1555:
606:
picture of Darwin's thinking. Ghiselin notes that "Darwin accepted the inheritance of acquired characteristics, just as
Lamarck did, and Darwin even thought that there was some experimental evidence to support it." Gould wrote that in the late 19th century, evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it ... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics—inheritance of acquired characters—to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself." He argued that "the restriction of 'Lamarckism' to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system."
1713:
570:
Cutting the tails off mice does not seem to meet the qualifications of disuse, but rather falls in a category of accidental misuse... Lamarck's hypothesis has never been proven experimentally and there is no known mechanism to support the idea that somatic change, however acquired, can in some way induce a change in the germplasm. On the other hand it is difficult to disprove
Lamarck's idea experimentally, and it seems that Weismann's experiment fails to provide the evidence to deny the Lamarckian hypothesis, since it lacks a key factor, namely the willful exertion of the animal in overcoming environmental obstacles.
1648:
1377:
cumulative from generation to generation, thus producing, in time, new species. His individual contribution to biological theory consisted in his application to the problem of the origin of species of the view that acquired characters were inherited and in showing that evolution could be inferred logically from the accepted biological hypotheses. He would doubtless have been greatly astonished to learn that a belief in the inheritance of acquired characters is now labeled "Lamarckian," although he would almost certainly have felt flattered if evolution itself had been so designated.
721:
22:
630:
386:
5511:
genetically-identical cells to acquire differentiated functions and allow facultative responses of a genotype to environmental changes (provided that 'similar' changes have occurred repeatedly in the past). However, most neo-Darwinists would claim that the ability to adaptively switch epigenetic state is a property of the DNA sequence (in the sense that alternative sequences would show different switching behavior) and that any increase of adaptedness in the system has come about by a process of natural selection.
593:
506:
1304:
297:
12272:
10922:
558:, and those of their offspring over five generations, and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. In 1889, he stated that "901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents, and yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ." The experiment, and the theory behind it, were thought at the time to be a refutation of Lamarckism.
1709:, but in addition it can vary when populations of microorganisms increase or decrease (resembling Lamarckian use and disuse), and when it gains new kinds of microorganism (resembling Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics). These changes are then passed on to offspring. The mechanism is largely uncontroversial, and natural selection does sometimes occur at whole system (hologenome) level, but it is not clear that this is always the case.
12298:
12285:
10932:
1365:(1944) claimed that experiments in heredity have failed to corroborate any Lamarckian process. Simpson noted that neo-Lamarckism "stresses a factor that Lamarck rejected: inheritance of direct effects of the environment" and neo-Lamarckism is closer to Darwin's pangenesis than Lamarck's views. Simpson wrote, "the inheritance of acquired characters, failed to meet the tests of observation and has been almost universally discarded by biologists."
3639:, p. 144: "During the 1920s, the entomologist J. W. Heslop-Harrison published experimental data supporting his claim that chemicals in soot caused widespread mutations from light winged to the dark winged form. Because these mutations were supposedly passed on to subsequent generations, Harrison claimed that he had documented a case of inheritance of acquired traits. Other biologists failed to replicate Harrison's results, and
178:
1440:
878:
682:, felt that inheritance of acquired characteristics would let organisms shape their own evolution, since organisms that acquired new habits would change the use patterns of their organs, which would kick-start Lamarckian evolution. They considered this philosophically superior to Darwin's mechanism of random variation acted on by selective pressures. Lamarckism also appealed to those, like the philosopher
4191:, p. 222: "...the recognition that DNA does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA represents the ultimate invalidation of all theories involving the inheritance of acquired characters. This definitive refutation of Lamarck's theory of evolutionary causation clears the air."
245:, the theory that what is inherited derives from the whole body of the parent, whereas Aristotle thought it impossible; but that all the same, Aristotle implicitly agreed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics, giving the example of the inheritance of a scar, or of blindness, though noting that children do not always resemble their parents. Zirkle recorded that
736:
environment. Such ideas were more popular than natural selection in the late 19th century as it made it possible for biological evolution to fit into a framework of a divine or naturally willed plan, thus the neo-Lamarckian view of evolution was often advocated by proponents of orthogenesis. According to the historian of science Peter J. Bowler, writing in 2003:
1512:
change in DNA sequence (genotype) and that such changes may be induced spontaneously or in response to environmental factors—Lamarck's "acquired traits." Determining which observed phenotypes are genetically inherited and which are environmentally induced remains an important and ongoing part of the study of genetics, developmental biology, and medicine.
1402:
the gene-mutation theory beyond all reasonable doubt... In spite of the rapidly increasing evidence for natural selection, Lamarck has never ceased to have loyal followers.... There is indeed a strong emotional appeal in the thought that every little effort an animal puts forth is somehow transmitted to his progeny.
441:
In 1830, in an aside from his evolutionary framework, Lamarck briefly mentioned two traditional ideas in his discussion of heredity, in his day considered to be generally true. The first was the idea of use versus disuse; he theorized that individuals lose characteristics they do not require, or use,
1511:
Lamarck and his ideas were ridiculed and discredited. In a strange twist of fate, Lamarck may have the last laugh. Epigenetics, an emerging field of genetics, has shown that
Lamarck may have been at least partially correct all along. It seems that reversible and heritable changes can occur without a
1401:
A host of experiments have been designed to test
Lamarckianism. All that have been verified have proved negative. On the other hand, tens of thousands of experiments— reported in the journals and carefully checked and rechecked by geneticists throughout the world— have established the correctness of
1384:
wrote regarding
Lamarckism, "very few professional biologists believe that anything of the kind occurs—or can occur—but the notion persists for a variety of nonscientific reasons." Medawar stated there is no known mechanism by which an adaptation acquired in an individual's lifetime can be imprinted
735:
Neo-Lamarckian versions of evolution were widespread in the late 19th century. The idea that living things could to some degree choose the characteristics that would be inherited allowed them to be in charge of their own destiny as opposed to the
Darwinian view, which placed them at the mercy of the
476:
Second Law : All the acquisitions or losses wrought by nature on individuals, through the influence of the environment in which their race has long been placed, and hence through the influence of the predominant use or permanent disuse of any organ; all these are preserved by reproduction to the new
472:
First Law : In every animal which has not passed the limit of its development, a more frequent and continuous use of any organ gradually strengthens, develops and enlarges that organ, and gives it a power proportional to the length of time it has been so used; while the permanent disuse of any organ
196:
Lamarck was neither the first nor the most distinguished biologist to believe in the inheritance of acquired characters. He merely endorsed a belief which had been generally accepted for at least 2,200 years before his time and used it to explain how evolution could have taken place. The inheritance
1538:
contends that epigenetic inheritance should not be considered
Lamarckian. According to Gregory, Lamarck did not claim that the environment directly affected living things. Instead, Lamarck "argued that the environment created needs to which organisms responded by using some features more and others
1499:
effects that persist for some generations. The mechanism may also enable the inheritance of behavioral traits, for example in chickens, rats and human populations that have experienced starvation, DNA methylation resulting in altered gene function in both the starved population and their offspring.
456:
Première Loi: Dans tout animal qui n' a point dépassé le terme de ses développemens, l' emploi plus fréquent et soutenu d' un organe quelconque, fortifie peu à peu cet organe, le développe, l' agrandit, et lui donne une puissance proportionnée à la durée de cet emploi; tandis que le défaut constant
1756:
had seemed to render unnecessary. In particular, the effect allows animals to adapt to a new stress in the environment through behavioural changes, followed by genetic change. This somewhat resembles
Lamarckism but without requiring animals to inherit characteristics acquired by their parents. The
740:
One of the most emotionally compelling arguments used by the neo-Lamarckians of the late nineteenth century was the claim that
Darwinism was a mechanistic theory which reduced living things to puppets driven by heredity. The selection theory made life into a game of Russian roulette, where life or
462:
Deuxième Loi: Tout ce que la nature a fait acquérir ou perdre aux individus par l' influence des circonstances où leur race se trouve depuis long-temps exposée, et, par conséquent, par l' influence de l' emploi prédominant de tel organe, ou par celle d' un défaut constant d' usage de telle partie;
1584:
In 2015, Khursheed Iqbal and colleagues discovered that although "endocrine disruptors exert direct epigenetic effects in the exposed fetal germ cells, these are corrected by reprogramming events in the next generation." Also in 2015, Adam Weiss argued that bringing back
Lamarck in the context of
1546:
wrote that research into epigenetic processes does allow a Lamarckian element in evolution but the processes do not challenge the main tenets of the modern evolutionary synthesis as modern Lamarckians have claimed. Haig argued for the primacy of DNA and evolution of epigenetic switches by natural
1666:
There is no feedback of information from the proteins to the DNA, and hence no route by which characteristics acquired in the body can be passed on through the genes. The work of Ted Steele (1979) provoked a flurry of interest in the possibility that there might, after all, be ways in which this
5510:
Modern neo-Darwinists do not deny that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role during development nor do they deny that these mechanisms enable a variety of adaptive responses to the environment. Recurrent, predictable changes of epigenetic state provide a useful set of switches that allow
569:
Can Weismann's experiment be considered a case of disuse? Lamarck proposed that when an organ was not used, it slowly, and very gradually atrophied. In time, over the course of many generations, it would gradually disappear as it was inherited in its modified form in each successive generation.
1751:
by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953, proposes that the ability to learn new behaviours can improve an animal's reproductive success, and hence the course of natural selection on its genetic makeup. Simpson stated that the mechanism was "not inconsistent with the modern synthesis" of evolutionary
896:
A century after Lamarck, scientists and philosophers continued to seek mechanisms and evidence for the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Experiments were sometimes reported as successful, but from the beginning these were either criticised on scientific grounds or shown to be fakes. For
605:
The identification of Lamarckism with the inheritance of acquired characteristics is regarded by evolutionary biologists including Ghiselin as a falsified artifact of the subsequent history of evolutionary thought, repeated in textbooks without analysis, and wrongly contrasted with a falsified
1410:
does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA." Peter J. Bowler has written that although many early scientists took Lamarckism seriously, it was discredited by genetics in the early twentieth century.
578:
The acquired characteristics that figured in Lamarck's thinking were changes that resulted from an individual's own drives and actions, not from the actions of external agents. Lamarck was not concerned with wounds, injuries or mutilations, and nothing that Lamarck had set forth was tested or
1550:
Thomas Dickens and Qazi Rahman (2012) have argued that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification are genetically inherited under the control of natural selection and do not challenge the modern synthesis. They dispute the claims of Jablonka and Lamb on Lamarckian
1376:
What Lamarck really did was to accept the hypothesis that acquired characters were heritable, a notion which had been held almost universally for well over two thousand years and which his contemporaries accepted as a matter of course, and to assume that the results of such inheritance were
1585:
epigenetics is misleading, commenting, "We should remember for the good he contributed to science, not for things that resemble his theory only superficially. Indeed, thinking of CRISPR and other phenomena as Lamarckian only obscures the simple and elegant way evolution really works."
362:
of one variety of rabbit into another variety in the expectation that its offspring would show some characteristics of the first. They did not, and Galton declared that he had disproved Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, but Darwin objected, in a letter to the scientific journal
324:
proposed natural selection as the main mechanism for development of species, but (like Lamarck) gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse as a supplementary mechanism. Darwin subsequently set out his concept of pangenesis in the final chapter of his book
741:
death was predetermined by the genes one inherited. The individual could do nothing to mitigate bad heredity. Lamarckism, in contrast, allowed the individual to choose a new habit when faced with an environmental challenge and shape the whole future course of evolution.
654:
Among the most popular alternatives were theories involving the inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime. Scientists who felt that such Lamarckian mechanisms were the key to evolution were called neo-Lamarckians. They included the British
583:
The historian of science Rasmus Winther stated that Weismann had nuanced views about the role of the environment on the germ plasm. Indeed, like Darwin, he consistently insisted that a variable environment was necessary to cause variation in the hereditary material.
1539:
less, that this resulted in those features being accentuated or attenuated, and that this difference was then inherited by offspring." Gregory has stated that Lamarckian evolution in epigenetics is more like Darwin's point of view than Lamarck's.
432:"All that has been acquired, traced, or changed, in the physiology of individuals, during their life, is conserved through the genesis, reproduction, and transmitted to new individuals who are related to those who have undergone those changes."
600:
is often used as an example in popular explanations of Lamarckism. However, this was only a small part of his theory of evolution towards "perfection"; it was a hypothetical illustration; and he used it to discuss his theory of heredity, not
1643:
to the B-cells and were then transported through the bloodstream where they could breach the Weismann or soma-germ barrier and reverse transcribe the newly acquired genes into the cells of the germ line, in the manner of Darwin's pangenes.
1808:
678:, who observed that the fossil record showed orderly, almost linear, patterns of development that they felt were better explained by Lamarckian mechanisms than by natural selection. Some people, including Cope and the Darwin critic
1667:
reverse flow of information could take place. ... mechanism did not, in fact, violate the principles of molecular biology, but most biologists were suspicious of Steele's claims, and attempts to reproduce his results have failed.
1547:
selection. Haig has written that there is a "visceral attraction" to Lamarckian evolution from the public and some scientists, as it posits the world with a meaning, in which organisms can shape their own evolutionary destiny.
1752:
theory, though he doubted that it occurred very often or could be proven to occur. He noted that the Baldwin effect provided a reconciliation between the neo-Darwinian and neo-Lamarckian approaches, something that the
426:"The production of a new organ in an animal body, results from a new requirement arising. and which continues to make itself felt, and a new movement which that requirement gives birth to, and its upkeep/maintenance;"
423:"Life by its own force, tends to increase the volume of all organs which possess the force of life, and the force of life extends the dimensions of those parts up to an extent that those parts bring to themselves;"
3863:
Dorcus, Roy M. (June 1933). "The effect of intermittent rotation on orientation and the habituation of nystagmus in the rat, and some observations on the effects of pre-natal rotation on post-natal development".
446:
stretch their necks to reach leaves high in trees, they would strengthen and gradually lengthen their necks. These giraffes would then have offspring with slightly longer necks. In the same way, he argued, a
1620:
regions of parent mice were found in their germ cells and seemed to persist in the offspring for a few generations. The mechanism involved the somatic selection and clonal amplification of newly acquired
249:
thought much the same. Zirkle pointed out that stories involving the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics appear numerous times in ancient mythology and the Bible and persisted through to
114:
Many researchers from the 1860s onwards attempted to find evidence for Lamarckian inheritance, but these have all been explained away, either by other mechanisms such as genetic contamination or as
1609:
cells. This reverse transcription process supposedly enabled characteristics or bodily changes acquired during a lifetime to be written back into the DNA and passed on to subsequent generations.
331:(1868), which gave numerous examples to demonstrate what he thought was the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Pangenesis, which he emphasised was a hypothesis, was based on the idea that
463:
elle le conserve par la génération aux nouveaux individus qui en proviennent, pourvu que les changemens acquis soient communs aux deux sexes, ou à ceux qui ont produit ces nouveaux individus.
651:
by some historians of science. During that time many scientists and philosophers accepted the reality of evolution but doubted whether natural selection was the main evolutionary mechanism.
343:. These pangenes were microscopic particles that supposedly contained information about the characteristics of their parent cell, and Darwin believed that they eventually accumulated in the
708:
of the theory of evolution, and a lack of evidence for a mechanism for acquiring and passing on new characteristics, or even their heritability, Lamarckism largely fell from favour. Unlike
1504:
molecules, too, may mediate inherited resistance to infection. Handel and Ramagopalan commented that "epigenetics allows the peaceful co-existence of Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution."
401:, and 2) an adaptive force that causes animals with a given body plan to adapt to circumstances (use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics), creating a diversity of
164:, consisting of the genomes of all an organism's symbiotic microbes as well as its own genome, is also somewhat Lamarckian in effect, though entirely Darwinian in its mechanisms.
547:
contain information that passes from one generation to the next, unaffected by experience, and independent of the somatic (body) cells. This implied what came to be known as the
282:
develop from "one living filament... with the power of acquiring new parts" in response to stimuli, with each round of "improvements" being inherited by successive generations.
1527:
could be classified as Lamarckian, within a Darwinian framework. However, the significance of epigenetics in evolution is uncertain. Critics such as the evolutionary biologist
1229:. Neo-Lamarckism remained influential in biology until the 1940s when the role of natural selection was reasserted in evolution as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis.
1671:
Bowler commented that " work was bitterly criticized at the time by biologists who doubted his experimental results and rejected his hypothetical mechanism as implausible."
451:, through his work, strengthens the muscles in his arms, and thus his sons would have similar muscular development when they mature. Lamarck stated the following two laws:
4785:
Sheau-Fang Ng; Lin, Ruby C. Y.; Laybutt, D. Ross; et al. (October 21, 2010). "Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring".
1431:
have highlighted the possible inheritance of traits acquired by the previous generation. However, the characterization of these findings as Lamarckism has been disputed.
2840:"Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler. Zweite gänzlich umgearbeitete und durch Studien zur Descendenztheorie erweitete Auflage, etc"
2690:
8582:"Consists of papers given at a workshop on the origins of music held in Fiesole, Italy, May 1997, the first of a series called Florentine Workshops in Biomusicology."
712:, neo-Lamarckism is a loose grouping of largely heterodox theories and mechanisms that emerged after Lamarck's time, rather than a coherent body of theoretical work.
662:(1835–1925), who studied the effects of environmental stress on the growth of plants, in the belief that such environmentally-induced variation might explain much of
1385:
on the genome and Lamarckian inheritance is not valid unless it excludes the possibility of natural selection, but this has not been demonstrated in any experiment.
442:
and develop characteristics that are useful. The second was to argue that the acquired traits were heritable. He gave as an imagined illustration the idea that when
1295:
for providing no solid evidence for his theory. Shapiro noted that "Matsuda himself accepts too much at face value and is prone to wish-fulfilling interpretation."
10654:
901:
argued for a version that he called "centro-epigenesis", but it was rejected by most scientists. Some of the experimental approaches are described in the table.
327:
4897:
5016:
1463:
4522:
5778:
Steele, E. J.; Pollard, J. W. (1987). "Hypothesis : Somatic Hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA-to-RNA-to-DNA information loop".
1348:. Lysenkoism influenced Soviet agricultural policy which in turn was later blamed for the numerous massive crop failures experienced within Soviet states.
747:
Scientists from the 1860s onwards conducted numerous experiments that purported to show Lamarckian inheritance. Some examples are described in the table.
4468:"Environmental Epigenetics and a Unified Theory of the Molecular Aspects of Evolution: A Neo-Lamarckian Concept that Facilitates Neo-Darwinian Evolution"
5884:; Sharon, Gill; Zilber-Rosenberg, Ilana (December 2009). "The hologenome theory of evolution contains Lamarckian aspects within a Darwinian framework".
122:'s experiment, considered definitive in its time, is now considered to have failed to disprove Lamarckism, as it did not address use and disuse. Later,
11143:
11000:
369:, that he had done nothing of the sort, since he had never mentioned blood in his writings. He pointed out that he regarded pangenesis as occurring in
6757:. English adaptation from the second German edition, revised and enlarged by C. F. Marshall (Revised ed.). Physicians and Surgeons Book Company.
10968:
1781:, components of Lamarckism have been used to link cultural development to human evolution by considering technology as extensions of human anatomy.
477:
individuals which arise, provided that the acquired modifications are common to both sexes, or at least to the individuals which produce the young.
188:
The inheritance of acquired characteristics was proposed in ancient times and remained a current idea for many centuries. The historian of science
419:
Between 1800 and 1830, Lamarck proposed a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising four laws:
8921:
1170:
311:
and contribute to the next generation via the fertilised egg. Changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as in Lamarckism.
5743:
Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".
4216:
Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".
6933:
Hagen, Joel B. (2002). "Retelling Experiments: H.B.D. Kettlewell's Studies of Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moths". In Giltrow, Janet (ed.).
4837:
10403:
9703:
485:), resulting in change in behaviour, causing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time—and thus the gradual
1773:. Gould viewed culture as a Lamarckian process whereby older generations transmitted adaptive information to offspring via the concept of
457:
d' usage de tel organe, l'affoiblit insensiblement, le détériore, diminue progressivement ses facultés, et finit par le faire disparoître.
670:, who studied blind animals living in caves and wrote a book in 1901 about Lamarck and his work. Also included were paleontologists like
8805:"Annual address of the president of the Biological Society of Washington. Delivered January 24, 1891. (From the Proceedings, vol. VI.)"
4868:"Timing of prenatal starvation in women and birth weight in their first and second born offspring: The Dutch famine birth cohort study"
574:
Ghiselin also considered the Weismann tail-chopping experiment to have no bearing on the Lamarckian hypothesis, writing in 1994 that:
11844:
6790:
1393:
12335:
12132:
11734:
10907:
10362:
8249:
1459:
157:
1662:
noted in 1989 that other scientists had been unable to reproduce his results, and described the scientific consensus at the time:
9635:
9589:
8231:
2300:
1369:
9713:
9438:
5430:
Varona, Luis; Munilla, Sebastián; Mouresan, Elena Flavia; González-RodrĂguez, Aldemar; Moreno, Carlos; Altarriba, Juan (2015).
1244:
Neo-Lamarckism was dominant in French biology for more than a century. French scientists who supported neo-Lamarckism included
11704:
11624:
11599:
11478:
11358:
10961:
10670:
10430:
8670:
8559:
8497:
8422:
8380:
8324:
8201:
8154:
8072:
8033:
7942:
7900:
7648:
7609:
7445:
7406:
7371:
7336:
7301:
7254:
7215:
7058:
7023:
6981:
6946:
6907:
6866:
6724:
6576:
6537:
6459:
6417:
6378:
6339:
6297:
6259:
6212:
6136:
6089:
6008:
5939:
5354:
2231:
1554:
1531:
point out that epigenetic inheritance lasts for only a few generations, so it is not a stable basis for evolutionary change.
473:
imperceptibly weakens and deteriorates it, and progressively diminishes its functional capacity, until it finally disappears.
6489:
1479:
to be Lamarckian. Epigenetics is based on hereditary elements other than genes that pass into the germ cells. These include
59:
physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. It is also called the
11824:
11032:
10027:
9625:
9469:
6893:
2740:
1697:, and together they have a "hologenome" consisting of all their genomes. The hologenome can vary like any other genome by
11604:
11529:
11456:
11432:
11380:
10753:
9673:
9403:
5328:
4903:
2047:, p. 617: "But Darwin was loath to let go of the notion that a well-used and strengthened organ could be inherited."
12264:
12216:
11849:
11235:
10988:
10415:
10075:
9248:
8976:
8826:
5632:
2494:
1834:
1732:. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change.
952:
visited laboratory, found fire suspicious, doubted claim that steam leak had killed all beetles, concluded faked data.
773:
724:
83:
2315:
Gauthier, Peter (March–May 1990). "Does Weismann's Experiment Constitute a Refutation of the Lamarckian Hypothesis?".
11644:
8948:
7637:
The Complicity of Friends: How George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, and John Hughlings-Jackson Encoded Herbert Spencer's Secret
4081:
2006:
1495:. These marks are responsive to environmental stimuli, differentially affect gene expression, and are adaptive, with
1406:
According to Ernst Mayr, any Lamarckian theory involving the inheritance of acquired characters has been refuted as "
160:
of traits acquired by the previous generation. These proved a limited validity of Lamarckism. The inheritance of the
10482:
7697:
Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters: A Hypothesis of Heredity, Development, and Assimilation
4324:"Transgenerational Rescue of a Genetic Defect in Long-Term Potentiation and Memory Formation by Juvenile Enrichment"
12330:
12277:
11884:
11669:
11461:
10954:
10487:
10085:
9205:
8991:
8986:
6128:
5024:
3428:
2987:
1070:
2584:
414:
11879:
11859:
11572:
11317:
11025:
11020:
10993:
10732:
10722:
10646:
9921:
8263:
7990:
5998:
5929:
4530:
1753:
705:
640:
127:
12345:
12137:
12097:
12052:
11759:
11582:
11152:
11089:
10860:
10727:
10507:
10251:
10049:
9953:
9842:
8351:
8193:
6251:
1686:
1680:
1652:
9382:
6599:
Modern Biology: A Review of the Principal Phenomena of Animal Life in Relation to Modern Concepts and Theories
107:
gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse, as Lamarck had done, and his own concept of
12209:
11894:
11874:
11811:
11262:
11131:
11072:
10925:
10512:
10256:
9995:
9233:
7740:. International Library of Psychology, Philosophy, and Scientific Method. Translated with an introduction by
7701:
1962:(January 1946). "The Early History of the Idea of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters and of Pangenesis".
10457:
12057:
11829:
11649:
11272:
11240:
11148:
10865:
10367:
8456:
7892:
6498:
1095:
7601:
The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution
5099:
Rechavi, O.; Houri-Ze'evi, L.; Anava, S.; Goh, W.S.; Kerk, S.Y.; Hannon, G.J.; Hobert, O. (17 July 2014).
3679:"Alcoholism and the behavior of white rats. I. The influence of alcoholic grandparents upon maze-behavior"
12303:
11869:
11104:
10935:
10529:
9200:
7773:
6852:
6370:
4463:
3643:
pointed out that Harrison's hypothesis required a mutation rate far higher than any previously reported."
1361:
230:
8261:
Cook, George M. (December 1999). "Neo-Lamarckian Experimentalism in America: Origins and Consequences".
11764:
11634:
11614:
11393:
11138:
10631:
9805:
9392:
9258:
9090:
7437:
6712:
6451:
4726:
Nätt, Daniel; Lindqvist, Niclas; Stranneheim, Henrik; et al. (July 28, 2009). Pizzari, Tom (ed.).
4077:
2691:"Additional Evidence on the Influence of Light in producing Pigments on the Lower Sides of Flat Fishes"
1292:
561:
The experiment's effectiveness in refuting Lamarck's hypothesis is doubtful, as it did not address the
429:"The development of the organs, and their ability, are constantly a result of the use of those organs."
3148:
2033:
126:
supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the
12340:
12184:
12155:
12042:
11956:
11864:
11839:
11664:
11629:
11405:
10425:
10222:
10032:
9800:
9693:
9640:
9085:
7785:
7640:
6858:
10554:
2208:
565:
of characteristics in response to the environment. The biologist Peter Gauthier noted in 1990 that:
12077:
11961:
11834:
11654:
11587:
11449:
11422:
11277:
11052:
11015:
10848:
10712:
10684:
10659:
10616:
10519:
10452:
10327:
10200:
10168:
10141:
10131:
9462:
8028:. The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics Series. Vol. 233. Edward Elgar.
7399:
More Than Darwin: An Encyclopedia of the People and Places of the Evolution-creationism Controversy
6899:
6704:
6594:
6409:
5277:"CRISPR: a new principle of genome engineering linked to conceptual shifts in evolutionary biology"
2620:
2101:
Holterhoff, Kate (2014). "The History and Reception of Charles Darwin's Hypothesis of Pangenesis".
1706:
826:
799:
in response to environment; results could not be replicated; cause possibly a transmitted disease.
679:
648:
486:
347:
where they could pass on to the next generation the newly acquired characteristics of the parents.
320:
265:
103:
10332:
4845:
1712:
12241:
12082:
11948:
11774:
11754:
11744:
11559:
11539:
11410:
11398:
11388:
11245:
10977:
10853:
10783:
10692:
10420:
10302:
10070:
9666:
9620:
9326:
9263:
9238:
9121:
9041:
8774:"Essays ... based upon papers read at a conference held at the University of Edinburgh ... 1959."
6081:
1770:
1187:
980:
7210:(First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
5624:
5618:
2486:
2480:
12199:
12194:
12169:
12117:
12112:
11952:
11944:
11935:
11930:
11899:
11791:
11577:
11514:
11267:
11186:
10892:
10541:
10410:
10372:
10273:
10244:
10217:
10212:
9810:
9311:
9210:
9195:
9164:
9065:
8696:
Seki, Yoshiyuki (April 2013). Groszmann, Roberto J.; Iwakiri, Yasuko; Taddei, Tamar H. (eds.).
7972:
7769:
7088:
5955:
5481:
2835:
1921:(1935). "The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis".
1543:
1356:
1279:
coined the term "pan-environmentalism" for his evolutionary theory which he saw as a fusion of
1006:
935:
927:
667:
10398:
8539:
8190:
The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society
6563:
Cullen, Ben Sandford (2000). Steele, James; Cullen, Richard; Chippindale, Christopher (eds.).
4683:
Richards, Eric J. (May 2006). "Inherited epigenetic variation — revisiting soft inheritance".
3608:"Fourth (Final) Report on a Test of McDougall'S Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats"
1287:
is a main mechanism for evolutionary change and that novelty in evolution can be generated by
12226:
12189:
12087:
11996:
11991:
11966:
11694:
11674:
11524:
11444:
11417:
11348:
11116:
10833:
10707:
10626:
10621:
10606:
10591:
10581:
10497:
10472:
10307:
10263:
10227:
10195:
10136:
10114:
10095:
9958:
9911:
9862:
9857:
9815:
9599:
9422:
9316:
9243:
9142:
9080:
9075:
9006:
8941:
7084:
6827:. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures. Yale University Press; Oxford University Press.
6485:
6443:
6243:
6172:
3906:(September 1934). "Inherited changes produced by heat-treatment in Drosophila melanogaster".
2623:(1891). "An Experiment concerning the Absence of Color from the lower Sides of Flat-fishes".
2401:
1778:
1613:
1602:
1598:
1566:
1562:
1496:
1428:
1230:
647:
in the 1920s and the beginnings of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s, is called
181:
153:
123:
71:
25:
6328:
3809:
Detlefsen, John A. (1923). "Are the Effects of Long-Continued Rotation in Rats Inherited?".
3052:"(1) Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters (2) Biological Aspects of Human Problems".
2787:
1257:
551:, as it would make Lamarckian inheritance from changes to the body difficult or impossible.
12179:
11986:
11971:
11939:
11926:
11787:
11699:
11567:
11534:
11509:
11363:
11327:
11221:
11191:
11010:
10807:
10702:
10636:
10437:
10352:
10268:
10180:
10163:
10090:
10080:
9790:
9698:
9682:
9331:
9174:
9169:
9051:
9046:
9033:
8702:
7834:
7745:
7513:
7118:
5893:
4794:
4739:
4384:
4050:
Animal Evolution in Changing Environments: With Special Reference to Abnormal Metamorphosis
3775:
3690:
3358:
3278:
3111:
3061:
2705:
2655:
2073:
1729:
1702:
1647:
1524:
1288:
1249:
1193:
1088:
989:
620:
336:
10442:
10312:
7931:
Lamarck's Signature : How Retrogenes Are Changing Darwin's Natural Selection Paradigm
4084:
Animal Evolution in Changing Environments with Special Reference to Abnormal Metamorphosis
720:
78:
theory of soft inheritance into his theory of evolution as a supplement to his concept of
8:
12325:
12246:
12011:
11796:
11714:
11255:
11199:
11126:
10870:
10828:
10778:
10697:
10545:
10537:
10467:
10447:
10393:
10237:
9990:
9933:
9795:
9778:
9756:
9533:
9455:
9427:
8698:"Serum-mediated transgenerational effects on sperm: Evidence for lamarckian inheritance?"
8356:
8122:
8099:
8020:
Wilkins, John S. (2009) . "The Appearance of Lamarckism in the Evolution of Culture". In
7934:
7722:
6820:
6690:
6568:
4373:"Germline DNA Demethylation Dynamics and Imprint Erasure Through 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine"
3606:
Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W.; Gunson, Mary M. (September 1954).
1717:
1617:
1214:
859:
671:
644:
633:
10148:
8806:
8782:
7176:
7103:
6776:
The sexual question: a scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study (1922)
6663:
5897:
4798:
4743:
4388:
3779:
3719:(November–December 1920). "The Effect upon the White Rat of Continued Bodily Rotation".
3694:
3362:
3282:
3115:
3065:
2709:
2659:
2077:
12204:
12047:
12037:
12006:
11801:
11749:
11659:
11609:
11468:
11427:
11343:
11250:
11230:
11084:
11062:
11057:
10843:
10795:
10788:
10385:
10297:
10158:
10119:
9943:
9887:
9877:
9837:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9659:
9116:
8893:
8866:
8853:
8729:
8662:
8626:(September 6, 2013). "Evolution Heresy? Epigenetics Underlies Heritable Plant Traits".
8611:
8296:
8280:
7793:
7695:
7471:
6796:
6659:
6239:
6041:
5975:
5858:
5831:
5679:
5652:
5587:
5562:
5501:
5458:
5431:
5407:
5380:
5301:
5276:
5249:
5222:
5180:
5153:
5129:
5100:
5076:
5047:
4992:
4967:
4943:
4918:
4818:
4762:
4727:
4708:
4638:
4613:
4589:
4564:
4492:
4467:
4405:
4372:
4348:
4323:
4299:
4270:
4012:
3923:
3818:
3744:
3736:
3505:"A First Report on a Test of McDougall'S Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats"
3500:
3478:
3444:
3381:
3347:"Transmission of Eye-Defects Induced in Rabbits by Means of Lens-Sensitized Fowl-Serum"
3346:
3197:
3180:
3127:
3077:
3034:
3010:
2966:
2721:
2671:
2367:
2324:
2196:
2169:
2126:
1979:
1938:
1766:
1748:
1136:
340:
9528:
8143:
Lamarck, the Mythical Precursor: A Study of the Relations Between Science and Ideology
7984:
6290:
The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900
6166:
4371:
Hackett, Jamie A.; Sengupta, Roopsha; Zylicz, Jan J.; et al. (January 25, 2013).
3987:
Loison, Laurent (November 2011). "French Roots of French Neo-Lamarckisms, 1879–1985".
3538:"Second Report on a Test of McDougall's Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats"
2865:
845:
12297:
12290:
12284:
12067:
12062:
11976:
11778:
11519:
11486:
11353:
11214:
11162:
11121:
11099:
11067:
10931:
10885:
10611:
10559:
10337:
10153:
10054:
10017:
10012:
9968:
9963:
9916:
9882:
9630:
9502:
9377:
9157:
9152:
9061:
8898:
8867:"Like father like son. A fresh review of the inheritance of acquired characteristics"
8845:
8796:
8788:
8778:
8765:
8757:
8721:
8684:
8676:
8666:
8645:
8628:
8623:
8573:
8565:
8555:
8543:
8511:
8503:
8493:
8479:
8436:
8428:
8418:
8394:
8386:
8376:
8375:. Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology. Illustrations by Anna Zeligowski. MIT Press.
8338:
8330:
8320:
8313:
8288:
8215:
8207:
8197:
8168:
8160:
8150:
8113:
8105:
8086:
8078:
8068:
8047:
8039:
8029:
8002:
7994:
7956:
7948:
7938:
7914:
7906:
7896:
7875:
7867:
7860:
7846:
7838:
7827:
7813:
7805:
7797:
7757:
7749:
7713:
7705:
7682:
7662:
7654:
7644:
7623:
7615:
7605:
7599:
7583:
7559:
7551:
7534:
7525:
7517:
7489:
7481:
7459:
7451:
7441:
7420:
7412:
7402:
7385:
7377:
7367:
7350:
7342:
7332:
7315:
7307:
7297:
7268:
7260:
7250:
7229:
7221:
7211:
7191:
7167:
7159:
7129:
7121:
7094:
7072:
7064:
7054:
7037:
7029:
7019:
6995:
6987:
6977:
6960:
6952:
6942:
6921:
6913:
6903:
6880:
6872:
6862:
6848:
6836:
6828:
6808:
6800:
6766:
6758:
6738:
6730:
6720:
6681:
6673:
6643:
6635:
6613:
6605:
6582:
6572:
6551:
6543:
6533:
6510:
6502:
6497:. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 25.
6473:
6465:
6455:
6431:
6423:
6413:
6392:
6384:
6374:
6353:
6345:
6335:
6311:
6303:
6293:
6273:
6265:
6255:
6226:
6218:
6208:
6193:
6184:
6176:
6150:
6142:
6132:
6103:
6095:
6085:
6004:
5935:
5909:
5905:
5863:
5795:
5760:
5725:
5684:
5628:
5592:
5463:
5412:
5306:
5254:
5185:
5134:
5081:
4997:
4948:
4889:
4884:
4867:
4810:
4767:
4728:"Inheritance of Acquired Behaviour Adaptations and Brain Gene Expression in Chickens"
4700:
4643:
4594:
4497:
4445:
4410:
4353:
4304:
4233:
4004:
3791:
3571:"Third Report on a Test of McDougall'S Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats"
3496:
3386:
3202:
2490:
2397:
2359:
2227:
2161:
2157:
2130:
2118:
2012:
2002:
949:
819:
494:
98:
9361:
8917:
8857:
8615:
8300:
7568:
6045:
5505:
5048:"Transgenerational Inheritance of an Acquired Small RNA-Based Antiviral Response in
4712:
3927:
3748:
3482:
3181:"The work of tornier as affording a possible explanation of the causes of mutations"
2725:
2675:
2371:
2173:
1942:
1500:
Methylation similarly mediates epigenetic inheritance in plants such as rice. Small
11496:
11437:
11226:
11169:
10477:
10044:
10022:
9830:
9584:
9387:
9356:
9351:
9306:
8934:
8888:
8880:
8835:
8810:
8741:
8733:
8711:
8637:
8601:
8272:
8126:
8021:
7976:
7926:
7789:
7726:
7572:
7538:
7502:
7180:
7142:
7138:
7107:
6779:
6694:
6197:
6033:
5967:
5901:
5881:
5853:
5843:
5787:
5752:
5715:
5674:
5664:
5582:
5574:
5563:"The extended evolutionary synthesis and the role of soft inheritance in evolution"
5536:
5493:
5453:
5443:
5402:
5392:
5296:
5288:
5244:
5234:
5175:
5165:
5124:
5116:
5071:
5063:
4987:
4979:
4938:
4930:
4879:
4822:
4802:
4757:
4747:
4692:
4633:
4625:
4584:
4576:
4487:
4479:
4437:
4400:
4392:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4256:
Somatic selection and adaptive evolution: on the inheritance of acquired characters
4225:
4039:
4016:
3996:
3915:
3903:
3873:
3845:
3783:
3728:
3716:
3698:
3619:
3607:
3582:
3570:
3549:
3537:
3516:
3504:
3470:
3440:
3376:
3366:
3342:
3286:
3245:
3192:
3131:
3119:
3081:
3069:
3026:
2958:
2851:
2713:
2663:
2351:
2153:
2110:
2081:
1971:
1930:
1725:
1594:
1558:
1222:
1175:
1150:
1025:
629:
555:
548:
529:
490:
365:
21:
11368:
10322:
8641:
7115:
Zoological Philosophy; An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals
6406:
The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology: Now with 'Lamarck in 1995'
1689:, while Darwinian, has Lamarckian aspects. An individual animal or plant lives in
12236:
12127:
12092:
12001:
11889:
11783:
11739:
11719:
11592:
11308:
11287:
11042:
10838:
10462:
10289:
10278:
10232:
10175:
10124:
9904:
9708:
9558:
9538:
9397:
9301:
9111:
8592:
8245:
8227:
8185:
8064:
7968:
7741:
7674:
7190:. The Life of Science Library. Vol. 32 (Reprint ed.). Abelard-Schuman.
6938:
6755:
The Sexual Question: A Scientific, Psychological, Hygienic and Sociological Study
6323:
6285:
6162:
6120:
5848:
5791:
5756:
5541:
5524:
4841:
4752:
4518:
4229:
4053:
3849:
3176:
3095:
2839:
2279:
1659:
1535:
1492:
1451:
1276:
1238:
1117:
1062:
945:
898:
889:
683:
663:
536:
509:
389:
Lamarck's two-factor theory involves 1) a complexifying force that drives animal
255:
250:
246:
218:
119:
8547:
4580:
3787:
905:
Early 20th century experiments attempting to demonstrate Lamarckian inheritance
892:, but the results are thought to be either fraudulent or at best misinterpreted.
385:
184:
repeated the ancient folk wisdom of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
11729:
11709:
11619:
11312:
11204:
11079:
10678:
10550:
10492:
9852:
9847:
9785:
9763:
9543:
9492:
8926:
8745:
8524:
8452:
8406:
8308:
7980:
7679:
Sur La Transmissibilité Des Caractères Acquis: Hypothèse D'une Centro-épigénèse
7545:
7498:
7475:
7329:
The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900–1950
7011:
6786:
6700:
6625:
6565:
Contagious Ideas: On Evolution, Culture, Archaeology, and Cultural Virus Theory
5992:
5827:
5720:
5703:
5120:
5067:
4441:
2224:
The lying stones of Marrakech : penultimate reflections in natural history
2057:
1742:
1721:
1476:
1388:
1333:
1307:
1253:
1245:
1225:
relied on a neo-Lamarckian model of evolution to try and explain the origin of
957:
804:
659:
351:
339:' or 'pangenes' which travelled around the body, though not necessarily in the
315:
300:
234:
226:
90:
6238:
Boesiger, Ernest (1974). "Evolutionary theories after Lamarck and Darwin". In
6037:
5669:
5497:
5484:(June 2007). "Weismann Rules! OK? Epigenetics and the Lamarckian temptation".
5292:
4322:
Arai, Junko A.; Shaomin Li; Hartley, Dean M.; et al. (February 4, 2009).
4000:
2855:
2717:
2667:
2355:
2114:
1588:
1221:
supported a neo-Lamarckian view of human evolution. The German anthropologist
12319:
12231:
12174:
12164:
11724:
11544:
11504:
11500:
11491:
11334:
11303:
11292:
11282:
11209:
11111:
11005:
10880:
10758:
10717:
10563:
10317:
9985:
9980:
9604:
9507:
9365:
9279:
9147:
8981:
8958:
8884:
8817:
8489:
8475:
8440:
8414:
8398:
8342:
8315:
The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London
8090:
8051:
8006:
7918:
7666:
7595:
7587:
7493:
7424:
7389:
7289:
7272:
7233:
7195:
7076:
6840:
6750:
6669:
6647:
6555:
6396:
6315:
6230:
6188:
6154:
6107:
6024:
Kronfeldner, Maria (December 13, 2005). "Is cultural evolution Lamarckian?".
5648:
5432:"A Bayesian Model for the Analysis of Transgenerational Epigenetic Variation"
5397:
5272:
5218:
2745:
2406:
2016:
1959:
1918:
1694:
1633:
1381:
1341:
1265:
1121:
1103:
1045:
998:
881:
782:
709:
694:
687:
675:
335:
would, in response to environmental stimulation (use and disuse), throw off '
260:
214:
189:
75:
8840:
8821:
8688:
8577:
8528:
8515:
8219:
7960:
7627:
7463:
7354:
7319:
7041:
6999:
6964:
6925:
6770:
6742:
6586:
6514:
6435:
6357:
5170:
4917:
Akimoto, Keiko; Katakami, Hatsue; Hyun-Jung Kim; et al. (August 2007).
4396:
2283:
1842:
1269:
1034:
Injected fowl serum antibodies for rabbit lens-protein into pregnant rabbits
592:
12021:
11322:
11299:
10875:
10823:
10768:
10601:
10596:
10190:
9948:
9579:
9497:
9190:
9011:
9001:
8902:
8871:
8849:
8800:
8769:
8725:
8649:
8485:
8448:
8292:
8236:
8172:
7817:
7717:
7686:
7529:
7242:
7171:
7133:
7007:
6884:
6716:
6477:
6277:
5913:
5867:
5764:
5729:
5688:
5596:
5578:
5467:
5416:
5310:
5258:
5239:
5189:
5138:
5085:
5001:
4952:
4814:
4771:
4704:
4647:
4598:
4501:
4449:
4414:
4357:
4308:
4237:
4008:
3836:
Detlefsen, John A. (April 1925). "The inheritance of acquired characters".
3795:
3702:
3640:
3474:
3431:(April 1938). "Fourth Report on a Lamarckian Experiment". General Section.
3390:
3291:
3266:
3250:
3233:
3206:
2363:
2165:
2122:
1472:
1329:
1315:
1284:
1237:. In the 1960s, "biochemical Lamarckism" was advocated by the embryologist
1218:
1197:
1053:
885:
698:
624:
394:
332:
276:
79:
10946:
8117:
7879:
7850:
7809:
7761:
7580:
Studies from the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute: Collected Reprints
7563:
6812:
6685:
6617:
5799:
5448:
4983:
4893:
1303:
884:
claimed in the 1920s to have found evidence for Lamarckian inheritance in
751:
19th century experiments attempting to demonstrate Lamarckian inheritance
505:
489:. As the evolutionary biologists and historians of science Conway Zirkle,
12160:
12072:
12016:
11854:
11639:
11338:
11157:
10902:
10773:
10502:
10037:
9867:
9773:
9731:
9553:
9548:
9126:
9106:
8753:
8535:
6655:
6116:
5324:
4934:
4629:
4483:
3623:
3586:
3554:
3521:
3458:
3371:
2862:
Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler
1528:
1480:
1468:
1447:
1420:
1128:
210:
198:
177:
145:
10342:
8352:"Longevity Shown for First Time to Be Inherited via a Non-DNA Mechanism"
7735:
6775:
5381:"Past, present, and future of epigenetics applied to livestock breeding"
4872:
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
4806:
4269:
Roth, Tania L.; Lubin, Farah D.; Funk, Adam J.; et al. (May 2009).
481:
In essence, a change in the environment brings about change in "needs" (
307:
theory. Every part of the body emits tiny gemmules which migrate to the
296:
12107:
11819:
11554:
11094:
10664:
10586:
10573:
10207:
10007:
9894:
9872:
9825:
9820:
9768:
9736:
9651:
9478:
9370:
9070:
9023:
8319:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press.
8284:
7331:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press.
7203:
7155:
6976:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press.
6205:
Freaks of Nature: And What They Tell Us about Evolution and Development
5979:
5429:
4043:
3919:
3740:
3267:"Experimental Distortion of Development in Amphibian Tadpoles. Part II"
3038:
2970:
2328:
1983:
1640:
1637:
1570:
1517:
1454:, enabling a neo-Lamarckian pattern of inheritance for some generations
1337:
1323:
1311:
1226:
863:
786:
728:
540:
525:
513:
448:
304:
291:
242:
161:
108:
33:
8750:
Darwinism and the Study of Society: A Centenary Symposium; Chicago, IL
8716:
8697:
8373:
Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology
7247:
The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology
6974:
Styles of Scientific Thought: The German Genetics Community, 1900–1933
5549:
Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology
4866:
Lumey, Lambert H.; Stein, Aryeh D.; Ravelli, Anita C. J. (July 1995).
3822:
3536:
Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W. (October 1942).
1368:
Zirkle pointed out that Lamarck did not originate the hypothesis that
528:
afresh in each generation from the germ plasm, creating an invisible "
11769:
10897:
10748:
10357:
9975:
9723:
9321:
9289:
9056:
8962:
8146:
7577:
6602:
6292:(Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
5046:
Rechavi, Oded; Minevich, Gregory; Hobert, Oliver (December 9, 2011).
3890:
3877:
3123:
3073:
2086:
2061:
1690:
1484:
1280:
690:, who saw evolution as an inherently progressive process. The German
390:
344:
202:
94:
68:
56:
8606:
8587:
6248:
Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems
5971:
4968:"Inheritance of acquired traits in plants: Reinstatement of Lamarck"
4696:
3763:
3678:
3100:"Dr. Kammerer's Testimony to the Inheritance of Acquired Characters"
3099:
3030:
2643:
1975:
1061:
Fraud, ink injected; or, results misinterpreted; case celebrated by
516:
theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the
12221:
11981:
11686:
10800:
10002:
9574:
9512:
9284:
9253:
8276:
7051:
Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology
6629:
5101:"Starvation-induced transgenerational inheritance of small RNAs in
4061:
3732:
3569:
Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W. (June 1948).
2962:
2342:
Winther, Rasmus (2001). "August Weismann on Germ-Plasm Variation".
2144:
Liu, Yongsheng (2008). "A new perspective on Darwin's Pangenesis".
1934:
1774:
1698:
1622:
1606:
1574:
1424:
1345:
1261:
1110:
370:
271:
222:
149:
52:
29:
8432:
8390:
8082:
8043:
7910:
7723:
Eugenio Rignano upon the inheritance of acquired characters (1911)
7658:
7619:
7416:
7381:
7296:. Oxford Paperbacks (Reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
7068:
6956:
6917:
6547:
6388:
6349:
6222:
6146:
6099:
2698:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2648:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1439:
12122:
10185:
9899:
9016:
8659:
Neo-Lamarckism and the Evolution Controversy in France, 1870-1920
7801:
7125:
6530:
Treasure Your Exceptions: The Science and Life of William Bateson
5926:
Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in:
4916:
4838:"Obese male mice father offspring with higher levels of body fat"
4725:
4428:
Bonduriansky, Russell (June 2012). "Rethinking heredity, again".
1835:"The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus "History" in Schoolbooks"
1488:
972:
691:
597:
443:
402:
131:
8792:
8761:
8680:
8569:
8507:
8334:
8211:
8164:
8109:
7998:
7952:
7871:
7842:
7753:
7709:
7555:
7521:
7485:
7455:
7364:
The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics
7346:
7311:
7264:
7225:
7163:
7098:
7033:
6991:
6876:
6832:
6804:
6762:
6734:
6677:
6639:
6609:
6506:
6469:
6427:
6307:
6269:
6180:
4565:"Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters"
1260:(1895–1985). They followed two traditions, one mechanistic, one
1001:
unable to reproduce findings in chickens; Darwinian explanation
877:
409:. Lamarckism is the name now widely used for the adaptive force.
8996:
8481:
The Threat and the Glory: Reflections on Science and Scientists
5880:
5098:
1629:
1520:
1079:
656:
532:" to Lamarckian influence from the soma to the next generation.
521:
398:
355:
279:
7188:
Main Currents of Scientific Thought: A History of the Sciences
7016:
Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension
6127:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 242.
5551:, edited by Snait B. Gissis and Eva Jablonka, MIT Press, 2011"
3234:"Experimental Distortion of Development in Amphibian Tadpoles"
554:
Weismann conducted the experiment of removing the tails of 68
10106:
9447:
5623:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. pp.
4784:
4370:
4271:"Lasting Epigenetic Influence of Early-Life Adversity on the
2485:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. pp.
1999:
El sueño de D'Alembert; y Suplemento al viaje de Bougainville
544:
517:
406:
374:
359:
308:
206:
115:
36:'s sons inherit the strong muscles he acquires from his work.
6935:
Academic Reading: Reading and Writing Across the Disciplines
6078:
Brown-SĂ©quard: An Improbable Genius Who Transformed Medicine
1233:, a British zoologist, defended Lamarckism in his 1959 book
497:
have pointed out, these ideas were not original to Lamarck.
9294:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5606:
2947:
Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters
1636:
products of these somatically novel genes were captured by
1625:
1589:
Somatic hypermutation and reverse transcription to germline
1434:
643:
between Darwin's death in the 1880s, and the foundation of
8232:"Why everything you've been told about evolution is wrong"
7434:
History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene
2644:"Researches on the Coloration of the Skins of Flat Fishes"
1507:
Joseph Springer and Dennis Holley commented in 2013 that:
812:
Transplant plants at different altitudes in Alps, Pyrenees
8521:
8457:"The Epigenome in Evolution: Beyond The Modern Synthesis"
8411:
Lamarck's Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy
5995:(2003), "The Baldwin Effect, a Crane, not a Skyhook" in:
5152:
Handel, Adam E.; Ramagopalan, Sreeram V. (May 13, 2010).
4321:
1577:
1501:
1443:
1407:
7700:. Authorized English translation by Basil C. H. Harvey.
7604:. Great Discoveries (1st ed.). Atlas Books/Norton.
7294:
Aristotle to Zoos: A Philosophical Dictionary of Biology
6491:
Biographical Memoir of Francis Bertody Sumner, 1874–1945
5653:"Disputing Lamarckian Epigenetic Inheritance in Mammals"
5603:
3764:"Are Permanent Disturbances of Equilibration Inherited?"
2749:(Book review). Vol. 141, no. 5229. p. 337
789:, causing abnormal nervous condition resembling epilepsy
358:, with Darwin's cooperation, in which he transfused the
259:. The idea is mentioned in 18th century sources such as
7582:. Vol. 25. Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute.
7249:. New preface by Ernst Mayr. Harvard University Press.
6000:
Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered
5954:
5931:
Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered
3605:
2945:
Eastwood, M. Lightfoot (October 1912). "Reviewed Work:
2813:, "Lamarckism in Britain and the United States", p. 348
328:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
197:
of acquired characters had been accepted previously by
6854:
The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History
6125:
Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline
5378:
5201:
5199:
3677:
Macdowell, E. Carleton; Vicari, Emilia M. (May 1921).
2891:
2889:
1336:
promoted the ideologically driven research programme,
701:, the idea that evolution is directed towards a goal.
134:. Despite this, interest in Lamarckism has continued.
8822:"Epigenetics: Sins of the fathers, and their fathers"
8540:"Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Music and Language"
6408:(First Harvard University Press paperback ed.).
5045:
2299:, "The Supposed Transmission of Mutilations" (1888),
1879:
1877:
1875:
1464:
Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution
579:"disproven" by the Weismann tail-chopping experiment.
7986:
Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems
7925:
7569:
Readings in evolution, genetics, and eugenics (1921)
7208:
Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essays
7117:. Translated, with an introduction, by Hugh Elliot.
5822:
5820:
5812:
4211:
4209:
3463:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
856:
Variations in offspring even without low temperature
6114:
5561:Dickins, Thomas E.; Rahman, Qazi (August 7, 2012).
5196:
4268:
4116:
3299:
2886:
1414:
1372:, so it is incorrect to refer to it as Lamarckism:
1165:Results not replicable; likely cause ear infection
436:
380:
8312:
7859:
7826:
6327:
5379:González-Recio, O.; Toro, M. A.; Bach, A. (2015).
3461:(November 1957). "Oscar Werner Tiegs. 1897-1956".
2906:
2904:
2876:
2874:
1964:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1896:
1894:
1892:
1872:
1757:Baldwin effect is broadly accepted by Darwinists.
1612:The mechanism was meant to explain why homologous
7480:. The Macmillan Company; Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
5817:
5151:
4865:
4206:
3811:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
3568:
3535:
3495:
2186:
1996:
1769:, Lamarckism has been applied as a mechanism for
1747:The Baldwin effect, named after the psychologist
1674:
1628:sequences generated via somatic hypermutation in
1084:Offspring learnt mazes quicker (20 vs 165 trials)
1014:Reared mice at different temperatures, humidities
415:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck § Lamarckian evolution
12317:
8956:
8661:. Studies in French Civilization. Vol. 14.
7929:; Lindley, Robyn A.; Blanden, Robert V. (1998).
7778:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences
6367:Darwin Deleted: Imagining a World Without Darwin
6334:(3rd ed.). University of California Press.
2472:
2438:
2436:
2310:
2308:
2100:
89:Introductory textbooks contrast Lamarckism with
8922:University of California Museum of Paleontology
8371:Gissis, Snait B.; Jablonka, Eva., eds. (2011).
8061:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
7829:This View of Life: The World of an Evolutionist
6654:
6207:(Paperback ed.). Oxford University Press.
5154:"Is Lamarckian evolution relevant to medicine?"
4072:
4070:
3676:
2901:
2880:
2871:
2269:
2267:
1889:
1862:
1860:
1601:within the immune system and coupled it to the
1145:Pavlov retracted claim; results not replicable
130:, and the general abandonment of Lamarckism in
7886:
7578:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute (1940).
7093:(in French) (New ed.). Germer Baillière.
5372:
5205:
4249:
4247:
4030:Pearson, Roy Douglas (March 1988). "Reviews".
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1561:'s disputed Neo-Lamarckian mechanism involves
727:tried to demonstrate Lamarckism by mutilating
377:, which have no blood, as well as in animals.
10962:
9667:
9463:
8942:
7866:(2nd ed.). Harcourt, Brace & World.
7693:
7547:Readings in Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics
7149:
5777:
5560:
4513:
4511:
4262:
2933:
2580:
2433:
2410:. Vol. 84, no. 1175. pp. 38–40
2305:
1954:
1952:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1760:
1605:of RNA derived from body cells to the DNA of
1298:
8744:(1961). "The Human Evolutionary System". In
7887:Springer, Joseph T.; Holley, Dennis (2013).
7694:——; Harvey, Basil C. H. (1911).
7240:
7150:Linville, Henry R.; Kelly, Henry A. (1906).
7006:
6699:
6527:
5832:"The Hologenome Concept: Helpful or Hollow?"
5265:
5039:
4660:
4427:
4315:
4258:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
4067:
3159:
2810:
2771:
2264:
2044:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1857:
1340:; this suited the ideological opposition of
10976:
7396:
6819:
6624:
6603:Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner & Co., Ltd.
6528:Cock, Alan G.; Forsdyke, Donald R. (2008).
6023:
5771:
5736:
5223:"Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?"
4665:
4244:
3652:
2798:
2029:
1997:Diderot, Denis; Ballestero, Manuel (1992).
1813:
1370:acquired characteristics could be inherited
10969:
10955:
9674:
9660:
9470:
9456:
8949:
8935:
6593:
5996:
5986:
5927:
5826:
5217:
4719:
4508:
3891:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute 1940
3762:Griffith, Coleman R. (December 15, 1922).
3341:
3219:
3009:
2688:
2641:
2619:
2180:
1949:
1791:
1593:In the 1970s, the Australian immunologist
1159:Reared rats on rotating table for 3 months
948:; Tower claimed all results lost in fire;
144:new experimental results in the fields of
8892:
8839:
8715:
8605:
7744:. Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner & Co.;
7282:Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution
7279:
6900:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
6792:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
6403:
5997:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003).
5928:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003).
5857:
5847:
5719:
5678:
5668:
5586:
5540:
5457:
5447:
5406:
5396:
5300:
5248:
5238:
5179:
5169:
5128:
5075:
4991:
4942:
4883:
4761:
4751:
4637:
4588:
4563:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (August 2013).
4562:
4491:
4404:
4347:
4298:
3835:
3808:
3664:
3553:
3520:
3427:
3380:
3370:
3290:
3249:
3196:
2556:
2215:
2085:
1906:
1394:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
1017:Inherited longer bodies, tails, hind feet
888:, in a case celebrated by the journalist
12133:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
10908:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
9681:
7967:
7634:
6237:
6202:
5920:
5647:
4682:
3974:
3761:
3715:
3305:
3175:
2944:
2568:
2314:
2296:
1841:(September–October 1994). Archived from
1832:
1711:
1646:
1553:
1471:has been argued by scientists including
1460:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1438:
1435:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1328:A form of Lamarckism was revived in the
1302:
876:
818:Not controlled from weeds; likely cause
719:
628:
591:
504:
500:
384:
295:
241:Zirkle noted that Hippocrates described
176:
158:transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
20:
9636:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
9590:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
8807:Neo-Darwinism and neo-Lamarckism (1891)
8019:
7857:
7824:
7768:
7733:
7673:
7594:
7507:
7288:
7112:
7083:
6971:
6785:
6161:
6075:
5806:
5355:"Epigenetics smackdown at the Guardian"
4919:"Epigenetic Inheritance in Rice Plants"
4550:
4517:
4462:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4076:
4029:
3940:
3403:
3264:
3231:
3144:
3094:
2998:
2922:
2834:
2595:
2532:
2466:
2454:
2427:
2341:
2273:
2246:
2137:
1900:
1804:
1037:Eye defects inherited for 8 generations
543:theory held that germline cells in the
61:inheritance of acquired characteristics
16:Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
12318:
9439:Index of evolutionary biology articles
8250:"Beyond a 'Darwin was wrong' headline"
8145:. English translation by M. H. Shank.
8141:Barthélemy-Madaule, Madeleine (1982).
7543:
7470:
7397:Moore, Randy; Decker, Mark D. (2008).
7326:
7048:
6631:Zoonomia; or, the Laws of Organic Life
6562:
6442:
6364:
6322:
6284:
6058:
5742:
5616:
5271:
5017:"A Comeback for Lamarckian Evolution?"
5014:
4835:
4253:
4215:
4200:
4093:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
3986:
3963:
3902:
3862:
3457:
2983:
2910:
2895:
2783:
2689:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1895).
2642:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1893).
2607:
2520:
2509:
2478:
2442:
2056:
1958:
1917:
1883:
1716:Lamarckian use and disuse compared to
1065:arguing that opposition was political
697:combined Larmarckism with ideas about
587:
285:
11625:Psychological effects of Internet use
10950:
10671:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
9655:
9451:
8930:
8097:
7933:. Helix Books; Frontiers of Science.
7508:Mumford, Frederick Blackmar (1921) .
7431:
7361:
7185:
6932:
6891:
6847:
6749:
6484:
5701:
5352:
5329:"Epigenetics: the light and the way?"
5323:
5221:; Wolf, Yuri I. (November 11, 2009).
4671:
4611:
3636:
3415:
3329:
3317:
3265:Sladden, Dorothy E. (November 1932).
3017:by Eugenio Rignano, E. W. MacBride".
3013:(December 23, 1926). "Reviewed Work:
2822:
2738:
2544:
2396:
2384:
2258:
2221:
1866:
1597:developed a neo-Lamarckian theory of
1217:and the South African paleontologist
872:
67:. The idea is named after the French
9626:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
8058:
7202:
7177:A textbook in general zoölogy (1906)
6895:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
5522:
5480:
4965:
4188:
3952:
1208:
853:Raise butterflies at low temperature
834:Shine light on underside of flatfish
111:similarly implied soft inheritance.
11605:Digital media use and mental health
8588:"Lamarckian viral defense in worms"
8179:Lamarck, ou, Le mythe du précurseur
6404:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (1995) .
5353:Coyne, Jerry (September 23, 2013).
4523:"Lamarck didn't say it, Darwin did"
3612:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3575:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3542:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3509:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2739:Moore, Eldon (September 15, 1928).
2143:
897:instance, in 1906, the philosopher
13:
11236:Automatic and controlled processes
10076:Evolutionary developmental biology
9249:Evolutionary developmental biology
8827:European Journal of Human Genetics
8133:
7794:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1945.tb00215.x
5813:Steele, Lindley & Blanden 1998
5567:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5023:(Biomedicine news). Archived from
5015:Singer, Emily (February 4, 2009).
4614:"Epigenetics, Darwin, and Lamarck"
3445:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1938.tb00882.x
3271:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3238:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2001:(First ed.). Madrid: Debate.
1573:to breach the Weismann barrier to
1312:ideological form of neo-Lamarckism
1283:with neo-Lamarckism. He held that
74:(1744–1829), who incorporated the
14:
12357:
11645:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
8918:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
8911:
8787:. Press of Gedney & Roberts.
8586:Peng, Wayne (December 27, 2011).
8350:Fecht, Sarah (October 19, 2011).
6330:Evolution: The History of an Idea
5830:; Sloan, Daniel B. (2015-12-04).
5708:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
5620:Evolution: The History of an Idea
4430:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4117:Baird, Scerri & McIntyre 2006
3989:Journal of the History of Biology
3866:Journal of Comparative Psychology
3060:(2232): 576–578. August 8, 1912.
2482:Evolution: The History of an Idea
2344:Journal of the History of Biology
2191:. Modern Library. pp. 38–41.
2103:Journal of the History of Biology
1736:
1318:agricultural policy in the 1930s.
1040:Disputed, results not replicated
965:Goldfish, embryos of frogs, newts
941:Heritable changes in size, colour
609:
28:argued, as part of his theory of
12296:
12283:
12271:
12270:
11670:Mobile phones and driving safety
10930:
10921:
10920:
9206:Evolution of sexual reproduction
8865:Yongsheng Liu (September 2007).
8784:Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism
7862:Life: An Introduction to Biology
7858:Simpson, George Gaylord (1965).
7825:Simpson, George Gaylord (1964).
7544:Newman, Horatio Hackett (1921).
6691:The theories of evolution (1912)
6052:
6017:
5948:
5906:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01995.x
5874:
5695:
5641:
5554:
5529:Philosophy and Theory in Biology
5516:
5474:
5423:
5346:
5317:
5211:
5145:
5092:
5008:
4959:
4910:
4859:
4836:Gibson, Andrea (June 16, 2013).
4829:
4778:
4676:
4654:
4605:
4556:
4544:
4456:
4421:
4364:
4194:
4182:
4170:
3232:Sladden, Dorothy E. (May 1930).
2158:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00036.x
1415:Mechanisms resembling Lamarckism
938:in extreme humidity, temperature
666:, and the American entomologist
437:Lamarck's discussion of heredity
381:Lamarck's evolutionary framework
167:
12336:History of evolutionary biology
11573:Computer-mediated communication
10733:Extended evolutionary synthesis
9922:Gene-centered view of evolution
8554:. MIT Press. pp. 165–176.
8264:The Quarterly Review of Biology
8098:Young, Robert Thompson (1922).
7550:. University of Chicago Press.
7499:Evolution and adaptation (1903)
7053:. University Of Chicago Press.
6825:The Material Basis of Evolution
6668:. Translation by André Tridon.
6068:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4023:
3980:
3968:
3957:
3946:
3934:
3896:
3884:
3856:
3829:
3802:
3755:
3709:
3683:Journal of Experimental Zoology
3670:
3658:
3646:
3630:
3599:
3562:
3529:
3489:
3451:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3258:
3225:
3213:
3169:
3153:
3138:
3088:
3045:
3003:
2992:
2977:
2951:International Journal of Ethics
2938:
2927:
2916:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2777:
2765:
2732:
2682:
2635:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2503:
2460:
2448:
2421:
2390:
2378:
2335:
2290:
2252:
2240:
2094:
2050:
2038:
1291:. His views were criticized by
837:Inherited production of pigment
715:
641:history of evolutionary thought
11850:Empathising–systemising theory
11153:female intrasexual competition
11090:Evolutionarily stable strategy
10861:Hologenome theory of evolution
10728:History of molecular evolution
9954:Evolutionarily stable strategy
9843:Last universal common ancestor
9477:
8977:Genotype–phenotype distinction
8194:Johns Hopkins University Press
7780:. Columbia Biological Series.
7535:The breeding of animals (1921)
7512:. The Rural Text-Book Series.
7432:Moore, James R., ed. (2002) .
7186:Mason, Stephen Finney (1956).
7152:A Text-Book in General Zoölogy
6252:University of California Press
6003:. MIT Press. pp. 69–106.
5958:(1953). "The Baldwin effect".
4972:Plant Signaling & Behavior
4340:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5057-08.2009
4291:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028
4058:The Evolution of Individuality
2023:
1990:
1687:hologenome theory of evolution
1681:hologenome theory of evolution
1675:Hologenome theory of evolution
1651:Neo-Lamarckian inheritance of
524:. Somatic cells (of the body)
1:
12210:Standard social science model
11263:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
10655:Renaissance and Enlightenment
9234:Regulation of gene expression
8642:10.1126/science.341.6150.1055
7893:Jones & Bartlett Learning
7774:"Tempo and Mode in Evolution"
7746:Harcourt, Brace & Company
7702:Open Court Publishing Company
7104:Philosophie zoologique (1830)
5523:Haig, David (November 2011).
3433:British Journal of Psychology
3345:; Smith, E. A. (March 1920).
2276:An examination of Weismannism
2274:Romanes, George John (1893).
2226:. Vintage. pp. 119–121.
1833:Ghiselin, Michael T. (1994).
1784:
1142:Offspring easier to condition
774:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
725:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
354:, carried out experiments on
138:
12058:Missing heritability problem
11650:Social aspects of television
11273:Evolution of nervous systems
11241:Computational theory of mind
10866:Missing heritability problem
10493:Gamete differentiation/sexes
9404:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
9184:Evolution of genetic systems
8992:Gene–environment correlation
8987:Gene–environment interaction
8063:(First paperback ed.).
7635:Raitiere, Martin N. (2012).
7139:Zoological philosophy (1914)
6499:National Academy of Sciences
6076:Aminoff, Michael J. (2011).
5934:. MIT Press. pp. 3–31.
5849:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002311
5792:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001
5757:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001
5702:Weiss, Adam (October 2015).
5542:10.3998/ptb.6959004.0003.004
5436:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
4966:Sano, Hiroshi (April 2010).
4885:10.1016/0028-2243(95)02149-M
4753:10.1371/journal.pone.0006405
4618:Genome Biology and Evolution
4472:Genome Biology and Evolution
4230:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001
3850:10.1152/physrev.1925.5.2.244
2866:Maximilian Rudolph Standfuss
1096:John William Heslop-Harrison
704:With the development of the
487:transmutation of the species
7:
12304:Evolutionary biology portal
9383:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
8478:(1990). Pyke, David (ed.).
8059:Wood, Bernard, ed. (2013).
7835:Harcourt, Brace & World
7366:. Oxford University Press.
7280:McDougall, William (1934).
7018:. Oxford University Press.
6892:Gould, Stephen Jay (2002).
6448:Lamarck and Modern Genetics
6371:University of Chicago Press
6194:Problems of genetics (1913)
4581:10.1534/genetics.113.151852
4328:The Journal of Neuroscience
3788:10.1126/science.56.1459.676
3162:, "A Note on W. L. Tower's
2881:Delage & Goldsmith 1912
2762:(1928) by J. T. Cunningham.
2741:"The New View of Mendelism"
2189:A Growing sense of progress
1534:The evolutionary biologist
1491:proteins, both involved in
1362:Tempo and Mode in Evolution
1351:
1314:which adversely influenced
1235:Lamarck and Modern Genetics
1213:The British anthropologist
10:
12364:
12265:Evolutionary psychologists
12138:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
12053:Human–animal communication
11765:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
11615:Imprinted brain hypothesis
11583:Human–computer interaction
10498:Life cycles/nuclear phases
10050:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
9259:Hedgehog signaling pathway
9136:Developmental architecture
8752:. Tavistock Publications;
8464:Information Bulletin VOGiS
7889:An Introduction to Zoology
7681:(in French). FĂ©lix Alcan.
7438:Cambridge University Press
7049:Kohler, Robert E. (2002).
6972:Harwood, Jonathan (1993).
6859:W. W. Norton & Company
6203:Blumberg, Mark S. (2010).
5886:Environmental Microbiology
5721:10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.003
5617:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) .
5206:Springer & Holley 2013
5121:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.020
5068:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.042
4612:Penny, David (June 2015).
4442:10.1016/j.tree.2012.02.003
2479:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) .
2187:Larson, Edward J. (2004).
1761:In sociocultural evolution
1740:
1678:
1457:
1321:
1299:Ideological neo-Lamarckism
1162:Inherited balance disorder
866:"difficult to interpret".
785:and dorsal spinal cord of
668:Alpheus Spring Packard Jr.
618:
614:
412:
289:
172:
156:proved the possibility of
12259:
12185:Environmental determinism
12156:Cultural selection theory
12148:
12043:Evolutionary epistemology
12030:
11957:evolutionary neuroscience
11919:
11912:
11810:
11685:
11630:Rank theory of depression
11553:
11477:
11379:
11185:
11178:
11132:Parent–offspring conflict
11041:
10984:
10916:
10816:
10741:
10645:
10572:
10528:
10383:
10287:
10104:
10063:
9996:Parent–offspring conflict
9932:
9801:Earliest known life forms
9722:
9689:
9641:Politicization of science
9613:
9567:
9521:
9485:
9436:
9415:
9344:
9272:
9226:
9219:
9183:
9135:
9099:
9086:Transgressive segregation
9032:
8969:
8123:Biology in America (1922)
7786:Columbia University Press
7734:Rignano, Eugenio (1926).
7641:Bucknell University Press
6665:The Theories of Evolution
6595:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas
6365:Bowler, Peter J. (2013).
6038:10.1007/s10539-006-9037-7
5670:10.1186/s13059-015-0626-0
5498:10.1007/s10539-006-9033-y
5293:10.1007/s10539-018-9658-7
4001:10.1007/s10739-010-9240-x
3019:The Journal of Philosophy
2934:Rignano & Harvey 1911
2856:10.1126/science.4.80.52-c
2788:view=1up, seq=277 257–259
2718:10.1017/S0025315400050761
2668:10.1017/S0025315400049596
2621:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas
2581:Linville & Kelly 1906
2402:"Another Look at Lamarck"
2115:10.1007/s10739-014-9377-0
1658:The historian of biology
1058:Black foot-pads inherited
686:and the German anatomist
275:(c. 1795) suggested that
101:. However, Darwin's book
12078:Cultural group selection
11962:Biocultural anthropology
11655:Societal impacts of cars
11588:Media naturalness theory
11278:Fight-or-flight response
10849:Cultural group selection
10713:The eclipse of Darwinism
10685:On the Origin of Species
10660:Transmutation of species
8885:10.1038/sj.embor.7401060
8657:Persell, Stuart (1999).
8550:; Brown, Steven (eds.).
7477:Evolution and Adaptation
7362:Moore, David S. (2015).
6410:Harvard University Press
6026:Biology & Philosophy
5398:10.3389/fgene.2015.00305
5281:Biology & Philosophy
4661:Jablonka & Lamb 1995
2772:Cock & Forsdyke 2008
2045:Desmond & Moore 1991
1707:chromosome rearrangement
1419:Studies in the field of
1139:in mice to food and bell
827:Joseph Thomas Cunningham
649:the eclipse of Darwinism
321:On the Origin of Species
104:On the Origin of Species
51:, is the notion that an
12331:Non-Darwinian evolution
12278:Evolutionary psychology
12242:Sociocultural evolution
12083:Dual inheritance theory
11540:Personality development
11001:Theoretical foundations
10978:Evolutionary psychology
10854:Dual inheritance theory
10693:History of paleontology
9621:Bourgeois pseudoscience
9264:Notch signaling pathway
9239:Gene regulatory network
9122:Dual inheritance theory
8841:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201567
8026:Darwinism and Economics
7770:Simpson, George Gaylord
7510:The Breeding of Animals
7119:Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
7113:—— (1914).
6782:. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
6082:Oxford University Press
5956:Simpson, George Gaylord
5171:10.1186/1471-2350-11-73
4685:Nature Reviews Genetics
4397:10.1126/science.1229277
3721:The American Naturalist
3653:Moore & Decker 2008
2356:10.1023/A:1012950826540
2222:Gould, Stephen (2001).
1923:The American Naturalist
1771:dual inheritance theory
1270:philosophy of evolution
1202:Results not replicable
1188:Drosophila melanogaster
995:Inherited malformations
992:of pregnant guinea pigs
981:Charles Rupert Stockard
968:Abnormalities inherited
936:Colorado potato beetles
397:) creating a ladder of
393:towards higher levels (
12200:Social constructionism
12195:Psychological nativism
12170:Biological determinism
12118:Recent human evolution
12113:Punctuated equilibrium
11936:Behavioral epigenetics
11931:evolutionary economics
11900:Variability hypothesis
11845:Emotional intelligence
11578:Engineering psychology
11268:Evolution of the brain
10542:Punctuated equilibrium
9863:Non-adaptive radiation
9811:Evolutionary arms race
9312:cis-regulatory element
9220:Control of development
9100:Non-genetic influences
9066:evolutionary landscape
7327:Mitman, Gregg (1992).
7090:Philosophie Zoologique
7085:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
6486:Child, Charles Manning
6444:Cannon, Herbert Graham
6244:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
5704:"Lamarckian Illusions"
5579:10.1098/rspb.2012.0273
5486:Biology and Philosophy
5240:10.1186/1745-6150-4-42
4529:(Blog). Archived from
4254:Steele, E. J. (1981).
3703:10.1002/jez.1400330107
3499:; Drummond, Frank H.;
3475:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0017
3292:10.1098/rspb.1932.0072
3251:10.1098/rspb.1930.0031
1733:
1669:
1655:
1581:
1551:epigenetic processes.
1514:
1469:Epigenetic inheritance
1455:
1404:
1379:
1357:George Gaylord Simpson
1319:
1007:Francis Bertody Sumner
971:Disputed; possibly an
928:William Lawrence Tower
893:
795:Not Lamarckism, as no
743:
732:
636:
602:
581:
572:
533:
410:
350:Darwin's half-cousin,
312:
239:
185:
45:Lamarckian inheritance
37:
12346:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
12227:Multilineal evolution
12190:Nature versus nurture
12149:Theoretical positions
11997:Functional psychology
11992:Evolutionary medicine
11967:Biological psychiatry
11675:Texting while driving
11665:Lead–crime hypothesis
11525:Cognitive development
11510:Caregiver deprivation
11021:Gene selection theory
10834:Evolutionary medicine
10708:Mendelian inheritance
10416:Biological complexity
10404:Programmed cell death
10096:Phenotypic plasticity
9816:Evolutionary pressure
9806:Evidence of evolution
9704:Timeline of evolution
9600:Mendelian inheritance
9423:Nature versus nurture
9327:Cell surface receptor
9244:Evo-devo gene toolkit
9143:Developmental biology
9081:Polygenic inheritance
9007:Quantitative genetics
8742:Waddington, Conrad H.
8488:(1st U.S. ed.).
7514:The Macmillan Company
6240:Ayala, Francisco José
6173:Yale University Press
5449:10.1534/g3.115.016725
5385:Frontiers in Genetics
5359:Why Evolution is True
5333:Why Evolution Is True
5021:MIT Technology Review
4984:10.4161/psb.5.4.10803
4279:Biological Psychiatry
3838:Physiological Reviews
2625:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1779:history of technology
1741:Further information:
1715:
1679:Further information:
1664:
1650:
1603:reverse transcription
1599:somatic hypermutation
1567:reverse transcription
1563:somatic hypermutation
1557:
1509:
1458:Further information:
1442:
1429:somatic hypermutation
1399:
1374:
1306:
1231:Herbert Graham Cannon
1089:experimental controls
1020:Inconsistent results
880:
820:genetic contamination
738:
723:
632:
619:Further information:
596:The long neck of the
595:
576:
567:
508:
501:Weismann's experiment
468:English translation:
413:Further information:
388:
299:
231:Jo. Fried. Blumenbach
194:
182:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
180:
154:somatic hypermutation
72:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
24:
12180:Cultural determinism
11987:Evolutionary biology
11972:Cognitive psychology
11920:Academic disciplines
11568:Cognitive ergonomics
11535:Language acquisition
11515:Childhood attachment
11328:Wason selection task
11222:Behavioral modernity
11011:Cognitive revolution
10994:Evolutionary thought
10808:Teleology in biology
10703:Blending inheritance
10081:Genetic assimilation
9944:Artificial selection
9683:Evolutionary biology
9332:Transcription factor
9047:Genetic assimilation
9034:Genetic architecture
8552:The Origins of Music
8022:Hodgson, Geoffrey M.
6821:Goldschmidt, Richard
6450:(Reprint ed.).
6168:Problems of Genetics
5780:Molecular Immunology
5525:"Lamarck Ascending!"
5327:(October 24, 2010).
5158:BMC Medical Genetics
3717:Griffith, Coleman R.
3624:10.1242/jeb.31.3.307
3587:10.1242/jeb.25.2.103
3555:10.1242/jeb.19.2.158
3522:10.1242/jeb.12.3.191
3372:10.1073/pnas.6.3.134
3106:(Letter to editor).
2034:Vol I, section XXXIX
1765:Within the field of
1730:genetic assimilation
1703:sexual recombination
1525:Piwi-interacting RNA
1483:patterns in DNA and
1289:genetic assimilation
1194:Directed mutagenesis
1028:, Elizabeth A. Smith
990:alcohol intoxication
815:Acquired adaptations
621:Eclipse of Darwinism
192:wrote in 1935 that:
12247:Unilineal evolution
12012:Population genetics
11797:Sexy son hypothesis
11735:Hormonal motivation
11715:Concealed ovulation
11256:Dual process theory
11127:Parental investment
10871:Molecular evolution
10829:Ecological genetics
10698:Transitional fossil
10488:Sexual reproduction
10328:endomembrane system
10257:pollinator-mediated
10213:dolphins and whales
9991:Parental investment
9534:Georgii Karpechenko
9428:Morphogenetic field
9345:Influential figures
8357:Scientific American
7472:Morgan, Thomas Hunt
7401:. Greenwood Press.
7243:Provine, William B.
5898:2009EnvMi..11.2959R
5573:(1740): 2913–2921.
5027:on January 27, 2016
4807:10.1038/nature09491
4799:2010Natur.467..963N
4744:2009PLoSO...4.6405N
4464:Skinner, Michael K.
4389:2013Sci...339..448H
3780:1922Sci....56..676G
3695:1921JEZ....33..208M
3363:1920PNAS....6..134G
3283:1932RSPSB.112....1S
3185:The Eugenics Review
3116:1919Natur.103..344B
3066:1912Natur..89..576.
3011:Carmichael, Leonard
2710:1895JMBUK...4...53C
2660:1893JMBUK...3..111C
2457:, pp. 218, 220
2400:(October 4, 1979).
2078:1871Natur...3..502D
1839:The Textbook Letter
1718:Darwinian evolution
1215:Frederic Wood Jones
906:
860:Richard Goldschmidt
792:Epileptic offspring
752:
672:Edward Drinker Cope
645:population genetics
634:Edward Drinker Cope
588:Textbook Lamarckism
286:Darwin's pangenesis
269:. Erasmus Darwin's
55:can pass on to its
12205:Social determinism
12088:Fisher's principle
12048:Great ape language
12038:Cultural evolution
12007:Philosophy of mind
11840:Division of labour
11802:Westermarck effect
11750:Mating preferences
11660:Distracted driving
11394:Literary criticism
11251:Domain specificity
11231:modularity of mind
10844:Cultural evolution
9959:Fisher's principle
9888:Handicap principle
9878:Parallel evolution
9742:Adaptive radiation
9117:Genomic imprinting
8779:Ward, Lester Frank
8663:Edwin Mellen Press
8624:Pennisi, Elizabeth
8101:Biology in America
7981:Shipley, Arthur E.
7973:Poulton, Edward B.
7156:Ginn & Company
6849:Gould, Stephen Jay
6797:Dover Publications
6634:. Joseph Johnson.
5651:(March 27, 2015).
4935:10.1093/aob/mcm110
4630:10.1093/gbe/evv107
4553:, pp. 295–315
4533:on 9 February 2015
4484:10.1093/gbe/evv073
4179:, pp. 142–143
4167:, pp. 166–169
4078:Shapiro, Arthur M.
4044:10.1007/BF00050806
4032:Acta Biotheoretica
3943:, pp. 121–131
3920:10.1007/BF01984742
3459:Pantin, Carl F. A.
3429:McDougall, William
3332:, pp. 146–173
3166:Work," pp. 352–353
2898:, pp. 202–204
2801:, pp. 266–267
2774:, pp. 132–133
2445:, pp. 236–244
2398:Gould, Stephen Jay
2261:, pp. 170–191
2146:Biological Reviews
2060:(April 27, 1871).
1886:, pp. 245–246
1869:, pp. 177–178
1845:on 12 October 2000
1767:cultural evolution
1749:James Mark Baldwin
1734:
1656:
1582:
1456:
1450:marks, created by
1391:wrote in his book
1332:of the 1930s when
1320:
1258:Pierre-Paul Grassé
1185:Heat treatment in
1137:Conditioned reflex
904:
894:
873:Early 20th century
750:
733:
639:The period of the
637:
603:
534:
411:
313:
266:D'Alembert's Dream
186:
124:Mendelian genetics
82:, a drive towards
38:
12313:
12312:
12291:Psychology portal
12255:
12254:
12098:Hologenome theory
12068:Unit of selection
12063:Primate cognition
11977:Cognitive science
11908:
11907:
11779:Sexual attraction
11755:Mating strategies
11520:Cinderella effect
11450:Moral foundations
11354:Visual perception
11246:Domain generality
11215:Facial expression
11163:Sexual dimorphism
11122:Natural selection
11068:Hamiltonian spite
10944:
10943:
10560:Uniformitarianism
10513:Sex-determination
10018:Sexual dimorphism
10013:Natural selection
9917:Unit of selection
9883:Signalling theory
9649:
9648:
9631:Pavlovian session
9503:Nikita Khrushchev
9445:
9444:
9378:Eric F. Wieschaus
9340:
9339:
9158:Pattern formation
9062:Fitness landscape
8820:(February 2006).
8717:10.1002/hep.26240
8672:978-0-7734-8275-3
8561:978-0-262-23206-7
8529:The Future of Man
8499:978-0-06-039112-6
8424:978-1-921208-60-7
8382:978-0-262-01514-1
8326:978-0-226-14346-0
8248:(19 March 2010).
8230:(19 March 2010).
8203:978-0-8018-3888-0
8156:978-0-262-02179-1
8074:978-1-118-65099-8
8035:978-1-84844-072-2
7977:Schönland, Selmar
7944:978-0-7382-0014-9
7927:Steele, Edward J.
7902:978-1-4496-4891-6
7737:Biological Memory
7650:978-1-61148-418-2
7611:978-0-393-05981-6
7447:978-0-521-52478-0
7408:978-0-313-34155-7
7373:978-0-19-992234-5
7338:978-0-226-53236-3
7303:978-0-19-283043-2
7256:978-0-674-27226-2
7217:978-0-674-27105-0
7060:978-0-226-45010-0
7025:978-0-19-854062-5
6983:978-0-226-31882-0
6948:978-1-55111-393-7
6909:978-0-674-00613-3
6868:978-0-393-01380-1
6726:978-0-7181-3430-3
6578:978-1-84217-014-4
6539:978-0-387-75687-5
6461:978-0-8371-8173-8
6419:978-0-674-83318-0
6380:978-0-226-06867-1
6341:978-0-520-23693-6
6299:978-0-8018-4391-4
6261:978-0-520-02649-0
6214:978-0-19-921306-1
6138:978-1-4020-3256-1
6091:978-0-19-974263-9
6010:978-0-262-23229-6
5941:978-0-262-23229-6
5892:(12): 2959–2962.
5882:Rosenberg, Eugene
5275:(February 2019).
5273:Koonin, Eugene V.
5219:Koonin, Eugene V.
4840:(Press release).
4793:(7318): 963–966.
4521:(March 8, 2009).
4383:(6118): 448–452.
3774:(1459): 676–678.
3343:Guyer, Michael F.
3110:(2592): 344–345.
3015:Biological Memory
2949:by C.H. Harvey".
2838:(July 10, 1896).
2487:257, 264, 279–280
2233:978-0-09-928583-0
1293:Arthur M. Shapiro
1209:Late 20th century
1206:
1205:
1118:replicate results
1071:William McDougall
950:William E. Castle
870:
869:
495:Stephen Jay Gould
99:natural selection
63:or more recently
12353:
12341:Biology theories
12300:
12287:
12274:
12273:
11917:
11916:
11913:Related subjects
11700:Adult attachment
11227:Cognitive module
11183:
11182:
11170:Social selection
11144:Costly signaling
11139:Sexual selection
11026:Modern synthesis
10971:
10964:
10957:
10948:
10947:
10934:
10924:
10923:
10723:Modern synthesis
10483:Multicellularity
10478:Mosaic evolution
10363:auditory ossicle
10045:Social selection
10028:Flowering plants
10023:Sexual selection
9676:
9669:
9662:
9653:
9652:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9449:
9448:
9388:William McGinnis
9357:Richard Lewontin
9352:C. H. Waddington
9224:
9223:
9201:Neutral networks
8951:
8944:
8937:
8928:
8927:
8906:
8896:
8861:
8843:
8811:Internet Archive
8804:
8773:
8754:Quadrangle Books
8737:
8719:
8710:(4): 1663–1665.
8692:
8653:
8619:
8609:
8581:
8519:
8471:
8461:
8444:
8402:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8346:
8318:
8304:
8257:
8246:Rutherford, Adam
8241:
8228:Burkeman, Oliver
8223:
8186:Bowler, Peter J.
8176:
8127:Internet Archive
8121:
8094:
8055:
8016:
8014:
8013:
7969:Weismann, August
7964:
7922:
7891:(1st ed.).
7883:
7865:
7854:
7833:(1st ed.).
7832:
7821:
7765:
7727:Internet Archive
7721:
7690:
7675:Rignano, Eugenio
7670:
7631:
7591:
7573:Internet Archive
7567:
7539:Internet Archive
7533:
7503:Internet Archive
7497:
7467:
7428:
7393:
7358:
7323:
7285:
7276:
7237:
7199:
7181:Internet Archive
7175:
7143:Internet Archive
7137:
7108:Internet Archive
7102:
7080:
7045:
7003:
6968:
6937:(2nd ed.).
6929:
6888:
6857:(1st ed.).
6844:
6816:
6780:Internet Archive
6774:
6746:
6695:Internet Archive
6689:
6660:Goldsmith, Marie
6651:
6621:
6590:
6559:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6496:
6481:
6439:
6400:
6361:
6333:
6324:Bowler, Peter J.
6319:
6286:Bowler, Peter J.
6281:
6234:
6198:Internet Archive
6192:
6163:Bateson, William
6158:
6111:
6062:
6061:, pp. 31–60
6056:
6050:
6049:
6021:
6015:
6014:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5861:
5851:
5842:(12): e1002311.
5824:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5723:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5672:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5614:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5451:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5400:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5242:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5062:(6): 1248–1256.
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4923:Annals of Botany
4914:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4887:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4844:. Archived from
4833:
4827:
4826:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4755:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4624:(6): 1758–1760.
4609:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4519:Gregory, T. Ryan
4515:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4478:(5): 1296–1302.
4460:
4454:
4453:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4334:(5): 1496–1502.
4319:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4213:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4143:, pp. 14–60
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4090:
4074:
4065:
4048:Book reviews of
4047:
4027:
4021:
4020:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3914:(5–6): 476–494.
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3878:10.1037/h0074715
3860:
3854:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3727:(635): 524–534.
3713:
3707:
3706:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3497:Agar, Wilfred E.
3493:
3487:
3486:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3308:, pp. 69–70
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3244:(744): 318–325.
3229:
3223:
3222:, pp. 84–97
3217:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3179:(January 1924).
3177:MacBride, Ernest
3173:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3124:10.1038/103344b0
3098:(July 3, 1919).
3096:Bateson, William
3092:
3086:
3085:
3074:10.1038/089576a0
3049:
3043:
3042:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2859:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2799:Goldschmidt 1940
2796:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:10.1038/003502a0
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:Darwin 1794–1796
2027:
2021:
2020:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1929:(724): 417–445.
1915:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1830:
1811:
1802:
1754:modern synthesis
1595:Edward J. Steele
1559:Edward J. Steele
1256:(1853–1922) and
1223:Hermann Klaatsch
1179:
1153:, John Detlefson
1151:Coleman Griffith
1026:Michael F. Guyer
907:
903:
831:1891, 1893, 1895
753:
749:
706:modern synthesis
549:Weismann barrier
530:Weismann barrier
491:Michael Ghiselin
143:
140:
128:modern synthesis
65:soft inheritance
43:, also known as
12363:
12362:
12356:
12355:
12354:
12352:
12351:
12350:
12316:
12315:
12314:
12309:
12251:
12237:Neoevolutionism
12144:
12128:Species complex
12093:Group selection
12031:Research topics
12026:
12002:Neuropsychology
11904:
11890:Substance abuse
11812:Sex differences
11806:
11720:Coolidge effect
11681:
11593:Neuroergonomics
11558:
11549:
11473:
11375:
11309:Folk psychology
11190:
11174:
11044:
11037:
10980:
10975:
10945:
10940:
10912:
10839:Group selection
10812:
10737:
10641:
10568:
10530:Tempo and modes
10524:
10379:
10283:
10100:
10059:
9935:
9928:
9905:Species complex
9718:
9709:History of life
9685:
9680:
9650:
9645:
9614:Soviet policies
9609:
9563:
9559:Nikolai Vavilov
9539:Zhores Medvedev
9529:Wacław Gajewski
9517:
9481:
9476:
9446:
9441:
9432:
9411:
9398:Sean B. Carroll
9336:
9268:
9215:
9179:
9131:
9112:Maternal effect
9095:
9028:
8965:
8955:
8914:
8909:
8864:
8816:
8777:
8746:Banton, Michael
8740:
8695:
8673:
8656:
8622:
8607:10.1038/ng.1062
8593:Nature Genetics
8585:
8562:
8544:Wallin, Nils L.
8534:
8500:
8474:
8470:(1/2): 242–254.
8459:
8453:Lamb, Marion J.
8447:
8425:
8407:Honeywill, Ross
8405:
8383:
8370:
8362:
8360:
8349:
8327:
8309:Desmond, Adrian
8307:
8260:
8244:
8226:
8204:
8184:
8177:Translation of
8157:
8140:
8136:
8134:Further reading
8131:
8104:. R.G. Badger.
8075:
8065:Wiley-Blackwell
8036:
8011:
8009:
7991:Clarendon Press
7945:
7903:
7742:Ernest MacBride
7651:
7612:
7448:
7409:
7374:
7339:
7304:
7257:
7245:, eds. (1998).
7218:
7061:
7026:
7012:Lamb, Marion J.
6984:
6949:
6939:Broadview Press
6910:
6869:
6787:Gardner, Martin
6727:
6705:Moore, James R.
6701:Desmond, Adrian
6626:Darwin, Erasmus
6579:
6540:
6519:
6517:
6494:
6462:
6452:Greenwood Press
6420:
6381:
6342:
6300:
6262:
6215:
6139:
6123:, eds. (2006).
6092:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6057:
6053:
6022:
6018:
6011:
5993:Dennett, Daniel
5991:
5987:
5972:10.2307/2405746
5953:
5949:
5942:
5925:
5921:
5879:
5875:
5828:Moran, Nancy A.
5825:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5776:
5772:
5741:
5737:
5714:(10): 566–568.
5700:
5696:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5615:
5604:
5559:
5555:
5521:
5517:
5479:
5475:
5428:
5424:
5377:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5351:
5347:
5338:
5336:
5322:
5318:
5270:
5266:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5197:
5150:
5146:
5097:
5093:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5013:
5009:
4964:
4960:
4915:
4911:
4900:
4864:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4842:Ohio University
4834:
4830:
4783:
4779:
4724:
4720:
4697:10.1038/nrg1834
4681:
4677:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4655:
4610:
4606:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4536:
4534:
4516:
4509:
4461:
4457:
4426:
4422:
4369:
4365:
4320:
4316:
4267:
4263:
4252:
4245:
4224:(2016): 1–2 4.
4214:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4095:(Book review).
4088:
4075:
4068:
4054:Ryuichi Matsuda
4034:(Book review).
4028:
4024:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3861:
3857:
3834:
3830:
3807:
3803:
3760:
3756:
3714:
3710:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3635:
3631:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3567:
3563:
3534:
3530:
3501:Tiegs, Oscar W.
3494:
3490:
3456:
3452:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3263:
3259:
3230:
3226:
3220:Cunningham 1928
3218:
3214:
3174:
3170:
3158:
3154:
3143:
3139:
3093:
3089:
3056:(Book review).
3051:
3050:
3046:
3031:10.2307/2014451
3025:(26): 718–720.
3008:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2978:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2846:(Book review).
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2640:
2636:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2340:
2336:
2313:
2306:
2295:
2291:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2142:
2138:
2099:
2095:
2072:(78): 502–503.
2058:Darwin, Charles
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2009:
1995:
1991:
1976:10.2307/1005592
1957:
1950:
1916:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1787:
1763:
1745:
1739:
1683:
1677:
1660:Peter J. Bowler
1591:
1536:T. Ryan Gregory
1493:gene regulation
1466:
1437:
1417:
1354:
1326:
1301:
1277:Ryuichi Matsuda
1239:Paul Wintrebert
1211:
1173:
1106:exposed to soot
1063:Arthur Koestler
946:William Bateson
899:Eugenio Rignano
890:Arthur Koestler
875:
840:Disputed cause
718:
684:Herbert Spencer
664:plant evolution
627:
617:
612:
590:
537:August Weismann
510:August Weismann
503:
439:
417:
383:
294:
288:
256:Just So Stories
251:Rudyard Kipling
247:Pliny the Elder
227:Michael Adanson
219:Levinus Lemnius
175:
170:
141:
120:August Weismann
17:
12:
11:
5:
12361:
12360:
12349:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12307:
12294:
12281:
12268:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12253:
12252:
12250:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12158:
12152:
12150:
12146:
12145:
12143:
12142:
12141:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12034:
12032:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11942:
11933:
11923:
11921:
11914:
11910:
11909:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11816:
11814:
11808:
11807:
11805:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11781:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11691:
11689:
11683:
11682:
11680:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11620:Mind-blindness
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11596:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11564:
11562:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11494:
11489:
11483:
11481:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11466:
11465:
11464:
11454:
11453:
11452:
11442:
11441:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11420:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11403:
11402:
11401:
11396:
11385:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11332:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11315:
11313:theory of mind
11306:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11224:
11219:
11218:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11196:
11194:
11180:
11176:
11175:
11173:
11172:
11167:
11166:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11146:
11136:
11135:
11134:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11108:
11107:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11080:Baldwin effect
11077:
11076:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11055:
11049:
11047:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11035:
11030:
11029:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
10998:
10997:
10996:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10974:
10973:
10966:
10959:
10951:
10942:
10941:
10939:
10938:
10928:
10917:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10810:
10805:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10792:
10791:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10751:
10745:
10743:
10739:
10738:
10736:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10689:
10688:
10679:Charles Darwin
10676:
10675:
10674:
10662:
10657:
10651:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10617:Non-ecological
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10578:
10576:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10566:
10557:
10548:
10534:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10516:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10390:
10388:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10368:nervous system
10365:
10360:
10355:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10294:
10292:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10260:
10259:
10249:
10248:
10247:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10235:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10198:
10188:
10178:
10173:
10172:
10171:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10134:
10129:
10128:
10127:
10117:
10111:
10109:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10067:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10041:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9972:
9971:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9940:
9938:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9914:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9868:Origin of life
9865:
9860:
9855:
9853:Microevolution
9850:
9848:Macroevolution
9845:
9840:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9786:Common descent
9783:
9782:
9781:
9771:
9766:
9764:Baldwin effect
9761:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9728:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9679:
9678:
9671:
9664:
9656:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9617:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9571:
9569:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9544:Georgii Nadson
9541:
9536:
9531:
9525:
9523:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9493:Trofim Lysenko
9489:
9487:
9483:
9482:
9475:
9474:
9467:
9460:
9452:
9443:
9442:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9374:
9373:
9362:François Jacob
9359:
9354:
9348:
9346:
9342:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9298:
9297:
9287:
9282:
9276:
9274:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9230:
9228:
9221:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9145:
9139:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9093:
9091:Sequence space
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9038:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8973:
8971:
8967:
8966:
8954:
8953:
8946:
8939:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8913:
8912:External links
8910:
8908:
8907:
8879:(9): 798–803.
8862:
8834:(2): 131–132.
8818:Whitelaw, Emma
8814:
8775:
8738:
8693:
8671:
8654:
8636:(6150): 1055.
8620:
8583:
8560:
8532:
8525:Reith Lectures
8498:
8484:. Foreword by
8476:Medawar, Peter
8472:
8445:
8423:
8403:
8381:
8368:
8347:
8325:
8305:
8277:10.1086/394112
8271:(4): 417–437.
8258:
8242:
8224:
8202:
8182:
8155:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8095:
8073:
8056:
8034:
8017:
7965:
7943:
7923:
7901:
7884:
7855:
7822:
7766:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7671:
7649:
7632:
7610:
7596:Quammen, David
7592:
7575:
7541:
7505:
7468:
7446:
7429:
7407:
7394:
7372:
7359:
7337:
7324:
7302:
7290:Medawar, Peter
7286:
7277:
7255:
7238:
7216:
7200:
7183:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7081:
7059:
7046:
7024:
7004:
6982:
6969:
6947:
6930:
6908:
6889:
6867:
6845:
6817:
6783:
6751:Forel, Auguste
6747:
6725:
6717:Viking Penguin
6713:Michael Joseph
6697:
6652:
6622:
6591:
6577:
6560:
6538:
6525:
6482:
6460:
6440:
6418:
6401:
6379:
6362:
6340:
6320:
6298:
6282:
6260:
6235:
6213:
6200:
6159:
6137:
6115:Baird, Davis;
6112:
6090:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6051:
6032:(4): 493–512.
6016:
6009:
5985:
5966:(2): 110–117.
5947:
5940:
5919:
5873:
5816:
5805:
5786:(6): 667–673.
5770:
5735:
5694:
5657:Genome Biology
5649:Whitelaw, Emma
5640:
5634:978-0520063860
5633:
5602:
5553:
5531:(Book essay).
5515:
5492:(3): 415–428.
5473:
5442:(4): 477–485.
5422:
5371:
5345:
5316:
5264:
5227:Biology Direct
5210:
5195:
5144:
5115:(2): 277–287.
5091:
5038:
5007:
4978:(4): 346–348.
4958:
4929:(2): 205–217.
4909:
4858:
4828:
4777:
4718:
4691:(5): 395–401.
4675:
4664:
4653:
4604:
4575:(4): 793–805.
4555:
4543:
4507:
4455:
4436:(6): 330–336.
4420:
4363:
4314:
4285:(9): 760–769.
4261:
4243:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4082:"Book Review:
4066:
4022:
3995:(4): 713–744.
3979:
3967:
3956:
3945:
3933:
3904:Jollos, Victor
3895:
3883:
3872:(3): 469–475.
3855:
3844:(2): 224–278.
3828:
3817:(5): 292–300.
3801:
3754:
3733:10.1086/279783
3708:
3689:(1): 208–291.
3669:
3665:McDougall 1934
3657:
3645:
3629:
3618:(3): 308–321.
3598:
3581:(2): 103–122.
3561:
3548:(2): 158–167.
3528:
3515:(3): 191–211.
3488:
3450:
3439:(4): 365–395.
3420:
3408:
3396:
3357:(3): 134–136.
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3257:
3224:
3212:
3191:(4): 545–555.
3168:
3160:Weinstein 1998
3152:
3137:
3087:
3044:
3002:
2991:
2976:
2963:10.1086/206715
2957:(1): 117–118.
2937:
2926:
2915:
2900:
2885:
2870:
2836:Packard, A. S.
2827:
2815:
2811:Burkhardt 1998
2803:
2791:
2776:
2764:
2760:Modern Biology
2731:
2681:
2654:(1): 111–118.
2634:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2573:
2561:
2557:Burkhardt 1995
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2502:
2496:978-0520063860
2495:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2432:
2420:
2389:
2377:
2350:(3): 517–555.
2334:
2304:
2289:
2278:. Open Court.
2263:
2251:
2239:
2232:
2214:
2179:
2152:(2): 141–149.
2136:
2109:(4): 661–695.
2093:
2049:
2037:
2022:
2007:
1989:
1960:Zirkle, Conway
1948:
1935:10.1086/280617
1919:Zirkle, Conway
1905:
1888:
1871:
1856:
1812:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1762:
1759:
1743:Baldwin effect
1738:
1737:Baldwin effect
1735:
1722:Baldwin effect
1695:microorganisms
1676:
1673:
1590:
1587:
1477:Marion J. Lamb
1446:molecule with
1436:
1433:
1416:
1413:
1389:Martin Gardner
1353:
1350:
1334:Trofim Lysenko
1322:Main article:
1308:Trofim Lysenko
1300:
1297:
1254:Gaston Bonnier
1246:Edmond Perrier
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:; implausible
1114:
1113:caused by soot
1107:
1104:Peppered moths
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
986:
983:
977:
976:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:Gustav Tornier
954:
953:
944:Criticised by
942:
939:
933:
930:
924:
923:
920:
919:Claimed result
917:
914:
911:
874:
871:
868:
867:
857:
854:
851:
848:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
823:
822:
816:
813:
810:
807:
805:Gaston Bonnier
801:
800:
797:use and disuse
793:
790:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
765:Claimed result
763:
760:
757:
717:
714:
660:George Henslow
616:
613:
611:
610:Neo-Lamarckism
608:
589:
586:
563:use and disuse
502:
499:
479:
478:
474:
466:
465:
459:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
427:
424:
382:
379:
352:Francis Galton
316:Charles Darwin
301:Charles Darwin
290:Main article:
287:
284:
235:Erasmus Darwin
174:
171:
169:
166:
91:Charles Darwin
49:neo-Lamarckism
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12359:
12358:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12323:
12321:
12306:
12305:
12299:
12295:
12293:
12292:
12286:
12282:
12280:
12279:
12269:
12267:
12266:
12262:
12261:
12258:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12232:Neo-Darwinism
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12217:Functionalism
12215:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12175:Connectionism
12173:
12171:
12168:
12167:
12166:
12165:indeterminism
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12147:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12029:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11928:
11925:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11915:
11911:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11885:Schizophrenia
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11870:Mental health
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11813:
11809:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11745:Mate guarding
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11705:Age disparity
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11684:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11635:Schizophrenia
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11570:
11569:
11566:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11560:Mental health
11556:
11555:Human factors
11552:
11546:
11545:Socialization
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11505:paternal bond
11502:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11470:
11467:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11458:
11455:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11404:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11390:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11370:
11369:NaĂŻve physics
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11356:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11336:
11335:Motor control
11333:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11301:
11298:
11294:
11293:Ophidiophobia
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11283:Arachnophobia
11281:
11280:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11233:
11232:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11210:Display rules
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11188:
11184:
11181:
11177:
11171:
11168:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11137:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11112:Kin selection
11110:
11106:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11040:
11034:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11006:Adaptationism
11004:
11003:
11002:
10999:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10990:
10987:
10986:
10983:
10979:
10972:
10967:
10965:
10960:
10958:
10953:
10952:
10949:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10927:
10919:
10918:
10915:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10882:
10881:Phylogenetics
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10819:
10815:
10809:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10785:
10784:Structuralism
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10759:Catastrophism
10757:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10740:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10718:Neo-Darwinism
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10687:
10686:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10672:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10632:Reinforcement
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10571:
10565:
10564:Catastrophism
10561:
10558:
10556:
10555:Macromutation
10552:
10551:Micromutation
10549:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10521:
10518:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10458:Immune system
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10432:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10396:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10382:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10348:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10318:symbiogenesis
10316:
10315:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10291:
10286:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10258:
10255:
10254:
10253:
10250:
10246:
10243:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10170:
10167:
10166:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10103:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9987:
9986:Kin selection
9984:
9982:
9981:Genetic drift
9979:
9977:
9974:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9931:
9923:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9893:
9889:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9780:
9777:
9776:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9721:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9688:
9684:
9677:
9672:
9670:
9665:
9663:
9658:
9657:
9654:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9606:
9605:Vernalization
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9585:Hybridization
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9520:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9508:Joseph Stalin
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9473:
9468:
9466:
9461:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9440:
9435:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9414:
9406:
9405:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9366:Jacques Monod
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9343:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9280:Homeotic gene
9278:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9218:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9148:Morphogenesis
9146:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8982:Reaction norm
8980:
8978:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8952:
8947:
8945:
8940:
8938:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8923:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8904:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8812:
8809: at the
8808:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8548:Merker, Björn
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8520:Contains the
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8491:
8490:HarperCollins
8487:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8449:Jablonka, Eva
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8374:
8369:
8359:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8317:
8316:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8265:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8139:
8138:
8128:
8125: at the
8124:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8018:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7936:
7935:Perseus Books
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7863:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7831:
7830:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7738:
7732:
7728:
7725: at the
7724:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7576:
7574:
7571: at the
7570:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7540:
7537: at the
7536:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7506:
7504:
7501: at the
7500:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7241:Mayr, Ernst;
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7179: at the
7178:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7141: at the
7140:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7106: at the
7105:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7008:Jablonka, Eva
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6778: at the
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6693: at the
6692:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6670:B. W. Huebsch
6667:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6628:(1794–1796).
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6196: at the
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6121:McIntyre, Lee
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6060:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5547:"A Review of
5543:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4848:on 2018-06-12
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4257:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4166:
4161:
4155:, p. 451
4154:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4119:, p. 166
4118:
4113:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3975:Boesiger 1974
3971:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3893:, p. 162
3892:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3667:, p. 180
3666:
3661:
3655:, p. 203
3654:
3649:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:(July 1935).
3502:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3418:, p. 330
3417:
3412:
3406:, p. 169
3405:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3320:, p. 249
3319:
3314:
3307:
3306:Blumberg 2010
3302:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:(774): 1–12.
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2913:, p. 219
2912:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2883:, p. 210
2882:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2850:(80): 52–54.
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2746:The Spectator
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2610:, p. 167
2609:
2604:
2598:, p. 192
2597:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2571:, p. 299
2570:
2569:Raitiere 2012
2565:
2559:, p. 166
2558:
2553:
2547:, p. 343
2546:
2541:
2535:, p. 209
2534:
2529:
2523:, p. 367
2522:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2469:, p. 221
2468:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2430:, p. 216
2429:
2424:
2409:
2408:
2407:New Scientist
2403:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2297:Weismann 1889
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2249:, p. 113
2248:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:84-7444-583-3
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:(2): 91–151.
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1903:, p. 168
1902:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:messenger RNA
1631:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1614:DNA sequences
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:Peter Medawar
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:Joseph Stalin
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:Henri Bergson
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:(1846–1908),
1251:
1248:(1844–1921),
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:Victor Jollos
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:mutation rate
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:Rats solving
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Paul Kammerer
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:Raymond Pearl
997:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
970:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
908:
902:
900:
891:
887:
886:midwife toads
883:
882:Paul Kammerer
879:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
847:
846:Max Standfuss
844:
843:
839:
836:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:sciatic nerve
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:
748:
745:
742:
737:
730:
726:
722:
713:
711:
710:neo-Darwinism
707:
702:
700:
696:
695:Theodor Eimer
693:
689:
688:Ernst Haeckel
685:
681:
680:Samuel Butler
677:
676:Alpheus Hyatt
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
635:
631:
626:
622:
607:
599:
594:
585:
580:
575:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
475:
471:
470:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
453:
452:
450:
445:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
420:
416:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:somatic cells
330:
329:
323:
322:
317:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
283:
281:
278:
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
238:
237:among others.
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Jerome Cardan
212:
208:
204:
200:
193:
191:
190:Conway Zirkle
183:
179:
168:Early history
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
93:'s theory of
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
76:classical era
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
12302:
12289:
12276:
12263:
12102:
12022:Sociobiology
11880:Neuroscience
11860:Intelligence
11406:Anthropology
11359:Color vision
11344:Multitasking
11323:Flynn effect
11318:Intelligence
11300:Folk biology
11043:Evolutionary
10893:Polymorphism
10876:Astrobiology
10824:Biogeography
10779:Saltationism
10769:Orthogenesis
10763:
10754:Alternatives
10683:
10669:
10602:Cospeciation
10597:Cladogenesis
10546:Saltationism
10503:Mating types
10426:Color vision
10411:Avian flight
10333:mitochondria
10071:Canalisation
9949:Biodiversity
9694:Introduction
9594:
9580:Heritability
9498:J. D. Bernal
9402:
9295:eyeless gene
9191:Evolvability
9165:Segmentation
9042:Canalisation
9012:Heterochrony
9002:Heritability
8970:Key concepts
8876:
8872:EMBO Reports
8870:
8831:
8825:
8783:
8749:
8707:
8701:
8658:
8633:
8627:
8597:
8591:
8551:
8536:Molino, Jean
8486:Lewis Thomas
8480:
8467:
8463:
8410:
8372:
8361:. Retrieved
8355:
8314:
8268:
8262:
8254:The Guardian
8253:
8237:The Guardian
8235:
8189:
8178:
8142:
8100:
8060:
8025:
8010:. Retrieved
7985:
7930:
7888:
7861:
7828:
7781:
7777:
7736:
7696:
7678:
7636:
7600:
7579:
7546:
7509:
7476:
7433:
7398:
7363:
7328:
7293:
7281:
7246:
7207:
7187:
7151:
7114:
7089:
7050:
7015:
6973:
6934:
6894:
6853:
6824:
6791:
6754:
6708:
6664:
6656:Delage, Yves
6630:
6598:
6564:
6532:. Springer.
6529:
6518:. Retrieved
6490:
6447:
6405:
6366:
6329:
6289:
6247:
6204:
6167:
6124:
6117:Scerri, Eric
6077:
6069:Bibliography
6054:
6029:
6025:
6019:
5999:
5988:
5963:
5959:
5950:
5930:
5922:
5889:
5885:
5876:
5839:
5836:PLOS Biology
5835:
5808:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5660:
5656:
5643:
5619:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5509:
5489:
5485:
5476:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5363:. Retrieved
5358:
5348:
5337:. Retrieved
5332:
5325:Coyne, Jerry
5319:
5284:
5280:
5267:
5230:
5226:
5213:
5208:, p. 94
5161:
5157:
5147:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5094:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5041:
5029:. Retrieved
5025:the original
5020:
5010:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4878:(1): 23–30.
4875:
4871:
4861:
4850:. Retrieved
4846:the original
4831:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4738:(7): e6405.
4735:
4731:
4721:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4667:
4656:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4551:Wilkins 2009
4546:
4535:. Retrieved
4531:the original
4526:
4475:
4471:
4466:(May 2015).
4458:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4255:
4221:
4217:
4203:, p. 21
4196:
4184:
4177:Gardner 1957
4172:
4165:Medawar 1985
4160:
4153:Simpson 1965
4148:
4141:Simpson 1964
4136:
4131:, p. 75
4129:Simpson 1944
4124:
4112:
4101:. Retrieved
4099:(2): 146–147
4096:
4092:
4083:
4057:
4049:
4038:(1): 31–36.
4035:
4031:
4025:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3977:, p. 29
3970:
3959:
3948:
3941:Harwood 1993
3936:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3886:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3724:
3720:
3711:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3641:R. A. Fisher
3632:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3590:. Retrieved
3578:
3574:
3564:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3512:
3508:
3491:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3436:
3432:
3423:
3411:
3404:Medawar 1985
3399:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3215:
3188:
3184:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3145:Bateson 1913
3140:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3005:
2999:Rignano 1926
2994:
2979:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2929:
2923:Rignano 1906
2918:
2861:
2847:
2843:
2830:
2825:, p. 36
2818:
2806:
2794:
2779:
2767:
2759:
2751:. Retrieved
2744:
2734:
2704:(1): 53–59.
2701:
2697:
2684:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2603:
2596:Aminoff 2011
2591:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2533:Mumford 1921
2528:
2516:
2505:
2481:
2474:
2467:Quammen 2006
2462:
2455:Quammen 2006
2450:
2428:Quammen 2006
2423:
2412:. Retrieved
2405:
2392:
2387:, p. 66
2380:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2323:(1/2): 6–8.
2320:
2316:
2292:
2275:
2254:
2247:Lamarck 1914
2242:
2223:
2217:
2188:
2182:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2069:
2065:
2062:"Pangenesis"
2052:
2040:
2025:
1998:
1992:
1967:
1963:
1926:
1922:
1901:Medawar 1985
1847:. Retrieved
1843:the original
1838:
1805:Lamarck 1830
1764:
1746:
1684:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1638:retroviruses
1611:
1592:
1583:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1473:Eva Jablonka
1467:
1418:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1359:in his book
1355:
1330:Soviet Union
1327:
1310:promoted an
1285:heterochrony
1274:
1250:Alfred Giard
1243:
1234:
1219:Robert Broom
1212:
1198:orthogenesis
1196:, a form of
1186:
1156:1920 to 1925
1054:Midwife toad
1031:1918 to 1924
962:1907 to 1918
932:1907 to 1910
895:
850:1892 to 1917
796:
778:1869 to 1891
746:
744:
739:
734:
716:19th century
703:
699:orthogenesis
653:
638:
625:Orthogenesis
604:
582:
577:
573:
568:
562:
560:
553:
535:
482:
480:
467:
461:
455:
440:
418:
395:orthogenesis
364:
349:
326:
319:
314:
277:warm-blooded
270:
264:
254:
240:
195:
187:
136:
113:
102:
88:
80:orthogenesis
64:
60:
48:
44:
40:
39:
18:
12161:Determinism
12073:Coevolution
12017:Primatology
11855:Gender role
11760:Orientation
11640:Screen time
11497:Affectional
11479:Development
11158:Mate choice
11085:By-products
11053:Adaptations
11016:Cognitivism
10903:Systematics
10774:Mutationism
10592:Catagenesis
10520:Snake venom
10453:Eusociality
10431:in primates
10421:Cooperation
10349:In animals
10169:butterflies
10142:Cephalopods
10132:Brachiopods
10064:Development
10038:Mate choice
9791:Convergence
9774:Coevolution
9732:Abiogenesis
9554:Tan Jiazhen
9549:Hans Stubbe
9486:Lysenkoists
9393:Mike Levine
9302:Distal-less
9127:Polyphenism
9107:Epigenetics
8959:development
7204:Mayr, Ernst
6569:Oxbow Books
6059:Cullen 2000
5482:Haig, David
5031:November 3,
4201:Bowler 2013
4062:Leo W. Buss
3964:Cannon 1975
3469:: 247–255.
3164:Lepinotarsa
3147:, pp.
2984:Newman 1921
2911:Mitman 1992
2896:Kohler 2002
2786:, pp.
2784:Morgan 1903
2608:Kohler 2002
2521:Bowler 2003
2510:Bowler 1992
2443:Bowler 2003
2205:|work=
1884:Bowler 2003
1849:17 February
1529:Jerry Coyne
1523:system and
1518:prokaryotic
1481:methylation
1452:methylation
1421:epigenetics
1174: [
1129:Ivan Pavlov
1116:Failure to
787:guinea pigs
729:guinea pigs
341:bloodstream
211:Roger Bacon
199:Hippocrates
146:epigenetics
142: 2000
12326:Lamarckism
12320:Categories
12108:Population
12103:Lamarckism
11949:behavioral
11927:Behavioral
11875:Narcissism
11820:Aggression
11610:Hypophobia
11600:Depression
11487:Attachment
11469:Universals
11433:Psychology
11411:Biological
11399:Musicology
11389:Aesthetics
11288:Basophobia
11095:Exaptation
11073:Reciprocal
10764:Lamarckism
10742:Philosophy
10665:David Hume
10627:Peripatric
10622:Parapatric
10607:Ecological
10587:Anagenesis
10582:Allopatric
10574:Speciation
10538:Gradualism
10463:Metabolism
10323:chromosome
10313:Eukaryotes
10091:Modularity
10008:Population
9934:Population
9895:Speciation
9873:Panspermia
9826:Extinction
9821:Exaptation
9796:Divergence
9769:Cladistics
9757:Reciprocal
9737:Adaptation
9595:Lamarckism
9522:Dissidents
9479:Lysenkoism
9371:Lac operon
9196:Robustness
9175:Modularity
9170:Metamerism
9076:Plasticity
9071:Pleiotropy
9024:Heterotopy
8703:Hepatology
8433:2011431766
8391:2010031344
8363:2015-11-05
8083:2013012756
8044:2008939772
8012:2015-10-30
7911:2011022399
7659:2012030762
7620:2006009864
7417:2007044406
7382:2014049505
7284:. Methuen.
7069:2002023331
6957:2002514564
6918:2001043556
6548:2008931291
6520:2015-10-27
6389:2012033769
6350:2002007569
6223:2010481198
6147:2006295950
6100:2010013439
5745:DNA Repair
5663:(60): 60.
5365:2015-11-04
5339:2015-11-04
5103:C. elegans
5050:C. Elegans
4852:2015-11-02
4672:Moore 2015
4537:2015-11-04
4527:Genomicron
4218:DNA Repair
4103:2015-12-11
4060:(1987) by
4052:(1987) by
3637:Hagen 2002
3592:2015-10-28
3416:Moore 2002
3330:Child 1945
3318:Young 1922
2986:, p.
2864:(1896) by
2860:Review of
2823:Forel 1934
2758:Review of
2753:2015-10-24
2583:, p.
2545:Mason 1956
2414:2015-11-09
2385:Gould 1980
2259:Gould 2002
1867:Gould 2002
1785:References
1726:Waddington
1693:with many
1653:hologenome
1641:endogenous
1571:retrovirus
1544:David Haig
1497:phenotypic
1448:epigenetic
1338:Lysenkoism
1324:Lysenkoism
1262:vitalistic
1227:bipedalism
1109:Inherited
916:Experiment
864:Ernst Mayr
809:1884, 1886
762:Experiment
601:evolution.
556:white mice
541:germ plasm
514:germ plasm
449:blacksmith
391:body plans
345:germ cells
305:pangenesis
292:Pangenesis
243:pangenesis
162:hologenome
109:pangenesis
84:complexity
41:Lamarckism
34:blacksmith
11953:cognitive
11945:Affective
11830:Cognition
11784:Sexuality
11770:Pair bond
11530:Education
11187:Cognition
11105:Inclusive
11045:processes
11033:Criticism
10898:Protocell
10749:Darwinism
10637:Sympatric
10386:processes
10274:Tetrapods
10223:Kangaroos
10149:Dinosaurs
10086:Inversion
10055:Variation
9976:Gene flow
9969:Inclusive
9779:Mutualism
9724:Evolution
9322:Morphogen
9307:Engrailed
9290:Pax genes
9211:Tinkering
9057:Epistasis
9052:Dominance
8963:phenotype
8441:746154950
8399:662152397
8343:709606191
8147:MIT Press
8091:841039552
8052:271774708
8007:488543825
7919:646112356
7802:a45000404
7788:: 45–60.
7667:806981125
7588:605547177
7494:758217701
7425:177023758
7390:894139943
7292:(1985) .
7273:503188713
7234:247687824
7206:(1997) .
7196:732176237
7126:a15000196
7087:(1830) .
7077:690162738
6841:595767401
6789:(1957) .
6753:(1934) .
6648:670735211
6556:344846261
6446:(1975) .
6397:808010092
6316:611262030
6288:(1992) .
6231:352916350
6189:809326988
6155:209927684
6108:680002156
5960:Evolution
4189:Mayr 1997
3953:Wood 2013
2284:23380098M
2207:ignored (
2197:cite book
2131:207150548
2017:433436276
1777:. In the
1691:symbiosis
1616:from the
1542:In 2007,
1487:marks on
1485:chromatin
1281:Darwinism
1275:In 1987,
1111:mutations
988:Repeated
922:Rebuttal
910:Scientist
768:Rebuttal
756:Scientist
692:zoologist
203:Aristotle
95:evolution
69:zoologist
57:offspring
32:, that a
12222:Memetics
11982:Ethology
11940:genetics
11775:Physical
11740:Jealousy
11695:Activity
11501:maternal
11457:Religion
11445:Morality
11423:Language
11304:taxonomy
11117:Mismatch
11063:Cheating
11058:Altruism
10926:Category
10801:Vitalism
10796:Theistic
10789:Spandrel
10473:Morality
10468:Monogamy
10343:plastids
10308:Flagella
10264:Reptiles
10245:sea cows
10228:primates
10137:Molluscs
10115:Bacteria
10003:Mutation
9936:genetics
9912:Taxonomy
9858:Mismatch
9838:Homology
9752:Cheating
9747:Altruism
9575:Heredity
9568:Concepts
9513:VASKhNIL
9285:Hox gene
9273:Elements
9254:Homeobox
8903:17767188
8858:36863159
8850:16421606
8793:07037459
8781:(1891).
8762:61007932
8726:23568276
8689:40193707
8681:98048633
8650:24009370
8616:32406225
8578:44963330
8570:98054088
8538:(2000).
8516:21977349
8508:89046107
8455:(2008).
8409:(2008).
8335:89005137
8311:(1989).
8301:12954177
8293:10672643
8220:19322402
8212:89030914
8188:(1989).
8165:82010061
8110:22019903
7999:77010494
7983:(eds.).
7971:(1889).
7961:40449772
7953:98087900
7872:65014384
7843:64014636
7818:21012247
7772:(1944).
7754:26009586
7710:11026509
7677:(1906).
7628:65400177
7598:(2006).
7556:21017204
7522:17007834
7486:03027216
7474:(1903).
7464:49784849
7456:89032583
7355:25130594
7347:91045638
7320:11030267
7312:84016529
7265:98157613
7226:75042131
7164:06023318
7099:11003671
7042:30974876
7034:94032108
7014:(1995).
7000:25746714
6992:92015321
6965:46626903
6926:47869352
6877:80015952
6851:(1980).
6833:40012233
6823:(1940).
6805:57003844
6771:29326677
6763:22016399
6743:26502431
6735:92196964
6707:(1991).
6678:12031796
6662:(1912).
6640:34036671
6610:29000027
6597:(1928).
6587:47122736
6515:11852074
6507:52004656
6488:(1945).
6470:75010211
6436:32396741
6428:95010861
6358:49824702
6326:(2003).
6308:82021170
6270:73090656
6246:(eds.).
6181:13021769
6165:(1913).
6129:Springer
6046:85411375
5914:19573132
5868:26636661
5765:27449479
5751:: 1–24.
5730:26411613
5689:25853737
5625:179, 341
5597:22593110
5535:(e204).
5506:16322990
5468:25617408
5417:26442117
5311:30930513
5287:(9): 9.
5259:19906303
5190:20465829
5139:25018105
5086:22119442
5002:20118668
4953:17576658
4815:20962845
4772:19636381
4732:PLOS ONE
4713:21961242
4705:16534512
4648:26026157
4599:23908372
4569:Genetics
4502:25917417
4450:22445060
4415:23223451
4358:19193896
4309:19150054
4238:27449479
4080:(1988).
4009:20665089
3928:34126149
3908:Genetica
3796:17778266
3749:84453628
3483:84312439
3391:16576477
3207:21259774
2726:86159587
2676:84934811
2631:: 27–32.
2372:23808208
2364:11859887
2174:39953275
2166:18429766
2123:24570302
1943:84729069
1775:learning
1699:mutation
1623:antibody
1618:VDJ gene
1607:germline
1575:germline
1425:genetics
1397:(1957):
1352:Critique
1346:genetics
862:agreed;
657:botanist
520:and the
444:giraffes
371:protozoa
337:gemmules
272:Zoonomia
223:John Ray
150:genetics
53:organism
30:heredity
12123:Species
11895:Suicide
11730:Fantasy
11710:Arousal
11492:Bonding
11381:Culture
11205:Display
11192:Emotion
11100:Fitness
10989:History
10817:Related
10647:History
10508:Meiosis
10443:Empathy
10438:Emotion
10338:nucleus
10279:Viruses
10269:Spiders
10181:Mammals
10164:Insects
9964:Fitness
9900:Species
9699:Outline
9416:Debates
9227:Systems
9153:Eyespot
9017:Neoteny
8920:at the
8894:1973965
8801:4115244
8770:1003950
8748:(ed.).
8734:5288601
8629:Science
8285:2664721
8173:8533097
8024:(ed.).
7718:1311084
7687:5967582
7530:5429719
7172:1041858
7134:1489850
6885:6331415
6478:1418716
6278:1265669
5980:2405746
5894:Bibcode
5859:4670207
5800:2443841
5680:4375926
5588:3385474
5459:4390564
5408:4585102
5391:: 305.
5302:6404382
5250:2781790
5181:2876149
5130:4377509
5077:3250924
4993:2958583
4944:2735323
4904:3596539
4894:8549843
4823:4308799
4795:Bibcode
4763:2713434
4740:Bibcode
4639:4494054
4590:3730912
4493:4453068
4406:3847602
4385:Bibcode
4377:Science
4349:3408235
4300:3056389
4017:3398698
3776:Bibcode
3768:Science
3741:2456346
3691:Bibcode
3382:1084447
3359:Bibcode
3279:Bibcode
3198:2942563
3149:219–227
3132:4146761
3112:Bibcode
3082:3984855
3062:Bibcode
3039:2014451
2971:2377122
2844:Science
2706:Bibcode
2656:Bibcode
2329:4608123
2074:Bibcode
1984:1005592
1630:B-cells
1489:histone
975:effect
973:osmotic
615:Context
598:giraffe
526:develop
522:gametes
483:besoins
403:species
356:rabbits
280:animals
261:Diderot
173:Origins
132:biology
26:Lamarck
12301:
12288:
12275:
11865:Memory
11825:Autism
11792:female
11725:Desire
11462:Origin
11438:Speech
11428:Origin
11200:Affect
10936:Portal
10612:Hybrid
10448:Ethics
10290:organs
10252:Plants
10238:lemurs
10233:humans
10218:horses
10208:hyenas
10196:wolves
10191:canids
10125:origin
9317:Ligand
8997:Operon
8901:
8891:
8856:
8848:
8799:
8791:
8768:
8760:
8732:
8724:
8687:
8679:
8669:
8648:
8614:
8600:: 15.
8576:
8568:
8558:
8514:
8506:
8496:
8439:
8431:
8421:
8415:Pier 9
8397:
8389:
8379:
8341:
8333:
8323:
8299:
8291:
8283:
8218:
8210:
8200:
8181:(1979)
8171:
8163:
8153:
8118:370597
8116:
8108:
8089:
8081:
8071:
8050:
8042:
8032:
8005:
7997:
7959:
7951:
7941:
7917:
7909:
7899:
7880:165951
7878:
7870:
7851:230986
7849:
7841:
7816:
7810:993515
7808:
7800:
7762:811731
7760:
7752:
7716:
7708:
7685:
7665:
7657:
7647:
7626:
7618:
7608:
7586:
7564:606993
7562:
7554:
7528:
7520:
7492:
7484:
7462:
7454:
7444:
7423:
7415:
7405:
7388:
7380:
7370:
7353:
7345:
7335:
7318:
7310:
7300:
7271:
7263:
7253:
7232:
7224:
7214:
7194:
7170:
7162:
7132:
7124:
7097:
7075:
7067:
7057:
7040:
7032:
7022:
6998:
6990:
6980:
6963:
6955:
6945:
6924:
6916:
6906:
6883:
6875:
6865:
6839:
6831:
6813:233892
6811:
6803:
6769:
6761:
6741:
6733:
6723:
6709:Darwin
6686:522024
6684:
6676:
6646:
6638:
6618:920415
6616:
6608:
6585:
6575:
6554:
6546:
6536:
6513:
6505:
6476:
6468:
6458:
6434:
6426:
6416:
6395:
6387:
6377:
6356:
6348:
6338:
6314:
6306:
6296:
6276:
6268:
6258:
6229:
6221:
6211:
6187:
6179:
6153:
6145:
6135:
6106:
6098:
6088:
6044:
6007:
5978:
5938:
5912:
5866:
5856:
5798:
5763:
5728:
5687:
5677:
5631:
5595:
5585:
5504:
5466:
5456:
5415:
5405:
5361:(Blog)
5335:(Blog)
5309:
5299:
5257:
5247:
5233:: 42.
5188:
5178:
5164:: 73.
5137:
5127:
5084:
5074:
5000:
4990:
4951:
4941:
4901:
4892:
4821:
4813:
4787:Nature
4770:
4760:
4711:
4703:
4646:
4636:
4597:
4587:
4500:
4490:
4448:
4413:
4403:
4356:
4346:
4307:
4297:
4236:
4015:
4007:
3926:
3823:984462
3821:
3794:
3747:
3739:
3481:
3389:
3379:
3205:
3195:
3130:
3104:Nature
3080:
3054:Nature
3037:
2969:
2724:
2674:
2493:
2370:
2362:
2327:
2301:p. 432
2282:
2230:
2172:
2164:
2129:
2121:
2066:Nature
2015:
2005:
1982:
1941:
1809:p. 235
1724:, and
1720:, the
1705:, and
1632:. The
1521:CRISPR
1316:Soviet
1264:after
545:gonads
518:gonads
493:, and
407:genera
375:plants
366:Nature
309:gonads
152:, and
137:Since
11835:Crime
11418:Crime
11349:Sleep
11339:skill
11179:Areas
10399:Death
10394:Aging
10373:brain
10159:Fungi
10120:Birds
10033:Fungi
9831:Event
9714:Index
8854:S2CID
8730:S2CID
8612:S2CID
8542:. In
8460:(PDF)
8297:S2CID
8281:JSTOR
6495:(PDF)
6042:S2CID
5976:JSTOR
5502:S2CID
4898:INIST
4819:S2CID
4709:S2CID
4275:Gene"
4089:(PDF)
4013:S2CID
3924:S2CID
3819:JSTOR
3745:S2CID
3737:JSTOR
3479:S2CID
3128:S2CID
3078:S2CID
3035:JSTOR
2967:JSTOR
2722:S2CID
2694:(PDF)
2672:S2CID
2368:S2CID
2325:JSTOR
2170:S2CID
2127:S2CID
1980:JSTOR
1939:S2CID
1569:by a
1182:1930s
1178:]
1100:1920s
1087:Poor
1080:mazes
1075:1920s
1050:1920s
399:phyla
360:blood
207:Galen
116:fraud
11788:male
11149:Male
10886:Tree
10358:hair
10298:Cell
10201:dogs
10186:cats
10176:Life
10154:Fish
10107:taxa
8957:The
8899:PMID
8846:PMID
8797:OCLC
8789:LCCN
8766:OCLC
8758:LCCN
8722:PMID
8685:OCLC
8677:LCCN
8667:ISBN
8646:PMID
8574:OCLC
8566:LCCN
8556:ISBN
8512:OCLC
8504:LCCN
8494:ISBN
8437:OCLC
8429:LCCN
8419:ISBN
8395:OCLC
8387:LCCN
8377:ISBN
8339:OCLC
8331:LCCN
8321:ISBN
8289:PMID
8216:OCLC
8208:LCCN
8198:ISBN
8169:OCLC
8161:LCCN
8151:ISBN
8114:OCLC
8106:LCCN
8087:OCLC
8079:LCCN
8069:ISBN
8048:OCLC
8040:LCCN
8030:ISBN
8003:OCLC
7995:LCCN
7957:OCLC
7949:LCCN
7939:ISBN
7915:OCLC
7907:LCCN
7897:ISBN
7876:OCLC
7868:LCCN
7847:OCLC
7839:LCCN
7814:PMID
7806:OCLC
7798:LCCN
7758:OCLC
7750:LCCN
7714:OCLC
7706:LCCN
7683:OCLC
7663:OCLC
7655:LCCN
7645:ISBN
7624:OCLC
7616:LCCN
7606:ISBN
7584:OCLC
7560:OCLC
7552:LCCN
7526:OCLC
7518:LCCN
7490:OCLC
7482:LCCN
7460:OCLC
7452:LCCN
7442:ISBN
7421:OCLC
7413:LCCN
7403:ISBN
7386:OCLC
7378:LCCN
7368:ISBN
7351:OCLC
7343:LCCN
7333:ISBN
7316:OCLC
7308:LCCN
7298:ISBN
7269:OCLC
7261:LCCN
7251:ISBN
7230:OCLC
7222:LCCN
7212:ISBN
7192:OCLC
7168:OCLC
7160:LCCN
7130:OCLC
7122:LCCN
7095:LCCN
7073:OCLC
7065:LCCN
7055:ISBN
7038:OCLC
7030:LCCN
7020:ISBN
6996:OCLC
6988:LCCN
6978:ISBN
6961:OCLC
6953:LCCN
6943:ISBN
6922:OCLC
6914:LCCN
6904:ISBN
6881:OCLC
6873:LCCN
6863:ISBN
6837:OCLC
6829:LCCN
6809:OCLC
6801:LCCN
6767:OCLC
6759:LCCN
6739:OCLC
6731:LCCN
6721:ISBN
6682:OCLC
6674:LCCN
6644:OCLC
6636:LCCN
6614:OCLC
6606:LCCN
6583:OCLC
6573:ISBN
6552:OCLC
6544:LCCN
6534:ISBN
6511:OCLC
6503:LCCN
6474:OCLC
6466:LCCN
6456:ISBN
6432:OCLC
6424:LCCN
6414:ISBN
6393:OCLC
6385:LCCN
6375:ISBN
6354:OCLC
6346:LCCN
6336:ISBN
6312:OCLC
6304:LCCN
6294:ISBN
6274:OCLC
6266:LCCN
6256:ISBN
6227:OCLC
6219:LCCN
6209:ISBN
6185:OCLC
6177:LCCN
6151:OCLC
6143:LCCN
6133:ISBN
6104:OCLC
6096:LCCN
6086:ISBN
6005:ISBN
5936:ISBN
5910:PMID
5864:PMID
5796:PMID
5761:PMID
5726:PMID
5685:PMID
5629:ISBN
5593:PMID
5464:PMID
5413:PMID
5307:PMID
5255:PMID
5186:PMID
5135:PMID
5109:Cell
5082:PMID
5056:Cell
5033:2015
4998:PMID
4949:PMID
4890:PMID
4811:PMID
4768:PMID
4701:PMID
4644:PMID
4595:PMID
4498:PMID
4446:PMID
4411:PMID
4354:PMID
4305:PMID
4273:BDNF
4234:PMID
4056:and
4005:PMID
3792:PMID
3387:PMID
3351:PNAS
3203:PMID
2491:ISBN
2360:PMID
2317:BIOS
2228:ISBN
2209:help
2162:PMID
2119:PMID
2013:OCLC
2003:ISBN
1851:2006
1685:The
1626:gene
1565:and
1516:The
1475:and
1462:and
1427:and
1133:1926
1011:1921
985:1910
913:Date
781:Cut
759:Date
674:and
623:and
405:and
373:and
233:and
11687:Sex
11364:Eye
10384:Of
10353:eye
10303:DNA
10288:Of
10105:Of
8961:of
8889:PMC
8881:doi
8836:doi
8712:doi
8638:doi
8634:341
8602:doi
8522:BBC
8273:doi
7790:doi
6034:doi
5968:doi
5902:doi
5854:PMC
5844:doi
5788:doi
5753:doi
5716:doi
5675:PMC
5665:doi
5583:PMC
5575:doi
5571:279
5537:doi
5494:doi
5454:PMC
5444:doi
5403:PMC
5393:doi
5297:PMC
5289:doi
5245:PMC
5235:doi
5176:PMC
5166:doi
5125:PMC
5117:doi
5113:158
5072:PMC
5064:doi
5060:147
4988:PMC
4980:doi
4939:PMC
4931:doi
4927:100
4880:doi
4803:doi
4791:467
4758:PMC
4748:doi
4693:doi
4634:PMC
4626:doi
4585:PMC
4577:doi
4573:194
4488:PMC
4480:doi
4438:doi
4401:PMC
4393:doi
4381:339
4344:PMC
4336:doi
4295:PMC
4287:doi
4226:doi
4040:doi
3997:doi
3916:doi
3874:doi
3846:doi
3784:doi
3729:doi
3699:doi
3620:doi
3583:doi
3550:doi
3517:doi
3471:doi
3441:doi
3377:PMC
3367:doi
3287:doi
3275:112
3246:doi
3242:106
3193:PMC
3120:doi
3108:103
3070:doi
3027:doi
2988:335
2959:doi
2852:doi
2714:doi
2664:doi
2585:108
2352:doi
2154:doi
2111:doi
2082:doi
1972:doi
1931:doi
1728:'s
1578:DNA
1502:RNA
1444:DNA
1408:DNA
1344:to
1268:'s
539:'s
512:'s
318:'s
303:'s
263:'s
253:'s
97:by
47:or
12322::
9364:+
8897:.
8887:.
8875:.
8869:.
8852:.
8844:.
8832:14
8830:.
8824:.
8795:.
8764:.
8756:.
8728:.
8720:.
8708:57
8706:.
8700:.
8683:.
8675:.
8665:.
8644:.
8632:.
8610:.
8598:44
8596:.
8590:.
8572:.
8564:.
8546:;
8531:."
8510:.
8502:.
8492:.
8468:12
8466:.
8462:.
8451:;
8435:.
8427:.
8417:.
8413:.
8393:.
8385:.
8354:.
8337:.
8329:.
8295:.
8287:.
8279:.
8269:74
8267:.
8252:.
8234:.
8214:.
8206:.
8196:.
8192:.
8167:.
8159:.
8149:.
8112:.
8085:.
8077:.
8067:.
8046:.
8038:.
8001:.
7993:.
7989:.
7979:;
7975:;
7955:.
7947:.
7937:.
7913:.
7905:.
7895:.
7874:.
7845:.
7837:.
7812:.
7804:.
7796:.
7784:.
7782:15
7776:.
7756:.
7748:.
7712:.
7704:.
7661:.
7653:.
7643:.
7639:.
7622:.
7614:.
7558:.
7524:.
7516:.
7488:.
7458:.
7450:.
7440:.
7436:.
7419:.
7411:.
7384:.
7376:.
7349:.
7341:.
7314:.
7306:.
7267:.
7259:.
7228:.
7220:.
7166:.
7158:.
7154:.
7128:.
7071:.
7063:.
7036:.
7028:.
7010:;
6994:.
6986:.
6959:.
6951:.
6941:.
6920:.
6912:.
6902:.
6898:.
6879:.
6871:.
6861:.
6835:.
6807:.
6799:.
6795:.
6765:.
6737:.
6729:.
6719:.
6715:;
6711:.
6703:;
6680:.
6672:.
6658:;
6642:.
6612:.
6601:.
6581:.
6571:.
6567:.
6550:.
6542:.
6509:.
6501:.
6472:.
6464:.
6454:.
6430:.
6422:.
6412:.
6391:.
6383:.
6373:.
6369:.
6352:.
6344:.
6310:.
6302:.
6272:.
6264:.
6254:.
6250:.
6242:;
6225:.
6217:.
6183:.
6175:.
6171:.
6149:.
6141:.
6131:.
6119:;
6102:.
6094:.
6084:.
6080:.
6040:.
6030:22
6028:.
5974:.
5962:.
5908:.
5900:.
5890:11
5888:.
5862:.
5852:.
5840:13
5838:.
5834:.
5819:^
5794:.
5784:24
5782:.
5759:.
5749:45
5747:.
5724:.
5712:30
5710:.
5706:.
5683:.
5673:.
5661:16
5659:.
5655:.
5627:.
5605:^
5591:.
5581:.
5569:.
5565:.
5527:.
5508:.
5500:.
5490:22
5488:.
5462:.
5452:.
5438:.
5434:.
5411:.
5401:.
5387:.
5383:.
5357:.
5331:.
5305:.
5295:.
5285:34
5283:.
5279:.
5253:.
5243:.
5229:.
5225:.
5198:^
5184:.
5174:.
5162:11
5160:.
5156:.
5133:.
5123:.
5111:.
5107:.
5080:.
5070:.
5058:.
5054:.
5019:.
4996:.
4986:.
4974:.
4970:.
4947:.
4937:.
4925:.
4921:.
4896:.
4888:.
4876:61
4874:.
4870:.
4817:.
4809:.
4801:.
4789:.
4766:.
4756:.
4746:.
4734:.
4730:.
4707:.
4699:.
4687:.
4642:.
4632:.
4620:.
4616:.
4593:.
4583:.
4571:.
4567:.
4525:.
4510:^
4496:.
4486:.
4474:.
4470:.
4444:.
4434:27
4432:.
4409:.
4399:.
4391:.
4379:.
4375:.
4352:.
4342:.
4332:29
4330:.
4326:.
4303:.
4293:.
4283:65
4281:.
4277:.
4246:^
4232:.
4222:45
4220:.
4208:^
4097:42
4091:.
4069:^
4036:37
4011:.
4003:.
3993:44
3991:.
3922:.
3912:16
3910:.
3870:15
3868:.
3840:.
3815:62
3813:.
3790:.
3782:.
3772:56
3770:.
3766:.
3743:.
3735:.
3725:54
3723:.
3697:.
3687:33
3685:.
3681:.
3616:31
3614:.
3610:.
3579:25
3577:.
3573:.
3546:19
3544:.
3540:.
3513:12
3511:.
3507:.
3477:.
3465:.
3437:28
3435:.
3385:.
3375:.
3365:.
3353:.
3349:.
3285:.
3273:.
3269:.
3240:.
3236:.
3201:.
3189:15
3187:.
3183:.
3126:.
3118:.
3102:.
3076:.
3068:.
3058:89
3033:.
3023:23
3021:.
2965:.
2955:23
2953:.
2903:^
2888:^
2873:^
2842:.
2743:.
2720:.
2712:.
2700:.
2696:.
2670:.
2662:.
2650:.
2646:.
2629:14
2627:.
2489:.
2435:^
2404:.
2366:.
2358:.
2348:34
2346:.
2321:61
2319:.
2307:^
2280:OL
2266:^
2201::
2199:}}
2195:{{
2168:.
2160:.
2150:83
2148:.
2125:.
2117:.
2107:47
2105:.
2080:.
2068:.
2064:.
2032:,
2011:.
1978:.
1968:35
1966:.
1951:^
1937:.
1927:69
1925:.
1908:^
1891:^
1874:^
1859:^
1837:.
1815:^
1807:,
1793:^
1701:,
1423:,
1272:.
1241:.
1176:pl
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
148:,
139:c.
118:.
86:.
12163:/
11955:/
11951:/
11947:/
11938:/
11929:/
11790:/
11786:/
11777:/
11557:/
11503:/
11499:/
11337:/
11311:/
11302:/
11229:/
11189:/
11151:/
10970:e
10963:t
10956:v
10562:/
10553:/
10544:/
10540:/
9675:e
9668:t
9661:v
9471:e
9464:t
9457:v
9064:/
8950:e
8943:t
8936:v
8905:.
8883::
8877:8
8860:.
8838::
8813:.
8803:.
8772:.
8736:.
8714::
8691:.
8652:.
8640::
8618:.
8604::
8580:.
8527:"
8518:.
8443:.
8401:.
8366:.
8345:.
8303:.
8275::
8256:.
8240:.
8222:.
8175:.
8120:.
8093:.
8054:.
8015:.
7963:.
7921:.
7882:.
7853:.
7820:.
7792::
7764:.
7720:.
7689:.
7669:.
7630:.
7590:.
7566:.
7532:.
7496:.
7466:.
7427:.
7392:.
7357:.
7322:.
7275:.
7236:.
7198:.
7174:.
7136:.
7101:.
7079:.
7044:.
7002:.
6967:.
6928:.
6887:.
6843:.
6815:.
6773:.
6745:.
6688:.
6650:.
6620:.
6589:.
6558:.
6523:.
6480:.
6438:.
6399:.
6360:.
6318:.
6280:.
6233:.
6191:.
6157:.
6110:.
6048:.
6036::
6013:.
5982:.
5970::
5964:7
5944:.
5916:.
5904::
5896::
5870:.
5846::
5802:.
5790::
5767:.
5755::
5732:.
5718::
5691:.
5667::
5637:.
5599:.
5577::
5545:.
5539::
5533:3
5496::
5470:.
5446::
5440:5
5419:.
5395::
5389:6
5368:.
5342:.
5313:.
5291::
5261:.
5237::
5231:4
5192:.
5168::
5141:.
5119::
5105:"
5088:.
5066::
5052:"
5035:.
5004:.
4982::
4976:5
4955:.
4933::
4906:.
4882::
4855:.
4825:.
4805::
4797::
4774:.
4750::
4742::
4736:4
4715:.
4695::
4689:7
4650:.
4628::
4622:7
4601:.
4579::
4540:.
4504:.
4482::
4476:7
4452:.
4440::
4417:.
4395::
4387::
4360:.
4338::
4311:.
4289::
4240:.
4228::
4106:.
4086:"
4064:.
4046:.
4042::
4019:.
3999::
3930:.
3918::
3880:.
3876::
3852:.
3848::
3842:5
3825:.
3798:.
3786::
3778::
3751:.
3731::
3705:.
3701::
3693::
3626:.
3622::
3595:.
3585::
3558:.
3552::
3525:.
3519::
3485:.
3473::
3467:3
3447:.
3443::
3393:.
3369::
3361::
3355:6
3295:.
3289::
3281::
3254:.
3248::
3209:.
3134:.
3122::
3114::
3084:.
3072::
3064::
3041:.
3029::
2973:.
2961::
2868:.
2858:.
2854::
2848:4
2756:.
2728:.
2716::
2708::
2702:4
2678:.
2666::
2658::
2652:3
2499:.
2417:.
2374:.
2354::
2331:.
2286:.
2236:.
2211:)
2176:.
2156::
2133:.
2113::
2090:.
2084::
2076::
2070:3
2019:.
1986:.
1974::
1945:.
1933::
1853:.
1580:.
731:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.