1320:
ethnomethodology is distinct from sociological methods, it does not seek to compete with it, or provide remedies for any of its practices. The ethnomethodological approach differs as much from the sociological approach as sociology does from psychology even though both speak of social action. This does not mean that ethnomethodology does not use traditional sociological forms as a sounding board for its own programmatic development, or to establish benchmarks for the differences between traditional sociological forms of study and ethnomethodology as it only means that ethnomethodology was not established in order to: repair, criticize, undermine, or poke fun at traditional sociological forms. In essence the distinctive difference between sociological approaches and ethnomethodology is that the latter adopts a commonsense attitude towards knowledge.
1285:. Mannheim defined the term as a search for an identical homologous pattern of meaning underlying a variety of totally different realisations of that meaning. Garfinkel states that the documentary method of interpretation consists of treating an actual appearance as the "document of", "as pointing to", as "standing on behalf of", a presupposed underlying pattern. These "documents" serve to constitute the underlying pattern, but are themselves interpreted on the basis of what is already known about that underlying pattern. This seeming paradox is quite familiar to hermeneuticians who understand this phenomenon as a version of the hermeneutic circle. This phenomenon is also subject to analysis from the perspective of
1237:. In ethnomethodology, the phenomenon is universalised to all forms of language and behavior, and is deemed to be beyond remedy for the purposes of establishing a scientific description and explanation of social behavior. The consequence of the degree of contextual dependence for a "segment" of talk or behavior can range from the problem of establishing a "working consensus" regarding the description of a phrase, concept or behavior, to the end-game of social scientific description itself. Note that any serious development of the concept must eventually assume a theory of
36:
947:. Thus, their methods for: establishing matters of fact; developing evidence chains; determining the reliability of witness testimony; establishing the organization of speakers in the jury room itself; and determining the guilt or innocence of defendants, etc. are all topics of interest. Such methods serve to constitute the social order of being a juror for the members of the jury, as well as for researchers and other interested parties, in that specific social setting.
1063:, might be interpreted to suggest a softening of this position towards the end of Garfinkel's life. However, the position is consistent with ethnomethodology's understanding of the significance of "member's methods", and with certain lines of philosophical thought regarding the philosophy of science (Polanyi 1958; Kuhn 1970; Feyerabend 1975), and the study of the actual practices of scientific procedure. It also has a strong correspondence with the later philosophy of
1074:), and, most frequently, of course, to the works of the social phenomenologist Alfred Schutz (Phenomenology of the Natural Attitude), among others. On the other hand, the authors and theoretical references cited by Garfinkel do not constitute a rigorous theoretical basis for ethnomethodology. Ethnomethodology is not Durkheimian, although it shares some of the interests of Durkheim; it is not phenomenology, although it borrows from Husserl and Schutz's studies of the
832:
1217:
ethnomethodological respecification of
Durkheim's statement via a "misreading" (see below) of his quote appears above. There is also a textual link/rationale provided in the literature. Both links involve a leap of faith on the part of the reader; that is, we don't believe that one method for this interpretation is necessarily better than the other, or that one form of justification for such an interpretation outweighs its competitor.
993:
1300:) appearances of these sensibly coherent social orders. These appearances (parts, adumbrates) of social orders are embodied in specific accounts, and employed in a particular social setting by the members of the particular group of individuals party to that setting. Specific social orders have the same formal properties as identified by A. Gurwitsch in his discussion of the constituent features of perceptual
1166:, etc.). Dictates and prejudices which serve to pre-structure traditional social scientific investigations independently of the subject matter taken as a topic of study, or the investigatory setting being subjected to scrutiny. The policy of ethnomethodological indifference is specifically not to be conceived of as indifference to the problem of social order taken as a group (member's) concern.
1122:, speaking for Garfinkel: "If one assumes, as Garfinkel does, that the meaningful, patterned, and orderly character of everyday life is something that people must work to achieve, then one must also assume that they have some methods for doing so". That is, "...members of society must have some shared methods that they use to mutually construct the meaningful orderliness of social situations."
1082:); it is not a form of Gestalt theory, although it describes social orders as having Gestalt-like properties; and, it is not Wittgensteinian, although it makes use of Wittgenstein's understanding of rule-use, etc. Instead, these borrowings are only fragmentary references to theoretical works from which ethnomethodology has appropriated theoretical ideas for the expressed purposes of
1424:"inexorably intertwined" with the constitutive features of talk about those social orders, ethnomethodology is committed to an interest in both conversational talk, and the role this talk plays in the constitution of that order. Talk is seen as indexical and embedded in a specific social order. It is also naturally reflexive to and constitutive of that order.
1249:"instead, they go together". No criteria are offered for the translation of an original text and its misreading—the outcome of such translations are in Garfinkel's term: "incommensurable." The misreading of texts or fragments of texts is a standard feature of ethnomethodology's way of doing theory, especially in regards to topics in phenomenology.
1324:
subjective states of an individual or groups of individuals; attribute conceptual projections such as, "value states", "sentiments", "goal orientations", "mini-max economic theories of behavior", etc., to any actor or group of actors; or posit a specific "normative order" as a transcendental feature of social scenes, etc.
931:
ethnomethodology attempts to create classifications of the social actions of individuals within groups through drawing on the experience of the groups directly, without imposing on the setting the opinions of the researcher with regards to social order, as is the case with other forms of sociological investigation.
1342:
While traditional sociology usually provides descriptions of social settings which compete with the actual descriptions offered by the individuals who are party to those settings, ethnomethodology seeks to describe the procedures (practices, methods) these individuals use in their actual descriptions
1172:
This is the practice of attempting to describe any social activity, regardless of its routine or mundane appearance, as if it were happening for the very first time. This is in an effort to expose how the observer of the activity assembles, or constitutes, the activity for the purposes of formulating
1131:
states: "Ethnomethodology is a thoroughly empirical enterprise devoted to the discovery of social order and intelligibility as witnessable collective achievements." "The keystone of the argument is that local orders exist; that these orders are witnessable in the scenes in which they are produced;
1054:
with regard to social theory which insists that the shared understandings of members of a social setting under study take precedence over any concepts which a social theorist might bring to the analysis from outside that setting. This can be perplexing to traditional social scientists, trained in the
897:
Ethnomethodology is a fundamentally descriptive discipline which does not engage in the explanation or evaluation of the particular social order undertaken as a topic of study., "to discover the things that persons in particular situations do, the methods they use, to create the patterned orderliness
1437:
notes, is that conversation analysis can become just another formal analytic enterprise, like any other formal method which brings an analytical toolbox of preconceptions, formal definitions, and operational procedures to the situation/setting under study. When such analytical concepts are generated
1327:
For the ethnomethodologist, the methodic realisation of social scenes takes place within the actual setting under scrutiny, and is structured by the participants in that setting through the reflexive accounting of that setting's features. The job of the ethnomethodologist is to describe the methodic
1232:
The concept of indexicality is a key core concept for ethnomethodology. Garfinkel states that it was derived from the concept of indexical expressions appearing in ordinary language philosophy (1967), wherein a statement is considered to be indexical insofar as it is dependent for its sense upon the
1202:
A question about an aspect of the social order that recommends, as a method of answering it, that the researcher should seek out members of society who, in their daily lives, are responsible for the maintenance of that aspect of the social order. This is in opposition to the idea that such questions
1295:
Theoretically speaking, the object of ethnomethodological research is social order taken as a group member's concern. Methodologically, social order is made available for description in any specific social setting as an accounting of specific social orders: the sensible coherencies of accounts that
1195:
down a busy one-way street can reveal myriads of useful insights into the patterned social practices, and moral order, of the community of road users. The point of such an exercise—a person pretending to be a stranger or boarder in their own household—is to demonstrate that gaining insight into the
1089:
Similarly, ethnomethodology advocates no formal methods of enquiry, insisting that the research method be dictated by the nature of the phenomenon that is being studied. Ethnomethodologists have conducted their studies in a variety of ways, and the point of these investigations is "to discover the
1460:
Garfinkel speaks of phenomenological texts and findings as being "appropriated" for the purposes of exploring topics in the study of social order. Even though ethnomethodology is not a form of phenomenology, the reading and understanding of phenomenological texts, and developing the capability of
1456:
Even though ethnomethodology has been characterised as having a "phenomenological sensibility", and reliable commentators have acknowledged that "there is a strong influence of phenomenology on ethnomethodology" (Maynard and
Kardash 2007:1484), some orthodox adherents to the discipline—those who
1216:
of social facts as a principle of study (thus providing the basis of sociology as a science). Garfinkel's alternative reading of
Durkheim is that we should treat the objectivity of social facts as an achievement of society's members, and make the achievement process itself the focus of study. An
1223:
Accounts are the ways members signify, describe or explain the properties of a specific social situation. They can consist of both verbal and non-verbal objectifications. They are always both indexical to the situation in which they occur (see below), and, simultaneously reflexive—they serve to
930:
refers to the systematic description of these methods and practices. The focus of the investigation used in our example is the social order of surfing, the ethnomethodological interest is in the "how" (the methods and practices) of the production and maintenance of this social order. In essence
1432:
On the other hand, where the study of conversational talk is divorced from its situated context—that is, when it takes on the character of a purely technical method and "formal analytic" enterprise in its own right—it is not a form of ethnomethodology. The "danger" of misunderstanding here, as
1323:
In contrast to traditional sociological forms of inquiry, it is a hallmark of the ethnomethodological perspective that it does not make theoretical or methodological appeals to: outside assumptions regarding the structure of an actor or actors' characterisation of social reality; refer to the
1248:
Misreading a text, or fragments of a text, does not denote making an erroneous reading of a text in whole or in part. As
Garfinkel states, it means to denote an "alternate reading" of a text or fragment of a text. As such, the original and its misreading do not "translate point to point" but,
973:
For the ethnomethodologist, participants produce the order of social settings through their shared sense making practices. Thus, there is an essential natural reflexivity between the activity of making sense of a social setting and the ongoing production of that setting; the two are in effect
1423:
The relationship between ethnomethodology and conversation analysis has been contentious at times, given their overlapping interests, the close collaboration between their founders and the subsequent divergence of interest among many practitioners. In as much as the study of social orders is
1319:
Since ethnomethodology has become anathema to certain sociologists, and since those practicing it like to perceive their own efforts as constituting a radical break from prior sociologies, there has been little attempt to link ethnomethodology to these prior sociologies. However, whilst
1203:
are best answered by a sociologist. Sacks' original question concerned objects in public places and how it was possible to see that such objects did or did not belong to somebody. He found his answer in the activities of police officers who had to decide whether cars were abandoned.
1196:
work involved in maintaining any given social order can often best be revealed by breaching that social order and observing the results of that breach—especially those activities related to the reassembly of that social order, and the normalisation of that social setting.
1296:
order a specific social setting for the participants relative to a specific social project to be realised in that setting. Social orders themselves are made available for both participants and researchers through phenomena of order: the actual accounting of the partial (
1233:
context in which it is embedded (Bar-Hillel 1954:359–379). The phenomenon is acknowledged in various forms of analytical philosophy, and sociological theory and methods, but is considered to be both limited in scope and remedied through specification
1395:. While early studies focused on talk abstracted from the context in which it was produced (usually using tape recordings of telephone conversations) this approach seeks to identify interactional structures that are specific to particular settings.
1132:
and that the possibility of intelligibility is based on the actual existence and detailed enactment of these orders." Ethnomethodology is not, however, conventionally empiricist. Its empirical nature is specified in the weak form of the
1304:, and, by extension, the same relationships of meaning described in his account of Gestalt Contextures (see Gurwitsch 1964:228–279). As such, it is little wonder that Garfinkel states: "you can't do anything unless you do read his texts".
1224:
constitute that situation. An account can consist of something as simple as a wink of the eye, a material object evidencing a state of affairs (documents, etc.), or something as complex as a story detailing the boundaries of the universe.
1049:
Ethnomethodology has often perplexed commentators, due to its radical approach to questions of theory and method. With regard to theory, Garfinkel has consistently advocated an attitude of ethnomethodological indifference, a principled
1428:
pointed out: "Many, in fact most, of those who have developed a serious interest in ethnomethodology have also used conversation analysis, developed by Sacks, Schegloff, and
Jefferson, as one of their research tools."
1241:
as its foundation (see
Gurwitsch 1985). Without such a foundational underpinning, both the traditional social scientist and the ethnomethodologist are relegated to merely telling stories around the campfire (Brooks
943:, who attributed its origin to his work investigating the conduct of jury members in 1954. His interest was in describing the common sense methods through which members of a jury produce themselves in a jury room
890:, which has found its own place as an accepted discipline within the academy. According to Psathas, it is possible to distinguish five major approaches within the ethnomethodological family of disciplines (see
1829:
Garfinkel, H. & Wieder, D. L. (1992) 'Two
Incommensurable, Asymmetrically Alternate Technologies of Social Analysis', in G. Watson & R. M. Seiler (eds.), Text in Context, Sage, London, pp. 175–206.
978:
writes: "In its open-ended reference to any kind of sense-making procedure, the term represents a signpost to a domain of uncharted dimensions rather than a staking out of a clearly delineated territory."
1741:
Garfinkel, H. & Wieder, D. L. (1992) 'Two
Incommensurable, Asymmetrically Alternate Technologies of Social Analysis', in G. Watson & R. M. Seiler (eds.), Text in Context, Sage, London, pp. 175–206.
1158:, or indifference, towards the dictates, prejudices, methods and practices of sociological analysis as traditionally conceived (examples: theories of "deviance", analysis of behavior as rule governed,
1706:
Doug
Maynard & Steve Clayman, "The Diversity of Ethnomethodology", ASR, V.17, pp. 385–418. 1991. A survey of various ethnomethodological approaches to the study of social practices. Pages 413–418.
958:, though Garfinkel ultimately revised many of Schutz's ideas. Garfinkel also drew on his study of the principles and practices of financial accounting; the classic sociological theory and methods of
1328:
character of these activities, not account for them in a way that transcends that which is made available in and through the actual accounting practices of the individual's party to those settings.
1177:
and reflexive properties of the actors', or observer's, own descriptions of what is taking place in any given situation. Such an activity will also reveal the observer's inescapable reliance on the
1102:
has noted that: "Leading figures in the field have repeatedly emphasised that there is no obligatory set of methods , and no prohibition against using any research procedure whatsoever, if it is
1339:(factual character, objectivity) of the social order for granted, ethnomethodology is concerned with the procedures (practices, methods) by which that social order is produced, and shared.
1310:
For ethnomethodology the topic of study is the social practices of real people in real settings, and the methods by which these people produce and maintain a shared sense of social order.
1461:
seeing phenomenologically is essential to the praxis of ethnomethodological studies. As
Garfinkel states in regard to the work of the phenomenologist Aron Gurwitsch, especially his
1173:
any particular description. The point of such an exercise is to make available and underline the complexities of sociological analysis and description, particularly the
974:
identical. Furthermore, these practices (or methods) are witnessably enacted, making them available for study. This opens up a broad and multi-faceted area of inquiry.
1273:
The documentary method is the method of understanding utilised by everyone engaged in trying to make sense of their social world—this includes the ethnomethodologist.
1142:
is that the researcher should have a 'vulgar competence' in the research setting. That is, they should be able to function as an ordinary member of that setting.
1187:
A method for revealing, or exposing, the common work that is performed by members of particular social groups in maintaining a clearly recognisable and shared
1401:. 'Work' is used here to refer to any social activity. The analytic interest is in how that work is accomplished within the setting in which it is performed.
1297:
1212:
Durkheim famously recommended: "our basic principle, that of the objectivity of social facts". This is usually taken to mean that we should assume the
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Rooke, J. & Seymour, D. (2005) 'Studies of Work: Achieving Hybrid Disciplines in IT Design and Management Studies', Human Studies 28(2):205–221.
1353:
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from within one setting and conceptually applied (generalised) to another, the (re)application represents a violation of the strong form of the
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approaches. In its most radical form, it poses a challenge to the social sciences as a whole. Its early investigations led to the founding of
415:
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of social life". However, applications have been found within many applied disciplines, such as software design and management studies.
1802:
Michael Lynch 1993 Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies of Science, Cambridge University Press
1492:
Garfinkel, H. (1974) 'The origins of the term ethnomethodology', in R.Turner (Ed.) Ethnomethodology, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp 15–18.
1415:
Further discussion of the varieties and diversity of ethnomethodological investigations can be found in Maynard & Clayman's work.
926:
refers to the methods and practices this particular group employs in its everyday activities (for example, related to surfing); and
1411:. Just what makes an activity what it is? e.g. what makes a test a test, a competition a competition, or a definition a definition?
2187:
2118:, 4 Volumes, Sage, 2011. Sage "Research" series. Compendium of theoretical papers, ethnomethodological studies, and discussions.
2111:, 4 Volumes, Sage, 2003. Sage "Masters" series. Compendium of theoretical papers, ethnomethodological studies, and discussions.
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2147:
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Michael Lynch, Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies of Science, Cambridge UP, 1993.
862:
459:
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is produced in and through processes of social interaction. It generally seeks to provide an alternative to mainstream
1677:
Anne Rawls, "Harold Garfinkel", Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, ed. G. Ritzer. Blackwell: London, 2000.
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Cuff, E. C., Sharrock, W. W. & Francis, D.W. (2006) Perspectives in Sociology (fifth edition) Unwin Hyman, London.
2023:
2002:
1981:
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1811:
Cuff, E. C., Sharrock, W. W. & Francis, D.W. (2006) Perspectives in Sociology (fifth edition) Unwin Hyman, London
1790:
1720:
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1036:
801:
791:
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455:
1356:, five types of ethnomethodological study can be identified (Psathas 1995:139–155). These may be characterised as:
1238:
250:
550:
335:
86:
2182:
2192:
816:
470:
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Wes W. Sharrock, Bob Anderson, R. J. Anderson (1986) The ethnomethodologists. London: Taylor & Francis.
1259:," the way the term is used in ethnomethodology is different: it is meant "to describe the acausal and non-
135:
101:
1750:
Harold Garfinkel (2002). Ethnomethodology's Program. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1642-3.
1264:
779:
105:
55:
1451:
796:
294:
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Maynard, Douglas and Kardash, Teddy (2007) 'Ethnomethodology'. pp. 1483–1486 in G. Ritzer (ed.)
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and repeatedly demonstrates the use of the method in the case studies appearing in his central text,
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refers to a particular socio-cultural group (for example, a particular, local community of surfers);
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355:
225:
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References are also made in Garfinkel's work to Husserl (Transcendental Phenomenology), Gurwitsch (
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as the defining "methodology" of social understanding for both lay persons and social scientists.
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follow the teachings of Garfinkel—do not explicitly represent it as a form of phenomenology.
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954:' attempt to derive a general theory of society. This critique originated in his reading of
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50:
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A primary source for ethnomethodology and conversation analysis information and resources.
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8:
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918:, for the purpose of explanation. Using an appropriate Southern California example:
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While traditional sociology usually offers an analysis of society which takes the
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theory (part/whole relationships), and the phenomenological theory of perception.
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81:
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Psathas, George. (1995). "Talk and Social Structure", and, "Studies of Work",
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Despite the fact that many sociologists use "reflexivity" as a synonym for "
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1227:
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879:
716:
668:
1501:
Garfinkel, H. (1984) Studies in Ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge.
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1820:
Michael Lynch, The Social Science Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2nd Ed., 1989.
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Garfinkel, H. (1984) Studies in Ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge
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1155:
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732:
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676:
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515:
245:
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The Australian Institute for Conversation Analysis and Ethnomethodology.
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The term's meaning can be broken down into its three constituent parts:
2135:: 139–155. Typology of ethnomethodological studies of social practices.
1900:
1884:
1715:
John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology, Cambridge:Polity. 1991.(
1612:
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1363:. Including the earliest studies, such as those in Garfinkel's seminal
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265:
185:
110:
1785:(2002). Ethnomethodology's Program. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
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1174:
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is identical to the requirement for ethnomethodological indifference.
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883:
684:
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27:
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need for social theory. A multiplicity of theoretical references by
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Talk-in-interaction within institutional or organisational settings
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2140:
Harold Garfinkel: The Creation and Development of Ethnomethodology
1837:
1835:
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71:
1559:
1832:
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established this approach in collaboration with his colleagues
1947:
1488:
1486:
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The organisation of practical actions and practical reasoning
1953:
Attewell, Paul. (1974). "Ethnomethodology since Garfinkel,"
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Ethnomethodology's Program: Working out Durkheim's Aphorism
1483:
1418:
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determination of meaningful action-in-context". See also:
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use, to create the patterned orderliness of social life".
1067:, especially as applied to social studies by Peter Winch.
1469:): "you can't do anything unless you do read his texts".
1115:
The fundamental assumption of ethnomethodological studies
1145:
The unique adequacy requirement of methods (strong form)
1976:, Malden MA: Polity Press/Blackwell Publishing. 1984. (
1924:, "On the Interpretation of Weltanschauung" (1952), in
1865:, Malden MA: Polity Press/Blackwell Publishing. 1984. (
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The differences can therefore be summed up as follows:
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This interest developed out of Garfinkel's critique of
1139:
The unique adequacy requirement of methods (weak form)
1642:
1640:
1638:
2061:
Introduction: the lebenswelt origins of the sciences
1885:"Introduction: A reader's guide to ethnomethodology"
1511:
1509:
1507:
966:; and the traditional sociological concern with the
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1944:, Duquesne University Press, 1964 . Pages 202–227
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1760:
1758:
1756:
1732:Harold Garfinkel 1967 Studies in Ethnomethodology
1504:
2174:
1580:Maynard, Douglas W.; Clayman, Steven E. (1991).
2096:More Studies in Ethnomethodology", SUNY Press,
2038:Bar-Hillel, Y. (1954) 'Indexical expressions',
1845:, Cornell University Press, 1988. Pages 157–172
1530:Talk and Social Structure' and 'Studies of Work
1928:(ed. Kurt Wolf), Transaction Publishers, 1993.
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1579:
1110:Some leading policies, methods and definitions
1314:
1090:things that persons in particular situations
856:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
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1162:, institutional (de)formations, theories of
2114:Lynch, Michael & Wes Sharrock. (2011).
2107:Lynch, Michael & Wes Sharrock. (2003).
1882:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1465:(1964: ethnomethodology's phenomenological
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1125:Ethnomethodology is an empirical enterprise
1106:to the particular phenomena under study".
863:
849:
34:
2018:. 1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1814:
1658:
1307:Ethnomethodology's field of investigation
1037:Learn how and when to remove this message
939:The approach was originally developed by
2084:Manchester, Manchester University Press.
1848:
1693:
1610:
1564:
1017:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2089:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
2059:Garfinkel, H. and Liberman, K. (2007) '
1984:) (first published in 1967). Page: viii
1419:Relationship with conversation analysis
1371:The organisation of talk-in-interaction
1277:recovered the concept from the work of
2175:
1883:Lynch, Michael; Peyrot, Mark (1992).
1690:Cambridge, U.K: Polity Press. Page 5.
1613:"Ethnomethodology: A Critical Review"
982:
16:Study of how social order is produced
2091:, Chicago, Chicago University Press.
1270:Documentary method of interpretation
1086:ethnomethodological investigations.
986:
2082:The Radicalism of Ethnomethodology,
1582:"The Diversity of Ethnomethodology"
934:
13:
1519:, Rowman & Littleford, Lanham.
14:
2204:
2154:
1154:This is the policy of deliberate
1532:, in Human Studies, 18: 139–155.
1151:Ethnomethodological indifference
991:
830:
2032:
2008:
1995:The Reality of Ethnomethodology
1993:Hugh Mehan & Houston Wood,
1987:
1963:
1931:
1915:
1876:
1823:
1805:
1796:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1709:
1688:Garfinkel and ethnomethodology.
1680:
1649:
416:Peace, war, and social conflict
2188:Science and technology studies
1604:
1573:
1552:
1535:
1522:
1495:
891:
1:
1560:http://usir.salford.ac.uk/642
1472:
901:
2074:, Duquesne University Press.
2054:Studies in Ethnomethodology,
2016:A Primer of Ethnomethodology
1347:
7:
1997:. 1975. Chichester: Wiley.
1974:Studies in Ethnomethodology
1873:) (first published in 1967)
1863:Studies in Ethnomethodology
1440:unique adequacy requirement
1365:Studies in Ethnomethodology
1283:Studies in Ethnomethodology
1265:Reflexivity (social theory)
1134:unique adequacy requirement
10:
2209:
2123:Encyclopedia of Sociology.
2072:The Field of Consciousness
1942:The Field of Consciousness
1617:Annual Review of Sociology
1586:Annual Review of Sociology
1452:Phenomenology (philosophy)
1449:
1315:Differences with sociology
1061:Ethnomethodology's Program
87:Human environmental impact
1373:. More recently known as
1059:, in her introduction to
2138:vom Lehn, Dirk. (2014).
2045:Feyerabend, Paul (1975)
1477:
1446:Links with phenomenology
181:Structural functionalism
2070:Gurwitsch, Aron (1964)
2049:London, New Left Books.
1611:Atkinson, Paul (1988).
201:Symbolic interactionism
96:Industrial revolutions
2094:Liberman, Ken (2014).
1843:Heidegger's Pragmatism
1463:Field of Consciousness
191:Social constructionism
2183:Sociological theories
2052:Garfinkel, H. (1967)
1889:Qualitative Sociology
1686:Heritage, J. (1984).
1515:Garfinkel, H. (2002)
1375:conversation analysis
1193:driving the wrong way
1164:social stratification
1004:synthesis of material
888:conversation analysis
566:Conversation analysis
141:Social stratification
2193:Methods in sociology
2142:, Left Coast Press.
2087:Kuhn, Thomas (1970)
1184:Breaching experiment
1118:As characterised by
970:"problem of order".
878:is the study of how
1528:Psathas, G. (1995)
1245:Misreading (a text)
1065:Ludwig Wittgenstein
151:Social cycle theory
22:Part of a series on
2125:Boston: Blackwell.
2078:Hammersley, Martyn
1955:Theory and Society
1926:From Karl Mannheim
1901:10.1007/BF00989490
1861:Harold Garfinkel,
1343:of those settings.
1235:operationalisation
1179:hermeneutic circle
1169:First time through
1014:to the main topic.
1008:verifiably mention
1002:possibly contains
983:Theory and methods
837:Society portal
460:History of science
441:Race and ethnicity
121:Social environment
2148:978-1-61132-979-7
2042:63 (251):359–379.
1399:The study of work
1383:Emanuel Schegloff
1047:
1046:
1039:
873:
872:
591:Social experiment
471:Social psychology
116:Social complexity
2200:
2116:Ethnomethodology
2109:Harold Garfinkel
2027:
2014:Kenneth Leiter,
2012:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1970:Harold Garfinkel
1967:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1880:
1874:
1859:
1846:
1839:
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1794:
1783:Harold Garfinkel
1780:
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1042:
1035:
1031:
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995:
994:
987:
941:Harold Garfinkel
935:Origin and scope
892:§ Varieties
876:Ethnomethodology
865:
858:
851:
835:
834:
586:Network analysis
476:Sociocybernetics
466:Social movements
196:Social darwinism
146:Social structure
38:
19:
18:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2173:
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2157:
2067:, 30, 1, pp3–7.
2047:Against Method,
2035:
2030:
2013:
2009:
1992:
1988:
1968:
1964:
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1350:
1317:
1257:self-reflection
1191:. For example,
1112:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1006:which does not
996:
992:
985:
952:Talcott Parsons
937:
904:
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699:
625:
611:
609:Major theorists
601:
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216:
206:
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176:Critical theory
171:Conflict theory
166:
156:
155:
126:Social equality
67:
17:
12:
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5:
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2155:External links
2153:
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2102:978-1438446189
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2056:Prentice-Hall.
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1094:, the methods
1072:Gestalt Theory
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2065:Human Studies
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2024:0-19-502628-4
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2017:
2011:
2004:
2003:0-471-59060-6
2000:
1996:
1990:
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1982:0-7456-0005-0
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1975:
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1966:
1960:(2): 179–210.
1959:
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1922:Karl Mannheim
1918:
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1791:0-7425-1642-3
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1547:0-85312-949-5
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1352:According to
1341:
1338:
1334:
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1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:Social orders
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Karl Mannheim
1276:
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1107:
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1100:Michael Lynch
1097:
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1038:
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1009:
1005:
1000:This section
998:
989:
988:
980:
977:
976:John Heritage
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Alfred Schutz
953:
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802:Organizations
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751: ·
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747: ·
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707: ·
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556:Computational
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301:Environmental
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251:Consciousness
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131:Social equity
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77:Globalization
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2108:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2071:
2064:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2033:Bibliography
2015:
2010:
1994:
1989:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1862:
1842:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1711:
1687:
1682:
1651:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1566:
1554:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1497:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1442:of methods.
1439:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1379:Harvey Sacks
1370:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1301:
1282:
1228:Indexicality
1199:Sacks' gloss
1189:social order
1133:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1060:
1048:
1033:
1024:
1001:
972:
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927:
923:
919:
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911:
907:
905:
896:
884:sociological
880:social order
875:
874:
787:Bibliography
701:
629:
628:
615:
581:Mathematical
561:Ethnographic
541:Quantitative
226:Architecture
164:Perspectives
136:Social power
1623:: 441–465.
1592:: 385–418.
1261:mentalistic
1252:Reflexivity
1214:objectivity
1209:'s aphorism
1160:role theory
1156:agnosticism
1052:agnosticism
792:Terminology
761:Baudrillard
637:Tocqueville
551:Comparative
546:Qualitative
516:Victimology
346:Immigration
331:Generations
246:Criminology
2177:Categories
2167:AIEMCA.net
2026:. Page 14.
1895:(2): 113.
1473:References
1426:Anne Rawls
1298:adumbrated
1120:Anne Rawls
1080:Lebenswelt
1057:Anne Rawls
902:Definition
817:By country
571:Historical
496:Technology
436:Punishment
421:Philosophy
396:Mathematic
386:Literature
351:Industrial
341:Historical
266:Demography
186:Positivism
111:Popularity
66:Key themes
2005:. Page 5.
1909:145308672
1793:. Page 4.
1723:). Page 1
1629:0360-0572
1598:0360-0572
1549:. Page 18
1407:haecceity
1348:Varieties
1337:facticity
1275:Garfinkel
1175:indexical
1076:lifeworld
1027:June 2012
1019:talk page
968:Hobbesian
945:as a jury
633:Martineau
576:Interview
501:Terrorism
481:Sociology
426:Political
366:Knowledge
286:Education
28:Sociology
1220:Accounts
1207:Durkheim
1104:adequate
960:Durkheim
812:Timeline
797:Journals
765:Bourdieu
757:Habermas
753:Luhmann
749:Foucault
693:Mannheim
673:Durkheim
446:Religion
406:Military
371:Language
356:Internet
311:Feminist
295:Jealousy
281:Economic
276:Disaster
271:Deviance
214:Branches
92:Identity
2080:(2018)
1409:of work
1287:Gestalt
1239:meaning
769:Giddens
767:·
763:·
755:·
743:·
741:Goffman
737:Schoeck
723:·
715:·
691:·
689:Du Bois
687:·
679:·
675:·
667:·
661:Tönnies
659:·
645:Spencer
643:·
621:·
534:Methods
511:Utopian
456:Science
401:Medical
391:Marxist
381:Leisure
291:Emotion
256:Culture
72:Society
51:Outline
46:History
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1242:1974).
1012:relate
924:method
912:method
807:People
745:Bauman
725:Nisbet
721:Merton
713:Gehlen
709:Adorno
702:1900s:
677:Addams
669:Simmel
665:Veblen
657:Pareto
649:Le Bon
630:1800s:
623:Sieyès
616:1700s:
596:Survey
521:Visual
431:Public
336:Health
326:Gender
316:Fiscal
306:Family
1905:S2CID
1478:Notes
1435:Rawls
1302:noema
1129:Rawls
1084:doing
964:Weber
928:ology
920:ethno
916:ology
908:ethno
780:Lists
729:Mills
705:Fromm
697:Elias
685:Weber
619:Comte
506:Urban
491:Sport
486:Space
451:Rural
411:Music
361:Jewry
261:Death
221:Aging
56:Index
2144:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2040:Mind
2020:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1625:ISSN
1594:ISSN
1543:ISBN
1405:The
1385:and
1096:they
962:and
733:Bell
717:Aron
681:Mead
653:Ward
641:Marx
321:Food
241:Body
2063:',
1897:doi
1010:or
894:).
376:Law
231:Art
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759:·
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