1349:) can create long or short syllables in contexts where one would expect the opposite. The most important Classical meter as defined by the Alexandrian grammarians was the dactylic hexameter, the meter of Homeric poetry. This form uses verses of six feet. The first four feet are normally dactyls, but can be spondees. The fifth foot is almost always a dactyl. The sixth foot is either a spondee or a trochee. The initial syllable of either foot is called the ictus, the basic "beat" of the verse. There is usually a
1271:, Aristotle analyzes categoric propositions, and draws a series of basic conclusions on the routine issues of classifying and defining basic linguistic forms, such as simple terms and propositions, nouns and verbs, negation, the quantity of simple propositions (primitive roots of the quantifiers in modern symbolic logic), investigations on the excluded middle (which to Aristotle isn't applicable to future tense propositions — the Problem of future contingents), and on modal propositions.
1326:" in the Greek was based on the length of time taken to pronounce each syllable, with syllables categorized according to their weight as either "long" syllables or "short" syllables (also known as "heavy" and "light" syllables, respectively, to distinguish them from long and short vowels). The foot is often compared to a musical measure and the long and short syllables to whole notes and half notes. The basic unit in Greek and Latin prosody is a
454:
1423:, a language spoken throughout the known world (for the Greeks and Romans) of that time and, as a result, modern linguistics struggles to overcome this. With the Greeks a tradition commenced in the study of language. The terminology invented by Greek and Latin grammarians in the ancient world and medieval period continue as a part of our everyday language. Think, for example, of notions such as the word, the syllable, the verb, the subject etc.
2055:
with the Greeks and Romans, viewed as the only civilized persons of the ancient world, a view articulated by Thomas
Sheridan who compiled an important 18th century pronunciation dictionary: "It was to the care taken in the cultivation of their languages, that Greece and Rome, owed that splendor, which eclipsed all the other nations of the world".
2217:, William Mandeville Austin and several of his students and colleagues developed teaching materials for a variety of languages whose knowledge was needed for the war effort. This work led to an increasing prominence of the field of linguistics, which became a recognized discipline in most American universities only after the war.
1181:, graphemes indicated syllables, that is sound combinations of a consonant and a vowel. The addition of vowels by the Greeks was a major breakthrough as it facilitated the writing of Greek by representing both vowels and consonants with distinct graphemes. As a result of the introduction of writing, poetry such as the
1192:
Along with written speech, the Greeks commenced studying grammatical and philosophical issues. A philosophical discussion about the nature and origins of language can be found as early as the works of Plato. A subject of concern was whether language was man-made, a social artifact, or supernatural in
661:
Across cultures, the early history of linguistics is associated with a need to disambiguate discourse, especially for ritual texts or arguments. This often led to explorations of sound-meaning mappings, and the debate over conventional versus naturalistic origins for these symbols. Finally, this led
2054:
authored a 6 volume treatise that delved more deeply into the matter of "savage languages". Other writers theorized that Native
American languages were "nothing but the natural and instinctive cries of the animal" without grammatical structure. The thinkers within this paradigm connected themselves
1613:
was a result of the failure to rectify behaviour to meet the moral commitment inherent in names: "Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son... If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the
697:
Over the centuries, the lists became standardised, and the
Sumerian words were provided with Akkadian translations. Ultimately texts emerged that gave Akkadian equivalents for not just single words, but for entire paradigms of varying forms for words: one text, for instance, has 227 different forms
1969:
Founding
Fathers In the 1600s, Joannes Goropius Becanus was the oldest representative of Dutch linguistics. He was the first person to publish a fragment of Gothic, mainly The lord's prayer. Franciscus Juniuns, Lambert ten Kate from Amsterdam and George Hickes from England are considered to be the
1411:
become an important domain of study as many grammarians compiled dictionaries, thesauri and lists of special words "λέξεις" that were old, or dialectical or special (such as medical words or botanic words) at that period. In the early medieval times we find more categories of dictionaries like the
1264:
Next, he distinguishes between a subject of predication, namely that of which anything is affirmed or denied, and a subject of inhesion. A thing is said to be inherent in a subject, when, though it is not a part of the subject, it cannot possibly exist without the subject, e.g., shape in a thing
1314:
with notions such as "noun", "verb", etc. There was also a discussion about the role of analogy in language, in this discussion the grammatici in
Alexandria supported the view that language and especially morphology is based on analogy or paradigm, whereas the grammatic in schools in Asia Minor
1242:
became of the utmost importance for the understanding of tragedy, poetry, public discussions etc. as text genres. Aristotle's work on logic interrelates with his special interest in language, and his work on this area was fundamentally important for the development of the study of language
2191:, a Swiss professor of Indo-European and general linguistics, whose lectures on general linguistics, published posthumously by his students, set the direction of European linguistic analysis from the 1920s on; his approach has been widely adopted in other fields under the broad term "
1207:
view, that word meanings emerge from a natural process, independent of the language user. His arguments are partly based on examples of compounding, where the meaning of the whole is usually related to the constituents, although by the end he admits a small role for convention. The
2117:
observed that human language was a rule-governed system, anticipating a theme that was to become central in the formal work on syntax and semantics of language in the 20th century. Of this observation he said that it allowed language to make "infinite use of finite means"
2198:
By the 20th century, the attention shifted from language change to the structure, which is governed by rules and principles. This structure turned more into grammar and by the 1920s structural linguistic, was developing into sophisticated methods of grammatical analysis.
694:; it remained however as a language of prestige and continued to be used in religious and legal contexts. It therefore had to be taught as a foreign language, and to facilitate this, information about Sumerian was recorded in writing by Akkadian-speaking scribes.
898:
The extremely succinct specification of these rules and their complex interactions led to considerable commentary and extrapolation over the following centuries. The phonological structure includes defining a notion of sound universals similar to the modern
1655:
position on the name-reality connection – universals arise because "the world itself fixes the patterns of similarity and difference by which things should be divided into kinds". The philosophical tradition features a well known conundrum
1995:
In the history of
American linguistics, there were hundreds of Indigenous languages that were never recorded. Many of the languages were spoken, not written, and so they are now inaccessible. Under these circumstances, linguists such as
1298:
became an important structure for the understanding of speech organization. One of the most important contributions of the Stoics in language study was the gradual definition of the terminology and theory echoed in modern linguistics.
2038:, on the topic of both the origin and progress of language and society was fashionable. These thinkers contributed to the construction of academic paradigms in which some languages were labelled "primitive" relative to the
1253:, Aristotle defines what is meant by "synonymous" or univocal words, what is meant by "homonymous" or equivocal words, and what is meant by "paronymous" or denominative words. He divides forms of speech as being:
690:, that is, a language with no known genetic relatives), the language of religious and legal texts at the time. Sumerian was being replaced in everyday speech by a very different (and unrelated) language,
2266:. Core principles include the distinction between competence and performance, the role of innate grammar (Universal Grammar), and the use of explicit, formal models to describe linguistic knowledge.
1265:
having a shape. The categories are not abstract platonic entities but are found in speech, these are substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action and affection. In
1713:, but instead of rectifying behaviour to suit the names, his emphasis is on rectifying language to correctly reflect reality. This is consistent with a more "conventional" view of word origins.
3179:, John Benjamins Publishing, 1994, p. 150: "Humboldt himself (Humboldt was one of the leading spirits of romantic linguistics; he died in 1834) emphasized that speaking was permanent creation."
1401:. Apollonius wrote more than thirty treatises on questions of syntax, semantics, morphology, prosody, orthography, dialectology, and more. Happily, four of these are preserved—we still have a
1800:
Ancient commentators on the classics focused their attention on lexical content and the function of linking words rather than syntax; the first modern
Chinese grammar was produced by
1923:
expanded the scope of linguistic enquiry from Latin/Greek to include the languages of the day. Other linguistic works of the same period concerning the vernaculars include the
1370:(170 – 90 BCE), is considered the earliest grammar book in the Greek tradition. It lists eight parts of speech and lays out the broad details of Greek morphology including the
1216:
introduced dialectics as a new text genre. The
Platonic dialogs contain definitions of the meters of the poems and tragedy, the form and the structure of those texts (see the
3141:
Beach, Adam R. (2001). "The
Creation of a Classical Language in the Eighteenth Century: Standardizing English, Cultural Imperialism, and the Future of the Literary Canon".
826:(c. 5th century BCE) posits that meaning inheres in the sentence, and that word meanings are derived based on sentential usage. He also provides four categories of words—
1278:
made linguistics an important part of their system of the cosmos and the human. They played an important role in defining the linguistic sign-terms adopted later on by
3484:
2173:
Historical linguistics continues today and linguistics have succeeded in grouping approximately 5000 languages of the world into a number of common ancestors.
2062:
analyzed numerous languages and deduced logical elements of the evolution of human languages. His thinking was interleaved with his precursive concepts of
1345:
Various rules of elision sometimes prevent a grammatical syllable from making a full syllable, and certain other lengthening and shortening rules (such as
742:("speech") is deified. By 1200 BCE, the oral performance of these texts becomes standardized, and treatises on ritual recitation suggest splitting up the
1374:
structures. This text was intended as a pedagogic guide (as was Panini), and also covers punctuation and some aspects of prosody. Other grammars by
678:, there arose a grammatical tradition that lasted more than 2,500 years. The linguistic texts from the earliest parts of the tradition were lists of
1138:
used Pāṇini's work as a linguistic source for his 1807 Sanskrit grammar but disregarded his methodology. Pāṇini's system also differs from modern
2000:
tried to prescribe sound methodical principles for the analysis of unfamiliar languages. Boas was an influential linguist and was followed by
1134:
Pāṇini's rule-based method of linguistic analysis and description has remained relatively unknown to
Western linguistics until more recently.
2545:
Swiggers, Pierre; Wouters, Alfons (2001). "Philosophie du langage et linguistique dans l'Antiquité classique". In Haspelmath, Martin (ed.).
582:
Modern approaches began to develop in the 18th century, eventually being regarded in the 19th century as belonging to the disciplines of
3346:
3107:
Noordegraaf, J., Versteegh, K., & Konrad, K. E. (1992). The history of linguistics in the low countries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
849:
roots. Transcending the ritual text to consider living language, Pāṇini specifies a comprehensive set of about 4,000 aphoristic rules (
674:
on clay tablets – date almost four thousand years before the present. In the early centuries of the second millennium BCE, in southern
3707:
3456:
1012:
position. Bhartṛhari also considers the sentence to be ontologically primary (word meanings are learned given their sentential use).
1234:
supports the conventional origins of meaning. He defined the logic of speech and of the argument. Furthermore, Aristotle's works on
3083:
834:, pre-verbs, and particles/invariants—and a test for nouns both concrete and abstract: words which can be indicated by the pronoun
819:) proposes that verbs represent ontologically prior categories, and that all nouns are etymologically derived from actions. The
3548:
3377:"Revisiting the poverty of the stimulus: hierarchical generalization without a hierarchical bias in recurrent neural networks"
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2983:
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481:
1449:, covered only the eight parts of speech; eventually when books came to be printed in the 15th century, this was one of the
371:
637:
Today, linguistics encompasses a large number of scientific approaches and has developed still more subfields, including
1282:
like "significant" and "signifié". The Stoics studied phonetics, grammar and etymology as separate levels of study. In
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2050:, certain motions and actions were found to convey meaning as much as what was said verbally. Around the same time,
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Pāṇini (c. 6th century BCE) opposes the Yāska view that sentences are primary, and proposes a grammar for composing
3480:
3129:
3702:
2319:
1778:
331:
1453:
to be printed. Schoolboys subjected to all this education gave us the current meaning of "grammar" (attested in
2839:
1432:
1157:
The Pali Grammar of Kacchayana, dated to the early centuries CE, describes the language of the Buddhist canon.
391:
336:
109:
1818:
1590:
As in ancient Greece, early Chinese thinkers were concerned with the relationship between names and reality.
366:
57:
2374:. Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. Translated by Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert. London: Faber. p. 15.
590:, with such views establishing the foundation of mainstream Anglo-American linguistics, although in England
3117:
2059:
2051:
311:
177:
1835:. For this reason, the earliest grammatical treatises on Arabic are often written by non-native speakers.
958:. Several debates ranged over centuries, for example, on whether word-meaning mappings were conventional (
2289:
2071:
1564:
1173:, adding signs for vowels and for extra consonants appropriate to their idiom (see Robins, 1997). In the
431:
137:
3376:
3211:
2768:
Sanskrit Computational Linguistics, ISCLS 2007, ISCLS 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5402
1924:
2258:
Generative linguistics focuses on modeling the subconscious rules governing language. It started with
865:
Provide morphosyntactic rules for creating verb forms and nominal forms whose seven cases are called
779:
2642:
A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present
2464:
A new history of the humanities: the search for principles and patterns from Antiquity to the present
1984:
Modern linguistics did not begin until the late 18th century, and the Romantic or animist theses of
1450:
650:
474:
421:
321:
147:
2314:
2262:
Transformational Grammar and has evolved into various theories like Government and Binding and the
1989:
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874:
751:
615:
326:
269:
84:
1405:
in four books, and three one-book monographs on pronouns, adverbs, and connectives, respectively.
2766:(2015). "On the Architecture of Pāṇini's Grammar". In Huet, G.; Kulkarni, A.; Scharf, P. (eds.).
2467:
2208:
2095:
1985:
1896:
1303:
1204:
989:
762:
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426:
264:
241:
2880:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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3401:
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2017:
1959:
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Sibawayh made a detailed and professional description of Arabic in 760 in his monumental work,
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1009:
514:
376:
343:
296:
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74:
47:
19:
1932:
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The study of phonology in China began late, and was influenced by the Indian tradition, after
809:
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2229:
2188:
2021:
1915:
1652:
1307:
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1004:(c. 500 CE), who also posits that language-universals are the units of thought, close to the
955:
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Over the next few centuries, clarity was reached in the organization of sound units, and the
599:
548:
152:
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processes (e.g., root or stem modification) by which the final phonological form is obtained
2734:
2233:
2114:
2066:. Some of his early concepts have been validated and are considered correct today. In his
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1669:
606:. Following Saussure's concept, general linguistics consists of the study of language as a
467:
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306:
187:
132:
29:
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is organised on different layers of linguistic form (including phonology and morphology).
8:
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which form the objects on which these rules are applied, a list of sounds (the so-called
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627:
560:
237:
167:
142:
114:
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became written and several editions were created and commented on, forming the basis of
971:
934:(2nd century BCE), known for his commentary on selected topics in Pāṇini's grammar (the
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developed during the Middle Ages in a religious context like Pānini's Sanskrit grammar.
3514:
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3245:
3207:
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2005:
1963:
1951:
1928:
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Either simple, without composition or structure, such as "man," "horse," "fights," etc.
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927:
888:
802:
721:
457:
436:
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361:
316:
284:
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1651:): type universals (horse), individual (John), and unrestricted (thing). They adopt a
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2979:
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2481:
2471:
2406:
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1907:
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that was to be the defining school text through the Middle Ages. A smaller version,
1334:. A long syllable is equivalent to two moras. A long syllable contains either a long
1318:
Alexandrians, like their predecessors, were very interested in meter and its role in
860:
691:
683:
642:
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453:
301:
279:
222:
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education from the 1st century CE until the 18th century, four dealt with language:
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Or having composition and structure, such as "a man fights," "the horse runs," etc.
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232:
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Landmarks in Linguistic Thought II: The Western Tradition in the Twentieth Century
3361:
1850:). The efforts of three generations of grammarians culminated in the book of the
1315:
consider that language is not based on analogical bases but rather on exceptions.
1000:). That the sound of a word also forms a class (sound-universal) was observed by
3535:
2827:
2275:
2087:
2079:
1920:
1828:
1721:
1628:
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based on height and duration. However, it is the ambition of mapping these from
603:
3417:
Landmarks in Linguistic Thought: The Western Tradition from Socrates to Saussure
2775:
1761:, who also helped lay the foundation of modern Chinese linguistics. The Western
3249:
3130:
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/004786433.0001.001/1:9?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
2770:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5402. Springer. pp. 33–94.
2727:
2221:
2110:, with a concern for finding their common roots and tracing their development.
1936:
1851:
1770:
1661:
1573:
1438:
1416:(considered the first encyclopedic dictionary), etymological dictionaries etc.
1357:
1323:
1075:
1001:
787:
576:
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6-4th century BCE), in the Indus Valley. Beginning around the 4th century BCE,
246:
2702:
1950:
period saw an intensified interest in linguistics, notably for the purpose of
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2410:
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2182:
2152:
2148:
1891:
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Hugh Blair. (1783). Lectures on rhetoric and belles lettres. Retrieved from
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usage and meaning, and phonetical vocabularies of foreign languages. Later,
3028:
2520:"LANGUAGE IN CHINA: A CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS / 汉语语言学发展的历史回顾"
2259:
2035:
2001:
1801:
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1520:
1408:
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289:
79:
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The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle Over Deep Structure,
3384:
Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
3154:
2187:
In Europe there was a development of structural linguistics, initiated by
1906:
or "speculative grammarians" in the 13th century introduced the notion of
1856:
1840:
1397:
One of the most prominent scholars of Alexandria and of the antiquity was
1366:
meant letter, and this title means "Art of letters"), possibly written by
1142:
in that, since Sanskrit is a free word-order language, it did not provide
1108:
1088:
1064:
1036:
931:
733:
2665:
Sanskrit Literature The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2 (1909), p. 263.
2103:
2031:
1943:
1774:
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in 1943, is nonetheless based on the same concept that the expression of
1122:
960:
820:
798:
675:
595:
521:
494:
441:
416:
37:
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3118:
https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics/Greek-and-Roman-antiquity
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derives its impetus from the need to correctly recite and interpret the
2856:
2418:
2386:
2285:
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2141:
2043:
1997:
1790:
1750:
1739:
1475:; 'elementary studies') emerged as an aid to understanding the
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1346:
1135:
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1005:
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tended to predominate. This was contested in the early 20th century by
583:
411:
94:
3317:
3023:
Monique Bernards, "Pioneers of Arabic Linguistic Studies." Taken from
2572:
From Whitney to Chomsky: Essays in the History of American Linguistics
3579:
3516:
The Word and the World: India's Contribution to the Study of Language
3342:
3212:
https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/history-modern-linguistics
3025:
In the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arabic Culture
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1979:
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386:
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207:
99:
89:
3622:
Landmarks in Linguistic Thought III: The Arabic Linguistic Tradition
3540:
A History of Modern Linguistics: From the beginnings to World War II
2402:
1519:). The field reached its golden age in the 17th century, during the
3458:
A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics
3224:
2636:
2459:
1903:
1855:
1757:
as the towering figures. The last great philologist of the era was
1717:
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1616:
1538:
1383:
1331:
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1235:
1213:
1209:
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912:
887:
In addition, the Pāṇinian school also provides a list of 2000 verb
846:
774:
743:
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to the processes by which larger structures are formed from units.
556:
555:
laid the foundation of Western linguistics as part of the study of
536:
502:
823:
2951:
Codes of Modernity: Chinese Scripts in the Global Information Age
1955:
1947:
1624:
1583:
1578:
1350:
1239:
1102:
1095:
1058:
1030:
1022:
1017:
950:
900:
729:
602:, who established linguistics as an autonomous discipline within
587:
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3254:
A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles.
1605:) famously emphasized the moral commitment implicit in a name, (
1571:. Two more pioneering works produced during the Han dynasty are
3032:
1734:
1319:
1275:
1143:
1051:
619:
104:
3116:
Britannica. (2021). Greek and Roman antiquity. Retrieved from
1749:
Philological studies flourished during the Qing dynasty, with
1732:, in which the pronunciations of characters are indicated by
1489:. Philology came to be divided into three branches: exegesis (
736:
539:
would be systematically analysed, and its rules described, by
2083:
1824:
1413:
1391:
1335:
1194:
964:
908:
851:
773:(6th century BCE), who wrote a rule-based description of the
766:
725:
2122:, 1827). Humboldt's work is associated with the movement of
528:
of the 3rd to the 2nd Millennia BCE, offering glossaries on
3492:
Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia
3175:
Philip A. Luelsdorff, Jarmila Panevová, Petr Sgall (eds.),
1525:
831:
827:
679:
3412:
3210:(2014). The History of Modern Linguistics. Retrieved from
2953:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 198, 220.
1623:
However, what is the reality implied by a name? The later
1247:
in Greek means both "language" and "logic reasoning"). In
1125:
around 500 CE introduced a philosophy of meaning with his
3494:. Vol. 1. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 184–187.
3335:
2624:
The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science
2346:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. vii.
1378:(mainly a compilation of Thrax, as well as lost texts by
922:(c. 3rd century BCE), who wrote aphorisms on Pāṇini (the
3203:
3201:
2538:
2338:
2162:
Historical linguistics also led to the emergence of the
2136:. Other notable representatives of the movement include
1895:'Cormac's Glossary' is Europe's first etymological and
1567:, a practice that would be followed by most subsequent
1542:, is a regarded as the first linguistic work in China.
1342:, or a short vowel followed by two or more consonants.
915:
to semantics that is truly remarkable in modern terms.
895:), and a list of 260 words not derivable by the rules.
2213:
During the second World War, North American linguists
1664:(4th century BCE), which resembles those of the
3546:
3508:
3436:
John E. Joseph; Nigel Love; Talbot J. Taylor (2001).
3375:
McCoy, R. Thomas; Frank, Robert; Linzen, Tal (2018).
3198:
2874:
Baltzly, Dirk (5 June 2018). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
551:
China also developed its own grammatical traditions.
3195:, Volume 7, John Benjamins Publishing, 2002, p. 491.
2296:
approaches have steadily gained ground, both in the
1465:
Similar to the Indian tradition, Chinese philology (
520:
Language use was first systematically documented in
3600:
3225:"History of Linguistics: William Mandeville AUSTIN"
1958:, and also related to philosophical speculation on
1419:At that period, the Greek language functioned as a
1390:as pedagogic material for teaching Greek to native
942:, as well as, according to some, the author of the
859:Map the semantics of verb argument structures into
626:. Each of these subfields can be approached either
3513:
3414:
3122:
2857:"Plato and his dialogues: a list of Plato's works"
2385:Smith, Sidney; Gadd, C. J.; Peet, T. Eric (1925).
984:specified three types of meaning: the individual (
2547:Language Typology and Language Universals, Vol. 1
1992:remained influential well into the 19th century.
879:Take these morphological structures and consider
3694:
3374:
3084:"THE KITAB OF SIBAWAYH - THE ULTIMATE REFERENCE"
2626:. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1986. p. 27
1742:were later produced to aid the understanding of
1146:rules. Formal linguistics, as first proposed by
801:), eventually leading to a systematic alphabet,
3534:
3352:. In Aronoff, Mark; Ress-Miller, Janie (eds.).
2978:. Oxford University Press. pp. xviii–xix.
2804:Western linguistics: An historical introduction
2674:
2544:
1804:(late 19th century), based on a Western model.
750:, and phonetic units, providing an impetus for
3619:
3406:The Western Classical Tradition in Linguistics
3187:
3185:
2820:
2147:It was only in the late 19th century that the
1838:The earliest grammarian who is known to us is
1781:). Important modern Chinese linguists include
1177:and in earlier Greek writing systems, such as
728:texts. Already in the oldest Indian text, the
3678:Brigitte Nerlich and David D. Clarke (1996).
3454:
2756:
2384:
1609:) stating that the moral collapse of the pre-
475:
3520:. Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press.
3490:. In Jon R. McGee; Richard L. Warms (eds.).
2517:
808:In semantics, the early Sanskrit grammarian
3400:
3182:
2792:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2170:(Nerlich, 1992; Nerlich and Clarke, 1996).
2106:centered on the comparative history of the
1386:(focusing more on prosody) were popular in
670:The earliest linguistic texts – written in
2563:
2387:"A Cuneiform Vocabulary of Egyptian Words"
2202:
482:
468:
3578:
2973:
2826:
2247:
2011:
3542:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3265:
3256:Washington, DC: Gallaudet College Press.
3143:Texas Studies in Literature and Language
2948:
2904:
2762:
2726:The science of language, Chapter 16, in
2594:
2492:
2366:
2236:published an analysis which proved that
2155:and others introduced a rigid notion of
1970:founding fathers of German linguistics.
1827:in the 8th century, many people learned
610:system, which includes the subfields of
3666:Semantic Theories in Europe, 1830-1930.
3315:
2877:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2873:
2602:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 15–16.
2360:
1884:
1641:may refer to three kinds of actuality (
907:based on oral cavity constriction, and
761:Some of the earliest activities in the
3695:
3650:. Second edition published in 2022 as
3055:
2929:
2798:
2569:
3413:Roy Harris; Talbot J. Taylor (1989).
3341:
3318:"The Minimalist Program Noam Chomsky"
3140:
2806:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 160–167.
2454:
2452:
2102:. Through the 19th century, European
2094:. From this idea sprung the field of
1973:
1330:, which is defined as a single short
954:, with his mathematical approach to
918:Grammarians following Pāṇini include
3058:""NAḤWIYYŪN" IN SĪBAWAYHI'S "KITĀB""
2998:
1919:("On the Eloquence of Vernacular"),
1724:is a type of dictionary arranged by
1577:, the first Chinese work concerning
372:Conservative and innovative language
2936:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2854:
2832:Prolegomena to a Theory of Language
2732:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
2678:The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.)
2635:
2458:
2391:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1842:ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Isḥāq al-Ḥaḍramī
1769:, the first scholar to reconstruct
1353:after the ictus of the third foot.
13:
3316:Freidin, Robert (September 1997).
3270:. Academic Press. pp. 17–18.
2449:
2269:
14:
3719:
3553:. Linguistic Society of America.
3222:
3003:. London: Routledge. p. 85.
3001:A History of the Chinese Language
2976:Introduction to Classical Chinese
2834:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1812:
1720:had become popular in China. The
1021:that formed the core syllabus in
505:, involving analysis of language
3708:History of science by discipline
3362:10.1002/9780470756409.ch12}
2549:. De Gruyter. pp. 181–192.
2526:. Journal of Chinese Linguistics
2176:
1873:). In his book he distinguished
1823:Owing to the rapid expansion of
790:were organized in a 5x5 square (
452:
3624:. London; New York: Routledge.
3368:
3309:
3284:
3259:
3235:
3216:
3169:
3134:
3110:
3101:
3076:
3049:
3017:
2992:
2967:
2942:
2923:
2898:
2884:
2867:
2848:
2720:
2695:
2668:
2659:
2629:
2616:
2588:
2506:François & Ponsonnet (2013)
2372:Elements of General Linguistics
2320:History of women in linguistics
1899:in any non-Classical language.
1483: the 3rd century BCE
1306:also studied speech sounds and
3680:Language, Action, and Context.
3603:A Short History of Linguistics
3547:Frederick J. Newmeyer (2005).
3479:
2511:
2505:
2425:
2378:
2332:
1807:
1647:
1637:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1471:
1433:Grammarian (Greco-Roman world)
1015:Of the six canonical texts or
1:
3394:
1819:Islamic grammatical tradition
1699:
1595:
1549:
1530:
1479:
813:
791:
565:
3601:Robert Henry Robins (1997).
3461:. Indiana University Press.
3268:Linguistic Theory in America
3266:Newmeyer, Frederick (1986).
2909:. Springer. pp. 87–88.
2600:Linguistics: An Introduction
2060:James Burnett, Lord Monboddo
1709:) revisits the principle of
1658:a white horse is not a horse
1536:), comparable to the Indian
765:have been attributed to the
665:
656:
312:Functional discourse grammar
178:Ethnography of communication
7:
3682:Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
3668:Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
3642:, Oxford University Press,
3586:. Doubleday & Company.
3455:W. P. Lehmann, ed. (1967).
3354:The Handbook of Linguistics
2776:10.1007/978-3-642-00155-0_2
2645:. Oxford University Press.
2518:William S-Y., Wang (1989).
2344:On Language and Linguistics
2342:; Jonathan Webster (2006).
2303:
2284:From roughly 1980 onwards,
2074:proposed that Sanskrit and
1857:
1841:
1534: 3rd century BCE
1441:compiled the Latin grammar
1109:
1089:
1065:
1054:), Gārgeya and commentators
1037:
734:
594:approaches such as that of
432:Second-language acquisition
10:
3724:
3638:Randy Allen Harris (1995)
3550:The History of Linguistics
3483:; Ponsonnet, Maïa (2013).
3356:. Blackwell. p. 299.
3191:Angela Esterhammer (ed.),
2273:
2251:
2206:
2180:
2015:
1977:
1925:First Grammatical Treatise
1816:
1765:was brought into China by
1668:; Gongsun questions if in
1430:
1078:, Pingala and commentators
805:, by the 3rd century BCE.
709:
110:Syntax–semantics interface
17:
3664:Brigitte Nerlich (1992).
3654:Oxford University Press,
3584:Invitation to Linguistics
3485:"Descriptive linguistics"
2905:McDonald, Edward (2019).
1777:with Latin alphabet (not
1707: after 238 BCE
1642:
1632:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1466:
1160:
1098:, Pāṇini and commentators
903:, the systematization of
651:computational linguistics
422:Philosophy of linguistics
322:Interactional linguistics
3223:Puech, Pierre-François.
2675:S.C. Vasu (Tr.) (1996).
2570:Joseph, John E. (2002).
2325:
2315:History of communication
2240:fits the criteria for a
2126:, which was inspired by
2026:During the 18th century
1990:Johann Christoph Adelung
1631:, consider that a name (
1587:, devoted to etymology.
1460:
1165:The Greeks developed an
1118:, Yāska and commentators
705:
18:Not to be confused with
3620:Kees Versteegh (1997).
3056:Talmon, Rafael (1982).
2999:Dong, Hongyuan (2014).
2974:Vogelsang, Kai (2021).
2949:Kuzuoğlu, Uluğ (2024).
2468:Oxford University Press
2209:Descriptive linguistics
2203:Descriptive linguistics
2108:Indo-European languages
2096:comparative linguistics
1986:Johann Gottfried Herder
1960:philosophical languages
1897:encyclopedic dictionary
1426:
1169:using symbols from the
763:description of language
3703:History of linguistics
2930:Fraser, Chris (2020).
2340:Halliday, Michael A.K.
2254:Generative linguistics
2248:Generative linguistics
2238:American Sign Language
2100:historical linguistics
2018:Historical linguistics
2012:Historical linguistics
1846:(died 735-736 CE, 117
1627:or the group known as
1010:linguistic determinism
746:compounds into words,
259:Theoretical frameworks
213:Philosophy of language
193:History of linguistics
20:Historical linguistics
3510:Bimal Krishna Matilal
3440:. London: Routledge.
3421:. London: Routledge.
3246:Dorothy C. Casterline
3155:10.1353/tsl.2001.0007
3064:. Harrassowitz Verlag
2892:"Apollonius Dyscolus"
2274:Further information:
2230:Dorothy C. Casterline
2189:Ferdinand de Saussure
2068:The Sanscrit Language
2022:Indo-European studies
2016:Further information:
1978:Further information:
1916:De vulgari eloquentia
1431:Further information:
1280:Ferdinand de Saussure
938:) and on Kātyāyana's
600:Ferdinand de Saussure
549:Warring States period
153:Conversation analysis
3640:The Linguistics Wars
3347:"Generative Grammar"
3292:"generative grammar"
3177:Praguiana, 1945–1990
2907:Grammar West to East
2855:SUZANNE, Bernard F.
2800:Seuren, Pieter A. M.
2735:Blackwell Publishing
2596:McGregor, William B.
2234:Gallaudet University
2124:Romantic linguistics
2115:Wilhelm von Humboldt
2078:had resemblances to
2064:biological evolution
2058:In the 18th century
2030:, based on a mix of
1885:European vernaculars
1437:In the 4th century,
970:Kātyāyana-Patañjali-
873:) that generate the
397:Internet linguistics
307:Construction grammar
3605:. London: Longman.
3481:François, Alexandre
2861:plato-dialogues.org
2028:conjectural history
1933:Auraicept na n-Éces
1871:The Book on Grammar
1867:Al-kitab fi al-nahw
1614:truth of things." (
1603: 479 BCE
1487:Western Han dynasty
1399:Apollonius Dyscolus
639:applied linguistics
332:Systemic functional
127:Applied linguistics
69:General linguistics
3408:. London: Equinox.
2737:, 2003, 599 pages
2574:. John Benjamins.
2433:"Sumerian Lexicon"
2310:History of grammar
2264:Minimalist Program
2215:Leonard Bloomfield
2166:and some forms of
2138:Friedrich Schlegel
2006:Leonard Bloomfield
1974:Modern linguistics
1964:origin of language
1952:Bible translations
1869:(الكتاب في النحو,
1763:comparative method
1561:Chinese characters
1557:Chinese dictionary
1553: 100 CE
1294:were defined. The
1268:de Interpretatione
1140:formal linguistics
996:), and the image (
513:, and language in
437:Theory of language
407:Origin of language
362:Autonomy of syntax
317:Grammaticalization
163:Discourse analysis
158:Corpus linguistics
3250:Carl G. Croneberg
3242:William C. Stokoe
3010:978-0-415-66039-6
2985:978-0-19-883497-7
2960:978-0-231-20939-7
2916:978-981-13-7597-2
2785:978-3-642-00155-0
2751:978-0-631-21535-6
2703:"Brāhmī Alphabet"
2556:978-3-11-019403-6
2353:978-0-8264-8824-4
2226:Carl G. Croneberg
2072:Sir William Jones
1908:universal grammar
1509:) and phonology (
1499:), grammatology (
1362:(c. 100 BCE, Gk.
1359:Tékhnē grammatiké
775:Sanskrit language
643:psycholinguistics
492:
491:
280:Distributionalism
223:Psycholinguistics
3715:
3635:
3616:
3597:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3563:. Archived from
3543:
3531:
3519:
3505:
3489:
3476:
3471:. Archived from
3451:
3432:
3420:
3409:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3351:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3263:
3257:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3053:
3047:
3037:Brill Publishers
3021:
3015:
3014:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2828:Hjelmslev, Louis
2824:
2818:
2817:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2760:
2754:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2466:(1st ed.).
2456:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:www.sumerian.org
2429:
2423:
2422:
2397:(3/4): 230–240.
2382:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2336:
2280:Linguistics Wars
2242:natural language
2134:Romantic science
2129:Naturphilosophie
2092:Celtic languages
2048:Native Americans
2040:English language
1860:
1844:
1767:Bernard Karlgren
1708:
1704:
1701:
1684:identical or is
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1554:
1551:
1535:
1532:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1477:Chinese classics
1473:
1468:
1382:and others) and
1380:Remmius Palaemon
1322:. The metrical "
1112:
1092:
1068:
1040:
818:
815:
796:
793:
741:
688:language isolate
647:sociolinguistics
571:. Traditions of
570:
567:
484:
477:
470:
456:
402:LGBT linguistics
392:Internationalism
367:Compositionality
228:Sociolinguistics
203:Neurolinguistics
198:Interlinguistics
183:Ethnomethodology
25:
24:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3693:
3692:
3632:
3613:
3594:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3536:James McElvenny
3528:
3502:
3487:
3469:
3448:
3429:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3264:
3260:
3240:
3236:
3221:
3217:
3206:
3199:
3193:Romantic Poetry
3190:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3054:
3050:
3027:, pg. 213. Ed.
3022:
3018:
3011:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2947:
2943:
2932:"Mohist Canons"
2928:
2924:
2917:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2872:
2868:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2761:
2757:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:. Vedic Books.
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2493:
2478:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2403:10.2307/3854146
2383:
2379:
2368:Martinet, André
2365:
2361:
2354:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2306:
2300:and in Europe.
2282:
2276:Linguistic turn
2272:
2270:Other subfields
2256:
2250:
2232:linguists from
2211:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2120:Über den Dualis
2080:Classical Greek
2046:wrote that for
2024:
2014:
1982:
1976:
1887:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1722:rime dictionary
1706:
1702:
1629:School of Names
1602:
1598:
1552:
1533:
1482:
1463:
1435:
1429:
1368:Dionysius Thrax
1312:parts of speech
1310:; they defined
1189:and criticism.
1163:
1148:Louis Hjelmslev
926:) and advanced
816:
794:
788:stop consonants
720:Linguistics in
718:
710:Main articles:
708:
668:
659:
632:diachronicially
604:social sciences
568:
488:
447:
446:
357:
349:
348:
260:
252:
251:
247:Writing systems
138:Anthropological
128:
120:
119:
70:
62:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3691:
3690:
3676:
3662:
3636:
3630:
3617:
3611:
3598:
3592:
3576:
3559:
3544:
3532:
3526:
3506:
3500:
3477:
3475:on 2008-04-26.
3467:
3452:
3446:
3433:
3427:
3410:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3367:
3334:
3308:
3283:
3276:
3258:
3234:
3215:
3197:
3181:
3168:
3149:(2): 117–141.
3133:
3121:
3109:
3100:
3075:
3048:
3016:
3009:
2991:
2984:
2966:
2959:
2941:
2922:
2915:
2897:
2883:
2866:
2847:
2840:
2819:
2812:
2791:
2784:
2764:Kiparsky, Paul
2755:
2728:Gavin D. Flood
2719:
2694:
2687:
2667:
2658:
2652:978-0199665211
2651:
2628:
2622:Staal, J. F.,
2615:
2609:978-0567583529
2608:
2587:
2580:
2562:
2555:
2537:
2510:
2491:
2476:
2448:
2424:
2377:
2359:
2352:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2271:
2268:
2260:Noam Chomsky’s
2252:Main article:
2249:
2246:
2222:William Stokoe
2207:Main article:
2204:
2201:
2181:Main article:
2178:
2175:
2113:In the 1820s,
2013:
2010:
1975:
1972:
1886:
1883:
1862:(c. 760–793).
1817:Main article:
1814:
1813:Arabic grammar
1811:
1809:
1806:
1771:Middle Chinese
1688:a subclass of
1662:Gongsun Longzi
1620:12.11, 13.3).
1569:lexicographers
1462:
1459:
1443:Ars Grammatica
1439:Aelius Donatus
1428:
1425:
1412:dictionary of
1262:
1261:
1258:
1162:
1159:
1120:
1119:
1099:
1079:
1055:
990:type universal
968:) or eternal (
885:
884:
877:
863:
861:thematic roles
817: 500 BCE
795: 800 BCE
707:
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628:synchronically
577:Hebrew grammar
573:Arabic grammar
524:, with extant
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3685:
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3674:90-272-4546-0
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3667:
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3661:
3660:9780199740338
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:9780199839063
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3631:0-415-14062-5
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3612:0-582-24994-5
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3593:0-385-06584-1
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3567:on 2007-02-10
3566:
3562:
3560:0-415-11553-1
3556:
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3545:
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3537:
3533:
3529:
3527:0-19-562515-3
3523:
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3511:
3507:
3503:
3501:9781412999632
3497:
3493:
3486:
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3478:
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3470:
3468:0-253-34840-4
3464:
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3459:
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3449:
3447:0-415-06396-5
3443:
3439:
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3430:
3428:0-415-00290-7
3424:
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3403:
3399:
3398:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3343:Wasow, Thomas
3338:
3323:
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3312:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3279:
3277:0-12-517152-8
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3113:
3104:
3093:September 28,
3089:
3085:
3079:
3068:September 28,
3063:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:9789004215375
3042:
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2815:
2813:0-631-20891-7
2809:
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2801:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2753:. p. 357-358
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:0-631-21535-2
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2712:September 28,
2708:
2704:
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2690:
2688:9788120804098
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2581:9789027275370
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2500:
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2477:9780191757471
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2298:United States
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2255:
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2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:Structuralism
2190:
2184:
2183:Structuralism
2177:Structuralism
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:Karl Brugmann
2150:
2149:Neogrammarian
2145:
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2061:
2056:
2053:
2052:James Burnett
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:Sanas Cormaic
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1833:lingua franca
1830:
1826:
1820:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:Yuen Ren Chao
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Zhang Binglin
1756:
1752:
1747:
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1575:
1570:
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1559:, classifies
1558:
1555:), the first
1547:
1546:
1545:Shuowen Jiezi
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1508:
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1488:
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1478:
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1456:
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1434:
1424:
1422:
1421:lingua franca
1417:
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1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:presents the
1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:Homeric poems
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
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1149:
1145:
1141:
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739:
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723:
722:ancient India
717:
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574:
569: 335 BC
564:
563:
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534:
531:
527:
526:lexical lists
523:
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380:
378:
377:Descriptivism
375:
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370:
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365:
363:
360:
359:
353:
352:
345:
344:Structuralism
342:
338:
335:
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327:Prague circle
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173:Documentation
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148:Computational
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35:
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27:
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3665:
3651:
3639:
3621:
3602:
3583:
3569:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3549:
3539:
3515:
3491:
3473:the original
3457:
3437:
3416:
3405:
3386:: 2093–2098.
3383:
3370:
3353:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3321:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3253:
3237:
3229:academia.edu
3228:
3218:
3208:Newmeyer, F.
3192:
3176:
3171:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3088:Sifatu Safwa
3087:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3061:
3051:
3029:Bilal Orfali
3024:
3019:
3000:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2950:
2944:
2935:
2925:
2906:
2900:
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2876:
2869:
2860:
2850:
2831:
2822:
2803:
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2767:
2758:
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2641:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2599:
2590:
2571:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2523:
2513:
2463:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2343:
2334:
2283:
2257:
2219:
2212:
2197:
2186:
2172:
2161:
2151:approach of
2146:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2067:
2057:
2036:anthropology
2025:
2002:Edward Sapir
1994:
1983:
1968:
1941:
1914:
1912:
1901:
1890:
1888:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1837:
1822:
1802:Ma Jianzhong
1799:
1787:Luo Changpei
1755:Wang Niansun
1748:
1743:
1733:
1715:
1710:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:statements (
1646:
1636:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1543:
1537:
1524:
1521:Qing dynasty
1514:
1504:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1420:
1418:
1409:Lexicography
1407:
1402:
1396:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1344:
1317:
1302:Alexandrian
1301:
1292:articulators
1273:
1266:
1263:
1249:
1244:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1205:naturalistic
1199:
1191:
1164:
1156:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1063:
1057:
1035:
1029:
1016:
1014:
1008:or even the
998:draw the cow
997:
993:
985:
981:Nyaya Sutras
979:
977:
969:
959:
949:
943:
935:
923:
917:
897:
893:Shiva-sutras
892:
886:
881:phonological
869:(similar to
866:
850:
840:
835:
807:
799:Pratisakhyas
785:
778:
760:
735:
719:
702:"to place".
699:
698:of the verb
696:
669:
660:
636:
592:philological
581:
561:
519:
493:
290:Glossematics
270:Constituency
242:interpreting
192:
80:Lexicography
52:
15:
3402:Keith Allan
2530:February 2,
2104:linguistics
2032:linguistics
1944:Renaissance
1808:Middle Ages
1775:Old Chinese
1740:Rime tables
1738:spellings.
1451:first books
1394:-speakers.
1304:grammarians
1175:Phoenicians
1171:Phoenicians
1123:Bhartrihari
961:Vaisheshika
945:Yoga Sutras
928:mathematics
821:etymologist
769:grammarian
716:Tolkāppiyam
676:Mesopotamia
596:Henry Sweet
522:Mesopotamia
509:, language
495:Linguistics
442:Terminology
417:Orthography
337:Usage-based
238:Translating
133:Acquisition
38:Linguistics
3697:Categories
3571:2007-01-17
3395:References
3327:August 22,
3301:August 22,
3296:Britannica
2841:0299024709
2442:2022-01-24
2290:functional
2168:pragmatics
2142:Franz Bopp
2044:Hugh Blair
1998:Franz Boas
1889:The Irish
1791:Li Fanggui
1751:Duan Yucai
1705: – c.
1703: 310
1601: – c.
1599: 551
1347:correption
1250:Categories
1136:Franz Bopp
1131:doctrine.
1006:nominalist
1002:Bhartṛhari
936:Mahabhasya
905:consonants
875:morphology
810:Śākaṭāyana
780:Aṣṭādhyāyī
752:morphology
616:morphology
584:psychology
499:scientific
412:Orismology
297:Functional
285:Generative
275:Dependency
95:Pragmatics
85:Morphology
75:Diachronic
3580:Mario Pei
3163:161970745
2830:(1969) .
2637:Bod, Rens
2486:868068245
2460:Bod, Rens
2411:0307-5133
2294:cognitive
2286:pragmatic
2220:In 1965,
2164:semantics
2157:sound law
1980:Philology
1931:) or the
1929:Icelandic
1879:phonology
1875:phonetics
1858:Sibāwayhi
1854:linguist
1711:zhengming
1607:zhengming
1592:Confucius
1447:Ars Minor
1376:Charisius
1356:The text
1340:diphthong
1288:phonology
1284:phonetics
1232:Aristotle
1228:, etc.).
1187:philology
1144:syntactic
1116:etymology
1090:vyākaraṇa
1083:Vyakarana
1048:phonology
1044:phonetics
1023:Brahminic
940:aphorisms
932:Patañjali
920:Kātyāyana
847:morphemic
843:semantics
756:phonetics
712:Vyakarana
672:cuneiform
666:Babylonia
657:Antiquity
624:semantics
612:phonology
553:Aristotle
533:cuneiform
501:study of
387:Iconicity
382:Etymology
302:Cognitive
265:Formalist
218:Phonetics
208:Philology
100:Semantics
90:Phonology
3582:(1965).
3538:(2024).
3512:(1990).
3404:(2007).
3345:(2003).
3039:, 2011.
2802:(1998).
2707:Omniglot
2639:(2014).
2598:(2015).
2462:(2013).
2370:(1960).
2304:See also
2070:(1786),
1962:and the
1904:Modistae
1718:Buddhism
1666:sophists
1617:Analects
1579:dialects
1565:radicals
1539:Nighantu
1384:Diomedes
1332:syllable
1296:syllable
1236:rhetoric
1222:Phaidros
1218:Republic
1214:Socrates
1210:sophists
1200:Cratylus
1193:origin.
1179:Linear B
1167:alphabet
1018:Vedangas
986:this cow
924:Varttika
913:morpheme
855:) that:
812:(before
744:Sanskrit
692:Akkadian
684:Sumerian
608:semiotic
557:rhetoric
537:Sanskrit
530:Sumerian
503:language
188:Forensic
168:Distance
115:Typology
30:a series
28:Part of
3252:(1965)
2419:3854146
2076:Persian
1956:Jesuits
1954:by the
1948:Baroque
1852:Persian
1795:Wang Li
1676:), are
1653:realist
1625:Mohists
1584:Shiming
1574:Fangyan
1472:xiǎoxué
1455:English
1351:caesura
1308:prosody
1240:poetics
1197:in his
1152:meaning
1110:nirukta
1103:Nirukta
1096:grammar
1072:prosody
1066:chandas
1059:Chandas
1031:Shiksha
994:cowhood
988:), the
972:Mīmāṃsā
956:prosody
951:Pingala
901:phoneme
777:in his
730:Rigveda
588:biology
562:Poetics
559:in his
515:context
511:meaning
497:is the
143:Applied
53:History
48:Outline
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1829:Arabic
1744:fanqie
1735:fanqie
1674:X is Y
1670:copula
1581:, and
1523:. The
1516:yīnyùn
1403:Syntax
1364:gramma
1320:poetry
1276:Stoics
1161:Greece
1128:sphoṭa
1052:sandhi
948:, and
909:vowels
867:karaka
852:sutras
803:Brāhmī
771:Pāṇini
767:Indian
649:, and
622:, and
620:syntax
541:Pāṇini
458:Portal
356:Topics
105:Syntax
3488:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3350:(PDF)
3322:Jstor
3159:S2CID
3062:Jstor
2524:Jstor
2415:JSTOR
2326:Notes
2084:Latin
1937:Irish
1921:Dante
1877:from
1831:as a
1825:Islam
1696:Xunzi
1660:" by
1506:wénzì
1496:xùngǔ
1461:China
1414:Suida
1392:Latin
1336:vowel
1245:logos
1195:Plato
1076:meter
1038:śikṣā
965:Nyaya
889:roots
845:from
832:verbs
828:nouns
824:Yāska
748:stems
726:Vedic
706:India
680:nouns
58:Index
3684:ISBN
3670:ISBN
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2683:ISBN
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