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weak, the parties were fragmented, and there was a high level of mutual distrust. The Nazis built on the illiberal, anti-pluralist elements of Weimar's political culture. The Junker elites (the large landowners in the east) and senior civil servants used their great power and influence well into the twentieth century to frustrate any movement toward democracy. They played an especially negative role in the crisis of 1930–1933. Bismarck's emphasis on military force amplified the voice of the officer corps, which combined advanced modernisation of military technology with reactionary politics. The rising upper-middle-class elites, in the business, financial and professional worlds, tended to accept the values of the old traditional elites. The German Empire was for Hans-Ulrich Wehler a strange mixture of highly successful capitalist industrialisation and socio-economic modernisation on the one hand, and of surviving pre-industrial institutions, power relations and traditional cultures on the other. Wehler argues that it produced a high degree of internal tension, which led on the one hand to the suppression of socialists, Catholics and reformers, and on the other hand to a highly aggressive foreign policy. For these reasons
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were without a priest. In the face of systematic defiance, the
Bismarck government increased the penalties and its attacks, and were challenged in 1875 when a papal encyclical declared the whole ecclesiastical legislation of Prussia was invalid, and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who obeyed. There was no violence, but the Catholics mobilized their support, set up numerous civic organizations, raised money to pay fines, and rallied behind their church and the Centre Party. The "Old Catholic Church", which rejected the First Vatican Council, attracted only a few thousand members. Bismarck, a devout pietistic Protestant, realized his Kulturkampf was backfiring when secular and socialist elements used the opportunity to attack all religion. In the long run, the most significant result was the mobilization of the Catholic voters, and their insistence on protecting their religious identity. In the elections of 1874, the Centre party doubled its popular vote, and became the second-largest party in the national parliament—and remained a powerful force for the next 60 years, so that after Bismarck it became difficult to form a government without their support.
4437:
4590:
4566:
4462:
4444:
4499:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4426:
4429:
3730:. However, the evolution of weapons over the last century heavily favored defense over offense, especially thanks to the machine gun, so that it took proportionally more offensive force to overcome a defensive position. This resulted in the German lines on the offense contracting to keep up the offensive timetable while correspondingly the French lines were extending. In addition, some German units that were originally slotted for the German far-right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated. The combined effect had the German right flank sweeping down in front of Paris instead of behind it exposing the German Right flank to the extending French lines and attack from strategic French reserves stationed in Paris. Attacking the exposed German right flank, the
4501:
4054:
4454:
4350:
4574:
1688:
4478:
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1815, the now united
Germany became predominantly urban. The success of German industrialization manifested itself in two ways in the early 20th century; German factories were often larger and more modern than many of their British and French counterparts, but the preindustrial sector was more backward. The success of the German Empire in the natural sciences, especially in physics and chemistry, was such that one-third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire became an industrial, technological, and scientific power in Europe, and by 1913, Germany was the largest economy in continental Europe and the third-largest in the world. Germany also became a
5350:
2448:(League of Three Emperors), in 1881. During this period, individuals within the German military were advocating a preemptive strike against Russia, but Bismarck knew that such ideas were foolhardy. He once wrote that "the most brilliant victories would not avail against the Russian nation, because of its climate, its desert, and its frugality, and having but one frontier to defend", and because it would leave Germany with another bitter, resentful neighbor. Despite this, another alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy would be signed in 1882, preying on the fears of the German and Austro-Hungarian militaries of the untrustworthiness of Russia itself. This alliance, named the
6405:
4542:
5381:
1019:
4773:
1751:
5032:
5004:
4976:
4570:
3699:
1616:
4582:
4461:
5095:
1505:
5119:
5844:
77:
6448:
6462:
5947:
6429:
5310:
4599:
3766:
6506:
4710:
3804:. Verdun had been one of the last cities to hold out against the German Army in 1870, and Falkenhayn predicted that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not taken. He expected that he could take strong defensive positions in the hills overlooking Verdun on the east bank of the river Meuse to threaten the city and the French would launch desperate attacks against these positions. He predicted that French losses would be greater than those of the Germans and that continued French commitment of troops to Verdun would "bleed the French Army white." In February 1916, the
1033:
5886:
2773:
63:
4843:
4822:
4794:
6003:
2703:. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France. The total length of German railroad tracks expanded from 21,000 km (13,000 mi) in 1871 to 63,000 km (39,000 mi) by 1913, establishing the largest rail network in the world after the United States. The German rail network was followed by Austria-Hungary (43,280 km; 26,890 mi), France (40,770 km; 25,330 mi), the United Kingdom (32,623 km; 20,271 mi), Italy (18,873 km; 11,727 mi) and Spain (15,088 km; 9,375 mi).
5830:
5919:
5975:
5961:
3219:
5185:
5164:
6028:
5989:
5905:
5858:
1005:
977:
4488:
5933:
3399:
5872:
5143:
4738:
4411:
13385:
3034:
4430:
5280:
6476:
7339:
5393:
3127:
1072:
225:
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by bit, through internal migration, religious blending was more and more common. In eastern territories, confession was almost uniquely perceived to be connected to one's ethnicity and the equation "Protestant = German, Catholic = Polish" was held to be valid. In areas affected by immigration in the Ruhr area and
Westphalia, as well as in some large cities, religious landscape changed substantially. This was especially true in largely Catholic areas of Westphalia, which changed through Protestant immigration from the eastern provinces.
6417:
1100:
4521:
4654:
4439:
3822:
991:
2495:
5520:
4682:
2581:
4948:
4432:
5409:
5074:
4466:
1058:
6786:
5206:
3234:. The threat of the SPD to the German monarchy and industrialists caused the state both to crack down on the party's supporters and to implement its own programme of social reform to soothe discontent. Germany's large industries provided significant social welfare programmes and good care to their employees, as long as they were not identified as socialists or trade-union members. The larger industrial firms provided pensions, sickness benefits and even housing to their employees.
1863:
1086:
4927:
4864:
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4397:
proclaimed, Bismarck implemented a convention in which his sovereign would only send and receive envoys to and from other German states as the King of
Prussia, while envoys from Berlin sent to foreign nations always received credentials from the monarch in his capacity as German Emperor. In this way, the Prussian foreign ministry was largely tasked with managing relations with the other German states while the Imperial foreign ministry managed Germany's external relations.
3046:
3367:
5362:
4000:, the Germans expected to unfreeze the battlefield and win a decisive victory before the army of the United States, which had now entered the war on the side of the Allies, arrived in strength. In what was known as the "kaiserschlacht", Germany converged their troops and delivered multiple blows that pushed back the allies. However, the repeated German offensives in the spring of 1918 all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped and the Germans lacked the
3959:
3062:
211:
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blockade. The winter of 1916–1917 was known as the "turnip winter", because the people had to survive on a vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock, as a substitute for potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry, who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves. Even the army had to cut the soldiers' rations. The morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink.
201:
4457:
3182:
2950:
5264:
7269:
2324:
5248:
241:
4433:
3293:
6667:). The catastrophic German politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures. At the core of Wehler's interpretation is his treatment of "the middle class" and "revolution", each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century. Wehler's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of "charismatic domination", which focuses heavily on Hitler.
4468:
2893:
4560:
2338:
6538:, the Empire's colonial efforts and its vigorous, competitive industrial prowess all gained it the dislike and envy of other nations. The German Empire enacted a number of progressive reforms, such as Europe's first social welfare system and freedom of press. There was also a modern system for electing the federal parliament, the Reichstag, in which every adult man had one vote. This enabled the
4417:
2619:
after those of
Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. Germany invested more heavily than the British in research, especially in chemistry, ICE engines and electricity. Germany's dominance in physics and chemistry was such that one-third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers. The German
4486:
2838:. He came to realize that this sort of policy was very appealing, since it bound workers to the state, and also fit in very well with his authoritarian nature. The social security systems installed by Bismarck (health care in 1883, accident insurance in 1884, invalidity and old-age insurance in 1889) at the time were the largest in the world and, to a degree, still exist in Germany today.
4493:
2691:
was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the
3249:, and became the largest political party in Germany. The government remained in the hands of a succession of conservative coalitions supported by right-wing liberals or Catholic clerics and heavily dependent on the Kaiser's favour. The rising militarism under Wilhelm II caused many Germans to emigrate to the U.S. and the British colonies to escape mandatory military service.
3375:
with the United States, which opposed German attempts at colonial expansion in both the
Caribbean and the Pacific. Native insurrections in German territories received prominent coverage in other countries, especially in Britain; the established powers had dealt with such uprisings decades earlier, often brutally, and had secured firm control of their colonies by then. The
3627:
4414:
4609:
4415:
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3438:, was eventually relieved and reprimanded for his usurpation of orders and the cruelties he inflicted. These occurrences were sometimes referred to as "the first genocide of the 20th century" and officially condemned by the United Nations in 1985. In 2004 a formal apology by a government minister of the Federal Republic of Germany followed.
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6661:
premodern society battled an emerging capitalist, bourgeois, modernising society. Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm, Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in
Germany, as well as social mentalities and in class relations (
3563:
the heart of Europe so powerful and yet so restless that her neighbors on each side had no choice but either to become her vassals or to stand together for protection....They used their central position to create fear in all sides, in order to gain their diplomatic ends. And then they complained that on all sides they had been encircled.
4421:
2437:. As the French lacked the strength to defeat Germany by themselves, they sought an alliance with Russia, or perhaps even the newly reformed empire of Austria-Hungary, which would envelope Germany completely. Bismarck wanted to prevent this at all costs and maintain friendly relations with the Austrians and the Russians, signing the
4556:
2793:
separate public schools where their religion was taught. There was little interaction or intermarriage. On the whole, the
Protestants had a higher social status, and the Catholics were more likely to be peasant farmers or unskilled or semiskilled industrial workers. In 1870, the Catholics formed their own political party, the
3141:
emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that
Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side. A key difference between Wilhelm II and Bismarck was their approaches to handling political crises, especially in 1889, when German coal miners went on strike in
9576:
4573:
4389:). Relations between the Imperial centre and the Empire's components were somewhat fluid and were developed on an ongoing basis. The extent to which the German Emperor could, for example, intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion—for example in the inheritance crisis in
1829:
completely different franchises. Universal suffrage was significantly diluted by gross over-representation of rural areas from the 1890s onward. By the turn of the century, the urban-rural population balance was completely reversed from 1871; more than two-thirds of the empire's people lived in cities and towns.
10120:
3383:, was an untested power and had only been active there for two years. Seven western nations, including the United States, and Japan mounted a joint relief force to rescue westerners caught up in the rebellion. During the departure ceremonies for the German contingent, Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the
4009:
4.5 million men on the western front and 4,000 tanks for the
Hundred Days Offensive, the Americans arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day, Germany's allies facing collapse and the German Empire's manpower exhausted, it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offensives destroyed the German army.
4445:
2675:. Top-level decision-making was in the hands of professional salaried managers; leading Chandler to call the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises". There were many spinoffs from research—such as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research.
2821:
state board which weeded out intransigent Catholics. Another provision gave the government a veto power over most church activities. A second law abolished the jurisdiction of the Vatican over the Catholic Church in Prussia; its authority was transferred to a government body controlled by Protestants.
6660:
of social history, places the origins of Germany's path to disaster in the 1860s–1870s, when economic modernisation took place, but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army, diplomacy and the civil service. Traditional, aristocratic,
4032:
Towards the end of the war, conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. The causes included the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military, combined with the overburdened railway system, shortages of coal, and the British
3549:
Berlin was deeply suspicious of a supposed conspiracy of its enemies: that year-by-year in the early 20th century it was systematically encircled by enemies. There was a growing fear that the supposed enemy coalition of Russia, France and Britain was getting stronger militarily every year, especially
2618:
Technological progress during German industrialisation occurred in four waves: the railway wave (1877–1886), the dye wave (1887–1896), the chemical wave (1897–1902), and the wave of electrical engineering (1903–1918). Since Germany industrialised later than Britain, it was able to model its factories
2459:
Meanwhile, the chancellor remained wary of any foreign policy developments that looked even remotely warlike. In 1886, he moved to stop an attempted sale of horses to France because they might be used for cavalry and also ordered an investigation into large Russian purchases of medicine from a German
1734:
responsible only to him. The emperor was given extensive powers by the constitution. He alone appointed and dismissed the chancellor (so in practice, the emperor ruled the empire through the chancellor), was supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and final arbiter of all foreign affairs, and
1298:
After 1850, the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized, with particular strengths in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals, and railways. In 1871, Germany had a population of 41 million people; by 1913, this had increased to 68 million. A heavily rural collection of states in
6676:
has had a turbulent history. 19th-century scholars who emphasised a separate German path to modernity saw it as a positive factor that differentiated Germany from the "western path" typified by Great Britain. They stressed the strong bureaucratic state, reforms initiated by Bismarck and other strong
6065:
hardly changed. Still, there were almost entirely Catholic areas (Lower and Upper Bavaria, northern Westphalia, Upper Silesia, etc.) and almost entirely Protestant areas (Schleswig-Holstein, Pomerania, Saxony, etc.). Confessional prejudices, especially towards mixed marriages, were still common. Bit
4515:
3918:. Thus Germany had at last achieved its long-wanted dominance of "Mitteleuropa" (Central Europe) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front. In practice, however, the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort.
3562:
The encirclement, such as it was, was of Germany's own making. She had encircled herself by alienating France over Alsace-Lorraine, Russia by her support of Austria-Hungary's anti—Slav policy in the Balkans, England by building her rival fleet. She had created with Austria-Hungary a military bloc in
3149:
be sent in to crush the strike, but Wilhelm II rejected this authoritarian measure, responding "I do not wish to stain my reign with the blood of my subjects." Instead of condoning repression, Wilhelm had the government negotiate with a delegation from the coal miners, which brought the strike to an
2658:
produced several hundred different dyes, along with the five smaller firms. Imperial Germany built up the world's largest chemical industry, the production of German chemical industry was 60% higher than that of the United States. In 1913, these eight firms produced almost 90% of the world supply of
2441:
with Austria-Hungary in 1879. The Dual Aliance was a defensive alliance that was established against Russia, and by association France, in the event alliance did not work out with the state. However, an alliance with Russia would come not long after the signing of the Dual Alliance with Austria, the
6645:
or "special path" (or "exceptionalism") as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century. According to the historiography by Kocka (1988), the process of nation-building from above had very grievous long-term implications. In terms of parliamentary democracy, Parliament was kept
6501:
shaped the positive memory of the Empire, especially among Germans who distrusted and despised the Weimar Republic. Conservatives, liberals, socialists, nationalists, Catholics and Protestants all had their own interpretations, which led to a fractious political and social climate in Germany in the
4485:
4361:
cities and one imperial territory. The free cities had a republican form of government on the state level, even though the Empire at large was constituted as a monarchy, and so were most of the states. Prussia was the largest of the constituent states, covering two-thirds of the empire's territory.
3808:
began, with the French positions under constant shelling and poison gas attack and taking large casualties under the assault of overwhelmingly large German forces. However, Falkenhayn's prediction of a greater ratio of French killed proved to be wrong as both sides took heavy casualties. Falkenhayn
3526:
Claims that German communities in South America acted as extensions of the German Empire were ubiquituous by 1900 but it has never been proved that these communities acted in such way to any significant degree. German political, cultural and scientific influence was particularly intense in Chile in
3466:
had tried "to convince the Kaiser that the future of the German empire abroad lay in the Middle East" and not in Africa; with a grand Middle-Eastern empire, Germany could afford to allow Britain the unhindered completion of the Cape-to-Cairo railway that Rhodes favoured. Britain initially supported
3374:
Bismarck had originally dismissed the agitation for colonies with contempt; he favoured a Eurocentric foreign policy, as the treaty arrangements made during his tenure in office show. As a latecomer to colonization, Germany repeatedly came into conflict with the established colonial powers and also
2957:
Bismarck's efforts also initiated the levelling of the enormous differences between the German states, which had been independent in their evolution for centuries, especially with legislation. The completely different legal histories and judicial systems posed enormous complications, especially for
2812:
The Kulturkampf launched by Bismarck 1871–1880 affected Prussia; although there were similar movements in Baden and Hesse, the rest of Germany was not affected. According to the new imperial constitution, the states were in charge of religious and educational affairs; they funded the Protestant and
4377:
in 1815. Territories were not necessarily contiguous—many existed in several parts, as a result of historical acquisitions, or, in several cases, divisions of the ruling families. Some of the initially existing states, in particular Hanover, were abolished and annexed by Prussia as a result of the
4285:
On the advice of the chancellor, the emperor appointed the ministers and – at least formally – all other imperial officers. All acts of the emperor except for military directives required the countersignature of the chancellor (Article XVII). The emperor was also responsible for signing bills into
4230:
was able to set guidelines and make organisational changes within the executive branch, act as supreme arbitrator in administrative disputes between states, and serve as constitutional court for states that did not have a constitutional court (Article LXXVI). It was composed of representatives who
3210:
Artists began experimental art in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm's support for traditional art, to which Wilhelm responded "art which transgresses the laws and limits laid down by me can no longer be called art". It was largely thanks to Wilhelm's influence that most printed material in Germany used
2841:
Bismarck's paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist. Bismarck further won the support of both industry
2824:
Nearly all German bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant in the face of heavier and heavier penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government. By 1876, all the Prussian bishops were imprisoned or in exile, and a third of the Catholic parishes
2820:
Much more serious were the May laws of 1873. One made the appointment of any priest dependent on his attendance at a German university, as opposed to the seminaries that the Catholics typically used. Furthermore, all candidates for the ministry had to pass an examination in German culture before a
2792:
Prussia in 1871 included 16,000,000 Protestants, both Reformed and Lutheran, and 8,000,000 Catholics. Most people were generally segregated into their own religious worlds, living in rural districts or city neighbourhoods that were overwhelmingly of the same religion, and sending their children to
2690:
Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centers of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany
1828:
which weighted votes based on the amount of taxes paid, all but assuring a conservative majority. The king and (with two exceptions) the prime minister of Prussia were also the emperor and chancellor of the empire – meaning that the same rulers had to seek majorities from legislatures elected from
1776:
The other states retained their own governments but had only limited aspects of sovereignty. For example, both postage stamps and currency were issued for the empire as a whole. Coins through one mark were also minted in the name of the empire, while higher-valued pieces were issued by the states.
3153:
With Bismarck's departure, Wilhelm II became the dominant ruler of Germany. Unlike his grandfather, Wilhelm I, who had been largely content to leave government affairs to the chancellor, Wilhelm II wanted to be fully informed and actively involved in running Germany, not an ornamental figurehead,
2731:
Bismarck announced there would be no more territorial additions to Germany in Europe, and his diplomacy after 1871 was focused on stabilizing the European system and preventing any wars. He succeeded, and only after his departure from office in 1890 did the diplomatic tensions start rising again.
157:
2797:, which generally supported unification and most of Bismarck's policies. However, Bismarck distrusted parliamentary democracy in general and opposition parties in particular, especially when the Centre Party showed signs of gaining support among dissident elements such as the Polish Catholics in
2604:. By 1902, the factory alone became "A great city with its own streets, its own police force, fire department and traffic laws. There are 150 kilometers of rail, 60 different factory buildings, 8,500 machine tools, seven electrical stations, 140 kilometers of underground cable, and 46 overhead."
2479:
Many consider Bismarck's foreign policy as a coherent system and partly responsible for the preservation of Europe's stability. It was also marked by the need to balance circumspect defensiveness and the desire to be free from the constraints of its position as a major European power. Bismarck's
2386:. Less preoccupied with continental power politics following unification in 1871, Germany's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world's leading industrial power of the time.
1823:
Although authoritarian in many respects, the empire had some democratic features. Besides universal manhood suffrage, it permitted the development of political parties. Bismarck intended to create a constitutional façade that would mask the continuation of authoritarian policies. However, in the
2467:
Bismarck and most of his contemporaries were conservative-minded and focused their foreign policy attention on Germany's neighboring states. In 1914, 60% of German foreign investment was in Europe, as opposed to just 5% of British investment. Most of the money went to developing nations such as
2429:
concludes that he "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". This was a departure from his adventurous foreign policy for Prussia, where he
2394:
granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society, to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter, to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups, and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist
3206:
While Prussian aristocrats challenged the demands of a united German state, in the 1890s several organizations were set up to challenge the authoritarian conservative Prussian militarism which was being imposed on the country. Educators opposed to the German state-run schools, which emphasized
3140:
wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads. This decision led the ambitious Kaiser into conflict with Bismarck. The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather, but the
2562:, which were also its main economic rivals. Throughout its existence, it experienced economic growth and modernization led by heavy industry. In 1871, it had a largely rural population of 41 million, while by 1913, this had increased to a predominantly urban population of 68 million.
1473:(around US$ 269 billion or €240 billion in 2019, or roughly US$ 32 billion in 1921), as well as limiting the army to 100,000 men and disallowing conscription, armored vehicles, submarines, aircraft, and more than six battleships. The consequential economic devastation, later exacerbated by the
6687:
led Germany to the disaster of 1933–1945. The special circumstances of German historical structures and experiences, were interpreted as preconditions that, while not directly causing National Socialism, did hamper the development of a liberal democracy and facilitate the rise of fascism. The
2723:
concept. This meant that Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic Empire with a considerable German-speaking population, would remain outside of the German nation state. Bismarck's policy was to pursue a solution diplomatically. The effective alliance between Germany and Austria played a major role in
1332:
marked his period in the office. Despite his hatred of liberalism and socialism – he called liberals and socialists "enemies of the Reich" – social programs introduced by Bismarck included old-age pensions, accident insurance, medical care and unemployment insurance, all aspects of the modern
2415:
4396:
Unusually for a federation or a nation-state, the German states maintained limited autonomy over foreign affairs and continued to exchange ambassadors and other diplomats (both with each other and directly with foreign nations) for the Empire's entire existence. Shortly after the Empire was
3600:
in 1915 promised it the frontier districts of Austria and also colonial concessions. Germany did acquire a second ally in 1914 when the Ottoman Empire entered the war on its side, but in the long run, supporting the Ottoman war effort only drained away German resources from the main fronts.
2614:
Industrialisation progressed dynamically in Germany, and German manufacturers began to capture domestic markets from British imports, and also to compete with British industry abroad, particularly in the U.S. The German textile and metal industries had by 1870 surpassed those of Britain in
4451:
4008:
and were less willing to continue fighting. The war effort sparked civil unrest in Germany, while the troops, who had been constantly in the field without relief, grew exhausted and lost all hope of victory. In the summer of 1918, the British Army was at its peak strength with as many as
4424:
4472:
2913:
One of the effects of the unification policies was the gradually increasing tendency to eliminate the use of non-German languages in public life, schools and academic settings with the intent of pressuring the non-German population to abandon their national identity in what was called
155:
1788:
and some had their own armies, the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. Those of the larger states, such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony, were coordinated along Prussian principles and would, in wartime, be controlled by the federal government.
9546:
3007:). In 1873 the constitution was amended to allow the Empire to replace the various and greatly differing Civil Codes of the states (If they existed at all; for example, parts of Germany formerly occupied by Napoleon's France had adopted the French Civil Code, while in Prussia the
4508:
2480:
successors did not pursue his foreign policy legacy. For instance, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who dismissed the chancellor in 1890, let the treaty with Russia lapse in favor of Germany's alliance with Austria, which finally led to a stronger coalition-building between Russia and France.
1385:("world politics") – a bellicose new course that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. Bismarck's successors were incapable of maintaining their predecessor's complex, shifting, and overlapping alliances which had kept Germany from being diplomatically isolated.
4427:
158:
149:
4614:
154:
153:
159:
152:
151:
150:
161:
1792:
The evolution of the German Empire is somewhat in line with parallel developments in Italy, which became a united nation-state a decade earlier. Some key elements of the German Empire's authoritarian political structure were also the basis for conservative modernization in
4584:
4583:
4448:
160:
156:
4616:
4545:
4534:
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4496:
2682:(1914–1918), German industry switched to war production. The heaviest demands were on coal and steel for artillery and shell production, and on chemicals for the synthesis of materials that were subject to import restrictions and for chemical weapons and war supplies.
3718:, sweeping down to encircle and crush both Paris and the French forces along the Franco-German border in a quick victory. After defeating France, Germany would turn to attack Russia. The plan required violating the official neutrality of Belgium and Luxembourg, which
10084:
4431:
4455:
4446:
3267:. Hindenburg took over the role of commander–in–chief from the Kaiser, while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff. By 1916, Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead.
4567:
2634:
Germany overtook British steel production in 1893 and pig iron production in 1903. The German steel and pig iron production continued its rapid expansion: Between 1911 and 1913, the German steel and pig iron output reached one quarter of total global production.
4416:
3579:
in 1908 further soured relations with Russia. Berlin missed the opportunity to secure an alliance with Britain in the 1890s when it was involved in colonial rivalries with France, and he alienated British statesmen further by openly supporting the Boers in the
3315:"), causing the German Empire to vie with other European powers for remaining "unclaimed" territories. With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain, which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France, Germany acquired
4475:
4506:
4422:
147:
4500:
4434:
2833:
Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. In the 1880s he introduced old-age pensions, accident insurance, medical care and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern
6698:", the history of the bourgeoisie, and comparisons with the West. After 1990, increased attention to cultural dimensions and to comparative and relational history moved German historiography to different topics, with much less attention paid to the
4450:
2389:
Bismarck's "revolutionary conservatism" was a conservative state-building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans—not just the Junker elite—more loyal to the throne and empire. According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis, his strategy was:
10516:
4550:
4528:
6018:
In the 1860s, Russia removed privileges for German emigrants and placed pressure on German immigrants to assimilate. The majority of German emigrants left Russia after the turn of the century. Some of these ethnic Germans immigrated to Germany.
1291:. While Prussia was one of four kingdoms in the realm, it contained about two-thirds of the Empire's population and territory, and Prussian dominance was also constitutionally established, since the King of Prussia was also the German Emperor (
186:
3855:
and the German and Austro-Hungarian armies thereafter steadily advanced eastward. The Germans benefited from political instability in Russia and its population's desire to end the war. In 1917 the German government allowed Russia's communist
3207:
military education, set up their own independent liberal schools, which encouraged individuality and freedom. However nearly all the schools in Imperial Germany had a very high standard and kept abreast with modern developments in knowledge.
4104:. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost, initiating the uprising. On 3 November, the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country, in many of which
3554:, it was after the set-back in Morocco in 1905 that the fear of encirclement began to be a potent factor in German politics." Few outside observers agreed with the notion of Germany as a victim of deliberate encirclement. English historian
2941:, where a series of anti-Polish measures was enforced. Numerous anti-Polish laws had no great effect especially in the province of Posen where the German-speaking population dropped from 42.8% in 1871 to 38.1% in 1905, despite all efforts.
3430:. In 1904, the Herero and the Nama revolted against the colonists in Southwest Africa, killing farm families, their laborers and servants. In response to the attacks, troops were dispatched to quell the uprising which then resulted in the
2866:. In the popular mind, Jews became a symbol of capitalism and wealth. On the other hand, the constitution and legal system protected the rights of Jews as German citizens. Antisemitic parties were formed but soon collapsed. But after the
2399:
Bismarck created the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s and enacted universal male suffrage in 1871. He became a great hero to German conservatives, who erected many monuments to his memory and tried to emulate his policies.
6618:
in 1886. The enormous growth of industrial production and industrial potential also led to a rapid urbanisation of Germany, which turned the Germans into a nation of city dwellers. More than 5 million people left Germany for the
4586:
4585:
4459:
3673:
Germany began the war by targeting its chief rival, France. Germany saw the French Republic as its principal danger on the European continent as it could mobilize much faster than Russia and bordered Germany's industrial core in the
4539:
1389:
was marked by increased oppression of Polish people and various factors influencing the Emperor's decisions, which were often perceived as contradictory or unpredictable by the public. In 1879, the German Empire consolidated the
4571:
4555:
4509:
4442:
1680:. However, the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas. As a result, by the time of the great expansion of German cities in the 1890s and 1900s, rural areas were grossly
4504:
2638:
German factories were larger and more modern than their British and French counterparts. By 1913, the German electricity production was higher than the combined electricity production of Britain, France, Italy and Sweden.
4492:
4463:
3203:, which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment, were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners, who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms.
4435:
2659:
dyestuffs and sold about 80% of their production abroad. The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as
2615:
organisation and technical efficiency and superseded British manufacturers in the domestic market. Germany became the dominant economic power on the continent and was the second-largest exporting nation after Britain.
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
2813:
Catholic schools. In July 1871 Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of ecclesiastical and educational affairs, depriving Catholics of their voice at the highest level. The system of strict
4572:
4142:, Austria-Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions, its other allies out of the war and pressure from the German high command, the Kaiser and all German ruling kings, dukes, and princes abdicated, and
7340:
4474:
4428:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4453:
3165:(2004) notes, Bismarckian foreign policy "was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser". Wilhelm became internationally notorious for his aggressive stance on foreign policy and his strategic blunders (such as the
4565:
4547:
4470:
4467:
146:
4419:
2627:), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. Following Germany's annexation of
1600:
of 1870 overwhelmed the remaining opposition to a unified Germany (aside from Austria) in the four states south of the Main, and during November 1870, they joined the North German Confederation by treaty.
3868:
into Russia. Germany believed that if Lenin could create further political unrest, Russia would no longer be able to continue its war with Germany, allowing the German Army to focus on the Western Front.
10513:
4593:
4440:
4438:
4436:
2805:, led by the liberal intellectuals who formed a vital part of Bismarck's coalition. They saw the Catholic Church as a powerful force of reaction and anti-modernity, especially after the proclamation of
4589:
4588:
4449:
4443:
1761:
Although nominally a federal empire and league of equals, in practice, the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state, Prussia. It stretched across the northern two-thirds of the new
1747:
had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills and to initiate legislation. However, as mentioned above, in practice, the real power was vested in the emperor, who exercised it through his chancellor.
185:
4505:
2740:
After achieving formal unification in 1871, Bismarck devoted much of his attention to the cause of national unity. He opposed Catholic civil rights and emancipation, especially the influence of the
3722:
had guaranteed by treaty. However, the Germans had calculated that Britain would enter the war regardless of whether they had formal justification to do so. At first the attack was successful: the
2430:
favored strength and expansion, punctuating this by saying, "The great questions of the age are not settled by speeches and majority votes – this was the error of 1848–49 – but by iron and blood."
4569:
3844:
eventually proved to be a great success. Despite initial setbacks due to the unexpectedly rapid mobilisation of the Russian army, which resulted in a Russian invasion of East Prussia and Austrian
3800:
decided to exploit the defensive advantages that had shown themselves in the 1915 Allied offensives by attempting to goad France into attacking strong defensive positions near the ancient city of
9525:
148:
4568:
4357:
Before unification, German territory (excluding Austria and Switzerland) was made up of 27 constituent states. These states consisted of kingdoms, grand duchies, duchies, principalities, free
10154:
4544:
4543:
4503:
3363:(after 1908) became self-sufficient and profitable; all the others required subsidies from the Berlin treasury for building infrastructure, school systems, hospitals and other institutions.
4495:
4460:
2506:
Germans had dreamed of colonial imperialism since 1848. Although Bismarck had little interest in acquiring overseas possessions, most Germans were enthusiastic, and by 1884 he had acquired
187:
8008:
3241:, Wilhelm II maintained good relations with the Roman Catholic Church and concentrated on opposing socialism. This policy failed when the Social Democrats won a third of the votes in the
1364:
ones. As a colonial state, it sometimes clashed with the interests of other European powers, especially the British Empire. During its colonial expansion, the German Empire committed the
4458:
4456:
4563:
3311:", like Britain, which he constantly wished to emulate or rival. With German traders and merchants already active worldwide, he encouraged colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific ("
4557:
2842:
and skilled workers by his high tariff policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade.
4612:
4549:
4548:
4538:
4498:
4473:
3195:
Under Wilhelm II, Germany no longer had long-ruling strong chancellors like Bismarck. The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles, especially the additional role as
4601:
4487:
4464:
3892:, the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front. All of present-day
8156:
3434:. In total, some 65,000 Herero (80% of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) perished. The commander of the punitive expedition, General
12630:
10221:(2003) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society. None of the series has yet been translated into English. A partial summary appears in Hans-Ulrich Wehler,
7955:
6069:
Politically, the confessional division of Germany had considerable consequences. In Catholic areas, the Centre Party had a big electorate. On the other hand, Social Democrats and
4607:
12645:
8212:
4562:
4561:
12829:
9932:
6040:
4615:
4551:
4502:
4497:
15347:
6416:
4527:
4507:
4420:
10936:
Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "Structure and Agency in Wilhelmine Germany: The history of the German Empire, Past, present and Future", in Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist, eds.
7588:
3584:
and building a navy to rival Britain's. By 1911, Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck and Britain turned to France in the
3515:
but soon abandoned any such designs given that far-flung bases in northern South America would be very vulnerable. Germany attempted to promote Chile, a country that was
3015:
of 1794 was still in effect). In 1881, a first commission was established to produce a common Civil Code for all of the Empire, an enormous effort that would produce the
3992:
The defeat of Russia in 1917 enabled Germany to transfer hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the
6404:
2918:". These policies often had the reverse effect of stimulating resistance, usually in the form of homeschooling and tighter unity in the minority groups, especially the
4105:
6583:
from 1909 was a milestone in classic modern architecture and an outstanding example of emerging functionalism. The social, economic, and scientific successes of this
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4242:) was a legislative body elected by universal male suffrage that effectively served as parliament. It had the right to propose bills and, with the concurrence of the
3479:, threatening Britain's naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean. Accordingly, they asked to have construction halted, to which Germany and the Ottoman Empire acquiesced.
12727:
4524:
4512:
2977:
9971:
6073:
usually received hardly any votes in the Catholic areas of the Ruhr. This began to change with the secularization arising in the last decades of the German Empire.
12364:
12188:
11528:
15137:
12806:
3658:, which Austria-Hungary blamed for the assassination. This unconditional support for Austria-Hungary was called a "blank cheque" by historians, including German
3507:– as a buffer to protect its interest from the growing influence of the United States. Policymakers in Germany analysed the possibility of establishing bases in
4600:
4594:
4592:
1303:, building the longest railway network of Europe, the world's strongest army, and a fast-growing industrial base. Starting very small in 1871, in a decade, the
17828:
12834:
11341:
9624:'A Barometer of National Confidence': a British Assessment of the Role of Insecurity in the Formulation of German Military Policy before the First World War."
6677:
leaders, the Prussian service ethos, the high culture of philosophy and music, and Germany's pioneering of a social welfare state. In the 1950s, historians in
4425:
3880:
government came to power under the leadership of Lenin. Facing political opposition, he decided to end Russia's campaign against Germany, Austria-Hungary, the
2452:, would exist up until 1915, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. Despite Germany, and especially Austria's, lack of faith in the Russian alliance, the
4606:
4605:
4482:
13264:
13022:
12749:
12441:
11399:
4525:
3082:
as the new emperor. Frederick was a liberal and an admirer of the British constitution, while his links to Britain strengthened further with his marriage to
2966:
8865:
7477:
Seyler, Gustav A.:Die Wappen der deutschen Landesfürsten. Reprograf. Nachdr. von Siebmacher's Wappenbuch 1. Bd., 1. Abt. 2. – 5. Teil (Nürnberg 1909 – 1929)
13129:
4531:
4477:
3519:, into a regional counterweight to the United States. Germany and Britain managed through Chile to have Ecuador deny the United States a naval base in the
2369:
10958:
3571:" that Bismarck had negotiated with Tsarist Russia to lapse. It allowed Russia to make a new alliance with France. Germany was left with no firm ally but
17833:
13037:
12792:
10004:
8274:
4610:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4248:, approve the state budget annually and the military budget for periods of seven years until 1893, then after that for five years. All laws required the
4045:
arrived in Germany with returning troops. Around 287,000 people died of Spanish flu in Germany between 1918 and 1920 with 50,000 deaths in Berlin alone.
3889:
3150:
end without violence. The fractious relationship ended in March 1890, after Wilhelm II and Bismarck quarrelled, and the chancellor resigned days later.
13554:
9514:
1769:. With the exception of 1872–1873 and 1892–1894, the chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of Prussia. With 17 out of 58 votes in the
522:
13032:
12722:
12673:
12588:
1739:
to call for new elections. Officially, the chancellor was a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the
9605:
4603:
4602:
3462:
was begun in 1900, although by 1914 it was still 500 km (310 mi) short of its destination in Baghdad. In an interview with Wilhelm in 1899,
3387:
invaders of continental Europe – an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during
1824:
process, he created a system with a serious flaw. There was a significant disparity between the Prussian and German electoral systems. Prussia used a
12876:
8243:
5380:
4526:
4491:
4490:
4489:
1743:(top bureaucratic officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) functioned much like ministers in other monarchies. The
10151:
8522:
Frankel, Richard (2003). "From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power: The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right, 1898–1945".
7702:
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7985:
2962:
in 1861 (which was adapted for the Empire and, with great modifications, is still in effect today), there was little similarity in laws otherwise.
8304:
6530:
Under Bismarck, a united German state had finally been achieved, but it remained a Prussian-dominated state and did not include German Austria as
4611:
4597:
4596:
4554:
2596:
For 30 years, Germany struggled against Britain to be Europe's leading industrial power. Representative of Germany's industry was the steel giant
1588:
and its allies on one side and Prussia and its allies on the other. The war resulted in the partial replacement of the Confederation in 1867 by a
566:
15514:
15357:
12717:
12075:
7488:
History of the Flag of the United States of America: With a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations
7224:
7198:
7142:
7058:
7019:
2248:
1644:
8000:
3686:
to Germany in 1871. The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace-Lorraine. Aside from the very unofficial
9136:
7763:
4082:
16617:
11506:
9817:
5419:
About 92% of the population spoke German as their first language. The only minority language with a significant number of speakers (5.4%) was
4613:
4604:
4553:
4552:
4471:
4041:
The population of Germany was already suffering from outbreaks of disease due to malnutrition due to Allied blockade preventing food imports.
15719:
11568:
4529:
4494:
4253:
76:
8063:
8031:
Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. 1. Band: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden.
6447:
6428:
14185:
14013:
13928:
13667:
12777:
12707:
12346:
11558:
11469:
9522:
Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert
7228:
6782:
In addition to present-day Germany, large parts of what comprised the German Empire now belong to several other modern European countries.
2926:
1329:
6461:
12801:
11692:
11146:
10085:""The Unspoilt Nature of German Ethnicity": Immigration and Integration of "Ethnic Germans" in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic"
9102:, Spring 1979, Vol. 53 Issue 1, pp. 40–64; Ivo N. Lambi, "The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873–1879",
8148:
3033:
1308:
10765:
Rich, Norman. "The Question of National Interest in Imperial German Foreign Policy: Bismarck, William II, and the Road to World War I."
10290:
7963:
2453:
17788:
17778:
11369:
9551:
9474:
Fischer, Ferenc (1 January 2008). "La expansión (1885–1918) del modelo militar alemán y su pervivencia (1919–1933) en América Latina".
6044:
5392:
4090:
3023:(BGB), possibly one of the most impressive legal works in the world; it was eventually put into effect on 1 January 1900. All of these
3010:
2464:, ambassador to France, who reported back that the French were not seeking a revanchist war and were desperate for peace at all costs.
8186:
4530:
3379:
in China, which the Chinese government eventually sponsored, began in the Shandong province, in part because Germany, as colonizer at
2558:
By 1900, Germany became the largest economy in continental Europe and the third-largest in the world behind the United States and the
13257:
11699:
7813:. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany.
5349:
4523:
2476:, but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests. Conflict over the Baghdad Railway was resolved in June 1914.
10813:
10045:
9924:
9873:
8648:
Fitzpatrick, Matthew (2007). "A Fall from Grace? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848–1884".
8363:
16005:
15245:
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and the Imperial Government, led the lawmaking process and countersigned all acts of the emperor (except for military directives).
4165:. Those opposed, including disaffected veterans, joined a diverse set of paramilitary and underground political groups such as the
2362:
13027:
10301:
Modern Germany; her political and economic problems, her foreign and domestic policy, her ambitions, and the causes of her success
4281:. The chancellor, in consultation with the emperor, determined the government's broad policy guidelines and presented them to the
17753:
16186:
14400:
12959:
12797:
12784:
12741:
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12376:
12178:
12085:
11987:
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11392:
11094:
7580:
4150:
3276:
2409:
1921:
9547:"Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period"
3531:, and the prestige of Germany and German things in Chile remained high after the war but did not recover to its pre-war levels.
2714:
13672:
13151:
13141:
13009:
9020:
Lamberti, Marjorie (2001). "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914". In Philip G. Dwyer (ed.).
3252:
During World War I, the Kaiser increasingly devolved his powers to the leaders of the German High Command, particularly future
3215:
instead of the Roman type used in the rest of Western Europe. At the same time, a new generation of cultural creators emerged.
2571:
1666:, adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, was substantially based upon Bismarck's
11084:
11039:
Berlin Under the New Empire: Its Institutions, Inhabitants, Industry, Monuments, Museums, Social Life, Manners, and Amusements
9748:
6789:
German territories lost in both World Wars are shown in black, while present-day Germany is marked dark grey on this 1914 map.
2425:
Bismarck's post-1871 foreign policy was conservative and sought to preserve the balance of power in Europe. British historian
1812:
One factor in the social anatomy of these governments was the retention of a very substantial share in political power by the
1765:
and contained three-fifths of the country's population. The imperial crown was hereditary in the ruling house of Prussia, the
17570:
16952:
15479:
14452:
14007:
13323:
12923:
12857:
12694:
12573:
12246:
11265:
11121:
10888:
10388:
9279:
9241:
9211:
8991:
8964:
8506:
8479:
8096:
7938:
7674:
7566:
Ochsmann, Almut. "100 Jahre deutsche Nationalhymne: Überlegungen zu Eine vaterländische Ouvertüre op. 140." Mitteilungen der
7441:
7171:
7096:
6602:" laid the foundation of Germany's status as one of the world's leading economic powers. The iron and coal industries of the
4522:
4520:
4518:
4349:
3610:
2526:, Samoa) led to frictions with the UK, Russia, Japan, and the US. The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa, where the
2456:
would be first signed in 1887, and renewed up until 1890, when the Bismarckian system collapsed upon Bismarck's resignation.
2302:
2233:
2166:
14417:
7877:
7729:
3567:
Wilhelm II, under pressure from his new advisors after Bismarck left, committed a fatal error when he decided to allow the "
17808:
15786:
13637:
13250:
13098:
12518:
11303:
11057:
10219:
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914–1949
8981:
2611:. German workers enjoyed health, accident and maternity benefits, canteens, changing rooms, and a national pension scheme.
17476:
6475:
4559:
4277:
of the Empire – he was not a ruler. He appointed the chancellor, usually the person able to command the confidence of the
4053:
4021:" meant that supplies had to be redirected towards the armed forces and, with German commerce being stopped by the Allied
17793:
15633:
15616:
15449:
14905:
13526:
13416:
13411:
12869:
12193:
11821:
11326:
10857:
9959:
5885:
5212:
4849:
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4558:
3643:
2355:
2129:
1897:
1539:
were crushed after the relations between the educated, well-off middle-class liberals and the urban artisans broke down;
1434:
13083:
10478:
The German Empire between Two Wars; a Study of the Political and Social Development of the Nation between 1871 and 1914.
3666:– was that this "blank cheque" licensed Austro-Hungarian aggression regardless of the diplomatic consequences, and thus
1477:, as well as humiliation and outrage experienced by the German population are considered leading factors in the rise of
17823:
17622:
16622:
15524:
15489:
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14910:
13068:
12358:
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10377:
9724:
8632:
8607:
8579:
7302:
6539:
4344:
4154:
4101:
4078:
4058:
3678:. Unlike Britain and Russia, the French entered the war mainly for revenge against Germany, in particular for France's
3227:
2749:
2268:
2062:
1917:
1462:
1155:
746:
4029:
were controlled, then rationing was introduced. During the war about 750,000 German civilians died from malnutrition.
1687:
1197:
came into force on 16 April, changing the name of the federal state to the German Empire and introducing the title of
16266:
15973:
15877:
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From Old Regime to Industrial State: A History of German Industrialization from the Eighteenth Century to World War I
7524:
7307:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4217:
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4077:
Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers began to associate with the political left, such as the
3544:
2553:
1663:
1610:
1525:
1322:
was marked by relative liberalism at its start, but in time grew more conservative. Broad reforms, the anti-Catholic
1194:
1166:
705:
267:
10699:
Reagin, Nancy (2001). "The Imagined Hausfrau: National Identity, Domesticity, and Colonialism in Imperial Germany".
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to play considerable roles in the empire's political life despite the continued hostility of Prussian aristocrats.
6494:
5149:
1912:
1707:
62:
13384:
8442:
7609:
Nipperdey, Thomas, "Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918: Zweiter Band: Machtstaat vor der Demokratie" (1995), p. 98–108.
5843:
4108:
were established. Meanwhile, Hindenburg and the senior generals lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government.
3355:). Islands were gained in the Pacific through purchase and treaties and also a 99-year lease for the territory of
1963:
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17248:
15839:
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1939:
1785:
1465:
with the abdication of Wilhelm II, which left the post-war federal republic to govern a devastated populace. The
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11859:
8719:
Dedering, Tilman (1993). "The German-Herero war of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography?".
6002:
5946:
4220:(Article VII Nr. 1) and, because all laws required its consent, could effectively veto any bill coming from the
3422:. Herero and Nama tribal lands were used for a variety of exploitative goals (much as the British did before in
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9515:"El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile"
8266:
5482:
1943:
1902:
1825:
1648:
1446:
82:
20:
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Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."
9996:
5918:
3596:. When war came, Italy saw more benefit in an alliance with Britain, France, and Russia, which, in the secret
3045:
1820:, resulting from the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban areas.
1710:, proposing a toast to the new emperor. At centre (in white): Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany,
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The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa
6549:
The era of the German Empire is well remembered in Germany as one of great cultural and intellectual vigour.
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Russia that lacked the capital or technical knowledge to industrialize on their own. The construction of the
1703:
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775:
591:
499:
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5829:
3813:, and with no success in sight, the German Army pulled out of Verdun in December 1916 and the battle ended.
3550:
Russia. The longer Berlin waited the less likely it would prevail in a war. According to American historian
2776:
Tensions between Germany and the Catholic Church hierarchy as depicted in a chess game between Bismarck and
2382:
Bismarck's domestic policies played an important role in forging the authoritarian political culture of the
1553:
hegemony throughout the German states; to do so meant unification of the German states and the exclusion of
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1935:
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ended as a result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 between the constituent Confederation entities of the
451:
8803:
Jochen Streb, et al. "Technological and geographical knowledge spillover in the German empire 1877–1918",
8235:
5857:
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to gain his forces supplies and to pick up more Askari recruits. His force was still active at war's end.
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Elaine Glovka Spencer, "Rules of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914",
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Bismarck and state socialism; an exposition of the social and economic legislation of Germany since 1870
6694:
paradigm has provided the impetus for at least three strands of research in German historiography: the "
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1449:
in early 1917 contributed to bringing the United States into the war. In October 1918, after the failed
17803:
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8296:
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6564:
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3790:
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2472:, financed by German banks, was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Ottoman Empire and the
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1877:
1624:
1615:
1589:
1190:
982:
627:
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11071:
10175:
Jürgen Kocka (January 1988). "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German 'Sonderweg'".
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1577:
in 1870–1871 sparked a growing pan-German ideal and contributed to the formation of the German state.
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11464:
11442:
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11181:
11114:
11004:
Reagin, Nancy R. "Recent Work on German National Identity: Regional? Imperial? Gendered? Imaginary?"
10975:
Wilhelminism and Its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930
10620:
The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933
10483:
9129:
8867:
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization
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4533:
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665:
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487:
68:
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12025:
7847:. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller, eds.,
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3706:
Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco-German border and instead adopted the
1724:, the federal council of deputies from the 27 states. Executive power was vested in the emperor, or
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9813:
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7448:, Masurian in the south of East Prussia, Kashubian in the north of West Prussia and Sorbian in the
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3154:
although most Germans found his claims of divine right to rule amusing. Wilhelm allowed politician
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2971:
2767:
1959:
1561:, from the subsequent German Empire. He envisioned a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany. The
1549:, which appealed to peasants as well as the aristocracy, took its place. Bismarck sought to extend
760:
10294:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 804–828 and more to page 901.
8340:
4256:, the Reich chancellor, through a change to Article XV, became dependent on the confidence of the
3765:
3169:), which pushed the German Empire into growing political isolation and eventually helped to cause
3109:, which had been diagnosed in 1887. He died on the 99th day of his rule, on 15 June 1888. His son
3094:
of the Reich and an increase of parliament's influence on the political process. The dismissal of
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12276:
12103:
12098:
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11889:
11874:
11869:
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The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany
9048:
The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887
8191:
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Distribution of Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Imperial Germany (Meyers Konversationslexikon)
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3226:
From the 1890s onwards, the most effective opposition to the monarchy came from the newly formed
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1442:
1407:
133:
19:
This article is about the German nation-state existing from 1871 until 1918. For other uses, see
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was spoken throughout northern Germany and, though linguistically as distinct from High German (
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Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (2004), "Introduction", in Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (eds.),
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9483:
8572:
German Diplomatic Relations 1871–1945: The Wilhelmstrasse And the Formulation Of Foreign Policy
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Upon acquiring Southwest Africa, German settlers were encouraged to cultivate land held by the
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2794:
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1986:
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1499:
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1117:
692:
246:
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8705:(1977) focuses on political and economic history; Michael Perraudin and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds.
8496:
8135:
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
8086:
6972:), an uninhabited hill and some nearby slivers of land, annexed by the Netherlands after WWII
5286:
1437:
caused severe shortages of food and supplements. However, Imperial Germany had success on the
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was introduced; in 1877, common court procedures were established in the court system by the
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1210:
457:
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14344:
8392:
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6995:(excluding towns of Taps, Hejle and Vejstrup), and the towns of Hviding, Roager and Spandet
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579:
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8779:
The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared
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1991:
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1340:
Late in Bismarck's chancellorship and in spite of his earlier personal opposition, Germany
1318:
From 1871 to 1890, Otto von Bismarck's tenure as the first and to this day longest-serving
1304:
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1234:
1170:
1038:
1024:
448:
17500:
13242:
11775:
10436:(1908), 503 pages, covers 1871–1906 with focus on social and economic history and colonies
3785:) with huge casualties. A series of allied offensives in 1915 against German positions in
3520:
3512:
3102:, on 8 June was a sign of the expected direction and a blow to Bismarck's administration.
8:
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3395:. On two occasions, a French-German conflict over the fate of Morocco seemed inevitable.
3257:
3002:
2806:
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1597:
1574:
1570:
1536:
1349:
1348:. Claiming much of the leftover territory that was not yet conquered by Europeans in the
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1250:
1093:
910:
789:
356:
340:
17128:
17118:
15504:
13166:
11095:
Dissemination of the main foreign mother tongues in the German Reich 1913 (map, 300 dpi)
11038:
10693:
Jewish Responses to Anti-Semitism in Germany, 1870–1914: A Study in the History of Ideas
10450:
10300:
8334:
1773:, Berlin needed only a few votes from the smaller states to exercise effective control.
17525:
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10565:
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10192:
10112:
9568:
8925:
Carsten Burhop, "Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany: the Case of E. Merck",
8750:
8539:
8267:"The National Archives Learning Curve | The Great War | Why was it hard to make peace?"
8118:
7834:
being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.
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7287:
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6653:
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5924:
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sovereign from the mid-1600s onward. Others were created as sovereign states after the
4320:
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4070:
4005:
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3568:
3340:
3187:
3024:
2863:
2079:
2039:
2011:
1851:
1778:
1677:
1517:
1470:
1278:
1238:
1230:
996:
615:
360:
170:
9257:
7046:
7036:
5474:) as from Dutch and English, was considered "German", hence also its name. Danish and
3126:
2711:
The creation of the Empire under Prussian leadership was a victory for the concept of
1065:
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17530:
17466:
17461:
17390:
17287:
17002:
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10884:
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10748:
10724:
10676:
10661:
10602:
10585:
10491:
10441:
10425:
10386:
Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy
10369:
10353:
10324:
Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler".
10204:
10116:
10104:
9720:
9599:
Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy
9572:
9275:
9237:
9207:
9186:
8987:
8960:
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and his students emphasised Germany's primary guilt for causing the First World War.
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needed to consolidate their gains. Meanwhile, soldiers had become radicalised by the
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to tutor him in European economics and industrial and financial realities in Europe.
2938:
2664:
2507:
2044:
1967:
1540:
1372:
1218:
941:
718:
541:
396:
348:
344:
10736:
10658:
Imperial Germany 1867–1918: Politics, Culture, and Society in an Authoritarian State
10488:
From Kaiserreich to Third Reich: Elements of Continuity in German History, 1871–1945
6930:
3888:
to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent. In March 1918, by the
2433:
Bismarck's chief concern was that France would plot revenge after its defeat in the
17483:
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10708:
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115.462 (2000): 570–606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority
10535:
10184:
10096:
9740:
9560:
9167:
School Strikes in Prussian Poland, 1901–1907: The Struggle over Bilingual Education
8728:
8684:
8657:
8531:
7857:
Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany
7637:
6657:
6568:
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4876:
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4001:
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resulted in a long-held stalemate between the German Army and the Allies in dug-in
3667:
3589:
3585:
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3308:
3264:
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3090:. With his ascent to the throne, many hoped that Frederick's reign would lead to a
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and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of
2672:
2523:
2419:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1695:
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in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a
935:
445:
364:
11029:
10432:
10385:
8386:
4290:), negotiating peace, making treaties, and calling and adjourning sessions of the
3726:
swept down from Belgium and Luxembourg and advanced on Paris, at the nearby river
3690:, the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war.
3078:
On 9 March 1888, Wilhelm I died shortly before his 91st birthday, leaving his son
17701:
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4381:
Each component of the German Empire sent representatives to the Federal Council (
4162:
4143:
4127:
4066:
3821:
3747:
3742:, resulting in the German Army retreating to defensive positions along the river
3711:
3707:
3683:
3647:
3572:
3555:
3551:
3468:
3459:
3376:
3312:
3200:
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2907:
2862:, it had been religiously motivated, but by the 19th century, it was a factor in
2814:
2628:
2580:
2519:
2176:
1794:
1740:
1670:. The political system remained the same. The empire had a parliament called the
1652:
1636:
1585:
1558:
1521:
1426:
1395:
1353:
1159:
1051:
675:
603:
553:
414:
332:
328:
302:
224:
43:
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11053:
6710:
thesis, they have not provided a generally accepted alternative interpretation.
5408:
4365:
Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the
4025:, German civilians were forced to live in increasingly meagre conditions. First
3630:
Map of the world showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the
17644:
17639:
17602:
17577:
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17471:
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10681:
10188:
9901:
9309:
9178:
8837:
7417:
7390:
7274:
7023:
7010:
6591:, or founding epoch, have sometimes led the Wilhelmine era to be regarded as a
5891:
5849:
5694:
5681:
5657:
5494:
5450:, were located in the north and northwest of the empire, near the borders with
5443:
5254:
5038:
4982:
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4138:
on 3 November 1918. So, in November 1918, with internal revolution, the Allies
4119:
4022:
3881:
3861:
3794:
3751:
3719:
3635:
3631:
3451:
3162:
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1806:
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1411:
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468:
116:
10720:
10100:
10034:] (in German) (3 ed.). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 1003.
9954:
9952:
9950:
9564:
8983:
The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present
8732:
6586:
1627:
Reichstag renamed the Confederation the "German Empire" and gave the title of
17742:
17725:
17612:
17407:
17380:
17353:
17331:
17076:
17059:
17044:
16888:
16841:
16829:
16755:
16647:
16521:
16516:
16491:
16373:
14575:
14570:
13992:
13850:
13809:
13789:
13017:
12305:
12299:
11735:
11652:
10613:
A constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
10526:
Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1917), "The History of German Socialism Reconsidered",
10454:(1914); 507 pages, describes the workings of local government and bureaucracy
10285:
10108:
8661:
8400:
8208:
8200:
7649:
7413:
7080:
6871:
6611:
6580:
5197:
4313:
4274:
3978:
3938:, Lettow-Vorbeck launched multiple guerrilla raids against British forces in
3743:
3727:
3488:
3455:
3415:
3142:
2958:
national trade. While a common trade code had already been introduced by the
2919:
2915:
2900:
2887:
2608:
2494:
2426:
1798:
1754:
1334:
1186:
916:
904:
435:
282:
269:
17153:
17133:
14339:
10374:
From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914
10032:
German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume III: Bismarck and the Reich
9853:
The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt
8688:
8054:
8052:
7699:"German Empire: administrative subdivision and municipalities, 1900 to 1910"
7641:
6906:
6785:
6572:
4210:) held sovereignty over the Empire and served as its highest authority. The
3930:, a guerrilla campaign was waged by the colonial army leader there, General
2817:
was applied only in Catholic areas; the Protestant schools were left alone.
17617:
17358:
17348:
17314:
17243:
17238:
17165:
16955:
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15859:
15534:
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15398:
15352:
14900:
14422:
14384:
14284:
13867:
13602:
13593:
13482:
13362:
13307:
12467:
11894:
10966:
10864:
Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire
10728:
9947:
9267:
8833:
The Challenges of Globalization: Economy and Politics in Germany, 1860–1914
7628:
Haardt, Oliver F. R. (2016). "The Kaiser in the Federal State, 1871–1918".
7541:
7437:
7405:
7211:
7104:
7072:
7054:
6902:
6761:
6738:
6730:
6678:
6555:
6056:
4967:
4126:
on 30 October 1918. Between 24 October and 3 November 1918, Italy defeated
3735:
3476:
3463:
3392:
3360:
2875:
2871:
2851:
2809:
in 1870, and the tightening control of the Vatican over the local bishops.
2777:
2745:
2668:
2511:
2473:
2265:
2261:
2196:
2186:
2147:
2034:
1813:
1593:
1482:
1478:
1386:
1274:
1182:
1147:
930:
924:
352:
100:
10028:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich
8471:
Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities, and Reform
8336:
A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies
7138:
7100:
6898:
5155:
1862:
1698:(1877), depicting the proclamation of Emperor William I (18 January 1871,
17336:
17321:
17170:
16883:
16792:
16782:
16708:
16356:
16351:
15869:
15583:
15418:
15367:
15132:
14641:
14437:
14329:
14324:
14244:
13835:
13819:
13393:
12678:
12583:
12281:
11709:
11130:
10873:(2011), a recent scholarly biography; emphasis on Bismarck's personality
10570:
8182:
8049:
7899:
7190:
6959:
6952:
6947:
6550:
5455:
4855:
4042:
4026:
3963:
3865:
3793:
resulted in huge allied casualties and little territorial change. German
3731:
3528:
3419:
3388:
3238:
3212:
3170:
3105:
By the time of his accession, however, Frederick had developed incurable
2761:
2679:
2527:
2049:
1545:
1415:
1381:
1345:
1324:
1300:
1266:
733:
679:
400:
216:
11033:(1908) 275 pp; popular description of social life in villages and cities
10770:
10329:
9675:
The spirit of British policy and the myth of the encirclement of Germany
8236:"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off"
7618:
Röhl, John C. G. "Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life" (2014), p. 172–173.
7061:
by the Soviet authorities; now part of independent Lithuania since 1990
6614:
especially contributed to that process. The first motorcar was built by
5507:
A few (0.5%) spoke French, the vast majority of these in the Reichsland
3958:
3061:
1233:-led North German Confederation and its southern German allies, such as
210:
17363:
17180:
17054:
17014:
16947:
16078:
15699:
14687:
14625:
14544:
13784:
13749:
13536:
10547:
10312:
10309:
Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century
10071:
9909:
8543:
8122:
7759:
6592:
6535:
6531:
6520:
6513:
5467:
5463:
5329:
5176:
3715:
3447:
3366:
3199:
assigned to them in the German Constitution. The reforms of Chancellor
3137:
3130:
3110:
2655:
2119:
1801:
and the preservation of an authoritarian political structure under the
1647:) and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871. During the
1376:
1312:
1284:
511:
421:
390:
324:
10627:
The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany
10196:
9629:
9498:
The danger of dreams: German and American imperialism in Latin America
9117:
The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany
2631:
in 1871, it absorbed parts of what had been France's industrial base.
1702:). From left, on the podium (in black): Crown Prince Frederick (later
17253:
17024:
16908:
16878:
16659:
16533:
16324:
15689:
15337:
15046:
15036:
14605:
13912:
13799:
12473:
12240:
10866:(1979) Bismarck worked closely with this leading banker and financier
9999:[Law Amending the Imperial Constitution of 28 October 1918].
9895:
9893:
9891:
7849:
Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives
7182:
7050:
7041:
7018:, on the Czech–Polish border in Silesia, whose German population was
6840:
6640:
6632:
6615:
5051:
4995:
4813:
4785:
4750:
4166:
4018:
3901:
3877:
3857:
3675:
3504:
3471:; but by 1911 British statesmen came to fear it might be extended to
3181:
2642:
By 1900, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for
641:
404:
215:
The German Empire and its occupied territories in the final stage of
200:
10634:
Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution
10539:
10319:
Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics
8905:
German History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company
8535:
7542:""Max Schneckenburger (1819–1849)–der Dichter der "Wacht am Rhein ""
7134:
7130:
7088:
5412:
Percentage of linguistic minorities of the German Empire in 1900 by
3068:
was emperor for only 99 days (9 March – 15 June 1888)
2949:
1441:; it occupied a large amount of territory to its east following the
16654:
16437:
16395:
16334:
15223:
15183:
15066:
15056:
14875:
14374:
13646:
12733:
10999:
Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates and New Perspectives
10712:
8943:
Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914
8930:
6934:
6926:
6858:
6832:
6637:
Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German
6607:
4834:
3943:
3906:
3885:
3759:
3500:
3427:
3423:
3359:
in northeast China. But of these German colonies only Togoland and
3352:
3332:
3328:
2855:
2741:
2510:. By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific (
1457:, allies Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed, and
1262:
1258:
9960:"Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918: Der föderative Nationalstaat"
9888:
7126:
7084:
2414:
240:
16567:
16496:
16452:
16307:
15968:
15388:
15332:
15254:
15076:
15031:
15006:
14560:
14269:
13887:
13840:
13779:
13703:
13657:
13549:
10938:
The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany
10648:
The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany
10641:
The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914
10508:
Haardt, Oliver FR. "The Kaiser in the Federal State, 1871–1918."
9997:"Gesetz zur Abänderung der Reichsverfassung vom 28. Oktober 1918"
8747:
The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914
8169:
Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ...
7449:
7394:
7186:
7167:
7159:
6987:
6914:
6886:
6876:
6391:
5479:
5459:
5451:
5270:
5225:
5086:
4729:
3915:
3911:
3893:
3496:
3492:
3348:
3324:
3320:
3292:
3231:
2798:
2696:
2531:
2515:
2214:
2016:
1566:
1554:
430:
336:
16368:
10575:
Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire 1871–1918
9962:[The German Empire 1871–1918: The Federal Nation State]
9087:
Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870
7500:
Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.).
16400:
16275:
15158:
15071:
14334:
14234:
13877:
13733:
13299:
10854:
The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany
10787:
The Sword and the Scepter; the Problem of Militarism in Germany
9927:[The Federal Council in the Constitution and Reality].
8763:
The fossil monarchies: the collapse of the old order, 1905–1922
8111:
Alfred Vagts, "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich."
7176:
7163:
7109:
6922:
6918:
6910:
6846:
5023:
4939:
4904:
4701:
4673:
4269:
3935:
3897:
3801:
3755:
3344:
2892:
2700:
2620:
1817:
1726:
1214:
1178:
368:
261:
11099:
10279:
4312:(Article LIII); when exercising his military authority he had
3773:
German attempts to break through failed at the two battles of
2607:
Under Bismarck, Germany was a world innovator in building the
17034:
15348:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
15327:
13615:
13436:
12901:
8187:"Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide"
7429:
6882:
6567:
a year later for his Roman history. Painters like the groups
6410:
Distribution of Protestants and Catholics in Imperial Germany
5134:
3939:
3774:
3642:
Following the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke
3634:'s side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the
3472:
2651:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
1270:
1174:
10842:(2011), 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760
10343:
The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918
9771:
Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire
3426:), including farming, ranching, and mining for minerals and
2748:, and working-class radicalism, represented by the emerging
1777:
However, these larger gold and silver issues were virtually
15041:
13882:
13872:
13862:
13845:
13272:
9900:
7826:. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term
6894:
6603:
5423:(a figure that rises to over 6% when including the related
5110:
4097:
3873:
3336:
2692:
2660:
2647:
1802:
1379:'s refusal to recall him to office, the empire embarked on
16244:
10686:
The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914
9784:
The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918
8001:"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 – Weimarer Republik"
7667:
The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945
3926:
Germany quickly lost almost all its colonies. However, in
3738:
put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the
1651:
on 18 January 1871, William was proclaimed Emperor in the
11072:
Administrative subdivision and census results (1900/1910)
10422:
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
9074:
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
7855:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull,
7786:"Cornell University Library Making of America Collection"
7502:
Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung
5511:
where francophones formed 11.6% of the total population.
4353:
Coats of arms and flags of the constituent states in 1900
4231:
were appointed by and reported to the state governments.
3626:
3384:
3027:
are, albeit with many amendments, still in effect today.
2643:
2460:
chemical works. Bismarck stubbornly refused to listen to
11090:
Dissemination of the German Language 1913 (map, 300 dpi)
10950:
Dickinson, Edward Ross. "The German Empire: an Empire?"
8709:(2010) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany.
8675:
Ciarlo, David (2008). "Globalizing German Colonialism".
8044:
The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914
2953:
Crime; convicts in relation to the population, 1882–1886
2572:
Economic history of Germany § Industrial Revolution
1418:
arrived, Italy left the alliance and the Ottoman Empire
1229:, the head of government. As these events occurred, the
10825:
Escape into War? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany
9688:
British history in the 19th century and after 1782–1919
9028:
8625:
Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors
7892:
4385:) and, via single-member districts, the Imperial Diet (
8979:
7170:, southern East Prussia, central and eastern parts of
4286:
law, declaring war (which required the consent of the
3876:
was ousted from the Russian throne, and in November a
3654:
full support for Austro-Hungarian plans to invade the
3454:. Under Wilhelm II, with the financial backing of the
2925:
The Germanisation policies were targeted particularly
9435:
8149:"Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee"
7452:
regions of Prussia (Brandenburg and Silesia) and the
7444:. Czech was spoken predominantly in the south of the
7181:
Northern and western parts of the country, including
5528:
Native languages of the citizens of the German Empire
3495:
and viewed the countries of northern South America –
10274:
10141:"The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora" p. 64
9808:
8870:. Cambridge University Press, New York. p. 28.
7264:
6534:
nationalists had desired. The influence of Prussian
6394:
also lived under German colonial rule, primarily in
3710:, a military strategy designed to cripple France by
3588:. Germany's only other ally besides Austria was the
3487:
In South America, Germany's primary interest was in
10234:
9384:
9359:
9319:
9234:
The Second Reich: Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Germany
8773:
8771:
8495:Moore, Robert Laurence; Vaudagna, Maurizio (2003).
6575:made a significant contribution to modern art. The
6512:of the German Empire used since 1903. In 1956, the
4216:was a legislative body that possessed the right of
10598:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914
10278:; Lake, Philip; Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911).
7730:"Population statistics of the German Empire, 1871"
5485:and Dutch in the western border areas of Prussia (
4146:was abolished. On 9 November, the Social Democrat
3904:was given over to the German occupation authority
8060:"Germany article of Encyclopedia Britannia, Link"
7517:Heil Dir im Siegerkranz: die Hymnen der Deutschen
7250: Denotes territories lost in both World Wars
5398:Detailed map in 1893 with cities and larger towns
3662:. Subsequent interpretation – for example at the
2854:was endemic in Germany during the period. Before
1757:, the main residence of the House of Hohenzollern
1718:The legislation also required the consent of the
1469:imposed post-war reparation costs of 132 billion
1429:in the autumn of 1914 failed, and the war on the
17740:
10046:"Fremdsprachige Minderheiten im Deutschen Reich"
8980:Broadberry, Stephen; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2010).
8768:
7931:A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present
7851:. Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed.,
7231:and continued as a part of Russia following the
6077:Religious confessions in the German Empire 1880
4100:, in northern Germany, saw the beginning of the
3668:Germany bore responsibility for starting the war
3039:Different legal systems in Germany prior to 1900
2937:even where they made up the majority, as in the
2801:. A powerful intellectual force of the time was
12076:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
10945:Imperial Germany: A Historiographical Companion
10251:
9716:German Anglophobia and the Great War, 1914–1918
9336:
9334:
9130:"Everyday Antisemitism in Pre-War Nazi Germany"
8818:The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe
7393:were located in the east; Polish mainly in the
7223:exclave on the Baltic, from which Germans were
4413:
4089:into the war in April 1917 tipped the long-run
3450:after him sought closer economic ties with the
824:540,857.54 km (208,826.26 sq mi)
10811:"Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945"
10260:. 15th edition, vol. 14, Leipzig 1933, p. 741.
9925:"Der Bundesrat in Verfassung und Wirklichkeit"
9712:
9508:
9506:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9463:
8859:
8857:
8593:
8591:
8445:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise].
8424:
8422:
8146:
7256: Denotes territories lost in World War II
6390:in addition to Christianity. Over two million
5478:were spoken predominantly in the north of the
4085:(USPD), which demanded an end to the war. The
3237:Having learned from the failure of Bismarck's
1592:, comprising the 22 states north of the river
17829:States and territories disestablished in 1918
16260:
15239:
13631:
13258:
11115:
10997:Müller, Sven Oliver, and Cornelius Torp, ed.
10820:(2008), a brief textbook by a leading scholar
10789:. (4 vol University of Miami Press 1969–1973)
10415:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918
9840:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918
9540:
9538:
9314:The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918
9293:
9291:
9227:
9225:
9223:
8623:Gvosdev, Nikolas; Marsh, Christopher (2013).
8494:
8467:
7845:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918
7499:
7244: Denotes territories lost in World War I
4140:advancing toward Germany on the Western Front
3056:
2363:
1461:had surrendered. The empire collapsed in the
17717:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
13600:
13591:
10840:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History
10174:
9352:Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch, eds.
9331:
8954:
8929:. Volume: 83. Issue: 3. 2009. pp. 475ff. in
8627:. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press. p. 241.
8622:
8616:
7984:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7828:
7748:
7346:
6850:
6838:
6830:
6718:The Empire of Germany had two armed forces:
6705:
6699:
6689:
6682:
6671:
6662:
6638:
6584:
6518:
5321:
5298:
5236:
5217:
5062:
5043:
5015:
4987:
4959:
4915:
4896:
4805:
4761:
4721:
4693:
4665:
4642:
4324:
4291:
4243:
4225:
4211:
4205:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2712:
2231:
2117:
1692:Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches
1643:of the Confederation. The new constitution (
1181:, where the south German states, except for
943:
922:
914:
902:
168:
131:
98:
35:
15358:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
12566:
9741:"Schlieffen Plan | German military history"
9503:
9460:
9206:. Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
8854:
8816:Stephen Broadberry, and Kevin H. O'Rourke.
8647:
8588:
8468:Kersbergen, Kees van; Vis, Barbara (2013).
8419:
8180:
6957:
6704:. While some historians have abandoned the
4134:, which forced Austria-Hungary to sign the
814:1,750,000 km (680,000 sq mi)
109:
17834:States and territories established in 1871
16267:
16253:
15246:
15232:
13638:
13624:
13265:
13251:
11122:
11108:
10235:Helmut Walser Smith (May 2008). "When the
9552:Comparative Studies in Society and History
9535:
9288:
9220:
8986:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
8391:. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. p.
8353:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7490:, 2nd ed, p. 102; A. Williams and co, 1880
7424:) with 13.8% of the population and in the
6670:The historiographical concept of a German
5523:Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries
3670:, or at least provoking a wider conflict.
2878:, antisemitism in Germany would increase.
2370:
2356:
239:
223:
209:
199:
11085:German Reich map of states 1913 (300 dpi)
10646:Mombauer, Annika and Wilhelm Deist, eds.
10401:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900
10328:, vol. 40, no. 1 (2017) pp. 147–162
9797:The defeat of imperial Germany, 1917–1918
8501:. Cornell University Press. p. 226.
8407:
8233:
7859:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
6386:, millions of subjects practiced various
6061:Generally, religious demographics of the
5504:(6.28%) were spoken chiefly in the east.
5386:Election constituencies for the Reichstag
3840:was a stalemate for the German Army, the
3638:in orange, and neutral countries in grey.
3575:, and her support for action in annexing
3121:
2850:As it was throughout Europe at the time,
12365:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
10883:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10451:Municipal life and government in Germany
10405:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941
9512:
9500:(U of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 67
9404:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941
9204:Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany
9106:, March 1962, Vol. 22 Issue 1, pp. 59–70
9034:
9019:
8892:The Emergence of the German Dye Industry
8807:, May 2006, Vol. 59 Issue 2, pp. 347–373
8718:
8707:German Colonialism and National Identity
8091:. Oxford University Press. p. 517.
8084:
7954:Toyka-Seid, Gerd Schneider, Christiane.
7539:
6784:
6504:
6454:Greater Imperial coat of arms of Germany
6434:Distribution of Jews in Imperial Germany
6026:
5518:
5407:
4348:
4161:on 11 November. It was succeeded by the
4052:
3957:
3820:
3764:
3697:
3625:
3397:
3365:
3291:
3217:
3180:
3125:
3060:
2948:
2929:of the empire, gained by Prussia in the
2891:
2771:
2579:
2493:
2413:
1749:
1686:
1645:Constitution of the German Confederation
1614:
1596:. The patriotic fervor generated by the
1503:
1352:, it managed to build the third-largest
204:
17541:
12742:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
11054:Ravenstein's Atlas of the German Empire
10940:(2003) pp. 281–293, historiography
10794:Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin
10745:Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II
10675:(1996) dense coverage of chief topics;
10424:(2006), the standard scholarly survey;
9473:
9441:
9256:
9201:
9183:Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik
8790:Richard H. Tilly and Michael Kopsidis,
8521:
8078:
7956:"Reichsgründung/ Deutsches Reich | bpb"
7928:
7717:
7691:
6516:was re-introduced as the symbol of the
6482:Lesser Imperial coat of arms of Germany
6468:Middle Imperial coat of arms of Germany
4300:(Articles XI and XII). The emperor was
4036:
3307:Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her "
2927:against the significant Polish minority
17741:
13673:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
10992:Contesting the German Empire 1871–1918
10801:A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914
10582:Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918
10562:A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945
10463:(1894); politics and parties, Volume 2
10396:(1938); written for advanced students.
10082:
9922:
9531:from the original on 21 December 2018.
9379:Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918
9061:A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945
8863:
8794:. (University of Chicago Press, 2020).
8703:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914
8674:
8600:A History of Modern Germany Since 1815
8597:
8366:from the original on 17 September 2021
8325:
8307:from the original on 17 September 2021
8301:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
8246:from the original on 17 September 2021
8181:Steinhauser, Gabriele (28 July 2017).
8011:from the original on 17 September 2021
7953:
7880:from the original on 17 September 2021
7778:
7627:
7591:from the original on 20 September 2022
7568:Internationalen Max-Reger-Gesellschaft
7514:
5514:
4254:constitutional reforms of October 1918
3829:at the time of the cease-fire and the
1330:systematic repression of Polish people
140:("Hail to Thee in the Victor's Crown")
16248:
15227:
13903:
13619:
13246:
12695:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
12031:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
11103:
10025:
10007:from the original on 15 November 2022
9968:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
9677:(London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1931).
9544:
9390:
9365:
9340:
9325:
9297:
9231:
8569:
8443:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht"
8440:
8277:from the original on 14 December 2017
7998:
7766:from the original on 25 December 2018
7705:from the original on 26 December 2018
7687:Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II
7332:
6937:region on the Belgian–German border)
6771:
4332:
3611:History of Germany during World War I
1427:German plans to capture Paris quickly
15253:
13099:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
10796:(1998), 1139 pages, pp. 188–233
10364:Prussian Poland in the German Empire
9876:from the original on 27 January 2023
9820:from the original on 2 November 2000
9152:Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson,
8829:
8428:
8413:
8384:
8264:
8159:from the original on 19 October 2017
8147:Matthias Heine (17 September 2012).
8066:from the original on 24 January 2022
7999:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011).
7843:See, for example, Roger Chickering,
6502:aftermath of the empire's collapse.
4048:
3996:. By retraining the soldiers in new
3987: Occupied territory (1914–1918)
1508:Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1890
13028:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
11822:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
10895:Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman
10348:Blackbourn, David, and Geoff Eley.
9579:from the original on 7 January 2019
9490:
9154:What is a nation?: Europe 1789–1914
8721:Journal of Southern African Studies
8574:. New York: iUniverse. p. 33.
8033:Springer, Berlin 2006, pp. 231, 246
7811:The World Book dictionary, Volume 1
7540:von ADELHEID, K. L. A. I. B. E. R.
4093:even more in favour of the Allies.
4083:Independent Social Democratic Party
3848:, the badly organised and supplied
3702:German troops being mobilized, 1914
3351:, and the mainland part of current
3277:International relations (1814–1919)
3191:in the 1890s / early 1900s
3176:
2600:, whose first factory was built in
2565:
2410:International relations (1814–1919)
2395:forces of liberalism and socialism.
13:
13668:List of current sovereign monarchs
11761:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
10969:, with guide to recent scholarship
10922:German Women for Empire, 1884–1945
10267:
10123:from the original on 11 March 2023
9977:from the original on 30 April 2023
9935:from the original on 30 April 2023
9751:from the original on 2 August 2019
9719:. Cambridge UP. pp. 176–178.
9423:from the original on 8 August 2018
9022:Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947
8602:. London: Continuum. p. 170.
8215:from the original on 1 August 2017
7910:from the original on 13 April 2023
7303:Spa Conference (29 September 1918)
6045:Evangelical Church of the Redeemer
5821:
4409:
4345:List of historic states of Germany
3370:Flag of the German colonial empire
3270:
3228:Social Democratic Party of Germany
3051:Fields of law in the German Empire
2999:) and code of criminal procedure (
1784:While the states issued their own
1520:on 8 June 1815 as a result of the
1516:had been created by an act of the
1116:Area and population not including
16:1871–1918 empire in Central Europe
14:
17845:
17789:20th century in Germany by period
17779:1918 disestablishments in Germany
11047:
10673:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck
10639:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul.
9903:Constitution of the German Empire
9814:"1914–18: Lebensmittelversorgung"
9169:(Columbia University Press, 1981)
9142:from the original on 12 May 2004.
8745:Alan S. Milward, and S. B. Saul,
8441:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000).
7900:"Reich, German political concept"
7416:). Small islands also existed in
7308:Spa Conferences (First World War)
7197:, from all of which Germans were
7057:in 1939, from which Germans were
7020:partially deported following WWII
6526:, the modern German armed forces.
6497:and the penalties imposed by the
4183:Constitution of the German Empire
3545:Diplomatic history of World War I
3534:
3116:
3011:Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht
2815:government supervision of schools
2554:Urbanization in the German Empire
2403:
1611:Proclamation of the German Empire
1253:. The German Empire consisted of
14186:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
13383:
12124:Second Battle of the Piave River
11746:Russian invasion of East Prussia
10947:(1996); 18 essays by specialists
10503:German Foreign Policy, 1871–1914
10228:
10211:
10168:
10144:
10135:
10076:
10064:
10038:
10019:
9989:
9916:
9858:
9845:
9832:
9802:
9789:
9776:
9763:
9733:
9706:
9693:
9680:
9667:
9654:
9641:
9614:
9591:
8234:Blakemore, Erin (27 June 2019).
7669:. London: Macmillan. pp. 13–14.
7519:. Oldenburg, Hamburg: Stalling.
7366:
7267:
6778:Territorial evolution of Germany
6598:In the field of economics, the "
6495:aftermath of the First World War
6474:
6460:
6446:
6427:
6415:
6403:
6031:Emperor Wilhelm II, who was the
6001:
5987:
5973:
5959:
5945:
5931:
5917:
5903:
5884:
5870:
5856:
5842:
5828:
5391:
5379:
5360:
5348:
5308:
5278:
5262:
5246:
5204:
5183:
5162:
5141:
5117:
5093:
5072:
5030:
5002:
4974:
4946:
4925:
4883:
4862:
4841:
4820:
4792:
4771:
4736:
4708:
4680:
4652:
4400:
4153:. The new government led by the
3971: Home Territory (1871–1918)
3816:
3693:
3558:expressed the British viewpoint:
3482:
3230:(SPD), whose radicals advocated
3044:
3032:
2881:
2858:'s decrees ended the ghettos in
2828:
2735:
2706:
2336:
2322:
1861:
1098:
1084:
1070:
1056:
1031:
1017:
1003:
989:
975:
183:
144:
75:
61:
15450:German revolutions of 1848–1849
15419:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
13663:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
13195:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
12395:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
11129:
10433:The Evolution of Modern Germany
10177:Journal of Contemporary History
9970:(in German). 2016. p. 10.
9662:German foreign policy 1871–1914
9447:
9409:
9396:
9371:
9346:
9303:
9250:
9195:
9172:
9159:
9146:
9122:
9109:
9092:
9079:
9066:
9053:
9040:
9013:
9000:
8973:
8948:
8935:
8919:
8910:
8897:
8884:
8823:
8810:
8797:
8784:
8755:
8739:
8712:
8695:
8668:
8641:
8563:
8550:
8515:
8488:
8461:
8434:
8388:European Constitutional History
8378:
8347:
8319:
8289:
8258:
8227:
8174:
8140:
8127:
8114:The Journal of Military History
8105:
8036:
8023:
7992:
7947:
7922:
7862:
7837:
7816:
7803:
7790:collections.library.cornell.edu
7680:
7656:
7621:
7354:
7325:
7298:List of German monarchs in 1918
6439:
5403:
4176:
4106:workers' and soldiers' councils
3966:, shortly before its collapse:
3864:to travel through Germany from
3592:, but it remained an ally only
3402:Hoisting of the German flag at
3222:Berlin in the late 19th century
2845:
2130:German revolutions of 1848–1849
1832:
1706:), his father the emperor, and
567:C. zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
17754:1871 establishments in Germany
15435:Early modern period, 1500–1800
15323:List of early Germanic peoples
13645:
13018:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
12877:Deportations from East Prussia
12674:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
11042:(2 vol. London, 1879) Volume 2
11008:(2004) v 37, pp. 273–289
10629:(Yale University Press, 1975).
10468:Bismarck and the German Empire
9929:Orte der Demokratie Geschichte
9524:(in Spanish). pp. 29–40.
8498:The American Century in Europe
8339:. London: H. G. Bohn. p.
7612:
7603:
7573:
7560:
7533:
7508:
7493:
7480:
7471:
7026:until its dissolution in 1992
6043:after the inauguration of the
6013:
5557:German and a foreign language
5483:province of Schleswig-Holstein
4102:German Revolution of 1918–1919
3604:
3441:
3281:
2755:
1447:unrestricted submarine warfare
21:German Empire (disambiguation)
1:
15558:History of Germany since 1990
12929:Ukrainian Canadian internment
9923:Haardt, Oliver F. R. (2020).
9872:(in German). 4 January 2019.
9354:German Professions, 1800–1950
9119:(Yale University Press, 1975)
8447:Deutsches Historisches Museum
8327:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig
7756:"German constitution of 1871"
7373:The Slavic speakers included
7345:; today often referred to as
7313:
6035:Evangelical Church of Prussia
5368:
5341:
4012:
3921:
3650:, the Kaiser offered Emperor
3622:German entry into World War I
3517:heavily influenced by Germany
3145:. Bismarck demanded that the
2534:in 1906–1907 resulted in the
2502:and its protectorates in 1914
1781:and had limited circulation.
1604:
1493:
1223:Minister President of Prussia
13678:List of monarchy referendums
13084:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
12383:Estonian War of Independence
12051:Southern Palestine offensive
10908:The German Empire, 1871–1918
10480:New York: Macmillan Company.
10223:The German Empire, 1871–1918
10026:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1988).
9263:The German Empire: 1870–1918
8558:The Age of Empire: 1875–1914
8474:. Cambridge UP. p. 38.
7515:Hansen, Hans Jürgen (1978).
7233:collapse of the Soviet Union
7083:, parts of the districts of
6626:
4252:approval to pass. After the
4096:The end of October 1918, in
3932:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
2724:Germany's decision to enter
2576:Industrialization in Germany
1712:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
1524:, after being alluded to in
1445:. The German declaration of
1420:formally allied with Germany
1249:, were still engaged in the
452:semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
17809:Former monarchies of Europe
16274:
13274:States of the German Empire
13038:USA against Austria-Hungary
12437:Turkish War of Independence
12389:Latvian War of Independence
12114:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
11705:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
10048:(in German). Archived from
9686:George Macaulay Trevelyan,
9236:. McGraw-Hill. p. 60.
9104:Journal of Economic History
8916:Chandler (1990) pp. 474–475
8907:(2004) covers 1865 to 2000;
8701:L. Gann and Peter Duignan,
8271:www.nationalarchives.gov.uk
7962:(in German). Archived from
7732:(in German). Archived from
7504:. Münster: Bachmann Verlag.
7283:Economic history of Germany
7260:
7141:(the German population was
7123:Greater Poland Voivodeships
6746:Imperial German Air Service
6713:
6022:
4339:States of the German Empire
4157:called for and received an
4081:(SPD) and the more radical
3934:. Using Germans and native
3769:German Army positions, 1914
3664:Versailles Peace Conference
3511:and showed interest in the
3432:Herero and Namaqua Genocide
2987:, code of civil procedure (
2933:. Poles were treated as an
2719:(Smaller Germany) over the
2685:
2548:Economic history of Germany
2536:Herero and Namaqua genocide
2483:
1366:Herero and Namaqua genocide
1080:Territory of the Saar Basin
230:States of the German Empire
10:
17850:
17794:Former countries in Europe
15465:North German Confederation
15445:Confederation of the Rhine
13121:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
12669:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
12129:Second Battle of the Marne
12016:Second battle of the Aisne
11885:Second Battle of Champagne
11726:German invasion of Belgium
11014:10.1163/156916104323121483
10847:The German Colonial Empire
10838:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed.
10760:Imperial Germany 1871–1918
10528:American Historical Review
10189:10.1177/002200948802300101
9008:Europe reshaped, 1848–1878
8957:Imperial Germany 1850–1918
7853:Imperial Germany 1871–1918
6857:(northeastern part of the
6775:
6630:
6565:Nobel prize for literature
6054:
4342:
4336:
4180:
4118:on 29 September 1918. The
3619:
3615:
3608:
3538:
3285:
3274:
3100:Prussian interior minister
3098:, the highly conservative
3074:Year of the Three Emperors
3071:
3057:Year of the three emperors
2885:
2860:Confederation of the Rhine
2765:
2759:
2569:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2487:
2407:
2135:North German Confederation
2105:Confederation of the Rhine
1714:, Prussian Chief of Staff.
1625:North German Confederation
1608:
1590:North German Confederation
1497:
1488:
1406:in 1882. It also retained
1217:remained its capital, and
1191:North German Confederation
1169:on 18 January 1871 at the
983:North German Confederation
179:("The Watch on the Rhine")
18:
17824:Modern history of Germany
17710:
17662:
17179:
16583:
16282:
16199:
16059:
15939:
15930:
15813:
15804:
15685:
15676:
15612:
15603:
15566:
15545:
15427:
15381:
15305:
15274:
15265:
15090:
14999:
14713:
14476:
14410:
14222:
14213:
14109:
14091:
14023:
13938:
13896:
13828:
13742:
13686:
13653:
13579:
13563:
13535:
13522:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
13481:
13435:
13392:
13381:
13281:
13227:
13186:
13107:
13046:
13008:
12952:
12941:
12902:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
12845:
12817:
12765:
12687:
12661:
12613:
12506:
12499:
12431:Irish War of Independence
12327:
12209:
12174:Armistice of Villa Giusti
12159:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
12084:
11986:
11913:
11814:
11771:First Battle of the Marne
11718:
11680:
11615:
11606:
11549:
11423:
11412:
11378:
11350:
11312:
11264:
11217:
11210:
11137:
11027:Dawson, William Harbutt.
10879:Steinmetz, George (2007)
10701:Journal of Modern History
10564:(1969), pp. 173–532
10555:English Historical Review
10519:20 September 2022 at the
10457:Dawson, William Harbutt.
10448:Dawson, William Harbutt.
10439:Dawson, William Harbutt.
10430:Dawson, William Harbutt.
10391:17 September 2021 at the
10101:10.1080/00905990600841959
9870:deutsche-schutzgebiete.de
9626:English Historical Review
9608:20 September 2018 at the
9565:10.1017/S0010417517000159
9513:Sanhueza, Carlos (2011).
9185:. suhrkamp 1978, p. 144;
8955:Feuchtwanger, Ed (2002).
8733:10.1080/03057079308708348
8088:War in Human Civilization
7933:. John Wiley & Sons.
7824:Whitaker's almanack, 1991
7436:) (5.5%) and in parts of
7209:
7154:
7070:
7035:
7004:
6981:
6969:
6958:
6946:
6870:
6851:
6839:
6831:
6816:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6795:
6623:during the 19th century.
6488:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
5293:
5284:
5268:
5252:
5233:Free and Hanseatic Cities
5231:
5192:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
5057:
4910:
4756:
4637:
4629:
4260:rather than the emperor.
4136:Armistice of Villa Giusti
4132:battle of Vittorio Veneto
3962:The German Empire during
3740:First Battle of the Marne
3197:Prime Minister of Prussia
2418:A postage stamp from the
1826:three-class voting system
1668:North German Constitution
1623:On 10 December 1870, the
1371:After the resignation of
1273:(six before 1876), seven
1114:
954:
890:
886:
873:
860:
847:
843:
833:
828:
818:
808:
803:
799:
786:
771:
756:
743:
730:
715:
702:
689:
685:
671:
659:
647:
637:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
559:
547:
535:
531:
521:
517:
505:
493:
481:
477:
467:
441:
429:
377:
308:
298:
254:
238:
205:The German Empire in 1914
196:
125:
93:
57:
52:
30:
15617:Administrative divisions
13815:Self-proclaimed monarchy
13329:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
13054:Constantinople Agreement
12347:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
12210:Co-belligerent conflicts
12179:Second Romanian campaign
12149:Third Transjordan attack
11860:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
11766:Battle of Grand Couronné
11006:Central European History
10954:Issue 66, (Autumn 2008)
10952:History Workshop Journal
10776:19 November 2021 at the
10767:Naval War College Review
9810:German Historical Museum
9703:(1978) pp. 302–338, 350.
9635:12 November 2021 at the
9628:117.471 (2002): 333–55.
9545:Penny, H. Glenn (2017).
9417:"Wilhelm II (1859–1941)"
9202:Kitchen, Martin (2000).
8864:Berend, T. Ivan (2016).
8830:Torp, Cornelius (2014).
8662:10.1177/0266355406075719
8297:"How Did Hitler Happen?"
8265:Archives, The National.
7929:Kitchen, Martin (2011).
6384:overseas colonial empire
6033:Supreme Governor of the
5792:Other foreign languages
5017:Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
3489:Argentina, Brazil, Chile
2768:Pope Pius IX and Germany
2646:. The three major firms
1730:, who was assisted by a
1463:November 1918 Revolution
1433:became a stalemate. The
1425:In the First World War,
1416:the great crisis of 1914
1146:, was the period of the
17784:19th century in Germany
14083:Vatican City (Holy See)
13117:Modus vivendi of Acroma
13069:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
12377:Greater Poland Uprising
12277:National Protection War
12154:Meuse–Argonne offensive
12104:German spring offensive
12099:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
11875:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
11850:Second Battle of Artois
11731:Battle of the Frontiers
10943:Chickering, Roger, ed.
10636:(2 vol Abc-clio, 2005).
10460:Germany and the Germans
10317:Berghahn, Volker Rolf.
10307:Berghahn, Volker Rolf.
10291:Encyclopædia Britannica
10276:Ashworth, Philip Arthur
10157:6 February 2018 at the
10083:Oltmer, Jochen (2006).
9745:Encyclopedia Britannica
9713:Matthew Stibbe (2006).
9455:Ruanda-Urundi 1884–1919
9100:Business History Review
8927:Business History Review
8805:Economic History Review
8570:Young, William (2006).
8331:Talboys, David Alphonso
8192:The Wall Street Journal
7334:[ˌdɔʏtʃəsˈʁaɪç]
7293:List of German monarchs
7225:deported following WWII
7199:deported following WWII
7143:deported following WWII
7059:deported following WWII
6051:, 31 October 1898)
4898:Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
4195:constitutional monarchy
4155:German Social Democrats
4079:Social Democratic Party
3953:
3890:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3831:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3317:German Southwest Africa
3019:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
2978:courts constitution act
2782:Between Berlin and Rome
2750:Social Democratic Party
1735:could also disband the
1678:universal male suffrage
1676:, which was elected by
1443:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1356:at the time, after the
1134:), also referred to as
592:T. von Bethmann Hollweg
299:Official languages
134:Heil dir im Siegerkranz
17819:Military dictatorships
15878:Science and technology
15579:History of Brandenburg
15470:Unification of Germany
15460:Frankfurt Constitution
14365:Islands of Refreshment
13795:Legitimacy (political)
13601:
13592:
13587:German colonial empire
13517:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
13142:Paris Peace Conference
13130:Ukraine–Central Powers
12924:Massacres of Albanians
12892:Late Ottoman genocides
12699:Bulgarian occupations
12407:Third Anglo-Afghan War
12371:Hungarian–Romanian War
12189:Naval Victory Bulletin
12184:Armistice with Germany
12134:Hundred Days Offensive
12061:Battle of La Malmaison
12011:Second battle of Arras
11978:Battle of Transylvania
11832:Second Battle of Ypres
11700:Sarajevo assassination
11589:South African Republic
11076:gemeindeverzeichnis.de
10643:(1977) pp. 17–70.
10611:Koch, Hannsjoachim W.
10512:34.4 (2016): 529–554.
9620:Matthew S. Seligmann,
9484:Uniwersytet Warszawski
9232:Kurtz, Harold (1970).
8959:. Routledge. Table 1.
8598:Tipton, Frank (2003).
7829:
7486:Preble, George Henry,
7361:
7347:
6797:When lost from Germany
6790:
6706:
6700:
6690:
6683:
6672:
6663:
6639:
6585:
6527:
6519:
6052:
5524:
5416:
5322:
5299:
5237:
5218:
5171:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
5063:
5044:
5016:
4988:
4960:
4916:
4897:
4806:
4762:
4722:
4694:
4666:
4643:
4619:
4354:
4325:
4292:
4244:
4226:
4218:legislative initiative
4212:
4206:
4173:, and the Communists.
4074:
3989:
3833:
3770:
3703:
3639:
3577:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3565:
3411:
3371:
3304:
3288:German colonial empire
3262:Generalquartiermeister
3223:
3192:
3134:
3122:Bismarck's resignation
3069:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2954:
2944:
2910:
2836:European welfare state
2789:
2713:
2669:agricultural chemicals
2593:
2503:
2500:German colonial empire
2490:German colonial empire
2470:Berlin–Baghdad railway
2450:Triple Alliance (1882)
2422:
2397:
2232:
2118:
1987:Linear Pottery culture
1758:
1715:
1620:
1557:'s main German rival,
1509:
1500:Unification of Germany
1408:strong diplomatic ties
1307:became second only to
1289:one imperial territory
1152:unification of Germany
1131:
944:
923:
915:
903:
247:German colonial empire
169:
132:
110:
99:
36:
17687:Medieval great powers
15515:Flight and expulsions
14176:Saint Kitts and Nevis
13765:Criticism of monarchy
13755:Abolition of monarchy
13152:Treaty of St. Germain
13125:Russia–Central Powers
13079:Sykes–Picot Agreement
12907:Pontic Greek genocide
12882:Destruction of Kalisz
12858:Eastern Mediterranean
12419:Polish–Lithuanian War
12201:Armistice of Belgrade
12164:Armistice of Salonica
12094:Operation Faustschlag
12041:Third Battle of Oituz
11963:Baranovichi offensive
11931:Lake Naroch offensive
11905:Battle of Robat Karim
11880:Vistula–Bug offensive
11855:Battles of the Isonzo
11786:First Battle of Ypres
10869:Steinberg, Jonathan.
10816:24 March 2012 at the
10632:Levy, Richard S. ed.
10383:Carroll, E. Malcolm.
10335:7 August 2020 at the
10326:German Studies Review
10241:German Studies Review
10152:A New Surge of Growth
9673:Hermann Kantorowicz,
9601:(1938) pp 485ff, 830.
8689:10.1093/gerhis/ghn007
8524:German Studies Review
8385:Case, Nelson (1902).
7663:Wheeler-Bennett, John
7642:10.1093/gerhis/ghw117
7348:Deutsches Kaiserreich
7227:. Transferred to the
6788:
6508:
6055:Further information:
6030:
5522:
5502:West Slavic languages
5411:
5238:Freie und Hansestädte
5011:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4618:
4352:
4151:proclaimed a republic
4116:Armistice of Salonica
4069:for Germany from the
4056:
3961:
3948:Portuguese Mozambique
3824:
3768:
3701:
3629:
3560:
3541:Causes of World War I
3401:
3369:
3295:
3275:Further information:
3221:
3184:
3129:
3064:
2952:
2897:Prussian deportations
2895:
2775:
2583:
2546:Further information:
2497:
2462:Georg Herbert Münster
2417:
2408:Further information:
2392:
1913:Territorial evolution
1767:House of Hohenzollern
1753:
1690:
1618:
1507:
1435:Allied naval blockade
1211:House of Hohenzollern
458:military dictatorship
309:Common languages
283:52.51861°N 13.37611°E
17697:European colonialism
17682:Ancient great powers
16187:World Heritage Sites
15865:German states by GDP
15455:German Confederation
14008:United Arab Emirates
13564:Imperial Territories
13417:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
13412:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
13333:Starostwo of Draheim
13147:Treaty of Versailles
12863:Mount Lebanon famine
12778:in the United States
12746:Russian occupations
12460:Turkish–Armenian War
12401:Polish–Ukrainian War
12341:Ukrainian–Soviet War
12288:Central Asian Revolt
12071:Armistice of Focșani
11801:Battle of Sarikamish
11751:Battle of Tannenberg
11147:Military engagements
10990:Jefferies, Matthew.
10769:(1973) 26#1: 28–41.
10474:Fife, Robert Herndon
10420:Clark, Christopher.
10089:Nationalities Papers
9597:E. Malcolm Carroll,
8903:Werner Abelshauser,
7758:(in German). German
7053:in 1923, retaken by
6993:South Jutland County
6755:Imperial German Navy
6724:Imperial German Army
6553:published his novel
6499:Treaty of Versailles
6388:indigenous religions
5367:Population density (
5295:Imperial Territories
4892:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
4850:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4829:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4308:(Article LXIII) and
4037:Spanish Flu Pandemic
3998:infiltration tactics
3798:Erich von Falkenhayn
3096:Robert von Puttkamer
2931:partitions of Poland
2874:'s rise to power in
2868:Treaty of Versailles
2439:Dual Alliance (1879)
2249:Expulsion of Germans
2215:Contemporary Germany
2113:German Confederation
1708:Frederick I of Baden
1700:Palace of Versailles
1657:Palace of Versailles
1582:German Confederation
1563:Second Schleswig War
1514:German Confederation
1467:Treaty of Versailles
1453:, the German armies
1257:, each with its own
1171:Palace of Versailles
1118:colonial possessions
761:Abdication of Kaiser
17692:Modern great powers
15823:Automobile industry
15409:Carolingian dynasty
15343:History of the Huns
15204:Trinidad and Tobago
15091:Commonwealth realms
14976:United Baltic Duchy
14119:Antigua and Barbuda
14111:Commonwealth realms
13805:Order of succession
13527:Waldeck and Pyrmont
13214:They shall not pass
13137:Treaty of Bucharest
13094:Treaty of Bucharest
13033:USA against Germany
13010:Declarations of war
12714:German occupations
12627:British casualties
12486:Soviet–Georgian War
12413:Egyptian Revolution
12353:Armeno-Georgian War
12217:Somaliland campaign
12169:Armistice of Mudros
12046:Battle of Caporetto
12036:Battle of Mărășești
12006:Zimmermann telegram
12001:February Revolution
11946:Battle of the Somme
11870:Bug-Narew Offensive
11845:Battle of Gallipoli
11837:Sinking of the RMS
11629:Scramble for Africa
11623:Franco-Prussian War
11279:Sinai and Palestine
11060:6 June 2013 at the
10961:12 May 2020 at the
10904:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich
10852:Sperber, Jonathan.
10845:Smith, Woodruff D.
10823:Schollgen, Gregor.
10792:Richie, Alexandra.
10671:Nipperdey, Thomas.
10584:. (Palgrave, 2003)
10580:Jefferies, Mattew.
10413:Chickering, Roger.
10341:Blackbourn, David.
10258:Der Große Brockhaus
10163:Library of Congress
9664:(1976) pp. 121–138.
9377:Matthew Jefferies,
9165:John J. Kulczycki,
9072:Christopher Clark,
9063:(1969), pp. 258–260
9024:. pp. 169–187.
8356:"Otto von Bismarck"
7570:3.42 (2022): 18–23.
7319:Informational notes
6577:AEG turbine factory
6078:
6063:early modern period
5531:
5515:1900 census results
5219:Waldeck und Pyrmont
5213:Waldeck and Pyrmont
4626:
4319:The chancellor was
4171:Organisation Consul
4148:Philipp Scheidemann
4124:Armistice of Mudros
4073:on 9 November 1918.
4063:Philipp Scheidemann
3872:In March 1917, the
3527:the decades before
3258:Paul von Hindenburg
3003:Strafprozessordnung
2993:Zivilprozessordnung
2906:, 1909 painting by
2904:(Polenausweisungen)
2807:papal infallibility
2435:Franco-Prussian War
2063:Early Modern period
2050:Eastward settlement
1779:commemorative coins
1664:German Constitution
1598:Franco-Prussian War
1575:Franco-Prussian War
1571:Austro-Prussian War
1537:Revolutions of 1848
1350:Scramble for Africa
1261:, four constituent
1251:Franco-Prussian War
1156:November Revolution
911:South German gulden
790:Weimar Constitution
279: /
15893:Telecommunications
15574:History of Prussia
15490:Revolution of 1918
15485:War guilt question
15404:Carolingian Empire
15373:Sack of Rome (410)
15282:History of Germany
13351:Schleswig-Holstein
13174:Treaty of Lausanne
13089:Paris Economy Pact
13023:UK against Germany
12953:Entry into the war
12919:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
12638:Ottoman casualties
12448:Franco-Turkish War
12328:Post-War conflicts
12312:Russian Revolution
12294:Invasion of Darfur
12259:Kelantan rebellion
12247:Kurdish rebellions
12223:Mexican Revolution
12056:October Revolution
12021:Kerensky offensive
11996:Capture of Baghdad
11973:Monastir offensive
11958:Brusilov offensive
11796:Battle of Kolubara
11635:Russo-Japanese War
11036:Vizetelly, Henry.
10977:, Berghahn Books,
10920:Wildenthal, Lora.
10758:Retallack, James.
10743:Retallack, James.
10370:Brandenburg, Erich
10298:Barker, J. Ellis.
10052:on 6 February 2010
9838:Roger Chickering,
9782:Holger H. Herwig,
9076:(2006) pp. 568–576
9006:J.A.S. Grenville,
8416:, pp. 139–140
7966:on 26 October 2020
7546:SCHRIFTEN DER BAAR
7288:Kingdom of Germany
7221:Kaliningrad Oblast
7195:Warmia and Masuria
6983:Northern Schleswig
6929:(all are parts of
6791:
6772:Territorial legacy
6656:, a leader of the
6654:Hans-Ulrich Wehler
6528:
6396:German East Africa
6076:
6053:
6037:'s older Provinces
5530:(1 December 1900)
5527:
5525:
5436:Germanic languages
5417:
5355:Administrative map
4625:
4620:
4375:Congress of Vienna
4355:
4333:Constituent states
4321:head of government
4302:commander-in-chief
4075:
4071:Reichstag building
4006:Russian Revolution
3990:
3946:. He also invaded
3928:German East Africa
3834:
3771:
3704:
3640:
3569:Reinsurance Treaty
3412:
3372:
3341:German East Africa
3305:
3224:
3193:
3135:
3086:, eldest child of
3070:
2965:In 1871, a common
2955:
2911:
2864:German nationalism
2790:
2594:
2504:
2454:Reinsurance Treaty
2423:
2343:History portal
2329:Germany portal
2080:Kingdom of Prussia
2040:Kingdom of Germany
2012:Barbarian kingdoms
1759:
1716:
1621:
1518:Congress of Vienna
1510:
1398:, followed by the
1154:in 1871 until the
678: •
661:• Lower house
649:• Upper house
616:Georg von Hertling
580:Bernhard von Bülow
288:52.51861; 13.37611
171:Die Wacht am Rhein
17804:Former monarchies
17736:
17735:
17658:
17657:
17623:Polish–Lithuanian
16798:Gurjara-Pratihara
16242:
16241:
16195:
16194:
15926:
15925:
15840:Chemical Triangle
15800:
15799:
15787:Political parties
15735:Foreign relations
15672:
15671:
15599:
15598:
15510:Allied occupation
15414:Holy Roman Empire
15221:
15220:
15217:
15216:
14906:Piedmont-Sardinia
14658:Sip Song Chau Tai
14468:Thirteen Colonies
14209:
14208:
13613:
13612:
13240:
13239:
13223:
13222:
13207:The Golden Virgin
13201:Mutilated victory
13182:
13181:
13162:Treaty of Trianon
13157:Treaty of Neuilly
13064:Damascus Protocol
12937:
12936:
12897:Armenian genocide
12854:Allied blockades
12826:Belgian refugees
12609:
12608:
12519:Strategic bombing
12495:
12494:
12480:Franco-Syrian War
12454:Greco-Turkish War
12442:Anglo-Turkish War
12425:Polish–Soviet War
12359:German Revolution
12335:Russian Civil War
12318:Finnish Civil War
12144:Battle of Megiddo
12119:Battle of Goychay
12066:Battle of Cambrai
12026:Battle of Mărăști
11941:Battle of Jutland
11921:Erzurum offensive
11776:Siege of Przemyśl
11756:Siege of Tsingtao
11741:Battle of Galicia
11671:Second Balkan War
11659:Italo-Turkish War
11616:Pre-War conflicts
11602:
11601:
11492:Portuguese Empire
11408:
11407:
11370:German New Guinea
11352:Asian and Pacific
10889:978-0-2267-7241-7
10809:Scheck, Raffael.
10691:Ragins, Sanford.
10654:Mommsen, Wolfgang
10625:Levy, Richard S.
10618:Kurlander, Eric.
10362:Blanke, Richard.
10239:Debate Left Us".
10001:documentarchiv.de
9842:(2004) p. 141–142
9701:Germany 1866–1945
9649:Germany 1866–1945
9647:Gordon A. Craig,
9496:Mitchell, Nancy.
9476:Revista del CESLA
9281:978-0-679-64090-5
9243:978-0-07-035653-5
9213:978-0-521-79432-9
9115:Richard S. Levy,
8993:978-1-139-48951-5
8966:978-1-13462-072-2
8508:978-0-8014-4075-5
8481:978-1-107-65247-7
8195:. New York City.
8117:3.4 (1939): 210+
8098:978-0-19-923663-3
8085:Azar Gat (2008).
8029:Michael Kotulla:
7940:978-1-44439-689-8
7822:Joseph Whitaker.
7809:World Book, Inc.
7762:. 16 March 2011.
7675:978-1-4039-1812-3
7454:Kingdom of Saxony
7238:
7237:
6881:The two towns of
6726:, which included
6696:long 19th century
6542:and the Catholic
6380:
6379:
6071:Free Trade Unions
5819:
5818:
5804:Imperial citizens
5645:Wendish (Sorbian)
5509:Elsass-Lothringen
5500:Polish and other
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5323:Elsass-Lothringen
5129:
5105:
5045:Sachsen-Meiningen
4989:Sachsen-Altenburg
4367:Holy Roman Empire
4224:(Article V). The
4187:The Empire was a
4087:entry of the U.S.
4049:Revolt and demise
3688:Septemberprogramm
3656:Kingdom of Serbia
3582:South African War
3521:Galápagos Islands
3513:Galápagos Islands
3436:Lothar von Trotha
3408:German New Guinea
3301:Berlin Conference
3084:Princess Victoria
2939:Province of Posen
2665:photographic film
2623:system (known as
2508:German New Guinea
2380:
2379:
2311:
2310:
2205:
2204:
2045:Holy Roman Empire
1922:Holy Roman Empire
1741:State Secretaries
1619:Wilhelm I in 1884
1573:in 1866, and the
1541:Otto von Bismarck
1373:Otto von Bismarck
1219:Otto von Bismarck
1124:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1044:
1043:
747:German Revolution
719:Berlin Conference
611:• 1917–1918
587:• 1909–1917
575:• 1900–1909
561:• 1894–1900
549:• 1890–1894
542:Otto von Bismarck
537:• 1871–1890
507:• 1888–1918
483:• 1871–1888
397:United Protestant
188:
177:
162:
17841:
17774:1910s in Germany
17769:1900s in Germany
17764:1890s in Germany
17759:1880s in Germany
17749:1870s in Germany
17539:
17538:
17204:Austro-Hungarian
16904:Chagatai Khanate
16269:
16262:
16255:
16246:
16245:
16222:
16215:
16208:
16172:Prussian virtues
15937:
15936:
15845:Economic history
15811:
15810:
15705:
15683:
15682:
15634:Cities and towns
15610:
15609:
15590:Baden Revolution
15394:Treaty of Verdun
15363:Marcomannic Wars
15318:Migration Period
15313:Germanic peoples
15297:Military history
15272:
15271:
15248:
15241:
15234:
15225:
15224:
15145:Irish Free State
14911:Poland–Lithuania
14220:
14219:
14171:Papua New Guinea
13901:
13900:
13640:
13633:
13626:
13617:
13616:
13606:
13597:
13512:Schaumburg-Lippe
13507:
13499:
13469:
13387:
13366:
13336:
13267:
13260:
13253:
13244:
13243:
13167:Treaty of Sèvres
13059:Treaty of London
12950:
12949:
12728:Northeast France
12659:
12658:
12631:Parliamentarians
12564:
12563:
12526:Chemical weapons
12504:
12503:
12265:Senussi campaign
12235:Muscat rebellion
12229:Maritz rebellion
12197:
12139:Vardar offensive
11968:Battle of Romani
11936:Battle of Asiago
11926:Battle of Verdun
11890:Kosovo offensive
11665:First Balkan War
11613:
11612:
11512:Russian Republic
11421:
11420:
11215:
11214:
11157:Economic history
11124:
11117:
11110:
11101:
11100:
11080:
10987:
10910:. (Berg, 1985).
10871:Bismarck: A Life
10740:
10550:
10501:Geiss, Imanuel.
10445:(1890) 175 pages
10295:
10283:
10261:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10232:
10226:
10215:
10209:
10208:
10172:
10166:
10148:
10142:
10139:
10133:
10132:
10130:
10128:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10057:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10023:
10017:
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9993:
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9976:
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9914:
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9907:
9897:
9886:
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9881:
9862:
9856:
9849:
9843:
9836:
9830:
9829:
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9825:
9806:
9800:
9793:
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9780:
9774:
9767:
9761:
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9758:
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9737:
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9704:
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9691:
9684:
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9671:
9665:
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9413:
9407:
9400:
9394:
9388:
9382:
9375:
9369:
9363:
9357:
9350:
9344:
9338:
9329:
9323:
9317:
9307:
9301:
9295:
9286:
9285:
9258:Stürmer, Michael
9254:
9248:
9247:
9229:
9218:
9217:
9199:
9193:
9176:
9170:
9163:
9157:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9134:
9126:
9120:
9113:
9107:
9096:
9090:
9083:
9077:
9070:
9064:
9057:
9051:
9046:Ronald J. Ross,
9044:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9025:
9017:
9011:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8977:
8971:
8970:
8952:
8946:
8941:Allan Mitchell,
8939:
8933:
8923:
8917:
8914:
8908:
8901:
8895:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8861:
8852:
8851:
8827:
8821:
8814:
8808:
8801:
8795:
8788:
8782:
8775:
8766:
8759:
8753:
8749:(1977) pp 17–70
8743:
8737:
8736:
8716:
8710:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8645:
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8595:
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8585:
8567:
8561:
8554:
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8519:
8513:
8512:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8438:
8432:
8426:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8382:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8354:Kenneth Barkin.
8351:
8345:
8344:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8164:
8144:
8138:
8131:
8125:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8056:
8047:
8040:
8034:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
7996:
7990:
7989:
7983:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7866:
7860:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7820:
7814:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7726:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7695:
7689:
7684:
7678:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7625:
7619:
7616:
7610:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7577:
7571:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7497:
7491:
7484:
7478:
7475:
7458:
7457:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7336:
7329:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7160:East Brandenburg
7006:Hultschin Region
6971:
6963:
6962:
6856:
6855:
6844:
6843:
6836:
6835:
6793:
6792:
6709:
6703:
6693:
6686:
6681:argued that the
6675:
6666:
6658:Bielefeld School
6644:
6590:
6569:Der Blaue Reiter
6540:Social Democrats
6524:
6478:
6464:
6450:
6431:
6419:
6407:
6091:Other Christian
6079:
6075:
6041:Augusta Victoria
6005:
5991:
5977:
5963:
5949:
5935:
5921:
5907:
5888:
5874:
5860:
5846:
5832:
5682:Moravian (Czech)
5532:
5526:
5395:
5383:
5373:
5370:
5364:
5352:
5325:
5312:
5311:
5302:
5282:
5281:
5266:
5265:
5250:
5249:
5240:
5221:
5208:
5207:
5187:
5186:
5166:
5165:
5150:Schaumburg-Lippe
5145:
5144:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5076:
5075:
5066:
5047:
5034:
5033:
5019:
5006:
5005:
4991:
4978:
4977:
4963:
4950:
4949:
4929:
4928:
4919:
4900:
4887:
4886:
4866:
4865:
4845:
4844:
4824:
4823:
4809:
4796:
4795:
4775:
4774:
4765:
4740:
4739:
4725:
4712:
4711:
4697:
4684:
4683:
4669:
4656:
4655:
4646:
4627:
4624:
4412:
4405:
4404:
4328:
4323:and chaired the
4304:of the Empire's
4295:
4247:
4229:
4215:
4209:
4091:balance of power
4017:The concept of "
3986:
3976:
3970:
3811:Erich Ludendorff
3809:was replaced by
3806:Battle of Verdun
3712:invading Belgium
3598:Treaty of London
3590:Kingdom of Italy
3586:Entente Cordiale
3509:Margarita Island
3309:place in the sun
3265:Erich Ludendorff
3256:, Field Marshal
3254:German president
3177:Domestic affairs
3156:Walther Rathenau
3113:became emperor.
3107:laryngeal cancer
3048:
3036:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2996:
2986:
2975:
2803:anti-Catholicism
2718:
2715:Kleindeutschland
2678:By the start of
2673:electrochemicals
2566:Industrial power
2524:Caroline Islands
2420:Caroline Islands
2372:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2237:
2220:
2219:
2153:
2152:
2123:
2007:Migration Period
2002:Germanic peoples
1997:Urnfield culture
1865:
1855:
1837:
1836:
1696:Anton von Werner
1682:over-represented
1475:Great Depression
1451:Spring Offensive
1293:Deutscher Kaiser
1195:new constitution
1136:Imperial Germany
1102:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1007:
1006:
993:
992:
979:
978:
972:
971:
956:
955:
947:
936:German gold mark
928:
920:
908:
782:11 November 1918
778:
763:
726:
725:15 November 1884
569:
393:
294:
293:
291:
290:
289:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
257:and largest city
243:
232:
227:
220:
219:, September 1918
213:
206:
203:
190:
189:
175:
174:
164:
163:
137:
113:
104:
79:
65:
47:
39:
28:
27:
17849:
17848:
17844:
17843:
17842:
17840:
17839:
17838:
17739:
17738:
17737:
17732:
17721:American Empire
17706:
17702:African empires
17654:
17537:
17229:Central African
17175:
16993:Romano-Germanic
16579:
16313:Middle Assyrian
16286:
16278:
16273:
16243:
16238:
16225:
16218:
16211:
16204:
16191:
16055:
16006:Life expectancy
15922:
15796:
15767:Law enforcement
15703:
15668:
15595:
15562:
15541:
15525:Divided Germany
15495:Weimar Republic
15423:
15389:Frankish Empire
15377:
15301:
15267:
15261:
15252:
15222:
15213:
15138:princely states
15086:
15022:Kingdom of Fiji
14995:
14741:Austria-Hungary
14709:
14472:
14406:
14205:
14191:Solomon Islands
14105:
14087:
14019:
13934:
13892:
13824:
13770:Democratization
13738:
13682:
13649:
13644:
13614:
13609:
13575:
13571:Alsace–Lorraine
13559:
13531:
13505:
13497:
13477:
13467:
13431:
13427:Weimar-Eisenach
13407:Hesse-Darmstadt
13388:
13379:
13331:and the former
13327:(including the
13326:
13297:
13277:
13271:
13241:
13236:
13219:
13178:
13110:
13103:
13074:Treaty of Darin
13042:
13004:
12960:Austria-Hungary
12946:
12933:
12914:Rape of Belgium
12841:
12813:
12761:
12755:Western Armenia
12750:Eastern Galicia
12683:
12657:
12621:
12620:Civilian impact
12619:
12605:
12562:
12491:
12323:
12253:Ovambo Uprising
12205:
12191:
12080:
11982:
11909:
11827:Battle of Łomża
11810:
11806:Christmas truce
11781:Race to the Sea
11714:
11676:
11598:
11569:Austria-Hungary
11545:
11480:Empire of Japan
11417:
11415:
11404:
11388:U-boat campaign
11374:
11346:
11308:
11260:
11206:
11187:Popular culture
11133:
11128:
11078:
11066:library.wis.edu
11062:Wayback Machine
11050:
11045:
11030:Germany at Home
11021:Primary sources
11018:
10985:
10972:
10963:Wayback Machine
10927:
10893:Taylor, A.J.P.
10827:. (Berg, 1990)
10818:Wayback Machine
10783:Ritter, Gerhard
10778:Wayback Machine
10698:
10682:Padfield, Peter
10601:(2nd ed. 1988)
10595:Kennedy, Paul.
10560:Holborn, Hajo.
10540:10.2307/1837686
10525:
10521:Wayback Machine
10403:(1989); vol 2:
10393:Wayback Machine
10337:Wayback Machine
10281:"Germany"
10270:
10268:Further reading
10265:
10264:
10256:
10252:
10233:
10229:
10216:
10212:
10173:
10169:
10159:Wayback Machine
10149:
10145:
10140:
10136:
10126:
10124:
10081:
10077:
10069:
10065:
10055:
10053:
10044:
10043:
10039:
10024:
10020:
10010:
10008:
9995:
9994:
9990:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9963:
9958:
9957:
9948:
9938:
9936:
9921:
9917:
9899:
9898:
9889:
9879:
9877:
9864:
9863:
9859:
9850:
9846:
9837:
9833:
9823:
9821:
9807:
9803:
9794:
9790:
9781:
9777:
9768:
9764:
9754:
9752:
9739:
9738:
9734:
9727:
9711:
9707:
9698:
9694:
9685:
9681:
9672:
9668:
9660:Imanuel Geise,
9659:
9655:
9646:
9642:
9637:Wayback Machine
9621:
9619:
9615:
9610:Wayback Machine
9596:
9592:
9582:
9580:
9543:
9536:
9528:
9517:
9511:
9504:
9495:
9491:
9472:
9461:
9452:
9448:
9440:
9436:
9426:
9424:
9415:
9414:
9410:
9401:
9397:
9389:
9385:
9376:
9372:
9364:
9360:
9351:
9347:
9339:
9332:
9324:
9320:
9308:
9304:
9296:
9289:
9282:
9255:
9251:
9244:
9230:
9221:
9214:
9200:
9196:
9177:
9173:
9164:
9160:
9151:
9147:
9139:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9123:
9114:
9110:
9097:
9093:
9084:
9080:
9071:
9067:
9058:
9054:
9045:
9041:
9035:Lamberti (2001)
9033:
9029:
9018:
9014:
9005:
9001:
8994:
8978:
8974:
8967:
8953:
8949:
8940:
8936:
8924:
8920:
8915:
8911:
8902:
8898:
8889:
8885:
8878:
8862:
8855:
8848:
8828:
8824:
8815:
8811:
8802:
8798:
8789:
8785:
8777:E. P. Hennock,
8776:
8769:
8761:Edmond Taylor,
8760:
8756:
8744:
8740:
8717:
8713:
8700:
8696:
8673:
8669:
8646:
8642:
8635:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8568:
8564:
8560:(1987), p. 312.
8556:Eric Hobsbawm,
8555:
8551:
8536:10.2307/1432746
8520:
8516:
8509:
8493:
8489:
8482:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8439:
8435:
8427:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8383:
8379:
8369:
8367:
8352:
8348:
8324:
8320:
8310:
8308:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8232:
8228:
8218:
8216:
8179:
8175:
8162:
8160:
8145:
8141:
8132:
8128:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8067:
8058:
8057:
8050:
8042:J. H. Clapham,
8041:
8037:
8028:
8024:
8014:
8012:
7997:
7993:
7977:
7976:
7969:
7967:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7927:
7923:
7913:
7911:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7883:
7881:
7870:"German Empire"
7868:
7867:
7863:
7842:
7838:
7830:Deutsches Reich
7821:
7817:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7792:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7767:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7739:
7737:
7736:on 5 April 2007
7728:
7727:
7718:
7708:
7706:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7685:
7681:
7661:
7657:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7594:
7592:
7581:"German Empire"
7579:
7578:
7574:
7565:
7561:
7551:
7549:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7513:
7509:
7498:
7494:
7485:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7461:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7359:
7355:
7338:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7273:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7207:
7152:
7125:, the towns of
7068:
7067:Both World Wars
7047:Klaipėda Region
7037:Memel Territory
7033:
7032:Both World Wars
7002:
7001:Both World Wars
6979:
6944:
6868:
6867:Both World Wars
6818:Alsace-Lorraine
6814:
6813:Both World Wars
6798:
6780:
6774:
6716:
6635:
6629:
6561:Theodor Mommsen
6493:The defeat and
6491:
6484:
6479:
6470:
6465:
6456:
6451:
6442:
6435:
6432:
6423:
6420:
6411:
6408:
6309:Alsace-Lorraine
6059:
6049:Reformation Day
6025:
6016:
6009:
6006:
5997:
5992:
5983:
5978:
5969:
5964:
5955:
5950:
5941:
5936:
5927:
5922:
5913:
5908:
5899:
5889:
5880:
5875:
5866:
5861:
5852:
5847:
5838:
5833:
5824:
5822:Linguistic maps
5529:
5517:
5434:The non-German
5406:
5399:
5396:
5387:
5384:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5356:
5353:
5344:
5317:Alsace–Lorraine
5309:
5279:
5263:
5247:
5205:
5184:
5163:
5142:
5118:
5094:
5073:
5031:
5003:
4975:
4947:
4926:
4884:
4863:
4842:
4821:
4793:
4772:
4763:Großherzogtümer
4737:
4709:
4681:
4653:
4621:
4617:
4410:
4403:
4369:, and had been
4347:
4341:
4335:
4202:Federal Council
4185:
4179:
4163:Weimar Republic
4144:German nobility
4128:Austria-Hungary
4051:
4039:
4015:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3956:
3924:
3819:
3754:positions from
3748:Race to the Sea
3746:. A subsequent
3708:Schlieffen Plan
3696:
3684:Alsace-Lorraine
3648:Gavrilo Princip
3644:Franz Ferdinand
3624:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3573:Austria-Hungary
3556:G. M. Trevelyan
3552:Gordon A. Craig
3547:
3539:Main articles:
3537:
3485:
3469:Baghdad Railway
3460:Baghdad Railway
3444:
3313:new imperialism
3290:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:Foreign affairs
3201:Leo von Caprivi
3179:
3124:
3119:
3076:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3040:
3037:
2980:
2969:
2947:
2935:ethnic minority
2908:Wojciech Kossak
2890:
2884:
2848:
2831:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2738:
2721:Großdeutschland
2709:
2688:
2661:pharmaceuticals
2629:Alsace-Lorraine
2578:
2570:Main articles:
2568:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2530:in what is now
2492:
2486:
2412:
2406:
2376:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2273:
2240:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2177:Weimar Republic
2150:
2140:
2139:
2126:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2017:Frankish Empire
1992:Únětice culture
1982:
1974:
1973:
1918:Historic states
1873:
1853:
1846:
1835:
1653:Hall of Mirrors
1641:Bundespräsidium
1637:King of Prussia
1613:
1607:
1586:Austrian Empire
1530:Treaty of Paris
1522:Napoleonic Wars
1502:
1496:
1491:
1455:were in retreat
1400:Triple Alliance
1396:Austria-Hungary
1354:colonial empire
1342:became involved
1207:King of Prussia
1165:The empire was
1132:Deutsches Reich
1120:
1099:
1085:
1071:
1066:Memel Territory
1057:
1052:Weimar Republic
1032:
1018:
1004:
990:
976:
949:
940:
938:
934:
933:
900:
879:
866:
853:
836:
835:• Estimate
811:
792:
779:
774:
767:9 November 1918
764:
759:
752:3 November 1918
749:
736:
724:
721:
708:
698:18 January 1871
695:
676:New Imperialism
662:
650:
624:
612:
604:Georg Michaelis
600:
588:
576:
565:
562:
554:Leo von Caprivi
550:
538:
508:
496:
484:
460:
424:
419:
417:
412:
408:
394:
388:
387:
381:
373:
323:
317:
316:
287:
285:
281:
278:
273:
270:
268:
266:
265:
264:
258:
250:
234:
233:
228:
221:
214:
207:
192:
191:
184:
180:
178:
167:
166:
165:
145:
141:
139:
121:("God with us")
120:
107:
89:
88:
87:
85:
80:
72:
71:
66:
48:
41:
37:Deutsches Reich
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17847:
17837:
17836:
17831:
17826:
17821:
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17799:Former empires
17796:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17734:
17733:
17731:
17730:
17729:
17728:
17723:
17714:
17712:
17708:
17707:
17705:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17678:
17677:
17666:
17664:
17660:
17659:
17656:
17655:
17653:
17652:
17647:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17631:
17630:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17590:
17585:
17580:
17575:
17574:
17573:
17568:
17558:
17553:
17547:
17545:
17536:
17535:
17534:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17503:
17498:
17497:
17496:
17486:
17481:
17480:
17479:
17474:
17469:
17459:
17454:
17453:
17452:
17447:
17437:
17436:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17405:
17404:
17403:
17398:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17372:
17371:
17366:
17361:
17356:
17351:
17341:
17340:
17339:
17334:
17324:
17319:
17318:
17317:
17312:
17302:
17301:
17300:
17295:
17285:
17284:
17283:
17278:
17268:
17263:
17262:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17231:
17226:
17225:
17224:
17219:
17211:
17206:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17185:
17183:
17177:
17176:
17174:
17173:
17168:
17163:
17158:
17157:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17116:
17111:
17110:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17074:
17073:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17006:
17005:
17000:
16990:
16989:
16988:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16934:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16913:
16912:
16911:
16906:
16901:
16896:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16871:
16866:
16861:
16860:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16834:
16833:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16807:
16806:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16764:
16763:
16758:
16753:
16743:
16738:
16737:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16701:
16700:
16699:
16694:
16684:
16683:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16657:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16640:
16639:
16638:
16633:
16625:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16589:
16587:
16585:Post-classical
16581:
16580:
16578:
16577:
16576:
16575:
16565:
16560:
16559:
16558:
16553:
16543:
16542:
16541:
16531:
16530:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16483:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16457:
16456:
16455:
16450:
16440:
16435:
16434:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16392:
16391:
16386:
16384:Middle Kingdom
16381:
16371:
16366:
16365:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16344:
16343:
16342:
16340:Neo-Babylonian
16337:
16332:
16330:Old Babylonian
16322:
16321:
16320:
16315:
16305:
16300:
16294:
16292:
16280:
16279:
16272:
16271:
16264:
16257:
16249:
16240:
16239:
16237:
16236:
16231:
16224:
16223:
16216:
16209:
16201:
16200:
16197:
16196:
16193:
16192:
16190:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16134:
16129:
16124:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16103:Cultural icons
16101:
16096:
16091:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16071:
16065:
16063:
16057:
16056:
16054:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16013:
16008:
16003:
15998:
15993:
15988:
15983:
15982:
15981:
15976:
15966:
15961:
15956:
15951:
15946:
15940:
15934:
15928:
15927:
15924:
15923:
15921:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15905:
15900:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15883:Stock exchange
15880:
15875:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15842:
15837:
15836:
15835:
15825:
15820:
15814:
15808:
15802:
15801:
15798:
15797:
15795:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15758:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15697:
15692:
15686:
15680:
15674:
15673:
15670:
15669:
15667:
15666:
15661:
15656:
15651:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15630:
15629:
15624:
15613:
15607:
15601:
15600:
15597:
15596:
15594:
15593:
15587:
15581:
15576:
15570:
15568:
15564:
15563:
15561:
15560:
15555:
15549:
15547:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15539:
15538:
15537:
15532:
15522:
15520:Denazification
15517:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15431:
15429:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15385:
15383:
15379:
15378:
15376:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15320:
15315:
15309:
15307:
15303:
15302:
15300:
15299:
15294:
15292:Historiography
15289:
15284:
15278:
15276:
15269:
15263:
15262:
15251:
15250:
15243:
15236:
15228:
15219:
15218:
15215:
15214:
15212:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15142:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15100:
15094:
15092:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15003:
15001:
14997:
14996:
14994:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14896:Ottoman Empire
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14856:Kartli-Kakheti
14853:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14723:
14717:
14715:
14711:
14710:
14708:
14707:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14538:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14480:
14478:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14414:
14412:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14404:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14265:Central Africa
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14226:
14224:
14217:
14211:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14204:
14203:
14201:United Kingdom
14198:
14193:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14167:
14166:
14161:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14115:
14113:
14107:
14106:
14104:
14103:
14097:
14095:
14089:
14088:
14086:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14029:
14027:
14021:
14020:
14018:
14017:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13944:
13942:
13936:
13935:
13933:
13932:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13909:
13907:
13898:
13894:
13893:
13891:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13858:Prince regnant
13855:
13854:
13853:
13843:
13838:
13832:
13830:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13775:Decolonization
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13746:
13744:
13740:
13739:
13737:
13736:
13731:
13729:Personal union
13726:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13701:
13699:Constitutional
13696:
13690:
13688:
13684:
13683:
13681:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13643:
13642:
13635:
13628:
13620:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13607:
13598:
13589:
13583:
13581:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13573:
13567:
13565:
13561:
13560:
13558:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13541:
13539:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13501:
13493:
13487:
13485:
13483:Principalities
13479:
13478:
13476:
13475:
13470:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13441:
13439:
13433:
13432:
13430:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13398:
13396:
13390:
13389:
13382:
13380:
13378:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13291:
13285:
13283:
13279:
13278:
13270:
13269:
13262:
13255:
13247:
13238:
13237:
13235:
13234:
13228:
13225:
13224:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13217:
13210:
13203:
13198:
13190:
13188:
13184:
13183:
13180:
13179:
13177:
13176:
13171:
13170:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13139:
13134:
13133:
13132:
13127:
13119:
13113:
13111:
13109:Peace treaties
13108:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13050:
13048:
13044:
13043:
13041:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13014:
13012:
13006:
13005:
13003:
13002:
12997:
12995:United Kingdom
12992:
12987:
12985:Ottoman Empire
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12956:
12954:
12947:
12942:
12939:
12938:
12935:
12934:
12932:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12910:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12889:
12887:Sack of Dinant
12884:
12879:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12867:
12866:
12865:
12851:
12849:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12839:
12838:
12837:
12835:United Kingdom
12832:
12823:
12821:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12811:
12810:
12809:
12804:
12795:
12789:POW locations
12787:
12782:
12781:
12780:
12771:
12769:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12759:
12758:
12757:
12752:
12744:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12712:
12711:
12710:
12705:
12697:
12691:
12689:
12685:
12684:
12682:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12665:
12663:
12656:
12655:
12654:
12653:
12648:
12640:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12624:
12622:
12614:
12611:
12610:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12603:
12598:
12597:
12596:
12589:United Kingdom
12586:
12584:Ottoman Empire
12581:
12576:
12570:
12568:
12561:
12560:
12558:Trench warfare
12555:
12554:
12553:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12522:
12521:
12510:
12508:
12501:
12497:
12496:
12493:
12492:
12490:
12489:
12483:
12477:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12463:
12457:
12451:
12445:
12434:
12428:
12422:
12416:
12410:
12404:
12398:
12392:
12386:
12380:
12374:
12368:
12362:
12356:
12350:
12344:
12338:
12331:
12329:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12321:
12315:
12309:
12303:
12297:
12291:
12285:
12279:
12274:
12271:Volta-Bani War
12268:
12262:
12256:
12250:
12244:
12238:
12232:
12226:
12220:
12213:
12211:
12207:
12206:
12204:
12203:
12198:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12109:Zeebrugge Raid
12106:
12101:
12096:
12090:
12088:
12082:
12081:
12079:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11992:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11980:
11975:
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10484:Fischer, Fritz
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10417:(2nd ed. 2004)
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9690:(1937) p. 463.
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8838:Berghahn Books
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8683:(2): 285–298.
8677:German History
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8650:German History
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1629:German Emperor
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17667:
17665:
17661:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17629:
17626:
17625:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17579:
17576:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17563:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17552:
17549:
17548:
17546:
17544:
17540:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17495:
17492:
17491:
17490:
17487:
17485:
17482:
17478:
17475:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17464:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17451:
17448:
17446:
17443:
17442:
17441:
17438:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17410:
17409:
17406:
17402:
17399:
17397:
17394:
17393:
17392:
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17346:
17345:
17342:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17310:German Empire
17308:
17307:
17306:
17303:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17290:
17289:
17286:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17273:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17236:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17214:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17186:
17184:
17182:
17178:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17164:
17162:
17159:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17121:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17079:
17078:
17075:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17052:
17051:
17050:Turco-Persian
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16995:
16994:
16991:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16958:
16957:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16917:
16914:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16891:
16890:
16887:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16865:
16862:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16839:
16838:
16835:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16812:
16811:
16808:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16790:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16749:
16748:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16706:
16705:
16702:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16689:
16688:
16685:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16649:
16646:
16645:
16644:
16641:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16628:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16590:
16588:
16586:
16582:
16574:
16571:
16570:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16557:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16548:
16547:
16544:
16540:
16537:
16536:
16535:
16532:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16499:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16462:
16461:
16458:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16445:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16408:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16376:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16349:
16348:
16345:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16327:
16326:
16323:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16310:
16309:
16306:
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16285:
16281:
16277:
16270:
16265:
16263:
16258:
16256:
16251:
16250:
16247:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16221:
16217:
16214:
16210:
16207:
16203:
16202:
16198:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16067:
16066:
16064:
16062:
16058:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16046:Social issues
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15980:
15977:
15975:
15974:Ethnic groups
15972:
15971:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15941:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15929:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15872:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15843:
15841:
15838:
15834:
15831:
15830:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15815:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15803:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15742:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15702:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15687:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15675:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15619:
15618:
15615:
15614:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15602:
15591:
15588:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15571:
15569:
15565:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15553:Reunification
15551:
15550:
15548:
15544:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15527:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15475:German Empire
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15426:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15386:
15384:
15380:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15310:
15308:
15304:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15279:
15277:
15273:
15270:
15264:
15260:
15256:
15249:
15244:
15242:
15237:
15235:
15230:
15229:
15226:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15146:
15143:
15140:
15139:
15134:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15095:
15093:
15089:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15017:Easter Island
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15004:
15002:
14998:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14718:
14716:
14712:
14705:
14704:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14643:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14556:Jabal Shammar
14554:
14552:
14549:
14546:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14536:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14481:
14479:
14475:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14415:
14413:
14409:
14403:
14402:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14227:
14225:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14212:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14156:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14116:
14114:
14112:
14108:
14102:
14099:
14098:
14096:
14094:
14090:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14048:Liechtenstein
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14030:
14028:
14026:
14022:
14016:
14015:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13945:
13943:
13941:
13937:
13931:
13930:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13906:
13902:
13899:
13895:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13852:
13851:Queen regnant
13849:
13848:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13827:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13810:Republicanism
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13790:Head of state
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13747:
13745:
13741:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13724:Non-sovereign
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13691:
13689:
13685:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13655:
13652:
13648:
13641:
13636:
13634:
13629:
13627:
13622:
13621:
13618:
13605:
13604:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13582:
13578:
13572:
13569:
13568:
13566:
13562:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13542:
13540:
13538:
13534:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13502:
13500:
13498:(Junior Line)
13494:
13492:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13484:
13480:
13474:
13471:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13442:
13440:
13438:
13434:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13399:
13397:
13395:
13394:Grand Duchies
13391:
13386:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13364:
13360:
13356:
13352:
13348:
13344:
13340:
13334:
13330:
13325:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13280:
13275:
13268:
13263:
13261:
13256:
13254:
13249:
13248:
13245:
13233:
13230:
13229:
13226:
13216:
13215:
13211:
13209:
13208:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13196:
13192:
13191:
13189:
13185:
13175:
13172:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13122:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13114:
13112:
13106:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13051:
13049:
13045:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13015:
13013:
13011:
13007:
13001:
13000:United States
12998:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12957:
12955:
12951:
12948:
12945:
12940:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12894:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12871:
12868:
12864:
12861:
12860:
12859:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12848:
12844:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12824:
12822:
12820:
12816:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12764:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12736:
12735:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12692:
12690:
12686:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12666:
12664:
12660:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12626:
12625:
12623:
12617:
12612:
12602:
12601:United States
12599:
12595:
12592:
12591:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12571:
12569:
12565:
12559:
12556:
12552:
12551:Convoy system
12549:
12548:
12547:
12546:Naval warfare
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12520:
12517:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12509:
12505:
12502:
12498:
12487:
12484:
12481:
12478:
12475:
12472:
12469:
12466:
12461:
12458:
12455:
12452:
12449:
12446:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12438:
12435:
12432:
12429:
12426:
12423:
12420:
12417:
12414:
12411:
12408:
12405:
12402:
12399:
12396:
12393:
12390:
12387:
12384:
12381:
12378:
12375:
12372:
12369:
12366:
12363:
12360:
12357:
12354:
12351:
12348:
12345:
12342:
12339:
12336:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12326:
12319:
12316:
12313:
12310:
12307:
12306:Kaocen revolt
12304:
12301:
12300:Easter Rising
12298:
12295:
12292:
12289:
12286:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12272:
12269:
12266:
12263:
12260:
12257:
12254:
12251:
12248:
12245:
12242:
12239:
12236:
12233:
12230:
12227:
12224:
12221:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12208:
12202:
12199:
12195:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12087:
12083:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11952:
11949:
11948:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11918:
11916:
11912:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11865:Great Retreat
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11840:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11813:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11736:Battle of Cer
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11723:
11721:
11717:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11694:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11679:
11672:
11669:
11666:
11663:
11660:
11657:
11654:
11653:Agadir Crisis
11651:
11648:
11645:
11642:
11639:
11636:
11633:
11630:
11627:
11624:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11605:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11548:
11542:
11541:United States
11539:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11481:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11459:
11458:French Empire
11456:
11455:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11426:
11422:
11419:
11411:
11401:
11400:Mediterranean
11398:
11394:
11391:
11390:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11383:
11381:
11380:Naval warfare
11377:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11353:
11349:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11315:
11311:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11257:
11256:Italian Front
11254:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11245:
11244:Eastern Front
11242:
11240:
11239:Western Front
11237:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11216:
11213:
11209:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11197:Puppet states
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11132:
11125:
11120:
11118:
11113:
11111:
11106:
11105:
11102:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11077:
11073:
11070:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11052:
11051:
11041:
11040:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11022:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
11000:
10996:
10993:
10989:
10986:
10984:1-5718-1687-9
10980:
10976:
10971:
10968:
10964:
10960:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10946:
10942:
10939:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10931:
10923:
10919:
10917:
10916:0-9075-8222-2
10913:
10909:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10892:
10890:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10859:
10858:online review
10855:
10851:
10848:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10833:0-8549-6275-1
10830:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10795:
10791:
10788:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10761:
10757:
10754:
10753:0-3121-6031-3
10750:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10697:
10694:
10690:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10667:
10666:0-3406-4534-2
10663:
10659:
10655:
10652:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10638:
10635:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10608:
10607:1-5739-2301-X
10604:
10600:
10599:
10594:
10591:
10590:1-4039-0421-9
10587:
10583:
10579:
10576:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10556:
10552:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10534:(1): 62–101,
10533:
10529:
10524:
10522:
10518:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10504:
10500:
10497:
10496:0-04-943043-2
10493:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10469:
10466:Eyck, Erich.
10465:
10462:
10461:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10429:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10416:
10412:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10390:
10387:
10382:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10365:
10361:
10359:
10358:0-19-873058-6
10355:
10351:
10347:
10344:
10340:
10338:
10334:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10297:
10293:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10273:
10272:
10259:
10254:
10247:(2): 225–240.
10246:
10242:
10238:
10231:
10224:
10220:
10214:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10171:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10147:
10138:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10079:
10073:
10067:
10051:
10047:
10041:
10033:
10029:
10022:
10006:
10003:(in German).
10002:
9998:
9992:
9973:
9969:
9961:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9934:
9931:(in German).
9930:
9926:
9919:
9911:
9906:
9904:
9896:
9894:
9892:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9861:
9854:
9851:A. J. Ryder,
9848:
9841:
9835:
9819:
9816:(in German).
9815:
9811:
9805:
9798:
9792:
9785:
9779:
9772:
9766:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9736:
9728:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9709:
9702:
9696:
9689:
9683:
9676:
9670:
9663:
9657:
9651:(1978) p. 321
9650:
9644:
9638:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9617:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9600:
9594:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9553:
9548:
9541:
9539:
9527:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9507:
9499:
9493:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9456:
9450:
9444:, p. 91.
9443:
9438:
9422:
9418:
9412:
9405:
9402:Lamar Cecil,
9399:
9392:
9387:
9380:
9374:
9367:
9362:
9355:
9349:
9342:
9337:
9335:
9327:
9322:
9315:
9311:
9306:
9299:
9294:
9292:
9283:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9253:
9245:
9239:
9235:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9215:
9209:
9205:
9198:
9192:
9191:3-518-36574-6
9188:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9168:
9162:
9155:
9149:
9138:
9131:
9125:
9118:
9112:
9105:
9101:
9095:
9088:
9082:
9075:
9069:
9062:
9056:
9049:
9043:
9036:
9031:
9023:
9016:
9010:(2000) p. 342
9009:
9003:
8995:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8976:
8968:
8962:
8958:
8951:
8944:
8938:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8913:
8906:
8900:
8893:
8887:
8879:
8877:9781107136427
8873:
8869:
8868:
8860:
8858:
8849:
8847:9781782385035
8843:
8839:
8835:
8834:
8826:
8820:(2 vol. 2010)
8819:
8813:
8806:
8800:
8793:
8787:
8780:
8774:
8772:
8764:
8758:
8752:
8748:
8742:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8644:
8636:
8630:
8626:
8619:
8611:
8605:
8601:
8594:
8592:
8583:
8577:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8553:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8518:
8510:
8504:
8500:
8499:
8491:
8483:
8477:
8473:
8472:
8464:
8448:
8444:
8437:
8431:, p. 140
8430:
8425:
8423:
8415:
8410:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8389:
8381:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8158:
8155:(in German).
8154:
8150:
8143:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8108:
8100:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8081:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8053:
8045:
8039:
8032:
8026:
8010:
8007:(in German).
8006:
8002:
7995:
7987:
7981:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7950:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7895:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7812:
7806:
7791:
7787:
7781:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7704:
7701:(in German).
7700:
7694:
7688:
7683:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7615:
7606:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7576:
7569:
7563:
7548:. p. 165
7547:
7543:
7536:
7528:
7526:3-7979-1950-6
7522:
7518:
7511:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7483:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7414:Upper Silesia
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7363:
7362:Zweites Reich
7357:
7349:
7341:
7335:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7265:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7149:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7081:Upper Silesia
7078:
7074:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7049:, annexed by
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7016:Hlučín Region
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6976:
6975:
6967:
6961:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6872:Eupen-Malmedy
6865:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6848:
6845:(both within
6842:
6834:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6811:
6810:
6794:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6711:
6708:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:Fritz Fischer
6643:
6642:
6634:
6624:
6622:
6621:United States
6617:
6613:
6612:Upper Silesia
6609:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6582:
6581:Peter Behrens
6579:in Berlin by
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6563:received the
6562:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6483:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6458:
6455:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6430:
6425:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6382:In Germany's
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6067:
6064:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6029:
6020:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5976:
5971:
5968:
5962:
5957:
5954:
5948:
5943:
5940:
5934:
5929:
5926:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5882:
5879:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5859:
5854:
5851:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5521:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5438:(0.5%), like
5437:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5394:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5363:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:Sondershausen
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5104:(Junior Line)
5099:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:Grand Duchies
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4670:) as a whole
4668:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4407:
4406:
4401:Map and table
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:Lippe-Detmold
4388:
4384:
4379:
4378:war of 1866.
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4314:plenary power
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4275:head of state
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4236:Imperial Diet
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:parliamentary
4190:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4046:
4044:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3980:
3979:Puppet states
3965:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3910:, along with
3909:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:Eastern Front
3839:
3838:Western Front
3832:
3828:
3827:Eastern Front
3823:
3817:Eastern Front
3814:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3694:Western Front
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:Fritz Fischer
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3612:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:South America
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:Deutsche Bank
3453:
3449:
3446:Bismarck and
3439:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:Upper Silesia
3139:
3132:
3128:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3066:Frederick III
3063:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:codifications
3021:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2967:criminal code
2963:
2961:
2960:Confederation
2951:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:Germanisation
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2888:Germanisation
2882:Germanisation
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2829:Social reform
2826:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:Social issues
2733:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2707:Consolidation
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:welfare state
2605:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2427:Eric Hobsbawm
2421:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Reunification
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:German Empire
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Mediatisation
2098:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:Early history
1978:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Emperor Meiji
1796:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1755:Berlin Palace
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:Frederick III
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:in 1864, the
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:'s pragmatic
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:Eastern Front
1436:
1432:
1431:Western Front
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Dual Alliance
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1375:in 1890, and
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1335:welfare state
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:grand duchies
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:, joined the
1188:
1187:Liechtenstein
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:German Empire
1119:
1113:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
988:
987:
984:
981:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
948:
946:
937:
932:
927:
926:
919:
918:
917:Bremen thaler
912:
907:
906:
905:Vereinsthaler
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
872:
868:
865:
859:
855:
852:
846:
842:
838:
832:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
807:
802:
798:
794:
791:
785:
781:
777:
770:
766:
762:
755:
751:
748:
742:
738:
735:
729:
723:
720:
714:
711:16 April 1871
710:
707:
701:
697:
694:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
664:
658:
655:
652:
646:
643:
640:
636:
632:
629:
628:Max von Baden
626:
620:
617:
614:
608:
605:
602:
596:
593:
590:
584:
581:
578:
572:
568:
564:
558:
555:
552:
546:
543:
540:
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
513:
510:
504:
501:
500:Friedrich III
498:
492:
489:
486:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
459:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:parliamentary
447:
444:
440:
437:
434:
432:
428:
423:
416:
411:
406:
402:
398:
392:
386:
383:
376:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
318:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
292:
263:
260:
253:
248:
242:
237:
231:
226:
218:
212:
202:
195:
173:
172:
138:
136:
135:
128:
124:
118:
114:
112:
111:Nobiscum Deus
105:
103:
102:
96:
92:
84:
78:
70:
64:
56:
51:
45:
38:
32:German Empire
29:
26:
22:
17477:Contemporary
17327:Indo-Persian
17315:Nazi Germany
17309:
17259:Contemporary
17161:Vijayanagara
17060:Great Seljuk
16971:Thessalonica
16899:Golden Horde
16539:Carthaginian
16318:Neo-Assyrian
16303:Neo-Sumerian
16220:Bibliography
16094:Coat of arms
16074:Architecture
16051:Trade unions
16031:Prostitution
15991:Homelessness
15954:Demographics
15903:Trade unions
15870:
15860:German model
15833:Central bank
15777:Conservatism
15740:Human rights
15725:Court system
15720:Constitution
15700:
15546:Contemporary
15535:West Germany
15530:East Germany
15505:World War II
15500:Nazi Germany
15474:
15440:18th-century
15399:East Francia
15353:Cimbrian War
15194:South Africa
15189:Sierra Leone
15136:
14966:Two Sicilies
14901:Papal States
14810:
14701:
14640:
14533:
14399:
14159:Cook Islands
14012:
13998:Saudi Arabia
13927:
13603:Mitteleuropa
13594:Mittelafrika
13506:(Elder Line)
13504:Reuss-Greiz
13468:(until 1876)
13460:Coburg-Gotha
13363:West Prussia
13320:Hohenzollern
13316:Hesse-Nassau
13308:East Prussia
13212:
13205:
13193:
12800: /
12732:
12567:Conscription
12531:Cryptography
12468:Iraqi Revolt
11895:Siege of Kut
11838:
11563:
11416:participants
11365:German Samoa
11299:South Arabia
11075:
11065:
11037:
11028:
11020:
11019:
11005:
10998:
10991:
10974:
10967:Project MUSE
10951:
10944:
10937:
10929:
10928:
10921:
10907:
10894:
10880:
10870:
10863:
10853:
10846:
10839:
10824:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10766:
10759:
10744:
10707:(1): 54–86.
10704:
10700:
10695:(ISD, 1980).
10692:
10685:
10672:
10657:
10647:
10640:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10597:
10581:
10574:
10571:Hoyer, Katja
10561:
10554:
10531:
10527:
10509:
10502:
10487:
10477:
10467:
10458:
10449:
10440:
10431:
10421:
10414:
10409:vol 2 online
10404:
10400:
10384:
10373:
10363:
10349:
10342:
10325:
10318:
10308:
10299:
10289:
10257:
10253:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10230:
10222:
10218:
10213:
10180:
10176:
10170:
10146:
10137:
10125:. Retrieved
10092:
10088:
10078:
10066:
10054:. Retrieved
10050:the original
10040:
10031:
10027:
10021:
10009:. Retrieved
10000:
9991:
9979:. Retrieved
9967:
9937:. Retrieved
9928:
9918:
9908:– via
9902:
9878:. Retrieved
9869:
9860:
9852:
9847:
9839:
9834:
9822:. Retrieved
9804:
9796:
9791:
9783:
9778:
9770:
9769:Edwin Hoyt,
9765:
9753:. Retrieved
9744:
9735:
9715:
9708:
9700:
9695:
9687:
9682:
9674:
9669:
9661:
9656:
9648:
9643:
9625:
9616:
9598:
9593:
9581:. Retrieved
9556:
9550:
9521:
9497:
9492:
9479:
9475:
9454:
9449:
9442:Stürmer 2000
9437:
9425:. Retrieved
9411:
9403:
9398:
9386:
9378:
9373:
9361:
9353:
9348:
9321:
9316:(2004) p. 85
9313:
9305:
9268:Random House
9266:. New York:
9262:
9252:
9233:
9203:
9197:
9182:
9174:
9166:
9161:
9156:(2006) p 166
9153:
9148:
9124:
9116:
9111:
9103:
9099:
9094:
9086:
9081:
9073:
9068:
9060:
9055:
9047:
9042:
9030:
9021:
9015:
9007:
9002:
8982:
8975:
8956:
8950:
8942:
8937:
8926:
8921:
8912:
8904:
8899:
8891:
8886:
8866:
8832:
8825:
8817:
8812:
8804:
8799:
8791:
8786:
8778:
8765:(1967) p 206
8762:
8757:
8746:
8741:
8727:(1): 80–88.
8724:
8720:
8714:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8653:
8649:
8643:
8624:
8618:
8599:
8571:
8565:
8557:
8552:
8527:
8523:
8517:
8497:
8490:
8470:
8463:
8451:. Retrieved
8446:
8436:
8409:
8387:
8380:
8368:. Retrieved
8359:
8349:
8335:
8321:
8309:. Retrieved
8300:
8291:
8279:. Retrieved
8270:
8260:
8248:. Retrieved
8239:
8229:
8217:. Retrieved
8190:
8183:Tucker, Emma
8176:
8168:
8161:. Retrieved
8152:
8142:
8134:
8129:
8112:
8107:
8087:
8080:
8068:. Retrieved
8043:
8038:
8030:
8025:
8015:21 September
8013:. Retrieved
8004:
7994:
7970:21 September
7968:. Retrieved
7964:the original
7959:
7949:
7930:
7924:
7912:. Retrieved
7903:
7894:
7882:. Retrieved
7873:
7864:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7810:
7805:
7793:. Retrieved
7789:
7780:
7768:. Retrieved
7750:
7738:. Retrieved
7734:the original
7707:. Retrieved
7693:
7682:
7666:
7658:
7633:
7629:
7623:
7614:
7605:
7595:17 September
7593:. Retrieved
7584:
7575:
7567:
7562:
7550:. Retrieved
7545:
7535:
7516:
7510:
7501:
7495:
7487:
7482:
7473:
7464:
7463:
7438:East Prussia
7406:West Prussia
7368:
7356:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7229:Russian SFSR
7212:East Prussia
7206:World War II
7151:World War II
7105:East Prussia
7079:, a part of
7073:West Prussia
7055:Nazi Germany
6943:World War II
6903:Burg-Reuland
6849:region) and
6781:
6762:Seebataillon
6760:
6737:
6731:Schutztruppe
6729:
6717:
6679:West Germany
6669:
6652:
6636:
6599:
6597:
6556:Buddenbrooks
6554:
6548:
6544:Centre Party
6529:
6517:
6492:
6440:Coat of arms
6381:
6344:
6068:
6060:
6057:Landeskirche
6032:
6017:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5506:
5499:
5471:
5433:
5431:languages).
5418:
5404:Demographics
5315:
5300:Reichsländer
5294:
5285:
5269:
5253:
5232:
5211:
5190:
5169:
5148:
5128:(Elder Line)
5126:Reuss-Greiz
5124:
5100:
5079:
5064:Fürstentümer
5058:
5037:
5009:
4981:
4968:Braunschweig
4961:Braunschweig
4953:
4932:
4911:
4890:
4869:
4848:
4827:
4799:
4778:
4757:
4743:
4715:
4687:
4659:
4638:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4318:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4239:
4233:
4221:
4199:
4186:
4177:Constitution
4110:
4095:
4076:
4040:
4031:
4016:
3991:
3925:
3905:
3871:
3850:Russian Army
3835:
3772:
3736:British Army
3705:
3672:
3652:Franz Joseph
3641:
3593:
3566:
3561:
3548:
3525:
3486:
3477:Persian Gulf
3464:Cecil Rhodes
3445:
3413:
3393:World War II
3377:Boxer Rising
3373:
3361:German Samoa
3306:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3194:
3186:
3160:
3152:
3136:
3104:
3077:
2964:
2956:
2924:
2912:
2903:
2872:Adolf Hitler
2852:antisemitism
2849:
2846:Antisemitism
2840:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2795:Centre Party
2791:
2781:
2778:Pope Pius IX
2746:Pope Pius IX
2739:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2689:
2677:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2595:
2557:
2512:Jiaozhou Bay
2505:
2478:
2474:Persian Gulf
2466:
2458:
2443:
2432:
2424:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2197:World War II
2187:Nazi Germany
2156:
2148:German Reich
2075:18th century
2070:Sectionalism
2035:East Francia
1833:Bismarck era
1822:
1814:landed elite
1811:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1744:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1691:
1671:
1661:
1640:
1622:
1579:
1551:Hohenzollern
1544:
1535:The liberal
1534:
1528:of the 1814
1511:
1479:Adolf Hitler
1424:
1380:
1370:
1339:
1323:
1317:
1297:
1292:
1164:
1148:German Reich
1143:
1140:Second Reich
1139:
1135:
1127:
1125:
965:Succeeded by
964:
959:
931:French franc
925:Hamburg mark
896:
876:
863:
850:
819:
810:• Total
739:28 July 1914
706:Constitution
623:• 1918
599:• 1917
495:• 1888
420:0.17% other
418:1.24% Jewish
409:
384:
353:Sinte Romani
320:
176:(unofficial)
130:
126:
108:
101:Gott mit uns
97:
95:Motto:
94:
83:Coat of arms
25:
17065:Khwarezmian
16998:Carolingian
16803:Rashtrakuta
16507:Shaishunaga
16406:Hellenistic
16389:New Kingdom
16379:Old Kingdom
16021:Pornography
15996:Immigration
15959:Drug policy
15871:Mittelstand
15818:Agriculture
15782:Nationalism
15755:Transgender
15639:Earthquakes
15586:, 1583-1588
15584:Cologne War
15480:World War I
15382:Middle Ages
15368:Gothic Wars
15133:British Raj
15105:(Sri Lanka)
14991:Württemberg
14703:South Yemen
14591:Maguindanao
14484:Afghanistan
14245:Barotseland
14181:Saint Lucia
14154:New Zealand
14063:Netherlands
13836:Chhatrapati
13820:Sovereignty
13760:Aristocracy
13537:City-states
13496:Reuss-Gera
13375:Württemberg
13304:Brandenburg
13296:as a whole
13276:(1871–1918)
12830:Netherlands
12807:Switzerland
12688:Occupations
12679:Spanish flu
12456:(1919–1922)
12450:(1918–1921)
12444:(1918–1923)
12433:(1919–1921)
12427:(1919–1921)
12421:(1919–1920)
12397:(1918–1920)
12391:(1918–1920)
12385:(1918–1920)
12367:(1918–1920)
12349:(1918–1920)
12343:(1917–1921)
12337:(1917–1921)
12284:(1916-1918)
12282:Arab Revolt
12273:(1915–1917)
12267:(1915–1917)
12255:(1914-1917)
12249:(1914–1917)
12243:(1914–1921)
12237:(1913–1920)
12225:(1910–1920)
12219:(1900–1920)
12192: [
11710:July Crisis
11631:(1880–1914)
11294:Mesopotamia
11172:Home fronts
11131:World War I
11079:(in German)
10313:ACLS E-book
10183:(1): 3–16.
9866:"Bundesrat"
9583:13 December
8449:(in German)
8311:14 November
8281:14 November
8250:17 November
7552:9 September
7434:Brandenburg
7331:Pronounced
7191:Lubusz Land
6978:World War I
6960:Duivelsberg
6953:Netherlands
6827:departments
6587:Gründerzeit
6551:Thomas Mann
6239:Württemberg
6085:Protestant
6014:Immigration
5549:51,883,131
5541:Percentage
5472:Hochdeutsch
5456:Netherlands
5372: 1885
5102:Reuss-Gera
4917:Herzogtümer
4856:Neustrelitz
4745:Württemberg
4644:Königreiche
4250:Reichstag's
4122:signed the
4114:signed the
4043:Spanish flu
4027:food prices
3981:(1917–1918)
3964:World War I
3866:Switzerland
3732:French Army
3724:German Army
3605:World War I
3529:World War I
3442:Middle East
3389:World War I
3282:Colonialism
3239:Kulturkampf
3213:blackletter
3171:World War I
3147:German Army
2981: [
2970: [
2762:Kulturkampf
2756:Kulturkampf
2726:World War I
2680:World War I
2528:Herero Wars
2384:Kaiserreich
2167:World War I
2093:Unification
2029:Middle Ages
1964:Württemberg
1944:Family tree
1852:History of
1786:decorations
1662:The second
1546:Realpolitik
1387:This period
1382:Weltpolitik
1346:colonialism
1325:Kulturkampf
1301:great power
1243:Württemberg
1011:Württemberg
960:Preceded by
950:(1914–1918)
939:(1873–1914)
693:Unification
680:World War I
638:Legislature
461:(1916–1918)
425:0.07% other
410:Minorities:
321:Unofficial:
286: /
217:World War I
86:(1889–1918)
17743:Categories
17635:Portuguese
17516:Revival Le
17506:Vietnamese
17149:Later Tran
17119:Vietnamese
17015:Singhasari
17003:Holy Roman
16627:Bulgarian
16563:Satavahana
16534:Phoenician
16470:Achaemenid
16431:Indo-Greek
16411:Macedonian
16325:Babylonian
16182:Television
16167:Philosophy
16142:Literature
16001:Irreligion
15986:Healthcare
15949:Corruption
15715:Chancellor
15704:(military)
15701:Bundeswehr
15199:Tanganyika
15114:The Gambia
15042:Niuē-Fekai
14981:Yugoslavia
14881:Montenegro
14688:Upper Yafa
14683:Upper Asir
14320:Madagascar
14053:Luxembourg
13785:Government
13750:Abdication
13719:Hereditary
13647:Monarchies
13359:Westphalia
13047:Agreements
12847:War crimes
12723:Luxembourg
12616:Casualties
11487:Montenegro
11322:South West
11202:Technology
11192:Propaganda
11182:Opposition
10660:. (1995).
10490:. (1986).
10476:. (1916).
10072:Low German
10070:Including
10056:20 January
9910:Wikisource
9486:: 135–160.
9391:Kurtz 1970
9366:Kurtz 1970
9341:Kurtz 1970
9326:Kurtz 1970
9298:Kurtz 1970
9270:. p.
8453:19 January
8360:Britannica
8070:12 January
7874:Britannica
7760:Wikisource
7585:Britannica
7422:Westphalia
7314:References
7119:Pomeranian
7022:; part of
6907:Bütgenbach
6600:Kaiserzeit
6593:golden age
6573:Die Brücke
6536:militarism
6532:Pan-German
6521:Bundeswehr
6514:Iron Cross
6355:16,232,651
6349:28,331,152
6137:17,633,279
6008:non-German
5995:Lithuanian
5809:56,367,187
5780:Portuguese
5619:Lithuanian
5573:3,086,489
5493:, and the
5491:Westphalia
5468:Low German
5464:Luxembourg
5342:Other maps
5177:Rudolstadt
4343:See also:
4283:Reichstag.
4013:Home front
3836:While the
3716:Luxembourg
3609:See also:
3448:Wilhelm II
3138:Wilhelm II
3131:Wilhelm II
2899:of ethnic
2766:See also:
2552:See also:
2307:since 1990
2290:New states
2234:Ostgebiete
2227:Occupation
2120:Zollverein
1968:Mediatised
1878:Chronology
1732:chancellor
1605:Foundation
1494:Background
1471:gold marks
1377:Wilhelm II
1320:chancellor
1313:Royal Navy
1227:chancellor
1173:, outside
1142:or simply
945:Papiermark
897:Until 1873
882:64,925,993
869:56,367,178
856:41,058,792
839:70,000,000
829:Population
523:Chancellor
512:Wilhelm II
442:Government
431:Demonym(s)
391:Protestant
357:Lithuanian
341:Limburgish
325:Low German
274:13°22′34″E
17628:Couronian
17266:Ethiopian
17254:Manchukuo
17209:Brazilian
17055:Ghaznavid
17025:Srivijaya
16976:Trebizond
16961:Byzantine
16943:North Sea
16938:Norwegian
16926:Almoravid
16909:Ilkhanate
16879:Majapahit
16852:Muromachi
16761:Solomonic
16746:Ethiopian
16660:Caliphate
16593:Aragonese
16421:Ptolemaic
16137:Libraries
16117:Festivals
15964:Education
15908:Transport
15873:companies
15792:President
15730:Elections
15695:Bundesrat
15690:Bundestag
15659:Mountains
15627:Districts
15605:Geography
15338:Visigoths
15275:Overviews
15169:Mauritius
15062:Rarotonga
15047:Nuku Hiva
15037:Mangareva
15012:Bora Bora
14891:Neuchâtel
14861:Lithuania
14766:Catalonia
14653:Sri Lanka
14606:Manchukuo
14581:Kurdistan
14535:Indonesia
14458:Talamanca
14418:Araucanía
14401:and other
14380:Wassoulou
14124:Australia
13800:Oligarchy
13473:Meiningen
13465:Lauenburg
13455:Altenburg
13450:Brunswick
13422:Oldenburg
13343:Rhineland
13324:Pomerania
12944:Diplomacy
12651:Olympians
12574:Australia
12541:Logistics
12474:Vlora War
12403:(1918–19)
12379:(1918–19)
12373:(1918–19)
12361:(1918–19)
12308:(1916–17)
12290:(1916–17)
12241:Zaian War
12231:(1914–15)
11951:first day
11839:Lusitania
11667:(1912–13)
11661:(1911–12)
11649:(1908–09)
11643:(1905–06)
11625:(1870–71)
11414:Principal
11274:Gallipoli
11177:Memorials
11162:Geography
11152:Aftermath
10747:, (1996)
10237:Sonderweg
10205:159651458
10117:162220760
10109:0090-5992
9573:149372568
8429:Case 1902
8414:Case 1902
8401:608806061
8209:781541372
8201:0099-9660
7650:0266-3554
7465:Citations
7442:Pomerania
7398:provinces
7383:Kashubian
7210:Northern
7183:Pomerania
7172:Pomerania
7139:Działdowo
7097:Pomerania
7089:Lauenburg
7051:Lithuania
7042:Lithuania
6970:Wylerberg
6948:Wylerberg
6899:Büllingen
6841:Haut-Rhin
6707:Sonderweg
6701:Sonderweg
6691:Sonderweg
6684:Sonderweg
6673:Sonderweg
6641:Sonderweg
6633:Sonderweg
6627:Sonderweg
6616:Karl Benz
6559:in 1901.
6318:1,218,513
6242:1,364,580
6207:2,886,806
6178:3,748,253
6172:1,477,952
6143:9,206,283
6088:Catholic
5925:Kashubian
5756:Hungarian
5632:Kashubian
5535:language
5425:Kashubian
5330:Straßburg
5156:Bückeburg
5052:Meiningen
4996:Altenburg
4955:Brunswick
4877:Oldenburg
4871:Oldenburg
4814:Darmstadt
4786:Karlsruhe
4751:Stuttgart
4387:Reichstag
4383:Bundesrat
4359:Hanseatic
4326:Bundesrat
4298:Reichstag
4293:Bundesrat
4288:Bundesrat
4279:Reichstag
4258:Reichstag
4245:Bundesrat
4240:Reichstag
4227:Bundesrat
4222:Reichstag
4213:Bundesrat
4207:Bundesrat
4167:Freikorps
4159:armistice
4019:total war
3902:Lithuania
3878:Bolshevik
3858:Bolshevik
3791:Champagne
3676:Rhineland
3594:pro forma
3505:Venezuela
3410:, in 1884
3247:Reichstag
3188:Reichstag
3080:Frederick
2728:in 1914.
2588:works in
2276:1949–1990
2253:1944–1950
2201:1939–1945
2191:1933–1945
2181:1918–1933
2171:1914–1918
2161:1871–1918
1936:Empresses
1771:Bundesrat
1745:Reichstag
1737:Reichstag
1721:Bundesrat
1673:Reichstag
1633:William I
1526:Article 6
1333:European
1282:Hanseatic
1255:25 states
1225:, became
1209:from the
1203:Wilhelm I
1150:from the
1130:(German:
776:Armistice
734:WWI began
666:Reichstag
654:Bundesrat
642:Bicameral
488:Wilhelm I
422:Christian
385:Majority:
378:Religion
361:Kashubian
271:52°31′7″N
53:1871–1918
17608:Japanese
17571:Scottish
17551:American
17543:Colonial
17472:Imperial
17440:Moroccan
17376:Japanese
17354:Afsharid
17213:Burmese
17199:Austrian
17154:Later Le
17129:Early Le
17114:Venetian
17040:Tiwanaku
16953:Hellenic
16916:Moroccan
16847:Kamakura
16837:Japanese
16820:Saffarid
16773:Georgian
16687:Chalukya
16665:Rashidun
16655:Calakmul
16623:Bruneian
16502:Haryanka
16480:Sasanian
16475:Parthian
16426:Bactrian
16416:Seleucid
16396:Goguryeo
16374:Egyptian
16308:Assyrian
16298:Akkadian
16289:Colonies
16229:Category
16147:Internet
16132:Language
16122:Folklore
16041:Religion
16016:Pensions
16011:Naturism
15888:Taxation
15772:Lobbying
15745:Intersex
15678:Politics
15287:Timeline
15266:General
15259:articles
15184:Rhodesia
15179:Pakistan
15098:Barbados
15067:Rimatara
15057:Rapa Iti
14986:Valencia
14961:Tavolara
14951:Scotland
14916:Portugal
14876:Moldavia
14761:Bulgaria
14756:Brittany
14731:Asturias
14611:Mongolia
14601:Maldives
14463:Trinidad
14453:Suriname
14411:Americas
14395:Zimbabwe
14390:Zanzibar
14375:Wituland
14350:Ngazidja
14345:Ndzuwani
14280:Ethiopia
14003:Thailand
13983:Malaysia
13963:Cambodia
13913:Eswatini
13709:Elective
13694:Absolute
13282:Kingdoms
13232:Category
12819:Refugees
12785:Italians
12774:Germans
12734:Ober Ost
12514:Aviation
11608:Timeline
11579:Bulgaria
11360:Tsingtao
11337:Togoland
11284:Caucasus
11219:European
11211:Theatres
11058:Archived
10959:Archived
10814:Archived
10774:Archived
10737:37192065
10729:18335627
10517:Archived
10389:Archived
10333:Archived
10217:Wehler,
10155:Archived
10127:11 March
10121:Archived
10011:29 April
10005:Archived
9981:29 April
9972:Archived
9939:29 April
9933:Archived
9880:29 April
9874:Archived
9818:Archived
9749:Archived
9633:Archived
9606:Archived
9577:Archived
9526:Archived
9457:, p. 163
9427:19 April
9421:Archived
9260:(2000).
9137:Archived
8931:ProQuest
8364:Archived
8329:(1873).
8305:Archived
8275:Archived
8244:Archived
8213:Archived
8163:18 April
8157:Archived
8153:Die Welt
8064:Archived
8009:Archived
7980:cite web
7914:13 April
7908:Archived
7884:11 April
7878:Archived
7795:16 April
7764:Archived
7740:25 April
7709:25 April
7703:Archived
7665:(1967).
7589:Archived
7450:Lusatian
7395:Prussian
7379:Masurian
7360:German:
7261:See also
7115:Silesian
7071:Most of
6935:Wallonia
6927:St. Vith
6889:and the
6861:region)
6859:Lorraine
6833:Bas-Rhin
6804:Country
6714:Military
6510:War flag
6023:Religion
5911:Masurian
5896:Moravian
5768:Spanish
5731:Russian
5720:English
5670:Italian
5636:100,213
5623:106,305
5610:141,061
5597:142,049
5593:Masurian
5584:211,679
5560:252,918
5480:Prussian
5429:Masurian
4835:Schwerin
4639:Kingdoms
4633:Capital
4371:de facto
4296:and the
4112:Bulgaria
4067:republic
4002:reserves
3944:Rhodesia
3922:Colonies
3907:Ober Ost
3886:Bulgaria
3853:faltered
3760:Flanders
3734:and the
3501:Colombia
3428:diamonds
3424:Rhodesia
3381:Jiaozhou
3357:Jiaozhou
3353:Tanzania
3343:(modern
3335:(modern
3333:Togoland
3329:Cameroon
3327:(modern
3319:(modern
3297:Bismarck
2856:Napoleon
2686:Railways
2625:Konzerne
2520:Marianas
2484:Colonies
2269:division
1928:Monarchs
1888:Military
1843:a series
1841:Part of
1565:against
1459:Bulgaria
1360:and the
1277:, three
1263:kingdoms
1259:nobility
1231:Prussian
1193:and the
1160:republic
891:Currency
456:Under a
405:Reformed
401:Lutheran
106:(German)
17675:largest
17670:Empires
17650:Swedish
17645:Spanish
17640:Russian
17603:Italian
17578:Chinese
17566:English
17561:British
17556:Belgian
17531:Vietnam
17521:Tay son
17467:Tsarist
17462:Russian
17457:Ottoman
17423:Dzungar
17418:Khoshut
17391:Mexican
17386:Maratha
17369:Pahlavi
17349:Safavid
17344:Iranian
17271:Haitian
17234:Chinese
17194:Ashanti
17166:Wagadou
17092:Eastern
17087:Western
17070:Timurid
17030:Tibetan
17020:Songhai
17010:Serbian
16931:Almohad
16921:Idrisid
16825:Samanid
16815:Tahirid
16810:Iranian
16788:Kannauj
16768:Genoese
16704:Chinese
16697:Eastern
16692:Western
16680:Fatimid
16675:Abbasid
16670:Umayyad
16643:Burmese
16603:Ayyubid
16598:Angevin
16568:Xianbei
16556:Eastern
16551:Western
16497:Magadha
16460:Iranian
16453:Xiongnu
16438:Hittite
16347:Chinese
16335:Kassite
16284:Ancient
16276:Empires
16206:Outline
16112:Fashion
16099:Cuisine
16061:Culture
16026:Poverty
15969:Germans
15932:Society
15913:Welfare
15898:Tourism
15855:Exports
15828:Banking
15806:Economy
15710:Cabinet
15649:Islands
15644:Geology
15567:Regions
15333:Teutons
15306:Ancient
15268:History
15255:Germany
15174:Nigeria
15149:Ireland
15077:Tahuata
15052:Raiatea
15032:Huahine
15007:Abemama
15000:Oceania
14971:Tuscany
14926:Romania
14921:Prussia
14886:Navarre
14866:Majorca
14846:Ireland
14841:Imereti
14836:Iceland
14831:Hungary
14826:Hanover
14821:Granada
14811:Germany
14806:Georgia
14801:Galicia
14791:Finland
14781:Corsica
14776:Cilicia
14746:Bavaria
14736:Austria
14721:Albania
14693:Vietnam
14636:Sarawak
14626:Qu'aiti
14561:Kathiri
14524:Dapitan
14499:Bukhara
14448:Miskito
14370:Tunisia
14360:Shilluk
14270:Dahomey
14260:Burundi
14250:Bagirmi
14230:Adamawa
14149:Jamaica
14144:Grenada
14129:Bahamas
14093:Oceania
14043:Denmark
14038:Belgium
14033:Andorra
13948:Bahrain
13923:Morocco
13918:Lesotho
13897:Current
13888:Pharaoh
13841:Emperor
13780:Dynasty
13734:Regency
13714:Federal
13704:Diarchy
13658:Monarch
13550:Hamburg
13437:Duchies
13355:Silesia
13312:Hanover
13294:Prussia
13289:Bavaria
12970:Germany
12870:Germany
12798:Germany
12718:Belgium
12703:Albania
12662:Disease
12642:Sports
12594:Ireland
12507:Warfare
12500:Aspects
11688:Origins
11681:Prelude
11584:Senussi
11564:Germany
11559:Leaders
11497:Romania
11438:Belgium
11433:Leaders
11332:Kamerun
11314:African
11249:Romania
11227:Balkans
11142:Outline
10897:(1967)
10856:(1997)
10803:(1977)
10622:(2007).
10615:(1984).
10548:1837686
10407:(1996)
10378:online
10376:(1927)
10352:(1984)
10311:(1987)
10288:(ed.).
9824:23 July
9699:Craig,
9453:Louis,
9419:. BBC.
9381:(2003).
8894:(1959).
8544:1432746
8370:23 July
8333:(ed.).
8240:HISTORY
8219:7 March
8185:(ed.).
8123:3038611
7770:2 April
7446:Silesia
7410:Silesia
7387:Sorbian
7216:Russia
7187:Silesia
7168:Masuria
7156:Silesia
6988:Denmark
6933:in the
6915:Lontzen
6887:Malmedy
6877:Belgium
6853:Moselle
6822:France
6807:Region
6392:Muslims
6367:561,612
6312:305,315
6283:993,109
6277:547,461
6248:590,290
6169:Bavaria
6155:363,790
6134:Prussia
6126:Number
6120:Number
6114:Number
6108:Number
6102:Number
6094:Jewish
5981:Italian
5967:Walloon
5939:Sorbian
5864:Frisian
5795:14,535
5743:Swedish
5723:20,217
5712:20,677
5708:Frisian
5699:43,016
5686:64,382
5673:65,930
5662:80,361
5649:93,032
5581:French
5546:German
5487:Hanover
5476:Frisian
5460:Belgium
5452:Denmark
5448:Frisian
5271:Hamburg
5226:Arolsen
5087:Detmold
4912:Duchies
4730:Dresden
4723:Sachsen
4689:Bavaria
4667:Preußen
4661:Prussia
4265:emperor
4189:federal
4130:in the
4061:leader
3936:Askaris
3916:Ukraine
3912:Belarus
3894:Estonia
3860:leader
3846:Galicia
3720:Britain
3632:Entente
3616:Origins
3497:Ecuador
3493:Uruguay
3475:on the
3349:Burundi
3321:Namibia
3299:at the
3245:to the
3232:Marxism
3133:in 1902
3111:Wilhelm
2876:Germany
2799:Silesia
2788:, 1875.
2742:Vatican
2697:Hamburg
2656:Hoechst
2542:Economy
2532:Namibia
2516:Tianjin
1956:Prussia
1952:Bavaria
1948:Austria
1903:Judaism
1893:Economy
1854:Germany
1818:Junkers
1805:in the
1655:at the
1567:Denmark
1559:Austria
1555:Prussia
1489:History
1414:. When
1410:to the
1358:British
1309:Britain
1271:duchies
1269:, five
1239:Bavaria
1183:Austria
1167:founded
1144:Germany
997:Bavaria
942:German
875:•
862:•
849:•
788:•
773:•
758:•
745:•
732:•
717:•
704:•
691:•
469:Emperor
446:Federal
413:35.89%
389:62.63%
365:Swahili
349:Sorbian
345:Frisian
337:Yiddish
255:Capital
249:in 1914
127:Anthem:
17613:Mongol
17598:German
17593:French
17583:Danish
17526:Dainam
17501:Tongan
17489:Somali
17484:Sokoto
17450:'Alawi
17428:Kalmyk
17408:Mongol
17401:Second
17381:Korean
17332:Mughal
17322:Indian
17305:German
17298:Second
17288:French
17281:Second
17217:Second
17189:Afghan
17181:Modern
17107:Kyrgyz
17102:Uighur
17097:Second
17077:Turkic
17045:Toltec
16981:Epirus
16966:Nicaea
16889:Mongol
16842:Yamato
16778:Huetar
16636:Second
16573:Rouran
16522:Shunga
16517:Maurya
16492:Kushan
16465:Median
16443:Hunnic
16401:Harsha
16234:Portal
16089:Cinema
16069:Anthem
16036:Racism
15850:Energy
15664:Rivers
15622:States
15592:, 1848
15428:Modern
15257:
15209:Uganda
15159:Malawi
15124:Guyana
15103:Ceylon
15082:Tahiti
15072:Rurutu
15027:Hawaii
14956:Serbia
14941:Saxony
14931:Russia
14816:Greece
14796:France
14786:Cyprus
14771:Crimea
14751:Bosnia
14726:Aragon
14714:Europe
14678:Taiwan
14648:Sikkim
14631:Ryukyu
14616:Najran
14514:Chehab
14494:Bengal
14443:Mexico
14428:Brazil
14355:Rwanda
14335:Maravi
14235:Ankole
14223:Africa
14215:Former
14196:Tuvalu
14139:Canada
14134:Belize
14078:Sweden
14068:Norway
14058:Monaco
14025:Europe
13978:Kuwait
13973:Jordan
13958:Brunei
13953:Bhutan
13905:Africa
13878:Sultan
13829:Titles
13743:Topics
13555:Lübeck
13545:Bremen
13445:Anhalt
13370:Saxony
13347:Saxony
13300:Berlin
12990:Russia
12965:France
12793:Canada
12708:Serbia
12579:Canada
12536:Horses
12488:(1921)
12482:(1920)
12476:(1920)
12470:(1920)
12462:(1920)
12415:(1919)
12409:(1919)
12355:(1918)
12320:(1918)
12314:(1917)
12302:(1916)
12296:(1916)
12261:(1915)
11673:(1913)
11655:(1911)
11637:(1905)
11594:Darfur
11519:Serbia
11502:Russia
11465:Greece
11453:France
11443:Brazil
11289:Persia
11232:Serbia
11001:(2011)
10994:(2008)
10981:
10956:online
10924:(2001)
10914:
10899:online
10887:
10875:online
10849:(1978)
10831:
10805:online
10771:online
10762:(2008)
10751:
10735:
10727:
10719:
10688:(2005)
10677:online
10664:
10650:(2003)
10605:
10588:
10577:(2021)
10566:online
10546:
10514:online
10505:(1979)
10494:
10470:(1964)
10426:online
10366:(1981)
10356:
10345:(1998)
10330:Online
10304:(1907)
10225:(1997)
10203:
10197:260865
10195:
10115:
10107:
9905:
9855:(2008)
9799:(1994)
9786:(1996)
9773:(1981)
9755:18 May
9723:
9630:online
9603:online
9571:
9356:(1990)
9278:
9240:
9210:
9189:
9089:(1995)
9050:(1998)
8990:
8963:
8945:(2000)
8874:
8844:
8781:(2007)
8751:online
8631:
8606:
8578:
8542:
8505:
8478:
8399:
8207:
8199:
8137:(1987)
8121:
8095:
8046:(1936)
8005:bpb.de
7960:bpb.de
7937:
7673:
7648:
7523:
7375:Polish
7254:
7248:
7242:
7177:Poland
7164:Warmia
7135:Słupsk
7131:Lębork
7110:Poland
7101:Soldau
6966:German
6923:Waimes
6919:Raeren
6911:Kelmis
6847:Alsace
6606:, the
6489:Legacy
6373:30,615
6361:78,031
6330:39,278
6295:27,278
6260:13,331
6213:74,333
6204:Saxony
6190:53,526
6161:23,534
6149:52,225
6097:Other
5953:French
5878:Polish
5836:Danish
5771:2,059
5760:8,158
5747:8,998
5734:9,617
5606:Danish
5569:Polish
5552:92.05
5538:Count
5462:, and
5454:, the
5440:Danish
5421:Polish
5287:Lübeck
5255:Bremen
5024:Coburg
4940:Dessau
4934:Anhalt
4905:Weimar
4807:Hessen
4717:Saxony
4702:Munich
4695:Bayern
4674:Berlin
4630:State
4273:) was
4270:Kaiser
4169:, the
3994:Allies
3985:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3898:Latvia
3802:Verdun
3787:Artois
3756:Alsace
3503:, and
3491:, and
3458:, the
3416:Herero
3345:Rwanda
3339:) and
3303:, 1884
2870:, and
2744:under
2701:Bremen
2621:cartel
2592:, 1890
2574:, and
2522:, the
1960:Saxony
1932:Queens
1872:Topics
1845:on the
1816:, the
1797:under
1727:Kaiser
1635:, the
1483:Nazism
1362:French
1287:, and
1285:cities
1265:, six
1245:, and
1215:Berlin
1179:France
1138:, the
1094:Danzig
527:
473:
436:German
380:(1880)
369:Arabic
333:Danish
329:Polish
303:German
262:Berlin
129:
44:German
40:
17663:Lists
17618:Omani
17588:Dutch
17494:Isaaq
17445:Saadi
17413:Oirat
17396:First
17364:Qajar
17293:First
17276:First
17249:China
17222:Third
17082:First
17035:Tikal
16986:Morea
16956:Roman
16874:Latin
16869:Khmer
16864:Kanem
16830:Buyid
16756:Zagwe
16751:Aksum
16741:Chola
16648:First
16631:First
16618:Bornu
16613:Benin
16608:Aztec
16546:Roman
16527:Gupta
16512:Nanda
16448:White
16213:Index
16177:Sport
16162:Names
16157:Music
16152:Media
16107:Dance
15979:Women
15944:Crime
15918:Women
15654:Lakes
15328:Goths
15164:Malta
15154:Kenya
15129:India
15119:Ghana
14946:Savoy
14936:Samos
14851:Italy
14698:Yemen
14673:Tibet
14668:Syria
14621:Nepal
14596:Mahra
14576:Kumul
14571:Korea
14566:Khiva
14545:Qajar
14529:Hejaz
14519:China
14504:Burma
14433:Haiti
14423:Aztec
14340:Mwali
14330:Maore
14310:Libya
14305:Kongo
14300:Kaffa
14295:Gumma
14290:Gomma
14285:Ghana
14275:Egypt
14255:Bornu
14240:Aussa
14101:Tonga
14073:Spain
13993:Qatar
13968:Japan
13580:Other
13491:Lippe
13402:Baden
13339:Posen
13187:Other
12980:Japan
12975:Italy
12802:camps
12646:Rugby
12196:]
11475:Japan
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