexual morality is culturally relative. He criticizes Foucault for assuming that there could be societies in which a "problematisation" of the sexual did not occur, concluding that, "No history of thought could show the 'problematisation' of sexual experience to be peculiar to certain specific social formations: it is characteristic of personal experience generally, and therefore of every genuine social order." 1192: 2603:

authority to classify and 'order' knowledge about human populations; the second has been to categorize and 'normalise' human subjects (by identifying madness, illness, physical features, and so on); and the third relates to the manner in which the impulse to fashion sexual identities and train one's own body to engage in routines and practices ends up reproducing certain patterns within a given society.

2270:, before visiting Tehran. His articles expressed awe of Khomeini's Islamist movement, for which he was widely criticised in the French press, including by Iranian expatriates. Foucault's response was that Islamism was to become a major political force in the region, and that the West must treat it with respect rather than hostility. In April 1978, Foucault traveled to Japan, where he studied 2013:. He requested to join, taking up a chair in what he called the "history of systems of thought", and his request was championed by members Dumézil, Hyppolite, and Vuillemin. In November 1969, when an opening became available, Foucault was elected to the Collège, though with opposition by a large minority. He gave his inaugural lecture in December 1970, which was subsequently published as 3542: 2187:

may differ from other sociologists before and after him, his work with truth in relation to power structures, such as sexuality, has left a profound mark on social science theory. In his work, he examines the heightened curiosity regarding sexuality that induced a "world of perversion" during the elite, capitalist 18th and 19th century in the western world. According to Foucault in

873:, where he set up his own practice. He married Anne Malapert, the daughter of prosperous surgeon Dr. Prosper Malapert, who owned a private practice and taught anatomy at the University of Poitiers' School of Medicine. Paul Foucault eventually took over his father-in-law's medical practice, while Anne took charge of their large mid-19th-century house, Le Piroir, in the village of 1871:

students. The police came into the university, beat up the students, wounded several of them seriously, and started making arrests ... I have to say that I was tremendously impressed by those young men and women who took terrible risks by writing or distributing tracts or calling for strikes, the ones who really risked losing their freedom! It was a political experience for me.

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being enabled and when they are being oppressed by the current norms and institutions, finding ways to reduce limitations on freedom, resist normalization and develop new and different way of relating to oneself and others. Foucault argues that it is impossible to go beyond power relations, but that it is always possible to navigate power relations in a different way.

3514: 2405:. Little was known of the virus at the time; the first cases had only been identified in 1980. Foucault initially referred to AIDS as a "dreamed-up disease". In summer 1983, he developed a persistent dry cough, which concerned friends in Paris, but Foucault insisted it was just a pulmonary infection. Only when hospitalized was Foucault correctly diagnosed as being 3489:), asserted that "Foucault's discourse is a mirror of the powers it describes." Since "it is possible at last to talk with such definitive understanding about power, sexuality, the body, and discipline it is because at some point all this is here and now over with." Therefore, with "the coincidence between this new version of power and the new version of 2736:, a characteristic for sovereign power is that the sovereign has the right to take life, wealth, services, labor and products. The sovereign has a right to subtract—to take life, to enslave life, etc.—but not the right to control life in the way that later happens in disciplinary systems of power. According to Taylor, the form of power that the philosopher 3018:

the aspects of how power has shaped peoples' way of being, thinking and acting are described in the books where Foucault deals with disciplinary power and the history of sexuality. However, May argues, there will always be aspects of peoples' formation that will be unknown to them, hence the constant necessity for the type of analyses that Foucault did.

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militant leftist students from being arrested and tortured for their role in the agitation. He hid their printing press in his garden, and tried to testify on their behalf at their trials, but was prevented when the trials became closed-door events. While in Tunis, Foucault continued to write. Inspired by a correspondence with the surrealist artist

2069:, and Foucault suggested that they establish committees across France to collect news and distribute the paper, and advocated a column known as the "Chronicle of the Workers' Memory" to allow workers to express their opinions. Foucault wanted an active journalistic role in the paper, but this proved untenable, and he soon became disillusioned with 2904:

completely free from power, and that there is simply no "natural" sexuality. Power always involves a dimension of resistance, and therefore also a possibility for change. Although Foucault considers it impossible to step outside of power-networks, it is always possible to change these networks or navigate them differently.

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given activity, of any segment of culture, as the development of rationality or of freedom; do not use any philosophical vocabulary to characterize the essence of such activity or the goal it serves; do not assume that the way this activity is presently conducted gives any clue to the goals it served in the past".

1853:. Although initially accepting this description, Foucault soon vehemently rejected it, because he "never posited a universal theory of discourse, but rather sought to describe the historical forms taken by discoursive practices". Foucault and Sartre regularly criticised one another in the press. Both Sartre and 2973:

creates a force that extends beyond societal institutions and could be found in social and formal fields such as health care systems, education and law enforcement. The formation of these fields may seem to contribute to social development; however, Foucault warns against discourses' harmful aspects on society.

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own behavior as if they were always watched, (3) the surveillance makes it possible to create extensive documentation about each prisoner and their behavior. According to Foucault the panopticon has been used as a model also for other disciplinary institutions, such as mental asylums in the 19th century.

1708:, commuting to the city every week from Paris, where he lived in a high-rise block on the rue du Dr Finlay. Responsible for teaching psychology, which was subsumed within the philosophy department, he was considered a "fascinating" but "rather traditional" teacher at Clermont. The department was run by 3326:

harshly criticized Foucault in 1998. Although Wehler recognizes that Foucault has highlighted some problems of modernity that until then had been removed or completely ignored, he regards the latter as a bad philosopher who wrongfully received a good response by the humanities and by social sciences.

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A prominent critique of Foucault's thought concerns his refusal to propose positive solutions to the social and political issues that he critiques. Since no human relation is devoid of power, freedom becomes elusive—even as an ideal. This stance which critiques normativity as socially constructed and

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they were constantly being watched). Foucault says this construction (1) creates an individuality by separating prisoners from each other in the physical room, (2) since the prisoners cannot know if they are being watched at any given moment, they internalize the disciplinary power and regulate their

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Disciplinary power has according to Foucault been especially successful due to its usage of three technologies: hierarchical observation, normalizing judgement and exams. By hierarchical observation, the bodies become constantly visible to the power. The observation is hierarchical since there is not

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change in some way. According to Richard A. Lynch, the purpose of Foucault's work on power is to increase peoples' awareness of how power has shaped their way of being, thinking and acting, and by increasing this awareness making it possible for them to change their way of being, thinking and acting.

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concentrates on the relation between truth and sex. He defines truth as a system of ordered procedures for the production, distribution, regulation, circulation, and operation of statements. Through this system of truth, power structures are created and enforced. Though Foucault's definition of truth

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on the outskirts of Paris. A group of prominent academics were asked to select teachers to run the centre's departments, and Canguilheim recommended Foucault as head of the Philosophy Department. Becoming a tenured professor of Vincennes, Foucault's desire was to obtain "the best in French philosophy

1823:. Exploring how man came to be an object of knowledge, it argued that all periods of history have possessed certain underlying conditions of truth that constituted what was acceptable as scientific discourse. Foucault argues that these conditions of discourse have changed over time, from one period's 3017:

defines Foucault's concept of freedom as: that which we can do of ourselves within our specific historical context. A condition for this, according to Foucault, is that we are aware of our situation and how it has been created/affected (and is still being affected) by power. According to May, two of

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During the 19th century, slums were increasing in number and size across the western world. Criminality, illness, alcoholism and prostitution was common in these areas, and the middle class considered the people who lived in these slums as "unmoral" and "lazy". The middle class also feared that this

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Later in his life, Foucault explained that his work was less about analyzing power as a phenomenon than about trying to characterize the different ways in which contemporary society has expressed the use of power to "objectivise subjects". These have taken three broad forms: one involving scientific

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noted that overall, Foucault's work was "dark and pessimistic". Though it does, however, leave some room for optimism, in that it illustrates how the discipline of philosophy can be used to highlight areas of domination. In doing so, as Stokes claimed, the ways in which we are being dominated become

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lived". His lectures at the university proved very popular, and were well attended. Although many young students were enthusiastic about his teaching, they were critical of what they believed to be his right-wing political views, viewing him as a "representative of Gaullist technocracy", even though

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cultural attaché. Like France and Sweden, Poland legally tolerated but socially frowned on homosexual activity, and Foucault undertook relationships with a number of men; one was with a Polish security agent who hoped to trap Foucault in an embarrassing situation, which therefore would reflect badly

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and Pierre-Maxime Schuhl to gain entry. Of the hundred students entering the ENS, Foucault ranked fourth based on his entry results, and encountered the highly competitive nature of the institution. Like most of his classmates, he lived in the school's communal dormitories on the Parisian Rue d'Ulm.

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Foucault describes two types of "knowledge": "savoir" and "connaissance", two French terms that both can be translated as "knowledge" but with separate meanings for Foucault. By "savoir" Foucault is referring to a process where subjects are created, while at the same time these subjects also become

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as "critique". For Foucault there are no "good" and "bad" forms of subjectivity, since they are all a result of power relations. In the same way, Foucault argues there are no "good" and "bad" norms. All norms and institutions are at the same time enabling as they are oppressing. Therefore, Foucault

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that does not require physical force. He identifies its production as "controlled, selected, organized and redistributed by a certain number of procedures", which are driven by individuals' aspiration of knowledge to create "rules" and "systems" that translate into social codes. Moreover, discourse

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Biopower studies populations regarding (for example) number of births, life expectancy, public health, housing, migration, crime, which social groups are over-represented in deviations from the norm (regarding health, crime, etc.) and tries to adjust, control or eliminate these norm deviations. One

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With "sovereign power" Foucault alludes to a power structure that is similar to a pyramid, where one person or a group of people (at the top of the pyramid) holds the power, while the "normal" (and oppressed) people are at the bottom of the pyramid. In the middle parts of the pyramid are the people

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I lived for two and a half years. It made a real impression. I was present for large, violent student riots that preceded by several weeks what happened in May in France. This was March 1968. The unrest lasted a whole year: strikes, courses suspended, arrests. And in March, a general strike by the

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he was appointed a Reader in French language and literature, while simultaneously working as director of the Maison de France, thus opening the possibility of a cultural-diplomatic career. Although finding it difficult to adjust to the "Nordic gloom" and long winters, he developed close friendships

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Over the following few years, Foucault embarked on a variety of research and teaching jobs. From 1951 to 1955, he worked as a psychology instructor at the ENS at Althusser's invitation. In Paris, he shared a flat with his brother, who was training to become a surgeon, but for three days in the week

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I wasn't always smart, I was actually very stupid in school ... here was a boy who was very attractive who was even stupider than I was. And to ingratiate myself with this boy who was very beautiful, I began to do his homework for him—and that's how I became smart, I had to do all this work to just

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of the present" shows that peoples' current "being" is in fact a historically contingent, unstable and changeable construction. Foucault emphasizes that since the current way of being is not a necessity, it is also possible to change it. Critique also includes investigating how and when people are

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In historical absolute monarchies, crimes had been considered a personal offense against the sovereign and his/her power. The punishment was often public and spectacular, partly to deter others from committing crimes, but also to reinstate the sovereign's power. This was however both expensive and

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According to Foucault, force relations are constantly changing, constantly interacting with other force relations which may weaken, strengthen or change one another. Foucault writes that power always includes resistance, which means there is always a possibility that power and force relations will

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noted that while the book exhibited "erudition and evident intelligence", it lacked the "kind of fire and flair" which Foucault exhibited in subsequent works. It was largely critically ignored, receiving only one review at the time. Foucault grew to despise it, unsuccessfully attempting to prevent

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In later life, Foucault revealed very little about his childhood. Describing himself as a "juvenile delinquent", he said his father was a "bully" who sternly punished him. In 1930, two years early, Foucault began his schooling at the local Lycée Henry-IV. There he undertook two years of elementary

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wouldn't only be prisons, but would be used for experiments where the criminals' behaviour would be studied. Power/knowledge thus refers to forms of power where the power compares individuals, measures differences, establishes a norm and then forces this norm unto the subjects. This is especially

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Sciences such as psychiatry, biology, medicine, economics, psychoanalysis, psychology, sociology, ethnology, pedagogy and criminology have all categorized behaviors as rational, irrational, normal, abnormal, human, inhuman, etc. By doing so, they have all created various types of subjectivity and

2959:

was previously considered a serious sexual deviation, but a temporary one. Homosexuality, however, became a "species", a past, a childhood and a type of life. "Homosexuals" have by the same power that created this subjectivity been discriminated against, due to homosexuality being considered as a

2803:

In the era of biopower, death has become a scandal and a catastrophe, but despite this biopower has according to Foucault killed more people than any other form of power has ever done before it. Under sovereign power, the sovereign king could kill people to exert his power or start wars simply to

2748:

What Foucault calls "disciplinary power" aims to use bodies' skills as effectively as possible. The more useful the body becomes, the more obedient it also has to become. The purpose of this is not only to use the bodies' skills, but also prevent these skills from being used to revolt against the

1413:

historian of science there, remained unimpressed, asserting that it was full of speculative generalisations and was a poor work of history; he refused to allow Foucault to be awarded a doctorate at Uppsala. In part because of this rejection, Foucault left Sweden. Later, Foucault admitted that the

3317:

As far as I can see, all he has to offer are brilliant redescriptions of the past, supplemented by helpful hints on how to avoid being trapped by old historiographical assumptions. These hints consist largely of saying: "do not look for progress or meaning in history; do not see the history of a

3021:

Foucault argues that the forces that have affected people can be changed; people always have the capacity to change the factors that limit their freedom. Freedom is thus not a state of being, but a practice—a way of being in relation to oneself, to others and to the world. According to Todd May,

2854:

According to Foucault, the body is not something objective that stands outside history and culture. Instead, Foucault argues, the body has been and is continuously shaped by society and history—by work, diet, body ideals, exercise, medical interventions, etc. Foucault presents no "theory" of the

2761:

during the 19th century, when the psychiatrist was not the only observer, but also nurses and auxiliary staff. From these observations and scientific discourses, a norm is established and used to judge the observed bodies. For the disciplinary power to continue to exist, this judgement has to be

2579:

The theme that underlies all Foucault's work is the relationship between power and knowledge, and how the former is used to control and define the latter. What authorities claim as 'scientific knowledge' are really just means of social control. Foucault shows how, for instance, in the eighteenth

3065:

activity of contemplating past and future actions and evaluating if these actions are in line with one's values and goals, and "contemplation of nature". Contemplation of nature is another stoic activity, that consists of reflecting on how "small" one's existence is when compared to the greater

2698:

defines Foucault's concept of "force relation" as "whatever in one's social interactions that pushes, urges or compels one to do something". According to Foucault, force relations are an effect of difference, inequality or unbalance that exists in other forms of relationships (such as sexual or

2660:

Foucault is generally critical of "theories" that try to give absolute answers to "everything". Therefore, he considered his own "theory" of power to be closer to a method than a typical "theory". According to Foucault, most people misunderstand power. For this reason, he makes clear that power

1909:

Foucault was in Tunis during the anti-government and pro-Palestinian riots that rocked the city in June 1967, and which continued for a year. Although highly critical of the violent, ultra-nationalistic and anti-semitic nature of many protesters, he used his status to try to prevent some of his

1687:

noted that it was not a conventional work of history, making sweeping generalisations without sufficient particular argument, and that Foucault clearly "thinks in allegories". They all agreed however that the overall project was of merit, awarding Foucault his doctorate "despite reservations".

2985:

According to Foucault, subjectivity is not necessarily something that is forced upon people externally—it is also something that is established in a person's relation to themselves. This can, for example, happen when a person is trying to "find themselves" or "be themselves", something Edward

1349:

who, like himself, had a deep obsession with suicide, eventually killing herself. In 1954, Foucault authored an introduction to Binswanger's paper "Dream and Existence", in which he argued that dreams constituted "the birth of the world" or "the heart laid bare", expressing the mind's deepest

2954:

Foucault considered his primary project to be the investigation of how people through history have been made into "subjects". Subjectivity, for Foucault, is not a state of being, but a practice—an active "being". According to Foucault, "the subject" has, by western philosophers, usually been

2907:

According to Foucault, the body is not only an "obedient and passive object" that is dominated by discourses and power. The body is also the "seed" to resistance against dominant discourses and power techniques. The body is never fully compliant, and experiences can never fully be reduced to

2615:, published in 1963 and translated in English in 1986, is Foucault's only book-length work on literature. He described it as "by far the book I wrote most easily, with the greatest pleasure, and most rapidly". Foucault explores theory, criticism, and psychology with reference to the texts of 2934:

Johanna Oksala argues that Foucault, by saying that sex/sexuality are constructed, doesn't deny the existence of sexuality. Oksala also argues that the goal of critical theories such as Foucault's is not to liberate the body and sexuality from oppression, but rather to question and deny the

2903:

a result of cultural and power mechanisms. To "liberate" sexuality from one group of norms only means that another group of norms takes its place. This, however, does not mean that Foucault considers resistance to be futile. What Foucault argues for is rather that it is impossible to become

2213:

Foucault remained a political activist, focusing on protesting government abuses of human rights around the world. He was a key player in the 1975 protests against the Spanish government who were set to execute 11 militants sentenced to death without fair trial. It was his idea to travel to

2752:

Disciplinary power has "individuals" as its object, target and instrument. According to Foucault, "individual" is however a construct created by disciplinary power. The disciplinary power's techniques create a "rational self-control", which in practice means that the disciplinary power is

877:. Together the couple had three children—a girl named Francine and two boys, Paul-Michel and Denys—who all shared the same fair hair and bright blue eyes. The children were raised to be nominal Catholics, attending mass at the Church of Saint-Porchair, and while Michel briefly became an 2895:, and that "sex" is a pseudo-scientific idea. For Foucault the idea of a natural, biologically grounded and fundamental sexuality is a normative historical construct that has also been used as an instrument of power. By describing sex as the biological and fundamental cause to peoples' 3432:

One of Foucault's claims regarding the subjectivity of the self has been disputed. Opposing Foucault's view of subjectivity, Terje Sparby, Friedrich Edelhäuser, and Ulrich W. Weger argue that other factors, such as biological, environmental, and cultural are explanations for the self.

3335:. In all, Wehler concludes that Foucault is "because of the endless series of flaws in his so-called empirical studies ... an intellectually dishonest ('intellektuell unredlicher') empirically absolutely unreliable ('empirisch absolut unzuverlaessiger'), crypto-normativist seducer (' 2967:

According to Foucault, scientific discourses have played an important role in the disciplinary power system, by classifying and categorizing people, observing their behavior and "treating" them when their behavior has been considered "abnormal". He defines discourse as a form of

2627:" in 1969, later published in full. According to literary theoretician Kornelije Kvas, for Foucault, "denying the existence of a historical author on account of his/her irrelevance for interpretation is absurd, for the author is a function of the text that organizes its sense". 2960:

deviation from the "normal" sexuality. However, Foucault argues, the creation of a subjectivity such as "homosexuality" does not only have negative consequences for the people who are subjectivised—subjectivity of homosexuality has also led to the creation of gay bars and the

1973:

Lectures began at the university in January 1969, and straight away its students and staff, including Foucault, were involved in occupations and clashes with police, resulting in arrests. In February, Foucault gave a speech denouncing police provocation to protesters at the

2557:, he became further disillusioned with communist ideology. As a result, in the early 1960s, Foucault was considered to be "violently anticommunist" by some of his detractors, even though he was involved in leftist campaigns along with most of his students and colleagues. 3424:, while acknowledging that Foucault contributed to give a right of citizenship in cultural life to certain marginal and eccentric experiences (of sexuality, of cultural repression, of madness), asserts that his radical critique of authority was detrimental to education. 2874:, Foucault shows how power and the body are tied together, for example by the disciplinary power primarily focusing on individual bodies and their behavior. Foucault argues that power, by manipulating bodies/behavior, also manipulates people's minds. Foucault turns the 3347:

Though American feminists have built on Foucault's critiques of the historical construction of gender roles and sexuality, some feminists note the limitations of the masculinist subjectivity and ethical orientation that he describes. A related issue raised by scholars

1986:

oriented, although Foucault himself gave courses on Nietzsche, "The end of Metaphysics", and "The Discourse of Sexuality", which were highly popular and over-subscribed. While the right-wing press was heavily critical of this new institution, new Minister of Education

2047:) in 1975, offering a history of the system in western Europe. In it, Foucault examines the penal evolution away from corporal and capital punishment to the penitentiary system that began in Europe and the United States around the end of the 18th century. Biographer 8704: 3035:

argues, it is always crucial to continue with the practice of "critique". Critique is for Foucault a practice that searches for the processes and events that led to our way of being—a questioning of who we "are" and how this "we" came to be. Such a "critical

3352:

and Kathryn Yusoff is the almost complete absence of any discussion of race in his writings. Yusoff (2018, p. 211) says "Povinelli draws our attention to the provinciality of Foucault's project in its conceptualization of a Western European genealogy".

2144:

was a best-seller in France and gained positive press, but lukewarm intellectual interest, something that upset Foucault, who felt that many misunderstood his hypothesis. He soon became dissatisfied with Gallimard after being offended by senior staff member

1570:, although the university's regulations for awarding a State doctorate required the submission of both his main thesis and a shorter complementary thesis. Obtaining a doctorate in France at the period was a multi-step process. The first step was to obtain a 1270:. Later describing Nietzsche's work as "a revelation", he felt that reading the book deeply affected him, being a watershed moment in his life. Foucault subsequently experienced another groundbreaking self-revelation when watching a Parisian performance of 3147:

among a large quantity of French philosophers, the compilation's author commenting that "What this says of modern scholarship is for the reader to decide—and it is imagined that judgments will vary from admiration to despair, depending on one's view".

2729:

ineffective—it led far too often to people sympathizing with the criminal. In modern times, when disciplinary power is dominant, criminals are instead subjected to various disciplinary techniques to "remold" the criminal into a "law abiding citizen".

1396:

with two Frenchmen, biochemist Jean-François Miquel and physicist Jacques Papet-Lépine, and entered into romantic and sexual relationships with various men. In Uppsala he became known for his heavy alcohol consumption and reckless driving in his new

2202:

There exists an international citizenry that has its rights, and has its duties, and that is committed to rise up against every abuse of power, no matter who the author, no matter who the victims. After all, we are all ruled, and as such, we are in

2140:), a short book exploring what Foucault called the "repressive hypothesis". It revolved largely around the concept of power, rejecting both Marxist and Freudian theory. Foucault intended it as the first in a seven-volume exploration of the subject. 2867:. Foucault was critical of all purely biological explanations of phenomena such as sexuality, madness and criminality. Further, Foucault argues, that the body is not sufficient as a basis for self-understanding and understanding of others. 1173: 1720:, a senior figure in the Communist Party. Foucault made life at the university difficult for Garaudy, leading the latter to transfer to Poitiers. Foucault also caused controversy by securing a university job for his lover, the philosopher 8807: 2397:, engaging in unprotected sex. He praised sado-masochistic activity in interviews with the gay press, describing it as "the real creation of new possibilities of pleasure, which people had no idea about previously". Foucault contracted 3501:

not accidental: it's simply that in Foucault power takes the place of desire That is why there is no desire in Foucault: its place is already taken When power blends into desire and desire blends into power, let's forget them both."

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better understood, so that we may strive to build social structures that minimise this risk of domination. In all of this development there had to be close attention to detail; it is the detail which eventually individualizes people.

861:

family. Family tradition prescribed naming him after his father, Paul Foucault (1893–1959), but his mother insisted on the addition of Michel; referred to as Paul at school, he expressed a preference for "Michel" throughout his life.

8799: 1991:

was angered by its ideological bent and the lack of exams, with students being awarded degrees in a haphazard manner. He refused national accreditation of the department's degrees, resulting in a public rebuttal from Foucault.

3199:, hierarchies may be uncovered and questioned by way of analyzing the corresponding fields of knowledge through which they are legitimated. This is one of the ways that Foucault's work is linked to critical theory. His work 1358:), in which he exhibited his influence from both Marxist and Heideggerian thought, covering a wide range of subject matter from the reflex psychology of Pavlov to the classic psychoanalysis of Freud. Referencing the work of 2986:

McGushin describes as a typical modern activity. In this quest for the "true self", the self is established in two levels: as a passive object (the "true self" that is searched for) and as an active "searcher". The ancient

2908:

linguistic descriptions. There is always a possibility to experience something that is not possible to describe with words, and in this discrepancy there is also a possibility for resistance against dominant discourses.

3296:

who argues that "Foucault's critique encompasses traditional moral systems, he denies himself by recourse to concepts such as 'freedom' and 'justice', and therefore lacks the ability to generate positive alternatives."

3128:

Foucault's works have exercised a powerful influence over numerous humanistic and social scientific disciplines as one of the most influential and controversial scholars of the post-World War II period. According to a

1404:

library, making use of their Bibliotheca Walleriana collection of texts on the history of medicine for his ongoing research. Finishing his doctoral thesis, Foucault hoped that Uppsala University would accept it, but

1011:

He remained largely unpopular, spending much time alone, reading voraciously. His fellow students noted his love of violence and the macabre; he decorated his bedroom with images of torture and war drawn during the

895:, where he stayed until 1936. Afterwards, he took his first four years of secondary education at the same establishment, excelling in French, Greek, Latin, and history, though doing poorly at mathematics, including 2828:

had committed crimes against his own population. Taylor means that in modern times, war has to be "concealed" under a rhetoric of humanitarian aid, despite the fact that these wars often cause humanitarian crises.

2703:

By looking at power as something which reaches further than the influence of single people or groups. Even if individuals and groups try to influence fashion, for example, their actions will often get unexpected

1671:. Largely consisting of Foucault's discussion of textual dating—an "archaeology of the Kantian text"—he rounded off the thesis with an evocation of Nietzsche, his biggest philosophical influence. This work's 2643:. The empirical analyses concern themselves with historical (and modern) forms of power and how these emerged from previous forms of power. Foucault describes three types of power in his empirical analyses: 6524:" the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes and Jean-François Lyotard." Michael D. Waggoner (2011). 1897:, where fellow academic Gérard Deledalle lived with his wife. Soon after his arrival, Foucault announced that Tunisia was "blessed by history", a nation which "deserves to live forever because it was where 3261:, argued that "Foucault's obsessive analysis of everything through a quasi-Marxist lens of power relations diminished almost everything in society into a transactional, punitive and meaningless dystopia". 2845:

and his theory of natural selection. According to Galton, society was preventing natural selection by helping "the weak", thus causing a spread of the "negative qualities" into the rest of the population.

2058:

campaigns; in November 1971, he was a leading figure in protests following the perceived racist killing of Arab migrant Djellali Ben Ali. In this he worked alongside his old rival Sartre, the journalist

1675:

was Foucault's old tutor and then-director of the ENS, Hyppolite, who was well acquainted with German philosophy. After both theses were championed and reviewed, he underwent his public defense of his

1400:. In spring 1956 Barraqué broke from his relationship with Foucault, announcing that he wanted to leave the "vertigo of madness". In Uppsala, Foucault spent much of his spare time in the university's 1788:, as it considered the ways in which the history of medicine and hospitals, and the training that those working within them receive, bring about a particular way of looking at the body: the 'medical 1861:", while Foucault retaliated against their Marxist beliefs by proclaiming that "Marxism exists in nineteenth-century thought as a fish exists in water; that is, it ceases to breathe anywhere else." 1229:. Undertaking research at the psychiatric institute of the Sainte-Anne Hospital, he became an unofficial intern, studying the relationship between doctor and patient and aiding experiments in the 1073: 951:. Rejecting his father's wishes that he become a surgeon, in 1945 Foucault went to Paris, where he enrolled in one of the country's most prestigious secondary schools, which was also known as the 6325:

I'd told him about it in 1981 when I was visiting, and he laughed at me and said, 'This is some new piece of American Puritanism. You've dreamed up a disease that punishes only gays and blacks?'

1327:

I belong to that generation who, as students, had before their eyes, and were limited by, a horizon consisting of Marxism, phenomenology and existentialism. For me the break was first Beckett's

3141:

were among the 25 most cited books in the social sciences of all time, at just over 100,000 citations. In 2007, Foucault was listed as the single most cited scholar in the humanities by the

1429:'s Centre Français. Foucault found life in Poland difficult due to the lack of material goods and services following the destruction of the Second World War. Witnessing the aftermath of the 2580:

century 'madness' was used to categorize and stigmatize not just the mentally ill but the poor, the sick, the homeless and, indeed, anyone whose expressions of individuality were unwelcome.

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and queer theory, particularly the work of the major Feminist scholar Judith Butler due to his theories regarding the genealogy of maleness and femaleness, power, sexuality, and bodies.

927:. Although he later described his years there as an "ordeal", Foucault excelled academically, particularly in philosophy, history, and literature. In 1942 he entered his final year, the 13612: 8879: 1792:'. Foucault was also selected to be among the "Eighteen Man Commission" that assembled between November 1963 and March 1964 to discuss university reforms that were to be implemented by 8823: 8783: 2824:

administrations did not find any evidence to support either of these theories, the motivation for the war was changed. In the new motivation, the cause of the war was said to be that

2833:

underclass sooner or later would "take over" because the population growth was greater in these slums than it was in the middle class. This fear gave rise to the scientific study of

13617: 8903: 7416: 5844: 7491: 2526:

Politically, Foucault was a leftist throughout much of his life, though his particular stance within the left often changed. In the early 1950s, while never adopting an orthodox

1178: 8767: 2946:, saying that "to assume that a child is incapable of explaining what happened and was incapable of giving his consent are two abuses that are intolerable, quite unacceptable." 8895: 5834:

bounced off the stars, which glowed like incandescent pinballs. Foucault turned to Michael and said this is the first time he really understood what Stockhausen had achieved".

2691:

forms of power. Foucault also claims that a liberal definition of power has effectively hidden other forms of power to the extent that people have uncritically accepted them.

1455: 1445:, and thought that the system ran "badly". Considering the university a liberal enclave, he traveled the country giving lectures; proving popular, he adopted the position of 285: 8720: 1161: 8744: 2942:, calling for the lowering of the homosexual age of consent from 21 to 15 to match with the heterosexual one. In a 1978 broadcast, Foucault argued that children could give 1495:

is not an easy text to read, and it defies attempts to summarise its contents. Foucault refers to a bewildering variety of sources, ranging from well-known authors such as

8267: 2227: 1978:. Such actions marked Foucault's embrace of the ultra-left, undoubtedly influenced by Defert, who had gained a job at Vincennes' sociology department and who had become a 1829:

to another. Although designed for a specialist audience, the work gained media attention, becoming a surprise bestseller in France. Appearing at the height of interest in

1135:. He left the Communist Party in 1953, but remained Althusser's friend and defender for the rest of his life. Although failing at the first attempt in 1950, he passed his 941: 3852:

Burrell, Gibson (17 February 1998). "Modernism, Postmodernism, and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Michel Foucault". In McKinlay, Alan; Starkey, Ken (eds.).

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movement during the 1960s; Foucault took a mixed approach to this, associating with a number of anti-psychiatrists but arguing that most of them misunderstood his work.

8791: 1780:. Shorter than its predecessor, it focused on the changes that the medical establishment underwent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Like his preceding work, 730:), where he earned degrees in philosophy and psychology. After several years as a cultural diplomat abroad, he returned to France and published his first major book, 8927: 639:

without limits on himself. His thought has influenced academics within a large number of contrasting areas of study, with this especially including those working in

7116:

And to assume that a child is incapable of explaining what happened and was incapable of giving his consent are two abuses that are intolerable, quite unacceptable.

1293:. Enamoured of Blanchot's literary style and critical theories, in later works he adopted Blanchot's technique of "interviewing" himself. Foucault also came across 752:(1966), publications that displayed his increasing involvement with structuralism, from which he later distanced himself. These first three histories exemplified a 8911: 8847: 1805: 2534:, leaving the party after three years as he expressed disgust in the prejudice within its ranks against Jews and homosexuals. After spending some time working in 6574: 2575:

summarized the philosopher's thought as "a long exploration of transgression, of going beyond social limits, always inseparably linked to knowledge and power".

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In the early 1950s, Foucault came under the influence of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who remained a core influence on his work throughout his life.

985:

keep ahead of him a little bit, to help him. In a sense, all the rest of my life I've been trying to do intellectual things that would attract beautiful boys.

10340: 8815: 8752: 2939: 7057:[An open letter to the Penal Code Revision Commission for the revision of certain texts governing relations between adults and minors] (in French). 1307:, Foucault admired Broch's text for its portrayal of death as an affirmation of life. The couple took a mutual interest in the work of such authors as the 13627: 13622: 8855: 1345:, Foucault aided family friend Jacqueline Verdeaux in translating his works into French. Foucault was particularly interested in Binswanger's studies of 13432: 8190: 5804: 3216:

Foucault's discussions of the relationship between power and knowledge has influenced postcolonial critiques in explaining the discursive formation of

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with six others to give a press conference there; they were subsequently arrested and deported back to Paris. In 1977, he protested the extradition of

8698: 3309:

has argued that Foucault's "archaeology of knowledge" is fundamentally negative, and thus fails to adequately establish any "new" theory of knowledge

12432: 8831: 8736: 8728: 5376: 2510:

described him as having possessed "a profound kindness and goodness", also exhibiting an "intelligence literally knew no bounds". His life-partner

12479: 2916: 1594:. In 1964, a heavily abridged version was published as a mass market paperback, then translated into English for publication the following year as 1925:

In 1968, Foucault returned to Paris, moving into an apartment on the Rue de Vaugirard. After the May 1968 student protests, Minister of Education

8775: 3051:

As an alternative to the modern "search" for the "true self", and as a part of "the work of freedom", Foucault discusses the antique Greek term

2441:

ceremony was held, in which the coffin was carried from the hospital morgue. Hundreds attended, including activists and academic friends, while

1683:) on 20 May 1961. The academics responsible for reviewing his work were concerned about the unconventional nature of his major thesis; reviewer 1450:

on the French embassy. Wracked in diplomatic scandal, he was ordered to leave Poland for a new destination. Various positions were available in

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A group of institutions and/or mechanisms whose aim it is for a citizen to obey and yield to the state (a typical liberal definition of power);

7055:"Lettre ouverte à la Commission de révision du code pénal pour la révision de certains textes régissant les rapports entre adultes et mineurs" 6022:"Mark G.E. Kelly, Foucault's History of Sexuality Volume I; The Will to Knowledge (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013), vi–ix, 1–150" 2084:, California, and later wrote "it was the greatest experience of his life, and that it profoundly changed his life and his work". In front of 13607: 13442: 13647: 1503:

to archival documents and forgotten figures in the history of medicine and psychiatry. His erudition derives from years pondering, to cite

7692:

Ashenden, S., & Owen, D. (Eds.). (1999). Foucault contra Habermas: Recasting the dialogue between genealogy and critical theory. Sage.

3378:

Foucault's approach to sexuality, which he sees as socially constructed, has become influential in queer theory. Foucault's resistance to

2891:

has tried to exert itself as a "science" by referring to the material (the body). In contrast to this, Foucault argues that sexology is a

2812:

was motivated by similar tenets. The motivation was at first that Iraq was thought to have weapons of mass destruction and connections to

1644:. The two remained bitter rivals until reconciling in 1981. In the English-speaking world, the work became a significant influence on the 13597: 9213: 5974:

Heroux, Erick; Foucault, Michel; Faubion, James D.; Hurley, Robert (2001). "Power. Volume 3 of Essential Works of Foucault: 1954–1984".

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Foucault is not critical of considering these phenomena as "power", but claims that these theories of power cannot completely describe

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Large resource site which includes extracts from Foucault's work and a comprehensive bibliography of all of Foucault's work in French

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identities that are posited as "natural" and "essential" by showing how these identities are historical and cultural constructions.

1465:(where he served as director in 1958–1960), teaching the same courses he had given in Uppsala and Warsaw. Spending much time in the 13360: 11561: 2349:, dealt with the "techniques of self" prescribed by ancient Greek pagan morality in relation to sexual ethics, while volume three, 3618: 13587: 13532: 13402: 12169: 11471: 3322:

Foucault has frequently been criticized by historians for what they consider to be a lack of rigor in his analyses. For example,

1797: 1604:

received a mixed reception in France and in foreign journals focusing on French affairs. Although it was critically acclaimed by

2740:

is concerned about, is sovereign power. According to Hobbes, people are "free" so long they are not literally placed in chains.

2465:) and the English- language acronym for the disease. On the second anniversary of Foucault's death, Defert publicly revealed in 1566:

was an expansive work, consisting of 943 pages of text, followed by appendices and a bibliography. Foucault submitted it at the

940:

Returning to the local Lycée Henry-IV, he studied history and philosophy for a year, aided by a personal tutor, the philosopher

13487: 13417: 11590: 9851: 8684: 5886:

In a letter to Wade, dated 16 September 1978, Foucault authorised the book's publication and added: "How could I not love you?"

2329:, and they also took part in large public protests on the issue. Foucault continued to support Solidarity, and with his friend 1667: 1540:(trans. "Madness and Insanity: History of Madness in the Classical Age"), a philosophical work based upon his studies into the 1213:

from 1953 to 1954. Many of his students liked his lecturing style. Meanwhile, he continued working on his thesis, visiting the

975:. These ideas influenced Foucault, who adopted Hyppolite's conviction that philosophy must develop through a study of history. 836:

charity in his memory. It continues to campaign as of 2024 despite the deaths of both Defert (in 2023) and Foucault (in 1984).

3195:, who believe that Foucault's analysis of power structures could aid the struggle against inequality. They claim that through 2285: 13512: 11578: 8415: 8247: 8171: 8152: 8133: 8109: 8085: 8063: 8033: 7883: 7349: 7329: 7309: 7286: 7261: 7191: 7168: 7141: 7042: 7005: 6980: 6947: 6918: 6880: 6835: 6777: 6701: 6043: 5392: 3836: 3633: 2379: 2365: 801:(1976), in which he developed archaeological and genealogical methods that emphasized the role that power plays in society. 13412: 12472: 2222:

to West Germany, and his rib was fractured during clashes with riot police. In July that year, he organised an assembly of

2169:, which he hoped would improve the state of academic research in France. He also produced introductions for the memoirs of 1624:, it was largely ignored by the leftist press, much to Foucault's disappointment. It was notably criticised for advocating 1556:, the later 17th and 18th centuries, and the modern experience. The work alludes to the work of French poet and playwright 3382:, and his rejection of the psychoanalytic concept of "object choice", stand at odds with some theories of queer identity. 2619:, one of the first notable experimental writers. Foucault also gave a lecture responding to Roland Barthes' famous essay " 1047:

Although studying various subjects, Foucault soon gravitated towards philosophy, reading not only Hegel and Marx but also

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as "a very personal book" that resulted from a "love affair" with Roussel's work. It was published in English in 1983 as

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in Tunisia. His decision to do so was largely because his lover, Defert, had been posted to the country as part of his

1712:, who soon developed a friendship with Foucault. Foucault then took Vuillemin's job when the latter was elected to the 322: 7442: 2410: 1210: 269: 13652: 13572: 9062: 8535:

Large resource site, which includes a blog with news related to Foucault research, bibliographies and other resources

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sexual activity. In August 1953, Foucault and Barraqué holidayed in Italy, where the philosopher immersed himself in

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before returning to France, where he became head of the philosophy department at the new experimental university of

13542: 13482: 13462: 12249: 10699: 10410: 10330: 10310: 2409:; treated with antibiotics, he delivered a final set of lectures at the Collège de France. Foucault entered Paris' 1587: 13642: 13567: 13467: 13452: 13447: 13355: 12465: 11205: 11056: 9206: 8863: 8839: 2707:

Even if individuals and groups have a free choice, they are also affected and limited by their context/situation.

2543: 2318: 1434: 1119:. He soon became dissatisfied with the bigotry that he experienced within the party's ranks; he personally faced 5845:"When Michel Foucault Tripped on Acid in Death Valley and Called It "The Greatest Experience of My Life" (1975)" 2313:. But his support soon deteriorated when that party refused to condemn the Polish government's crackdown on the 1460: 290: 13637: 13502: 12406: 12259: 11145: 9082: 9068: 8399: 8383: 8124: 7848:

Downing, Lisa. "The Cambridge Introduction to Michel Foucault". (2008). Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–117

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in 1982, and Berkeley again in 1983, where his lectures drew huge crowds. Foucault spent many evenings in the

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issued a medical bulletin cleared by his family that made no reference to HIV/AIDS. On 29 June, Foucault's

2341:. He continued his academic research, and in June 1984 Gallimard published the second and third volumes of 2338: 2255: 769: 612: 2994:

posited that the "true self" can only be found by going through great hardship and/or danger. The ancient

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announced Foucault's death, mentioning the rumour that it had been brought on by AIDS. The following day,

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was largely critically ignored, but later gained a cult following. It was of interest within the field of

13562: 13552: 13497: 13437: 13202: 13005: 12359: 12354: 12139: 9672: 9152: 8217: 8206: 5384: 3405: 3313:. Rather, Foucault simply provides a few valuable maxims regarding the reading of history. Rorty writes: 3088: 2104: 1943: 1418: 1033: 243: 17: 7666: 1743: 1289: 1111:. Foucault did so in 1950, but never became particularly active in its activities, and never adopted an 13657: 13602: 13547: 13217: 13157: 13010: 11024: 10684: 10553: 9199: 9099: 8919: 3238:

and Soren Kristiansen, who list Goffman as an influence on Foucault. Foucault's writings, particularly

3130: 2353:, explored the same theme in the Greek and Latin texts of the first two centuries CE. A fourth volume, 2077: 1149:

in 1951, focusing on the philosophy of psychology, but he relinquished it after only one year in 1952.

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James Miller, Jim Miller. 1993. The Passion of Michel Foucault. Harvard University Press, pp. 201–203

5734:"The Theatre of Punishment: Case Studies in the Political Function of Corporal and Capital Punishment" 3459: 1735:

Foucault maintained a keen interest in literature, publishing reviews in literary journals, including

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in 1962. In this position, Foucault took a dislike to another staff member whom he considered stupid:

1256:. Together, they tried to produce their greatest work, heavily used recreational drugs and engaged in 920: 13292: 13222: 13083: 11388: 11331: 10916: 10440: 10390: 9320: 8442: 8253:

Garland, David. 1997. "'Governmentality' and the Problem of Crime: Foucalt, Criminology, Sociology".

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to Paris. In 1979, he campaigned for Vietnamese political dissidents to be granted asylum in France.

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In May 1971, Foucault co-founded the Groupe d'Information sur les Prisons (GIP) along with historian

1810: 1749: 1303:, a work that obsessed both him and Barraqué. While the latter attempted to convert the work into an 31: 7857:

Yusoff, K. 2018. The Anthropocene and geographies of geopower. In Mat Coleman and John Agnew (eds.)

7806: 1975: 1657:), written in Hamburg between 1959 and 1960, was a translation and commentary on German philosopher 1214: 13507: 13472: 13422: 13387: 13272: 13078: 12229: 10430: 10380: 10189: 9479: 8975: 8871: 8661: 8609: 8563: 8394: 4882:

A Foucault for the 21st Century: Governmentality, Biopolitics and Discipline in the New Millennium.

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Foucault's work on "biopower" has been widely influential within the disciplines of philosophy and

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Bibliographies and links to bibliographies of, and relating to Foucault, on the Foucault News site

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Thiele, Leslie Paul (1990). "The Agony of Politics: The Nietzschean Roots of Foucault's Thought".

13577: 13152: 12209: 12129: 11546: 11135: 11046: 10510: 9821: 9104: 9074: 8617: 8283: 8262: 8255: 8119: 3254: 3209: 2620: 2499: 2467: 1775: 1371: 1041: 742: 355: 160: 12842: 11943: 10174: 8434: 7365: 5822: 2364:, giving the Howison Lectures on "Truth and Subjectivity", while in November he lectured at the 1383:

Foucault spent the next five years abroad, first in Sweden, working as cultural diplomat at the

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A general and oppressing system where one societal class or group oppresses another (a typical

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responded by founding new universities with greater autonomy. Most prominent of these was the

1838: 1757:. It was written in under two months, published by Gallimard, and was described by biographer 13118: 13030: 13015: 12822: 12602: 11690: 11645: 11456: 11051: 10515: 10505: 10400: 9926: 9881: 9384: 8653: 6525: 6320: 3391: 3336: 2987: 2857: 2595: 2495: 2383: 2109: 2042: 2022: 1384: 791: 644: 317: 233: 176: 11506: 7465: 7417:"What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?" 7203:

Norris, Christopher; Young, Robert (1981). "Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader".

6761: 5073:""Introduction to Kant's Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view" (English translation)" 2911:

Foucault's view of the historical construction of the body has influenced many feminist and

2301:

Although remaining critical of power relations, Foucault expressed cautious support for the

132: 13397: 13392: 12199: 12079: 11848: 11655: 11496: 11423: 11115: 11076: 11061: 10595: 10520: 10320: 9781: 8970: 8965: 8316: 5215: 3285: 1983: 1426: 1262: 1107:, he influenced both Foucault and a number of other students, encouraging them to join the 688: 419: 399: 371: 280: 12757: 12742: 11670: 10119: 9906: 9841: 8288: 7114:(Interview). Interviewed by Hahn, Pierre. Routledge, Chapman & Hall – via Ipce. 7081: 5033: 4977: 4042: 3628:. The History of Continental Philosophy. Vol. 6. Durham, UK: Acumen. pp. 19–46. 3155:, Foucault's "detailed historical remarks on the emergence of disciplinary and regulatory 2334: 2010: 1955: 1713: 774: 714:, where he developed an interest in philosophy and came under the influence of his tutors 312: 8: 13182: 13042: 12877: 12837: 12389: 12269: 12239: 12159: 11685: 11625: 10946: 10866: 10360: 9921: 9866: 9786: 9728: 9611: 9506: 9236: 9015: 8692: 8631: 7496: 7252:

McGushin, E. (2011) Foucault's theory and practice of subjectivity. In Taylor, D. (red.)

3349: 3243: 2991: 2624: 2450: 2406: 2369: 2290: 2247: 2238: 2033: 2029: 1882: 1818: 1765:. Receiving few reviews, it was largely ignored. That same year he published a sequel to 1637: 1567: 1541: 1299: 1267: 874: 854: 760: 748: 727: 723: 431: 327: 168: 120: 12847: 12747: 11433: 8439:

Philosophy in Turbulent Times: Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault, Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida

7763: 6511:"If I were not a total atheist, I would be a monk ... a good monk." David Macey (2004). 4106: 3804:

Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning

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Foucault, Michael; Hocquenghem, Guy; Danet, Jean (1988) . Kritzman, Lawrence D. (ed.).

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contingent, but which relies on an implicit norm to mount the critique led philosopher

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According to Foucault, the "formula" for disciplinary power can be seen in philosopher

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Taylor, D. (2011) Introduction: Power, freedom and subjectivity. Ur Taylor, D. (red.)

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Foucault, Management and Organization Theory: From Panopticon to Technologies of Self

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Artières, Philippe, Jean-François Bert, Frédéric Gros, and Judith Revel, eds. 2011.

5805:"Blowing The Philosopher's Fuses: Michel Foucault's LSD Trip in The Valley of Death" 4603: 4583: 4278: 3096: 2999: 2487:. He noted that in 1969, Foucault embodied the idea of "the militant intellectual". 2112:. According to Wade, as soon as he came back to Paris, Foucault scrapped the second 2051:

described it as "perhaps the finest" of Foucault's works, and it was well received.

1641: 1640:. Responding with a vicious retort, Foucault criticised Derrida's interpretation of 1552:. Foucault traces the evolution of the concept of madness through three phases: the 1363: 1088:) in Philosophy in 1949. His DES thesis under the direction of Hyppolite was titled 952: 703: 12958: 12917: 12887: 12862: 12787: 12712: 12687: 12657: 12572: 12547: 12542: 12527: 12369: 12299: 12069: 11988: 11983: 11908: 11883: 11828: 11818: 11808: 11778: 11758: 11748: 11615: 11610: 11568: 11511: 11308: 10991: 10986: 10961: 10906: 10881: 10525: 10199: 10159: 10149: 10099: 10084: 10074: 10034: 9994: 9984: 9861: 9831: 9791: 9677: 9513: 9491: 9281: 9271: 9125: 9114: 9025: 8429:

Toward a Global Thin Community: Nietzsche, Foucault and the Cosmopolitan Commitment

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a single observer, but rather so a "hierarchy" of observers. An example of this is

2680: 2170: 1988: 1886: 1850: 1617: 1605: 1284: 1157: 1142: 1128: 1112: 1068: 1060: 1056: 924: 911:'s occupation of France in 1940. Foucault's parents opposed the occupation and the 676: 652: 596: 555: 549: 515: 477: 451: 439: 359: 337: 302: 124: 110: 11973: 10194: 8487: 5013: 2694:

Foucault's power analysis begins on micro-level, with singular "force relations".

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Again at Dumézil's behest, in October 1958 Foucault arrived in the capital of the

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The Constitution of a Historical Transcendental in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit

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Sacred and Secular Tensions in Higher Education: Connecting Parallel Universities

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The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences

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principles he attempts to argue against. A similar critique has been advanced by

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asked Foucault to write a column for them. In doing so, in 1978 he travelled to

1724:, with whom he retained a non-monogamous relationship for the rest of his life. 995:

In autumn 1946, attaining excellent results, Foucault was admitted to the élite

933: 13257: 13103: 13068: 13025: 13000: 12995: 12988: 12953: 12948: 12827: 12807: 12792: 12777: 12762: 12722: 12717: 12652: 12632: 12597: 12552: 12537: 12416: 12324: 12314: 12043: 11918: 11903: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11813: 11788: 11743: 11723: 11585: 11556: 11531: 11486: 11466: 11428: 11383: 11263: 11253: 11110: 10941: 10754: 10530: 10420: 10350: 10249: 10224: 10094: 10064: 10024: 9989: 9846: 9771: 9756: 9751: 9642: 9632: 9342: 9293: 9020: 8547:

Stuart Elden's blog and resource site. Includes extensive resources on Foucault

8494: 8342: 8334: 8294: 8278: 8201:

Derrida, Jacques. 1978. "Cogito and the History of Madness". pp. 31–63 in

3231: 3204: 3108: 3031: 2943: 2842: 2838: 2825: 2766: 2669: 2442: 2391: 2259: 2073:, believing that it distorted the facts; he did not publish in it until 1980. 2060: 1846: 1842: 1785: 1613: 1557: 1549: 1430: 1271: 1257: 1238: 1153: 1116: 1090:

La Constitution d'un transcendental dans La Phénoménologie de l'esprit de Hegel

1085: 1052: 1044:, he enjoyed the thrill and sense of danger that these activities offered him. 1017: 960: 956: 817: 753: 715: 624: 114: 12852: 8538: 8380:

Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition

7544: 7527: 6760:

Foucault, Michel (2004). "An Interview with Michel Foucault by Charles Ruas".

4535: 4515: 4479: 1753:, In May 1963, he published a book devoted to poet, novelist, and playwright 472: 50: 13381: 13322: 13287: 13212: 13047: 12882: 12832: 12767: 12727: 12587: 12567: 12517: 12349: 12179: 12089: 12038: 12008: 11998: 11928: 11923: 11913: 11773: 11763: 11753: 11728: 11595: 11573: 11491: 11398: 11371: 11356: 11298: 10981: 10535: 10244: 10229: 10219: 10204: 10154: 10109: 10069: 10004: 9999: 9969: 9836: 9776: 9718: 9442: 9256: 9167: 9157: 9040: 8462: 8368: 8320: 8049: 7987: 7978: 7920: 7901:"Chomsky and Foucault on Human Nature and Politics: An Essential Difference?" 7900: 7871: 7723:

Mills, S. (2003). Michel Foucault: Routledge Critical Thinkers. Chicago p. 23

7603: 7553: 7505: 7224: 7054: 6134: 6088: 6053: 5995: 5733: 3772: 3733:

Crossley, N. "The Politics of the Gaze: Between Foucault and Merleau-Ponty".

3533: 3362: 3332: 3306: 3188: 3184: 2920: 2892: 2758: 2737: 2511: 2480: 2454: 2394: 2122: 2048: 1939: 1915: 1902: 1834: 1830: 1731:

Foucault adored the work of Raymond Roussel and wrote a literary study of it.

1721: 1717: 1684: 1658: 1609: 1438: 1406: 1367: 1294: 1234: 1124: 1048: 866: 829: 786: 777:, a membership he retained until his death. He also became active in several 632: 628: 199: 13147: 9178: 7714:

in Hoy, D (eds) 'Foucault: A critical reader' Basil Blackwell. Oxford, 1986.

6812: 6575:"Daniel Defert : "Les archives de Foucault ont une histoire politique"" 2721:

who enforce the sovereign's orders. A typical example of sovereign power is

2065: 1137: 967:. Hyppolite had devoted himself to uniting existentialist theories with the 494: 13252: 13137: 13123: 12973: 12872: 12772: 12737: 12662: 12592: 12582: 12532: 12522: 12329: 12013: 12003: 11993: 11858: 11853: 11793: 11768: 11738: 11733: 11640: 11635: 11481: 11361: 11095: 11031: 10901: 10891: 10886: 10805: 10795: 10739: 10629: 10214: 10209: 10184: 10114: 10049: 10009: 9979: 9974: 9886: 9876: 9766: 9501: 9496: 9484: 9405: 9391: 9315: 9119: 9109: 9094: 8303: 8235: 8005: 4787: 4727: 4359: 3890: 3598: 3593: 3409: 3293: 3152: 3085: 2961: 2912: 2554: 2547: 2357:, was to examine sexuality in early Christianity, but it was not finished. 2325:

authored a document condemning Mitterrand's inaction that was published in

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Foucault desired to leave Vincennes and become a fellow of the prestigious

1947: 1473: 1451: 1442: 1370:, he presented his theory that illness was culturally relative. Biographer 1226: 1132: 912: 908: 782: 640: 7960:

Sparby, Terje; Edelhäuser, Friedrich; Weger, Ulrich W. (22 October 2019).

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Mader, M. B. (2014) Knowledge. Ur Lawlor, L. (red.) & Nale, J. (red.)

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In addition to his philosophical work, Foucault also wrote on literature.

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I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother

8474: 8424: 8095: 6285: 5282: 5199: 4961: 4318: 3583: 3281: 3221: 3217: 3160: 3092: 2924: 2884:, 66a–67d) and instead posits that "the soul is the prison of the body". 2275: 2146: 2055: 2000: 1959: 1926: 1758: 1625: 1553: 1518: 1397: 1316: 1283:

Interested in literature, Foucault was an avid reader of the philosopher

1245: 1222: 1218: 648: 447: 387: 5251: 3569: 3447: 1800:. Implemented in 1967, they brought staff strikes and student protests. 881:, none of the family was devout. Michel is not related to the physicist 853:, west-central France, as the second of three children in a prosperous, 13282: 13187: 12627: 12411: 12219: 12119: 11968: 11888: 11660: 11551: 11393: 11336: 11313: 11278: 11227: 11217: 11185: 11130: 10956: 10936: 10861: 10825: 10729: 10714: 10639: 10564: 10500: 10460: 10029: 10019: 9896: 9826: 9713: 9682: 9662: 9606: 9601: 9556: 9451: 8990: 8448: 8223:

Foucault, Michel. "Sexual Morality and the Law", . pp. 271–285 in

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Graves of Michel Foucault, his mother (right) and his father (left) in

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In September 1966, Foucault took a position teaching psychology at the

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laboratory. Foucault adopted many of the theories of the psychoanalyst

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May, T. (2011) Foucault's conception of freedom. In Taylor, D. (red.)

6361: 6333: 5959:"Sex and Truth: Foucault's History of Sexuality as History of Truth". 5325: 4695: 1560:, who exerted a strong influence over Foucault's thought at the time. 1500: 13317: 13312: 13297: 13167: 12938: 12907: 12817: 12109: 12048: 11605: 11248: 11175: 11160: 11081: 11001: 10996: 10921: 10876: 10856: 10835: 10820: 10800: 10785: 10649: 10609: 10540: 10490: 10254: 10129: 9856: 9627: 9551: 9458: 9432: 9352: 9030: 7372:(Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 6871:

Lynch, R. A. (2011) Foucault's theory of power. In Taylor, D. (red.)

6393: 5831: 4945: 4855: 4759: 4711: 4679: 3328: 2503: 2266:. Returning to France, he was one of the journalists who visited the 1934: 1858: 1591: 1508: 1433:

of 1956, when students had protested against the governing communist

1387:, a job obtained through his acquaintance with historian of religion 1359: 1249: 1037: 1021: 972: 878: 809: 668: 636: 616: 460: 9191: 8058:. Betsy Wing (translator). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7765:

Rezension zu: H.-U. Wehler: Die Herausforderung der Kulturgeschichte

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Foucault's "alternative" to the modern subjectivity is described by

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Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason

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Jacques Derrida points out Foucault's debt to Artaud in his essay "

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In October 1960, Foucault took a tenured post in philosophy at the

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Deleuze, Gilles (1992). "Postscript on the Societies of Control".

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Mendieta, E. (2011) The practice of freedom. In Taylor, D. (red.)

6996:

Vintges, K. (2011) Freedom and spirituality. In Taylor, D. (red.)

6830:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 90. 6377: 5477: 4997: 4839: 4823: 4555: 4499: 4407: 4379: 4242: 4210: 1727: 891: 756:

technique Foucault was developing, which he called "archaeology".

13098: 12978: 12421: 12334: 11222: 11190: 11180: 10951: 10911: 10744: 10669: 10654: 10634: 9703: 9566: 9347: 9305: 9288: 7701:

Taylor, D. (2010). Michel Foucault: key concepts. Acumen. pp. 2–3

7320:

Stone, B. E. (2011) Subjectivity and truth. Ur Taylor, D. (red.)

7182:

Heyes, C. J. (2011) Subjectivity and power. In Taylor, D. (red.)

5171: 5131: 3498: 3494: 3264: 2527: 2491: 1496: 1392: 1104: 1020:, and on one occasion chased a classmate with a dagger. Prone to 1003:(ENS), for which he undertook exams and an oral interrogation by 620: 5079: 4914: 4158: 2088:

they took LSD while listening to a well-prepared music program:

1526:

In West Germany, Foucault completed in 1960 his primary thesis (

1191: 849:

Paul-Michel Foucault was born on 15 October 1926 in the city of

13131: 11170: 10971: 10759: 10734: 10724: 10694: 10679: 10485: 9576: 9546: 9398: 9310: 9241: 8532: 7159:

Taylor, D. (2011b) Practices of the self. Ur Taylor, D. (red.)

5401: 4342:

French Post-War Social Theory: International Knowledge Transfer

4226: 3910: 3490: 3300: 3099:

reached the "insight" that self-awareness was something given (

3067: 2956: 2880: 2640: 2418: 2243: 2215: 1982:. Most of the courses at Foucault's philosophy department were 1979: 1864: 1422: 7943:

Vargas Llosa, Mario (2010). Breve discurso sobre la cultura .

7907:. Florida State University Department of Philosophy: 177–210. 4194: 4090: 3990: 3874: 2494:. He loved classical music, particularly enjoying the work of 2453:

in a small ceremony. Soon after his death, Foucault's partner

1544:. The book discussed how West European society had dealt with 1378: 1323:, all of whose works explored the themes of sex and violence. 595:; 15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984) was a French 13232: 13073: 11200: 10689: 10624: 9586: 9581: 9561: 9369: 3974: 3958: 3942: 3926: 3401: 2875: 2484: 2458: 2360:

In October 1980, Foucault became a visiting professor at the

2166: 2157:, Foucault launched a new series of academic books, known as 1890: 1206: 833: 812:

in France to die from complications of the disease, with his

781:

involved in campaigns against racism and other violations of

561: 524: 8307:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved via 8287:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved via 8268:

Foucault in Iran: Islamic Revolution after the Enlightenment

6971:

Hoffman, M. (2011) Disciplinary power. In Taylor, D. (red.)

3659:

Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers

3191:. His discussions on power and discourse have inspired many 2514:

inherited his estate, whose archive was sold in 2012 to the

2457:

founded the first national HIV/AIDS organisation in France,

2417:—on 10 June 1984, with neurological symptoms complicated by 1350:

desires. That same year, Foucault published his first book,

1156:'s lectures at the University of Paris, where he obtained a 13172: 11195: 10619: 9571: 8808:

Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)

7082:"Calls for legal child sex rebound on luminaries of May 68" 7033:

Oksala, J. (2011) Freedom and bodies. In Taylor, D. (red.)

6797:. Rabinow, Paul. (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. 6764:

Death and the labyrinth : the world of Raymond Roussel

5973: 5613: 5272: 5270: 2402: 1789: 1583: 1152:

Foucault was also interested in psychology and he attended

1145:

on medical grounds, he decided to start a doctorate at the

931:, where he focused on the study of philosophy, earning his 570: 530: 435: 13613:

Academic staff of Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis

7340:

Fader, E. K. (2011) Power/knowledge. Ur Taylor, D. (red.)

6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6153: 5937: 5925: 5901: 5889: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5713: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5637: 5625: 5601: 5589: 5517: 5505: 5465: 5453: 5341: 5313: 3385: 963:

and expert on the work of 19th-century German philosopher

736:(1961). After obtaining work between 1960 and 1966 at the 10764: 10659: 8800:

Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)

8526: 7770:

H.-U. Wehler's 'The challenge of cultural history' review

6673: 6671: 5654: 5652: 5413: 5159: 5107: 5095: 5053: 3626:

Poststructuralism and Critical Theory's Second Generation

2398: 1537:

Folie et déraison: Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique

1437:, he felt that most Poles despised their government as a 1248:, Foucault entered into a romantic relationship with the 1063:, taking a particular interest in his work exploring the 13618:

Academic staff of the University of Lille Nord de France

7109: 6639:"Foucault, Michel | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 6433: 6421: 6301: 5267: 4935: 4933: 635:, Foucault rejected these labels and sought to critique 7741:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 45–95. 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 3415: 2119:

s manuscript, and totally rethought the whole project.

1548:, arguing that it was a social construct distinct from 1509:

over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore

1174:

Institut de psychologie de l'université Paris Descartes

1141:

in philosophy on the second try, in 1951. Excused from

627:

through multiple institutions. Though often cited as a

8214:

Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics

7844: 7842: 7772:] (in German). Achims Verlag, Achim Freudenstein. 6668: 6656: 6619: 6555: 6543: 6493: 6481: 6409: 6177: 6165: 5913: 5649: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5493: 5425: 5381:

Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics

1970:; most of them were Marxists or ultra-left activists. 1578:. The second was to find a publisher, and as a result 1040:, also indulging in drug use; according to biographer 902: 10341:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

8551:

Knowledge Bibliography of Foucault's books in English

7959: 6531: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6349: 6141: 5187: 5119: 4930: 4775: 2613:

Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel

1833:, Foucault was quickly grouped with scholars such as 1763:

Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel

1414:

work was a first draft with certain lack of quality.

1266:(1873–1876), a set of four essays by the philosopher 1172:) from the university's institute of psychology (now 579: 567: 558: 539: 527: 521: 8028:, 2007, Translated by Nicole Dufresne, Baudrillard, 7640:

Jacobsen, Michael Hviid; Kristiansen, Soren (2014).

7392:"Michel Foucault | French philosopher and historian" 7146: 4667: 4643: 4571: 4347: 4126: 4018: 4006: 3509: 2080:

experience with Simeon Wade and Michael Stoneman in

8242:(in Spanish). Santiago: Aun Creemos en los Sueños. 7839: 7639: 7443:"The most cited authors of books in the humanities" 7128: 7126: 7124: 5147: 4902: 4890: 4747: 4655: 4395: 4078: 4066: 3396:Foucault is sometimes criticized for his purported 1845:, as the latest wave of thinkers set to topple the 1582:was published in French in May 1961 by the company 1059:. He began reading the publications of philosopher 919:. That year, Foucault's mother enrolled him in the 564: 518: 7103: 6725: 4030: 6938:Taylor, C. (2011) Biopower. In Taylor, D. (red.) 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 5820:Wade: "We fell silent to listen to Stockhausen's 5309:. Tavistock Publications Limited. pp. 35–45. 3713:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 214–215. 3678:, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago, 1978), p. 326 n. 26. 3400:, which some see as an affront to the concept of 2980: 2635:Foucault's analysis of power comes in two forms: 1484: 1217:every day to read the work of psychologists like 1115:viewpoint, rejecting core Marxist tenets such as 907:In 1939, the Second World War began, followed by 623:, and he analyzed how they are used as a form of 13379: 8080:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 7273: 7271: 7269: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7121: 6693:Michel Foucault: Personal Autonomy and Education 3856:. Vol. 1 Foucault and Organization Theory. 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3371:(1986) that Foucault was incorrect to claim, in 2518:for €3.8 million ($ 4.5 million in April 2021). 1375:its republication and translation into English. 978: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6793:Foucault, Michel (1984). "What Is An Author?". 6067:Weeks, Jeffrey (2005). "Remembering Foucault". 5738:Washington University Global Studies Law Review 4876: 4874: 3708: 3230:. Foucault's work has been compared to that of 3084:Foucault is described by Mary Beth Mader as an 2378:magazine, while Foucault went on to lecture at 2138:The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge 1511:', and his learning is not always worn lightly. 865:His father, a successful local surgeon born in 30:"Foucault" redirects here. For other uses, see 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6923: 6867: 5375: 3265:Crypto-normativity, self-refutation, defeatism 2792:With "biopower" Foucault refers to power over 2133:Histoire de la sexualité: la volonté de savoir 1803:In April 1966, Gallimard published Foucault's 1028:; his father sent him to see the psychiatrist 773:(1969). In 1970, Foucault was admitted to the 12473: 10580: 9207: 9183: 8571: 7962:"The True Self. Critique, Nature, and Method" 7644:. London: SAGE Publications. pp. 5, 86. 7363: 7296: 7294: 7266: 7239: 7178: 7176: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6828:The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature 6717: 6689: 6683: 4880:Binkley Sam, and Jorge Capetillo, eds. 2009. 3642: 2878:saying "the body is the prison of the soul" ( 2530:viewpoint, Foucault had been a member of the 2413:—the same institution that he had studied in 1914:, Foucault started to write a book about the 1479: 1341:Interested in the work of Swiss psychologist 804:Foucault died in Paris from complications of 11086: 9449: 9403: 9389: 8699:Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France 8212:Dreyfus, Herbert L. and Paul Rabinow. 1983. 7876:Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation 7359: 7357: 6985: 6952: 4871: 3845: 3301:Genealogy as historical method and defeatism 3249: 1865:University of Tunis and Vincennes: 1966–1970 1652: 1574:, or "sponsor" for the work: Foucault chose 996: 759:From 1966 to 1968, Foucault lectured at the 707: 259: 102: 11022: 7878:. London: Phoenix Books. pp. 34, 362. 7525: 7445:. timeshighereducation.co.uk. 26 March 2009 7304:(pp. 226–236). Cambridge University Press, 7202: 7010: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6019: 3280:to describe Foucault's thinking as "crypto- 2038:Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison 1663:Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View 1379:Sweden, Poland, and West Germany: 1955–1960 1186: 923:, a strict Catholic institution run by the 13628:Academic staff of the University of Warsaw 13623:University of California, Berkeley faculty 12487: 12480: 12466: 10587: 10573: 9214: 9200: 8578: 8564: 8492: 7526:Rose, Nikolas; Rabinow, Paul (June 2006). 7334: 7291: 7173: 6844: 3123: 2108:, ending with a few avant-garde pieces by 49: 8078:Saint Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography 7995: 7977: 7543: 7354: 6033: 5674:, Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 246. 3806:. Duke University Press. pp. 62–66. 3427: 2849: 2337:expedition, taking time out to visit the 2296: 2262:, and discovered the popular support for 2254:, he met with opposition leaders such as 1995: 844: 10594: 8314: 8072: 7834:Die Herausforderung der Kulturgeschichte 7821:Die Herausforderung der Kulturgeschichte 7735:Die Herausforderung der Kulturgeschichte 7574: 6894: 6792: 6759: 6723: 5304: 5229: 2471:that Foucault's death was AIDS-related. 2461:; a play on the French word for "help" ( 2284: 2130:In 1976, Gallimard published Foucault's 1816:(Words and Things), later translated as 1747:, and sitting on the editorial board of 1726: 1472:, he entered into a relationship with a 1190: 955:. Here he studied under the philosopher 13433:Academic staff of the Collège de France 12170:Reflections on the Revolution in France 8128:. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 7870: 7589: 7492:"Michel Foucault: Philosopher of Power" 7463: 7389: 7370:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7364:Gutting, Gary; Oksala, Johanna (2019), 7324:(pp. 143–157). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 7281:(pp. 111–124). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 7256:(pp. 127–142). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 7186:(pp. 159–172). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 7163:(pp. 173–186). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 7073: 5954: 5952: 3851: 3616: 3386:Social constructionism and human nature 3203:influenced his friend and contemporary 3025: 1889:. Foucault moved a few kilometres from 14: 13380: 8161: 8118: 8048: 8017: 8015: 7898: 7761: 7733:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (24 August 1998). 7732: 7079: 7000:(pp. 99–110). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 6768:. London New York: Continuum. p. 6677: 6662: 6625: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6399: 6387: 6383: 6371: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6339: 6307: 6295: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6108: 6106: 6015: 6013: 5943: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5895: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5658: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5443: 5431: 5407: 5359: 5347: 5331: 5319: 5288: 5257: 5241: 5221: 5205: 5193: 5177: 5165: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5085: 5059: 5047: 5039: 5027: 5019: 5007: 5003: 4991: 4983: 4967: 4951: 4939: 4924: 4861: 4845: 4829: 4813: 4801: 4793: 4781: 4765: 4741: 4733: 4717: 4701: 4685: 4673: 4649: 4637: 4629: 4617: 4609: 4597: 4589: 4577: 4561: 4549: 4541: 4529: 4521: 4509: 4493: 4485: 4473: 4465: 4453: 4449: 4437: 4429: 4417: 4385: 4373: 4365: 4353: 4324: 4312: 4304: 4292: 4284: 4272: 4264: 4252: 4236: 4220: 4204: 4200: 4188: 4180: 4168: 4164: 4152: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4112: 4096: 4056: 4048: 4012: 4000: 3980: 3964: 3948: 3932: 3916: 3904: 3896: 3884: 3750: 2769:'s plan for the "optimal prison": the 2421:. He died in the hospital on 25 June. 1821:: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences 1778:: An Archaeology of Medical Perception 466: 13278:Violence § Philosophical perspectives 12461: 10568: 9221: 9195: 9182: 8559: 8405: 8402:. A critical view of Foucault's work. 8142: 8094: 7762:Benner, Thorsten (17 December 1998). 7344:(pp. 55–68). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 7069:– via Archives Françoise Dolto. 7037:(pp. 85–97). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 6975:(pp. 27–39). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 6942:(pp. 41–54). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 6913:(pp. 71–83). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 6875:(pp. 13–26). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 6066: 5487: 5447: 5419: 5363: 5335: 5292: 5276: 5261: 5245: 5225: 5209: 5181: 5153: 5141: 5089: 5043: 5023: 4987: 4971: 4955: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4865: 4849: 4833: 4817: 4797: 4769: 4753: 4737: 4721: 4705: 4689: 4661: 4633: 4613: 4593: 4565: 4545: 4525: 4505: 4489: 4469: 4433: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4369: 4328: 4308: 4288: 4268: 4248: 4232: 4216: 4184: 4148: 4116: 4100: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4052: 4036: 4024: 3996: 3984: 3968: 3952: 3936: 3920: 3900: 3880: 3826: 3801: 3753:The American Political Science Review 3342: 3242:, have also been very influential in 2743: 2560: 2506:. After his death, Foucault's friend 2380:University of California, Los Angeles 2250:massacre. Documenting the developing 1938:today" for his department, employing 702:family, Foucault was educated at the 590: 13608:Academic staff of Uppsala University 8205:, translated by Alan Bass. Chicago: 7859:Handbook on the Geographies of Power 7664: 7642:The Social Thought of Erving Goffman 7624: 7061:from the original on 25 January 2020 6825: 5949: 5869: 3442: 3416:Defeatism in education and authority 1199: 13648:20th-century French anthropologists 12280:The End of History and the Last Man 12190:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 8685:Introduction to Kant's Anthropology 8585: 8519:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8504:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8012: 7467:The Cambridge Companion to Foucault 7136:(pp. 1–9). Acumen Publishing Ltd., 7047: 6115:Journal of the History of Sexuality 6103: 6069:Journal of the History of Sexuality 6010: 3175:, particularly for such authors as 2940:a petition to the French parliament 2661:cannot be completely described as: 1454:, and so Foucault relocated to the 1067:. He graduated from the ENS with a 903:Teens to young adulthood: 1939–1945 889:education before entering the main 24: 13598:Academic staff of Tunis University 8713:Language, Counter-Memory, Practice 8326:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 8182: 8164:Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers 3436: 2715: 2587:Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers 2445:gave a speech using excerpts from 2362:University of California, Berkeley 767:. Foucault subsequently published 323:University of California, Berkeley 25: 13669: 13558:French psychedelic drug advocates 13538:French philosophers of technology 9063:Cogito and the History of Madness 8880:The Government of Self and Others 8511: 8481: 7739:The challenge of cultural history 6020:Rosenkrantz, Max (28 June 2016). 2990:and the 19th-century philosopher 2855:body, but does write about it in 2594:Philosopher Philip Stokes of the 2126:and Iranian Revolution: 1976–1979 1906:he considered himself a leftist. 1205:commuted to the northern town of 1071:in Philosophy in 1948 and a DES ( 13408:20th-century French philosophers 12250:The Open Society and Its Enemies 10411:The Closing of the American Mind 10331:Civilization and Its Discontents 10311:A Vindication of Natural Society 8824:Power (Essential Works Volume 3) 8471:Foucault's Aesthetic Decisionism 8453:Foucault. Sa pensée, sa personne 8240:Cinco entrevistas a Noam Chomsky 7953: 7937: 7928: 7892: 7864: 7851: 7826: 7813: 7755: 7726: 7717: 7704: 7695: 7686: 7658: 7633: 7618: 7583: 7568: 7519: 7484: 7457: 7435: 7409: 7383: 7314: 7196: 7080:Henley, Jon (23 February 2001). 6885: 6819: 6786: 6753: 6631: 6601:"Archives à vendre ou à laisser" 6593: 6567: 6518: 6505: 6313: 6060: 5967: 5863: 5837: 5796: 5725: 5664: 5369: 5298: 3829:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3568: 3554: 3540: 3526: 3512: 3446: 3284:", covertly reliant on the very 2474: 2333:traveled to Poland as part of a 2321:trade union. He and sociologist 2226:dissidents to mark the visit of 1931:Centre Expérimental de Vincennes 1692:University of Clermont-Ferrand, 1588:Presses Universitaires de France 785:, focusing on struggles such as 554: 514: 493: 13443:École Normale Supérieure alumni 11057:Family as a model for the state 8904:On the Government of the Living 8864:Security, Territory, Population 8840:The Hermeneutics of the Subject 7665:West, Patrick (15 April 2023). 7390:Faubion, James (21 June 2019). 7112:"The Danger of Child Sexuality" 6732:. University of Chicago Press. 5065: 4334: 3709:Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). 3676:Derrida, Writing and Difference 3661:, Blackwell Publishing, p. 126. 3159:have been widely influential". 2949: 2502:, and became known for wearing 820:changing mass awareness of the 683:have also shaped research into 13588:French philosophers of culture 13533:French philosophers of science 13403:20th-century French historians 12407:Separation of church and state 12305:Collectivism and individualism 12260:The Origins of Totalitarianism 9083:The Passion of Michel Foucault 9069:Foucauldian discourse analysis 8431:. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press. 8400:University of California Press 8384:University of Notre Dame Press 8317:"Foucault, Michel (1926–1984)" 8125:The Passion of Michel Foucault 8024:Introduction and Interview by 7913:10.5840/soctheorpract199925217 7470:. Cambridge University Press. 7464:Gutting, Gary (18 July 2005). 7302:The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon 6690:J.D. Marshall (30 June 1996). 6528:. Taylor & Francis, p. 88. 5803:Penner, James (17 June 2019). 5672:The Passion of Michel Foucault 3820: 3795: 3744: 3727: 3702: 3681: 3664: 3610: 3133:' analysis in 2016, his works 2981:Self-constituting subjectivity 2449:. His body was then buried at 1857:attacked Foucault's ideas as " 1798:Minister of National Education 1706:University of Clermont-Ferrand 1668:Introduction à l'Anthropologie 1665:(1798); the thesis was titled 1356:Mental Illness and Personality 1352:Maladie mentale et personalité 1127:exhibited during the 1952–53 " 738:University of Clermont-Ferrand 298:University of Clermont-Ferrand 27:French philosopher (1926–1984) 13: 1: 13488:French political philosophers 13418:AIDS-related deaths in France 12447:Category:Political philosophy 12320:Critique of political economy 10301:Oration on the Dignity of Man 8768:Politics, Philosophy, Culture 8602:Mental Illness and Psychology 8514:"Michel Foucault (1926–1984)" 8273:University of Minnesota Press 8225:Politics, philosophy, Culture 7667:"In defence of postmodernism" 7368:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 7342:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 7322:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 7279:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 7254:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 7184:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 7161:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 7134:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 7035:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 6998:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 6973:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 6940:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 6911:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 6873:Michel Foucault: Key Concepts 6607:(in French). 20 December 2012 6581:(in French). 26 November 2012 6113:"Index to Volume 12 (2003)". 4885:Cambridge Scholars Publishing 3624:. In Schrift, Alan D. (ed.). 3604: 2998:and 17th-century philosopher 2938:In May 1977, Foucault signed 2668:Yielding to rules (a typical 2606: 2479:Foucault's first biographer, 2315:1982 demonstrations in Poland 1773:, subsequently translated as 1651:Foucault's secondary thesis ( 1331:, a breathtaking performance. 1287:'s book reviews published in 1209:, teaching psychology at the 1103:became a tutor at the ENS. A 1024:, in 1948 Foucault allegedly 979:University studies: 1946–1951 965:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 839: 824:. This occurrence influenced 13513:French LGBT rights activists 12345:Institutional discrimination 12340:History of political thought 11072:Negative and positive rights 10371:The Society of the Spectacle 9036:Power (social and political) 8896:Lectures on the Will to Know 8646:The Archaeology of Knowledge 8238:, and Federico Kukso. 2018. 8101:The Lives of Michel Foucault 4476:, pp. 66, 79–82, 89–91. 3356: 3073: 2567:Michel Foucault bibliography 2544:Polish United Workers' Party 2339:Auschwitz concentration camp 2256:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 2054:Foucault was also active in 1435:Polish United Workers' Party 1362:and anthropologists such as 1160:in psychology in 1949 and a 1074:diplôme d'études supérieures 770:The Archaeology of Knowledge 7: 13413:20th-century French writers 13203:Interpellation (philosophy) 13006:Non-representational theory 12355:Justification for the state 12140:Two Treatises of Government 8218:University of Chicago Press 7579:. Thriplow: Icon Books Ltd. 7577:Introducing Critical Theory 6321:"Q&A With Edmund White" 5809:Los Angeles Review of Books 5385:University of Chicago Press 4344:. Sage Publications. p. 78. 3505: 2781: 2546:but actually was an abject 2542:ostensibly governed by the 2521: 2236:In 1977, Italian newspaper 2105:Three Places in New England 1586:, whom Foucault chose over 1170:Diplôme de psychopathologie 1084:, roughly equivalent to an 1034:Sainte-Anne Hospital Center 789:. Foucault later published 244:Non-representational theory 10: 13674: 13583:Philosophers of literature 13158:Existence precedes essence 11025:Bellum omnium contra omnes 8920:Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling 8343:10.4135/9781412965811.n110 8166:. Kettering: Index Books. 8041: 7905:Social Theory and Practice 7629:. New York: Vintage Books. 7205:The Modern Language Review 3697:Hommage a Georges Bataille 3689:Préface à la transgression 3389: 3268: 3131:London School of Economics 3077: 3009: 2785: 2564: 2516:National Library of France 1922:, but never completed it. 1480:Growing career (1960–1970) 29: 13528:Philosophers of sexuality 13478:French Christian Zionists 13351: 13293:Hermeneutics of suspicion 13056: 12931: 12495: 12442: 12292: 12061: 11709: 11442: 11322: 11241: 11153: 11144: 11010: 10844: 10773: 10602: 10549: 10453: 10441:Intellectuals and Society 10391:The Culture of Narcissism 10282: 9950: 9742: 9691: 9620: 9534: 9527: 9467: 9229: 9189: 9184:Links to related articles 9135: 9054: 8938: 8672: 8593: 8443:Columbia University Press 7836:. C. H. Beck 1998. p. 91. 7823:. C. H. Beck 1998. p. 81. 7712:Foucault and Epistemology 7545:10.1017/S1745855206040014 7421:Impact of Social Sciences 6724:Foucault, Michel (1982). 6696:. Springer. p. 126. 6515:. Reaktion Books, p. 130. 5305:Foucault, Michel (1973). 4271:, pp. 23–26, 37–40; 4267:, pp. 32–36, 51–55; 3831:(3rd ed.). Longman. 3687:Michel Foucault (1963). " 3617:Schrift, Alan D. (2010). 3250:Critiques and engagements 2411:Hôpital de la Salpêtrière 2401:and eventually developed 2311:electoral victory in 1981 2278:at the Seionji temple in 2045:: The Birth of the Prison 2019:The Discourse of Language 1456:Institut français Hamburg 1099:In 1948, the philosopher 997: 708: 679:as well as against other 492: 487: 483: 377: 348: 336: 286:Institut français Hamburg 260: 252: 219: 209: 205: 195: 142: 103: 95: 79: 60: 48: 41: 32:Foucault (disambiguation) 13653:Philosophers of medicine 13573:Historians of technology 13273:Transvaluation of values 13079:Apollonian and Dionysian 12230:The Revolt of the Masses 10431:The Malaise of Modernity 10381:The History of Sexuality 9480:Catholic social teaching 9148:Foucault–Habermas debate 8976:Disciplinary institution 8872:The Birth of Biopolitics 8792:Society Must Be Defended 8745:Le Désordre des familles 8662:The History of Sexuality 8610:Madness and Civilization 8545:Progressive Geographies. 8539:Foucault bibliographies. 8315:Kuznicki, Jason (2008). 8263:Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz 8207:Chicago University Press 7979:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02250 7575:Van Loon, Borin (2001). 6826:Kvas, Kornelije (2020). 5872:Foucault in California: 5410:, pp. 160–162, 167. 5379:; Rabinow, Paul (1983). 3657:Alan D. Schrift (2006), 3373:The History of Sexuality 3271:Foucault–Habermas debate 3240:The History of Sexuality 3139:The History of Sexuality 3118:gender identity disorder 2864:The History of Sexuality 2672:definition of power); or 2630: 2447:The History of Sexuality 2424: 2415:Madness and Civilisation 2343:Histoire de la sexualité 2246:in Iran, days after the 2228:Soviet general secretary 2196:The History of Sexuality 2184:Histoire de la sexualité 2142:Histoire de la sexualité 2124:The History of Sexuality 2114:The History of Sexuality 1782:Naissance de la Clinique 1771:Naissance de la Clinique 1744:Nouvelle Revue Française 1590:after being rejected by 1486:Madness and Civilization 1419:Polish People's Republic 1290:Nouvelle Revue Française 1187:Early career (1951–1960) 1123:and was appalled by the 1055:and most significantly, 999:École Normale Supérieure 798:The History of Sexuality 710:École Normale Supérieure 691:alongside other topics. 603:who was also an author, 392:disciplinary institution 368:philosophy of technology 364:philosophy of literature 308:University of Paris VIII 262:École Normale Supérieure 185:The History of Sexuality 153:Madness and Civilization 105:École normale supérieure 13543:Historians of sexuality 13483:French literary critics 13463:French anti-capitalists 12210:The Communist Manifesto 11136:Tyranny of the majority 11047:Consent of the governed 10511:Philosophy of education 9153:Chomsky–Foucault debate 8928:On the Punitive Society 8625:Death and the Labyrinth 8618:The Birth of the Clinic 8256:Theoretical Criminology 8162:Stokes, Philip (2004). 7966:Frontiers in Psychology 7396:Encyclopædia Britannica 5307:The Birth Of The Clinic 5228:, pp. 92–93, 110; 3827:Wells, John C. (2008). 3619:"French Nietzscheanism" 3124:Influence and reception 2887:According to Foucault, 2621:The Death of the Author 2500:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2388:San Francisco gay scene 2165:), through the company 1776:The Birth of the Clinic 1694:The Birth of the Clinic 1425:and took charge of the 1244:Embracing the Parisian 1231:electroencephalographic 921:Collège Saint-Stanislas 915:, but did not join the 743:The Birth of the Clinic 356:historical epistemology 161:The Birth of the Clinic 13643:Social constructionism 13568:Social anthropologists 13468:French anthropologists 13453:Former Roman Catholics 13448:French epistemologists 13343:Philosophy of language 13308:Linguistic determinism 13218:Master–slave dialectic 13193:Historical materialism 12489:Continental philosophy 11087: 11037:Clash of civilizations 11023: 9450: 9404: 9390: 8912:Subjectivity and Truth 8848:The Essential Foucault 8761:What Is Enlightenment? 8203:Writing and Difference 8104:. London: Hutchinson. 7899:Wilkin, Peter (1999). 5732:Druzin, Bryan (2015). 4340:Robbins, Derek. 2012. 4115:, pp. 11, 14–21; 3428:Psychology of the self 3398:social constructionism 3339:') of Postmodernism". 3320: 3257:, writing in his book 3236:Michael Hviid Jacobsen 3169: 2850:The body and sexuality 2592: 2532:French Communist Party 2297:Final years: 1980–1984 2293: 2211: 2025:in Buffalo, New York. 2001:Collège de France and 1996:Later life (1970–1984) 1976:Maison de la Mutualité 1879: 1806:Les Mots et les Choses 1732: 1653: 1524: 1339: 1215:Bibliothèque Nationale 1196: 1109:French Communist Party 993: 845:Early years: 1926–1938 808:. He became the first 733:The History of Madness 671:. His efforts against 592:[pɔlmiʃɛlfuko] 229:Continental philosophy 13638:Historians of science 13518:Lycée Henri-IV alumni 13503:History of psychiatry 13223:Master–slave morality 13031:Psychoanalytic theory 11052:Divine right of kings 10516:Philosophy of history 10506:Philosophy of culture 10401:A Conflict of Visions 8784:The Politics of Truth 8654:Discipline and Punish 8457:Éditions Albin Michel 8435:Roudinesco, Élisabeth 8410:. London: Routledge. 8329:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 8147:. London: Routledge. 8143:Smart, Barry (2002). 7625:Said, Edward (1979). 6728:The Subject and Power 6127:10.1353/sex.2004.0031 6081:10.1353/sex.2006.0018 6035:10.22439/fs.v0i0.5028 5870:Wade, Simeon (2019). 5362:, pp. 155, 159; 5244:, pp. 141, 151; 4331:, pp. 45–46, 49. 3802:Barad, Karen (2007). 3404:. In Foucault's 1971 3392:Social constructivism 3315: 3201:Discipline and Punish 3165: 3135:Discipline and Punish 3047:, "care for the self" 2872:Discipline and Punish 2858:Discipline and Punish 2841:had been inspired by 2786:Further information: 2683:definition of power). 2596:University of Reading 2577: 2571:Foucault's colleague 2496:Johann Sebastian Bach 2384:University of Vermont 2355:Les Aveux de la chair 2288: 2208:Michel Foucault, 1981 2200: 2043:Discipline and Punish 2023:University at Buffalo 2003:Discipline and Punish 1876:Michel Foucault, 1983 1868: 1730: 1628:by young philosopher 1493:Histoire de la folie 1491: 1385:University of Uppsala 1336:Michel Foucault, 1983 1325: 1194: 990:Michel Foucault, 1983 982: 855:socially conservative 792:Discipline and Punish 681:ideological doctrines 645:communication studies 318:University at Buffalo 234:French Nietzscheanism 177:Discipline and Punish 13523:People from Poitiers 13458:French anti-fascists 13428:Atheist philosophers 12200:Democracy in America 11579:political philosophy 11562:political philosophy 11377:political philosophy 11206:political philosophy 11116:Separation of powers 11077:Night-watchman state 11062:Monopoly on violence 10596:Political philosophy 10521:Political philosophy 10321:Democracy in America 8971:Cultural imperialism 8966:Carceral archipelago 8888:The Courage of Truth 8406:Mills, Sara (2003). 8398:. Berkeley, Calif.: 8337:. pp. 180–181. 8309:U of Minnesota Press 8289:U of Minnesota Press 6342:, pp. 324–325; 6323:. The Nation. 2014. 6294:, pp. 314–316; 6121:(4): 683–690. 2003. 5963:. 21 September 2016. 5622:, pp. 212, 219. 5446:, pp. 187–188; 5334:, pp. 155–156; 5291:, pp. 152–154; 5224:, pp. 141–142; 5208:, pp. 136–138; 5046:, pp. 142–145; 5042:, pp. 119–121; 5026:, pp. 113–119; 4990:, pp. 106–109; 4986:, pp. 105–107; 4970:, pp. 101–102; 3481:, in his 1977 tract 3026:Practice of critique 2816:. However, when the 2366:Humanities Institute 2347:L'Usage des plaisirs 2317:orchestrated by the 2189:History of Sexuality 1893:, to the village of 1654:thèse complémentaire 1564:Histoire de la folie 1517:Foucault biographer 1427:University of Warsaw 1263:Untimely Meditations 969:dialectical theories 504:Paul-Michel Foucault 420:Carceral archipelago 400:discursive formation 372:political philosophy 281:University of Warsaw 65:Paul-Michel Foucault 13593:Cultural historians 13493:French sociologists 13043:Speculative realism 12390:Right-wing politics 12270:A Theory of Justice 12240:The Road to Serfdom 12160:The Social Contract 10867:Christian democracy 10361:One-Dimensional Man 8753:The Foucault Reader 8632:The Order of Things 8376:MacIntyre, Alasdair 8216:(2nd ed). Chicago: 7497:The Washington Post 6891:Lynch (2011), p. 19 6795:The Foucault reader 6282:, pp. 313–314. 6270:, pp. 317–323. 6258:, pp. 303–303. 6246:, pp. 298–302. 6234:, pp. 296–297. 6222:, pp. 285–288. 6210:, pp. 281–285. 6198:, pp. 278–279. 6162:, pp. 263–266. 5946:, pp. 277–278. 5934:, pp. 193–195. 5910:, pp. 275–276. 5898:, pp. 269–274. 5851:. 15 September 2017 5793:, pp. 250–254. 5781:, pp. 241–242. 5769:, pp. 238–242. 5757:, pp. 235–236. 5722:, pp. 234–235. 5710:, pp. 233–234. 5698:, pp. 231–232. 5686:, pp. 224–229. 5646:, pp. 256–258. 5634:, pp. 222–223. 5610:, pp. 212–218. 5598:, pp. 207–208. 5526:, pp. 203–205. 5514:, pp. 201–202. 5474:, pp. 192–193. 5462:, pp. 188–189. 5450:, pp. 145–146. 5422:, pp. 173–177. 5387:. pp. xi–xii. 5377:Dreyfus, Herbert L. 5350:, pp. 158–159. 5322:, pp. 133–136. 5295:, pp. 130–137. 5279:, pp. 140–142. 5264:, pp. 124–129. 5260:, pp. 145–48; 5248:, pp. 120–121. 5212:, pp. 109–110. 5168:, pp. 140–141. 5116:, pp. 104–105. 5104:, pp. 111–113. 5062:, pp. 122–126. 5050:, pp. 118–119. 4994:, pp. 117–118. 4974:, pp. 103–106. 4452:, pp. 30, 43; 3350:Elizabeth Povinelli 3259:The War on The West 3244:feminist philosophy 3234:by the sociologist 2992:Friedrich Nietzsche 2504:turtleneck sweaters 2451:Vendeuvre-du-Poitou 2370:New York University 2307:François Mitterrand 2291:Vendeuvre-du-Poitou 2239:Corriere della sera 2034:Jean-Marie Domenach 2030:Pierre Vidal-Naquet 2015:L'Ordre du discours 1883:University of Tunis 1839:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1819:The Order of Things 1698:The Order of Things 1681:soutenance de thèse 1638:University of Paris 1568:University of Paris 1542:history of medicine 1300:The Death of Virgil 1268:Friedrich Nietzsche 1211:Université de Lille 875:Vendeuvre-du-Poitou 761:University of Tunis 749:The Order of Things 724:University of Paris 328:New York University 270:Université de Lille 169:The Order of Things 121:University of Paris 13563:Rhetoric theorists 13553:Poststructuralists 13498:French gay writers 13438:Critical theorists 13163:Existential crisis 13094:Binary oppositions 13021:Post-structuralism 12402:Political violence 12397:Political theology 12380:Left-wing politics 12375:Political spectrum 10481:Cultural pessimism 10476:Cultural criticism 9375:National character 8996:Ecogovernmentality 8986:Discourse analysis 8693:What Is an Author? 8639:This Is Not a Pipe 8382:. Notre Dame, IN: 8230:Foucault, Michel, 8074:Halperin, David M. 6374:, pp. 21, 24. 4954:, pp. 90–92; 4864:, pp. 89–90; 4768:, pp. 83–86; 4720:, pp. 74–77; 4708:, pp. 73, 76. 4704:, pp. 76–78; 4688:, pp. 73–74; 4636:, pp. 63–66; 4632:, pp. 68–70; 4616:, pp. 67–69; 4612:, pp. 45–46; 4596:, pp. 59–61; 4592:, pp. 44–45; 4468:, pp. 65–68; 4436:, pp. 56–58; 4432:, pp. 41–49; 4388:, pp. 61–62; 4327:, pp. 39–40; 4311:, pp. 43–45; 4307:, pp. 36–38; 4291:, pp. 39–40; 4287:, pp. 56–57; 4187:, pp. 27–28; 4151:, pp. 17–22; 4147:, pp. 24–25; 4119:, pp. 15–17; 4059:, pp. 39–40; 3741:(4):399–419, 1993. 3672:La parole soufflée 3458:. You can help by 3422:Mario Vargas Llosa 3343:Feminist critiques 3324:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 3220:, particularly in 3197:discourse analysis 3193:critical theorists 3144:ISI Web of Science 2808:also mentions the 2744:Disciplinary power 2625:What Is an Author? 2561:Philosophical work 2294: 2268:Ayatollah Khomeini 2252:Iranian Revolution 2076:In 1975 he had an 1855:Simone de Beauvoir 1733: 1634:March 1963 lecture 1576:Georges Canguilhem 1470:red light district 1313:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 1197: 1065:history of science 1016:by Spanish artist 1005:Georges Canguilhem 859:upper-middle-class 700:upper-middle-class 698:, France, into an 609:political activist 597:historian of ideas 396:discourse analysis 343:Georges Canguilhem 276:Uppsala University 239:Post-structuralism 214:Western philosophy 13658:LGBT philosophers 13603:Social historians 13548:Postmodern theory 13375: 13374: 13369: 13368: 13303:Linguistic theory 13208:Intersubjectivity 12455: 12454: 12365:Philosophy of law 12310:Conflict theories 12150:The Spirit of Law 12057: 12056: 11106:Original position 10562: 10561: 10278: 10277: 9423:Spontaneous order 9413:Social alienation 9262:Cultural heritage 9223:Social philosophy 9176: 9175: 8856:Psychiatric Power 8673:Essays, lectures, 8495:"Michel Foucault" 8417:978-0-415-24569-2 8248:978-956-340-126-4 8234:, Daniel Mermet, 8173:978-0-572-02935-7 8154:978-0-415-28533-9 8135:978-0-674-00157-2 8111:978-0-09-175344-3 8087:978-0-19-511127-9 8065:978-0-674-57286-7 8034:978-1-58435-041-5 8026:Sylvere Lotringer 7885:978-1-85799-100-0 7500:. 15 March 1981. 7366:"Michel Foucault" 7350:978-1-84465-234-1 7330:978-1-84465-234-1 7310:978-0-521-11921-4 7287:978-1-84465-234-1 7262:978-1-84465-234-1 7192:978-1-84465-234-1 7169:978-1-84465-234-1 7142:978-1-84465-234-1 7043:978-1-84465-234-1 7006:978-1-84465-234-1 6981:978-1-84465-234-1 6948:978-1-84465-234-1 6919:978-1-84465-234-1 6881:978-1-84465-234-1 6837:978-1-7936-0910-6 6779:978-0-8264-9362-0 6703:978-0-7923-4016-4 6442:, pp. 24–25. 6430:, pp. 23–24. 6406:, pp. 34–36. 6310:, pp. 21–22. 6298:, pp. 26–27. 6045:978-0-7486-4889-4 5394:978-0-226-16312-3 4958:, pp. 88–89. 4868:, pp. 87–88. 4852:, pp. 86–87. 4836:, pp. 85–86. 4820:, pp. 84–85. 4772:, pp. 79–80. 4724:, pp. 74–75. 4692:, pp. 70–71. 4620:, pp. 76–77. 4600:, pp. 73–75. 4568:, pp. 51–52. 4552:, pp. 84–85. 4532:, pp. 82–84. 4512:, pp. 64–65. 4496:, pp. 64–67. 4472:, p. 50–53; 4456:, pp. 62–63. 4420:, pp. 61–62. 4295:, pp. 57–58. 4255:, pp. 60–61. 4223:, pp. 55–56. 4191:, pp. 54–55. 4123:, pp. 40–41. 3858:SAGE Publications 3838:978-1-4058-8118-0 3635:978-1-84465-216-7 3562:Psychology portal 3548:Philosophy portal 3476: 3475: 3380:identity politics 3054:epimeleia heautou 3045:Epimeleia heautou 2723:absolute monarchy 2439:la levée du corps 2429:On 26 June 1984, 2335:Médecins du Monde 2011:Collège de France 1968:François Châtelet 1956:François Regnault 1794:Christian Fouchet 1767:Folie et déraison 1714:Collège de France 1602:Folie et déraison 1580:Folie et déraison 1402:Carolina Rediviva 1343:Ludwig Binswanger 1329:Waiting for Godot 1277:Waiting for Godot 1200:France: 1951–1955 1026:attempted suicide 826:HIV/AIDS activism 775:Collège de France 754:historiographical 501: 500: 467:epimeleia heautou 313:Collège de France 16:(Redirected from 13665: 12959:Frankfurt School 12482: 12475: 12468: 12459: 12458: 12370:Political ethics 12360:Machiavellianism 12300:Authoritarianism 12285: 12275: 12265: 12255: 12245: 12235: 12225: 12215: 12205: 12195: 12185: 12175: 12165: 12155: 12145: 12135: 12125: 12115: 12105: 12095: 12085: 12075: 11151: 11150: 11092: 11028: 11018:Balance of power 10992:Social democracy 10987:Social Darwinism 10962:Multiculturalism 10907:Environmentalism 10882:Communitarianism 10589: 10582: 10575: 10566: 10565: 10526:Social criticism 10446: 10436: 10426: 10416: 10406: 10396: 10386: 10376: 10366: 10356: 10346: 10336: 10326: 10316: 10306: 10296: 9532: 9531: 9514:Frankfurt School 9492:Communitarianism 9455: 9409: 9395: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9180: 9179: 9136:Related articles 9126:Foucault in Iran 9115:Claude Raffestin 9026:Limit-experience 8721:Herculine Barbin 8580: 8573: 8566: 8557: 8556: 8523: 8508: 8499:Zalta, Edward N. 8493:Johanna Oksala. 8488:Foucault Studies 8421: 8372: 8177: 8158: 8139: 8115: 8091: 8069: 8036: 8019: 8010: 8009: 7999: 7981: 7957: 7951: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7868: 7862: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7804: 7800: 7798: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7730: 7724: 7721: 7715: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7693: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7547: 7528:"Biopower Today" 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7361: 7352: 7338: 7332: 7318: 7312: 7298: 7289: 7275: 7264: 7250: 7237: 7236: 7200: 7194: 7180: 7171: 7157: 7144: 7130: 7119: 7118: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7051: 7045: 7031: 7008: 6994: 6983: 6969: 6950: 6936: 6921: 6907: 6892: 6889: 6883: 6869: 6842: 6841: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6767: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6731: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6397: 6391: 6381: 6375: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6037: 6026:Foucault Studies 6017: 6008: 6007: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5961:Cultural History 5956: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5874:. Heyday Books. 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5373: 5367: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5265: 5255: 5249: 5239: 5233: 5219: 5213: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5037: 5031: 5017: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4981: 4975: 4965: 4959: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4928: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4878: 4869: 4859: 4853: 4843: 4837: 4827: 4821: 4811: 4805: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4731: 4725: 4715: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4627: 4621: 4607: 4601: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4559: 4553: 4539: 4533: 4519: 4513: 4503: 4497: 4483: 4477: 4463: 4457: 4447: 4441: 4427: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4322: 4316: 4302: 4296: 4282: 4276: 4262: 4256: 4246: 4240: 4230: 4224: 4214: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4178: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4110: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4051:, pp. 6–7; 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3994: 3988: 3978: 3972: 3962: 3956: 3946: 3940: 3930: 3924: 3914: 3908: 3899:, pp. 4–5; 3894: 3888: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3748: 3742: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3706: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3640: 3639: 3623: 3614: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3520:Biography portal 3517: 3516: 3515: 3483:Oublier Foucault 3479:Jean Baudrillard 3471: 3468: 3450: 3443: 3420:Peruvian writer 3406:televised debate 3361:The philosopher 3305:The philosopher 3181:Roberto Esposito 3173:political theory 2837:, whose founder 2696:Richard A. Lynch 2681:Orthodox Marxist 2670:psychoanalytical 2590: 2490:Foucault was an 2392:sado-masochistic 2209: 2171:Herculine Barbin 2118: 1989:Olivier Guichard 1984:Marxist–Leninist 1952:Jacques Rancière 1887:national service 1877: 1851:Jean-Paul Sartre 1814: 1656: 1618:Gaston Bachelard 1606:Maurice Blanchot 1528:thèse principale 1522: 1464: 1337: 1285:Maurice Blanchot 1258:sado-masochistic 1183:) in June 1952. 1182: 1147:Fondation Thiers 1143:national service 1113:orthodox Marxist 1082: 1061:Gaston Bachelard 1057:Martin Heidegger 1002: 1001: 991: 950: 818:career influence 779:left-wing groups 713: 712: 689:Marxism–Leninism 677:racial prejudice 653:cultural studies 594: 589: 583: 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 553: 542: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 513: 497: 478:Regimes of truth 454:assujettissement 452:subjectivation ( 440:limit-experience 360:history of ideas 338:Doctoral advisor 303:Tunis University 294: 265: 264: 145: 108: 107: 86: 55:Foucault in 1974 53: 39: 38: 21: 13673: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13508:LGBT historians 13473:French atheists 13423:Anti-psychiatry 13388:Michel Foucault 13378: 13377: 13376: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13347: 13338:Postcolonialism 13333:Linguistic turn 13263:Totalitarianism 13228:Oedipus complex 13089:Being in itself 13052: 12964:German idealism 12944:Critical theory 12927: 12843:Ortega y Gasset 12491: 12486: 12456: 12451: 12438: 12427:Totalitarianism 12288: 12283: 12273: 12263: 12253: 12243: 12233: 12223: 12213: 12203: 12193: 12183: 12173: 12163: 12153: 12143: 12133: 12123: 12113: 12103: 12100:Treatise on Law 12093: 12083: 12073: 12053: 11711: 11705: 11444: 11438: 11324: 11318: 11237: 11140: 11126:State of nature 11121:Social contract 11101:Ordered liberty 11089:Noblesse oblige 11006: 10840: 10769: 10598: 10593: 10563: 10558: 10545: 10471:Critical theory 10449: 10444: 10434: 10424: 10414: 10404: 10394: 10384: 10374: 10364: 10354: 10344: 10334: 10324: 10314: 10304: 10294: 10274: 9952: 9946: 9744: 9738: 9687: 9616: 9523: 9475:Budapest School 9463: 9252:Cosmopolitanism 9225: 9220: 9185: 9177: 9172: 9131: 9090:Giorgio Agamben 9050: 9011:Governmentality 8951:Author function 8946:Anti-psychiatry 8934: 8832:Fearless Speech 8737:Remarks on Marx 8729:Power/Knowledge 8676: 8674: 8668: 8589: 8587:Michel Foucault 8584: 8484: 8418: 8408:Michel Foucault 8390:Merquior, J. G. 8353: 8295:Deleuze, Gilles 8279:Deleuze, Gilles 8271:. Minneapolis: 8232:Ignacio Ramonet 8191:Cahier Foucault 8185: 8183:Further reading 8180: 8174: 8155: 8145:Michel Foucault 8136: 8112: 8088: 8066: 8055:Michel Foucault 8044: 8039: 8022:Forget Foucault 8020: 8013: 7958: 7954: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925:Vol. 25, No. 2. 7897: 7893: 7886: 7869: 7865: 7861:. Edward Elgar. 7856: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7831: 7827: 7818: 7814: 7802: 7801: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7710:Richard Rorty. 7709: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7638: 7634: 7623: 7619: 7588: 7584: 7573: 7569: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7448: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7373: 7362: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7319: 7315: 7299: 7292: 7276: 7267: 7251: 7240: 7217:10.2307/3729820 7201: 7197: 7181: 7174: 7158: 7147: 7131: 7122: 7108: 7104: 7091: 7089: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7032: 7011: 6995: 6986: 6970: 6953: 6937: 6924: 6908: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6870: 6845: 6838: 6824: 6820: 6805: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6643:www.iep.utm.edu 6637: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6523: 6519: 6513:Michel Foucault 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6402:, p. 329; 6398: 6394: 6386:, p. 327; 6382: 6378: 6370:, p. 357; 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6065: 6061: 6046: 6018: 6011: 5988:10.2307/3685769 5972: 5968: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5813: 5811: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670:Miller, James, 5669: 5665: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486:, p. 190; 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5374: 5370: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5303: 5299: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5268: 5256: 5252: 5240: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180:, p. 131; 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140:, p. 129; 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088:, p. 110; 5084: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5022:, p. 116; 5018: 5014: 5010:, pp. 118. 5006:, p. 122; 5002: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4966: 4962: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4931: 4923:, p. 102; 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4879: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4844: 4840: 4828: 4824: 4816:, p. 194; 4812: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4716: 4712: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4560: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4504: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4448: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4384: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4335: 4323: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4263: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4231: 4227: 4215: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4163: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4111: 4107: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027:, pp. 8–9. 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3995: 3991: 3979: 3975: 3963: 3959: 3947: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3923:, pp. 1–2. 3915: 3911: 3895: 3891: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3800: 3796: 3765:10.2307/1962772 3749: 3745: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3707: 3703: 3686: 3682: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3589:Governmentality 3576:Politics portal 3574: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3487:Forget Foucault 3472: 3466: 3463: 3456:needs expansion 3441: 3438:Forget Foucault 3430: 3418: 3394: 3388: 3359: 3345: 3303: 3278:Jürgen Habermas 3273: 3267: 3252: 3177:Giorgio Agamben 3126: 3101:Cogito ergo sum 3086:epistemological 3082: 3080:Power-knowledge 3076: 3049: 3028: 3012: 2983: 2952: 2915:. According to 2913:queer-theorists 2897:gender identity 2852: 2790: 2784: 2746: 2718: 2716:Sovereign power 2633: 2617:Raymond Roussel 2609: 2591: 2585:Philip Stokes, 2584: 2573:Pierre Bourdieu 2569: 2563: 2540:Communist state 2524: 2508:Georges Dumézil 2477: 2427: 2351:Le Souci de soi 2331:Simone Signoret 2323:Pierre Bourdieu 2303:Socialist Party 2299: 2231:Leonid Brezhnev 2220:Klaus Croissant 2210: 2207: 2128: 2116: 2095:Four Last Songs 2090:Richard Strauss 2086:Zabriskie Point 2032:and journalist 2007: 1998: 1964:Étienne Balibar 1878: 1875: 1867: 1849:popularized by 1808: 1796:, the Gaullist 1755:Raymond Roussel 1710:Jules Vuillemin 1702: 1677:doctoral thesis 1646:anti-psychiatry 1630:Jacques Derrida 1622:Fernand Braudel 1532:State doctorate 1523: 1516: 1490: 1482: 1458: 1389:Georges Dumézil 1381: 1338: 1335: 1309:Marquis de Sade 1239:Rorschach tests 1202: 1189: 1176: 1166:Psychopathology 1101:Louis Althusser 1076: 1014:Napoleonic Wars 992: 989: 981: 944: 905: 847: 842: 828:; his partner, 720:Louis Althusser 685:critical theory 661:literary theory 605:literary critic 587: 581: 557: 548: 547: 540: 517: 508: 507: 444:power-knowledge 428:governmentality 380: 351: 332: 288: 248: 191: 143: 138: 91: 88: 84: 75: 69: 68:15 October 1926 67: 66: 56: 44: 43:Michel Foucault 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13671: 13661: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13578:Structuralists 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13373: 13372: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13363: 13358: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13258:Self-deception 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13106: 13104:Class struggle 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13069:Always already 13066: 13060: 13058: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13026:Psychoanalysis 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 13001:Non-philosophy 12998: 12996:Neo-Kantianism 12993: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12954:Existentialism 12951: 12949:Deconstruction 12946: 12941: 12935: 12933: 12929: 12928: 12926: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12499: 12497: 12493: 12492: 12485: 12484: 12477: 12470: 12462: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12449: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12417:Social justice 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12325:Egalitarianism 12322: 12317: 12315:Contractualism 12312: 12307: 12302: 12296: 12294: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12286: 12276: 12266: 12256: 12246: 12236: 12226: 12216: 12206: 12196: 12186: 12176: 12166: 12156: 12146: 12136: 12126: 12116: 12106: 12096: 12086: 12076: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11571: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11448: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11328: 11326: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11157: 11155: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11111:Overton window 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11020: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10942:Libertarianism 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10848: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10599: 10592: 10591: 10584: 10577: 10569: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10531:Social science 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10437: 10427: 10421:Gender Trouble 10417: 10407: 10397: 10387: 10377: 10367: 10357: 10351:The Second Sex 10347: 10337: 10327: 10317: 10307: 10297: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9748: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9401: 9396: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9343:Invisible hand 9340: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9163:François Ewald 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9079: 9071: 9066: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9021:Interdiscourse 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8924: 8916: 8908: 8900: 8892: 8884: 8876: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8804: 8796: 8788: 8780: 8772: 8764: 8757: 8749: 8741: 8733: 8725: 8717: 8709: 8701: 8696: 8689: 8680: 8678: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8658: 8650: 8642: 8636: 8628: 8622: 8614: 8606: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8583: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8533:Foucault News. 8530: 8527:Foucault.info. 8524: 8509: 8490: 8483: 8482:External links 8480: 8479: 8478: 8463:Wolin, Richard 8460: 8446: 8432: 8422: 8416: 8403: 8387: 8373: 8352:978-1412965804 8351: 8335:Cato Institute 8321:Hamowy, Ronald 8312: 8299:Félix Guattari 8292: 8276: 8260: 8251: 8228: 8221: 8210: 8199: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8172: 8159: 8153: 8140: 8134: 8116: 8110: 8092: 8086: 8070: 8064: 8050:Eribon, Didier 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8011: 7952: 7936: 7927: 7891: 7884: 7872:Scruton, Roger 7863: 7850: 7838: 7832:H.-U. Wehler, 7825: 7812: 7803:|website= 7778: 7754: 7748:978-3406420764 7747: 7725: 7716: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7657: 7651:978-1412998031 7650: 7632: 7617: 7582: 7567: 7538:(2): 195–217. 7518: 7483: 7476: 7456: 7434: 7408: 7382: 7353: 7333: 7313: 7290: 7265: 7238: 7195: 7172: 7145: 7120: 7102: 7072: 7046: 7009: 6984: 6951: 6922: 6893: 6884: 6843: 6836: 6818: 6803: 6785: 6778: 6752: 6738: 6716: 6702: 6682: 6680:, p. 187. 6667: 6665:, p. 328. 6655: 6630: 6628:, p. 136. 6618: 6592: 6566: 6564:, p. 329. 6554: 6552:, p. 311. 6542: 6530: 6517: 6504: 6502:, p. 210. 6492: 6490:, p. 138. 6480: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6420: 6418:, p. 330. 6408: 6392: 6376: 6360: 6348: 6332: 6312: 6300: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6186:, p. 278. 6176: 6174:, p. 280. 6164: 6152: 6140: 6102: 6075:(1): 186–201. 6059: 6044: 6009: 5966: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5922:, p. 292. 5912: 5900: 5888: 5880: 5862: 5836: 5823:Songs of Youth 5795: 5783: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5663: 5661:, p. 310. 5648: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5586:, p. 207. 5576: 5574:, p. 209. 5564: 5562:, p. 201. 5552: 5550:, p. 206. 5540: 5538:, p. 205. 5528: 5516: 5504: 5502:, p. 198. 5492: 5490:, p. 173. 5476: 5464: 5452: 5436: 5434:, p. 194. 5424: 5412: 5400: 5393: 5368: 5366:, p. 160. 5352: 5340: 5338:, p. 159. 5324: 5312: 5297: 5281: 5266: 5250: 5234: 5232:, p. 214. 5214: 5198: 5196:, p. 137. 5186: 5184:, p. 109. 5170: 5158: 5146: 5144:, p. 109. 5130: 5128:, p. 115. 5118: 5106: 5094: 5078: 5064: 5052: 5032: 5030:, p. 118. 5012: 4996: 4976: 4960: 4944: 4942:, p. 101. 4929: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4870: 4854: 4848:, p. 89; 4838: 4832:, p. 88; 4822: 4806: 4800:, p. 84; 4796:, p. 87; 4786: 4784:, p. 190. 4774: 4758: 4746: 4740:, p. 81; 4736:, p. 68; 4726: 4710: 4694: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4652:, pp. 63. 4642: 4622: 4602: 4582: 4570: 4564:, p. 31; 4554: 4548:, p. 53; 4544:, p. 66; 4534: 4528:, p. 55; 4524:, p. 58; 4514: 4508:, p. 41; 4498: 4492:, p. 50; 4488:, p. 52; 4478: 4458: 4442: 4422: 4416:, p. 49; 4406: 4394: 4378: 4372:, p. 49; 4368:, p. 50; 4358: 4346: 4333: 4317: 4297: 4277: 4257: 4251:, p. 35; 4241: 4235:, p. 34; 4225: 4219:, p. 30; 4209: 4203:, p. 26; 4193: 4183:, p. 26; 4173: 4167:, p. 26; 4157: 4137: 4125: 4105: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4055:, p. 10; 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3989: 3973: 3957: 3941: 3925: 3909: 3889: 3873: 3866: 3860:. p. 14. 3844: 3837: 3819: 3812: 3794: 3759:(3): 907–925. 3743: 3726: 3719: 3701: 3680: 3663: 3641: 3634: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3565: 3551: 3537: 3523: 3507: 3504: 3474: 3473: 3453: 3451: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3417: 3414: 3387: 3384: 3358: 3355: 3344: 3341: 3302: 3299: 3269:Main article: 3266: 3263: 3255:Douglas Murray 3251: 3248: 3232:Erving Goffman 3205:Gilles Deleuze 3125: 3122: 3109:Jeremy Bentham 3097:René Descartes 3089:constructivist 3078:Main article: 3075: 3072: 3048: 3042: 3032:Cressida Heyes 3027: 3024: 3011: 3008: 3000:René Descartes 2982: 2979: 2951: 2948: 2944:sexual consent 2917:Johanna Oksala 2861:as well as in 2851: 2848: 2843:Charles Darwin 2839:Francis Galton 2826:Saddam Hussein 2783: 2780: 2767:Jeremy Bentham 2759:mental asylums 2745: 2742: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2666: 2632: 2629: 2608: 2605: 2582: 2562: 2559: 2538:, which was a 2523: 2520: 2476: 2473: 2443:Gilles Deleuze 2426: 2423: 2390:, frequenting 2345:. Volume two, 2309:following its 2305:government of 2298: 2295: 2260:Mehdi Bazargan 2205: 2194:Similarly, in 2176:My Secret Life 2127: 2121: 2098:, followed by 2061:Claude Mauriac 2006: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1847:existentialism 1843:Roland Barthes 1786:medical ethics 1701: 1690: 1642:René Descartes 1614:Roland Barthes 1558:Antonin Artaud 1550:mental illness 1514: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1431:Polish October 1380: 1377: 1364:Émile Durkheim 1333: 1297:'s 1945 novel 1272:Samuel Beckett 1201: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1158:B.A. (licence) 1154:Daniel Lagache 1117:class struggle 1069:B.A. (licence) 1053:Edmund Husserl 1018:Francisco Goya 987: 980: 977: 961:existentialist 957:Jean Hyppolite 953:Lycée Henri-IV 904: 901: 846: 843: 841: 838: 832:, founded the 740:, he produced 716:Jean Hyppolite 704:Lycée Henri-IV 625:social control 499: 498: 490: 489: 485: 484: 481: 480: 381: 378: 375: 374: 352: 350:Main interests 349: 346: 345: 340: 334: 333: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 283: 278: 273: 267: 256: 254: 250: 249: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 223: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 190: 189: 181: 173: 165: 157: 148: 146: 140: 139: 137: 136: 118: 99: 97: 93: 92: 89: 87:(aged 57) 81: 77: 76: 70: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13670: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13633:Gay academics 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13350: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13323:Media studies 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13288:Will to power 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13213:Leap of faith 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13049: 13048:Structuralism 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13016:Postmodernism 13014: 13012: 13011:Phenomenology 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12930: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12823:Merleau-Ponty 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12483: 12478: 12476: 12471: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12350:Jurisprudence 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12291: 12282: 12281: 12277: 12272: 12271: 12267: 12262: 12261: 12257: 12252: 12251: 12247: 12242: 12241: 12237: 12232: 12231: 12227: 12222: 12221: 12217: 12212: 12211: 12207: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12191: 12187: 12182: 12181: 12180:Rights of Man 12177: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12162: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12151: 12147: 12142: 12141: 12137: 12132: 12131: 12127: 12122: 12121: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12107: 12102: 12101: 12097: 12092: 12091: 12090:De re publica 12087: 12082: 12081: 12077: 12072: 12071: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12060: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11710:20th and 21st 11708: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11443:18th and 19th 11441: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11299:Nizam al-Mulk 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10982:Republicanism 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10585: 10583: 10578: 10576: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10536:Social theory 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10423: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10412: 10408: 10403: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10392: 10388: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10363: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10352: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10338: 10333: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10322: 10318: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10302: 10298: 10293: 10292: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10190:Radhakrishnan 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9951:20th and 21st 9949: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9743:18th and 19th 9741: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9188: 9181: 9169: 9168:Alan Sheridan 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9158:Daniel Defert 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9041:Postsexualism 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8981:Discontinuity 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8776:Foucault Live 8773: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8675:dialogues and 8671: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8569: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8512:Kelly, Mark. 8510: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8261: 8259:1(2):173–214. 8258: 8257: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8186: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8120:Miller, James 8117: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8016: 8007: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7946: 7945:Letras libres 7940: 7931: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7860: 7854: 7845: 7843: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7819:H.-U. Wehler 7816: 7808: 7796: 7781: 7779:9783406420764 7775: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7720: 7713: 7707: 7698: 7689: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7479: 7477:9780521840828 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7444: 7438: 7423:. 12 May 2016 7422: 7418: 7412: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7358: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6756: 6741: 6739:9780226163123 6735: 6730: 6729: 6720: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6664: 6659: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6540:, p. 83. 6539: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6478:, p. 30. 6477: 6472: 6466:, p. 64. 6465: 6460: 6454:, p. xi. 6453: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6390:, p. 21. 6389: 6385: 6380: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6358:, p. 23. 6357: 6352: 6346:, p. 26. 6345: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6304: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6150:, p. 79. 6149: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5897: 5892: 5883: 5881:9781597144636 5877: 5873: 5866: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5230:Halperin 1997 5227: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5156:, p. 92. 5155: 5150: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5092:, p. 89. 5091: 5087: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4927:, p. 96. 4926: 4922: 4917: 4911:, p. 96. 4910: 4905: 4899:, p. 88. 4898: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4804:, p. 91. 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4756:, p. 78. 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 91. 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4676:, p. 70. 4675: 4670: 4664:, p. 67. 4663: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4640:, p. 63. 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4580:, p. 65. 4579: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4440:, p. 62. 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4404:, p. 56. 4403: 4398: 4392:, p. 47. 4391: 4387: 4382: 4376:, p. 62. 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4356:, p. 61. 4355: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4315:, p. 61. 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4275:, p. 57. 4274: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4239:, p. 46. 4238: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4171:, p. 45. 4170: 4166: 4161: 4155:, p. 45. 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 56. 4134: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4103:, p. 11. 4102: 4099:, p. 9; 4098: 4093: 4087:, p. 13. 4086: 4081: 4075:, p. 10. 4074: 4069: 4063:, p. 19. 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4015:, p. 39. 4014: 4009: 4003:, p. 39. 4002: 3999:, p. 4; 3998: 3993: 3986: 3983:, p. 5; 3982: 3977: 3970: 3967:, p. 5; 3966: 3961: 3954: 3951:, p. 5; 3950: 3945: 3938: 3935:, p. 5; 3934: 3929: 3922: 3919:, p. 5; 3918: 3913: 3907:, p. 39. 3906: 3903:, p. 3; 3902: 3898: 3893: 3887:, p. 39. 3886: 3883:, p. 3; 3882: 3877: 3869: 3867:9780803975477 3863: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3813:9780822339175 3809: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3735:Human Studies 3730: 3722: 3720:9780226403533 3716: 3712: 3705: 3699:", nos 195–6. 3698: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3552: 3549: 3538: 3535: 3534:France portal 3524: 3521: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3454:This section 3452: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3368:Sexual Desire 3364: 3363:Roger Scruton 3354: 3351: 3340: 3338: 3337:Rattenfaenger 3334: 3333:Norbert Elias 3330: 3325: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3307:Richard Rorty 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286:Enlightenment 3283: 3279: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Michael Hardt 3186: 3185:Antonio Negri 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151:According to 3149: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3121: 3119: 3114: 3111:'s idea that 3110: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921:Judith Butler 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:pseudoscience 2890: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2789: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2738:Thomas Hobbes 2735: 2732:According to 2730: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2706: 2704:consequences. 2702: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2512:Daniel Defert 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2481:Didier Eribon 2475:Personal life 2472: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:Daniel Defert 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382:in 1981, the 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155:François Wahl 2152: 2149:. Along with 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2049:Didier Eribon 2046: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2004: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Judith Miller 1941: 1940:Michel Serres 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1920:Édouard Manet 1917: 1916:impressionist 1913: 1912:René Magritte 1907: 1904: 1903:St. Augustine 1900: 1896: 1895:Sidi Bou Saïd 1892: 1888: 1884: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Jacques Lacan 1832: 1831:structuralism 1828: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1722:Daniel Defert 1719: 1718:Roger Garaudy 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1685:Henri Gouhier 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1659:Immanuel Kant 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Michel Serres 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:puppet regime 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407:Sten Lindroth 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368:Margaret Mead 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1295:Hermann Broch 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1274:'s new play, 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1254:Jean Barraqué 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1235:Sigmund Freud 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1193: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1129:Doctors' plot 1126: 1125:anti-semitism 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:Immanuel Kant 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1000: 986: 976: 974: 971:of Hegel and 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 948: 943: 938: 936: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 900: 898: 894: 893: 886: 884: 883:Léon Foucault 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Fontainebleau 863: 860: 856: 852: 837: 835: 831: 830:Daniel Defert 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 810:public figure 807: 802: 800: 799: 794: 793: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 750: 745: 744: 739: 735: 734: 729: 725: 722:, and at the 721: 717: 711: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:postmodernist 630: 629:structuralist 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 585: 584: 575: 551: 545: 544: 535: 511: 505: 496: 491: 486: 482: 479: 475: 474: 469: 468: 463: 462: 457: 455: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412: 407: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 379:Notable ideas 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 347: 344: 341: 339: 335: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 292: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 271: 268: 263: 258: 257: 255: 251: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 224: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 204: 201: 200:Daniel Defert 198: 194: 187: 186: 182: 179: 178: 174: 171: 170: 166: 163: 162: 158: 155: 154: 150: 149: 147: 141: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 106: 101: 100: 98: 94: 90:Paris, France 82: 78: 73: 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 13253:Ressentiment 13138:Death of God 13130: 13124:Postcritique 13084:Authenticity 12974:Hermeneutics 12878:Schopenhauer 12783:Lévi-Strauss 12677: 12496:Philosophers 12431: 12330:Elite theory 12278: 12268: 12258: 12248: 12238: 12228: 12218: 12208: 12198: 12188: 12178: 12168: 12158: 12148: 12138: 12128: 12118: 12108: 12098: 12088: 12078: 12068: 11798: 11367:Guicciardini 11323:Early modern 11146:Philosophers 11096:Open society 11032:Body politic 10902:Distributism 10892:Conservatism 10887:Confucianism 10806:Gerontocracy 10796:Dictatorship 10750:Sovereignty‎ 10740:Ruling class 10630:Emancipation 10615:Citizenship‎ 10439: 10429: 10419: 10409: 10399: 10389: 10379: 10369: 10359: 10349: 10339: 10329: 10319: 10309: 10299: 10289: 10054: 9709:Guicciardini 9692:Early modern 9528:Philosophers 9502:Conservatism 9497:Confucianism 9485:Distributism 9418:Social norms 9406:Sittlichkeit 9392:Ressentiment 9338:Institutions 9316:Human nature 9143:Bibliography 9124: 9120:Nikolas Rose 9110:Paul Rabinow 9105:James Miller 9100:Thomas Lemke 9095:Gary Gutting 9081: 9073: 8926: 8918: 8910: 8902: 8894: 8886: 8878: 8870: 8862: 8854: 8846: 8838: 8830: 8822: 8814: 8806: 8798: 8790: 8782: 8774: 8766: 8751: 8743: 8735: 8727: 8719: 8711: 8703: 8683: 8660: 8652: 8644: 8638: 8630: 8624: 8616: 8608: 8600: 8586: 8517: 8502: 8473:. New York: 8470: 8466: 8452: 8441:. New York: 8438: 8428: 8407: 8393: 8379: 8325: 8304:Anti-Oedipus 8302: 8282: 8266: 8254: 8239: 8236:Jorge Majfud 8224: 8213: 8202: 8189: 8163: 8144: 8123: 8099: 8096:Macey, David 8077: 8054: 8021: 7969: 7965: 7955: 7944: 7939: 7930: 7904: 7894: 7875: 7866: 7858: 7853: 7833: 7828: 7820: 7815: 7783:. Retrieved 7769: 7764: 7757: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7719: 7711: 7706: 7697: 7688: 7676:. Retrieved 7670: 7660: 7641: 7635: 7626: 7620: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7576: 7570: 7535: 7532:BioSocieties 7531: 7521: 7509:. Retrieved 7495: 7486: 7466: 7459: 7447:. Retrieved 7437: 7425:. Retrieved 7420: 7411: 7399:. Retrieved 7395: 7385: 7374:, retrieved 7369: 7341: 7336: 7321: 7316: 7301: 7278: 7253: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7183: 7160: 7133: 7115: 7105: 7097: 7090:. Retrieved 7086:The Guardian 7085: 7075: 7063:. Retrieved 7049: 7034: 6997: 6972: 6939: 6910: 6887: 6872: 6827: 6821: 6794: 6788: 6763: 6755: 6743:. Retrieved 6727: 6719: 6707:. Retrieved 6692: 6685: 6658: 6646:. Retrieved 6642: 6633: 6621: 6609:. Retrieved 6604: 6595: 6583:. Retrieved 6578: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6520: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6395: 6379: 6363: 6351: 6335: 6324: 6315: 6303: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6118: 6114: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6025: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5960: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5891: 5871: 5865: 5853:. Retrieved 5849:Open Culture 5848: 5839: 5827: 5821: 5812:. Retrieved 5808: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5671: 5666: 5639: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5380: 5371: 5355: 5343: 5327: 5315: 5306: 5300: 5284: 5253: 5237: 5217: 5201: 5189: 5173: 5161: 5149: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5081: 5067: 5055: 5035: 5015: 4999: 4979: 4963: 4947: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4881: 4857: 4841: 4825: 4809: 4789: 4777: 4761: 4749: 4729: 4713: 4697: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4625: 4605: 4585: 4573: 4557: 4537: 4517: 4501: 4481: 4461: 4445: 4425: 4409: 4397: 4381: 4361: 4349: 4341: 4336: 4320: 4300: 4280: 4260: 4244: 4228: 4212: 4196: 4176: 4160: 4140: 4128: 4108: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4044: 4039:, p. 7. 4032: 4020: 4008: 3992: 3987:, p. 4. 3976: 3971:, p. 3. 3960: 3955:, p. 2. 3944: 3939:, p. 1. 3928: 3912: 3892: 3876: 3853: 3847: 3828: 3822: 3803: 3797: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3658: 3625: 3612: 3599:Thomas Szasz 3594:Philip Rieff 3493:proposed by 3486: 3482: 3477: 3467:October 2022 3464: 3460:adding to it 3455: 3437: 3431: 3419: 3410:Noam Chomsky 3395: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3346: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3294:Nancy Fraser 3290:Diana Taylor 3274: 3258: 3253: 3239: 3225: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3170: 3166: 3153:Gary Gutting 3150: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3105: 3083: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3044: 3029: 3020: 3013: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2962:pride parade 2953: 2950:Subjectivity 2937: 2933: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2831: 2806:Chloë Taylor 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2774: 2764: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2734:Chloë Taylor 2731: 2727: 2719: 2710: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2659: 2652: 2649:disciplinary 2648: 2644: 2634: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2555:Soviet Union 2548:police-state 2525: 2489: 2478: 2468:The Advocate 2466: 2462: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2414: 2407:HIV-positive 2373: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2326: 2300: 2272:Zen Buddhism 2248:Black Friday 2237: 2235: 2224:Eastern Bloc 2212: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2174: 2162: 2158: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2103: 2100:Charles Ives 2093: 2082:Death Valley 2075: 2070: 2064: 2053: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1972: 1948:Alain Badiou 1924: 1908: 1880: 1869: 1824: 1817: 1804: 1802: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1680: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1650: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1579: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1474:transvestite 1452:West Germany 1446: 1443:Soviet Union 1416: 1411:positivistic 1382: 1372:James Miller 1360:sociologists 1355: 1351: 1340: 1328: 1326: 1298: 1288: 1282: 1275: 1261: 1243: 1227:Karl Jaspers 1203: 1169: 1151: 1136: 1133:Soviet Union 1098: 1093: 1089: 1072: 1046: 1042:James Miller 1010: 994: 983: 942:Louis Girard 939: 934:baccalauréat 932: 928: 913:Vichy regime 909:Nazi Germany 906: 890: 887: 864: 848: 803: 796: 790: 787:penal reform 783:human rights 768: 758: 747: 741: 731: 693: 641:anthropology 503: 502: 471: 465: 459: 453: 409: 403: 253:Institutions 183: 175: 167: 159: 151: 144:Notable work 85:(1984-06-25) 83:25 June 1984 36: 13398:1984 deaths 13393:1926 births 13328:Film theory 13238:Ontopoetics 13143:Death drive 13119:Ideological 13038:Romanticism 12969:Hegelianism 12743:Kierkegaard 12603:Castoriadis 12563:de Beauvoir 12548:Baudrillard 12204:(1835–1840) 12084:(c. 350 BC) 12074:(c. 375 BC) 11691:Tocqueville 11656:Saint-Simon 11621:Montesquieu 11472:Bolingbroke 11404:Machiavelli 11284:Ibn Khaldun 11249:Alpharabius 11242:Middle Ages 11067:Natural law 11042:Common good 10967:Nationalism 10927:Imperialism 10897:Corporatism 10872:Colonialism 10852:Agrarianism 10831:Technocracy 10811:Meritocracy 10791:Bureaucracy 10781:Aristocracy 10496:Historicism 10325:(1835–1840) 10291:De Officiis 10015:de Beauvoir 9985:Baudrillard 9937:Vivekananda 9927:Tocqueville 9842:Kierkegaard 9658:Ibn Khaldun 9628:Alpharabius 9519:Personalism 9428:Stewardship 9385:Reification 9380:Natural law 9301:Familialism 9267:Culturalism 9065:" (Derrida) 9046:Sapere aude 9016:Heterotopia 8956:Biopolitics 8677:anthologies 8665:(1976–2018) 8475:Telos Press 8449:Veyne, Paul 7947:139: 48–55 7627:Orientalism 7449:16 November 6745:25 November 6678:Stokes 2004 6663:Eribon 1991 6626:Eribon 1991 6605:Le Monde.fr 6585:21 February 6562:Eribon 1991 6550:Eribon 1991 6538:Eribon 1991 6500:Eribon 1991 6488:Eribon 1991 6476:Eribon 1991 6464:Eribon 1991 6452:Eribon 1991 6440:Miller 1993 6428:Miller 1993 6416:Eribon 1991 6404:Miller 1993 6400:Eribon 1991 6388:Miller 1993 6384:Eribon 1991 6372:Miller 1993 6368:Eribon 1991 6356:Miller 1993 6344:Miller 1993 6340:Eribon 1991 6308:Miller 1993 6296:Miller 1993 6292:Eribon 1991 6280:Eribon 1991 6268:Eribon 1991 6256:Eribon 1991 6244:Eribon 1991 6232:Eribon 1991 6220:Eribon 1991 6208:Eribon 1991 6196:Eribon 1991 6184:Eribon 1991 6172:Eribon 1991 6160:Eribon 1991 6148:Eribon 1991 6028:: 262–266. 5944:Eribon 1991 5932:Eribon 1991 5920:Eribon 1991 5908:Eribon 1991 5896:Eribon 1991 5791:Eribon 1991 5779:Eribon 1991 5767:Eribon 1991 5755:Eribon 1991 5720:Eribon 1991 5708:Eribon 1991 5696:Eribon 1991 5684:Eribon 1991 5659:Eribon 1991 5644:Eribon 1991 5632:Eribon 1991 5620:Eribon 1991 5608:Eribon 1991 5596:Eribon 1991 5584:Eribon 1991 5572:Eribon 1991 5560:Eribon 1991 5548:Eribon 1991 5536:Eribon 1991 5524:Eribon 1991 5512:Eribon 1991 5500:Eribon 1991 5484:Eribon 1991 5472:Eribon 1991 5460:Eribon 1991 5444:Eribon 1991 5432:Eribon 1991 5408:Eribon 1991 5383:. Chicago: 5360:Eribon 1991 5348:Eribon 1991 5332:Eribon 1991 5320:Eribon 1991 5289:Eribon 1991 5258:Eribon 1991 5242:Eribon 1991 5222:Eribon 1991 5206:Eribon 1991 5194:Eribon 1991 5178:Eribon 1991 5166:Eribon 1991 5138:Eribon 1991 5126:Eribon 1991 5114:Miller 1993 5102:Eribon 1991 5086:Eribon 1991 5060:Eribon 1991 5048:Miller 1993 5040:Eribon 1991 5028:Miller 1993 5020:Eribon 1991 5008:Miller 1993 5004:Eribon 1991 4992:Miller 1993 4984:Eribon 1991 4968:Eribon 1991 4952:Eribon 1991 4940:Eribon 1991 4925:Miller 1993 4862:Eribon 1991 4846:Eribon 1991 4830:Eribon 1991 4814:Eribon 1991 4802:Miller 1993 4794:Eribon 1991 4782:Eribon 1991 4766:Eribon 1991 4742:Miller 1993 4734:Eribon 1991 4718:Eribon 1991 4702:Eribon 1991 4686:Eribon 1991 4674:Eribon 1991 4650:Miller 1993 4638:Miller 1993 4630:Eribon 1991 4618:Miller 1993 4610:Eribon 1991 4598:Miller 1993 4590:Eribon 1991 4578:Miller 1993 4562:Eribon 1991 4550:Miller 1993 4542:Eribon 1991 4530:Miller 1993 4522:Eribon 1991 4510:Miller 1993 4494:Miller 1993 4486:Eribon 1991 4474:Miller 1993 4466:Eribon 1991 4454:Miller 1993 4450:Eribon 1991 4438:Miller 1993 4430:Eribon 1991 4418:Miller 1993 4386:Eribon 1991 4374:Miller 1993 4366:Eribon 1991 4354:Miller 1993 4325:Eribon 1991 4313:Miller 1993 4305:Eribon 1991 4293:Miller 1993 4285:Eribon 1991 4273:Miller 1993 4265:Eribon 1991 4253:Miller 1993 4237:Miller 1993 4221:Miller 1993 4205:Miller 1993 4201:Eribon 1991 4189:Miller 1993 4181:Eribon 1991 4169:Miller 1993 4165:Eribon 1991 4153:Miller 1993 4145:Eribon 1991 4133:Miller 1993 4121:Miller 1993 4113:Eribon 1991 4097:Eribon 1991 4057:Miller 1993 4049:Eribon 1991 4013:Miller 1993 4001:Miller 1993 3981:Eribon 1991 3965:Eribon 1991 3949:Eribon 1991 3933:Eribon 1991 3917:Eribon 1991 3905:Miller 1993 3897:Eribon 1991 3885:Miller 1993 3584:Biopolitics 3282:normativist 3227:Orientalism 3222:Edward Said 3218:colonialism 3163:wrote that: 3161:Leo Bersani 3113:panopticons 3093:historicist 2925:Susan Bordo 2651:power, and 2641:theoretical 2276:Omori Sogen 2203:solidarity. 2182:Foucault's 2159:Des travaux 2147:Pierre Nora 2110:Stockhausen 2056:anti-racist 2005:: 1970–1975 1960:Henri Weber 1927:Edgar Faure 1809: [ 1759:David Macey 1700:: 1960–1966 1626:metaphysics 1554:Renaissance 1519:David Macey 1459: [ 1317:Franz Kafka 1280:, in 1953. 1246:avant-garde 1223:Jean Piaget 1219:Ivan Pavlov 1177: [ 1077: [ 945: [ 869:, moved to 795:(1975) and 746:(1963) and 649:criminology 601:philosopher 473:visibilités 448:panopticism 432:heterotopia 416:archaeology 388:biopolitics 289: [ 18:Foucauldian 13382:Categories 13283:Wertkritik 13188:Hauntology 13153:Difference 13148:Différance 12888:Sloterdijk 12758:Kołakowski 12412:Separatism 12220:On Liberty 12120:The Prince 11849:Huntington 11352:Campanella 11279:al-Ghazali 11228:Thucydides 11186:Lactantius 11131:Statolatry 10957:Monarchism 10937:Liberalism 10862:Capitalism 10845:Ideologies 10826:Plutocracy 10774:Government 10730:Revolution 10715:Propaganda 10665:Legitimacy 10640:Government 10501:Humanities 10461:Agnotology 10120:Kołakowski 9683:Ibn Tufayl 9663:Maimonides 9607:Thucydides 9602:Tertullian 9557:Lactantius 9452:Volksgeist 9433:Traditions 9247:Convention 8991:Dispositif 8425:Olssen, M. 8361:2008009151 8194:. France: 7785:1 December 7211:(2): 383. 7092:20 October 6804:0394529049 6709:6 December 5982:(3): 143. 5832:Glissandos 5830:followed. 5488:Macey 1993 5448:Macey 1993 5420:Macey 1993 5364:Macey 1993 5336:Macey 1993 5293:Macey 1993 5277:Macey 1993 5262:Macey 1993 5246:Macey 1993 5226:Macey 1993 5210:Macey 1993 5182:Macey 1993 5154:Macey 1993 5142:Macey 1993 5090:Macey 1993 5044:Macey 1993 5024:Macey 1993 4988:Macey 1993 4972:Macey 1993 4956:Macey 1993 4921:Macey 1993 4909:Macey 1993 4897:Macey 1993 4866:Macey 1993 4850:Macey 1993 4834:Macey 1993 4818:Macey 1993 4798:Macey 1993 4770:Macey 1993 4754:Macey 1993 4738:Macey 1993 4722:Macey 1993 4706:Macey 1993 4690:Macey 1993 4662:Macey 1993 4634:Macey 1993 4614:Macey 1993 4594:Macey 1993 4566:Macey 1993 4546:Macey 1993 4526:Macey 1993 4506:Macey 1993 4490:Macey 1993 4470:Macey 1993 4434:Macey 1993 4414:Macey 1993 4402:Macey 1993 4390:Macey 1993 4370:Macey 1993 4329:Macey 1993 4309:Macey 1993 4289:Macey 1993 4269:Macey 1993 4249:Macey 1993 4233:Macey 1993 4217:Macey 1993 4185:Macey 1993 4149:Macey 1993 4117:Macey 1993 4101:Macey 1993 4085:Macey 1993 4073:Macey 1993 4061:Smart 2002 4053:Macey 1993 4037:Macey 1993 4025:Macey 1993 3997:Macey 1993 3985:Macey 1993 3969:Macey 1993 3953:Macey 1993 3937:Macey 1993 3921:Macey 1993 3901:Macey 1993 3881:Macey 1993 3605:References 3390:See also: 3365:argues in 3059:meditation 2970:oppression 2929:Kate Soper 2771:panopticon 2623:" titled " 2607:Literature 2565:See also: 2431:Libération 2395:bathhouses 2327:Libération 2319:Solidarity 2163:Some Works 2151:Paul Veyne 2071:Libération 2066:Libération 1673:rapporteur 1572:rapporteur 1530:) for his 1467:Reeperbahn 1398:Jaguar car 1347:Ellen West 1321:Jean Genet 1305:epic opera 1138:agrégation 1121:homophobia 1030:Jean Delay 917:Resistance 897:arithmetic 840:Early life 765:Paris VIII 673:homophobia 665:psychology 405:dispositif 13318:Semiotics 13313:Semantics 13298:Discourse 13178:Genealogy 13168:Facticity 12939:Absurdism 12868:Schelling 12838:Nietzsche 12713:Heidegger 12528:Bachelard 12513:Althusser 12130:Leviathan 12110:Monarchia 12104:(c. 1274) 11939:Oakeshott 11884:Mansfield 11879:Luxemburg 11864:Kropotkin 11759:Bernstein 11712:centuries 11626:Nietzsche 11569:Jefferson 11497:Condorcet 11445:centuries 11424:Pufendorf 11289:Marsilius 11176:Confucius 11161:Aristotle 11154:Antiquity 11082:Noble lie 11002:Third Way 10997:Socialism 10922:Feudalism 10877:Communism 10857:Anarchism 10836:Theocracy 10821:Oligarchy 10801:Democracy 10786:Autocracy 10700:Pluralism 10685:Obedience 10650:Hierarchy 10610:Authority 10541:Sociology 10491:Historism 10200:Santayana 10170:Oakeshott 10140:MacIntyre 10125:Kropotkin 10100:Heidegger 9953:centuries 9867:Nietzsche 9832:Jefferson 9817:Helvétius 9782:Condorcet 9745:centuries 9729:Montaigne 9552:Confucius 9542:Augustine 9459:Worldview 9353:Modernity 9326:Formation 9078:(Deleuze) 9055:Influence 9031:Parrhesia 9006:Genealogy 8455:. Paris: 8369:750831024 8052:(1991) . 7988:1664-1078 7921:0037-802X 7805:ignored ( 7795:cite book 7604:0162-2870 7562:195092958 7554:1745-8560 7506:0190-8286 7225:0026-7937 7065:6 January 6135:1535-3605 6097:201774034 6089:1535-3605 6054:1832-5203 5996:0049-2426 5976:SubStance 3789:144321527 3773:0003-0554 3357:Sexuality 3329:Max Weber 3292:, and by 3074:Knowledge 2645:sovereign 2637:empirical 2551:satellite 1935:Vincennes 1859:bourgeois 1769:, titled 1592:Gallimard 1534:, titled 1252:composer 1250:serialist 1131:" in the 1038:gay scene 1022:self-harm 973:Karl Marx 937:in 1943. 929:terminale 879:altar boy 706:, at the 669:sociology 637:authority 617:knowledge 488:Signature 461:parrhesia 424:genealogy 272:(1953–54) 266:(1951–55) 96:Education 13356:Category 13198:Ideology 13114:Immanent 13109:Critique 13064:Alterity 13057:Concepts 12932:Theories 12918:Williams 12893:Spengler 12848:Rancière 12778:Lefebvre 12763:Kristeva 12728:Irigaray 12723:Ingarden 12703:Habermas 12693:Guattari 12678:Foucault 12653:Eagleton 12598:Cassirer 12578:Bourdieu 12573:Blanchot 12558:Benjamin 12543:Bataille 12385:Centrism 12080:Politics 12070:Republic 12039:Voegelin 12019:Spengler 12004:Shariati 11979:Rothbard 11934:Nussbaum 11834:Habermas 11809:Fukuyama 11799:Foucault 11724:Ambedkar 11701:Voltaire 11671:de Staël 11646:Rousseau 11527:Franklin 11502:Constant 11462:Beccaria 11294:Muhammad 11274:Gelasius 11259:Averroes 11233:Xenophon 11213:Polybius 11166:Chanakya 11011:Concepts 10977:Populism 10947:Localism 10932:Islamism 10917:Feminism 10816:Monarchy 10720:Property 10710:Progress 10675:Monopoly 10645:Hegemony 10554:Category 10466:Axiology 10454:See also 10245:Voegelin 10235:Spengler 10210:Shariati 10165:Nussbaum 10150:Maritain 10110:Irigaray 10090:Habermas 10055:Foucault 10040:Durkheim 9942:Voltaire 9907:de Staël 9882:Rousseau 9807:Franklin 9668:Muhammad 9653:Gelasius 9638:Avempace 9621:Medieval 9597:Polybius 9592:Plutarch 9358:Morality 9333:Ideology 9321:Identity 9230:Concepts 9086:(Miller) 9075:Foucault 9001:Episteme 8961:Biopower 8939:Concepts 8816:Abnormal 8763:" (1984) 8695:" (1969) 8465:. 1987. 8451:. 2008. 8437:. 2008. 8395:Foucault 8378:. 1990. 8301:. 1983. 8284:Foucault 8281:. 1988. 8265:. 2016. 8122:(1993). 8098:(1993). 8076:(1997). 8006:31695635 7972:: 2250. 7874:(1994). 7059:Archived 6813:10021125 6648:28 March 6611:10 April 6579:Bibliobs 5855:15 March 5828:Kontakte 5814:11 April 4887:. p. 81. 3693:Critique 3506:See also 3485:(trans. 3224:'s work 3210:Foucault 3157:biopower 3037:ontology 3015:Todd May 3004:Socrates 2889:sexology 2876:platonic 2835:eugenics 2814:Al-Qaeda 2810:Iraq War 2788:Biopower 2782:Biopower 2677:feminist 2654:biopower 2583:— 2522:Politics 2435:Le Monde 2280:Uenohara 2264:Islamism 2206:— 1899:Hannibal 1874:— 1826:épistémè 1750:Critique 1738:Tel Quel 1515:— 1447:de facto 1334:— 988:— 871:Poitiers 851:Poitiers 822:pandemic 814:charisma 806:HIV/AIDS 728:Sorbonne 696:Poitiers 694:Born in 657:feminism 411:épistémè 384:Biopower 354:Ethics, 74:, France 72:Poitiers 13183:Habitus 13099:Boredom 12989:Freudo- 12984:Western 12979:Marxism 12903:Strauss 12873:Schmitt 12813:Marcuse 12803:Lyotard 12793:Luhmann 12788:Levinas 12738:Jaspers 12733:Jameson 12718:Husserl 12698:Gramsci 12688:Gentile 12683:Gadamer 12643:Dilthey 12638:Derrida 12633:Deleuze 12568:Bergson 12538:Barthes 12508:Agamben 12422:Statism 12335:Elitism 12293:Related 12094:(51 BC) 12024:Strauss 11999:Scruton 11994:Schmitt 11984:Russell 11904:Michels 11899:Maurras 11894:Marcuse 11854:Kautsky 11824:Gramsci 11819:Gentile 11789:Dworkin 11779:Du Bois 11774:Dmowski 11769:Chomsky 11764:Burnham 11749:Benoist 11719:Agamben 11686:Thoreau 11676:Stirner 11666:Spencer 11611:Mazzini 11601:Maistre 11596:Madison 11591:Le Play 11522:Fourier 11487:Carlyle 11467:Bentham 11457:Bastiat 11452:Bakunin 11429:Spinoza 11419:Müntzer 11389:Leibniz 11362:Grotius 11342:Bossuet 11309:Plethon 11254:Aquinas 11223:Sun Tzu 11191:Mencius 11181:Han Fei 10952:Marxism 10912:Fascism 10745:Society 10670:Liberty 10655:Justice 10635:Freedom 10295:(44 BC) 10225:Sombart 10220:Skinner 10205:Scruton 10185:Polanyi 10160:Niebuhr 10145:Marcuse 10080:Gramsci 10075:Gentile 10035:Du Bois 10025:Deleuze 9995:Benoist 9965:Agamben 9922:Thoreau 9912:Stirner 9902:Spencer 9852:Le Play 9802:Fourier 9787:Emerson 9772:Carlyle 9757:Bentham 9734:Müntzer 9704:Erasmus 9678:Plethon 9673:Photios 9633:Aquinas 9567:Mencius 9535:Ancient 9468:Schools 9348:Loyalty 9306:History 9294:Counter 9289:Culture 9257:Customs 8501:(ed.). 8323:(ed.). 8196:L'Herne 8042:Sources 7997:6817459 7678:22 June 7598:: 3–7. 7592:October 7511:27 June 7427:27 June 7401:27 June 7376:27 June 7233:3729820 7088:. Paris 6327: 6004:3685769 3781:1962772 3499:Lyotard 3495:Deleuze 3010:Freedom 2749:power. 2647:power, 2553:of the 2528:Marxist 2492:atheist 1918:artist 1636:at the 1546:madness 1501:Molière 1497:Erasmus 1441:of the 1393:Uppsala 1162:Diploma 1105:Marxist 1032:at the 925:Jesuits 621:liberty 615:versus 588:French: 196:Partner 13132:Dasein 12883:Serres 12863:Sartre 12853:Ricœur 12808:Marcel 12798:Lukács 12773:Latour 12748:Kojève 12673:Fisher 12668:Fichte 12658:Engels 12628:Debord 12623:de Man 12613:Cixous 12608:Cioran 12588:Butler 12553:Bauman 12533:Badiou 12518:Arendt 12503:Adorno 12284:(1992) 12274:(1971) 12264:(1951) 12254:(1945) 12244:(1944) 12234:(1929) 12224:(1859) 12214:(1848) 12194:(1820) 12184:(1791) 12174:(1790) 12164:(1762) 12154:(1748) 12144:(1689) 12134:(1651) 12124:(1532) 12114:(1313) 12044:Walzer 12034:Taylor 11989:Sartre 11954:Popper 11949:Pareto 11944:Ortega 11929:Nozick 11919:Mouffe 11869:Laclau 11829:Guénon 11814:Gandhi 11754:Berlin 11744:Bauman 11739:Badiou 11729:Arendt 11696:Tucker 11586:Le Bon 11547:Herder 11537:Haller 11532:Godwin 11517:Fichte 11512:Engels 11507:Cortés 11477:Bonald 11434:Suárez 11409:Milton 11399:Luther 11372:Hobbes 11357:Filmer 11347:Calvin 11332:Boétie 11325:period 11304:Ockham 11171:Cicero 10972:Nazism 10760:Utopia 10735:Rights 10725:Regime 10695:People 10680:Nation 10486:Ethics 10445:(2010) 10435:(1991) 10425:(1990) 10415:(1987) 10405:(1987) 10395:(1979) 10385:(1976) 10375:(1967) 10365:(1964) 10355:(1949) 10345:(1935) 10335:(1930) 10315:(1756) 10305:(1486) 10250:Walzer 10240:Taylor 10230:Sowell 10215:Simmel 10180:Pareto 10175:Ortega 10085:Guénon 10070:Gehlen 10065:Gandhi 10020:Debord 10005:Butler 10000:Berlin 9990:Bauman 9980:Badiou 9970:Arendt 9960:Adorno 9892:Ruskin 9847:Le Bon 9822:Herder 9797:Fichte 9792:Engels 9762:Bonald 9752:Arnold 9724:Milton 9719:Luther 9699:Calvin 9577:Origen 9547:Cicero 9507:Social 9443:Family 9438:Values 9399:Rights 9363:Public 9311:Honour 9242:Anomie 9237:Agency 8931:(2015) 8923:(2013) 8915:(2012) 8907:(2012) 8899:(2011) 8891:(2009) 8883:(2008) 8875:(2004) 8867:(2004) 8859:(2003) 8851:(2003) 8843:(2001) 8835:(2001) 8827:(2000) 8819:(1999) 8811:(1998) 8803:(1997) 8795:(1997) 8787:(1997) 8779:(1996) 8771:(1988) 8756:(1984) 8748:(1982) 8740:(1980) 8732:(1980) 8724:(1978) 8716:(1977) 8708:(1973) 8688:(1964) 8657:(1975) 8649:(1969) 8641:(1968) 8635:(1966) 8627:(1963) 8621:(1963) 8613:(1961) 8605:(1954) 8427:2009. 8414: 8392:1987. 8367: 8359: 8349: 8297:, and 8246: 8170: 8151: 8132: 8108: 8084: 8062: 8032: 8004: 7994: 7986: 7919: 7882: 7776: 7745: 7672:Spiked 7648: 7612:778828 7610: 7602: 7560: 7552: 7504: 7474: 7348: 7328: 7308: 7285: 7260: 7231: 7223: 7190: 7167: 7140: 7041: 7004: 6979: 6946: 6917: 6879: 6834: 6811: 6801: 6776: 6736: 6700: 6133: 6095: 6087: 6052: 6042: 6002: 5994: 5878: 5744:: 359. 5391: 3864: 3835: 3810: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3717: 3674:", in 3632: 3491:desire 3311:per se 3187:, and 3068:cosmos 3061:, the 2996:Stoics 2988:Cynics 2957:sodomy 2901:always 2881:Phaedo 2589:(2004) 2536:Poland 2419:sepsis 2274:under 2244:Tehran 2216:Madrid 1980:Maoist 1966:, and 1841:, and 1696:, and 1620:, and 1521:, 1993 1488:: 1960 1423:Warsaw 667:, and 221:School 210:Region 188:(1976) 180:(1975) 172:(1966) 164:(1963) 156:(1961) 13361:Index 13268:Trace 13248:Power 13243:Other 13233:Ontic 13074:Angst 12923:Žižek 12908:Weber 12898:Stein 12833:Negri 12828:Nancy 12768:Lacan 12753:Koyré 12708:Hegel 12663:Fanon 12618:Croce 12593:Camus 12583:Buber 12433:Index 12062:Works 12049:Weber 12014:Spann 12009:Sorel 11974:Röpke 11969:Rawls 11924:Negri 11914:Mosca 11909:Mises 11874:Lenin 11844:Hoppe 11839:Hayek 11804:Fromm 11794:Evola 11784:Dugin 11681:Taine 11661:Smith 11641:Renan 11636:Paine 11557:Iqbal 11542:Hegel 11492:Comte 11482:Burke 11394:Locke 11384:James 11337:Bodin 11269:Dante 11264:Bruni 11218:Shang 11201:Plato 10755:State 10705:Power 10690:Peace 10625:Elite 10603:Terms 10283:Works 10270:Žižek 10255:Weber 10195:Röpke 10155:Negri 10135:Lasch 10105:Hoppe 10060:Fromm 10050:Evola 10030:Dewey 10010:Camus 9917:Taine 9897:Smith 9887:Royce 9877:Renan 9812:Hegel 9777:Comte 9767:Burke 9714:Locke 9648:Dante 9643:Bruni 9612:Xunzi 9587:Plato 9582:Philo 9562:Laozi 9370:Mores 9282:Multi 9272:Inter 8594:Books 8497:. In 8467:Telos 8319:. In 7768:[ 7737:[ 7608:JSTOR 7558:S2CID 7229:JSTOR 6093:S2CID 6000:JSTOR 3785:S2CID 3777:JSTOR 3622:(PDF) 3408:with 3402:truth 3063:stoic 2822:Blair 2775:as if 2631:Power 2485:dandy 2459:AIDES 2425:Death 2167:Seuil 2117:' 1891:Tunis 1813:] 1632:in a 1463:] 1391:. At 1207:Lille 1181:] 1081:] 959:, an 949:] 892:lycée 834:AIDES 613:power 293:] 129:SpDip 13173:Gaze 12913:Weil 12858:Said 12818:Marx 12523:Aron 11964:Rand 11959:Qutb 11859:Kirk 11734:Aron 11651:Sade 11631:Owen 11616:Mill 11606:Marx 11574:Kant 11552:Hume 11414:More 11314:Wang 11196:Mozi 10620:Duty 10265:Zinn 10260:Weil 10130:Land 10115:Kirk 9975:Aron 9932:Vico 9872:Owen 9862:Mill 9857:Marx 9837:Kant 9827:Hume 9572:Mozi 9277:Mono 8477:Ltd. 8469:67, 8412:ISBN 8365:OCLC 8357:LCCN 8347:ISBN 8331:Sage 8244:ISBN 8168:ISBN 8149:ISBN 8130:ISBN 8106:ISBN 8082:ISBN 8060:ISBN 8030:ISBN 8002:PMID 7984:ISSN 7917:ISSN 7880:ISBN 7807:help 7787:2023 7774:ISBN 7743:ISBN 7680:2023 7646:ISBN 7600:ISSN 7550:ISSN 7513:2019 7502:ISSN 7472:ISBN 7451:2009 7429:2019 7403:2019 7378:2019 7346:ISBN 7326:ISBN 7306:ISBN 7283:ISBN 7258:ISBN 7221:ISSN 7188:ISBN 7165:ISBN 7138:ISBN 7094:2019 7067:2020 7039:ISBN 7002:ISBN 6977:ISBN 6944:ISBN 6915:ISBN 6877:ISBN 6832:ISBN 6809:OCLC 6799:ISBN 6774:ISBN 6747:2014 6734:ISBN 6711:2012 6698:ISBN 6650:2020 6613:2021 6587:2019 6131:ISSN 6085:ISSN 6050:ISSN 6040:ISBN 5992:ISSN 5876:ISBN 5857:2019 5816:2021 5389:ISBN 3862:ISBN 3833:ISBN 3808:ISBN 3769:ISSN 3715:ISBN 3630:ISBN 3497:and 3331:and 3137:and 3091:and 2927:and 2820:and 2818:Bush 2794:bios 2639:and 2498:and 2463:aide 2403:AIDS 2375:Time 2258:and 2173:and 2153:and 1901:and 1790:gaze 1741:and 1584:Plon 1499:and 1409:, a 1366:and 1319:and 1225:and 1086:M.A. 816:and 718:and 687:and 675:and 631:and 619:and 599:and 580:foo- 543:-koh 436:gaze 422:", " 418:", " 80:Died 61:Born 12648:Eco 12029:Sun 11889:Mao 10765:War 10660:Law 10095:Han 10045:Eco 8339:doi 7992:PMC 7974:doi 7909:doi 7540:doi 7213:doi 6770:186 6123:doi 6077:doi 6030:doi 5984:doi 3761:doi 3695:: " 3691:", 3462:. 2870:In 2689:all 2679:or 2399:HIV 2368:at 2102:'s 2092:'s 2078:LSD 1933:in 1661:'s 1507:, ' 1505:Poe 1164:in 1096:). 582:KOH 541:FOO 426:", 414:, " 390:), 133:PhD 13384:: 8516:. 8363:. 8355:. 8345:. 8333:; 8014:^ 8000:. 7990:. 7982:. 7970:10 7968:. 7964:. 7915:. 7903:. 7841:^ 7799:: 7797:}} 7793:{{ 7669:. 7606:. 7596:59 7594:. 7556:. 7548:. 7534:. 7530:. 7494:. 7419:. 7394:. 7356:^ 7293:^ 7268:^ 7241:^ 7227:. 7219:. 7209:78 7207:. 7175:^ 7148:^ 7123:^ 7096:. 7084:. 7012:^ 6987:^ 6954:^ 6925:^ 6896:^ 6846:^ 6807:. 6772:. 6670:^ 6641:. 6603:. 6577:. 6129:. 6119:12 6117:. 6105:^ 6091:. 6083:. 6073:14 6071:. 6048:. 6038:. 6024:. 6012:^ 5998:. 5990:. 5980:30 5978:. 5951:^ 5847:. 5807:. 5742:14 5740:. 5736:. 5651:^ 5269:^ 4932:^ 4873:^ 3783:. 3775:. 3767:. 3757:84 3755:. 3739:16 3737:. 3644:^ 3213:. 3183:, 3179:, 3070:. 2964:. 2931:. 2725:. 2657:. 2282:. 2179:. 1962:, 1958:, 1954:, 1950:, 1946:, 1942:, 1837:, 1811:fr 1616:, 1612:, 1608:, 1598:. 1476:. 1461:de 1421:, 1315:, 1311:, 1241:. 1221:, 1179:fr 1079:fr 1051:, 947:fr 899:. 885:. 857:, 663:, 659:, 655:, 651:, 647:, 643:, 607:, 586:; 571:oʊ 562:uː 552:: 550:US 546:, 531:oʊ 525:uː 512:: 510:UK 476:, 470:, 464:, 458:, 450:, 446:, 442:, 438:, 434:, 430:, 408:, 402:, 398:, 394:, 370:, 366:, 362:, 358:, 291:de 131:, 127:, 125:BA 115:MA 113:, 111:BA 12481:e 12474:t 12467:v 10588:e 10581:t 10574:v 9215:e 9208:t 9201:v 9061:" 8759:" 8691:" 8579:e 8572:t 8565:v 8522:. 8507:. 8459:. 8445:. 8420:. 8386:. 8371:. 8341:: 8311:. 8291:. 8275:. 8250:. 8227:. 8220:. 8209:. 8198:. 8176:. 8157:. 8138:. 8114:. 8090:. 8068:. 8008:. 7976:: 7950:. 7923:. 7911:: 7888:. 7809:) 7789:. 7751:. 7682:. 7654:. 7614:. 7564:. 7542:: 7536:1 7515:. 7480:. 7453:. 7431:. 7405:. 7235:. 7215:: 6840:. 6815:. 6782:. 6749:. 6713:. 6652:. 6615:. 6589:. 6137:. 6125:: 6099:. 6079:: 6056:. 6032:: 6006:. 5986:: 5884:. 5859:. 5818:. 5397:. 5075:. 4207:. 3870:. 3841:. 3816:. 3791:. 3763:: 3723:. 3638:. 3469:) 3465:( 2161:( 2136:( 2040:( 2017:( 1679:( 1354:( 1168:( 1092:( 726:( 574:/ 568:k 565:ˈ 559:f 556:/ 534:/ 528:k 522:f 519:ˈ 516:/ 506:( 456:) 386:( 135:) 123:( 117:) 109:( 34:. 20:)

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