Prussia - Knowledge

2150: 2393: 8389: 2522: 4226:'s population. The population grew rapidly from 45 million in 1880 to 56 million in 1900, thanks to declining mortality, even as birth rates declined. About 6 million Germans, primarily young families migrated to the United States, especially the mid-western farming regions. Their place in agriculture was often taken by young Polish farm workers. In addition, large numbers of Polish miners moved to Upper Silesia and many Germans and Poles moved to industrial jobs in the fast-growing cities especially in the Rhineland and Westphalia. In 1910, the population had increased to 40.17 million (62% of the Empire's population). In 1914, Prussia had an area of 354,490 km. In May 1939 Prussia had an area of 297,007 km and a population of 41,915,040 inhabitants. 1923: 3097:. But the empire itself had no right to collect taxes directly from its subjects; the only incomes fully under federal control were the customs duties, common excise duties, and the revenue from postal and telegraph services. While all men above age 25 were eligible to vote in imperial elections, Prussia retained its restrictive three-class voting system. This effectively required the king/emperor and prime minister/chancellor to seek majorities from legislatures elected by two different franchises. In both the kingdom and the empire, the original constituencies were never redrawn to reflect changes in population, meaning that rural areas were grossly overrepresented by the turn of the 20th century. 3885: 2745: 99: 3518: 4215: 2658: 2766:. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and conservatives and increase Prussian supremacy and influence among the German states. There has been much debate as to whether Bismarck actually planned to create a united Germany when he set out on this journey, or whether he simply took advantage of the circumstances that fell into place. Bismarck curried support from large sections of the people by promising to lead the fight for greater German unification. He successfully guided Prussia through three wars, which unified Germany and brought William the position of 4609: 8026: 3450: 3853: 3133: 999: 4646:). It pioneered the model of the research university with well-defined career tracks for professors. The United States, for example, paid close attention to German models. Families focused on educating their sons. The traditional schooling for girls was generally provided by mothers and governesses. Elite families increasingly favoured Catholic convent boarding schools for their daughters. Prussia's Kulturkampf laws in the 1870s limited Catholic schools thus providing an opening for a large number of new private schools for girls. 115: 3607: 4569: 3290: 305: 291: 277: 263: 249: 7711: 4588: 2268: 7176: 4982: 2192: 1306: 4177: 1301: 3440: 1704: 3871: 2966: 3999: 4660: 2736:, was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority, and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The constitution nevertheless contained a number of liberal elements such as the introduction of jury courts and a catalog of fundamental rights that included freedom of religion, speech and the press. 1696: 2829: 2479: 3058: 2880:. While Hanover hoped in vain for help from Britain (as they had previously been in personal union), Britain stayed out of a confrontation with a continental great power and Prussia satisfied its desire for merging the once separate territories and gaining strong economic and strategic power, particularly from the full access to the resources of the Ruhr. 1617:, the ancestral home of the Prussian ruling family. The land that the Teutonic Knights occupied was flat and covered with fertile soil. The area was perfectly suited to the large-scale raising of wheat. The rise of early Prussia was based on the raising and selling of wheat. Teutonic Prussia became known as the "bread basket of Western Europe" (in German, 2229:". The state of Brandenburg-Prussia became commonly known as "Prussia", although most of its territory, in Brandenburg, Pomerania, and western Germany, lay outside Prussia proper. The Prussian state grew in splendour during the reign of Frederick I, who sponsored the arts at the expense of the treasury. 4815:

also became the capital of the newly founded empire in 1871. The capital city resolution of 1991, which designated Berlin as the federal capital of the reunified Germany, the "Berlin Republic", stands in this tradition. Several federal institutions use buildings from former Prussian institutions, for

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whose votes were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid. In one typical election, the first class (with those who paid the most in taxes) included 4% of voters and the third class (with those who paid the least) had 82%, yet each group chose the same number of electors. The system but assured

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of Poland. As a symbol of vassalage, Albert received a standard with the Prussian coat of arms from the Polish king. The black Prussian eagle on the flag was augmented with a letter "S" (for Sigismundus) and had a crown placed around its neck as a symbol of submission to Poland. Albert I, a member of

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The states on the former territory of the Free State of Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and international law. North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest successor state to Prussia, maintains its Prussian history and remembrance culture in the

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The German states in the 19th century were world leaders in prestigious education and Prussia set the pace. For boys free public education was widely available, and the gymnasium system for elite students was highly professionalized. The modern university system emerged from the 19th century German

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Prussia nationalised its railways in the 1880s in an effort both to lower rates on freight service and to equalise those rates among shippers. Instead of lowering rates as far as possible, the government ran the railways as a profit-making endeavour, and the railway profits became a major source of

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As a result, Prussia and the German Empire were something of a paradox. Bismarck knew that his new German Empire was now a colossus and economically and militarily dominant in Europe; Britain was still dominant in finance, trade and at sea. He declared Germany a "satisfied" power, using his talents

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As a result of the peace negotiations, the states south of the Main remained theoretically independent, but received the (compulsory) protection of Prussia. Additionally, mutual defence treaties were concluded. However, the existence of these treaties was kept secret until Bismarck made them public

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Much of religious life was often conventional and superficial by any normal, human standard. The state and the bureaucracy kept their distance, preferring to spoon-feed the churches and treat them like children. They saw the churches as channels for education, as a means of instilling morality and

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on 21 March 1933 in the presence of President Paul von Hindenburg. In a propaganda-filled meeting between Hitler and the Nazi Party, the "marriage of old Prussia with young Germany" was celebrated, to win over the Prussian monarchists, conservatives and nationalists and induce them into supporting

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The German government seriously considered breaking up Prussia into smaller states, but eventually traditionalist sentiment prevailed and Prussia became by far the largest state of the Weimar Republic, comprising 60% of its territory. With the abolition of the older Prussian franchise, it became a

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on 1 October 1756. In spite of some victories afterward, his situation became far less comfortable the following years, as he failed in his attempts to knock Austria out of the war and was gradually reduced to a desperate defensive war. However, he never gave up and on 3 November 1760 the Prussian

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student movement, by students who encouraged the use of the black-red-gold flag, discussions of a unified German nation, and a progressive, liberal political system. Because of Prussia's size and economic importance, smaller states began to join its free trade area in the 1820s. Prussia benefited

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uses the Prussian House of Lords building. The Federal President has his first official residence in Bellevue Palace, the first classical building in Prussia. As the central shield of the Reich coat of arms, the Prussian state coat of arms is depicted in the gable above the main entrance to the

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in 1663, but the latter accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty. As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an

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In 1863, Denmark introduced a shared constitution for Denmark and Schleswig. This led to conflict with the German Confederation, which authorised the occupation of Holstein by the Confederation, from which Danish forces withdrew. In 1864, Prussian and Austrian forces crossed the border between

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and making full citizens of them. The school system was rearranged, and in 1818 free trade was introduced. The process of army reform ended in 1813 with the introduction of compulsory military service for men. By 1813, Prussia could mobilize almost 300,000 soldiers, more than half of which were

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Unlike its authoritarian pre-1918 predecessor, Prussia from 1918 to 1932 was a promising democracy within Germany. The abolition of the political power of the aristocracy transformed Prussia into a region strongly dominated by the left wing of the political spectrum, with "Red Berlin" and the

2448:. He built the world's best army, and usually won his many wars. He introduced a general civil code, abolished torture and established the principle that the Crown would not interfere in matters of justice. He also promoted an advanced secondary education, the forerunner of today's German 3165:

revenue for the state. The nationalisation of the railways slowed the economic development of Prussia because the state favoured the relatively backward agricultural areas in its railway building. Moreover, the railway surpluses substituted for the development of an adequate tax system.

3093:) retained their own small armies, coming under Imperial control in wartime. The imperial crown was a hereditary office of the House of Hohenzollern, the royal house of Prussia. The Minister President of Prussia was, except for two brief periods (January–November 1873 and 1892–94), also 228: 231: 222: 227: 226: 232: 225: 224: 223: 3972:

of 1655–1660 had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates. In the Duchy of Prussia he confirmed the traditional privileges of the

234: 2236:(1713–1740), the austere "Soldier King", who did not care for the arts but was thrifty and practical. He was the main creator of the vaunted Prussian bureaucracy and the professionalised standing army, which he developed into one of the most powerful in Europe. His troops 233: 229: 3076:

was a version of the North German Confederation's constitution. Officially, the German Empire was a federal state. In practice, Prussia overshadowed the rest of the empire. Prussia included three-fifths of the German territory and two-thirds of its population. The

2283:, whose accomplishments led to his reputation as "Frederick the Great". As crown prince, Frederick had focused, primarily, on philosophy and the arts. He was an accomplished flute player and composer. In 1740, Prussian troops crossed over the undefended border of 3833:

went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625. The margraves further had to yield to the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.

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Silesia, full of rich soils and prosperous manufacturing towns, became a vital region to Prussia, greatly increasing the nation's area, population, and wealth. Success on the battleground against Austria and other powers proved Prussia's status as one of the

2903:. As a result of these territorial gains, Prussia now stretched uninterrupted across the northern two-thirds of Germany and contained two-thirds of Germany's population. The German Confederation was dissolved, and Prussia impelled the 21 states north of the 3956:

chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680. Also in 1680, the

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region, the centre of Germany's fledgling industrialisation, especially in the arms industry. These territorial gains also meant the doubling of Prussia's population. In exchange, Prussia withdrew from areas of central Poland to allow the creation of

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of Europe. The Silesian Wars began more than a century of rivalry and conflict between Prussia and Austria as the two most powerful states operating within the Holy Roman Empire (although both had extensive territory outside the empire). In 1744, the

3905:(Privy Council for the Electorate), which instead of the estates would function as the supreme advisory council for the elector. While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651, owing to the 1834:

officially formed in northern Europe in 1356 as a group of trading cities. This League came to hold a monopoly on all trade leaving the interior of Europe and Scandinavia and on all sailing trade in the Baltic Sea for foreign countries.

1846:(German eastward expansion) process, settlers were invited, bringing changes in the ethnic composition as well as in language, culture, and law of the eastern borders of the German lands. As a majority of these settlers were Germans, 4116:), was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The 3364:, who was Prussian minister-president almost continuously from 1920 to 1932, is considered one of the most capable Social Democrats in history. He implemented several trend-setting reforms together with his minister of the interior, 5051:

Prūsa is the word for Baltic Prussia, which is Prussia without the German part of it, Brandenburg-Pomerania. Meanwhile, Prūsija is the word for the German state of Prussia, which is the Prussia most people know about. (Sources:

4150:) that became models for the later Federal Republic of Germany. For instance, a Prussian prime minister could only be forced out of office if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the 4945:

The Rhineland Regional Association in North Rhine-Westphalia - in continuation of the tradition of the Rhine Province and its provincial association - also has the Prussian eagle in the upper part of its association coat of

3968:), which from 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation with the estates. The conclusion of the 2943:(Federal Council) was appointed by the state governments. The Bundesrat was, in practice, the stronger chamber. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes, and could easily control proceedings through alliances with the other states. 2914:

Prussia was the dominant state in the new confederation, as the kingdom comprised almost four-fifths of the new state's territory and population. Prussia's near-total control over the confederation was secured in the

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of Brandenburg. When Albert Frederick died in 1618 without male heirs, John Sigismund was granted the right of succession to the Duchy of Prussia, then still a Polish fief. From this time the Duchy of Prussia was in

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was introduced only between 1716 and 1720. Owing to Frederick William I's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign, and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in France.

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in Brandenburg-Prussia, an achievement for which he became known as the "Great Elector". Above all, he emphasised the importance of a powerful military to protect the state's disconnected territories, while the

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Bismarck realised that the dual administration of Schleswig and Holstein was only a temporary solution, and tensions rose between Prussia and Austria. The struggle for supremacy in Germany then led to the

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of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed. Prussia suffered a devastating defeat against

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During the period of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed Prussian nobility, from which the

2565:. Beyond that, the king was obliged to pay a large indemnity, to cap his army at 42,000 men, and to let the French garrison troops throughout Prussia, effectively making the kingdom a French satellite. 3672:

was initially content to retain the name, Russians having a different historical view of their neighbour and sometime former ally. Nonetheless, by Law No. 46, which was accepted and implemented by the

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In the tradition of the 1st Guards Regiment on Foot, which was introduced in 1806 as the personal regiment of the King of Prussia, the guard battalion at the Federal Ministry of Defense has followed.

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Prussia contained a relatively large Jewish community, which was mostly concentrated in large urban areas. According to the 1880 census, it was the biggest one in Germany with 363,790 individuals.

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offered Frederick William the crown of a united Germany, he refused on the grounds that he would not accept a crown from a revolutionary assembly without the sanction of Germany's other monarchs.

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emerged from the Evangelical Church of the Union, a church association of the Old Prussian Protestant regional churches, i.e. H. of the churches whose area already belonged to Prussia before 1866

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made it easier, only half a year later, for Hitler to take power decisively in Germany, since he had the whole apparatus of the Prussian government, including the police, at his disposal.

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in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating

3405:, which was still part of Prussia at that time) and by using fabricated evidence that the Social Democrats and the Communists were planning a joint "putsch". The Defence Minister General 5924:

Patrick R. Galloway, Eugene A. Hammel, and Ronald D. Lee, "Fertility decline in Prussia, 1875–1910: A pooled cross-section time series analysis." Population studies 48.1 (1994): 135-158

4608: 7671: 4836:, which only allows the head of government to be voted out if a new successor is simultaneously elected, is directly based on a constitutional regulation of the Free State of Prussia. 4154:, became part of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. Historians regard the Prussian government during the 1920s as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole. 4857:, the presentation march of Friedrich Wilhelm III is a regular part of the federal diplomatic protocol at the reception with military honors and the marching down the front of the 928:

The heads of state listed here are the first and last to hold each title over time. For more information, see individual Prussian state articles (links in above History section).

3575:" ("Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz"), certain exchanges of territory took place. Prussia was extended on 1 April 1937, for instance, by the incorporation of the Free and Hanseatic City of 3564:

This centralising policy went even further in Prussia. From 1934 to 1945, almost all ministries were merged and only a few departments were able to maintain their independence.

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In the last 23 years of his reign until 1786, Frederick II, who understood himself as the "first servant of the state", promoted the development of Prussian areas such as the

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reduced to provinces of the monarchy. Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, but his firstborn son Frederick III (I), with the

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The Prussian government and administration model was decisive for a large number of political institutions at the state level and is still expressed today in terms such as

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was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674. From 1704 the Prussian estates

3341:. Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered. Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some rural areas, the 3372:. For instance, a Prussian minister-president could be forced out of office only if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the 3397:, the government of the Reich deposed the Prussian government on 20 July 1932, under the pretext that the latter had lost control of public order in Prussia (during the 1243:, was officially abolished by an Allied declaration in 1947. The international status of the former eastern territories of the Kingdom of Prussia was disputed until the 1162:

shortly after becoming a kingdom. It became increasingly large and powerful in the 18th and 19th centuries. It had a major voice in European affairs under the reign of

3353:, the Nazi Party in 1932 became the largest party in most parts of the Free State of Prussia. However, the democratic parties in coalition remained a majority, while 3150:. He turned out to be a man of limited experience, narrow and reactionary views, poor judgment, and occasional bad temper, which alienated former friends and allies. 8388: 2668:

The first half of the 19th century saw a prolonged struggle in Germany between liberals, who wanted a united, federal Germany under a democratic constitution, and

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lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen. Subsequently, it was effectively dismantled into Nazi German

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river, later sometimes called "Prussia proper". For the first time, these lands came into the hands of a branch of the Hohenzollern family, who already ruled the

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of variable quality. The rest consisted of regular soldiers that were deemed excellent by most observers, and very determined to repair the humiliation of 1806.

2794:. When the Danish government tried to integrate Schleswig, but not Holstein, into the Danish state, Prussia led the German Confederation against Denmark in the 2429:

with Austria and Russia in 1772, an act that geographically connected the Brandenburg territories with those of Prussia proper. The partition also added Polish

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agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but before 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.

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of 1599, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was established, called

1244: 3791:. The fundamental goal of this institution is protecting the cultural legacy of Prussia. As of 2021, it continues to operate from its headquarters in Berlin. 7905: 3714: 3322:

stronghold of the left. Its incorporation of "Red Berlin" and the industrialised Ruhr Area, both with working-class majorities, ensured left-wing dominance.

2876:. The century-long struggle between Berlin and Vienna for the dominance of Germany was now over. As a sideshow in this war, Prussia defeated Hanover in the 5586: 8593: 4568: 3709: 8415: 8195: 7872: 7627: 6575:

Wheeler, Nicholas C. (October 2011). "The Noble Enterprise of State Building Reconsidering the Rise and Fall of the Modem State in Prussia and Poland".

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as a subject of international law is identical to the federal state initiated and dominated by Prussia, which was founded in 1867 under the name of the

6664: 4554:, East Prussia, most of Pomerania and Silesia, and the eastern part of Brandenburg were either annexed by the Soviet Union or given to Poland, and the 4139:

exerting major influence. During this period a coalition of centre-left parties ruled, predominantly under the leadership (1920–1932) of East Prussian

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said later: "Prussia, is not a state with an army, but an army with a state." Frederick William also settled more than 20,000 Protestant refugees from

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Prussia. During this period, he also opened Prussia's borders to immigrants fleeing from religious persecution in other parts of Europe, such as the

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according to the amount of taxes paid. This assured dominance by the more well-to-do elements of the population. The upper house (First Chamber or

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on the former territory of the Free State of Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and

3916:, the various territories of Brandenburg-Prussia remained politically independent from each other, connected only by the common feudal superior. 6098:"Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German‐Speaking Europe and the U.S." 2868:, most north German states, and some smaller central German states. Eventually, the better-armed Prussian troops won the crucial victory at the 1270:" have often been used, especially outside Germany, to denote the militarism, military professionalism, aggressiveness, and conservatism of the 5976:

Clark, Christopher (1996). "Confessional Policy and the Limits of State Action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817-40".

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In 1925, 64.9% of the Prussian population was Protestant, 31.3% was Catholic, 1.1% was Jewish, 2.7% was placed in other religious categories.

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as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved unfeasible. Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (

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and trade abroad. This meant that Poland and Lithuania would be traditional enemies of Prussia, which was still called the Teutonic Knights.

1345: 3409:, who was the prime mover behind the coup manufactured evidence that the Prussian police under Braun's orders were favouring the Communist 8271: 7127: 3917: 2392: 2154: 4417:. Time passed by, and the French Reformed assimilated into the wider Protestant community in Prussia. East Prussia's southern region of 3383:

In contrast to its pre-war authoritarianism, Prussia was a pillar of democracy in the Weimar Republic. This system was destroyed by the

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On 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, elevated Prussia from a duchy to a kingdom and crowned himself King

8618: 6840: 6625: 6607: 1170:(1814–15), which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia acquired rich new territories, including the coal-rich 7898: 5247:

Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410–1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), 1–22.

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himself became formally the governor of Prussia. However, his functions were exercised by Hermann Göring as Prussian prime minister.

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of 1918, Wilhelm II abdicated as German Emperor and King of Prussia. Prussia was proclaimed a "Free State" (i.e. a republic, German:

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with a black cross with gold insert and black imperial eagle. The combination of the black and white colours with the white and red

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between three of the Allies: the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. This included important Prussian cities like

3120: 3015:") to the question of uniting all German-speaking peoples into one state, because it excluded Austria, which remained connected to 2441:. Prussia became a safe haven in much the same way that the United States welcomed immigrants seeking freedom in the 19th century. 2257: 1699:

Situation after the conquest in the late 13th century. Areas in purple under control of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

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relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so. In 1682 the elector introduced an

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After the appointment of Hitler as the new chancellor, the Nazis used the absence of Franz von Papen as an opportunity to appoint

8613: 5013: 4969: 4876:, Federal Defense Ministers and senior military officers, is largely composed of traditional elements of Prussian military music. 4409:

opened the country to the fleeing French Calvinist refugees. In Berlin, they built and worshipped at their own church called the

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from the Lutheran to the Calvinist church. Lutherans and Calvinist congregations all over the kingdom were merged in 1817 by the

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gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class starting in 1930. Except for Catholic

3342: 2052: 4535:. Poles in this Polish-majority province (62% Polish, 38% German) resisted German rule. Also, the southeast portion of Silesia ( 2798:(1848–1851). Because Russia supported Austria, Prussia also conceded predominance in the German Confederation to Austria in the 2022:, since the 15th century. Furthermore, with his renunciation of the Order, Albert could now marry and produce legitimate heirs. 1178:

in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that

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Avraham, Doron (October 2008). "The Social and Religious Meaning of Nationalism: The Case of Prussian Conservatism 1815–1871".

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In 1871, approximately 2.4 million Poles lived in Prussia, constituting the largest minority. Other minorities were Jews,

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during the period of time from 1356 (official founding of the Hanseatic League) until the decline of the League in about 1500.

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was introduced in 1792 when Prussia was a Kingdom; the Minister-Presidents shown here are the heads of the Prussian republic.

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were the peak of Prussia's fortunes, but the seeds for potential strife were built into the Prusso-German political system.

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After 1814, Prussia contained millions of Catholics in the west and in the east. There were substantial populations in the

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had become highly dependent on the estates (representing counts, lords, knights, and towns, but not prelates, owing to the

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and whose territories included non-German populations. On 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of King

3004:, Württemberg and Bavaria, which had remained outside the North German Confederation, accepted incorporation into a united 1881: 5953:

Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar

3687:(officially, the German Democratic Republic) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were reorganised into the states of 3380:. Most historians regard the Prussian government during this time as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole. 2521: 1888:, a coalition of Hanseatic cities of western Prussia, rebelled against the Order and requested help from the Polish king, 8603: 8167: 8057: 8052: 7844: 7737: 7732: 7262: 7257: 6196:

Verwaltungsstrukturreformen in den deutschen Bundesländern. Radikale Reformen auf der Ebene der staatlichen Mittelinstanz

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H. M. Scott, "Aping the Great Powers: Frederick the Great and the Defence of Prussia's International Position 1763–86",

3545:(Reich Governors) who were appointed by the chancellor. Parallel to that, the organisation of the party into districts ( 8362: 8337: 8332: 7150: 6616: 6412:(1967) covers 1603–1702; pp. 144–177 for Prussia; pp. 178–200 for other Germany; pp. 111–143 for Austria 4829: 4151: 4140: 3826: 3479: 3373: 3326: 2237: 1998: 1096: 4724: 4466:, Prussian Catholics were forbidden from fulfilling any official functions for the state and were largely distrusted. 2473: 6787: 5222: 4743: 4097: 3073: 3024: 2721: 2652: 2146:

now held a territory free of any feudal obligations, which constituted the basis for their later elevation to kings.

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of the Bundeswehr, is derived from the Prussian Guard Star, which went back to the eight-pointed breast star of the

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was granted not only these two areas, but also areas with a German majority in the province of West Prussia. After

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in 1538). The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were in the hands of the

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control on Prussia. Papen appointed himself Reich commissioner for Prussia and took control of the government. The

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as part of an alleged plan to foment a Marxist revolution, which he used to get an emergency decree from President

3112: 3105:. Bismarck did not set up his own party. He had mixed success in some of his domestic policies. His anti-Catholic 2595: 2526: 2503: 1621:, or granary). The port cities which rose on the back of this wheat production included: Stettin in Pomerania (now 1519: 8025: 5517: 2988:, Bismarck took advantage of an incident in which the French ambassador had approached William. The government of 2883:

Bismarck desired Austria as an ally in the future, and so he declined to annex any Austrian territory. But in the

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competing for influence. One small movement that signalled a desire for German unification in this period was the

2607: 8608: 2981: 2693: 2662: 2491: 1922: 1236: 7710: 3532: 3314: 1032: 8357: 7991: 7105: 7001: 6538: 6399: 5583: 4703: 4681: 4575: 4101: 4089: 4085: 3192: 3040: 2726: 2712: 2701: 2351: 2311: 2304: 2272: 2233: 1972: 1936: 1861:. Their initially close relationship with the Polish Crown deteriorated after they conquered Polish-controlled 1788: 1602: 1103: – conquered the lands inhabited by them. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of 4779:

Despite its dissolution in 1947, many aspects of Prussia have been preserved to this day in everyday life, in

2127: 1892:. The Teutonic Knights were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of, and to pay tribute to Casimir IV in the 8370: 8287: 5008: 4643: 4022: 3810: 3732:(officially, the Federal Republic of Germany) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were divided up among 3700: 3126: 2841:(1866), triggered by the dispute over Schleswig and Holstein, with Bismarck using proposed injustices as the 2763: 2214: 1216: 660: 2887:

in 1866, Prussia annexed four of Austria's allies in northern and central Germany – Hanover,

8549: 6263: 5186: 3788: 3777: 3535:" ("Reichsstatthaltergesetz", 30 January 1935) the states were dissolved, in fact if not in law. The state 2877: 2873: 2362: 1893: 1708: 1132: 6420: 5641:

Rainer Fremdling, "Freight Rates and State Budget: The Role of the National Prussian Railways 1880–1913",

4898:

Social Minister Alwin Ziel suggested naming the planned new federal state of Berlin-Brandenburg "Prussia".

2557:

in 1807, the state lost about one-third of its area, including the areas gained from the second and third

1227:

that made up a significant part of Prussia lost the majority of their German population after 1945 as the

8623: 8144: 7914: 7821: 7523: 7175: 6736: 5925: 4710: 3884: 3498: 3119:. He tried to destroy the socialist movement, with limited success. The large Polish population resisted 3111:

inside Prussia (and not the wider German state) was a failure. He ended his support for the anticlerical

1900:) to Poland in the process. Pursuant to the Second Peace of Thorn, two Prussian states were established. 1339: 1228: 1112: 8559: 7969: 6748: 4587: 3757: 2996:. However, honouring their treaties, the German states joined forces and quickly defeated France in the 2014:

Protestant and secularized the Order's Prussian territories. This was the area east of the mouth of the

8486: 8478: 8322: 8136: 7813: 7649: 7510: 6892: 6703: 5018: 4942:. Today's North Rhine-Westphalia regional associations go back to the Prussian provincial associations. 4801: 4377: 4311: 3354: 3143: 3136: 3129:

became emperor in March 1888, after the death of his father, but he died of cancer only 99 days later.

2908: 2697: 2573: 2515: 2495: 2019: 1927: 1495: 1361: 1333: 1175: 646: 296: 5446: 1174:. The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the 8509: 8162: 7839: 7592: 7042: 7038: 6908: 6880: 4817: 4636: 4077: 3787:

was established and implemented by federal statutes in West Germany in response to a ruling from the

3502: 2970: 2939: 2916: 2869: 2755: 2744: 2533: 2499: 2453: 2426: 2158: 583: 8015: 7210: 4692: 4162: 2853: 2810:. The Austro-Prussian forces defeated the Danes, who surrendered both territories. In the resulting 2672:, who wanted to maintain Germany as a patchwork of independent, monarchical states with Prussia and 8544: 8534: 8460: 8062: 7960: 7956: 7742: 7564: 7472: 7267: 6993: 6871: 6777: 6649: 4888: 4880: 4677: 4365: 4042: 3517: 3338: 3147: 2630:

and some other territories. These western lands were of vital importance because they included the

2576:

set about modernising the Prussian state. Among their reforms were the liberation of peasants from

2546: 2469: 2354: 1824: 1741: 1522:

in 1813, was also commonly associated with the country. The region, originally populated by Baltic

1507: 993: 31: 17: 6179: 5197: 3586:. However, most of this territory was not reintegrated back into Prussia but assigned to separate 2923:, assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him. The presidency was a hereditary office of the 2814:

of 1865 Prussia took over the administration of Schleswig while Austria assumed that of Holstein.

2715:

by his own authority in 1850. This conservative document provided for a two-house parliament, the

2610:

contributed crucially (alongside the British and Dutch) to the final victory over Napoleon at the

8342: 8317: 7944: 7119: 6939: 6690: 6631: 4670: 4353: 4214: 4146:. While in office Braun implemented several reforms (together with his Minister of the Interior, 4109: 4065: 3725: 3334: 3159: 2807: 2732: 2280: 2041: 1994: 1448: 1252: 1163: 556: 529: 204: 120: 6602: 6415:

Hornung, Erik. "Immigration and the diffusion of technology: The Huguenot diaspora in Prussia."

5101: 4120:, formed in response to the German revolutions of 1848–1849, aided the conservative government. 3279: 3012: 2992:, expecting another civil war among the German states, declared war against Prussia, continuing 2799: 2381:, a close friend of the king, once described Frederick the Great's Prussia by saying "...it was 1526:

who were Christianised, became a favoured location for immigration by (later mainly Protestant)

1276:

class of landed aristocrats in the East who dominated first Prussia and then the German Empire.

8539: 8504: 8227: 8157: 7999: 7834: 7617: 7587: 7554: 7014: 6972: 6772: 5312:

Rodney Gothelf, "Frederick William I and the beginnings of Prussian absolutism, 1713–1740." in

4765: 4547: 4394: 4361: 4117: 4014: 3814: 3733: 3680: 3673: 3582:

The Prussian lands transferred to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles were re-annexed during

3330: 3306: 3251: 3116: 3066: 3020: 2896: 2884: 2795: 2445: 2303:(1744–1745) have, historically, been grouped together with the general European war called the 2206: 2195: 2115: 1885: 1511: 1240: 631: 598: 397: 6944: 6807: 3772:

separate from the rest of Western Germany, was admitted to the Federal Republic of Germany as

3411: 3090: 1986: 1487: 8347: 8131: 8100: 7808: 7780: 7546: 7452: 7394: 7078: 7074: 7027: 6863: 4924: 4873: 4614: 4235: 4129: 3928:, started to centralise the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the 3840: 3302: 3174: 3094: 2924: 2411: 2358: 2143: 2007: 1685: 1614: 1610: 1562: 1558: 1420: 1383: 1202: 1053: 767: 361: 8256: 6430: 4539:) had a Polish majority. But Catholics and Jews did not have equal status with Protestants. 3940:. The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates ( 1645:, Lithuania). Wheat production and trade brought Prussia into a close relationship with the 8496: 8465: 8445: 8302: 8067: 8047: 8042: 7973: 7747: 7727: 7579: 7402: 7386: 7272: 7247: 7242: 7047: 6957: 6921: 6752: 6716: 6066:

Karl A. Schleunes, "Enlightenment, reform, reaction: the schooling revolution in Prussia."

4990: 4869: 4579: 4543: 4532: 4251: 4069: 4026: 3913: 3906: 3843: 3745: 3718: 3665: 3626: 3511: 3482:

of 5 March 1933 strengthened the position of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (

3398: 3235: 3215: 3199: 3078: 3036: 3001: 2993: 2977: 2791: 2705: 2640: 2558: 2366: 2080: 1889: 1749: 1721: 1566: 1471: 1049: 1018: 801: 715: 282: 7883: 5269:

Francis L. Carsten, "The Great Elector and the foundation of the Hohenzollern despotism."

4920: 3765: 3753: 3561:) was again appointed by the chancellor who was at the same time chief of the Nazi Party. 8: 8450: 8327: 8211: 7995: 7952: 7410: 7226: 7005: 6985: 6967: 6741: 6732: 6521:

Schulze, Hagen, and Philip G. Dwyer. "Democratic Prussia in Weimar Germany, 1919–33." in

4443: 4398: 4006: 4002: 3969: 3800: 3591: 3572: 3521: 3420: 3406: 3259: 2997: 2960: 2888: 2838: 2823: 2689: 2657: 2581: 2483: 2452:(grammar school) system, which prepares the brightest pupils for university studies. The 2397: 2338: 2300: 2173:(1685) opened Brandenburg-Prussia for the immigration of Protestant refugees (especially 2123: 2061: 2031: 1952: 1776:

in 1219 and 1222. In 1226 Duke Konrad invited the Teutonic Knights to conquer the Baltic

1761: 1590: 1371: 1357: 1193:

The Kingdom ended in 1918 along with other German monarchies that were terminated by the

1148: 741: 711: 537: 417: 402: 392: 5939:

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany During the Nineteenth Century

5191: 3449: 2711:

The Frankfurt Parliament was forced to dissolve in 1849, and Frederick William issued a

2252:

in thinly populated East Prussia, which was eventually extended to the west bank of the

2064:, consisted of geographically disconnected territories in Prussia, Brandenburg, and the 1978: 1908:

would evolve to take a major role in the militarization of Prussia and, later, Germany.

8090: 7987: 7934: 7929: 7770: 7695: 7292: 7205: 7195: 7190: 7082: 7062: 7054: 6962: 6928: 6799: 6764: 6757: 6552: 6516: 6496: 6384: 6374: 6364: 6247: 6233: 6001: 5993: 4931: 4822: 4166: 4088:

dated from 1848, but was only briefly in effect as it had been forced on the king. The

3804: 3749: 3619: 3490: 3310: 3102: 3016: 2900: 2861: 2849: 2811: 2790:, both of which had close ties with each other, although only Holstein was part of the 2783: 2716: 2615: 2611: 2554: 2449: 2342: 2334: 2322: 2308: 2296: 2241: 2186: 2139: 1874: 1858: 1784: 1681: 1586: 1570: 1426: 1377: 1167: 1152: 1073: 1065: 754: 412: 407: 6549:

The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815

6198:. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15774-0, S. 162 ( 4348:. The majority of the Prussian population was Lutheran, although there were dispersed 3852: 3219: 3132: 2920: 1406: 8432: 8307: 8010: 7979: 7700: 7370: 7297: 7200: 7097: 6856: 6851: 6835: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6588: 6534: 6485: 6442: 6395: 6392:

A History of Modern Germany (3 vol 1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840

6328: 6317: 6277: 6269: 6260:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

6237: 6005: 5956: 5905: 5218: 4761: 4757: 4717: 4528: 4455: 4385:

obedience, or for propagating useful things, just like bee-keeping or potato-farming.

4222:

In 1871, Prussia's population numbered 24.69 million, accounting for 60% of the

4158: 4057: 3769: 3638: 3611: 3541: 3298: 3263: 3239: 3180: 2948: 2857: 2787: 2759: 2748: 2627: 2511: 2370: 2288: 2261: 2218: 2165: 2035: 2002: 1940: 1773: 1194: 1069: 1036: 899: 525: 502: 444: 382: 268: 254: 167: 79: 6291: 5557: 5120:

When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers

3475: 3394: 1803:). Around 1252 they finished the conquest of the northernmost Prussian tribe of the 1212: 694: 8588: 8554: 7490: 7325: 6899: 6721: 6698: 6584: 6460:

Muncy, Lysbeth W. "The Junkers and the Prussian Administration from 1918 to 1939."

6225: 5985: 4935: 4891:. The guard star can also be found on the bell trees of the Bundeswehr music corps. 4594: 4410: 4373: 4325: 3974: 3615: 3086: 2865: 2347: 2177:), and he established a bureaucracy to carry out state administration efficiently. 2170: 2135: 2131: 1968: 1917: 1905: 1831: 1787:, the Order established an independent state that came to control Prūsa. After the 1769: 1737: 1677: 1653: 1646: 1606: 1594: 1479: 1467: 1463: 1351: 1292: 1181: 1140: 1100: 1088: 958: 894: 728: 387: 7357: 3385: 8085: 7765: 7500: 7480: 7462: 7341: 7333: 7310: 7165: 7070: 6708: 6620: 6475: 6436: 6311: 6307: 6112:

Aneta Niewęgłowska, "Secondary Schools for Girls in Western Prussia, 1807-1911."

5590: 4555: 4380:, which came under tight royal control. In Protestant regions, writes Nipperdey: 3614:(in dark green) that are completely or mostly situated inside the old borders of 3606: 3402: 3390: 3283: 3271: 3188: 3032: 2892: 2673: 2636: 2599: 2562: 2465: 2226: 2222: 2199: 2111: 2069: 1964: 1820: 1765: 1452: 1198: 1144: 1039: 985: 880: 679: 612: 564: 548: 497: 487: 377: 372: 348: 104: 65: 6613: 2425:. At the same time he built up Prussia's military power and participated in the 8455: 8440: 8405: 8185: 8113: 8105: 8095: 7983: 7862: 7790: 7785: 7775: 7612: 7418: 7378: 7315: 6977: 6712: 6562: 6361:

Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815–1871

6340:

Glees, Anthony. "Albert C. Grzesinski and the politics of Prussia, 1926–1930."

6145: 5855: 4913: 4524: 4414: 4357: 4329: 4176: 3921: 3494: 3416: 3231: 3227: 2767: 2677: 2537: 2374: 2134:(November 1656). In 1657 the Polish king renewed this grant in the treaties of 2084: 2073: 2057: 2049: 1870: 1315: 514: 6301: 5989: 2927:

rulers of Prussia. There was also a two-house parliament. The lower house, or

2164:

Frederick William I succeeded in organizing the electorate by establishing an

181: 8582: 7531: 7447: 7442: 7349: 6887: 6229: 6044:

Grundriss der Statistik. II. Gesellschaftsstatistik by Wilhelm Winkler, p. 36

4909: 4858: 4805: 4622: 4536: 4459: 4422: 4315: 4291: 4239: 4223: 4147: 3692: 3669: 3365: 3350: 3289: 3247: 3082: 3052: 3005: 2730:

dominance by the more well-to-do men of the population. The upper house, the

2430: 2330: 2326: 2315: 2314:

had died on 20 October 1740. He was succeeded to the throne by his daughter,

2292: 2100: 1944: 1897: 1777: 1598: 1574: 1542: 1523: 1365: 1327: 1136: 1116: 1084: 1057: 1022: 887: 534: 510: 310: 6636: 4868:

The Bundeswehr's Great Tattoo, played particularly when bidding farewell to

3646: 2092: 1634: 1061: 326: 8243: 8234: 8123: 8003: 7948: 7800: 7009: 6875: 4996: 4551: 4489: 4447: 4279: 4189: 4093: 3737: 3729: 3684: 3583: 3565: 3547: 3443: 3346: 3275: 3243: 2989: 2985: 2904: 2669: 2267: 2210: 1812: 1753: 1729: 1232: 1220: 1124: 1006: 873: 551: 192: 138: 4884: 3825:(Great Committee) of the estates. This was because of concessions made by 3081:

was, in practice, an enlarged Prussian army, although the other kingdoms (

2984:

to the Spanish throne was escalated both by France and Bismarck. With his

1400: 304: 290: 276: 262: 248: 8034: 7719: 6903: 5057: 5002: 4981: 4895: 4854: 4501: 4463: 4402: 4341: 4333: 4319: 3859: 3688: 3294: 3293:

Federal states of the Weimar Republic, with Prussia in light gray. After

3107: 2842: 2507: 2406: 2329:(the northwestern half of Silesia). In the next year, 1742, he conquered 2191: 2011: 1932: 1841: 1756:. In 1225 he expelled them, and they transferred their operations to the 1638: 1546: 1535: 1502: 1491: 1456: 1436: 1288: 1267: 1260: 1159: 1120: 7679: 5578:

Henry A. Kissinger, "The white revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck."

5364:

Robert A. Kahn, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (1974) p. 96.

4218:

Ethnic structure of the eastern regions of Prussia between 1817 and 1823

4193: 3676:

on 25 February 1947, Prussia was officially proclaimed to be dissolved.

2550: 2095:, the historic capital of the Duchy of Prussia, in 1637. His successor, 1816: 1695: 1642: 8525: 8397: 8177: 7854: 7252: 6465: 6097: 6071: 5997: 5900:

Büsch, Otto; Ilja Mieck; Wolfgang Neugebauer (1992). Otto Büsch (ed.).

5565: 5053: 4844: 4840: 4684: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4513: 4493: 4439: 4337: 4299: 4243: 4185: 4181: 4143: 3925: 3595: 3439: 3361: 3267: 2682: 2623: 2365:, was finally able to hold the whole of Silesia against a coalition of 2244:. In view of the size of the army in relation to the total population, 1847: 1757: 1725: 1665: 1515: 1475: 1305: 1256: 1235:

both absorbed these territories and had most of its German inhabitants

911: 522: 507: 473: 367: 6438:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)

6345: 5274: 5136: 3486:

or "Nazi" Party), although they did not achieve an absolute majority.

3270:

was created mainly from formerly Prussian territories, except present

3000:

in 1870. Following victory under Bismarck's and Prussia's leadership,

2618:

was the recovery of her lost territories, as well as the whole of the

2549:, leading Frederick William III and his family to flee temporarily to 2287:

and rapidly conquered the region. Silesia was the richest province of

2122:

from the Polish crown. In January 1656, during the first phase of the

1703: 1300: 1239:

by 1950. Prussia, deemed "a bearer of militarism and reaction" by the

4769: 4497: 4435: 4428: 4349: 4345: 4263: 4247: 4136: 3630: 3557: 3531:" ("Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs", 30 January 1934) and the " 3223: 2965: 2619: 2494:(1786–1797), Prussia annexed additional Polish territory through the 2438: 2422: 2065: 1862: 1808: 1804: 1661: 1578: 1248: 1104: 453: 6679: 4659: 4197: 4037:). This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories' 3998: 3870: 3576: 3478:

federal commissioner for the Prussian ministry of the interior. The

3255: 2725:

was elected by all males over the age of 25. They were divided into

1990: 1866: 1626: 5042:

Monarchy abolished in 1918, abolished as a state of Germany in 1947

4773: 4505: 4485: 4425: 4390: 4295: 4283: 4275: 3990:

to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg, while in Cleves and Mark an

3773: 3637:, were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union in 1945 owing to the 3168: 2934: 2587: 2542: 2415: 2378: 2249: 2174: 2060:

with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The resulting state, known as

1745: 1622: 1092: 1027: 785: 540: 517: 463: 449: 7149: 5899: 2919:

drafted for it by Bismarck in 1867. Executive power was held by a

1139:, becoming a province of Poland, and the eastern part, called the 1033:

an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government

8410: 8312: 8190: 7867: 7622: 6847: 4939: 4797: 4780: 4642:

universities, especially Friedrich Wilhelm University (now named

4451: 4418: 4170: 3829:

in 1541 in return for financial aid by the estates; however, the

3654: 3650: 3634: 3506: 3369: 3211: 3207: 2828: 2779: 2577: 2284: 2015: 1800: 1792: 1733: 1527: 1416: 1187: 1128: 1044: 1014: 807: 482: 468: 5604:

Bismarck's first war: the campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864

5556: 5081:

Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.).

4796:

In the federal government according to the prevailing view, the

4370:

John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg and Grand Duke of Prussia

4352:

minorities in central and western parts of the state especially

3768:. The Saar region, which had been administered by the French as 3539:

were abolished and the state governments were now controlled by

2478: 2456:

was emulated in various countries, including the United States.

2350:. Despite being several times on the verge of defeat Frederick, 8352: 7940: 6782: 6313:

The Other Prussia. Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772

4955: 4812: 4509: 4259: 3794: 3642: 3551:) gained increasing importance, as the official in charge of a 3028: 2681:

greatly from the creation in 1834 of the German Customs Union (

2606:) against the French occupation. Prussian troops under Marshal 2386: 2382: 2279:

Frederick William I died in 1740 and was succeeded by his son,

2107: 1854: 1796: 1657: 1483: 1432: 1412: 1321: 1108: 545: 333: 42: 38: 6632:

Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens Berlin-Brandenburg

6337:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); 157pp. Emphasis on historiography. 4025:'s backing, succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the 4017:(reign: 1688–1713), the Brandenburg Prussian territories were 3664:

As part of their wartime goals, the Western allies sought the

3325:

From 1919 to 1932, Prussia was governed by a coalition of the

3146:

after a difficult youth and conflicts with his British mother

2848:

On the Austrian side stood the south German states (including

2639:

under Russian sovereignty. In 1815 Prussia became part of the

2040:

Brandenburg and Prussia united two generations later. In 1594

1869:

in 1308. Eventually, Poland and Lithuania, allied through the

1211:

in 1935. Nevertheless, some Prussian ministries were kept and

8286: 8077: 7757: 6381:

The state and the industrial revolution in Prussia, 1740–1870

6335:

Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806: The Rise of a Composite State

4951: 4784: 4517: 4481: 4372:

declared himself for the Calvinist creed and transferred the

4267: 4255: 3761: 3741: 3483: 3203: 3198:

Almost all of Germany's territorial losses, specified in the

3057: 2598:, Prussia quit its alliance with France and took part in the 2253: 1791:

joined the Teutonic Order in 1237, the Order also controlled

1514:

in 1701, was often associated with the whole of Prussia. The

1021:, also occupying southern and eastern regions. It formed the 5472: 5470: 5456: 5454: 5301:

The administrative reforms of Frederick William I of Prussia

4234:

Apart from ethnic Germans the country was inhabited also by

4049:) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local 3936:) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the 3920:(ruled 1640–1688), who envisioned the transformation of the 2433:

to the kingdom, allowing Frederick to re-style himself King

2118:

of Poland for the Duchy of Prussia, which was still held in

7913: 5424: 5422: 4271: 3821:, an institution not controlled by the elector, and of the 2685:), which included most German states but excluded Austria. 2631: 2536:, but remained quiet for more than a decade because of the 2119: 1948: 1823:

defined the final border between Prussia and the adjoining

1630: 1207: 1171: 976: 5904:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 42. 1853:

The Knights of the Teutonic Order were subordinate to the

1652:

The expansion of Prussia based on its connection with the

973: 6482:

Weimar Prussia, 1918–1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy

6274:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

5881:

Weimar Prussia, 1918-1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy

5467: 5451: 5083:

Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung

1494:, resulted in the black-white-red commercial flag of the 1247:

in 1990, but its return to Germany remains a cause among

970: 5419: 5196:. New York: The Polish Book Importing Company. pp. 3337:; from 1921 to 1925, coalition governments included the 6371:

The social foundations of German unification, 1858–1871

5122:, (University of Michigan Press, 2002), pp 27, 225–228. 3011:

The empire was a "Lesser German" solution (in German, "

2414:

fell to Prussia following the extinction of its ruling

6394:. Vol. 3: 1840–1945. Princeton University Press. 4649: 3527:

In the centralised state created by the Nazis in the "

2782:

was at the time in personal union with the Duchies of

1498:, which became the flag of the German Empire in 1871. 1245:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1186:

and other Prussian élites identified more and more as

6033:

Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914

4527:, where the Polish nation had originated, became the 6085:

State, society, and university in Germany: 1700-1914

3274:

district, which was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

2325:

on 10 April 1741, Frederick succeeded in conquering

967: 964: 6493:

Weimar Prussia, 1925–1933: The Illusion of Strength

2001:and received the title "Duke of Prussia" from King 1935:. After admitting the dependence of Prussia to the 961: 6410:Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century 6246: 6180:Präsentiermarsch Friedrich Wilhelms III. auf 4772:that the Free State of Prussia concluded with the 3661:, mostly to the Western zones, or was driven out. 2802:in 1850, resulting in a return to the status quo. 2444:Frederick the Great (reigned 1740–1786) practised 4123: 3897:To reduce the influence of the estates, in 1604, 2506:(1797–1840), announced the union of the Prussian 1025:when it united the German states in 1871. It was 8580: 3278:became an exclave, only reachable by ship. (the 3169:The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic 2474:War of the Sixth Coalition § War in Germany 1613:; and a small detached area in the south called 6144:BGH, Urteil 31 January 1955, Az. II ZR 234/53, 5189: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5520:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. 4458:. Communities in Poland were often ethnically 3434: 3061:Prussia in the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 2614:of June 1815. Prussia's reward in 1815 at the 2568:In response to this defeat, reformers such as 2341:) Frederick won a victory over Austria at the 2130:who later granted him full sovereignty in the 2087:. The ineffective and militarily weak Elector 1815:, which developed into the major port city of 71: 8599:States and territories disestablished in 1947 8272: 7899: 7665: 7135: 6665: 6641: 6614:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation website 5841: 5839: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5080: 3378:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 2688:In 1848 the liberals saw an opportunity when 2333:(the southeastern half). Furthermore, in the 1149:union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia 8241: 8232: 6472:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 6020:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 5175:God's Playground: A History of Poland Vol. l 5089: 4834:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 3795:Administrative and constitutional frameworks 3202:, were areas that had been part of Prussia: 2044:, granddaughter of Albert I and daughter of 1839: 1573:(including much of the present-day state of 1533: 1271: 1179: 1121:immigration from central and western Germany 937: 909: 901: 885: 871: 324: 202: 179: 136: 57: 6288:The politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945 6244: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5856:"Adolf Heinrich Graf von Arnim-Boitzenburg" 5388:The Anchor Atlas of World History: Volume 1 5375:Frederick the Great: the Magnificent Enigma 5340:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 5213:Robert S. Hoyt and Stanley Chodorow (1976) 3629:, mainly Eastern Prussia, Western Prussia, 3234:. Many of the areas Prussia annexed in the 2221:, allowed Frederick only to title himself " 1557:Before its abolition, the territory of the 1056:ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the 805: 146: 8594:States and territories established in 1525 8279: 8265: 7906: 7892: 7672: 7658: 7142: 7128: 6672: 6658: 5836: 5827: 5809: 5783: 5769: 5751: 5739: 4843:is, in a modified form, the symbol of the 3497:a few weeks earlier on 27 February, a new 2864:in the north. On the side of Prussia were 1768:, had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer 1707:The Teutonic Order (orange) following the 303: 289: 275: 261: 247: 27:European state, existing from 1525 to 1947 6501: 6306: 4744:Learn how and when to remove this message 4407:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 2856:), some central German states (including 2346:king won another battle, the hard-fought 7681:States of the North German Confederation 6022:(Princeton University Press, 2014) p 356 5886: 5386:Hermann Kinder & Werner Hilgermann, 4980: 4475: 4332:Lutheranism in 1525. In the wake of the 4213: 4175: 4056:The Kingdom of Prussia functioned as an 3997: 3605: 3598:during much of the duration of the war. 3516: 3510:and subsequently voting in favor of the 3448: 3438: 3288: 3131: 3056: 3041:the French capital was still under siege 2964: 2827: 2743: 2656: 2520: 2477: 2391: 2266: 2190: 2148: 2048:(reigned 1568–1618), married her cousin 1921: 1702: 1694: 1518:, a military decoration created by King 280: 6574: 6528: 6389: 6350: 6298:The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia To 1786 6215: 5160:Robert S. Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow, 5014:List of museums and galleries in Berlin 4923:contains the house coat of arms of the 4165:, executive power remained vested in a 3789:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 3463: Territory lost after World War II 3368:, which were also models for the later 1977:On 10 April 1525, after signing of the 1506:("to each, his own"), the motto of the 1474:. The Teutonic Order wore a white coat 1151:in 1618 led to the proclamation of the 14: 8581: 6569:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780 6513:A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914 5950: 5559:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia 5190:Lewinski-Corwin, Edward Henry (1917). 5058:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsija 3529:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich 3457: Territory lost after World War I 3389:("Prussian coup") of Reich Chancellor 3101:to preserve peace, for example at the 2954: 2933:(Diet), was elected by universal male 2817: 2806:Holstein and Schleswig initiating the 2739: 2321:By defeating the Austrian Army at the 2291:. It signalled the beginning of three 2232:Frederick I was succeeded by his son, 2025: 1716:Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights 212:("Hail to thee in the Victor's Crown") 8260: 7887: 7653: 7123: 6653: 6640: 6451: 6276:(2009), a standard scholarly history 5975: 5518:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht" 5515: 5399:James K. Pollock & Homer Thomas, 4790: 4621:) were the mass expulsions of ethnic 4336:, Prussia was dominated by two major 3961:came under the aegis of the elector. 3785:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation 3601: 3317:were formed from the remaining parts. 3115:and worked instead with the Catholic 2646: 2180: 1641:, Russia); and Memel in Prussia (now 1225:Former eastern territories of Germany 992: 6055:History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840 5902:Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte 5643:Journal of European Economic History 5443:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 5054:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsa 4682:adding citations to reliable sources 4653: 4405:. Prussian monarchs, beginning with 4393:population after the issuing of the 4157:Similar to other German states both 4100:represented all taxpayers, who were 4074:Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg 3031:" (not "Emperor of Germany") in the 1873:(1385), defeated the Knights in the 6525:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 211–229. 5944: 4879:The police star, the emblem of the 4650:Continuation of Prussian traditions 3890:... according to the design of 1900 3876:... according to the design of 1702 2899:. Prussia also won full control of 2690:revolutions broke out across Europe 2532:Prussia took a leading part in the 2126:(1654–1660), he received the duchy 1911: 1785:struggles against the Old Prussians 1368:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772) 24: 7151:States of the German Confederation 6209: 4985:The Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin 4830:constructive vote of no confidence 4152:constructive vote of no confidence 3964:Frederick William I's excise tax ( 3695:, with the remaining parts of the 3374:constructive vote of no confidence 3357:and Nazis were in the opposition. 3191:and in 1920 received a democratic 2459: 1999:Grand Master of the Teutonic Order 1625:, Poland); Danzig in Prussia (now 25: 8635: 8619:1947 disestablishments in Prussia 6626:Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz 6596: 6571:(3rd ed. 2003). pp. 427–462. 6523:Modern Prussian History 1830–1947 5697:, London: Macmillan, 1967 p. 253. 5516:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). 5303:(Harvard University Press, 2013). 4902: 4204: 4098:Prussian House of Representatives 4096:parliament. The lower house, the 3142:At age 29, Wilhelm became Kaiser 3074:Constitution of the German Empire 2773: 2722:Prussian House of Representatives 2602:during the "Wars of Liberation" ( 2256:river, and other regions. In the 2046:Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia 1807:as well as of the western Baltic 1690: 1158:Prussia entered the ranks of the 8387: 8024: 7709: 7174: 6589:10.5129/001041510X13815229366480 5645:, Spring 1980, Vol. 9#1 pp 21–40 5236:A History of East Central Europe 4950:form of the Prussian Museums in 4658: 4607: 4586: 4567: 3883: 3869: 3851: 3555:(the head of which was called a 3262:under the administration of the 3046: 2142:. With Prussia, the Brandenburg 2091:(1619–1640) fled from Berlin to 1304: 1299: 1143:from 1525, a feudal fief of the 957: 217: 113: 97: 6531:The Rise of Brandenburg Prussia 6454:Germany in Western Civilization 6188: 6173: 6151: 6138: 6119: 6106: 6090: 6077: 6060: 6047: 6038: 6025: 6012: 5969: 5931: 5918: 5873: 5848: 5726: 5713: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5661: 5648: 5635: 5630:Bismarck and Germany: 1862–1890 5622: 5609: 5596: 5572: 5549: 5536: 5509: 5496: 5483: 5435: 5406: 5393: 5380: 5367: 5358: 5345: 5332: 5319: 5306: 5293: 5280: 5263: 5250: 5241: 5228: 5207: 5180: 4669:needs additional citations for 4064:, after which Prussia became a 4062:German revolutions of 1848–1849 3707:abolished in 1952 in favour of 2982:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern 2832:Expansion of Prussia, 1807–1871 2128:as a fief from the Swedish king 1633:in Livonia (now Riga, Latvia); 1135:split Prussia into the western 1091: – an organized 1060:. Prussia, with its capital at 8614:1525 establishments in Prussia 7501:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 6452:Maehl, William Harvey (1979). 6316:. Cambridge University Press. 6245:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1947). 5167: 5154: 5141: 5125: 5112: 5074: 5045: 5036: 4962: 4912:shows, among other things the 4839:The Prussian war award of the 4576:Frederick William I of Prussia 4124:Prussia inside Weimar Republic 3282:) or by a railway through the 2305:War of the Austrian Succession 1973:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1850:became the dominant language. 1789:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1748:knights, headquartered in the 1330:(pre – 13th century) 1324:(983 – 12th century) 931: 924: 13: 1: 8288:States of the Weimar Republic 6680:Territories and provinces of 6249:The Origins of Modern Germany 6185:, retrieved 12 November 2010. 6101:European Journal of Education 5522:Deutsches Historisches Museum 5401:Germany: In Power and Eclipse 5314:The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830 5217:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 5024: 5009:East Prussian Regional Museum 4970:Union of Evangelical Churches 4644:Humboldt University of Berlin 4597: 4389:Prussia received significant 4209: 4169:and in laws established by a 4167:Minister-President of Prussia 3783:One year later, in 1957, the 3701:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 2947:in 1867 when France tried to 2764:Minister President of Prussia 2653:German revolutions of 1848–49 2608:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1983:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21) 1981:, which officially ended the 1217:Minister President of Prussia 1064:and then, when it became the 1017:state located on most of the 6353:The Rise and Fall of Prussia 6133:(Error: unknown archive URL) 5316:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 47–67. 5187:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin 4764:. For example, the state of 4630: 4229: 4086:Prussia's first constitution 3903:Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark 3809:In the mid-16th century the 3778:1955 Saar Statute referendum 3376:, was carried over into the 2878:Battle of Langensalza (1866) 2874:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 2596:defeat of Napoleon in Russia 2260:(1720), he acquired half of 2106:Frederick William I went to 1894:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1709:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1552: 1133:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1123:, and, in the south, it was 1052:in 1947. For centuries, the 7: 7915:States of the German Empire 6508:, stress on cultural topics 6502:Reinhardt, Kurt F. (1961). 6351:Haffner, Sebastian (1998). 6035:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2001) 4976: 4863:Federal Ministry of Defense 4798:Federal Republic of Germany 4305: 3726:Western Zones of occupation 3435:Prussia and the Third Reich 3415:in street clashes with the 3370:Federal Republic of Germany 3238:, such as the provinces of 3153: 1884:(1454–1466) began when the 1482:colours of the free cities 1087:; in the 13th century, the 436:the Kingdom of Prussia 1880 10: 8640: 8604:Former countries in Europe 6704:Margraviate of Brandenburg 6218:European History Quarterly 6031:Helmut Walser Smith, ed.. 5085:. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. 5019:List of museums in Germany 4919:The large coat of arms of 4908:The state coat of arms of 4861:'s honor formation at the 4802:North German Confederation 4634: 4378:Prussian Union of churches 4312:Prussian Union of Churches 4309: 4127: 4102:divided into three classes 4090:1850 Prussian Constitution 3798: 3172: 3157: 3065:The two decades after the 3050: 2958: 2909:North German Confederation 2821: 2650: 2496:Second Partition of Poland 2463: 2184: 2099:(1640–1688), reformed the 2029: 2020:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1962: 1915: 1896:, losing western Prussia ( 1713: 1675: 1671: 1664:off from the coast of the 1577:and parts of the state of 1561:included the provinces of 1549:along the border regions. 1496:North German Confederation 1362:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 1334:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1279: 1266:The terms "Prussian" and " 1176:North German Confederation 364:(until early 18th century) 297:North German Confederation 36: 29: 8522: 8495: 8477: 8431: 8424: 8396: 8385: 8295: 8220: 8204: 8176: 8163:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 8122: 8076: 8033: 8022: 7922: 7853: 7840:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 7799: 7756: 7718: 7707: 7688: 7636: 7605: 7578: 7545: 7471: 7438: 7431: 7369: 7324: 7288: 7281: 7235: 7219: 7183: 7172: 7158: 7094: 7025: 6945:Principality of Neuchâtel 6919: 6798: 6689: 6647: 6642:Links to related articles 6342:English Historical Review 5990:10.1017/S0018246X00024730 5628:David Graham Williamson, 5414:Germany: A Modern History 5271:English Historical Review 5215:Europe in the Middle Ages 4637:Prussian education system 4135:industrial centre of the 4047:Generalkriegskommissariat 3901:created a council called 3469: Present-day Germany 2976:The controversy with the 2534:French Revolutionary Wars 2500:Third Partition of Poland 2490:During the reign of King 2454:Prussian education system 2427:First Partition of Poland 2369:, the Habsburg monarchy, 1997:resigned his position as 1466:were already used by the 920: 867: 863: 853: 843: 833: 829: 824: 820: 798: 777: 764: 751: 738: 725: 721: 707: 703: 688: 673: 669: 659: 655: 640: 625: 621: 611: 607: 592: 577: 573: 563: 493: 481: 429: 340: 325: 320: 244: 159: 131: 93: 88: 52: 7970:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 6610:chronology and summaries 6417:American Economic Review 6344:89.353 (1974): 814–834. 6255:, covers medieval period 6230:10.1177/0265691408094531 6096:Ash, Mitchell G. (2006) 6068:Central European History 5955:. Marburg: Herder-Inst. 5135:12#3 (1994) pp. 286–307 4043:General War Commissariat 4035:Generalfinanzdirektorium 3942:Landständische Regierung 3811:margraves of Brandenburg 3758:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3571:As provided for in the " 3280:Sea Service East Prussia 3148:Victoria, Princess Royal 2561:, which now fell to the 2547:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 2502:in 1795. His successor, 2470:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 1825:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1508:Order of the Black Eagle 1229:Polish People's Republic 1215:remained in his role as 1072:, decisively shaped the 434:Religious confessions in 37:Not to be confused with 32:Prussia (disambiguation) 6114:Acta Poloniae Historica 6083:Charles E. McClelland, 5951:Belzyt, Leszek (1998). 5273:65.255 (1950): 175–202 5102:"Population of Germany" 4578:welcoming the expelled 4328:was the first state to 4173:elected by the people. 4110:Prussian House of Lords 4066:constitutional monarchy 3950:Geheime Landesregierung 3764:to create the state of 3760:were later merged with 3160:Prussian state railways 2907:river into forming the 2808:Second War of Schleswig 2733:Prussian House of Lords 2238:only briefly saw action 2042:Duchess Anna of Prussia 1459:on a white background. 1449:coat of arms of Prussia 1386:(1918 – 1947) 1380:(1701 – 1918) 1374:(1618 – 1701) 1354:(1525 – 1618) 1348:(1356 – 1806) 1342:(1224 – 1525) 1253:Federation of Expellees 1190:and less as Prussians. 930: 923: 557:Allied-occupied Germany 530:constitutional republic 205:Heil dir im Siegerkranz 72: 8609:History of Brandenburg 8242: 8233: 8228:German colonial empire 8158:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 7835:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 6419:104.1 (2014): 84–122. 6390:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 6379:Henderson, William O. 6296:Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. 5978:The Historical Journal 5845:Kotulla (2008), p. 270 5833:Kotulla (2008), p. 269 5824:Kotulla (2008), p. 266 5806:Kotulla (2008), p. 267 5780:Kotulla (2008), p. 265 5766:Kotulla (2008), p. 263 5748:Kotulla (2008), p. 262 5693:Wheeler-Bennett, John 4986: 4804:and expanded into the 4766:North Rhine-Westphalia 4625:between 1885 and 1890. 4548:Second Polish Republic 4421:was mostly made up of 4395:Edict of Fontainebleau 4387: 4219: 4201: 4184:settlements along the 4118:Prussian Secret Police 4010: 3815:Protestant Reformation 3734:North Rhine-Westphalia 3713:(districts), but were 3681:Soviet occupation zone 3674:Allied Control Council 3625:The areas east of the 3622: 3533:Law on Reich Governors 3524: 3471: 3446: 3318: 3252:Second Polish Republic 3139: 3067:unification of Germany 3062: 2980:over the candidacy of 2973: 2937:. The upper house, or 2833: 2796:First War of Schleswig 2751: 2719:. The lower house, or 2665: 2529: 2487: 2446:enlightened absolutism 2401: 2276: 2202: 2161: 2006:a cadet branch of the 1989:of the Polish capital 1960: 1886:Prussian Confederation 1877:(Tannenberg) in 1410. 1840: 1711: 1700: 1534: 1439:(1947–1952, from 1990) 1409:(1920–1939, from 1945) 1366:Royal (Polish) Prussia 1346:Elector of Brandenburg 1272: 1255:and various political 1180: 989: 938: 910: 902: 886: 872: 806: 788:, loss of independence 742:Union with Brandenburg 336:(1701–1806; 1806–1947) 203: 180: 147: 137: 58: 6464:9.4 (1947): 482–501. 6369:Hamerow, Theodore S. 6359:Hamerow, Theodore S. 6258:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 6070:12.4 (1979): 315-342 5299:Reinhold A. Dorwart, 5162:Europe in Middle Ages 4984: 4615:Prussian deportations 4476:Non-German population 4382: 4310:Further information: 4217: 4179: 4130:Free State of Prussia 4108:), later renamed the 4003:Prussian King's Crown 4001: 3697:Province of Pomerania 3609: 3520: 3452: 3442: 3339:German People's Party 3315:West Prussia district 3292: 3246:, as well as eastern 3175:Free State of Prussia 3135: 3060: 3039:outside Paris, while 2968: 2831: 2747: 2660: 2527:Frederick William III 2524: 2504:Frederick William III 2481: 2412:County of East Frisia 2395: 2270: 2213:of 16 November 1700, 2194: 2152: 2103:to defend the lands. 2008:House of Hohenzollern 1925: 1838:In the course of the 1706: 1698: 1686:Free State of Prussia 1676:Further information: 1559:Free State of Prussia 1520:Frederick William III 1421:Recovered Territories 1384:Free State of Prussia 1318:(965 – 983) 1203:Free State of Prussia 1054:House of Hohenzollern 768:Free State of Prussia 341:Common languages 8338:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 8333:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 8205:Imperial Territories 8058:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 8053:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7974:Starostwo of Draheim 7738:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7733:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7263:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7258:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6958:Grand Duchy of Posen 6577:Comparative Politics 6567:Treasure, Geoffrey. 6529:Shennan, M. (1997). 5860:The Prussian Machine 5695:The Nemesis of Power 5589:24 June 2021 at the 5412:Marshall Dill, Jr., 5353:A History of Prussia 5327:A History of Prussia 5258:A History of Prussia 5193:A History of Prussia 5149:A History of Prussia 4991:Alte Nationalgalerie 4678:improve this article 4580:Salzburg Protestants 4544:Treaty of Versailles 4533:Partitions of Poland 4252:Prussian Lithuanians 4246:in West Prussia and 4070:Frederick William IV 4027:House Treaty of Gera 3746:Rhineland-Palatinate 3719:German reunification 3703:. These states were 3666:abolition of Prussia 3512:Enabling Act of 1933 3305:came largely to the 3236:partitions of Poland 3200:Treaty of Versailles 3079:Imperial German Army 3013:kleindeutsche Lösung 2994:Franco-German enmity 2978:Second French Empire 2870:Battle of Königgrätz 2800:Punctation of Olmütz 2792:German Confederation 2706:Frankfurt Parliament 2696:agreed to convene a 2694:Frederick William IV 2663:Frederick William IV 2641:German Confederation 2582:Emancipation of Jews 2559:Partitions of Poland 2492:Frederick William II 2299:(1740–1742) and the 2275:, "the Soldier-King" 2144:Hohenzollern dynasty 1890:Casimir IV Jagiellon 1750:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1722:Andrew II of Hungary 1472:Hohenzollern dynasty 1462:The black and white 1166:(1740–1786). At the 1019:North European Plain 420:(until 20th century) 283:German Confederation 30:For other uses, see 8168:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7845:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7463:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7028:Territorial reforms 6986:Province of Prussia 6619:18 May 2010 at the 6506:. Vol. 2 vols. 6504:Germany: 2000 Years 6470:Nipperdey, Thomas. 6408:Horn, David Bayne. 6116:99 (2009): 137-160. 5403:(1952) pp. 297–302. 5390:(1974) pp. 282–283. 5030:Informational notes 4787:and even in names. 4542:As a result of the 4504:(101,500 in 1905), 4500:(248,000 in 1905), 4442:, eastern parts of 4399:Louis XIV of France 4254:(in East Prussia), 4238:minorities such as 4007:Hohenzollern Castle 3970:Second Northern War 3844:residence in Berlin 3801:Brandenburg-Prussia 3610:Map of the current 3592:Danzig-West Prussia 3573:Greater Hamburg Act 3522:Paul von Hindenburg 3421:Paul von Hindenburg 3412:Rotfrontkämpferbund 3407:Kurt von Schleicher 3307:2nd Polish Republic 3260:Free City of Danzig 3095:imperial chancellor 2998:Franco-Prussian War 2961:Franco-Prussian War 2955:Franco-Prussian War 2839:Austro-Prussian War 2824:Austro-Prussian War 2818:Austro-Prussian War 2740:Wars of unification 2484:Brandenburg-Prussia 2389:in the afternoon." 2301:Second Silesian War 2273:Frederick William I 2258:Treaty of Stockholm 2234:Frederick William I 2124:Second Northern War 2097:Frederick William I 2062:Brandenburg-Prussia 2032:Brandenburg-Prussia 2026:Brandenburg-Prussia 1953:Sigismund I the Old 1882:Thirteen Years' War 1783:During 60 years of 1372:Brandenburg-Prussia 1358:Malbork Voivodeship 1322:Lutician federation 1164:Frederick the Great 712:Early modern Europe 515:semi-constitutional 8624:Historical regions 7992:Schleswig-Holstein 7110:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 7102: 7063:Posen-West Prussia 7002:Schleswig-Holstein 6628:(picture archive). 6608:Preußen-Chronik.de 6603:population history 6462:Review of Politics 6435:Kotulla, Michael. 6427:History of Prussia 6333:Friedrich, Karin. 6270:Clark, Christopher 6018:Thomas Nipperdey, 5632:(Routledge, 2013). 5338:Robert B. Asprey, 4987: 4932:Minister-president 4894:In 2002, the then 4870:Federal Presidents 4823:Reichstag building 4811:Prussia's capital 4791:Federal government 4496:(72,500 in 1905), 4401:and the following 4250:in East Prussia), 4220: 4202: 4051:Kriegskommissariat 4013:Under the rule of 4011: 3934:Kurfürstlicher Rat 3827:Elector Joachim II 3805:Kingdom of Prussia 3750:Schleswig-Holstein 3623: 3620:Kingdom of Prussia 3602:The end of Prussia 3542:Reichsstatthaltern 3525: 3501:was opened in the 3491:Reichstag building 3480:Reichstag election 3472: 3447: 3360:The East Prussian 3319: 3311:Posen-West Prussia 3140: 3103:Congress of Berlin 3063: 2974: 2949:acquire Luxembourg 2901:Schleswig-Holstein 2834: 2812:Gastein Convention 2752: 2717:Landtag of Prussia 2666: 2647:Wars of liberation 2616:Congress of Vienna 2612:Battle of Waterloo 2585:conscripts of the 2555:Treaties of Tilsit 2530: 2488: 2402: 2343:Battle of Lobositz 2335:Third Silesian War 2323:Battle of Mollwitz 2309:Holy Roman Emperor 2297:First Silesian War 2277: 2242:Great Northern War 2203: 2187:Kingdom of Prussia 2181:Kingdom of Prussia 2162: 2110:in 1641 to render 1961: 1875:Battle of Grunwald 1859:Holy Roman Emperor 1712: 1701: 1682:Kingdom of Prussia 1603:Schleswig-Holstein 1427:Kaliningrad Oblast 1378:Kingdom of Prussia 1168:Congress of Vienna 1153:Kingdom of Prussia 1074:history of Germany 1066:Kingdom of Prussia 994:[ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] 755:Kingdom of Prussia 661:Minister-President 331:(1525–1701; 1806) 8574: 8573: 8568: 8567: 8518: 8517: 8254: 8253: 7881: 7880: 7825: 7817: 7647: 7646: 7601: 7600: 7527: 7514: 7427: 7426: 7371:Ernestine duchies 7117: 7116: 7098:Province of Posen 6948:(1814–1848) 6836:Western Pomerania 6828:Minden-Ravensberg 6729:Farther Pomerania 6557:Taylor, A. J. P. 6547:Taylor, A. J. P. 6491:Orlow, Dietrich. 6480:Orlow, Dietrich. 6447:978-3-540-48705-0 6323:978-0-521-58335-0 6282:978-0-7139-9466-7 6224:(38#4): 525–550. 5962:978-3-87969-267-5 5937:Frank B. Tipton, 5911:978-3-11-008322-4 5619:(1955) pp. 70–91. 5342:(1986) pp. 34–35. 5118:Vesna Danilovic, 4921:Baden-Württemberg 4889:Black Eagle Order 4762:international law 4754: 4753: 4746: 4728: 4619:Polenausweisungen 4560:forcibly expelled 4529:Province of Posen 4456:Province of Posen 4082:Ministerpräsident 4058:absolute monarchy 4031:Geheime Hofkammer 4015:Frederick III (I) 3918:Frederick William 3914:Thirty Years' War 3907:Thirty Years' War 3899:Joachim Frederick 3766:Baden-Württemberg 3754:Württemberg-Baden 3639:Treaty of Potsdam 3612:states of Germany 3297:the provinces of 3264:League of Nations 3187:) within the new 3181:German Revolution 3137:Kaiser Wilhelm II 2760:Otto von Bismarck 2749:Otto von Bismarck 2698:National Assembly 2545:'s troops in the 2512:Reformed churches 2295:(1740–1763). The 2262:Swedish Pomerania 2219:Holy Roman Empire 2217:, emperor of the 2166:absolute monarchy 2116:Władysław IV Vasa 2081:Thirty Years' War 2036:Holy Roman Empire 2003:Zygmunt I the Old 1941:Albert of Prussia 1451:, as well as the 1445: 1444: 1251:politicians, the 1219:until the end of 1195:German Revolution 1127:by settlers from 1083:derives from the 1037:German Chancellor 950: 949: 939:Ministerpräsident 690:• 1933–1945 642:• 1888–1918 627:• 1701–1713 594:• 1688–1701 579:• 1525–1568 526:semi-presidential 503:Absolute monarchy 445:United Protestant 269:Holy Roman Empire 255:Holy Roman Empire 235: 188:"Song of Prussia" 16:(Redirected from 8631: 8470: 8429: 8428: 8391: 8375: 8367: 8358:Schaumburg-Lippe 8281: 8274: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8247: 8238: 8153:Schaumburg-Lippe 8148: 8140: 8110: 8028: 8007: 7977: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7830:Schaumburg-Lippe 7823: 7815: 7713: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7571: 7570: 7561: 7560: 7538: 7537: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7491:Reuss-Lobenstein 7487: 7486: 7458:Schaumburg-Lippe 7436: 7435: 7415: 7407: 7399: 7391: 7383: 7362: 7354: 7346: 7338: 7326:Anhalt (Ascania) 7307: 7286: 7285: 7178: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7121: 7120: 7103: 7087: 7067: 7059: 7051: 7018: 6998: 6990: 6982: 6949: 6932: 6931: 6922:Post-Congress of 6912: 6900:New East Prussia 6896: 6884: 6868: 6860: 6844: 6832: 6824: 6812: 6769: 6761: 6745: 6725: 6699:Duchy of Prussia 6674: 6667: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6638: 6637: 6592: 6544: 6507: 6457: 6440:(Springer, 2008) 6405: 6356: 6327: 6308:Friedrich, Karin 6254: 6252: 6241: 6203: 6194:Markus Reiners: 6192: 6186: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6131:at bundestag.de 6130: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6094: 6088: 6081: 6075: 6064: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5897: 5884: 5879:Dietrich Orlow, 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5807: 5804: 5781: 5778: 5767: 5764: 5749: 5746: 5737: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5602:Michael Embree, 5600: 5594: 5582:(1968): 888–924 5576: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5553: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5458: 5449: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5278: 5267: 5261: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5238:, (2001), p. 30. 5232: 5226: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5129: 5123: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5098: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5061: 5049: 5043: 5040: 4936:Regierungsbezirk 4832:anchored in the 4768:is bound to the 4749: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4686: 4662: 4654: 4611: 4602: 4599: 4595:Berlin Cathedral 4590: 4571: 4411:French Cathedral 4374:Berlin Cathedral 4330:officially adopt 4326:Duchy of Prussia 4270:(in Schleswig), 4194:Memel (Klaipėda) 4076:Prussia's first 3975:Prussian estates 3912:Until after the 3887: 3873: 3855: 3774:a separate state 3627:Oder–Neisse line 3616:Imperial Germany 3468: 3462: 3456: 3335:German Democrats 3327:Social Democrats 3218:to Denmark; the 2692:. Alarmed, King 2604:Befreiungskriege 2498:in 1793 and the 2385:in the morning, 2348:Battle of Torgau 2339:Seven Years' War 2289:Habsburg Austria 2171:Edict of Potsdam 2132:Treaty of Labiau 1979:Treaty of Kraków 1969:Duchy of Prussia 1918:Duchy of Prussia 1912:Duchy of Prussia 1845: 1832:Hanseatic League 1780:on his borders. 1738:Teutonic Knights 1678:Duchy of Prussia 1654:Hanseatic League 1647:Hanseatic League 1637:in Prussia (now 1599:Austrian Silesia 1539: 1510:created by King 1490:, as well as of 1468:Teutonic Knights 1464:national colours 1403:area (from 1918) 1352:Duchy of Prussia 1308: 1303: 1284: 1283: 1275: 1185: 1147:up to 1657. The 1141:Duchy of Prussia 1101:German crusaders 1089:Teutonic Knights 1050:an Allied decree 1004: 1003: 1002: 996: 983: 982: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 941: 935:The position of 934: 927: 915: 905: 895:German gold mark 891: 877: 816:25 February 1947 811: 729:Duchy of Prussia 699: 684: 651: 636: 603: 588: 330: 329: 314: 307: 300: 293: 286: 279: 272: 265: 258: 251: 237: 236: 213: 208: 185: 155: 150: 142: 117: 101: 83: 75: 69: 61: 50: 49: 21: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8524: 8514: 8491: 8473: 8468: 8466:Weimar-Eisenach 8420: 8392: 8383: 8373: 8365: 8291: 8285: 8255: 8250: 8216: 8212:Alsace–Lorraine 8200: 8172: 8146: 8138: 8118: 8108: 8072: 8068:Weimar-Eisenach 8048:Hesse-Darmstadt 8029: 8020: 7972:and the former 7968:(including the 7967: 7938: 7918: 7912: 7882: 7877: 7849: 7795: 7752: 7748:Weimar-Eisenach 7728:Hesse-Darmstadt 7714: 7705: 7684: 7678: 7648: 7643: 7632: 7597: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7558: 7557: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7517: 7516: 7504: 7503: 7494: 7493: 7484: 7483: 7481:Reuss-Ebersdorf 7467: 7423: 7413: 7405: 7403:Gotha-Altenburg 7397: 7389: 7387:Coburg-Saalfeld 7381: 7365: 7360: 7352: 7344: 7336: 7320: 7305: 7277: 7273:Weimar-Eisenach 7248:Hesse-Darmstadt 7231: 7215: 7179: 7170: 7154: 7148: 7118: 7113: 7101: 7090: 7085: 7071:Halle-Merseburg 7065: 7057: 7045: 7032: 7029: 7021: 7012: 6996: 6988: 6980: 6947: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6915: 6906: 6890: 6878: 6866: 6854: 6838: 6830: 6818: 6810: 6794: 6767: 6755: 6749:Lauenburg–Bütow 6739: 6719: 6685: 6678: 6643: 6621:Wayback Machine 6599: 6583:(44#1): 21–38. 6541: 6402: 6324: 6286:Craig, Gordon. 6253:(2nd ed.). 6212: 6210:Further reading 6207: 6206: 6193: 6189: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6107: 6095: 6091: 6082: 6078: 6065: 6061: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6013: 5984:(4): 985–1004. 5974: 5970: 5963: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5898: 5887: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5810: 5805: 5784: 5779: 5770: 5765: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5662: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5636: 5627: 5623: 5615:A.J.P. Taylor, 5614: 5610: 5601: 5597: 5591:Wayback Machine 5577: 5573: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5468: 5459: 5452: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5294: 5285: 5281: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5212: 5208: 5185: 5181: 5173:Norman Davies, 5172: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5100: 5099: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5027: 4979: 4965: 4905: 4859:guard battalion 4793: 4750: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4687: 4685: 4675: 4663: 4652: 4639: 4633: 4626: 4612: 4603: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4572: 4556:German-speaking 4478: 4322: 4308: 4286:, Russians (in 4236:ethnolinguistic 4232: 4212: 4207: 4198:Danzig (Gdańsk) 4141:Social Democrat 4132: 4126: 3948:in Prussia and 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3858:... during the 3856: 3847: 3846: 3823:Großer Ausschuß 3807: 3799:Main articles: 3797: 3728:, which became 3683:, which became 3659:population fled 3604: 3503:Garrison Church 3470: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3437: 3403:Altona, Hamburg 3391:Franz von Papen 3331:Catholic Centre 3284:Polish corridor 3220:Memel Territory 3216:North Schleswig 3189:Weimar Republic 3179:Because of the 3177: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3055: 3049: 3033:Hall of Mirrors 3023:), William was 2963: 2957: 2885:Peace of Prague 2826: 2820: 2778:The Kingdom of 2776: 2742: 2655: 2649: 2637:Congress Poland 2600:Sixth Coalition 2563:Duchy of Warsaw 2476: 2466:Napoleonic Wars 2464:Main articles: 2462: 2460:Napoleonic Wars 2227:King of Prussia 2223:King in Prussia 2200:King in Prussia 2189: 2183: 2038: 2030:Main articles: 2028: 1975: 1965:Prussian Homage 1963:Main articles: 1928:Prussian Homage 1920: 1914: 1821:Treaty of Melno 1778:Prussian tribes 1766:Duke of Masovia 1718: 1693: 1688: 1674: 1555: 1453:flag of Prussia 1407:Klaipėda Region 1282: 1199:Weimar Republic 1145:Crown of Poland 1040:Franz von Papen 998: 997: 960: 956: 946: 908: 898: 893: 884: 881:Prussian thaler 879: 856: 846: 836: 813: 794:30 January 1934 791: 773:9 November 1918 770: 760:18 January 1701 757: 744: 731: 697: 691: 682: 680:Friedrich Ebert 676: 649: 643: 634: 628: 601: 595: 586: 580: 555: 544: 533: 528: 521: 513: 506: 501: 498:Feudal monarchy 476: 471: 466: 461: 457: 447: 442: 438: 435: 425: 424: 423: 362:Baltic Prussian 356: 347: 332: 316: 315: 308: 301: 294: 287: 273: 266: 259: 252: 240: 239: 238: 218: 214: 211: 210: 200: 198: 189: 187: 177: 175: 174: 172: 166: 164: 154:("God with us") 153: 152: 144: 127: 126: 125: 123: 118: 110: 109: 107: 102: 84: 77: 70: 63: 55: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8637: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8501: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8426: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8368: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8284: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8239: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8142: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8124:Principalities 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8082: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7911: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7819: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7801:Principalities 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7654: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7562: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7529: 7521: 7508: 7498: 7488: 7477: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7432:Principalities 7429: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411:Hildburghausen 7408: 7400: 7392: 7384: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7355: 7347: 7339: 7330: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7124: 7115: 7114: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7068: 7060: 7055:Greater Berlin 7052: 7035: 7033: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 6999: 6991: 6983: 6978:Rhine Province 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6897: 6885: 6869: 6861: 6845: 6833: 6825: 6813: 6804: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6762: 6746: 6726: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6611: 6605: 6598: 6597:External links 6595: 6594: 6593: 6572: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6539: 6526: 6519: 6511:Sagarra, Eda. 6509: 6499: 6489: 6478: 6468: 6458: 6449: 6433: 6423: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6357: 6348: 6338: 6331: 6322: 6304: 6294: 6284: 6267: 6256: 6242: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6187: 6172: 6150: 6137: 6129:(Date missing) 6118: 6105: 6089: 6076: 6059: 6053:Hajo Holborn, 6046: 6037: 6024: 6011: 5968: 5961: 5943: 5930: 5917: 5910: 5885: 5872: 5847: 5835: 5826: 5808: 5782: 5768: 5750: 5738: 5725: 5712: 5699: 5686: 5673: 5660: 5647: 5634: 5621: 5608: 5595: 5571: 5548: 5535: 5508: 5495: 5482: 5466: 5450: 5441:David Fraser, 5434: 5418: 5405: 5392: 5379: 5377:, pp. 195–208. 5366: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5318: 5305: 5292: 5279: 5262: 5249: 5240: 5234:Daniel Stone, 5227: 5206: 5179: 5166: 5164:(1976) p. 629. 5153: 5140: 5133:German History 5124: 5111: 5088: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5062: 5044: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4947: 4943: 4928: 4917: 4914:Prussian eagle 4904: 4903:Within Germany 4901: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4881:Federal Police 4877: 4866: 4851: 4848: 4837: 4826: 4809: 4792: 4789: 4752: 4751: 4666: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4635:Main article: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4613: 4606: 4604: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4573: 4566: 4525:Greater Poland 4477: 4474: 4415:Gendarmenmarkt 4307: 4304: 4266:(in Silesia), 4258:(in Lusatia), 4231: 4228: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:Social history 4203: 4128:Main article: 4125: 4122: 4092:established a 4078:prime minister 4041:chambers. The 3922:personal union 3889: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3857: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3796: 3793: 3776:following the 3770:a protectorate 3603: 3600: 3476:Hermann Göring 3465: 3459: 3453: 3436: 3433: 3250:, went to the 3232:Czechoslovakia 3228:Hultschin area 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3158:Main article: 3155: 3152: 3051:Main article: 3048: 3045: 2959:Main article: 2956: 2953: 2843:reason for war 2822:Main article: 2819: 2816: 2775: 2774:Schleswig Wars 2772: 2768:German Emperor 2741: 2738: 2678:Burschenschaft 2651:Main article: 2648: 2645: 2538:Peace of Basel 2461: 2458: 2185:Main article: 2182: 2179: 2089:George William 2058:personal union 2053:John Sigismund 2027: 2024: 1916:Main article: 1913: 1910: 1871:Union of Krewo 1811:, and erected 1742:military order 1714:Main article: 1692: 1691:Teutonic Order 1689: 1673: 1670: 1554: 1551: 1541:), as well as 1486:, Hamburg and 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1424: 1410: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1340:Teutonic Order 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1316:Northern March 1310: 1309: 1296: 1295: 1281: 1278: 1213:Hermann Göring 1131:. The imposed 1113:monastic state 1097:military order 1011:Prūsija, Prūsa 948: 947: 945: 944: 929: 921: 918: 917: 869: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 854: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 799: 796: 795: 792: 778: 775: 774: 771: 765: 762: 761: 758: 752: 749: 748: 747:27 August 1618 745: 739: 736: 735: 732: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 709: 708:Historical era 705: 704: 701: 700: 695:Hermann Göring 692: 689: 686: 685: 677: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 657: 656: 653: 652: 644: 641: 638: 637: 629: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 609: 608: 605: 604: 596: 593: 590: 589: 581: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 561: 560: 495: 491: 490: 485: 479: 478: 431: 427: 426: 422: 421: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 358: 357: 352: 351: 342: 338: 337: 322: 318: 317: 302: 288: 274: 260: 246: 245: 242: 241: 216: 215: 190: 157: 156: 129: 128: 119: 112: 111: 103: 96: 95: 94: 91: 90: 86: 85: 56: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8636: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8577: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8521: 8511: 8510:Sondershausen 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8380: 8377: 8372: 8369: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8143: 8141: 8139:(Junior Line) 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8035:Grand Duchies 8032: 8027: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7904: 7902: 7897: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7816:(Junior Line) 7812: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7720:Grand Duchies 7717: 7712: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7675: 7670: 7668: 7663: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7593:Sondershausen 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7566: 7563: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7533: 7532:Reuss-Schleiz 7530: 7528: 7522: 7515: 7513:(Junior Line) 7509: 7502: 7499: 7492: 7489: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448:Liechtenstein 7446: 7444: 7443:Hesse-Homburg 7441: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7417: 7412: 7409: 7404: 7401: 7396: 7393: 7388: 7385: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7359: 7356: 7351: 7348: 7343: 7340: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236:Grand duchies 7234: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7145: 7140: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7093: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7064: 7061: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7043:Upper Silesia 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6995: 6992: 6987: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6888:South Prussia 6886: 6882: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6834: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6814: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6646: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6330: 6329:online review 6325: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6141: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6109: 6103:41.2: 245-267 6102: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5876: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5842: 5840: 5830: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5736:, pp. 670–682 5735: 5729: 5723:, pp. 655–670 5722: 5716: 5710:, pp. 647–648 5709: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5683: 5677: 5671:, pp. 630–639 5670: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5416:(1970) p. 39. 5415: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5244: 5237: 5231: 5224: 5223:0-15-524712-3 5220: 5216: 5210: 5203: 5202:lizard union. 5199: 5195: 5194: 5188: 5183: 5177:(1982) p. 81. 5176: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5151:(1978) p. 35. 5150: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4925:Hohenzollerns 4922: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4910:Saxony-Anhalt 4907: 4906: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806:German Empire 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758:German states 4748: 4745: 4737: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: – 4694: 4690: 4689:Find sources: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4667:This section 4665: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4645: 4638: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546:in 1919, the 4545: 4540: 4538: 4537:Upper Silesia 4534: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340:confessions: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4316:Old Lutherans 4313: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4224:German Empire 4216: 4199: 4195: 4192:spanned from 4191: 4188:coastline of 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148:Carl Severing 4145: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946:Oberratsstube 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3886: 3872: 3861: 3854: 3845: 3842: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693:Saxony-Anhalt 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3430: 3429:Preußenschlag 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:Bloody Sunday 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3386:Preußenschlag 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:Carl Severing 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3351:Upper Silesia 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248:Upper Silesia 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3166: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3127:Frederick III 3124: 3122: 3121:Germanisation 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3054: 3053:German Empire 3047:German Empire 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3006:German Empire 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754:In 1862 King 2750: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2727:three classes 2724: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:conservatives 2664: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:Royal Prussia 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2400:, "the Great" 2399: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:Great Britain 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2337:(part of the 2336: 2332: 2331:Upper Silesia 2328: 2327:Lower Silesia 2324: 2319: 2317: 2316:Maria Theresa 2313: 2310: 2307:(1740–1748). 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Silesian Wars 2290: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2155:Great Elector 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:Ducal Prussia 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1898:Royal Prussia 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:pagan Prussia 1767: 1764:, the Polish 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720:In 1211 King 1717: 1710: 1705: 1697: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581:in Germany); 1580: 1576: 1575:Saxony-Anhalt 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1524:Old Prussians 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1455:, depicted a 1454: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1328:Old Prussians 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:Royal Prussia 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:Old Prussians 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:Prussian Army 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031:dissolved by 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023:German Empire 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1001: 995: 991: 987: 981: 954: 942: 940: 933: 926: 922: 919: 914: 913: 906: 904: 896: 890: 889: 888:Vereinsthaler 882: 876: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 852: 848: 842: 838: 832: 828: 823: 819: 815: 810: 809: 803: 797: 793: 789: 787: 782: 776: 772: 769: 763: 759: 756: 750: 746: 743: 737: 734:10 April 1525 733: 730: 724: 720: 717: 713: 710: 706: 702: 696: 693: 687: 681: 678: 672: 668: 664: 662: 658: 654: 648: 645: 639: 633: 630: 624: 620: 616: 614: 610: 606: 600: 597: 591: 585: 582: 576: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 553: 550: 547: 542: 539: 536: 535:Authoritarian 531: 527: 524: 519: 516: 512: 511:parliamentary 509: 504: 499: 496: 492: 489: 486: 484: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 451: 446: 441: 437: 432: 428: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Lower Sorbian 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359: 355: 350: 346: 343: 339: 335: 328: 323: 319: 312: 311:German Empire 306: 298: 292: 284: 278: 270: 264: 256: 250: 243: 207: 206: 196: 194: 186: 184: 183: 171: 170: 162: 158: 151: 149: 148:Nobiscum deus 143: 141: 140: 134: 130: 122: 116: 106: 100: 92: 87: 81: 74: 67: 60: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8576: 8523:Unrecognized 8469:(until 1920) 8374:(until 1929) 8244:Mitteleuropa 8235:Mittelafrika 8147:(Elder Line) 8145:Reuss-Greiz 8109:(until 1876) 8101:Coburg-Gotha 8004:West Prussia 7961:Hohenzollern 7957:Hesse-Nassau 7949:East Prussia 7824:(Elder Line) 7822:Reuss-Greiz 7781:Coburg-Gotha 7569:(until 1850) 7559:(until 1850) 7547:Hohenzollern 7536:(until 1848) 7526:(Elder Line) 7524:Reuss-Greiz 7495:(until 1824) 7485:(until 1824) 7414:(until 1826) 7406:(until 1826) 7395:Coburg-Gotha 7390:(until 1826) 7361:(until 1847) 7353:(until 1863) 7345:(until 1863) 7227:Hesse-Kassel 7010:Hesse-Nassau 6994:Hohenzollern 6876:West Prussia 6681: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6558: 6548: 6530: 6522: 6512: 6503: 6492: 6481: 6471: 6461: 6453: 6437: 6426: 6425:Koch, H. W. 6416: 6409: 6391: 6380: 6370: 6360: 6352: 6341: 6334: 6312: 6297: 6287: 6273: 6259: 6248: 6221: 6217: 6195: 6190: 6181: 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6159:"Geschichte" 6153: 6140: 6121: 6113: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6084: 6079: 6067: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6019: 6014: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5920: 5901: 5880: 5875: 5863:. Retrieved 5859: 5850: 5829: 5734:Iron Kingdom 5733: 5728: 5721:Iron Kingdom 5720: 5715: 5708:Iron Kingdom 5707: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5682:Iron Kingdom 5681: 5676: 5669:Iron Kingdom 5668: 5663: 5658:, pp 620–624 5656:Iron Kingdom 5655: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5629: 5624: 5616: 5611: 5603: 5598: 5579: 5574: 5564:– via 5558: 5551: 5544:Iron Kingdom 5543: 5538: 5526:. Retrieved 5521: 5511: 5504:Iron Kingdom 5503: 5498: 5491:Iron Kingdom 5490: 5485: 5478:Iron Kingdom 5477: 5462:Iron Kingdom 5461: 5442: 5437: 5430:Iron Kingdom 5429: 5413: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5374: 5369: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5329:pp. 100–102. 5326: 5325:H. W. Koch, 5321: 5313: 5308: 5300: 5295: 5288:Iron Kingdom 5287: 5282: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5256:H. W. Koch, 5252: 5243: 5235: 5230: 5214: 5209: 5201: 5192: 5182: 5174: 5169: 5161: 5156: 5148: 5147:H. W. Koch, 5143: 5132: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5105: 5082: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5028: 4997:Altes Museum 4855:state visits 4816:example the 4778: 4755: 4740: 4731: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4688: 4676:Please help 4671:verification 4668: 4640: 4618: 4558:populations 4552:World War II 4541: 4523:The area of 4522: 4479: 4471: 4468: 4448:West Prussia 4433: 4388: 4383: 4366:Hesse-Nassau 4323: 4302:and others. 4233: 4221: 4190:East Prussia 4156: 4133: 4113: 4106:Erste Kammer 4105: 4081: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4033:(from 1713: 4030: 4018: 4012: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3938:Geheimer Rat 3937: 3933: 3930:Geheimer Rat 3929: 3911: 3909:(1618–1648) 3902: 3896: 3841:Hohenzollern 3830: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3782: 3738:Lower Saxony 3730:West Germany 3723: 3708: 3704: 3685:East Germany 3678: 3663: 3624: 3587: 3584:World War II 3581: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3493:having been 3488: 3473: 3444:Adolf Hitler 3428: 3424: 3410: 3384: 3382: 3359: 3347:Adolf Hitler 3324: 3320: 3303:West Prussia 3276:East Prussia 3266:. Also, the 3244:West Prussia 3197: 3193:constitution 3184: 3178: 3163: 3141: 3125: 3117:Centre Party 3106: 3099: 3071: 3064: 3010: 2990:Napoleon III 2986:Ems Dispatch 2975: 2945: 2938: 2928: 2925:Hohenzollern 2917:constitution 2913: 2889:Hesse-Kassel 2882: 2847: 2835: 2804: 2777: 2753: 2731: 2720: 2713:constitution 2710: 2702:constitution 2700:and grant a 2687: 2667: 2603: 2593: 2586: 2567: 2553:. Under the 2531: 2489: 2443: 2434: 2420: 2407:great powers 2403: 2398:Frederick II 2363:Hesse-Kassel 2320: 2281:Frederick II 2278: 2231: 2211:Crown Treaty 2204: 2163: 2105: 2078: 2039: 1976: 1937:Polish Crown 1926: 1902: 1879: 1852: 1837: 1829: 1813:Memel Castle 1782: 1730:Transylvania 1719: 1651: 1618: 1615:Hohenzollern 1611:Hesse-Nassau 1563:East Prussia 1556: 1531: 1501: 1500: 1461: 1446: 1265: 1261:irredentists 1233:Soviet Union 1221:World War II 1206: 1192: 1160:great powers 1157: 1080: 1078: 1043: 1042:in 1932 and 1026: 1010: 1007:Old Prussian 952: 951: 936: 932: 925: 878:(until 1750) 874:Reichsthaler 855:• 1939 845:• 1871 835:• 1816 784: 716:Contemporary 675:• 1918 552:dictatorship 549:single-party 538:presidential 458: 439: 433: 353: 344: 193:Royal anthem 191: 178: 168: 160: 145: 139:Gott mit uns 135: 133:Motto: 132: 121:Coat of arms 47: 8560:Würzburg SR 8535:Bavarian SR 8497:Schwarzburg 8398:City-states 8379:Württemberg 8366:(from 1920) 8290:(1919–1933) 8178:City-states 8137:Reuss-Gera 8016:Württemberg 7945:Brandenburg 7937:as a whole 7917:(1871–1918) 7855:City-states 7814:Reuss-Gera 7683:(1866–1871) 7606:Free cities 7580:Schwarzburg 7565:Sigmaringen 7518:(from 1848) 7511:Reuss-Gera 7505:(1824-1848) 7398:(from 1826) 7382:(from 1826) 7337:(from 1863) 7306:(from 1839) 7220:Electorates 7211:Württemberg 7153:(1815–1866) 7106:Lower Rhine 6989:(1824–1878) 6940:Brandenburg 6904:New Silesia 6864:East Frisia 6737:Halberstadt 6691:Before 1701 6684:(1525–1947) 6161:(in German) 5524:(in German) 5003:Bode Museum 4963:In churches 4896:Brandenburg 4874:Chancellors 4853:As part of 4601: 1900 4502:Lithuanians 4464:Kulturkampf 4438:, parts of 4403:dragonnades 4368:. In 1613, 4354:Brandenburg 4342:Lutheranism 4334:Reformation 4320:Kulturkampf 4242:(including 4163:at the time 4094:two-chamber 4009:Collection) 3860:Renaissance 3689:Brandenburg 3495:set on fire 3395:coup d'état 3295:World War I 3258:became the 3108:Kulturkampf 3091:Württemberg 3021:Frederick I 2854:Württemberg 2704:. When the 2486:, 1600–1795 2352:allied with 2240:during the 2207:Frederick I 2196:Frederick I 2079:During the 1987:main square 1933:Jan Matejko 1857:and to the 1842:Ostsiedlung 1740:, a German 1639:Kaliningrad 1629:, Poland); 1567:Brandenburg 1547:Lithuanians 1536:Ostsiedlung 1512:Frederick I 1503:Suum cuique 1492:Brandenburg 1476:embroidered 1470:and by the 1457:black eagle 1437:Brandenburg 1429:(from 1945) 1423:(from 1945) 1336:(1157–1618) 1289:Brandenburg 1287:History of 1268:Prussianism 1257:revanchists 1115:was mostly 916:(1924–1947) 907:(1914–1923) 897:(1873–1914) 892:(1857–1873) 883:(1750–1857) 632:Frederick I 599:Frederick I 559:(1945–1947) 554:(1933–1945) 543:(1932–1933) 532:(1918–1932) 520:(1848–1918) 505:(1701–1848) 500:(1525–1701) 472:0.2% Other 459:Minorities: 354:Minorities: 309:Within the 295:Within the 281:Within the 267:Within the 253:Within the 199:(1795–1918) 182:Preußenlied 176:(1830–1840) 165:(1820–1830) 124:(1701–1871) 108:(1803–1892) 8583:Categories 8545:Bottleneck 8526:separatist 8505:Rudolstadt 8461:Saxe-Gotha 8425:Until 1920 8000:Westphalia 7588:Rudolstadt 7253:Luxembourg 7030:after 1918 6973:Westphalia 6800:After 1701 6788:St. Thomas 6778:Gold Coast 6717:Ravensberg 6540:0415129389 6401:0691007969 6165:17 January 5566:Wikisource 5106:tacitus.nu 5025:References 4865:is played. 4845:Bundeswehr 4841:Iron Cross 4734:March 2024 4704:newspapers 4531:after the 4514:Kursenieki 4494:Kashubians 4440:Westphalia 4423:Germanised 4362:Westphalia 4338:Protestant 4300:Hungarians 4210:Population 4182:Kursenieki 4144:Otto Braun 4114:Herrenhaus 4072:appointed 4060:until the 4039:Amtskammer 3959:Kreditwerk 3954:Amtskammer 3926:real union 3831:Kreditwerk 3819:Kreditwerk 3647:Königsberg 3596:Wartheland 3393:. In this 3362:Otto Braun 3355:Communists 3343:Nazi Party 3268:Saargebiet 3144:Wilhelm II 3037:Versailles 3025:proclaimed 2758:appointed 2683:Zollverein 2624:Westphalia 2594:After the 2574:Hardenberg 2516:one church 2482:Growth of 2312:Charles VI 2093:Königsberg 1951:from King 1848:Low German 1758:Baltic Sea 1726:Burzenland 1666:Baltic Sea 1635:Königsberg 1619:Kornkammer 1591:Westphalia 1516:Iron Cross 1117:Germanised 1062:Königsberg 912:Reichsmark 903:Papiermark 859:41,915,040 849:24,689,000 839:10,349,000 825:Population 647:Wilhelm II 494:Government 483:Demonym(s) 477:0.1% Other 418:Slovincian 403:Kursenieki 393:Lithuanian 368:Low German 327:Königsberg 105:State flag 8540:Bremen SR 8528:movements 8456:Meiningen 8441:Altenburg 8363:Thuringia 8343:Oldenburg 8318:Brunswick 8114:Meiningen 8106:Lauenburg 8096:Altenburg 8091:Brunswick 8063:Oldenburg 7984:Rhineland 7965:Pomerania 7791:Meiningen 7786:Lauenburg 7776:Altenburg 7771:Brunswick 7743:Oldenburg 7640:partially 7618:Frankfurt 7555:Hechingen 7419:Meiningen 7379:Altenburg 7316:Lauenburg 7293:Brunswick 7268:Oldenburg 7104:From the 7079:Kurhessen 7075:Magdeburg 6953:Pomerania 6929:(1814–15) 6808:Neuchâtel 6765:Magdeburg 6238:145574435 6006:159976974 5355:, p. 105. 5068:Citations 4885:Feldjäger 4818:Bundesrat 4770:concordat 4693:"Prussia" 4631:Education 4498:Masurians 4436:Rhineland 4429:Masurians 4358:Rhineland 4350:Calvinist 4346:Calvinism 4264:Moravians 4230:Ethnicity 4180:In 1649, 4137:Ruhr Area 4068:and King 3721:in 1990. 3715:recreated 3699:going to 3631:Pomerania 3558:Gauleiter 3499:Reichstag 3423:imposing 3272:Saarpfalz 3224:Lithuania 3185:Freistaat 2971:Wilhelm I 2940:Bundesrat 2930:Reichstag 2921:president 2897:Frankfurt 2784:Schleswig 2756:Wilhelm I 2626:, 40% of 2620:Rhineland 2450:gymnasium 2439:Huguenots 2423:Oderbruch 2418:dynasty. 2215:Leopold I 2209:. In the 2175:Huguenots 2068:lands of 2066:Rhineland 2010:became a 1985:, in the 1943:receives 1863:Pomerelia 1827:in 1422. 1809:Curonians 1805:Skalvians 1746:crusading 1662:Lithuania 1656:cut both 1597:(without 1587:Rhineland 1583:Pomerania 1579:Thuringia 1553:Territory 1480:Hanseatic 1447:The main 1401:Działdowo 1249:far-right 1197:. In the 1155:in 1701. 1125:Polonised 1105:Pomerelia 1095:medieval 1079:The name 1068:in 1701, 802:Abolition 781:Abolition 474:Christian 454:Calvinist 440:Majority: 430:Religion 413:Wymysorys 408:Kashubian 345:Official: 173:"Prussia" 89:1525–1947 7923:Kingdoms 7689:Kingdoms 7342:Bernburg 7298:Holstein 7184:Kingdoms 7100:in 1848. 6816:Guelders 6773:Colonies 6617:Archived 6561:(1955) 6559:Bismarck 6495:(1991). 6474:(1996). 6310:(2000). 6290:(1955) 6266:; 862pp. 6146:Volltext 6126:Archived 5865:27 March 5684:, p. 652 5617:Bismarck 5587:Archived 5580:Daedalus 5506:ch 13–14 5373:Asprey, 5005:, Berlin 4999:, Berlin 4993:, Berlin 4977:See also 4883:and the 4808:in 1871. 4774:Holy See 4506:Walloons 4490:Dutchmen 4486:Frisians 4454:and the 4426:Lutheran 4391:Huguenot 4306:Religion 4296:Italians 4284:Walloons 4276:Frisians 4019:de facto 3984:de facto 3944:, named 3705:de facto 3537:landtage 3313:and the 3154:Railways 3113:Liberals 3027:"German 2935:suffrage 2788:Holstein 2588:Landwehr 2543:Napoleon 2508:Lutheran 2416:Cirksena 2379:Voltaire 2250:Salzburg 2246:Mirabeau 2225:", not " 2159:his wife 2140:Bromberg 2114:to King 2012:Lutheran 1995:Albert I 1959:in 1525. 1774:crusades 1762:Konrad I 1724:granted 1643:Klaipėda 1623:Szczecin 1237:expelled 1231:and the 1119:through 1111:. Their 1093:Catholic 1028:de facto 1013:) was a 868:Currency 786:de facto 584:Albert I 541:republic 518:monarchy 488:Prussian 464:Catholic 450:Lutheran 169:Borussia 80:Prussian 18:Prussian 8589:Prussia 8555:Rhenish 8550:Bavaria 8411:Hamburg 8371:Waldeck 8348:Prussia 8313:Bavaria 8191:Hamburg 8078:Duchies 7996:Silesia 7953:Hanover 7935:Prussia 7930:Bavaria 7868:Hamburg 7758:Duchies 7696:Prussia 7623:Hamburg 7303:Limburg 7282:Duchies 7206:Hanover 7196:Bavaria 7191:Prussia 7166:Austria 7159:Empires 7096:Became 7015:1866–68 7006:Hanover 6968:Silesia 6881:1772–73 6848:Silesia 6843:/ 1815) 6753:Draheim 6682:Prussia 6551:(1945) 6515:(1977) 6484:(1986) 6476:excerpt 6429:(1987) 6383:(1958) 6373:(1969) 6363:(1958) 6300:(1937) 6262:(1938) 6182:YouTube 6087:(1980). 5998:2639865 5941:(1976). 5883:(1986). 5732:Clark, 5719:Clark, 5706:Clark, 5680:Clark, 5667:Clark, 5654:Clark, 5606:(2007). 5584:online 5542:Clark, 5528:3 April 5502:Clark, 5489:Clark, 5476:Clark, 5460:Clark, 5445:(2001) 5428:Clark, 5286:Clark, 5225:p. 629. 4940:Landrat 4781:culture 4718:scholar 4452:Ermland 4444:Silesia 4419:Masuria 4288:Wojnowo 4244:Kashubs 4171:Landtag 4023:emperor 3924:into a 3724:In the 3710:Bezirke 3679:In the 3655:Stettin 3651:Breslau 3635:Silesia 3507:Potsdam 3212:Belgium 3208:Malmedy 3083:Bavaria 3029:Emperor 3017:Hungary 2969:Kaiser 2862:Hanover 2860:), and 2850:Bavaria 2780:Denmark 2674:Austria 2578:serfdom 2359:Hanover 2285:Silesia 2050:Elector 2016:Vistula 1906:Junkers 1801:Estonia 1793:Livonia 1736:to the 1734:fiefdom 1672:History 1607:Hanover 1595:Silesia 1528:Germans 1419:within 1417:Masuria 1393:Present 1364:within 1293:Prussia 1280:Symbols 1188:Germans 1182:Junkers 1129:Masovia 1081:Prussia 1045:de jure 990:Preußen 953:Prussia 900:German 808:de jure 800:• 779:• 766:• 753:• 740:• 727:• 683:(first) 635:(first) 587:(first) 523:Federal 508:Federal 388:Swedish 383:Frisian 321:Capital 313:in 1871 299:in 1870 285:in 1815 271:in 1797 257:in 1714 161:Anthem: 59:Preußen 54:Prussia 8446:Coburg 8433:Ernest 8416:Lübeck 8406:Bremen 8353:Saxony 8303:Anhalt 8296:States 8196:Lübeck 8186:Bremen 8086:Anhalt 8011:Saxony 7988:Saxony 7941:Berlin 7873:Lübeck 7863:Bremen 7766:Anhalt 7701:Saxony 7628:Lübeck 7613:Bremen 7358:Köthen 7350:Dessau 7334:Anhalt 7311:Nassau 7201:Saxony 7086:(1944) 7083:Nassau 7066:(1922) 7058:(1920) 6997:(1850) 6981:(1822) 6963:Saxony 6924:Vienna 6867:(1744) 6831:(1719) 6811:(1707) 6783:Arguin 6768:(1680) 6733:Minden 6709:Cleves 6563:online 6553:online 6537: 6517:online 6497:online 6486:online 6466:online 6445: 6431:online 6421:online 6398: 6385:online 6375:online 6365:online 6346:online 6320: 6302:online 6292:online 6280: 6264:online 6236: 6200:online 6072:online 6004: 5996: 5959: 5926:online 5908: 5561: 5447:online 5351:Koch, 5275:online 5260:p. 33. 5221: 5137:online 4956:Minden 4813:Berlin 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4516:, and 4510:Czechs 4460:Polish 4318:, and 4292:French 4260:Czechs 4248:Mazurs 4186:Baltic 3992:Akzise 3988:Akzise 3980:Akzise 3966:Akzise 3862:period 3717:after 3670:Stalin 3657:. The 3653:, and 3643:Danzig 3577:Lübeck 3566:Hitler 3467: 3461: 3455: 3256:Danzig 3226:; the 3087:Saxony 2893:Nassau 2872:under 2858:Saxony 2628:Saxony 2580:, the 2472:, and 2387:Athens 2383:Sparta 2375:Russia 2371:France 2367:Saxony 2157:" and 2136:Wehlau 2112:homage 2108:Warsaw 2085:Swedes 2070:Cleves 1991:Kraków 1971:, and 1957:Poland 1867:Danzig 1855:papacy 1819:. The 1797:Latvia 1760:area. 1684:, and 1658:Poland 1627:Gdańsk 1571:Saxony 1488:Lübeck 1484:Bremen 1433:Berlin 1413:Warmia 1273:Junker 1241:Allies 1201:, the 1109:Danzig 1070:Berlin 1015:German 986:German 698:(last) 665: 650:(last) 617: 602:(last) 569: 469:Jewish 462:33.8% 443:64.6% 378:Danish 373:Polish 349:German 334:Berlin 197: 163: 76: 66:German 62: 43:Persia 39:Russia 8487:Reuss 8479:Reuss 8451:Gotha 8328:Lippe 8323:Hesse 8308:Baden 8221:Other 8132:Lippe 8043:Baden 7980:Posen 7809:Lippe 7473:Reuss 7453:Lippe 7243:Baden 7039:Lower 6852:Glatz 6234:S2CID 6135:(PDF) 6057:2:274 6002:S2CID 5994:JSTOR 5546:ch 14 5493:ch 10 5480:ch 11 5464:ch 12 4952:Wesel 4946:arms. 4785:sport 4783:, in 4725:JSTOR 4711:books 4623:Poles 4574:King 4518:Sorbs 4482:Danes 4280:Dutch 4268:Danes 4256:Sorbs 4240:Poles 3762:Baden 3742:Hesse 3484:NSDAP 3425:Reich 3299:Posen 3240:Posen 3204:Eupen 3002:Baden 2866:Italy 2661:King 2570:Stein 2551:Memel 2525:King 2514:into 2396:King 2271:King 2254:Neman 2153:The " 1947:as a 1817:Memel 1795:(now 1732:as a 1543:Poles 1107:with 467:1.3% 73:Prūsa 7108:and 7048:1919 6909:1795 6893:1793 6872:East 6857:1742 6841:1720 6821:1713 6758:1657 6742:1648 6722:1614 6713:Mark 6535:ISBN 6443:ISBN 6396:ISBN 6318:ISBN 6278:ISBN 6167:2024 5957:ISBN 5906:ISBN 5867:2023 5530:2023 5432:ch 7 5290:ch 4 5219:ISBN 4968:The 4954:and 4938:and 4828:The 4756:The 4697:news 4593:The 4364:and 4344:and 4324:The 4272:Jews 4262:and 4161:and 3803:and 3756:and 3748:and 3691:and 3633:and 3594:and 3588:Gaue 3548:Gaue 3489:The 3333:and 3301:and 3242:and 3206:and 3089:and 3072:The 2905:Main 2895:and 2852:and 2786:and 2632:Ruhr 2572:and 2510:and 2373:and 2361:and 2138:and 2120:fief 2101:army 2074:Mark 2072:and 2034:and 1949:fief 1880:The 1865:and 1830:The 1799:and 1754:Acre 1660:and 1631:Riga 1545:and 1532:see 1435:and 1360:and 1291:and 1259:and 1208:Gaue 1172:Ruhr 613:King 565:Duke 546:Nazi 6585:doi 6226:doi 5986:doi 5198:628 4680:by 4413:on 4397:by 4290:), 4196:to 4159:now 4084:). 3618:'s 3590:of 3553:Gau 3505:of 3401:of 3345:of 3230:to 3222:to 3210:to 3035:at 2762:as 1955:of 1931:by 1772:in 1752:at 1744:of 1728:in 1601:); 1099:of 1048:by 1035:to 714:to 41:or 8585:: 8002:, 7998:, 7994:, 7990:, 7986:, 7982:, 7978:, 7963:, 7959:, 7955:, 7951:, 7947:, 7943:, 7081:/ 7077:/ 7073:/ 7041:/ 7008:/ 7004:/ 6902:/ 6874:/ 6850:/ 6751:/ 6735:/ 6731:/ 6715:/ 6711:/ 6581:44 6579:. 6533:. 6272:. 6232:. 6222:38 6220:. 6000:. 5992:. 5982:39 5980:. 5888:^ 5858:. 5838:^ 5811:^ 5785:^ 5771:^ 5753:^ 5741:^ 5469:^ 5453:^ 5421:^ 5200:. 5104:. 5091:^ 5056:, 4934:, 4872:, 4776:. 4598:c. 4562:. 4520:. 4512:, 4508:, 4492:, 4488:, 4484:, 4450:, 4446:, 4431:. 4360:, 4356:, 4314:, 4298:, 4294:, 4282:, 4278:, 4274:, 3780:. 3752:. 3744:, 3740:, 3736:, 3668:. 3649:, 3645:, 3579:. 3514:. 3417:SA 3329:, 3309:; 3286:. 3254:. 3214:; 3195:. 3123:. 3085:, 3043:. 3008:. 2951:. 2911:. 2891:, 2845:. 2770:. 2643:. 2622:, 2518:. 2468:, 2435:of 2377:. 2357:, 2318:. 2264:. 2198:, 2076:. 1993:, 1967:, 1939:, 1680:, 1609:; 1605:; 1593:; 1589:; 1585:; 1569:; 1565:; 1415:, 1263:. 1223:. 1076:. 1009:: 1005:; 988:: 984:, 812:) 790:) 452:, 8280:e 8273:t 8266:v 8006:) 7976:) 7939:( 7907:e 7900:t 7893:v 7673:e 7666:t 7659:v 7143:e 7136:t 7129:v 7112:. 7050:) 7046:( 7017:) 7013:( 6911:) 6907:( 6895:) 6891:( 6883:) 6879:( 6859:) 6855:( 6839:( 6823:) 6819:( 6760:) 6756:( 6744:) 6740:( 6724:) 6720:( 6673:e 6666:t 6659:v 6591:. 6587:: 6543:. 6488:. 6456:. 6404:. 6355:. 6326:. 6240:. 6228:: 6202:) 6169:. 6148:. 6074:. 6008:. 5988:: 5965:. 5928:. 5914:. 5869:. 5593:. 5568:. 5532:. 5277:. 5108:. 5060:) 4958:. 4927:. 4916:. 4847:. 4825:. 4747:) 4741:( 4736:) 4732:( 4722:· 4715:· 4708:· 4701:· 4674:. 4617:( 4200:. 4112:( 4080:( 4045:( 4005:( 1530:( 980:/ 977:ə 974:ʃ 971:ʌ 968:r 965:p 962:ˈ 959:/ 955:( 804:( 783:( 456:) 448:( 209:" 201:" 195:: 82:) 78:( 68:) 64:( 45:. 34:. 20:)

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