Prussia - Knowledge

2139: 2382: 8378: 2511: 4215:'s population. The population grew rapidly from 45 million in 1880 to 56 million in 1900, thanks to declining mortality, even as birth rates declined. About 6 million Germans, primarily young families migrated to the United States, especially the mid-western farming regions. Their place in agriculture was often taken by young Polish farm workers. In addition, large numbers of Polish miners moved to Upper Silesia and many Germans and Poles moved to industrial jobs in the fast-growing cities especially in the Rhineland and Westphalia. In 1910, the population had increased to 40.17 million (62% of the Empire's population). In 1914, Prussia had an area of 354,490 km. In May 1939 Prussia had an area of 297,007 km and a population of 41,915,040 inhabitants. 1912: 3086:. But the empire itself had no right to collect taxes directly from its subjects; the only incomes fully under federal control were the customs duties, common excise duties, and the revenue from postal and telegraph services. While all men above age 25 were eligible to vote in imperial elections, Prussia retained its restrictive three-class voting system. This effectively required the king/emperor and prime minister/chancellor to seek majorities from legislatures elected by two different franchises. In both the kingdom and the empire, the original constituencies were never redrawn to reflect changes in population, meaning that rural areas were grossly overrepresented by the turn of the 20th century. 3874: 2734: 88: 3507: 4204: 2647: 2755:. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and conservatives and increase Prussian supremacy and influence among the German states. There has been much debate as to whether Bismarck actually planned to create a united Germany when he set out on this journey, or whether he simply took advantage of the circumstances that fell into place. Bismarck curried support from large sections of the people by promising to lead the fight for greater German unification. He successfully guided Prussia through three wars, which unified Germany and brought William the position of 4598: 8015: 3439: 3842: 3122: 988: 4635:). It pioneered the model of the research university with well-defined career tracks for professors. The United States, for example, paid close attention to German models. Families focused on educating their sons. The traditional schooling for girls was generally provided by mothers and governesses. Elite families increasingly favoured Catholic convent boarding schools for their daughters. Prussia's Kulturkampf laws in the 1870s limited Catholic schools thus providing an opening for a large number of new private schools for girls. 104: 3596: 4558: 3279: 294: 280: 266: 252: 238: 7700: 4577: 2257: 7165: 4971: 2181: 1295: 4166: 1290: 3429: 1693: 3860: 2955: 3988: 4649: 2725:, was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority, and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The constitution nevertheless contained a number of liberal elements such as the introduction of jury courts and a catalog of fundamental rights that included freedom of religion, speech and the press. 1685: 2818: 2468: 3047: 2869:. While Hanover hoped in vain for help from Britain (as they had previously been in personal union), Britain stayed out of a confrontation with a continental great power and Prussia satisfied its desire for merging the once separate territories and gaining strong economic and strategic power, particularly from the full access to the resources of the Ruhr. 1606:, the ancestral home of the Prussian ruling family. The land that the Teutonic Knights occupied was flat and covered with fertile soil. The area was perfectly suited to the large-scale raising of wheat. The rise of early Prussia was based on the raising and selling of wheat. Teutonic Prussia became known as the "bread basket of Western Europe" (in German, 2218:". The state of Brandenburg-Prussia became commonly known as "Prussia", although most of its territory, in Brandenburg, Pomerania, and western Germany, lay outside Prussia proper. The Prussian state grew in splendour during the reign of Frederick I, who sponsored the arts at the expense of the treasury. 4804:

also became the capital of the newly founded empire in 1871. The capital city resolution of 1991, which designated Berlin as the federal capital of the reunified Germany, the "Berlin Republic", stands in this tradition. Several federal institutions use buildings from former Prussian institutions, for

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whose votes were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid. In one typical election, the first class (with those who paid the most in taxes) included 4% of voters and the third class (with those who paid the least) had 82%, yet each group chose the same number of electors. The system but assured

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of Poland. As a symbol of vassalage, Albert received a standard with the Prussian coat of arms from the Polish king. The black Prussian eagle on the flag was augmented with a letter "S" (for Sigismundus) and had a crown placed around its neck as a symbol of submission to Poland. Albert I, a member of

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The states on the former territory of the Free State of Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and international law. North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest successor state to Prussia, maintains its Prussian history and remembrance culture in the

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The German states in the 19th century were world leaders in prestigious education and Prussia set the pace. For boys free public education was widely available, and the gymnasium system for elite students was highly professionalized. The modern university system emerged from the 19th century German

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Prussia nationalised its railways in the 1880s in an effort both to lower rates on freight service and to equalise those rates among shippers. Instead of lowering rates as far as possible, the government ran the railways as a profit-making endeavour, and the railway profits became a major source of

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As a result, Prussia and the German Empire were something of a paradox. Bismarck knew that his new German Empire was now a colossus and economically and militarily dominant in Europe; Britain was still dominant in finance, trade and at sea. He declared Germany a "satisfied" power, using his talents

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As a result of the peace negotiations, the states south of the Main remained theoretically independent, but received the (compulsory) protection of Prussia. Additionally, mutual defence treaties were concluded. However, the existence of these treaties was kept secret until Bismarck made them public

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Much of religious life was often conventional and superficial by any normal, human standard. The state and the bureaucracy kept their distance, preferring to spoon-feed the churches and treat them like children. They saw the churches as channels for education, as a means of instilling morality and

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on 21 March 1933 in the presence of President Paul von Hindenburg. In a propaganda-filled meeting between Hitler and the Nazi Party, the "marriage of old Prussia with young Germany" was celebrated, to win over the Prussian monarchists, conservatives and nationalists and induce them into supporting

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The German government seriously considered breaking up Prussia into smaller states, but eventually traditionalist sentiment prevailed and Prussia became by far the largest state of the Weimar Republic, comprising 60% of its territory. With the abolition of the older Prussian franchise, it became a

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on 1 October 1756. In spite of some victories afterward, his situation became far less comfortable the following years, as he failed in his attempts to knock Austria out of the war and was gradually reduced to a desperate defensive war. However, he never gave up and on 3 November 1760 the Prussian

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student movement, by students who encouraged the use of the black-red-gold flag, discussions of a unified German nation, and a progressive, liberal political system. Because of Prussia's size and economic importance, smaller states began to join its free trade area in the 1820s. Prussia benefited

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uses the Prussian House of Lords building. The Federal President has his first official residence in Bellevue Palace, the first classical building in Prussia. As the central shield of the Reich coat of arms, the Prussian state coat of arms is depicted in the gable above the main entrance to the

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in 1663, but the latter accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty. As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an

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In 1863, Denmark introduced a shared constitution for Denmark and Schleswig. This led to conflict with the German Confederation, which authorised the occupation of Holstein by the Confederation, from which Danish forces withdrew. In 1864, Prussian and Austrian forces crossed the border between

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and making full citizens of them. The school system was rearranged, and in 1818 free trade was introduced. The process of army reform ended in 1813 with the introduction of compulsory military service for men. By 1813, Prussia could mobilize almost 300,000 soldiers, more than half of which were

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Unlike its authoritarian pre-1918 predecessor, Prussia from 1918 to 1932 was a promising democracy within Germany. The abolition of the political power of the aristocracy transformed Prussia into a region strongly dominated by the left wing of the political spectrum, with "Red Berlin" and the

2437:. He built the world's best army, and usually won his many wars. He introduced a general civil code, abolished torture and established the principle that the Crown would not interfere in matters of justice. He also promoted an advanced secondary education, the forerunner of today's German 3154:

revenue for the state. The nationalisation of the railways slowed the economic development of Prussia because the state favoured the relatively backward agricultural areas in its railway building. Moreover, the railway surpluses substituted for the development of an adequate tax system.

3082:) retained their own small armies, coming under Imperial control in wartime. The imperial crown was a hereditary office of the House of Hohenzollern, the royal house of Prussia. The Minister President of Prussia was, except for two brief periods (January–November 1873 and 1892–94), also 217: 220: 211: 216: 215: 221: 214: 213: 212: 3961:

of 1655–1660 had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates. In the Duchy of Prussia he confirmed the traditional privileges of the

223: 2225:(1713–1740), the austere "Soldier King", who did not care for the arts but was thrifty and practical. He was the main creator of the vaunted Prussian bureaucracy and the professionalised standing army, which he developed into one of the most powerful in Europe. His troops 222: 218: 3065:

was a version of the North German Confederation's constitution. Officially, the German Empire was a federal state. In practice, Prussia overshadowed the rest of the empire. Prussia included three-fifths of the German territory and two-thirds of its population. The

2272:, whose accomplishments led to his reputation as "Frederick the Great". As crown prince, Frederick had focused, primarily, on philosophy and the arts. He was an accomplished flute player and composer. In 1740, Prussian troops crossed over the undefended border of 3822:

went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625. The margraves further had to yield to the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.

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Silesia, full of rich soils and prosperous manufacturing towns, became a vital region to Prussia, greatly increasing the nation's area, population, and wealth. Success on the battleground against Austria and other powers proved Prussia's status as one of the

2892:. As a result of these territorial gains, Prussia now stretched uninterrupted across the northern two-thirds of Germany and contained two-thirds of Germany's population. The German Confederation was dissolved, and Prussia impelled the 21 states north of the 3945:

chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680. Also in 1680, the

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region, the centre of Germany's fledgling industrialisation, especially in the arms industry. These territorial gains also meant the doubling of Prussia's population. In exchange, Prussia withdrew from areas of central Poland to allow the creation of

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of Europe. The Silesian Wars began more than a century of rivalry and conflict between Prussia and Austria as the two most powerful states operating within the Holy Roman Empire (although both had extensive territory outside the empire). In 1744, the

3894:(Privy Council for the Electorate), which instead of the estates would function as the supreme advisory council for the elector. While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651, owing to the 1823:

officially formed in northern Europe in 1356 as a group of trading cities. This League came to hold a monopoly on all trade leaving the interior of Europe and Scandinavia and on all sailing trade in the Baltic Sea for foreign countries.

1835:(German eastward expansion) process, settlers were invited, bringing changes in the ethnic composition as well as in language, culture, and law of the eastern borders of the German lands. As a majority of these settlers were Germans, 4105:), was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The 3353:, who was Prussian minister-president almost continuously from 1920 to 1932, is considered one of the most capable Social Democrats in history. He implemented several trend-setting reforms together with his minister of the interior, 5040:

Prūsa is the word for Baltic Prussia, which is Prussia without the German part of it, Brandenburg-Pomerania. Meanwhile, Prūsija is the word for the German state of Prussia, which is the Prussia most people know about. (Sources:

4139:) that became models for the later Federal Republic of Germany. For instance, a Prussian prime minister could only be forced out of office if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the 4934:

The Rhineland Regional Association in North Rhine-Westphalia - in continuation of the tradition of the Rhine Province and its provincial association - also has the Prussian eagle in the upper part of its association coat of

3957:), which from 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation with the estates. The conclusion of the 2932:(Federal Council) was appointed by the state governments. The Bundesrat was, in practice, the stronger chamber. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes, and could easily control proceedings through alliances with the other states. 2903:

Prussia was the dominant state in the new confederation, as the kingdom comprised almost four-fifths of the new state's territory and population. Prussia's near-total control over the confederation was secured in the

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of Brandenburg. When Albert Frederick died in 1618 without male heirs, John Sigismund was granted the right of succession to the Duchy of Prussia, then still a Polish fief. From this time the Duchy of Prussia was in

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was introduced only between 1716 and 1720. Owing to Frederick William I's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign, and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in France.

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in Brandenburg-Prussia, an achievement for which he became known as the "Great Elector". Above all, he emphasised the importance of a powerful military to protect the state's disconnected territories, while the

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Bismarck realised that the dual administration of Schleswig and Holstein was only a temporary solution, and tensions rose between Prussia and Austria. The struggle for supremacy in Germany then led to the

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of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed. Prussia suffered a devastating defeat against

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During the period of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed Prussian nobility, from which the

2554:. Beyond that, the king was obliged to pay a large indemnity, to cap his army at 42,000 men, and to let the French garrison troops throughout Prussia, effectively making the kingdom a French satellite. 3661:

was initially content to retain the name, Russians having a different historical view of their neighbour and sometime former ally. Nonetheless, by Law No. 46, which was accepted and implemented by the

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In the tradition of the 1st Guards Regiment on Foot, which was introduced in 1806 as the personal regiment of the King of Prussia, the guard battalion at the Federal Ministry of Defense has followed.

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Prussia contained a relatively large Jewish community, which was mostly concentrated in large urban areas. According to the 1880 census, it was the biggest one in Germany with 363,790 individuals.

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offered Frederick William the crown of a united Germany, he refused on the grounds that he would not accept a crown from a revolutionary assembly without the sanction of Germany's other monarchs.

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emerged from the Evangelical Church of the Union, a church association of the Old Prussian Protestant regional churches, i.e. H. of the churches whose area already belonged to Prussia before 1866

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made it easier, only half a year later, for Hitler to take power decisively in Germany, since he had the whole apparatus of the Prussian government, including the police, at his disposal.

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in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating

3394:, which was still part of Prussia at that time) and by using fabricated evidence that the Social Democrats and the Communists were planning a joint "putsch". The Defence Minister General 5913:

Patrick R. Galloway, Eugene A. Hammel, and Ronald D. Lee, "Fertility decline in Prussia, 1875–1910: A pooled cross-section time series analysis." Population studies 48.1 (1994): 135-158

4597: 7660: 4825:, which only allows the head of government to be voted out if a new successor is simultaneously elected, is directly based on a constitutional regulation of the Free State of Prussia. 4143:, became part of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. Historians regard the Prussian government during the 1920s as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole. 4846:, the presentation march of Friedrich Wilhelm III is a regular part of the federal diplomatic protocol at the reception with military honors and the marching down the front of the 917:

The heads of state listed here are the first and last to hold each title over time. For more information, see individual Prussian state articles (links in above History section).

3564:" ("Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz"), certain exchanges of territory took place. Prussia was extended on 1 April 1937, for instance, by the incorporation of the Free and Hanseatic City of 3553:

This centralising policy went even further in Prussia. From 1934 to 1945, almost all ministries were merged and only a few departments were able to maintain their independence.

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In the last 23 years of his reign until 1786, Frederick II, who understood himself as the "first servant of the state", promoted the development of Prussian areas such as the

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reduced to provinces of the monarchy. Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, but his firstborn son Frederick III (I), with the

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The Prussian government and administration model was decisive for a large number of political institutions at the state level and is still expressed today in terms such as

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was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674. From 1704 the Prussian estates

3330:. Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered. Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some rural areas, the 3361:. For instance, a Prussian minister-president could be forced out of office only if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the 3386:, the government of the Reich deposed the Prussian government on 20 July 1932, under the pretext that the latter had lost control of public order in Prussia (during the 1232:, was officially abolished by an Allied declaration in 1947. The international status of the former eastern territories of the Kingdom of Prussia was disputed until the 1151:

shortly after becoming a kingdom. It became increasingly large and powerful in the 18th and 19th centuries. It had a major voice in European affairs under the reign of

3342:, the Nazi Party in 1932 became the largest party in most parts of the Free State of Prussia. However, the democratic parties in coalition remained a majority, while 3139:. He turned out to be a man of limited experience, narrow and reactionary views, poor judgment, and occasional bad temper, which alienated former friends and allies. 8377: 2657:

The first half of the 19th century saw a prolonged struggle in Germany between liberals, who wanted a united, federal Germany under a democratic constitution, and

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lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen. Subsequently, it was effectively dismantled into Nazi German

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river, later sometimes called "Prussia proper". For the first time, these lands came into the hands of a branch of the Hohenzollern family, who already ruled the

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of variable quality. The rest consisted of regular soldiers that were deemed excellent by most observers, and very determined to repair the humiliation of 1806.

2783:. When the Danish government tried to integrate Schleswig, but not Holstein, into the Danish state, Prussia led the German Confederation against Denmark in the 2418:

with Austria and Russia in 1772, an act that geographically connected the Brandenburg territories with those of Prussia proper. The partition also added Polish

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agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but before 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.

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of 1599, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was established, called

1233: 3780:. The fundamental goal of this institution is protecting the cultural legacy of Prussia. As of 2021, it continues to operate from its headquarters in Berlin. 7894: 3703: 3311:

stronghold of the left. Its incorporation of "Red Berlin" and the industrialised Ruhr Area, both with working-class majorities, ensured left-wing dominance.

2865:. The century-long struggle between Berlin and Vienna for the dominance of Germany was now over. As a sideshow in this war, Prussia defeated Hanover in the 5575: 8582: 4557: 3698: 8404: 8184: 7861: 7616: 6564:

Wheeler, Nicholas C. (October 2011). "The Noble Enterprise of State Building Reconsidering the Rise and Fall of the Modem State in Prussia and Poland".

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as a subject of international law is identical to the federal state initiated and dominated by Prussia, which was founded in 1867 under the name of the

6653: 4543:, East Prussia, most of Pomerania and Silesia, and the eastern part of Brandenburg were either annexed by the Soviet Union or given to Poland, and the 4128:

exerting major influence. During this period a coalition of centre-left parties ruled, predominantly under the leadership (1920–1932) of East Prussian

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said later: "Prussia, is not a state with an army, but an army with a state." Frederick William also settled more than 20,000 Protestant refugees from

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Prussia. During this period, he also opened Prussia's borders to immigrants fleeing from religious persecution in other parts of Europe, such as the

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according to the amount of taxes paid. This assured dominance by the more well-to-do elements of the population. The upper house (First Chamber or

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on the former territory of the Free State of Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and

3905:, the various territories of Brandenburg-Prussia remained politically independent from each other, connected only by the common feudal superior. 6087:"Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German‐Speaking Europe and the U.S." 2857:, most north German states, and some smaller central German states. Eventually, the better-armed Prussian troops won the crucial victory at the 1259:" have often been used, especially outside Germany, to denote the militarism, military professionalism, aggressiveness, and conservatism of the 5965:

Clark, Christopher (1996). "Confessional Policy and the Limits of State Action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817-40".

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In 1925, 64.9% of the Prussian population was Protestant, 31.3% was Catholic, 1.1% was Jewish, 2.7% was placed in other religious categories.

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as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved unfeasible. Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (

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and trade abroad. This meant that Poland and Lithuania would be traditional enemies of Prussia, which was still called the Teutonic Knights.

1334: 3398:, who was the prime mover behind the coup manufactured evidence that the Prussian police under Braun's orders were favouring the Communist 8260: 7116: 3906: 2381: 2143: 4406:. Time passed by, and the French Reformed assimilated into the wider Protestant community in Prussia. East Prussia's southern region of 3372:

In contrast to its pre-war authoritarianism, Prussia was a pillar of democracy in the Weimar Republic. This system was destroyed by the

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On 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, elevated Prussia from a duchy to a kingdom and crowned himself King

8607: 6829: 6614: 6596: 1159:(1814–15), which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia acquired rich new territories, including the coal-rich 7887: 5236:

Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410–1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), 1–22.

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himself became formally the governor of Prussia. However, his functions were exercised by Hermann Göring as Prussian prime minister.

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of 1918, Wilhelm II abdicated as German Emperor and King of Prussia. Prussia was proclaimed a "Free State" (i.e. a republic, German:

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with a black cross with gold insert and black imperial eagle. The combination of the black and white colours with the white and red

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between three of the Allies: the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. This included important Prussian cities like

3109: 3004:") to the question of uniting all German-speaking peoples into one state, because it excluded Austria, which remained connected to 2430:. Prussia became a safe haven in much the same way that the United States welcomed immigrants seeking freedom in the 19th century. 2246: 1688:

Situation after the conquest in the late 13th century. Areas in purple under control of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

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relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so. In 1682 the elector introduced an

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After the appointment of Hitler as the new chancellor, the Nazis used the absence of Franz von Papen as an opportunity to appoint

8602: 5002: 4958: 4865:, Federal Defense Ministers and senior military officers, is largely composed of traditional elements of Prussian military music. 4398:

opened the country to the fleeing French Calvinist refugees. In Berlin, they built and worshipped at their own church called the

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from the Lutheran to the Calvinist church. Lutherans and Calvinist congregations all over the kingdom were merged in 1817 by the

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gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class starting in 1930. Except for Catholic

3331: 2041: 4524:. Poles in this Polish-majority province (62% Polish, 38% German) resisted German rule. Also, the southeast portion of Silesia ( 2787:(1848–1851). Because Russia supported Austria, Prussia also conceded predominance in the German Confederation to Austria in the 2011:, since the 15th century. Furthermore, with his renunciation of the Order, Albert could now marry and produce legitimate heirs. 1167:

in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that

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Avraham, Doron (October 2008). "The Social and Religious Meaning of Nationalism: The Case of Prussian Conservatism 1815–1871".

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In 1871, approximately 2.4 million Poles lived in Prussia, constituting the largest minority. Other minorities were Jews,

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during the period of time from 1356 (official founding of the Hanseatic League) until the decline of the League in about 1500.

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was introduced in 1792 when Prussia was a Kingdom; the Minister-Presidents shown here are the heads of the Prussian republic.

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were the peak of Prussia's fortunes, but the seeds for potential strife were built into the Prusso-German political system.

7880: 4451:, although this is not the case of eastern Silesia as the majority of Catholics there were German. During the 19th-century 4423:

After 1814, Prussia contained millions of Catholics in the west and in the east. There were substantial populations in the

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had become highly dependent on the estates (representing counts, lords, knights, and towns, but not prelates, owing to the

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and whose territories included non-German populations. On 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of King

2993:, Württemberg and Bavaria, which had remained outside the North German Confederation, accepted incorporation into a united 1870: 5942:

Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar

3676:(officially, the German Democratic Republic) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were reorganised into the states of 3369:. Most historians regard the Prussian government during this time as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole. 2510: 1877:, a coalition of Hanseatic cities of western Prussia, rebelled against the Order and requested help from the Polish king, 8592: 8156: 8046: 8041: 7833: 7726: 7721: 7251: 7246: 6185:

Verwaltungsstrukturreformen in den deutschen Bundesländern. Radikale Reformen auf der Ebene der staatlichen Mittelinstanz

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H. M. Scott, "Aping the Great Powers: Frederick the Great and the Defence of Prussia's International Position 1763–86",

3534:(Reich Governors) who were appointed by the chancellor. Parallel to that, the organisation of the party into districts ( 8351: 8326: 8321: 7139: 6605: 6401:(1967) covers 1603–1702; pp. 144–177 for Prussia; pp. 178–200 for other Germany; pp. 111–143 for Austria 4818: 4140: 4129: 3815: 3468: 3362: 3315: 2226: 1987: 1085: 4713: 4455:, Prussian Catholics were forbidden from fulfilling any official functions for the state and were largely distrusted. 2462: 6776: 5211: 4732: 4086: 3062: 3013: 2710: 2641: 2135:

now held a territory free of any feudal obligations, which constituted the basis for their later elevation to kings.

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of the Bundeswehr, is derived from the Prussian Guard Star, which went back to the eight-pointed breast star of the

4685: 2072:(1618–1648), various armies repeatedly marched across the disconnected Hohenzollern lands, especially the occupying 8141: 7818: 7446: 7291: 4539:

was granted not only these two areas, but also areas with a German majority in the province of West Prussia. After

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in 1538). The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were in the hands of the

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control on Prussia. Papen appointed himself Reich commissioner for Prussia and took control of the government. The

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as part of an alleged plan to foment a Marxist revolution, which he used to get an emergency decree from President

3101: 3094:. Bismarck did not set up his own party. He had mixed success in some of his domestic policies. His anti-Catholic 2584: 2515: 2492: 1610:, or granary). The port cities which rose on the back of this wheat production included: Stettin in Pomerania (now 1508: 8014: 5506: 2977:, Bismarck took advantage of an incident in which the French ambassador had approached William. The government of 2872:

Bismarck desired Austria as an ally in the future, and so he declined to annex any Austrian territory. But in the

2665:

competing for influence. One small movement that signalled a desire for German unification in this period was the

2596: 8597: 2970: 2682: 2651: 2480: 1911: 1225: 7699: 3521: 3303: 1021: 8346: 7980: 7094: 6990: 6527: 6388: 5572: 4692: 4670: 4564: 4090: 4078: 4074: 3181: 3029: 2715: 2701: 2690: 2340: 2300: 2293: 2261: 2222: 1961: 1925: 1850:. Their initially close relationship with the Polish Crown deteriorated after they conquered Polish-controlled 1777: 1591: 1092: – conquered the lands inhabited by them. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of 4768:

Despite its dissolution in 1947, many aspects of Prussia have been preserved to this day in everyday life, in

2116: 1881:. The Teutonic Knights were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of, and to pay tribute to Casimir IV in the 8359: 8276: 4997: 4632: 4011: 3799: 3721:(officially, the Federal Republic of Germany) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were divided up among 3689: 3115: 2830:(1866), triggered by the dispute over Schleswig and Holstein, with Bismarck using proposed injustices as the 2752: 2203: 1205: 649: 2876:

in 1866, Prussia annexed four of Austria's allies in northern and central Germany – Hanover,

8538: 6252: 5175: 3777: 3766: 3524:" ("Reichsstatthaltergesetz", 30 January 1935) the states were dissolved, in fact if not in law. The state 2866: 2862: 2351: 1882: 1697: 1121: 6409: 5630:

Rainer Fremdling, "Freight Rates and State Budget: The Role of the National Prussian Railways 1880–1913",

4887:

Social Minister Alwin Ziel suggested naming the planned new federal state of Berlin-Brandenburg "Prussia".

2546:

in 1807, the state lost about one-third of its area, including the areas gained from the second and third

1216:

that made up a significant part of Prussia lost the majority of their German population after 1945 as the

8612: 8133: 7903: 7810: 7512: 7164: 6725: 5914: 4699: 3873: 3487: 3108:. He tried to destroy the socialist movement, with limited success. The large Polish population resisted 3100:

inside Prussia (and not the wider German state) was a failure. He ended his support for the anticlerical

1889:) to Poland in the process. Pursuant to the Second Peace of Thorn, two Prussian states were established. 1328: 1217: 1101: 8548: 7958: 6737: 4576: 3746: 2985:. However, honouring their treaties, the German states joined forces and quickly defeated France in the 2003:

Protestant and secularized the Order's Prussian territories. This was the area east of the mouth of the

8475: 8467: 8311: 8125: 7802: 7638: 7499: 6881: 6692: 5007: 4931:. Today's North Rhine-Westphalia regional associations go back to the Prussian provincial associations. 4790: 4366: 4300: 3343: 3132: 3125: 3118:

became emperor in March 1888, after the death of his father, but he died of cancer only 99 days later.

2897: 2686: 2562: 2504: 2484: 2008: 1916: 1484: 1350: 1322: 1164: 635: 285: 5435: 1163:. The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the 8498: 8151: 7828: 7581: 7031: 7027: 6897: 6869: 4806: 4625: 4066: 3776:

was established and implemented by federal statutes in West Germany in response to a ruling from the

3491: 2959: 2928: 2905: 2858: 2744: 2733: 2522: 2488: 2442: 2415: 2147: 572: 8004: 7199: 4681: 4151: 2842: 2799:. The Austro-Prussian forces defeated the Danes, who surrendered both territories. In the resulting 2661:, who wanted to maintain Germany as a patchwork of independent, monarchical states with Prussia and 8533: 8523: 8449: 8051: 7949: 7945: 7731: 7553: 7461: 7256: 6982: 6860: 6766: 6638: 4877: 4869: 4666: 4354: 4031: 3506: 3327: 3136: 2619:

and some other territories. These western lands were of vital importance because they included the

2565:

set about modernising the Prussian state. Among their reforms were the liberation of peasants from

2535: 2458: 2343: 1813: 1730: 1511:

in 1813, was also commonly associated with the country. The region, originally populated by Baltic

1496: 982: 20: 6168: 5186: 3575:. However, most of this territory was not reintegrated back into Prussia but assigned to separate 2912:, assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him. The presidency was a hereditary office of the 2803:

of 1865 Prussia took over the administration of Schleswig while Austria assumed that of Holstein.

2704:

by his own authority in 1850. This conservative document provided for a two-house parliament, the

2599:

contributed crucially (alongside the British and Dutch) to the final victory over Napoleon at the

8331: 8306: 7933: 7108: 6928: 6679: 6620: 4659: 4342: 4203: 4135:. While in office Braun implemented several reforms (together with his Minister of the Interior, 4098: 4054: 3714: 3323: 3148: 2796: 2721: 2269: 2030: 1983: 1437: 1241: 1152: 545: 518: 193: 109: 6591: 6404:

Hornung, Erik. "Immigration and the diffusion of technology: The Huguenot diaspora in Prussia."

5090: 4109:, formed in response to the German revolutions of 1848–1849, aided the conservative government. 3268: 3001: 2981:, expecting another civil war among the German states, declared war against Prussia, continuing 2788: 2370:, a close friend of the king, once described Frederick the Great's Prussia by saying "...it was 1515:

who were Christianised, became a favoured location for immigration by (later mainly Protestant)

1265:

class of landed aristocrats in the East who dominated first Prussia and then the German Empire.

8528: 8493: 8216: 8146: 7988: 7823: 7606: 7576: 7543: 7003: 6961: 6761: 5301:

Rodney Gothelf, "Frederick William I and the beginnings of Prussian absolutism, 1713–1740." in

4754: 4536: 4383: 4350: 4106: 4003: 3803: 3722: 3669: 3662: 3571:

The Prussian lands transferred to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles were re-annexed during

3319: 3295: 3240: 3105: 3055: 3009: 2885: 2873: 2784: 2434: 2292:(1744–1745) have, historically, been grouped together with the general European war called the 2195: 2184: 2104: 1874: 1500: 1229: 620: 587: 386: 6933: 6796: 3761:

separate from the rest of Western Germany, was admitted to the Federal Republic of Germany as

3400: 3079: 1975: 1476: 8336: 8120: 8089: 7797: 7769: 7535: 7441: 7383: 7067: 7063: 7016: 6852: 4913: 4862: 4603: 4224: 4118: 3917:, started to centralise the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the 3829: 3291: 3163: 3083: 2913: 2400: 2347: 2132: 1996: 1674: 1603: 1599: 1551: 1547: 1409: 1372: 1191: 1042: 756: 350: 8245: 6419: 4528:) had a Polish majority. But Catholics and Jews did not have equal status with Protestants. 3929:. The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates ( 1634:, Lithuania). Wheat production and trade brought Prussia into a close relationship with the 8485: 8454: 8434: 8291: 8056: 8036: 8031: 7962: 7736: 7716: 7568: 7391: 7375: 7261: 7236: 7231: 7036: 6946: 6910: 6741: 6705: 6055:

Karl A. Schleunes, "Enlightenment, reform, reaction: the schooling revolution in Prussia."

4979: 4858: 4568: 4532: 4521: 4240: 4058: 4015: 3902: 3895: 3832: 3734: 3707: 3654: 3615: 3500: 3471:

of 5 March 1933 strengthened the position of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (

3387: 3224: 3204: 3188: 3067: 3025: 2990: 2982: 2966: 2780: 2694: 2629: 2547: 2355: 2069: 1878: 1738: 1710: 1555: 1460: 1038: 1007: 790: 704: 271: 7872: 5258:

Francis L. Carsten, "The Great Elector and the foundation of the Hohenzollern despotism."

4909: 3754: 3742: 3550:) was again appointed by the chancellor who was at the same time chief of the Nazi Party. 8: 8439: 8316: 8200: 7984: 7941: 7399: 7215: 6994: 6974: 6956: 6730: 6721: 6510:

Schulze, Hagen, and Philip G. Dwyer. "Democratic Prussia in Weimar Germany, 1919–33." in

4432: 4387: 3995: 3991: 3958: 3789: 3580: 3561: 3510: 3409: 3395: 3248: 2986: 2949: 2877: 2827: 2812: 2678: 2646: 2570: 2472: 2441:(grammar school) system, which prepares the brightest pupils for university studies. The 2386: 2327: 2289: 2162:(1685) opened Brandenburg-Prussia for the immigration of Protestant refugees (especially 2112: 2050: 2020: 1941: 1765:

in 1219 and 1222. In 1226 Duke Konrad invited the Teutonic Knights to conquer the Baltic

1750: 1579: 1360: 1346: 1182:

The Kingdom ended in 1918 along with other German monarchies that were terminated by the

1137: 730: 700: 526: 406: 391: 381: 5928:

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany During the Nineteenth Century

5180: 3438: 2700:

The Frankfurt Parliament was forced to dissolve in 1849, and Frederick William issued a

2241:

in thinly populated East Prussia, which was eventually extended to the west bank of the

2053:, consisted of geographically disconnected territories in Prussia, Brandenburg, and the 1967: 1897:

would evolve to take a major role in the militarization of Prussia and, later, Germany.

8079: 7976: 7923: 7918: 7759: 7684: 7281: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7071: 7051: 7043: 6951: 6917: 6788: 6753: 6746: 6541: 6505: 6485: 6373: 6363: 6353: 6236: 6222: 5990: 5982: 4920: 4811: 4155: 4077:

dated from 1848, but was only briefly in effect as it had been forced on the king. The

3793: 3738: 3608: 3479: 3299: 3091: 3005: 2889: 2850: 2838: 2800: 2779:, both of which had close ties with each other, although only Holstein was part of the 2772: 2705: 2604: 2600: 2543: 2438: 2331: 2323: 2311: 2297: 2285: 2230: 2175: 2128: 1863: 1847: 1773: 1670: 1575: 1559: 1415: 1366: 1156: 1141: 1062: 1054: 743: 401: 396: 6538:

The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815

6187:. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15774-0, S. 162 ( 4337:. The majority of the Prussian population was Lutheran, although there were dispersed 3841: 3208: 3121: 2909: 1395: 8421: 8296: 7999: 7968: 7689: 7359: 7286: 7189: 7086: 6845: 6840: 6824: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6577: 6523: 6474: 6431: 6384: 6381:

A History of Modern Germany (3 vol 1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840

6317: 6306: 6266: 6258: 6249:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

6226: 5994: 5945: 5894: 5207: 4750: 4746: 4706: 4517: 4444: 4374:

obedience, or for propagating useful things, just like bee-keeping or potato-farming.

4211:

In 1871, Prussia's population numbered 24.69 million, accounting for 60% of the

4147: 4046: 3758: 3627: 3600: 3530: 3287: 3252: 3228: 3169: 2937: 2846: 2776: 2748: 2737: 2616: 2500: 2359: 2277: 2250: 2207: 2154: 2024: 1991: 1929: 1762: 1183: 1058: 1025: 888: 514: 491: 433: 371: 257: 243: 156: 68: 6280: 5546: 5109:

When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers

3464: 3383: 1792:). Around 1252 they finished the conquest of the northernmost Prussian tribe of the 1201: 683: 8577: 8543: 7479: 7314: 6888: 6710: 6687: 6573: 6449:

Muncy, Lysbeth W. "The Junkers and the Prussian Administration from 1918 to 1939."

6214: 5974: 4924: 4880:. The guard star can also be found on the bell trees of the Bundeswehr music corps. 4583: 4399: 4362: 4314: 3963: 3604: 3075: 2854: 2336: 2166:), and he established a bureaucracy to carry out state administration efficiently. 2159: 2124: 2120: 1957: 1906: 1894: 1820: 1776:, the Order established an independent state that came to control Prūsa. After the 1758: 1726: 1666: 1642: 1635: 1595: 1583: 1468: 1456: 1452: 1340: 1281: 1170: 1129: 1089: 1077: 947: 883: 717: 376: 7346: 3374: 8074: 7754: 7489: 7469: 7451: 7330: 7322: 7299: 7154: 7059: 6697: 6609: 6464: 6425: 6300: 6296: 6101:

Aneta Niewęgłowska, "Secondary Schools for Girls in Western Prussia, 1807-1911."

5579: 4544: 4369:, which came under tight royal control. In Protestant regions, writes Nipperdey: 3603:(in dark green) that are completely or mostly situated inside the old borders of 3595: 3391: 3379: 3272: 3260: 3177: 3021: 2881: 2662: 2625: 2588: 2551: 2454: 2215: 2211: 2188: 2100: 2058: 1953: 1809: 1754: 1441: 1187: 1133: 1028: 974: 869: 668: 601: 553: 537: 486: 476: 366: 361: 337: 93: 54: 6602: 2414:. At the same time he built up Prussia's military power and participated in the 8444: 8429: 8394: 8174: 8102: 8094: 8084: 7972: 7851: 7779: 7774: 7764: 7601: 7407: 7367: 7304: 6966: 6701: 6551: 6350:

Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815–1871

6329:

Glees, Anthony. "Albert C. Grzesinski and the politics of Prussia, 1926–1930."

6134: 5844: 4902: 4513: 4403: 4346: 4318: 4165: 3910: 3483: 3405: 3220: 3216: 2756: 2666: 2526: 2363: 2123:(November 1656). In 1657 the Polish king renewed this grant in the treaties of 2073: 2062: 2046: 2038: 1859: 1304: 503: 6290: 5978: 2916:

rulers of Prussia. There was also a two-house parliament. The lower house, or

2153:

Frederick William I succeeded in organizing the electorate by establishing an

170: 8571: 7520: 7436: 7431: 7338: 6876: 6218: 6033:

Grundriss der Statistik. II. Gesellschaftsstatistik by Wilhelm Winkler, p. 36

4898: 4847: 4794: 4611: 4525: 4448: 4411: 4304: 4280: 4228: 4212: 4136: 3681: 3658: 3354: 3339: 3278: 3236: 3071: 3041: 2994: 2719:

dominance by the more well-to-do men of the population. The upper house, the

2419: 2319: 2315: 2304: 2303:

had died on 20 October 1740. He was succeeded to the throne by his daughter,

2281: 2089: 1933: 1886: 1766: 1587: 1563: 1531: 1512: 1354: 1316: 1125: 1105: 1073: 1046: 1011: 876: 523: 499: 299: 6625: 4857:

The Bundeswehr's Great Tattoo, played particularly when bidding farewell to

3635: 2081: 1623: 1050: 315: 8232: 8223: 8112: 7992: 7937: 7789: 6998: 6864: 4985: 4540: 4478: 4436: 4268: 4178: 4082: 3726: 3718: 3673: 3572: 3554: 3536: 3432: 3335: 3264: 3232: 2978: 2974: 2893: 2658: 2256: 2199: 1801: 1742: 1718: 1221: 1209: 1113: 995: 862: 540: 181: 127: 4873: 3814:(Great Committee) of the estates. This was because of concessions made by 3070:

was, in practice, an enlarged Prussian army, although the other kingdoms (

2973:

to the Spanish throne was escalated both by France and Bismarck. With his

1389: 293: 279: 265: 251: 237: 8023: 7708: 6892: 5046: 4991: 4970: 4884: 4843: 4490: 4452: 4391: 4330: 4322: 4308: 3848: 3677: 3283: 3282:

Federal states of the Weimar Republic, with Prussia in light gray. After

3096: 2831: 2496: 2395: 2318:(the northwestern half of Silesia). In the next year, 1742, he conquered 2180: 2000: 1921: 1830: 1745:. In 1225 he expelled them, and they transferred their operations to the 1627: 1535: 1524: 1491: 1480: 1445: 1425: 1277: 1256: 1249: 1148: 1109: 7668: 5567:

Henry A. Kissinger, "The white revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck."

5353:

Robert A. Kahn, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (1974) p. 96.

4207:

Ethnic structure of the eastern regions of Prussia between 1817 and 1823

4182: 3665:

on 25 February 1947, Prussia was officially proclaimed to be dissolved.

2539: 2084:, the historic capital of the Duchy of Prussia, in 1637. His successor, 1805: 1684: 1631: 8514: 8386: 8166: 7843: 7241: 6454: 6086: 6060: 5986: 5889:

Büsch, Otto; Ilja Mieck; Wolfgang Neugebauer (1992). Otto Büsch (ed.).

5554: 5042: 4833: 4829: 4673: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4502: 4482: 4428: 4326: 4288: 4232: 4174: 4170: 4132: 3914: 3584: 3428: 3350: 3256: 2671: 2612: 2354:, was finally able to hold the whole of Silesia against a coalition of 2233:. In view of the size of the army in relation to the total population, 1836: 1746: 1714: 1654: 1504: 1464: 1294: 1245: 1224:

both absorbed these territories and had most of its German inhabitants

900: 511: 496: 462: 356: 6427:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)

6334: 5263: 5125: 3475:

or "Nazi" Party), although they did not achieve an absolute majority.

3259:

was created mainly from formerly Prussian territories, except present

2989:

in 1870. Following victory under Bismarck's and Prussia's leadership,

2607:

was the recovery of her lost territories, as well as the whole of the

2538:, leading Frederick William III and his family to flee temporarily to 2276:

and rapidly conquered the region. Silesia was the richest province of

2111:

from the Polish crown. In January 1656, during the first phase of the

1692: 1289: 1228:

by 1950. Prussia, deemed "a bearer of militarism and reaction" by the

4758: 4486: 4424: 4417: 4338: 4334: 4252: 4236: 4125: 3619: 3546: 3520:" ("Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs", 30 January 1934) and the " 3212: 2954: 2608: 2483:(1786–1797), Prussia annexed additional Polish territory through the 2427: 2411: 2054: 1851: 1797: 1793: 1650: 1567: 1237: 1093: 442: 6668: 4648: 4186: 4026:). This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories' 3987: 3859: 3565: 3467:

federal commissioner for the Prussian ministry of the interior. The

3244: 2714:

was elected by all males over the age of 25. They were divided into

1979: 1855: 1615: 5031:

Monarchy abolished in 1918, abolished as a state of Germany in 1947

4762: 4494: 4474: 4414: 4379: 4284: 4272: 4264: 3979:

to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg, while in Cleves and Mark an

3762: 3626:, were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union in 1945 owing to the 3157: 2923: 2576: 2531: 2404: 2367: 2238: 2163: 2049:

with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The resulting state, known as

1734: 1611: 1081: 1016: 774: 529: 506: 452: 438: 7138: 5888: 2908:

drafted for it by Bismarck in 1867. Executive power was held by a

1128:, becoming a province of Poland, and the eastern part, called the 1022:

an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government

8399: 8301: 8179: 7856: 7611: 6836: 4928: 4786: 4769: 4631:

universities, especially Friedrich Wilhelm University (now named

4440: 4407: 4159: 3818:

in 1541 in return for financial aid by the estates; however, the

3643: 3639: 3623: 3495: 3358: 3200: 3196: 2817: 2768: 2566: 2273: 2004: 1789: 1781: 1722: 1516: 1405: 1176: 1117: 1033: 1003: 796: 471: 457: 5593:

Bismarck's first war: the campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864

5545: 5070:

Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.).

4785:

In the federal government according to the prevailing view, the

4359:

John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg and Grand Duke of Prussia

4341:

minorities in central and western parts of the state especially

3757:. The Saar region, which had been administered by the French as 3528:

were abolished and the state governments were now controlled by

2467: 2445:

was emulated in various countries, including the United States.

2339:. Despite being several times on the verge of defeat Frederick, 8341: 7929: 6771: 6302:

The Other Prussia. Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772

4944: 4801: 4498: 4248: 3783: 3631: 3540:) gained increasing importance, as the official in charge of a 3017: 2670:

greatly from the creation in 1834 of the German Customs Union (

2595:) against the French occupation. Prussian troops under Marshal 2375: 2371: 2268:

Frederick William I died in 1740 and was succeeded by his son,

2096: 1843: 1785: 1646: 1472: 1421: 1401: 1310: 1097: 534: 322: 31: 27: 6621:

Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens Berlin-Brandenburg

6326:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); 157pp. Emphasis on historiography. 4014:'s backing, succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the 4006:(reign: 1688–1713), the Brandenburg Prussian territories were 3653:

As part of their wartime goals, the Western allies sought the

3314:

From 1919 to 1932, Prussia was governed by a coalition of the

3135:

after a difficult youth and conflicts with his British mother

2837:

On the Austrian side stood the south German states (including

2628:

under Russian sovereignty. In 1815 Prussia became part of the

2029:

Brandenburg and Prussia united two generations later. In 1594

1858:

in 1308. Eventually, Poland and Lithuania, allied through the

1200:

in 1935. Nevertheless, some Prussian ministries were kept and

8275: 8066: 7746: 6370:

The state and the industrial revolution in Prussia, 1740–1870

6324:

Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806: The Rise of a Composite State

4940: 4773: 4506: 4470: 4361:

declared himself for the Calvinist creed and transferred the

4256: 4244: 3750: 3730: 3472: 3192: 3187:

Almost all of Germany's territorial losses, specified in the

3046: 2587:, Prussia quit its alliance with France and took part in the 2242: 1780:

joined the Teutonic Order in 1237, the Order also controlled

1503:

in 1701, was often associated with the whole of Prussia. The

1010:, also occupying southern and eastern regions. It formed the 5461: 5459: 5445: 5443: 5290:

The administrative reforms of Frederick William I of Prussia

4223:

Apart from ethnic Germans the country was inhabited also by

4038:) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local 3925:) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the 3909:(ruled 1640–1688), who envisioned the transformation of the 2422:

to the kingdom, allowing Frederick to re-style himself King

2107:

of Poland for the Duchy of Prussia, which was still held in

7902: 5413: 5411: 4260: 3810:, an institution not controlled by the elector, and of the 2674:), which included most German states but excluded Austria. 2620: 2525:, but remained quiet for more than a decade because of the 2108: 1937: 1812:

defined the final border between Prussia and the adjoining

1619: 1196: 1160: 965: 5893:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 42. 1842:

The Knights of the Teutonic Order were subordinate to the

1641:

The expansion of Prussia based on its connection with the

962: 6471:

Weimar Prussia, 1918–1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy

6263:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

5870:

Weimar Prussia, 1918-1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy

5456: 5440: 5072:

Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung

1483:, resulted in the black-white-red commercial flag of the 1236:

in 1990, but its return to Germany remains a cause among

959: 5408: 5185:. New York: The Polish Book Importing Company. pp. 3326:; from 1921 to 1925, coalition governments included the 6360:

The social foundations of German unification, 1858–1871

5111:, (University of Michigan Press, 2002), pp 27, 225–228. 3000:

The empire was a "Lesser German" solution (in German, "

2403:

fell to Prussia following the extinction of its ruling

6383:. Vol. 3: 1840–1945. Princeton University Press. 4638: 3516:

In the centralised state created by the Nazis in the "

2771:

was at the time in personal union with the Duchies of

1487:, which became the flag of the German Empire in 1871. 1234:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1175:

and other Prussian élites identified more and more as

6022:

Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914

4516:, where the Polish nation had originated, became the 6074:

State, society, and university in Germany: 1700-1914

3263:

district, which was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

2314:

on 10 April 1741, Frederick succeeded in conquering

956: 953: 6482:

Weimar Prussia, 1925–1933: The Illusion of Strength

1990:and received the title "Duke of Prussia" from King 1924:. After admitting the dependence of Prussia to the 950: 6399:Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century 6235: 6169:Präsentiermarsch Friedrich Wilhelms III. auf 4761:that the Free State of Prussia concluded with the 3650:, mostly to the Western zones, or was driven out. 2791:in 1850, resulting in a return to the status quo. 2433:Frederick the Great (reigned 1740–1786) practised 4112: 3886:To reduce the influence of the estates, in 1604, 2495:(1797–1840), announced the union of the Prussian 1014:when it united the German states in 1871. It was 8569: 3267:became an exclave, only reachable by ship. (the 3158:The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic 2463:War of the Sixth Coalition § War in Germany 1602:; and a small detached area in the south called 6133:BGH, Urteil 31 January 1955, Az. II ZR 234/53, 5178: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5509:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. 4447:. Communities in Poland were often ethnically 3423: 3050:Prussia in the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 2603:of June 1815. Prussia's reward in 1815 at the 2557:In response to this defeat, reformers such as 2330:) Frederick won a victory over Austria at the 2119:who later granted him full sovereignty in the 2076:. The ineffective and militarily weak Elector 1804:, which developed into the major port city of 60: 8588:States and territories disestablished in 1947 8261: 7888: 7654: 7124: 6654: 6630: 6603:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation website 5830: 5828: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5069: 3367:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 2677:In 1848 the liberals saw an opportunity when 2322:(the southeastern half). Furthermore, in the 1138:union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia 8230: 8221: 6461:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 6009:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 5164:God's Playground: A History of Poland Vol. l 5078: 4823:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 3784:Administrative and constitutional frameworks 3191:, were areas that had been part of Prussia: 2033:, granddaughter of Albert I and daughter of 1828: 1562:(including much of the present-day state of 1522: 1260: 1168: 1110:immigration from central and western Germany 926: 898: 890: 874: 860: 313: 191: 168: 125: 46: 6277:The politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945 6233: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5845:"Adolf Heinrich Graf von Arnim-Boitzenburg" 5377:The Anchor Atlas of World History: Volume 1 5364:Frederick the Great: the Magnificent Enigma 5329:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 5202:Robert S. Hoyt and Stanley Chodorow (1976) 3618:, mainly Eastern Prussia, Western Prussia, 3223:. Many of the areas Prussia annexed in the 2210:, allowed Frederick only to title himself " 1546:Before its abolition, the territory of the 1045:ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the 794: 135: 8583:States and territories established in 1525 8268: 8254: 7895: 7881: 7661: 7647: 7131: 7117: 6661: 6647: 5825: 5816: 5798: 5772: 5758: 5740: 5728: 4832:is, in a modified form, the symbol of the 3486:a few weeks earlier on 27 February, a new 2853:in the north. On the side of Prussia were 1757:, had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer 1696:The Teutonic Order (orange) following the 292: 278: 264: 250: 236: 16:European state, existing from 1525 to 1947 6490: 6295: 4733:Learn how and when to remove this message 4396:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 2845:), some central German states (including 2335:king won another battle, the hard-fought 7670:States of the North German Confederation 6011:(Princeton University Press, 2014) p 356 5875: 5375:Hermann Kinder & Werner Hilgermann, 4969: 4464: 4321:Lutheranism in 1525. In the wake of the 4202: 4164: 4045:The Kingdom of Prussia functioned as an 3986: 3594: 3587:during much of the duration of the war. 3505: 3499:and subsequently voting in favor of the 3437: 3427: 3277: 3120: 3045: 3030:the French capital was still under siege 2953: 2816: 2732: 2645: 2509: 2466: 2380: 2255: 2179: 2137: 2037:(reigned 1568–1618), married her cousin 1910: 1691: 1683: 1507:, a military decoration created by King 269: 6563: 6517: 6378: 6339: 6287:The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia To 1786 6204: 5149:Robert S. Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow, 5003:List of museums and galleries in Berlin 4912:contains the house coat of arms of the 4154:, executive power remained vested in a 3778:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 3452: Territory lost after World War II 3357:, which were also models for the later 1966:On 10 April 1525, after signing of the 1495:("to each, his own"), the motto of the 1463:. The Teutonic Order wore a white coat 1140:in 1618 led to the proclamation of the 8570: 6558:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780 6502:A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914 5939: 5548:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia 5179:Lewinski-Corwin, Edward Henry (1917). 5047:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsija 3518:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich 3446: Territory lost after World War I 3378:("Prussian coup") of Reich Chancellor 3090:to preserve peace, for example at the 2943: 2922:(Diet), was elected by universal male 2806: 2795:Holstein and Schleswig initiating the 2728: 2310:By defeating the Austrian Army at the 2280:. It signalled the beginning of three 2221:Frederick I was succeeded by his son, 2014: 1705:Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights 201:("Hail to thee in the Victor's Crown") 8249: 7876: 7642: 7112: 6642: 6629: 6440: 6265:(2009), a standard scholarly history 5964: 5507:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht" 5504: 5388:James K. Pollock & Homer Thomas, 4779: 4610:) were the mass expulsions of ethnic 4325:, Prussia was dominated by two major 3950:came under the aegis of the elector. 3774:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation 3590: 3306:were formed from the remaining parts. 3104:and worked instead with the Catholic 2635: 2169: 1630:, Russia); and Memel in Prussia (now 1214:Former eastern territories of Germany 981: 6044:History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840 5891:Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte 5632:Journal of European Economic History 5432:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 5043:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsa 4671:adding citations to reliable sources 4642: 4394:. Prussian monarchs, beginning with 4382:population after the issuing of the 4146:Similar to other German states both 4089:represented all taxpayers, who were 4063:Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg 3020:" (not "Emperor of Germany") in the 1862:(1385), defeated the Knights in the 6514:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 211–229. 5933: 4868:The police star, the emblem of the 4639:Continuation of Prussian traditions 3879:... according to the design of 1900 3865:... according to the design of 1702 2888:. Prussia also won full control of 2679:revolutions broke out across Europe 2521:Prussia took a leading part in the 2115:(1654–1660), he received the duchy 1900: 1774:struggles against the Old Prussians 1357:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772) 13: 7140:States of the German Confederation 6198: 4974:The Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin 4819:constructive vote of no confidence 4141:constructive vote of no confidence 3953:Frederick William I's excise tax ( 3684:, with the remaining parts of the 3363:constructive vote of no confidence 3346:and Nazis were in the opposition. 3180:and in 1920 received a democratic 2448: 1988:Grand Master of the Teutonic Order 1614:, Poland); Danzig in Prussia (now 14: 8624: 8608:1947 disestablishments in Prussia 6615:Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz 6585: 6560:(3rd ed. 2003). pp. 427–462. 6512:Modern Prussian History 1830–1947 5686:, London: Macmillan, 1967 p. 253. 5505:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). 5292:(Harvard University Press, 2013). 4891: 4193: 4087:Prussian House of Representatives 4085:parliament. The lower house, the 3131:At age 29, Wilhelm became Kaiser 3063:Constitution of the German Empire 2762: 2711:Prussian House of Representatives 2591:during the "Wars of Liberation" ( 2245:river, and other regions. In the 2035:Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia 1796:as well as of the western Baltic 1679: 1147:Prussia entered the ranks of the 8376: 8013: 7698: 7163: 6578:10.5129/001041510X13815229366480 5634:, Spring 1980, Vol. 9#1 pp 21–40 5225:A History of East Central Europe 4939:form of the Prussian Museums in 4647: 4596: 4575: 4556: 3872: 3858: 3840: 3544:(the head of which was called a 3251:under the administration of the 3035: 2131:. With Prussia, the Brandenburg 2080:(1619–1640) fled from Berlin to 1293: 1288: 1132:from 1525, a feudal fief of the 946: 206: 102: 86: 6520:The Rise of Brandenburg Prussia 6443:Germany in Western Civilization 6177: 6162: 6140: 6127: 6108: 6095: 6079: 6066: 6049: 6036: 6027: 6014: 6001: 5958: 5920: 5907: 5862: 5837: 5715: 5702: 5689: 5676: 5663: 5650: 5637: 5624: 5619:Bismarck and Germany: 1862–1890 5611: 5598: 5585: 5561: 5538: 5525: 5498: 5485: 5472: 5424: 5395: 5382: 5369: 5356: 5347: 5334: 5321: 5308: 5295: 5282: 5269: 5252: 5239: 5230: 5217: 5196: 5169: 4658:needs additional citations for 4053:, after which Prussia became a 4051:German revolutions of 1848–1849 3696:abolished in 1952 in favour of 2971:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern 2821:Expansion of Prussia, 1807–1871 2117:as a fief from the Swedish king 1622:in Livonia (now Riga, Latvia); 1124:split Prussia into the western 1080: – an organized 1049:. Prussia, with its capital at 8603:1525 establishments in Prussia 7490:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 6441:Maehl, William Harvey (1979). 6305:. Cambridge University Press. 6234:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1947). 5156: 5143: 5130: 5114: 5101: 5063: 5034: 5025: 4951: 4901:shows, among other things the 4828:The Prussian war award of the 4565:Frederick William I of Prussia 4113:Prussia inside Weimar Republic 3271:) or by a railway through the 2294:War of the Austrian Succession 1962:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1839:became the dominant language. 1778:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1737:knights, headquartered in the 1319:(pre – 13th century) 1313:(983 – 12th century) 920: 913: 1: 8277:States of the Weimar Republic 6669:Territories and provinces of 6238:The Origins of Modern Germany 6174:, retrieved 12 November 2010. 6090:European Journal of Education 5511:Deutsches Historisches Museum 5390:Germany: In Power and Eclipse 5303:The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830 5206:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 5013: 4998:East Prussian Regional Museum 4959:Union of Evangelical Churches 4633:Humboldt University of Berlin 4586: 4378:Prussia received significant 4198: 4158:and in laws established by a 4156:Minister-President of Prussia 3772:One year later, in 1957, the 3690:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 2936:in 1867 when France tried to 2753:Minister President of Prussia 2642:German revolutions of 1848–49 2597:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1972:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21) 1970:, which officially ended the 1206:Minister President of Prussia 1053:and then, when it became the 1006:state located on most of the 6342:The Rise and Fall of Prussia 6122:(Error: unknown archive URL) 5305:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 47–67. 5176:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin 4753:. For example, the state of 4619: 4218: 4075:Prussia's first constitution 3892:Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark 3798:In the mid-16th century the 3767:1955 Saar Statute referendum 3365:, was carried over into the 2867:Battle of Langensalza (1866) 2863:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 2585:defeat of Napoleon in Russia 2249:(1720), he acquired half of 2095:Frederick William I went to 1883:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1698:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1541: 1122:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1112:, and, in the south, it was 1041:in 1947. For centuries, the 7: 7904:States of the German Empire 6497:, stress on cultural topics 6491:Reinhardt, Kurt F. (1961). 6340:Haffner, Sebastian (1998). 6024:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2001) 4965: 4852:Federal Ministry of Defense 4787:Federal Republic of Germany 4294: 3715:Western Zones of occupation 3424:Prussia and the Third Reich 3404:in street clashes with the 3359:Federal Republic of Germany 3227:, such as the provinces of 3142: 1873:(1454–1466) began when the 1471:colours of the free cities 1076:; in the 13th century, the 425:the Kingdom of Prussia 1880 10: 8629: 8593:Former countries in Europe 6693:Margraviate of Brandenburg 6207:European History Quarterly 6020:Helmut Walser Smith, ed.. 5074:. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. 5008:List of museums in Germany 4908:The large coat of arms of 4897:The state coat of arms of 4850:'s honor formation at the 4791:North German Confederation 4623: 4367:Prussian Union of churches 4301:Prussian Union of Churches 4298: 4116: 4091:divided into three classes 4079:1850 Prussian Constitution 3787: 3161: 3146: 3054:The two decades after the 3039: 2947: 2898:North German Confederation 2810: 2639: 2485:Second Partition of Poland 2452: 2173: 2088:(1640–1688), reformed the 2018: 2009:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1951: 1904: 1885:, losing western Prussia ( 1702: 1664: 1660: 1653:off from the coast of the 1566:and parts of the state of 1550:included the provinces of 1538:along the border regions. 1485:North German Confederation 1351:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 1323:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1268: 1255:The terms "Prussian" and " 1165:North German Confederation 353:(until early 18th century) 286:North German Confederation 25: 18: 8511: 8484: 8466: 8420: 8413: 8385: 8374: 8284: 8209: 8193: 8165: 8152:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 8111: 8065: 8022: 8011: 7911: 7842: 7829:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 7788: 7745: 7707: 7696: 7677: 7625: 7594: 7567: 7534: 7460: 7427: 7420: 7358: 7313: 7277: 7270: 7224: 7208: 7172: 7161: 7147: 7083: 7014: 6934:Principality of Neuchâtel 6908: 6787: 6678: 6636: 6631:Links to related articles 6331:English Historical Review 5979:10.1017/S0018246X00024730 5617:David Graham Williamson, 5403:Germany: A Modern History 5260:English Historical Review 5204:Europe in the Middle Ages 4626:Prussian education system 4124:industrial centre of the 4036:Generalkriegskommissariat 3890:created a council called 3458: Present-day Germany 2965:The controversy with the 2523:French Revolutionary Wars 2489:Third Partition of Poland 2479:During the reign of King 2443:Prussian education system 2416:First Partition of Poland 2358:, the Habsburg monarchy, 1986:resigned his position as 1455:were already used by the 909: 856: 852: 842: 832: 822: 818: 813: 809: 787: 766: 753: 740: 727: 714: 710: 696: 692: 677: 662: 658: 648: 644: 629: 614: 610: 600: 596: 581: 566: 562: 552: 482: 470: 418: 329: 314: 309: 233: 148: 120: 82: 77: 41: 7959:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 6599:chronology and summaries 6406:American Economic Review 6333:89.353 (1974): 814–834. 6244:, covers medieval period 6219:10.1177/0265691408094531 6085:Ash, Mitchell G. (2006) 6057:Central European History 5944:. Marburg: Herder-Inst. 5124:12#3 (1994) pp. 286–307 4032:General War Commissariat 4024:Generalfinanzdirektorium 3931:Landständische Regierung 3800:margraves of Brandenburg 3747:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3560:As provided for in the " 3269:Sea Service East Prussia 3137:Victoria, Princess Royal 2550:, which now fell to the 2536:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 2491:in 1795. His successor, 2459:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 1814:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1497:Order of the Black Eagle 1218:Polish People's Republic 1204:remained in his role as 1061:, decisively shaped the 423:Religious confessions in 26:Not to be confused with 21:Prussia (disambiguation) 6103:Acta Poloniae Historica 6072:Charles E. McClelland, 5940:Belzyt, Leszek (1998). 5262:65.255 (1950): 175–202 5091:"Population of Germany" 4567:welcoming the expelled 4317:was the first state to 4162:elected by the people. 4099:Prussian House of Lords 4055:constitutional monarchy 3939:Geheime Landesregierung 3753:to create the state of 3749:were later merged with 3149:Prussian state railways 2896:river into forming the 2797:Second War of Schleswig 2722:Prussian House of Lords 2227:only briefly saw action 2031:Duchess Anna of Prussia 1448:on a white background. 1438:coat of arms of Prussia 1375:(1918 – 1947) 1369:(1701 – 1918) 1363:(1618 – 1701) 1343:(1525 – 1618) 1337:(1356 – 1806) 1331:(1224 – 1525) 1242:Federation of Expellees 1179:and less as Prussians. 919: 912: 546:Allied-occupied Germany 519:constitutional republic 194:Heil dir im Siegerkranz 61: 8598:History of Brandenburg 8231: 8222: 8217:German colonial empire 8147:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 7824:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 6408:104.1 (2014): 84–122. 6379:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 6368:Henderson, William O. 6285:Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. 5967:The Historical Journal 5834:Kotulla (2008), p. 270 5822:Kotulla (2008), p. 269 5813:Kotulla (2008), p. 266 5795:Kotulla (2008), p. 267 5769:Kotulla (2008), p. 265 5755:Kotulla (2008), p. 263 5737:Kotulla (2008), p. 262 5682:Wheeler-Bennett, John 4975: 4793:and expanded into the 4755:North Rhine-Westphalia 4614:between 1885 and 1890. 4537:Second Polish Republic 4410:was mostly made up of 4384:Edict of Fontainebleau 4376: 4208: 4190: 4173:settlements along the 4107:Prussian Secret Police 3999: 3804:Protestant Reformation 3723:North Rhine-Westphalia 3702:(districts), but were 3670:Soviet occupation zone 3663:Allied Control Council 3614:The areas east of the 3611: 3522:Law on Reich Governors 3513: 3460: 3435: 3307: 3241:Second Polish Republic 3128: 3056:unification of Germany 3051: 2969:over the candidacy of 2962: 2926:. The upper house, or 2822: 2785:First War of Schleswig 2740: 2708:. The lower house, or 2654: 2518: 2476: 2435:enlightened absolutism 2390: 2265: 2191: 2150: 1995:a cadet branch of the 1978:of the Polish capital 1949: 1875:Prussian Confederation 1866:(Tannenberg) in 1410. 1829: 1700: 1689: 1523: 1428:(1947–1952, from 1990) 1398:(1920–1939, from 1945) 1355:Royal (Polish) Prussia 1335:Elector of Brandenburg 1261: 1244:and various political 1169: 978: 927: 899: 891: 875: 861: 795: 777:, loss of independence 731:Union with Brandenburg 325:(1701–1806; 1806–1947) 192: 169: 136: 126: 47: 6453:9.4 (1947): 482–501. 6358:Hamerow, Theodore S. 6348:Hamerow, Theodore S. 6247:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 6059:12.4 (1979): 315-342 5288:Reinhold A. Dorwart, 5151:Europe in Middle Ages 4973: 4604:Prussian deportations 4465:Non-German population 4371: 4299:Further information: 4206: 4168: 4119:Free State of Prussia 4097:), later renamed the 3992:Prussian King's Crown 3990: 3686:Province of Pomerania 3598: 3509: 3441: 3431: 3328:German People's Party 3304:West Prussia district 3281: 3235:, as well as eastern 3164:Free State of Prussia 3124: 3049: 3028:outside Paris, while 2957: 2820: 2736: 2649: 2516:Frederick William III 2513: 2493:Frederick William III 2470: 2401:County of East Frisia 2384: 2259: 2202:of 16 November 1700, 2183: 2141: 2092:to defend the lands. 1997:House of Hohenzollern 1914: 1827:In the course of the 1695: 1687: 1675:Free State of Prussia 1665:Further information: 1548:Free State of Prussia 1509:Frederick William III 1410:Recovered Territories 1373:Free State of Prussia 1307:(965 – 983) 1192:Free State of Prussia 1043:House of Hohenzollern 757:Free State of Prussia 330:Common languages 8327:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 8322:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 8194:Imperial Territories 8047:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 8042:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7963:Starostwo of Draheim 7727:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7722:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7252:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7247:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6947:Grand Duchy of Posen 6566:Comparative Politics 6556:Treasure, Geoffrey. 6518:Shennan, M. (1997). 5849:The Prussian Machine 5684:The Nemesis of Power 5578:24 June 2021 at the 5401:Marshall Dill, Jr., 5342:A History of Prussia 5316:A History of Prussia 5247:A History of Prussia 5182:A History of Prussia 5138:A History of Prussia 4980:Alte Nationalgalerie 4667:improve this article 4569:Salzburg Protestants 4533:Treaty of Versailles 4522:Partitions of Poland 4241:Prussian Lithuanians 4235:in West Prussia and 4059:Frederick William IV 4016:House Treaty of Gera 3735:Rhineland-Palatinate 3708:German reunification 3692:. These states were 3655:abolition of Prussia 3501:Enabling Act of 1933 3294:came largely to the 3225:partitions of Poland 3189:Treaty of Versailles 3068:Imperial German Army 3002:kleindeutsche Lösung 2983:Franco-German enmity 2967:Second French Empire 2859:Battle of Königgrätz 2789:Punctation of Olmütz 2781:German Confederation 2695:Frankfurt Parliament 2685:agreed to convene a 2683:Frederick William IV 2652:Frederick William IV 2630:German Confederation 2571:Emancipation of Jews 2548:Partitions of Poland 2481:Frederick William II 2288:(1740–1742) and the 2264:, "the Soldier-King" 2133:Hohenzollern dynasty 1879:Casimir IV Jagiellon 1739:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1711:Andrew II of Hungary 1461:Hohenzollern dynasty 1451:The black and white 1155:(1740–1786). At the 1008:North European Plain 409:(until 20th century) 272:German Confederation 19:For other uses, see 8157:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7834:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7452:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7017:Territorial reforms 6975:Province of Prussia 6608:18 May 2010 at the 6495:. Vol. 2 vols. 6493:Germany: 2000 Years 6459:Nipperdey, Thomas. 6397:Horn, David Bayne. 6105:99 (2009): 137-160. 5392:(1952) pp. 297–302. 5379:(1974) pp. 282–283. 5019:Informational notes 4776:and even in names. 4531:As a result of the 4493:(101,500 in 1905), 4489:(248,000 in 1905), 4431:, eastern parts of 4388:Louis XIV of France 4243:(in East Prussia), 4227:minorities such as 3996:Hohenzollern Castle 3959:Second Northern War 3833:residence in Berlin 3790:Brandenburg-Prussia 3599:Map of the current 3581:Danzig-West Prussia 3562:Greater Hamburg Act 3511:Paul von Hindenburg 3410:Paul von Hindenburg 3401:Rotfrontkämpferbund 3396:Kurt von Schleicher 3296:2nd Polish Republic 3249:Free City of Danzig 3084:imperial chancellor 2987:Franco-Prussian War 2950:Franco-Prussian War 2944:Franco-Prussian War 2828:Austro-Prussian War 2813:Austro-Prussian War 2807:Austro-Prussian War 2729:Wars of unification 2473:Brandenburg-Prussia 2378:in the afternoon." 2290:Second Silesian War 2262:Frederick William I 2247:Treaty of Stockholm 2223:Frederick William I 2113:Second Northern War 2086:Frederick William I 2051:Brandenburg-Prussia 2021:Brandenburg-Prussia 2015:Brandenburg-Prussia 1942:Sigismund I the Old 1871:Thirteen Years' War 1772:During 60 years of 1361:Brandenburg-Prussia 1347:Malbork Voivodeship 1311:Lutician federation 1153:Frederick the Great 701:Early modern Europe 504:semi-constitutional 8613:Historical regions 7981:Schleswig-Holstein 7099:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 7091: 7052:Posen-West Prussia 6991:Schleswig-Holstein 6617:(picture archive). 6597:Preußen-Chronik.de 6592:population history 6451:Review of Politics 6424:Kotulla, Michael. 6416:History of Prussia 6322:Friedrich, Karin. 6259:Clark, Christopher 6007:Thomas Nipperdey, 5621:(Routledge, 2013). 5327:Robert B. Asprey, 4976: 4921:Minister-president 4883:In 2002, the then 4859:Federal Presidents 4812:Reichstag building 4800:Prussia's capital 4780:Federal government 4485:(72,500 in 1905), 4390:and the following 4239:in East Prussia), 4209: 4191: 4040:Kriegskommissariat 4002:Under the rule of 4000: 3923:Kurfürstlicher Rat 3816:Elector Joachim II 3794:Kingdom of Prussia 3739:Schleswig-Holstein 3612: 3609:Kingdom of Prussia 3591:The end of Prussia 3531:Reichsstatthaltern 3514: 3490:was opened in the 3480:Reichstag building 3469:Reichstag election 3461: 3436: 3349:The East Prussian 3308: 3300:Posen-West Prussia 3129: 3092:Congress of Berlin 3052: 2963: 2938:acquire Luxembourg 2890:Schleswig-Holstein 2823: 2801:Gastein Convention 2741: 2706:Landtag of Prussia 2655: 2636:Wars of liberation 2605:Congress of Vienna 2601:Battle of Waterloo 2574:conscripts of the 2544:Treaties of Tilsit 2519: 2477: 2391: 2332:Battle of Lobositz 2324:Third Silesian War 2312:Battle of Mollwitz 2298:Holy Roman Emperor 2286:First Silesian War 2266: 2231:Great Northern War 2192: 2176:Kingdom of Prussia 2170:Kingdom of Prussia 2151: 2099:in 1641 to render 1950: 1864:Battle of Grunwald 1848:Holy Roman Emperor 1701: 1690: 1671:Kingdom of Prussia 1592:Schleswig-Holstein 1416:Kaliningrad Oblast 1367:Kingdom of Prussia 1157:Congress of Vienna 1142:Kingdom of Prussia 1063:history of Germany 1055:Kingdom of Prussia 983:[ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] 744:Kingdom of Prussia 650:Minister-President 320:(1525–1701; 1806) 8563: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8507: 8506: 8243: 8242: 7870: 7869: 7814: 7806: 7636: 7635: 7590: 7589: 7516: 7503: 7416: 7415: 7360:Ernestine duchies 7106: 7105: 7087:Province of Posen 6937:(1814–1848) 6825:Western Pomerania 6817:Minden-Ravensberg 6718:Farther Pomerania 6546:Taylor, A. J. P. 6536:Taylor, A. J. P. 6480:Orlow, Dietrich. 6469:Orlow, Dietrich. 6436:978-3-540-48705-0 6312:978-0-521-58335-0 6271:978-0-7139-9466-7 6213:(38#4): 525–550. 5951:978-3-87969-267-5 5926:Frank B. Tipton, 5900:978-3-11-008322-4 5608:(1955) pp. 70–91. 5331:(1986) pp. 34–35. 5107:Vesna Danilovic, 4910:Baden-Württemberg 4878:Black Eagle Order 4751:international law 4743: 4742: 4735: 4717: 4608:Polenausweisungen 4549:forcibly expelled 4518:Province of Posen 4445:Province of Posen 4071:Ministerpräsident 4047:absolute monarchy 4020:Geheime Hofkammer 4004:Frederick III (I) 3907:Frederick William 3903:Thirty Years' War 3896:Thirty Years' War 3888:Joachim Frederick 3755:Baden-Württemberg 3743:Württemberg-Baden 3628:Treaty of Potsdam 3601:states of Germany 3286:the provinces of 3253:League of Nations 3176:) within the new 3170:German Revolution 3126:Kaiser Wilhelm II 2749:Otto von Bismarck 2738:Otto von Bismarck 2687:National Assembly 2534:'s troops in the 2501:Reformed churches 2284:(1740–1763). The 2251:Swedish Pomerania 2208:Holy Roman Empire 2206:, emperor of the 2155:absolute monarchy 2105:Władysław IV Vasa 2070:Thirty Years' War 2025:Holy Roman Empire 1992:Zygmunt I the Old 1930:Albert of Prussia 1440:, as well as the 1434: 1433: 1240:politicians, the 1208:until the end of 1184:German Revolution 1116:by settlers from 1072:derives from the 1026:German Chancellor 939: 938: 928:Ministerpräsident 679:• 1933–1945 631:• 1888–1918 616:• 1701–1713 583:• 1688–1701 568:• 1525–1568 515:semi-presidential 492:Absolute monarchy 434:United Protestant 258:Holy Roman Empire 244:Holy Roman Empire 224: 177:"Song of Prussia" 8620: 8459: 8418: 8417: 8380: 8364: 8356: 8347:Schaumburg-Lippe 8270: 8263: 8256: 8247: 8246: 8236: 8227: 8142:Schaumburg-Lippe 8137: 8129: 8099: 8017: 7996: 7966: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7819:Schaumburg-Lippe 7812: 7804: 7702: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7560: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7527: 7526: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7495: 7486: 7485: 7480:Reuss-Lobenstein 7476: 7475: 7447:Schaumburg-Lippe 7425: 7424: 7404: 7396: 7388: 7380: 7372: 7351: 7343: 7335: 7327: 7315:Anhalt (Ascania) 7296: 7275: 7274: 7167: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7092: 7076: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7007: 6987: 6979: 6971: 6938: 6921: 6920: 6911:Post-Congress of 6901: 6889:New East Prussia 6885: 6873: 6857: 6849: 6833: 6821: 6813: 6801: 6758: 6750: 6734: 6714: 6688:Duchy of Prussia 6663: 6656: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6627: 6626: 6581: 6533: 6496: 6446: 6429:(Springer, 2008) 6394: 6345: 6316: 6297:Friedrich, Karin 6243: 6241: 6230: 6192: 6183:Markus Reiners: 6181: 6175: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6120:at bundestag.de 6119: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6053: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5886: 5873: 5868:Dietrich Orlow, 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5823: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5796: 5793: 5770: 5767: 5756: 5753: 5738: 5735: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5700: 5693: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5591:Michael Embree, 5589: 5583: 5571:(1968): 888–924 5565: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5542: 5536: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5502: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5454: 5447: 5438: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5227:, (2001), p. 30. 5221: 5215: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5087: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5050: 5038: 5032: 5029: 4925:Regierungsbezirk 4821:anchored in the 4757:is bound to the 4738: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4675: 4651: 4643: 4600: 4591: 4588: 4584:Berlin Cathedral 4579: 4560: 4400:French Cathedral 4363:Berlin Cathedral 4319:officially adopt 4315:Duchy of Prussia 4259:(in Schleswig), 4183:Memel (Klaipėda) 4065:Prussia's first 3964:Prussian estates 3901:Until after the 3876: 3862: 3844: 3763:a separate state 3616:Oder–Neisse line 3605:Imperial Germany 3457: 3451: 3445: 3324:German Democrats 3316:Social Democrats 3207:to Denmark; the 2681:. Alarmed, King 2593:Befreiungskriege 2487:in 1793 and the 2374:in the morning, 2337:Battle of Torgau 2328:Seven Years' War 2278:Habsburg Austria 2160:Edict of Potsdam 2121:Treaty of Labiau 1968:Treaty of Kraków 1958:Duchy of Prussia 1907:Duchy of Prussia 1901:Duchy of Prussia 1834: 1821:Hanseatic League 1769:on his borders. 1727:Teutonic Knights 1667:Duchy of Prussia 1643:Hanseatic League 1636:Hanseatic League 1626:in Prussia (now 1588:Austrian Silesia 1528: 1499:created by King 1479:, as well as of 1457:Teutonic Knights 1453:national colours 1392:area (from 1918) 1341:Duchy of Prussia 1297: 1292: 1273: 1272: 1264: 1174: 1136:up to 1657. The 1130:Duchy of Prussia 1090:German crusaders 1078:Teutonic Knights 1039:an Allied decree 993: 992: 991: 985: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 930: 924:The position of 923: 916: 904: 894: 884:German gold mark 880: 866: 805:25 February 1947 800: 718:Duchy of Prussia 688: 673: 640: 625: 592: 577: 319: 318: 303: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 226: 225: 202: 197: 174: 144: 139: 131: 106: 90: 72: 64: 58: 50: 39: 38: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8513: 8503: 8480: 8462: 8457: 8455:Weimar-Eisenach 8409: 8381: 8372: 8362: 8354: 8280: 8274: 8244: 8239: 8205: 8201:Alsace–Lorraine 8189: 8161: 8135: 8127: 8107: 8097: 8061: 8057:Weimar-Eisenach 8037:Hesse-Darmstadt 8018: 8009: 7961:and the former 7957:(including the 7956: 7927: 7907: 7901: 7871: 7866: 7838: 7784: 7741: 7737:Weimar-Eisenach 7717:Hesse-Darmstadt 7703: 7694: 7673: 7667: 7637: 7632: 7621: 7586: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7547: 7546: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7506: 7505: 7493: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7470:Reuss-Ebersdorf 7456: 7412: 7402: 7394: 7392:Gotha-Altenburg 7386: 7378: 7376:Coburg-Saalfeld 7370: 7354: 7349: 7341: 7333: 7325: 7309: 7294: 7266: 7262:Weimar-Eisenach 7237:Hesse-Darmstadt 7220: 7204: 7168: 7159: 7143: 7137: 7107: 7102: 7090: 7079: 7074: 7060:Halle-Merseburg 7054: 7046: 7034: 7021: 7018: 7010: 7001: 6985: 6977: 6969: 6936: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6904: 6895: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6827: 6819: 6807: 6799: 6783: 6756: 6744: 6738:Lauenburg–Bütow 6728: 6708: 6674: 6667: 6632: 6610:Wayback Machine 6588: 6572:(44#1): 21–38. 6530: 6391: 6313: 6275:Craig, Gordon. 6242:(2nd ed.). 6201: 6199:Further reading 6196: 6195: 6182: 6178: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6084: 6080: 6071: 6067: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5973:(4): 985–1004. 5963: 5959: 5952: 5938: 5934: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5887: 5876: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5799: 5794: 5773: 5768: 5759: 5754: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5720: 5716: 5707: 5703: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5604:A.J.P. Taylor, 5603: 5599: 5590: 5586: 5580:Wayback Machine 5566: 5562: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5503: 5499: 5490: 5486: 5477: 5473: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5441: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5409: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5309: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5201: 5197: 5174: 5170: 5162:Norman Davies, 5161: 5157: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5089: 5088: 5079: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5016: 4968: 4954: 4894: 4848:guard battalion 4782: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4676: 4674: 4664: 4652: 4641: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4601: 4592: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4561: 4545:German-speaking 4467: 4311: 4297: 4275:, Russians (in 4225:ethnolinguistic 4221: 4201: 4196: 4187:Danzig (Gdańsk) 4130:Social Democrat 4121: 4115: 3937:in Prussia and 3884: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3847:... during the 3845: 3836: 3835: 3812:Großer Ausschuß 3796: 3788:Main articles: 3786: 3717:, which became 3672:, which became 3648:population fled 3593: 3492:Garrison Church 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3426: 3392:Altona, Hamburg 3380:Franz von Papen 3320:Catholic Centre 3273:Polish corridor 3209:Memel Territory 3205:North Schleswig 3178:Weimar Republic 3168:Because of the 3166: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3044: 3038: 3022:Hall of Mirrors 3012:), William was 2952: 2946: 2874:Peace of Prague 2815: 2809: 2767:The Kingdom of 2765: 2731: 2644: 2638: 2626:Congress Poland 2589:Sixth Coalition 2552:Duchy of Warsaw 2465: 2455:Napoleonic Wars 2453:Main articles: 2451: 2449:Napoleonic Wars 2216:King of Prussia 2212:King in Prussia 2189:King in Prussia 2178: 2172: 2027: 2019:Main articles: 2017: 1964: 1954:Prussian Homage 1952:Main articles: 1917:Prussian Homage 1909: 1903: 1810:Treaty of Melno 1767:Prussian tribes 1755:Duke of Masovia 1707: 1682: 1677: 1663: 1544: 1442:flag of Prussia 1396:Klaipėda Region 1271: 1188:Weimar Republic 1134:Crown of Poland 1029:Franz von Papen 987: 986: 949: 945: 935: 897: 887: 882: 873: 870:Prussian thaler 868: 845: 835: 825: 802: 783:30 January 1934 780: 762:9 November 1918 759: 749:18 January 1701 746: 733: 720: 686: 680: 671: 669:Friedrich Ebert 665: 638: 632: 623: 617: 590: 584: 575: 569: 544: 533: 522: 517: 510: 502: 495: 490: 487:Feudal monarchy 465: 460: 455: 450: 446: 436: 431: 427: 424: 414: 413: 412: 351:Baltic Prussian 345: 336: 321: 305: 304: 297: 290: 283: 276: 262: 255: 248: 241: 229: 228: 227: 207: 203: 200: 199: 189: 187: 178: 176: 166: 164: 163: 161: 155: 153: 143:("God with us") 142: 141: 133: 116: 115: 114: 112: 107: 99: 98: 96: 91: 73: 66: 59: 52: 44: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8626: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8490: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8273: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8250: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8228: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8131: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8113:Principalities 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7808: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7790:Principalities 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7666: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7643: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7551: 7540: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7510: 7497: 7487: 7477: 7466: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7421:Principalities 7418: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7400:Hildburghausen 7397: 7389: 7381: 7373: 7364: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7344: 7336: 7328: 7319: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7136: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7057: 7049: 7044:Greater Berlin 7041: 7024: 7022: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6967:Rhine Province 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6886: 6874: 6858: 6850: 6834: 6822: 6814: 6802: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6759: 6751: 6735: 6715: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6666: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6600: 6594: 6587: 6586:External links 6584: 6583: 6582: 6561: 6554: 6544: 6534: 6528: 6515: 6508: 6500:Sagarra, Eda. 6498: 6488: 6478: 6467: 6457: 6447: 6438: 6422: 6412: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6376: 6366: 6356: 6346: 6337: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6293: 6283: 6273: 6256: 6245: 6231: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6176: 6161: 6139: 6126: 6118:(Date missing) 6107: 6094: 6078: 6065: 6048: 6042:Hajo Holborn, 6035: 6026: 6013: 6000: 5957: 5950: 5932: 5919: 5906: 5899: 5874: 5861: 5836: 5824: 5815: 5797: 5771: 5757: 5739: 5727: 5714: 5701: 5688: 5675: 5662: 5649: 5636: 5623: 5610: 5597: 5584: 5560: 5537: 5524: 5497: 5484: 5471: 5455: 5439: 5430:David Fraser, 5423: 5407: 5394: 5381: 5368: 5366:, pp. 195–208. 5355: 5346: 5333: 5320: 5307: 5294: 5281: 5268: 5251: 5238: 5229: 5223:Daniel Stone, 5216: 5195: 5168: 5155: 5153:(1976) p. 629. 5142: 5129: 5122:German History 5113: 5100: 5077: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5051: 5033: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4936: 4932: 4917: 4906: 4903:Prussian eagle 4893: 4892:Within Germany 4890: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4870:Federal Police 4866: 4855: 4840: 4837: 4826: 4815: 4798: 4781: 4778: 4741: 4740: 4655: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4624:Main article: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4602: 4595: 4593: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4562: 4555: 4514:Greater Poland 4466: 4463: 4404:Gendarmenmarkt 4296: 4293: 4255:(in Silesia), 4247:(in Lusatia), 4220: 4217: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194:Social history 4192: 4117:Main article: 4114: 4111: 4081:established a 4067:prime minister 4030:chambers. The 3911:personal union 3878: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3846: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3785: 3782: 3765:following the 3759:a protectorate 3592: 3589: 3465:Hermann Göring 3454: 3448: 3442: 3425: 3422: 3239:, went to the 3221:Czechoslovakia 3217:Hultschin area 3162:Main article: 3159: 3156: 3147:Main article: 3144: 3141: 3040:Main article: 3037: 3034: 2948:Main article: 2945: 2942: 2832:reason for war 2811:Main article: 2808: 2805: 2764: 2763:Schleswig Wars 2761: 2757:German Emperor 2730: 2727: 2667:Burschenschaft 2640:Main article: 2637: 2634: 2527:Peace of Basel 2450: 2447: 2174:Main article: 2171: 2168: 2078:George William 2047:personal union 2042:John Sigismund 2016: 2013: 1905:Main article: 1902: 1899: 1860:Union of Krewo 1800:, and erected 1731:military order 1703:Main article: 1681: 1680:Teutonic Order 1678: 1662: 1659: 1543: 1540: 1530:), as well as 1475:, Hamburg and 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1419: 1413: 1399: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1329:Teutonic Order 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1305:Northern March 1299: 1298: 1285: 1284: 1270: 1267: 1202:Hermann Göring 1120:. The imposed 1102:monastic state 1086:military order 1000:Prūsija, Prūsa 937: 936: 934: 933: 918: 910: 907: 906: 858: 854: 853: 850: 849: 846: 843: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 788: 785: 784: 781: 767: 764: 763: 760: 754: 751: 750: 747: 741: 738: 737: 736:27 August 1618 734: 728: 725: 724: 721: 715: 712: 711: 708: 707: 698: 697:Historical era 694: 693: 690: 689: 684:Hermann Göring 681: 678: 675: 674: 666: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 646: 645: 642: 641: 633: 630: 627: 626: 618: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 604: 598: 597: 594: 593: 585: 582: 579: 578: 570: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 550: 549: 484: 480: 479: 474: 468: 467: 420: 416: 415: 411: 410: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 347: 346: 341: 340: 331: 327: 326: 311: 307: 306: 291: 277: 263: 249: 235: 234: 231: 230: 205: 204: 179: 146: 145: 118: 117: 108: 101: 100: 92: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 75: 74: 45: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8625: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8566: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8510: 8500: 8499:Sondershausen 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8369: 8366: 8361: 8358: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8128:(Junior Line) 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8024:Grand Duchies 8021: 8016: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7898: 7893: 7891: 7886: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7805:(Junior Line) 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7709:Grand Duchies 7706: 7701: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7664: 7659: 7657: 7652: 7650: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7582:Sondershausen 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7555: 7552: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7522: 7521:Reuss-Schleiz 7519: 7517: 7511: 7504: 7502:(Junior Line) 7498: 7491: 7488: 7481: 7478: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7437:Liechtenstein 7435: 7433: 7432:Hesse-Homburg 7430: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7406: 7401: 7398: 7393: 7390: 7385: 7382: 7377: 7374: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7348: 7345: 7340: 7337: 7332: 7329: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225:Grand duchies 7223: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7082: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7053: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7032:Upper Silesia 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6984: 6981: 6976: 6973: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6877:South Prussia 6875: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6823: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6318:online review 6314: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6149: 6143: 6136: 6130: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6092:41.2: 245-267 6091: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6023: 6017: 6010: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5871: 5865: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5831: 5829: 5819: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5725:, pp. 670–682 5724: 5718: 5712:, pp. 655–670 5711: 5705: 5699:, pp. 647–648 5698: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5660:, pp. 630–639 5659: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5405:(1970) p. 39. 5404: 5398: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5359: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5213: 5212:0-15-524712-3 5209: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5191:lizard union. 5188: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5172: 5166:(1982) p. 81. 5165: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5140:(1978) p. 35. 5139: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4914:Hohenzollerns 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4899:Saxony-Anhalt 4896: 4895: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4795:German Empire 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747:German states 4737: 4734: 4726: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: – 4683: 4679: 4678:Find sources: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4656:This section 4654: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4634: 4627: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4594: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4535:in 1919, the 4534: 4529: 4527: 4526:Upper Silesia 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4329:confessions: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4305:Old Lutherans 4302: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4213:German Empire 4205: 4188: 4184: 4181:spanned from 4180: 4177:coastline of 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137:Carl Severing 4134: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935:Oberratsstube 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3875: 3861: 3850: 3843: 3834: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682:Saxony-Anhalt 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3418:Preußenschlag 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3388:Bloody Sunday 3385: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3375:Preußenschlag 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:Carl Severing 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3340:Upper Silesia 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237:Upper Silesia 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3155: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3116:Frederick III 3113: 3111: 3110:Germanisation 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3043: 3042:German Empire 3036:German Empire 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2995:German Empire 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743:In 1862 King 2739: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2717: 2716:three classes 2713: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:conservatives 2653: 2648: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:Royal Prussia 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2389:, "the Great" 2388: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:Great Britain 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2326:(part of the 2325: 2321: 2320:Upper Silesia 2317: 2316:Lower Silesia 2313: 2308: 2306: 2305:Maria Theresa 2302: 2299: 2296:(1740–1748). 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282:Silesian Wars 2279: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2144:Great Elector 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Ducal Prussia 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1887:Royal Prussia 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:pagan Prussia 1756: 1753:, the Polish 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709:In 1211 King 1706: 1699: 1694: 1686: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570:in Germany); 1569: 1565: 1564:Saxony-Anhalt 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1513:Old Prussians 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1444:, depicted a 1443: 1439: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317:Old Prussians 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:Royal Prussia 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:Old Prussians 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047:Prussian Army 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020:dissolved by 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012:German Empire 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 984: 980: 976: 970: 943: 931: 929: 922: 915: 911: 908: 903: 902: 895: 893: 885: 879: 878: 877:Vereinsthaler 871: 865: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 841: 837: 831: 827: 821: 817: 812: 808: 804: 799: 798: 792: 786: 782: 778: 776: 771: 765: 761: 758: 752: 748: 745: 739: 735: 732: 726: 723:10 April 1525 722: 719: 713: 709: 706: 702: 699: 695: 691: 685: 682: 676: 670: 667: 661: 657: 653: 651: 647: 643: 637: 634: 628: 622: 619: 613: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 589: 586: 580: 574: 571: 565: 561: 557: 555: 551: 547: 542: 539: 536: 531: 528: 525: 524:Authoritarian 520: 516: 513: 508: 505: 501: 500:parliamentary 498: 493: 488: 485: 481: 478: 475: 473: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 440: 435: 430: 426: 421: 417: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 387:Lower Sorbian 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 352: 349: 348: 344: 339: 335: 332: 328: 324: 317: 312: 308: 301: 300:German Empire 295: 287: 281: 273: 267: 259: 253: 245: 239: 232: 196: 195: 185: 183: 175: 173: 172: 160: 159: 151: 147: 140: 138: 137:Nobiscum deus 132: 130: 129: 123: 119: 111: 105: 95: 89: 81: 76: 70: 63: 56: 49: 40: 37: 33: 29: 22: 8565: 8512:Unrecognized 8458:(until 1920) 8363:(until 1929) 8233:Mitteleuropa 8224:Mittelafrika 8136:(Elder Line) 8134:Reuss-Greiz 8098:(until 1876) 8090:Coburg-Gotha 7993:West Prussia 7950:Hohenzollern 7946:Hesse-Nassau 7938:East Prussia 7813:(Elder Line) 7811:Reuss-Greiz 7770:Coburg-Gotha 7558:(until 1850) 7548:(until 1850) 7536:Hohenzollern 7525:(until 1848) 7515:(Elder Line) 7513:Reuss-Greiz 7484:(until 1824) 7474:(until 1824) 7403:(until 1826) 7395:(until 1826) 7384:Coburg-Gotha 7379:(until 1826) 7350:(until 1847) 7342:(until 1863) 7334:(until 1863) 7216:Hesse-Kassel 6999:Hesse-Nassau 6983:Hohenzollern 6865:West Prussia 6670: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6547: 6537: 6519: 6511: 6501: 6492: 6481: 6470: 6460: 6450: 6442: 6426: 6415: 6414:Koch, H. W. 6405: 6398: 6380: 6369: 6359: 6349: 6341: 6330: 6323: 6301: 6286: 6276: 6262: 6248: 6237: 6210: 6206: 6184: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6152:. Retrieved 6148:"Geschichte" 6142: 6129: 6110: 6102: 6097: 6089: 6081: 6073: 6068: 6056: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6029: 6021: 6016: 6008: 6003: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5941: 5935: 5927: 5922: 5909: 5890: 5869: 5864: 5852:. Retrieved 5848: 5839: 5818: 5723:Iron Kingdom 5722: 5717: 5710:Iron Kingdom 5709: 5704: 5697:Iron Kingdom 5696: 5691: 5683: 5678: 5671:Iron Kingdom 5670: 5665: 5658:Iron Kingdom 5657: 5652: 5647:, pp 620–624 5645:Iron Kingdom 5644: 5639: 5631: 5626: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5600: 5592: 5587: 5568: 5563: 5553:– via 5547: 5540: 5533:Iron Kingdom 5532: 5527: 5515:. Retrieved 5510: 5500: 5493:Iron Kingdom 5492: 5487: 5480:Iron Kingdom 5479: 5474: 5467:Iron Kingdom 5466: 5451:Iron Kingdom 5450: 5431: 5426: 5419:Iron Kingdom 5418: 5402: 5397: 5389: 5384: 5376: 5371: 5363: 5358: 5349: 5341: 5336: 5328: 5323: 5318:pp. 100–102. 5315: 5314:H. W. Koch, 5310: 5302: 5297: 5289: 5284: 5277:Iron Kingdom 5276: 5271: 5259: 5254: 5246: 5245:H. W. Koch, 5241: 5232: 5224: 5219: 5203: 5198: 5190: 5181: 5171: 5163: 5158: 5150: 5145: 5137: 5136:H. W. Koch, 5132: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5094: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5017: 4986:Altes Museum 4844:state visits 4805:example the 4767: 4744: 4729: 4720: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4677: 4665:Please help 4660:verification 4657: 4629: 4607: 4547:populations 4541:World War II 4530: 4512:The area of 4511: 4468: 4460: 4457: 4437:West Prussia 4422: 4377: 4372: 4355:Hesse-Nassau 4312: 4291:and others. 4222: 4210: 4179:East Prussia 4145: 4122: 4102: 4095:Erste Kammer 4094: 4070: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4022:(from 1713: 4019: 4007: 4001: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3927:Geheimer Rat 3926: 3922: 3919:Geheimer Rat 3918: 3900: 3898:(1618–1648) 3891: 3885: 3830:Hohenzollern 3819: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3771: 3727:Lower Saxony 3719:West Germany 3712: 3697: 3693: 3674:East Germany 3667: 3652: 3613: 3576: 3573:World War II 3570: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3482:having been 3477: 3462: 3433:Adolf Hitler 3417: 3413: 3399: 3373: 3371: 3348: 3336:Adolf Hitler 3313: 3309: 3292:West Prussia 3265:East Prussia 3255:. Also, the 3233:West Prussia 3186: 3182:constitution 3173: 3167: 3152: 3130: 3114: 3106:Centre Party 3095: 3088: 3060: 3053: 2999: 2979:Napoleon III 2975:Ems Dispatch 2964: 2934: 2927: 2917: 2914:Hohenzollern 2906:constitution 2902: 2878:Hesse-Kassel 2871: 2836: 2824: 2793: 2766: 2742: 2720: 2709: 2702:constitution 2699: 2691:constitution 2689:and grant a 2676: 2656: 2592: 2582: 2575: 2556: 2542:. Under the 2520: 2478: 2432: 2423: 2409: 2396:great powers 2392: 2387:Frederick II 2352:Hesse-Kassel 2309: 2270:Frederick II 2267: 2220: 2200:Crown Treaty 2193: 2152: 2094: 2067: 2028: 1965: 1926:Polish Crown 1915: 1891: 1868: 1841: 1826: 1818: 1802:Memel Castle 1771: 1719:Transylvania 1708: 1640: 1607: 1604:Hohenzollern 1600:Hesse-Nassau 1552:East Prussia 1545: 1520: 1490: 1489: 1450: 1435: 1254: 1250:irredentists 1222:Soviet Union 1210:World War II 1195: 1181: 1149:great powers 1146: 1069: 1067: 1032: 1031:in 1932 and 1015: 999: 996:Old Prussian 941: 940: 925: 921: 914: 867:(until 1750) 863:Reichsthaler 844:• 1939 834:• 1871 824:• 1816 773: 705:Contemporary 664:• 1918 541:dictatorship 538:single-party 527:presidential 447: 428: 422: 342: 333: 182:Royal anthem 180: 167: 157: 149: 134: 128:Gott mit uns 124: 122:Motto: 121: 110:Coat of arms 36: 8549:Würzburg SR 8524:Bavarian SR 8486:Schwarzburg 8387:City-states 8368:Württemberg 8355:(from 1920) 8279:(1919–1933) 8167:City-states 8126:Reuss-Gera 8005:Württemberg 7934:Brandenburg 7926:as a whole 7906:(1871–1918) 7844:City-states 7803:Reuss-Gera 7672:(1866–1871) 7595:Free cities 7569:Schwarzburg 7554:Sigmaringen 7507:(from 1848) 7500:Reuss-Gera 7494:(1824-1848) 7387:(from 1826) 7371:(from 1826) 7326:(from 1863) 7295:(from 1839) 7209:Electorates 7200:Württemberg 7142:(1815–1866) 7095:Lower Rhine 6978:(1824–1878) 6929:Brandenburg 6893:New Silesia 6853:East Frisia 6726:Halberstadt 6680:Before 1701 6673:(1525–1947) 6150:(in German) 5513:(in German) 4992:Bode Museum 4952:In churches 4885:Brandenburg 4863:Chancellors 4842:As part of 4590: 1900 4491:Lithuanians 4453:Kulturkampf 4427:, parts of 4392:dragonnades 4357:. In 1613, 4343:Brandenburg 4331:Lutheranism 4323:Reformation 4309:Kulturkampf 4231:(including 4152:at the time 4083:two-chamber 3998:Collection) 3849:Renaissance 3678:Brandenburg 3484:set on fire 3384:coup d'état 3284:World War I 3247:became the 3097:Kulturkampf 3080:Württemberg 3010:Frederick I 2843:Württemberg 2693:. When the 2475:, 1600–1795 2341:allied with 2229:during the 2196:Frederick I 2185:Frederick I 2068:During the 1976:main square 1922:Jan Matejko 1846:and to the 1831:Ostsiedlung 1729:, a German 1628:Kaliningrad 1618:, Poland); 1556:Brandenburg 1536:Lithuanians 1525:Ostsiedlung 1501:Frederick I 1492:Suum cuique 1481:Brandenburg 1465:embroidered 1459:and by the 1446:black eagle 1426:Brandenburg 1418:(from 1945) 1412:(from 1945) 1325:(1157–1618) 1278:Brandenburg 1276:History of 1257:Prussianism 1246:revanchists 1104:was mostly 905:(1924–1947) 896:(1914–1923) 886:(1873–1914) 881:(1857–1873) 872:(1750–1857) 621:Frederick I 588:Frederick I 548:(1945–1947) 543:(1933–1945) 532:(1932–1933) 521:(1918–1932) 509:(1848–1918) 494:(1701–1848) 489:(1525–1701) 461:0.2% Other 448:Minorities: 343:Minorities: 298:Within the 284:Within the 270:Within the 256:Within the 242:Within the 188:(1795–1918) 171:Preußenlied 165:(1830–1840) 154:(1820–1830) 113:(1701–1871) 97:(1803–1892) 8572:Categories 8534:Bottleneck 8515:separatist 8494:Rudolstadt 8450:Saxe-Gotha 8414:Until 1920 7989:Westphalia 7577:Rudolstadt 7242:Luxembourg 7019:after 1918 6962:Westphalia 6789:After 1701 6777:St. Thomas 6767:Gold Coast 6706:Ravensberg 6529:0415129389 6390:0691007969 6154:17 January 5555:Wikisource 5095:tacitus.nu 5014:References 4854:is played. 4834:Bundeswehr 4830:Iron Cross 4723:March 2024 4693:newspapers 4520:after the 4503:Kursenieki 4483:Kashubians 4429:Westphalia 4412:Germanised 4351:Westphalia 4327:Protestant 4289:Hungarians 4199:Population 4171:Kursenieki 4133:Otto Braun 4103:Herrenhaus 4061:appointed 4049:until the 4028:Amtskammer 3948:Kreditwerk 3943:Amtskammer 3915:real union 3820:Kreditwerk 3808:Kreditwerk 3636:Königsberg 3585:Wartheland 3382:. In this 3351:Otto Braun 3344:Communists 3332:Nazi Party 3257:Saargebiet 3133:Wilhelm II 3026:Versailles 3014:proclaimed 2747:appointed 2672:Zollverein 2613:Westphalia 2583:After the 2563:Hardenberg 2505:one church 2471:Growth of 2301:Charles VI 2082:Königsberg 1940:from King 1837:Low German 1747:Baltic Sea 1715:Burzenland 1655:Baltic Sea 1624:Königsberg 1608:Kornkammer 1580:Westphalia 1505:Iron Cross 1106:Germanised 1051:Königsberg 901:Reichsmark 892:Papiermark 848:41,915,040 838:24,689,000 828:10,349,000 814:Population 636:Wilhelm II 483:Government 472:Demonym(s) 466:0.1% Other 407:Slovincian 392:Kursenieki 382:Lithuanian 357:Low German 316:Königsberg 94:State flag 8529:Bremen SR 8517:movements 8445:Meiningen 8430:Altenburg 8352:Thuringia 8332:Oldenburg 8307:Brunswick 8103:Meiningen 8095:Lauenburg 8085:Altenburg 8080:Brunswick 8052:Oldenburg 7973:Rhineland 7954:Pomerania 7780:Meiningen 7775:Lauenburg 7765:Altenburg 7760:Brunswick 7732:Oldenburg 7629:partially 7607:Frankfurt 7544:Hechingen 7408:Meiningen 7368:Altenburg 7305:Lauenburg 7282:Brunswick 7257:Oldenburg 7093:From the 7068:Kurhessen 7064:Magdeburg 6942:Pomerania 6918:(1814–15) 6797:Neuchâtel 6754:Magdeburg 6227:145574435 5995:159976974 5344:, p. 105. 5057:Citations 4874:Feldjäger 4807:Bundesrat 4759:concordat 4682:"Prussia" 4620:Education 4487:Masurians 4425:Rhineland 4418:Masurians 4347:Rhineland 4339:Calvinist 4335:Calvinism 4253:Moravians 4219:Ethnicity 4169:In 1649, 4126:Ruhr Area 4057:and King 3710:in 1990. 3704:recreated 3688:going to 3620:Pomerania 3547:Gauleiter 3488:Reichstag 3412:imposing 3261:Saarpfalz 3213:Lithuania 3174:Freistaat 2960:Wilhelm I 2929:Bundesrat 2919:Reichstag 2910:president 2886:Frankfurt 2773:Schleswig 2745:Wilhelm I 2615:, 40% of 2609:Rhineland 2439:gymnasium 2428:Huguenots 2412:Oderbruch 2407:dynasty. 2204:Leopold I 2198:. In the 2164:Huguenots 2057:lands of 2055:Rhineland 1999:became a 1974:, in the 1932:receives 1852:Pomerelia 1816:in 1422. 1798:Curonians 1794:Skalvians 1735:crusading 1651:Lithuania 1645:cut both 1586:(without 1576:Rhineland 1572:Pomerania 1568:Thuringia 1542:Territory 1469:Hanseatic 1436:The main 1390:Działdowo 1238:far-right 1186:. In the 1144:in 1701. 1114:Polonised 1094:Pomerelia 1084:medieval 1068:The name 1057:in 1701, 791:Abolition 770:Abolition 463:Christian 443:Calvinist 429:Majority: 419:Religion 402:Wymysorys 397:Kashubian 334:Official: 162:"Prussia" 78:1525–1947 7912:Kingdoms 7678:Kingdoms 7331:Bernburg 7287:Holstein 7173:Kingdoms 7089:in 1848. 6805:Guelders 6762:Colonies 6606:Archived 6550:(1955) 6548:Bismarck 6484:(1991). 6463:(1996). 6299:(2000). 6279:(1955) 6255:; 862pp. 6135:Volltext 6115:Archived 5854:27 March 5673:, p. 652 5606:Bismarck 5576:Archived 5569:Daedalus 5495:ch 13–14 5362:Asprey, 4994:, Berlin 4988:, Berlin 4982:, Berlin 4966:See also 4872:and the 4797:in 1871. 4763:Holy See 4495:Walloons 4479:Dutchmen 4475:Frisians 4443:and the 4415:Lutheran 4380:Huguenot 4295:Religion 4285:Italians 4273:Walloons 4265:Frisians 4008:de facto 3973:de facto 3933:, named 3694:de facto 3526:landtage 3302:and the 3143:Railways 3102:Liberals 3016:"German 2924:suffrage 2777:Holstein 2577:Landwehr 2532:Napoleon 2497:Lutheran 2405:Cirksena 2368:Voltaire 2239:Salzburg 2235:Mirabeau 2214:", not " 2148:his wife 2129:Bromberg 2103:to King 2001:Lutheran 1984:Albert I 1948:in 1525. 1763:crusades 1751:Konrad I 1713:granted 1632:Klaipėda 1612:Szczecin 1226:expelled 1220:and the 1108:through 1100:. Their 1082:Catholic 1017:de facto 1002:) was a 857:Currency 775:de facto 573:Albert I 530:republic 507:monarchy 477:Prussian 453:Catholic 439:Lutheran 158:Borussia 69:Prussian 8578:Prussia 8544:Rhenish 8539:Bavaria 8400:Hamburg 8360:Waldeck 8337:Prussia 8302:Bavaria 8180:Hamburg 8067:Duchies 7985:Silesia 7942:Hanover 7924:Prussia 7919:Bavaria 7857:Hamburg 7747:Duchies 7685:Prussia 7612:Hamburg 7292:Limburg 7271:Duchies 7195:Hanover 7185:Bavaria 7180:Prussia 7155:Austria 7148:Empires 7085:Became 7004:1866–68 6995:Hanover 6957:Silesia 6870:1772–73 6837:Silesia 6832:/ 1815) 6742:Draheim 6671:Prussia 6540:(1945) 6504:(1977) 6473:(1986) 6465:excerpt 6418:(1987) 6372:(1958) 6362:(1969) 6352:(1958) 6289:(1937) 6251:(1938) 6171:YouTube 6076:(1980). 5987:2639865 5930:(1976). 5872:(1986). 5721:Clark, 5708:Clark, 5695:Clark, 5669:Clark, 5656:Clark, 5643:Clark, 5595:(2007). 5573:online 5531:Clark, 5517:3 April 5491:Clark, 5478:Clark, 5465:Clark, 5449:Clark, 5434:(2001) 5417:Clark, 5275:Clark, 5214:p. 629. 4929:Landrat 4770:culture 4707:scholar 4441:Ermland 4433:Silesia 4408:Masuria 4277:Wojnowo 4233:Kashubs 4160:Landtag 4012:emperor 3913:into a 3713:In the 3699:Bezirke 3668:In the 3644:Stettin 3640:Breslau 3624:Silesia 3496:Potsdam 3201:Belgium 3197:Malmedy 3072:Bavaria 3018:Emperor 3006:Hungary 2958:Kaiser 2851:Hanover 2849:), and 2839:Bavaria 2769:Denmark 2663:Austria 2567:serfdom 2348:Hanover 2274:Silesia 2039:Elector 2005:Vistula 1895:Junkers 1790:Estonia 1782:Livonia 1725:to the 1723:fiefdom 1661:History 1596:Hanover 1584:Silesia 1517:Germans 1408:within 1406:Masuria 1382:Present 1353:within 1282:Prussia 1269:Symbols 1177:Germans 1171:Junkers 1118:Masovia 1070:Prussia 1034:de jure 979:Preußen 942:Prussia 889:German 797:de jure 789:• 768:• 755:• 742:• 729:• 716:• 672:(first) 624:(first) 576:(first) 512:Federal 497:Federal 377:Swedish 372:Frisian 310:Capital 302:in 1871 288:in 1870 274:in 1815 260:in 1797 246:in 1714 150:Anthem: 48:Preußen 43:Prussia 8435:Coburg 8422:Ernest 8405:Lübeck 8395:Bremen 8342:Saxony 8292:Anhalt 8285:States 8185:Lübeck 8175:Bremen 8075:Anhalt 8000:Saxony 7977:Saxony 7930:Berlin 7862:Lübeck 7852:Bremen 7755:Anhalt 7690:Saxony 7617:Lübeck 7602:Bremen 7347:Köthen 7339:Dessau 7323:Anhalt 7300:Nassau 7190:Saxony 7075:(1944) 7072:Nassau 7055:(1922) 7047:(1920) 6986:(1850) 6970:(1822) 6952:Saxony 6913:Vienna 6856:(1744) 6820:(1719) 6800:(1707) 6772:Arguin 6757:(1680) 6722:Minden 6698:Cleves 6552:online 6542:online 6526: 6506:online 6486:online 6475:online 6455:online 6434: 6420:online 6410:online 6387: 6374:online 6364:online 6354:online 6335:online 6309: 6291:online 6281:online 6269: 6253:online 6225: 6189:online 6061:online 5993: 5985: 5948: 5915:online 5897: 5550: 5436:online 5340:Koch, 5264:online 5249:p. 33. 5210: 5126:online 4945:Minden 4802:Berlin 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4505:, and 4499:Czechs 4449:Polish 4307:, and 4281:French 4249:Czechs 4237:Mazurs 4175:Baltic 3981:Akzise 3977:Akzise 3969:Akzise 3955:Akzise 3851:period 3706:after 3659:Stalin 3646:. The 3642:, and 3632:Danzig 3566:Lübeck 3555:Hitler 3456: 3450: 3444: 3245:Danzig 3215:; the 3076:Saxony 2882:Nassau 2861:under 2847:Saxony 2617:Saxony 2569:, the 2461:, and 2376:Athens 2372:Sparta 2364:Russia 2360:France 2356:Saxony 2146:" and 2125:Wehlau 2101:homage 2097:Warsaw 2074:Swedes 2059:Cleves 1980:Kraków 1960:, and 1946:Poland 1856:Danzig 1844:papacy 1808:. The 1786:Latvia 1749:area. 1673:, and 1647:Poland 1616:Gdańsk 1560:Saxony 1477:Lübeck 1473:Bremen 1422:Berlin 1402:Warmia 1262:Junker 1230:Allies 1190:, the 1098:Danzig 1059:Berlin 1004:German 975:German 687:(last) 654: 639:(last) 606: 591:(last) 558: 458:Jewish 451:33.8% 432:64.6% 367:Danish 362:Polish 338:German 323:Berlin 186: 152: 65: 55:German 51: 32:Persia 28:Russia 8476:Reuss 8468:Reuss 8440:Gotha 8317:Lippe 8312:Hesse 8297:Baden 8210:Other 8121:Lippe 8032:Baden 7969:Posen 7798:Lippe 7462:Reuss 7442:Lippe 7232:Baden 7028:Lower 6841:Glatz 6223:S2CID 6124:(PDF) 6046:2:274 5991:S2CID 5983:JSTOR 5535:ch 14 5482:ch 10 5469:ch 11 5453:ch 12 4941:Wesel 4935:arms. 4774:sport 4772:, in 4714:JSTOR 4700:books 4612:Poles 4563:King 4507:Sorbs 4471:Danes 4269:Dutch 4257:Danes 4245:Sorbs 4229:Poles 3751:Baden 3731:Hesse 3473:NSDAP 3414:Reich 3288:Posen 3229:Posen 3193:Eupen 2991:Baden 2855:Italy 2650:King 2559:Stein 2540:Memel 2514:King 2503:into 2385:King 2260:King 2243:Neman 2142:The " 1936:as a 1806:Memel 1784:(now 1721:as a 1532:Poles 1096:with 456:1.3% 62:Prūsa 7097:and 7037:1919 6898:1795 6882:1793 6861:East 6846:1742 6830:1720 6810:1713 6747:1657 6731:1648 6711:1614 6702:Mark 6524:ISBN 6432:ISBN 6385:ISBN 6307:ISBN 6267:ISBN 6156:2024 5946:ISBN 5895:ISBN 5856:2023 5519:2023 5421:ch 7 5279:ch 4 5208:ISBN 4957:The 4943:and 4927:and 4817:The 4745:The 4686:news 4582:The 4353:and 4333:and 4313:The 4261:Jews 4251:and 4150:and 3792:and 3745:and 3737:and 3680:and 3622:and 3583:and 3577:Gaue 3537:Gaue 3478:The 3322:and 3290:and 3231:and 3195:and 3078:and 3061:The 2894:Main 2884:and 2841:and 2775:and 2621:Ruhr 2561:and 2499:and 2362:and 2350:and 2127:and 2109:fief 2090:army 2063:Mark 2061:and 2023:and 1938:fief 1869:The 1854:and 1819:The 1788:and 1743:Acre 1649:and 1620:Riga 1534:and 1521:see 1424:and 1349:and 1280:and 1248:and 1197:Gaue 1161:Ruhr 602:King 554:Duke 535:Nazi 6574:doi 6215:doi 5975:doi 5187:628 4669:by 4402:on 4386:by 4279:), 4185:to 4148:now 4073:). 3607:'s 3579:of 3542:Gau 3494:of 3390:of 3334:of 3219:to 3211:to 3199:to 3024:at 2751:as 1944:of 1920:by 1761:in 1741:at 1733:of 1717:in 1590:); 1088:of 1037:by 1024:to 703:to 30:or 8574:: 7991:, 7987:, 7983:, 7979:, 7975:, 7971:, 7967:, 7952:, 7948:, 7944:, 7940:, 7936:, 7932:, 7070:/ 7066:/ 7062:/ 7030:/ 6997:/ 6993:/ 6891:/ 6863:/ 6839:/ 6740:/ 6724:/ 6720:/ 6704:/ 6700:/ 6570:44 6568:. 6522:. 6261:. 6221:. 6211:38 6209:. 5989:. 5981:. 5971:39 5969:. 5877:^ 5847:. 5827:^ 5800:^ 5774:^ 5760:^ 5742:^ 5730:^ 5458:^ 5442:^ 5410:^ 5189:. 5093:. 5080:^ 5045:, 4923:, 4861:, 4765:. 4587:c. 4551:. 4509:. 4501:, 4497:, 4481:, 4477:, 4473:, 4439:, 4435:, 4420:. 4349:, 4345:, 4303:, 4287:, 4283:, 4271:, 4267:, 4263:, 3769:. 3741:. 3733:, 3729:, 3725:, 3657:. 3638:, 3634:, 3568:. 3503:. 3406:SA 3318:, 3298:; 3275:. 3243:. 3203:; 3184:. 3112:. 3074:, 3032:. 2997:. 2940:. 2900:. 2880:, 2834:. 2759:. 2632:. 2611:, 2507:. 2457:, 2424:of 2366:. 2346:, 2307:. 2253:. 2187:, 2065:. 1982:, 1956:, 1928:, 1669:, 1598:; 1594:; 1582:; 1578:; 1574:; 1558:; 1554:; 1404:, 1252:. 1212:. 1065:. 998:: 994:; 977:: 973:, 801:) 779:) 441:, 8269:e 8262:t 8255:v 7995:) 7965:) 7928:( 7896:e 7889:t 7882:v 7662:e 7655:t 7648:v 7132:e 7125:t 7118:v 7101:. 7039:) 7035:( 7006:) 7002:( 6900:) 6896:( 6884:) 6880:( 6872:) 6868:( 6848:) 6844:( 6828:( 6812:) 6808:( 6749:) 6745:( 6733:) 6729:( 6713:) 6709:( 6662:e 6655:t 6648:v 6580:. 6576:: 6532:. 6477:. 6445:. 6393:. 6344:. 6315:. 6229:. 6217:: 6191:) 6158:. 6137:. 6063:. 5997:. 5977:: 5954:. 5917:. 5903:. 5858:. 5582:. 5557:. 5521:. 5266:. 5097:. 5049:) 4947:. 4916:. 4905:. 4836:. 4814:. 4736:) 4730:( 4725:) 4721:( 4711:· 4704:· 4697:· 4690:· 4663:. 4606:( 4189:. 4101:( 4069:( 4034:( 3994:( 1519:( 969:/ 966:ə 963:ʃ 960:ʌ 957:r 954:p 951:ˈ 948:/ 944:( 793:( 772:( 445:) 437:( 198:" 190:" 184:: 71:) 67:( 57:) 53:( 34:. 23:.

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